It is now well-established that the liquid adjacent to a solid need not be stationary – it can slip. How this slip occurs is unclear. We present molecular-dynamics (MD) simulation data and results from an analytical model which support two mechanisms of slip. At low levels of forcing, the potential field generated by the solid creates a ground state which the liquid atoms preferentially occupy. Liquid atoms hop through this energy landscape from one equilibrium site to another according to Arrhenius dynamics. Visual evidence of the trajectories of individual atoms on the solid surface supports the view of localized hopping, independent of the dynamics outside a local neighbourhood. We call this defect slip. At higher levels of forcing, the entire layer slips together, obviating the need for localized defects and resulting in the instantaneous motion of all atoms adjacent to the solid. The appearance of global slip leads to an increase in the number of slipping atoms and consequently an increase in the slip length. Both types of slip observed in the MD simulations are described by a dynamical model in which each liquid atom experiences a force from its neighbouring liquid atoms and the solid atoms of the boundary, is sheared by the overlying liquid, and damped by the solid. In agreement with the MD observations, this model predicts that above a critical value of forcing, localized slipping occurs in which atoms are driven from low-energy sites, but only if there is a downstream site which has been vacated. Also as observed, above a second critical value, all the liquid atoms adjacent to the wall slip. Finally, the dynamical equation predicts that at extremely large values of forcing, the slip length approaches a constant value, in agreement with the MD simulation results.


The penetration of smart pocket-size devices that provide constant Internet connectivity, such as mobile phones, has significantly changed the way people obtain, view and share information. Content provision is not anymore a prerogative to professionals; individuals are not solely customers, but also act as content generators and distributors. This shift in social behavior requires changes in the way information is delivered to target audiences in an efficient, interest-based and location-aware manner.This thesis explores a solution for opportunistic content distribution in a content-centric network that primarily targets content dissemination among mobile users in urban areas. The term 'opportunistic' here refers to a concept which rejects the assumption of always-connected user devices and instead allows nodes to leverage sporadic contacts which occur when two neighbors come into direct radio communication range. Such communication mode allows data exchanges to occur in areas with little or no infrastructure; moreover, it is a potential solution for offloading the increasing traffic volumes observed by mobile operators.The contributions of this thesis lie in three areas. We first outline a general architecture and design for opportunistic content-centric networking. We implement our proposal on the Google Android platform, and provide application scenarios which illustrate the potential of mobile peer-to-peer communication. Our tests however show that energy consumption turns out to be a major issue for opportunistic networks. Therefore, our second effort is in the area of energy-efficiency. We propose a dual-radio architecture for opportunistic communication, and evaluate it through extensive simulations on realistic human mobility traces. Our final study lies in the area of content dissemination when nodes in the network act altruistically and are willing to solicit data on behalf of other participants. We propose a number of relaying and caching strategies, and evaluate them through simulations in environments that exhibit different churn levels.


Man is endowed with talent, he acquires knowledge, and skills that enable him thrive in the hostile world. The female gender is imbued with such tremendous strength that enfolds as the ages passed. Where does Nigerian drama locate the strength of Igbo women as they grapple with the challenges of modern life especially those that affect their gender? This paper "The Eagle of Womanhood" explicates the dimensions of female power in the theatre of Osita Ezenwanebe's Adaugo (2011) in order to highlight another side of female power rarely dramatized on the Nigeria stage. This is done by evaluating the choices made by the female protagonist at a critical moment in her spousal relationship and their effect on her family and other characters in the play, especially the male antagonists. The aim is to refute the obnoxious view of female indolence and rebut the claim of "woe-men" ideology which associates female accomplishments with social and filial catastrophe. "The Eagle of Womanhood" is aimed at achieving gender complementarity for sustainable development of ndi Igbo and Nigeria in general. It is Adaugo's unflinching effort in securing the survival of her family despite all odds that is considered the eagle of her womanhood, a womanist strength that also underscores an urgent need for change in the Igbo's gendered conceptualization of social roles in contemporary world. Keywords : gender, Nigerian drama, the Igbos, Patriarchy, Feminism, African Womanism


In this study, we used quantum mechanics (QM) to investigate steam reforming of methane on Ni-alloy catalyst surfaces and to examine the effect of anode material modifications on the catalytic processes in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The conventional Ni anode suffers from coking, coarsening, and sulfur poisoning because of the decomposition of hydrocarbon fuels, Ni particle agglomeration at high operating temperature, and impurities contained in fuels. Ni-electrode surface modification, such as alloying Ni with other metals (e.g., Fe and Cu), is probably the most practical and promising way of developing SOFC anodes tolerant to coking and sulfur poisoning. According to experimental data, Ni_4Fe shows a good catalytic performance and excellent long-term stability as an SOFC anode catalyst. We have performed QM calculations of segregation energy for various surface structures of five-layer Ni_4M slabs (M = Co, Fe, and Mn) and found that Ni atoms show segregation preference for the surface layer and the most favorable Ni_4M surface structure has two M atoms in the 2nd layer and one M atom in the 3rd and in the 4th layer (the numbering starts from the bottom layer). This structure was used for our further QM calculations of binding energies for CH_x, C, and H. We find that the Ni_4M(111) surfaces bind CH_x species weaker (by 1–10 kcal/mol) than pure Ni, and the binding energy of C is always ∼10 kcal/mol lower for the Ni_4M alloys compared to pure Ni. This is consistent with improved catalytic characteristics of certain Ni-based alloys compared to pure Ni obtained in experiment. Reaction energy barriers for methane decomposition on the Ni_4M(111) catalyst surfaces were calculated as well. On the basis of these results, the rate-determining step for the methane decomposition was found to be the CH → C + H reaction. Our results predict that Ni_4Fe and Ni_4Mn have both better activity and better coking resistance and can be considered as candidates for an SOFC anode catalyst suitable for the CH_4 fuel reforming.


Nowadays, air pollution is monitored with accurate, but large-sized measurement stations, leading to an overall limited number of monitored locations. Combining these stations, with a higher number of less accurate stations can provide additional information, such as with regards to pollutant distributions. In this paper we present the design, implementation and initial results of such stations based on Wireless Sensor Network technology. For the implementation of the network purely off-the-shelf equipment was chosen, which allows us to analyze the current status of commercially available Wireless Sensor Network technology. While the system was fully implemented and demonstrated operationally, the experiences found during the project showed a limited matureness with regards to the off-the-shelf equipment and uncovered flaws in typical assumptions underlying Wireless Sensor Network research.


Various recent developments within and without the United Kingdom have strengthened the arguments in favour of the adoption of general nationality based criminal jurisdiction. These arise from problems in the application of territorial jurisdiction, increasingly frequent crime-specific reference to nationality based jurisdiction, the development of European Union law, the ever-greater mobility of nationals, the ability to commit crimes remotely, the incorporation of the European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms into United Kingdom law, an evolution in the citizen-state relationship, and the increasing internationalisation of criminal law. It is not suggested that territory should no longer find a central place in the criminal law rather that the original and present arguments in its favour have been greatly weakened and, at the same time, the arguments in favour of nationality based jurisdiction have been strengthened. This article details the present nature of criminal jurisdiction, highlights the deficiencies with territorial jurisdiction and outlines the case in favour of a general nationality based criminal jurisdiction.


In cancer cells integrins modulate important cellular events that regulate the metastasic cascade which involves detachment from the tumor mass, dissemination and attachment to the oncogenic niche. The α5β1, αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins are widely expressed in different cancer types and recognize the tripeptide Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif present in several extracellular matrix proteins. In human glioblastoma, αvβ3 integrin expression correlates with tumor grade, suggesting that this integrin may play a crucial role in the highly infiltrative behavior of high grade gliomas. However, few selective RGD-like antagonists have been developed and few studies have investigated their effects in in vitro models of human glioblastoma. In this study, we investigated several cellular effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms exerted by a new small-molecule RGD antagonist, 1a-RGD, in the U251 and U373 human glioblastoma cell lines. Treatment with 1a-RGD (20 μM) demonstrated a weak effect on cell viability and cell proliferation but strongly inhibited cell attachment and cell migration together with actin cytoskeleton disassembly. Prolonged 1a-RGD treatment (72 h) induced anoikis, assessed by Annexin staining and nucleosome assay, particularly in the detached cells. When integrin-linked transduction pathways were investigated, 1aRGD was found to exert a marked reduction in focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation without affecting the AKT- and ERK-dependent pathways. Our data indicate that 1a-RGD, probably via modulation of the FAK-dependent pathway, inhibits cell migration and attachment and induces anoikis in glioblastoma cells. This novel finding suggests that the development of an RGD-like molecule may represent a promising tool for the pharmacological approach aimed at reducing the malignancy of glioblastoma cells.


Understanding the interface between soluble metal complexes and supported metal particles is important in order to reveal reaction mechanisms in a new generation of highly active homogeneous transition metal catalysts. In this study, we show that, in the case of palladium forming on a carbon (Pd/C) catalyst from a soluble Pd(0) complex Pd2dba3, the nature of deposited particles on a carbon surface turns out to be much richer than previously assumed, even if a very simple experimental procedure is utilized without the use of additional reagents and procedures. In the process of obtaining a heterogeneous Pd/C catalyst, highly active "hidden" metal centers are formed on the carbon surface, which are leached out by the solvent and demonstrate diverse reactivity in the solution phase. The results indicate that heterogeneous catalysts may naturally contain trace amounts of molecular monometallic centers of a different nature by easily transforming them to the homogeneous catalytic system. In line with a modern concept, a heterogenized homogeneous catalyst precursor was found to leach first, leaving metal nanoparticles mostly intact on the surface. In this study, we point out that the previously neglected soft leaching process contributes to high catalyst activity. The results we obtained demand for leaching to be reconsidered as a flexible tool for catalyst construction and for the rational design of highly active and selective homogeneous catalytic systems, starting from easily available heterogeneous catalyst precursors.


: The article presents the results of urological examination (spermograms and data of ultrasound examination) of 22 patients with chronic brucellosis and diseases of the scrotum (6 patients with orchitis, 16 with orchiepididymitis) before and after conventional therapy (10 patients) and combined treatment with the inclusion of cycloferon (2 courses of 5 intramuscular injection [0.25 g] with an interval of 10 days)--12 patients. It is shown that the administration of cycloferon leads to more effective relief of intoxication symptoms and inflammation in the testes and appendages (reduction of scrotal wall thickness, size of testes and/or adjuncts, and the incidence and severity of hydrocele), and has a positive effect on spermatogenesis (reduction of semen viscosity, the number of white blood cells in semen, sperm agglutination associated with the formation of sperm antibodies in most patients after treatment), as well as reduces the number of exacerbations of chronic orchitis/orchiepididymitis by 2.4 times.


Although loss of normal pituitary function may be silent and asymptomatic, sudden loss of gland function (pituitary apoplexy) typically results in characteristic presentations. Sheehan's syndrome is the development of hypopituitarism after postpartum hemorrhage or shock. Patients with Sheehan's syndrome may have typical or atypical presentations based on the extent of pituitary gland destruction. Patients with typical symptoms fail to lactate after giving birth; subsequently these patients also develop symptoms and signs of hypopituitarism. Measuring the serum prolactin level after giving thyrotropin-releasing hormone is a reasonable first step in the diagnosis of this condition in patients who fail to lactate after giving birth. The diagnosis of hypopituitarism is delayed for up to 7 years in patients with atypical symptoms. Acute symptomatic failure of the pituitary gland (pituitary apoplexy) commonly occurs in patients who have asymptomatic pituitary tumors. Many patients with pituitary tumors do not have signs of abnormal endocrine gland secretion and have a normal appearance. Most patients have the following signs or symptoms: headache; acute disturbances in visual acuity or visual fields; ophthalmoplegia, and changes in the level of consciousness. The syndrome of pituitary apoplexy usually evolves over hours to days. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and acute bacterial meningitis are the two most important mimics of pituitary apoplexy. Intravenous steroids and prompt neurosurgical consultation are mandatory in cases of pituitary apoplexy since both steroids and surgery can improve vision. Testings for acute or chronic hypopituitarism is challenging in the Emergency Department setting; however, carefully chosen tests will aid in the subsequent early correct diagnosis after initial Emergency Department management.


The knowledge about the influence that soil tillage has on the agricultural production and profit has been the permanent concern of both scientific research and farmers. Soil tillage has an evident impact on the soil and production, but without a constant value and a certain size, as the relation with the surrounding environment always interferes, especially the weather conditions, the status of the ecological determinants and the cultivated technology applied. The crop level depends on the degree to which each factor and all of them together come close to the optimum values requested by the biology of the plants, so that the corn production recorded in the experimental years in the area of the Somesan Plateau is connected to the soil tiling system and the climatic conditions. This paper follows the line of the present and future attempts of transforming the technologies by the rationalization of some of their components, respectively by replacing one soil tilling system with another one, with the final purpose of preserving the soil and obtaining efficient and sufficient productions. The high balance of soil tillage expenses in the corn culture technology motivates the rationalization of the soil tillage with the purpose of reducing the fuel consumption and introducing new soil tillage alternatives with the chisel, paraplow and rotary harrow which lead to making the cultivation technology more productive, an increase in profit for the surface unit and a decrease of the production costs in the area. The new soil tilling systems recommended for different climate and soil areas and actual local conditions constitute alternatives which eliminate the risk factors and their negative consequences on the agricultural agro-ecosystems. The increase in the fuel prices and the necessity of reducing the energetic input with the purpose of increasing the economic efficiency of the soil cultivation was another cause which led to major changes in the concept of soil tillage. This paper is designed as an experiment with the four tilling systems in which the production and economic efficiency is observed for corn, which has the highest balance in the area in the arid years conditions which we have been facing lately. The analysis of the corn production by the tillage system confirms the above mentioned, with productions between 3656 hg/ha and 4504 kg/ha.The analysis of the recorded corn production confirms the inefficiency of the use in the conditions of the Somesan Plateau of the rotary harrow and chisel, as highly significant negative differences with limits between 583-738 kg/ha have been recorded comparatively to the classical plowing alternative.


The process of identifying changes or transformations in a scene along with the ability of reasoning about their causes and effects, is a key aspect of intelligence. In this work we go beyond recent advances in computational perception, and introduce a more challenging task, Image-based Event-Sequencing (IES). In IES, the task is to predict a sequence of actions required to rearrange objects from the configuration in an input source image to the one in the target image. IES also requires systems to possess inductive generalizability. Motivated from evidence in cognitive development, we compile the first IES dataset, the Blocksworld Image Reasoning Dataset (BIRD) which contains images of wooden blocks in different configurations, and the sequence of moves to rearrange one configuration to the other. We first explore the use of existing deep learning architectures and show that these end-to-end methods under-perform in inferring temporal event-sequences and fail at inductive generalization. We then propose a modular two-step approach: Visual Perception followed by Event-Sequencing, and demonstrate improved performance by combining learning and reasoning. Finally, by showing an extension of our approach on natural images, we seek to pave the way for future research on event sequencing for real world scenes.


Representative democracy requires that citizens know the facts about political performance, and if more such facts are available in the media, citizens have more opportunity to acquire them. In view of increasing media choice, such opportunity may vary from one individual media environment to another. However, it remains unclear how differences in information acquisition correspond with differences in the information available specifically in those sources that citizens choose to use on a routine basis. Drawing on data from a two-wave panel survey and media content analysis, this article examines if greater availability of performance-relevant information in the media facilitates acquisition of such information among those reliant on these media. It also examines when and how strongly this effect differs for people with different levels of learning motivation. Using a multilevel model, we find that citizens are more likely to learn facts about political performance when their preferred sources offer a greater quantity of performance-relevant information. We also find that motivation moderates the influence of availability, such that strongly motivated individuals gain comparatively the most from a greater supply of information. The implications of our findings for representative democracy are considered.


The mode of action of highly diluted, homeopathically prepared remedies is still unknown. One consequence of this situation is that empirical results of clinical and preclinical research on efficacy as well as effectiveness of homeopathic preparations are usually not integrated in the common body of knowledge in science. This leads to an underestimation of the potential of homeopathically prepared remedies for medical use.
The aim of GIRI – the International Research Group on Very Low Dose and High Dilution Effects – is to unite all scientists who work in the realm of basic and clinical research into homeopathic remedies, with a focus on the potentization process as well as the homeopathic "law of similar", and the ultimate goal to unravel the mystery of the mode of action of these two main principles of homeopathy. In order to achieve these ambitious aims, scientific exchanges between research groups as well as common research projects are necessary. Therefore, GIRI organizes annual international scientific meetings since 1987. An overview of these meetings can be found on the GIRI homepage (www.giriweb.com).
The University of Bern, Switzerland, was in the fortunate position of being able to hosting the XXVII GIRI meeting. More than 50 participants from more than 10 countries attended this meeting on 3rd and 4th of September 2013, which took place for the first time in Switzerland. 21 oral and 23 poster contributions were presented. The abstracts can be found in the present volume of the International Journal on High Dilution Research. Four sessions covered the main research areas: physicochemical research, plant-based bioassays, animal models, and clinical and in vitro research. A further session covered the topic of research paradigms, and in the closing session current and future joint GIRI research project was discussed.
In the physicochemical research session, several new approaches and measurement techniques were presented aiming at determining whether homeopathically prepared remedies exhibit specific physicochemical properties that might enable researchers in the long run to identify the mode of action of these highly diluted homeopathic preparations. Furthermore, first studies were presented that investigated the stability of homeopathic preparations against externally applied electromagnetic fields. Finally, a theoretical research program was announced to study the potential of a quantum-coherence domain theory to explain the presumed information storage within homeopathically prepared dilutions.
In the bioassays session, the potential of plant-based laboratory models was highlighted. Besides the presentation of new models, there were reports on potential applications in agriculture, but also for use in basic pharmaceutical questions, such as the number of succussion hits necessary to obtain a biologically active homeopathic dilution. Plant-based bioassays provide the unique feature to investigating biological effects of a high number of homeopathic preparations simultaneously, within one experiment, allowing for a comparison of the effects of e.g. different potency levels or differently prepared homeopathic remedies.
In the animal research session, homeopathic treatment options were discussed to control the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the cause of Chagas disease, as well as to possibly treat melanoma. The question of adequate controls (succussed or unsuccussed) for use in animal research was empirically assessed. Furthermore, possible transmission pathways of the homeopathic "information" were investigated in a model with toads.
The research paradigms session highlighted the importance of the theory on which laboratory models are based to properly investigate effects of highly diluted homeopathic preparations. The model of late Madeleine Bastide and Agnes Lagache – the paradigm of signifiers – is particularly relevant in this context.
In the closing session on the joint GIRI project, several approaches to study homeopathic preparations of Zincum metallicum were presented. At the last GIRI meeting in Florence, Italy, 2012 it had been decided that each participating research group should investigate the effects of Zincum metallicum at specific potency levels with the research methods and models that were established in the corresponding working group. In a second step, successful investigations shall be replicated in other laboratories. Until now, several research groups from Brazil and one from Italy participate in this collaborative research effort. Further research teams are welcome.
Summarizing, the main topics of the conference were (i) the further development of apt laboratory methods and models to study specific effects of homeopathic remedies with a sound theoretical basis, (ii) first intervention studies investigating the stability of homeopathic potencies against external physical influences, and (iii) studies on the mode of action of homeopathic remedies.
Having been the local organizer of this XXVII GIRI meeting, I had the impression that research in highly diluted homeopathic preparations gained new impetus. This momentum will hopefully be preserved and enforced in the future by the growing research community all over the world, in order to enlighten the long sought for mode of action of homeopathic preparations and to optimize homeopathic pharmaceutical procedures to enabling supplying remedies of the highest obtainable quality to practitioners and patients.


Background/Aims: An item response theory (IRT)-based scoring approach to the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) can account for the pattern of scores across the CDR items (domains) and their differential abilities to indicate dementia severity. In doing so, an IRT-based approach can provide greater precision than other CDR scoring algorithms. However, neither a good set of item parameters nor an easily digestible set of instructions needed to implement this approach is readily available. Methods: Participants were 1,326 patients at the Baylor College of Medicine Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders Clinic. Results: The item parameters necessary for an IRT-based scoring approach were identified (a parameters ranged from 3.01 to 6.22; b parameters ranged from –2.46 to 2.07). Conclusion: This study provides, and demonstrates how to easily apply, IRT-based item parameters for the CDR.


This article interrogates the role of the "model minority" myth in the lives and careers of Asian Americans in tech. The author shares research as well as her own experiences and that of her peers to illuminate the harmful misconceptions and microaggressions that make up daily life. This article is particularly poignant as we mark the conclusion of Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month in the United States.


In recent years the issue of food waste has received growing attention. In 2011, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) published data about the amount of global food waste which revealed that about 1.3 billion tons per year, or one-third of all food produced globally, is never eaten. At the same time, according to FAO estimates, more than 900 million people suffer chronic hunger. The losses of edible food are a central problem not only for moral and ethical reasons, but also from an environmental perspective. The production and processing of food entail serious environmental impacts which could be reduced significantly by lowering food loss rates. Against this background, the project is the first to deliver a reliable estimate of the environmental impacts that result from losses during production, distribution, and consumption of food for and by the German population. Based on an analysis of existing proposals and further possibilities for binding governmental action, specific measures are proposed that are suitable for effectively reducing relevant food waste and that can be realized by the Federal Environment Ministry in the context of the German Waste Prevention Programme. Development of tools to prevent food waste


The Big Dig By analyzing aerial photographs of the Mw 7.6 Kashmir earthquake that struck northern Pakistan on 8 October 2005, Avouac et al. show that, unusually for this area, the rupture broke through to the surface. Displacements are evident in ASTER images of the region taken just weeks after the event when these are compared to images of the same area from 5 years earlier. The surface rupture was confined to a strip a few hundred meters wide. Horizontal slip along the fault measured ~4 m on average, but offsets as large as 7 m were seen north of Muzaffarabad. Because the earthquake was shallow and compact, it caused intense but localized destruction. This pronounced movement along the fault suggests that adjacent regions may be soon be prone to large earthquakes. — JB Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.06.025 (2006).


Biocatalysis is a growing area of synthetic and process chemistry with the ability to deliver not only improved processes for the synthesis of existing compounds, but also new routes to new compounds. In order to assess the many options and strategies available to an engineer developing a new biocatalytic process, it is essential to carry out a systematic evaluation to progress rapidly and ensure decisions are made on firm foundations. In this way, directed development can be carried out and the chances of implementation of a commercially successful process can be much improved. In this review we outline the benefits of reaction engineering in this development process, with particular emphasis of reaction kinetics. Future research needs to focus on rapid methods to collect such data at sufficient accuracy that it can be used for the effective design of new biocatalytic processes.


This paper presents an on-line approach to monitoring human performance in terms of conditional reliability when one is performing a task. Unlike traditional human reliability analysis, this approach develops a dynamic model that is able to cope with constantly changing conditions that affect operator performance. A fuzzy knowledge-based assessment approach is developed in order to deal with uncertainty and subjectivity associated with human performance assessment. This technology includes three main parts/functions: (i) on-line performance monitoring; (ii) real-time performance forecasting; and (iii) performance reliability assessment. The technology is demonstrated in real-time and provides timely conditioned reliability information regarding task success/failure. In general, this technology offers human reliability assessment under highly dynamic circumstances.


Gallbladder (GB) motility diminishes with aging. This study was performed to characterize mechanisms that are involved in changes in GB contractility that occur during aging. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) and the contractile force of guinea pig GB muscle strips were simultaneously measured using fura-2 and force-displacement transducers. The binding ability of the Ca2+ channel antagonist and GB muscle compliance were also examined. The COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) evoked a dose-dependent increase in force and [Ca2+]i. Changes of [Ca2+]i and contractile force of muscle strips in response to CCK-8 were significantly greater in young (2 mo old) compared with mature and aged (12 and 24 mo old) guinea pigs (changes in [Ca2+]i, ED50: 46.1 nM at 2 mo, 6.1 microM at 12 mo, and 2.8 mM at 24 mo; changes of contractile force, ED50: 24.8 microM at 2 mo, 2.1 mM at 12 mo, and 357 mM at 24 mo). However, the magnitude of the contraction at each percent change in [Ca2+]i was actually similar in young and aged guinea pigs. In a Ca(2+)-free buffer, the responses of [Ca2+]i and force to CCK-8 in both young and aged GB muscles decreased, but those were still dose and age dependent. Binding ability of the Ca2+ channel antagonist did not differ in the young and aged groups, but the compliance of the GB muscle strip decreased with aging. These results suggest that both a reduced mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and a decreased muscle compliance are responsible, at least in part, for age-related reduced contraction of guinea pig GB in response to CCK.


In this paper, we propose EasiTest, a multi-radio testbed for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSN). Two types of sensor nodes, specifically, high speed multi-radio node (EZ271) and low speed single radio node (EZ521) are developed. An administration platform is provided to monitor and control the testbed. EasiTest enjoys high flexibility, powerful processing capability and ease of expansion. EasiTest provides a powerful tool not only for the study and evaluation of large scale, heterogeneous sensor networks, but also for quick prototyping of practical WSN applications. To demonstrate the capability of the testbed, we study the co-existence problem of IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4. Guidelines are given on channel allocation and network parameter configuration to minimize the interference.


The equation of state of the electron degenerate gas in a white dwarf is usually treated by employing the ideal dispersion relation. However, the effect of quantum gravity is expected to be inevitably present and when this effect is considered through a non-commutative formulation, the dispersion relation undergoes a substantial modification. In this paper, we take such a modified dispersion relation and find the corresponding equation of state for the degenerate electron gas in white dwarfs. Hence we solve the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium and find that this leads to the possibility of the existence of excessively high values of masses exceeding the Chandrasekhar limit, although the quantum gravity effect is taken to be very small. It is only when we impose the additional effect of neutronization that we obtain white dwarfs with masses close to the Chandrasekhar limit with nonzero radii at the neutronization threshold. We demonstrate these results by giving numerical estimates for the masses and radii of helium, carbon and oxygen white dwarfs.


Background and Objectives: Even though low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), including dalteparin, has a critical role in portal vein thrombosis (PVT) treatment in liver cirrhosis (LC) patients, the predictive factors and the proper dose of dalteparin for PVT treatment and relapse have not yet been investigated. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the records of LC patients receiving dalteparin from July 2013 to June 2019. The odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR were calculated from univariate and multivariable analyses, respectively. Results: Among data from 121 patients, the overall recanalization rate of all patients was 66.1% (80 patients). No history of variceal bleeding (OR 4.6, 95% CI: 1.88–11.43) and the case of newly developed thrombus before dalteparin treatment (OR 3.2, 95% CI: 1.24–8.08) were predictive factors associated with increased treatment response. Relapse of PVT occurred in 32 out of 80 patients (40%) who showed a recanalization. The risk of relapse was 3.1–3.9 times higher in those who took more than three months or more than six months from the diagnosis of PVT to dalteparin treatment compared to those who took less than these durations, respectively. In the dosing regimen, patients with the kg-based dosing regimen showed 2.6 times better response than those with the fixed dosing regimen. However, no difference in bleeding complications was observed. Conclusion: In the dosing regimen, the kg-based regimen that was the same as the venous thromboembolism regimen was a better option for the efficacy and safety of dalteparin therapy. Additionally, when treating PVT in LC patients, careful monitoring is recommended for patients with predictive factors for treatment response and relapse of PVT.


The spirit of the antichrist had appeared in the first century AD and was misleading the Christians of that day. The Apostle John through his letter guided the Lord's church so that it would not to be led astray. In his epistle John wrote thus: "Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the world. Hereby know ye the Spirit of God: Every spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God: And every spirit that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is not of God: and this is that spirit of antichrist." (1 Jn 4:1-3). The doctrine that John was facing at that time was Gnosticism. The word 'Gnosticism' comes from the words Ancient Greece: ωστνωστικός (gnostikos), which means: learned. While the word ῶσνςις (gnōsis) means knowledge. The teachings of Gnosticism are also encountered by Christians today. For that reason, Christians today need to understand the doctrine and then anticipate its influence in Christian life. Through this paper, the author will give some responses to the views of Gnosticism and its relation to the 'Gospel' of Thomas.


This thesis explores the possibility of drawing on a Foucauldian archaeological approach to critically reflect on some of the discursive practices that the disciplines of human factors and safety science are promoting. As such, it asks what insights Foucault's archaeological analysis of objects can provide these practically oriented disciplines. Specifically, this thesis develops and presents a number of ways to apply Foucault's archaeological level of description to study the constitution and discursive functioning of some prominent objects of the human factors and safety sciences discourses: it chiefly focuses on situation awareness (SA) and later expands the scope by analysing safety culture and resilience as objects of knowledge.
Through their archaeological description of the constitution of situation awareness, in terms of the 'rules of formation' and 'condition of possibilities' for the formation of the object, the first two studies argue that situation awareness is not a natural object, but rather a historically contingent object that emerges as both a condition and an effect of the need to make the human part of our socio-technological systems more susceptible to analysis. Similarly, the studies into safety culture and resilience describe the constitution of their respective objects and then go on to discuss the effects that these objects have. Both studies conclude that the objects function in a manner to place the responsibility for safety on individual workers.


Responding to Diversity in Schools provides guidance for education practitioners on how to use an inquiry-based approach in responding to learner diversity. It supports readers in addressing an agenda for change, considering questions such as:

 Who are the learners who are missing out?
 What evidence do we need in order to understand the barriers faced by these learners?
 How can we analyse this evidence in order to find effective ways of moving forward?
 How do we involve others in this process?

Responding to Diversity in Schools sets out to encourage innovation in schools, challenge existing assumptions and practices, and promote critical reflection. The contributing authors explain how to use a wide range of research methods, including visual methods that can be used to gather the views of children and young people. In addition, the book provides illustrative examples of innovative approaches to doing research with children, teachers and parents in schools.

Written in a clear, direct style that addresses the types of concerns facing teachers on a daily basis, this book offers both practical guidance on responding to the challenge of diversity and inclusion from an inquiry-based learning perspective, and a range of detailed worked examples from schools. It will support individual practitioners and staff teams working on school development issues, as well as tutors wishing to use inquiry-based approaches within workshops and courses. It will also benefit post-graduate students who are focusing on inclusion, diversity, school development and leadership.


In 1997 the Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) started operating with 10 strings. In an analysis of data taken during the first year of operation 188 atmospheric neutrino candidates were found. Their zenith angle distribution agrees with expectations based on Monte Carlo simulations. A preliminary upper limit is given on a diffuse flux of high energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin.


Text clustering has become an important part of the web data organization with the rapid growth of the World Wide Web (www). Clustering simplifies web search engine work by grouping large amount of documents, retrieved according to a given query. Similarity measures used in clustering affect the output of the grouping directly. Most of the document clustering techniques rely on single term analysis of text, such as vector space model. In order to improve grouping of Turkish documents, we investigate several similarity measures based on the semantic similarity of terms. Moreover, some techniques for calculating documents similarity are studied. The aim of this paper is to study the effects of semantic and single term similarity measures to the clustering results of Turkish documents. All experiments are carried out on Turkish web sites, taking into account the relationships of terms based on the ontology for the Turkish language.


In Chinese cities urbanization, industrialization and a changing life style of the population are driving growing energy consumption in buildings, industries and transportation and an increase in CO2 emissions. Facing these challenges, the National Development and Reform Commission has recognised an urgent need for transformation and designated 8 Cities and 5 Provinces in China to pioneer the planning and implementation of concrete low carbon measures, aiming to decrease the CO2 intensity of the economic development, to increase the energy efficiency of urban systems and to improve the quality of life in growing urban regions. In this context, a Sino-Austrian cooperation has been initiated between the Development and Reform Commission of Nanchang, one of the 8 selected Low Carbon Pilot Cities, and the Austrian Institute of Technology to develop a comprehensive set of Low Carbon City Measures and a Low Carbon City Action Plan, proposing specific technological and non-technological measures and concrete actions, capable of introducing important impulses targeting the increase of energy efficiency and the reduction of CO2 emissions in Nanchang. A team of experts has developed an integrated Low Carbon City Action Plan, including sectors such as buildings, energy supply and consumption, industries, transportation, agriculture and urban planning.


A new orthoclad species of Rheocricotopus Thienemann & Harnisch (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the Darjeeling–Sikkim Himalayas in India.— The adults and pupa of a new species, Rheocricotopus rarispina are described from the Darjeeling–Sikkim Himalayas in India. The species is distinguished by the few spines on the thoracic horn, anal lobe without fringe and bristle–like L setae and presence of ovoid humeral pit, nine squamal setae, structure of anal point and triangular and subterminal crista dorsalis in the adult male. With this new species, the number of Indian species of the genus rises to six.


Indonesia is a country with large and dynamic economic activities reflected by an average economic growth reaching 6% per annum. Sunda Street Bridge (SSB) is one of the mega projects offered by the Indonesia government that would spend about US$ 25 billion. In line with the SSB main function as an efficient mean for transporting people and goods between two major islands in Indonesia, potential additional functions have been explored including installation of liquid and gas pipes, fiber optics, industrial area development and renewable energy utilization. This research establishes the approach to forecast demand in the case of conceptual design. The SSB is associated with innovations to determine the functions using value engineering methods. The approach involves forecasting demand with a System Dynamics simulation model that could provide a reliable estimate and generate scenarios to compare the financial feasibility of the project before and after the process involving innovation of project functions. Analysis involving demand forecasting with the System Dynamics Approach has confirmed that the Sunda Strait Bridge development with additional functions would increase the revenues of the overall project up to US$61.59 Million, in order to obtain an increased Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the overall project up to 7.56% with a positive Net Present Value (NPV).


Metric LTL formulas rely on the next operator to encode time distances, whereas qualitative LTL formulas use only the until operator. This paper shows how to transform any metric LTL formula M into a qualitative formula Q, such that Q is satisfiable if and only if M is satisfiable over words with variability bounded with respect to the largest distances used in M (i.e., occurrences of next), but the size of Q is independent of such distances. Besides the theoretical interest, this result can help simplify the verification of systems with time-granularity heterogeneity, where large distances are required to express the coarse-grain dynamics in terms of fine-grain time units.


We design a linear sampling method to retrieve the shape of an anomaly in microwave imaging. It is is based on the structure of nonzero singular vectors associated with the nonzero singular values of a complex-symmetric matrix, whose elements are measured S−parameters. Simulation results shows the effectiveness and limitations of the linear sampling method in real-world microwave imaging.


Image registration is the task of determining positions of corresponding points in two images. A fast and accurate image registration plays an important role in many computer vision and graphics problems. This thesis presents fast and robust pixel and feature-based image registration algorithms and explores new applications in computer vision and graphics. It is divided into two parts. In the first part, we propose a fast and accurate pixel-based image registration algorithm that registers a pair of stereo images to extract the three-dimensional information of the scene. The algorithm finds an appropriate match for each reference image pixel in the target image to compute dense depth maps and works very well in case of repetitive patterns, object boundaries, as well as in occluded and non-textured image regions without increasing computational overhead significantly. The threedimensional information obtained using pixel-based registration is then used to recognize complex human activities. A sequence of depth maps is represented as a sequence of codewords that are learnt to discriminate between activities. These discriminative sub-sequences are then used to classify and localize an activity in a given test video. To demonstrate the efficiency of these algorithms, we provide experimental results on standard datasets which are publicly available. In the second part, we present a feature-based registration method that registers different image features to find most similar images from very large-scale image datasets. The proposed system retrieves and ranks database images based on their similarity to any given input image. By registering different image features, the retrieval and indexing of the relevant images is improved. We use these similar images to solve an ill-posed computer graphics problem, viz., colorization of grayscale images. The algorithm uses similar color images as the reference images and transfers color information to a given input grayscale image using a graph-based optimization method. The algorithm works at the resolution of superpixels and uses local properties for proper color transfer. Our use of superpixels reduces the complexity of our algorithm significantly and it also empowers the colorizations to exhibit a much higher extent of spatial consistency in the colorization as compared to those using independent pixels. We evaluate these approaches on a wide variety of images. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses have been used to demonstrate the greater effectiveness of the proposed approaches.


This paper performs a modeling of an isolated full bridge boost converter that suits the system level studies of power electronic-based systems. For system level studies, in which large signal models must be developed, linearized average value models are invalid. Large signal analysis can be carried out by nonlinear State Space models. In this paper generalized state space averaging method is adopted to include ripple modeling for higher accuracy. The obtained model is compared to a number of other averaging methods and also verified by the detailed switching model. Nonlinear control is carried out by feedback linearization approach. Large signal stability and zero steady state error of the closed loop system are validated by simulation results of the detailed and generalized state space models.


Simtudduror Habib Ali ibn Muhamad Al-Habsyi and its kind. This type of research is the research of the library used by document researchers, read the books of Simtudduror Habib Ali ibn Muhamad Al-Habsyi and Balaghoh book. Analysis of the data on this research that researchers used is, restrict data by summarizing, the selection of important and systematic things arranged so that clear the results of his research, Data presentation clear and systematic, conclusion and verification, conclusion is the exact description of the object under study. The process of drawing conclusions based on withdrawals from information in data presentation. The result of this research is the meaning of Istia'rah in the picture Simtudduror Habib Ali bin Muhamad Al-Habsyi is very diverse that is about the glory of Muhammad, the attributes of the Prophet Mohammed, the love of a corrupted to his people, the Power of God and the nature of God's compassion on creatures. The type of Istia'rah in the book Simtudduror Habib Ali bin Muhamad Al-Habsyi is the term of Istia'rah Tasrihiyyah 87%, Istia'rah Makniyah of 10%, and Istia'rah Tamtsiliyah 10%.


We present a framework for making computation offloading decisions in computational grid settings in which schedulers determine when to move parts of a computation to more capable resources to improve performance. Such schedulers must predict when an offloaded computation will outperform one that is local by forecasting the local cost (execution time for computing locally) and remote cost (execution time for computing remotely and transmission time for the input/output of the computation to/from the remote system). Typically, this decision amounts to predicting the bandwidth between the local and remote systems to estimate these costs. Our framework unifies such decision models by formulating the problem as a statistical decision problem that can either be treated "classically" or using a Bayesian approach. Using an implementation of this framework, we evaluate the efficacy of a number of different decision strategies (several of which have been employed by previous systems). Our results indicate that a Bayesian approach employing automatic change-point detection when estimating the prior distribution is the best performing approach.


because their pain and discomfort have not been relieved by antacids. Am I to deprive them of rapid symptomatic relief? Some of them will never need the expensive cimetidine and those who do can surely hope for relief while waiting for their gastric acid levels to be lowered. Many doctors in general as well as consultant practice are still unaware that the pain of an ulcer is often due to spasm or cramp of the gastric musculature. While this is often provoked by hyperchlorhydria, it may not be relieved immediately by its correction. Most patients who get this type of pain are relieved rapidly by either metoclopramideor a liquorice preparation before meals and at night. Among the liquorice preparations my preference is for Caved S, which is cheap and does not cause fluid retention. Apart from drugs many patients will be helped by a discussion of the stresses which have provoked their hyperchlorhydria. In the same issue of the journal (p 1154) a general practitioner, Dr S Schrire, emphasises how much kinder doctors tend to be when they themselves have suffered from a complaint. I heartily agree and would recommend those of your readers who have missed this Personal View to look back at it. DENIS CRADDOCK


The term denial of Service (DOS) refers to form an attacking computers over a network. The denial of service attack is an explicit attempt by an attacker to prevent the legitimate users not to access the services. When this attack is made at a larger amount that is by using multiple computers than itrsquos known as Distributednbspnbsp Denial of Service Attack (DDoS) [1]. An attacker can use many techniques for denial of service like flooding technique is to flood a network and reduce the legitimate user bandwidths to disrupt the services of the users. In DDoS attack, the attacker try to interrupt the services of a server and utilizes its CPU and Network. Flooding DDOS attack is based on a huge volume of attack traffic which is termed as a Flooding based DDOS attack. Flooding-based DDOS attack attempts to congest the victim#39s network bandwidth with real-looking but unwanted IP data. Due to which Legitimate IP packets cannot reach the victim because of lack of bandwidth resource [5]. ICMP FLOOD initiated by sending a large number of ICMP packets to a remote host. As a result, the victimized systemrsquos resources will be consumed with handling the attacking packets, which eventually causes the system to be unreachable by other clients. In this reserach firstly, we detect the ICMP Flood by using various methods and tools and then find out the prevention techniques for DDOS attack using ICMP Protocol.


The aim of this study was to perform facile synthesis of novel phthalocyanines with high solubility. The synthesis and characterization of 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenoxy substituted copper, zinc, nickel, and cobalt phthalocyanines are reported. The compounds were characterized by using electronic absorption, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared and elemental analysis. The aggregation investigations carried out in different concentrations indicate that 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenoxy substituted phthalocyanine complexes do not have any aggregation behavior for the concentration range of 1 × 10–5 to 1 × 10–6 M in THF. Additionally, the ground-state geometries of the complexes were optimized using density functional theory methods at B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) level in order to obtain information about the 3D geometries and electronic structure.


Electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of movement have been studied extensively over many years. In the present work, we focus on investigating neural correlates that originate from the spine and study their connectivity to corresponding signals from the sensorimotor cortex using multivariate autoregressive (MVAR) models. To study cortico-spinal interactions, we simultaneously measured spinal cord potentials (SCPs) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) of wrist movements elicited by neuromuscular electrical stimulation. We identified directional connections between spine and cortex during both the extension and flexion of the wrist using only non-invasive recording techniques. Our connectivity estimation results are in alignment with various studies investigating correlates of movement, i.e., we found the contralateral side of the sensorimotor cortex to be the main sink of information as well as the spine to be the main source of it. Both types of movement could also be clearly identified in the time-domain signals.


The U.S. government's involvement in Tibetan affairs began over a half-century ago with a series of commitmentsboth overt and covertto support the Tibetans in their resistance to the Chinese occupation of their country. The motivation for undertaking these commitments and the scorecard on their fulfillment are mixed. When the State Department and the Central Intelligence Agency abandoned any further efforts in Tibet in the mid-1970s, the Congress and private organizations took over the sponsorship of the Tibetan cause, helping to generate a worldwide movement. With this support and under the direction of Tibet's charismatic leader, the Dalai Lama, the status of Tibet became an internationally recognized human-rights issue and thereby survived the Cold War in which it was spawned.


Narratives is a form of discourse, which includes use of a series of sentences to describe an event. In the present study, narrative skills were investigated in 20 children with cerebral palsy (CP) and 20 typically developing (TD) children between 5 to 13 years. Both narrative compre-hension and narrative expression (macro-structural and microstructural analysis) were explored. Narrative macro-structure analysis focused on scores obtained for story content, event, grammar and story. Narrative microstructure analysis included Type-Token Ratio (TTR), Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) and Number of Sentences (NS). The study findings revealed a reduced performance in children with CP in all the measures with statistically significant difference for the tasks of narrative comprehension and TTR. The study indicates the relevance of using narrative analysis along with the standard test protocol for language assessment in children with CP.


This extended abstract describes Metopia, a research project in the early stages of progress, a wireless sensor network for urban spaces, to aquire a complex set of data from the environment for the purpose of making a sound composition. The programming language Pure Data is used to create a sound composition from the aquired data. This research project is using a real-world problem such as air-pollution as a way to explore a responsive environment, to communicate the state of the toxic level into an immediate auditory response. Atmospheric pollutants is a major health issue and Metopia is one way of examining this problem through aesthetic and conceptual choices and at the same time making sense of complex data through generative principles and through algorithms. The composition is using Pure Data on embedded Raspberry Pi 2 equipped with ARM processors for real-time processing, coupled with an array of sensors using Arduino for data acquisition.


Multiagent systems and online communities rely on rating systems to infer the reputation given to an individual within a particular context. The notion of reputation is essential for helping a given individual to trust in other individuals and for being himself reliable to others. Current techniques for computing individual's reputations are solely based on recent activities, facilitating a variety of possible attacks. Moreover, the amount of trust each agent has for a given context is based just on his or her reputation. In this paper we outline a new way to thwart reputation-based attacks and to detect trends in behavioral patterns based on historical data by means of knowledge discovery techniques, particularly those existing for emerging patterns.


The Precambrian apparent polar wander (a.p.w.) curve for Africa is now defined in a general way from ca. 2700 million years (Ma) to Palaeozoic times, and is compared here with palaeomagnetic results from other Precambrian regions. Loops present in the African and North American a.p.w. curves between 2000 and 1000 Ma can be matched in size and shape, and when superimposed show that the AfroArabian and North American regions were in continuity at this time. Data from other Gondwanaland continents are reviewed and seem to be consistent with the SmithHallam reconstruction to ca. 2100 Ma for South America, to ca. 1800 Ma for India, and possibly for Australia back to ca. 2100 Ma. The a.p.w. curve from the Baltic and Ukrainian Shields can be matched with that from Africa and North America such that there was crustal continuity prior to 1000 Ma with the Gothide and Grenville mobile belts in great-circle alignment. The limited palaeomagnetic data from the Siberian Shield do not allow it to be placed uniquely with respect to the other land masses but are consistent with a position in juxtaposition with the Baltic-Ukrainian Shields such that massive anorthosites and ca. 1000 Ma mobile belts are in alignment with those from elsewhere. The palaeomagnetic evidence is consistent with a model in which the bulk of the Precambrian shields were aggregated together as a single super-continent during much of Proterozoic times, the most prominent feature of which is a great circle alignment of massive anorthosites (2250-1000 Ma) along a belt which also became a concentrated zone of igneous intrusion by rapakivi granites and alkaline intrusions, and culminated in generation of long linear mobile belts at 1150 ± 200 Ma and thick graben sedimentation. The predominance of this feature during much of the Proterozoic suggests that a simple mantle convection system pertained during this time. The proposed super-continent is not greatly different in form from the later shortlived super-continent Pangaea, formation of which may have involved relatively minor redistribution of the sialic regions in late Precambrian (probably post-800 Ma) and Palaeozoic times.


The functional mechanisms involved in angiogenesis and the potential role of endoglin (ENG), recently described as a new marker for this process, have not been explored in Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS). In order to gain insight in MDS angiogenesis a combined analysis in bone marrow (BM) of gene expression levels, angiogenesis-related soluble factors and functional angiogenesis-related studies was carried out. Ninety-seven MDS patients and forty-two normal BM samples were studied. The morphology of the capillary-like structures originated by two endothelial cells lines in the BM environment of patients with refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia (RCMD) was different from those of the remaining MDS. In addition, the BM mononuclear cells fromRCMD patients displayed over-expression of VEGF, HIF1 and FN1while they showed reduced expression of ENG in contrast to the normal ENG expression of the remaining low-risk MDS and the high expression of ENG in high-risk MDS subtype. Moreover, higher soluble ENG and soluble FLT-1 levels in BM microenvironment were observed in RCMD cases, which distinguished them from other individuals. Therefore, the present study suggests that the patterns of angiogenesis are different between the MDS subtypes. The differences in angiogenesis observed in RCMD patients could be related to ENG abnormalities.


This study contains the results of an examination of the Corduliidae found in the Guyanas. It is based on a critical study of the data as published mostly in the older literature and on the identification of the material brought together in Surinam in the years 1940 to 1965 by Mr. J. Belle and myself, beside some specimens picked up in French- and in (Br.) Guyana. Comparison of three types in the Selys collection in the Brussels Museum, of one in the Fraser collection in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) in London and of one kindly received from the Museum in Berlin was necessary to eliminate further confusion. It now became clear that, so far as the material goes, one genus (here described as new) belonging to the Gomphomacromiinae and two genera of the Corduliinae inhabit the Guyanas. Among these the female allotype of Paracordulia sericea Selys is described and of the genus Aeschnosoma the male allotype of Ae. elegans Selys and Ae. auripennis as a new species in the female sex only, whereas the larva of Ae. forcipula Selys and of Ae. auripennis n. sp. are described for the first time. It is a well known fact that the Corduliidae are poorly represented in South America, in contrast with North America and the Old World, where they are represented by numerous genera and a great number of species. In his well known work on the Odonata in Biol. Centr. Am. (1892-1908), Calvert states the practical absence of this group in the present fauna. Ris (1918) arrives to the same conclusion in his study on the Odonata of the South American Cordilleras, when he says that the Corduliidae in that region are very poorly represented in comparison with the other families. Cowley (1934) mentions that among 700 specimens of dragonflies, received from Peru, there was but one Corduline. In our collection of about 20,000 specimens of Odonata from Surinam, the total number of Corduliidae imagines amounts to no more than 50, that is 0.2%.


The Government of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) was the first in the world to establish a No Waste by 2010 Goal in 1996 and has since established itself as an international leader in sustainable waste management practices. The No Waste Strategy is the result of extensive community consultation, which identified a strong community desire to achieve a waste-free society by 2010. Since its inception, the No Waste goal has had strong government and community backing and support that has resulted in significant changes in the way waste is viewed and handled in our community. Implementation of the No Waste Strategy has already achieved a resource recovery rate of over 73%, with some 550,000 tonnes of resources being recovered and processed out of the 770,000 tonnes of waste generated in the Territory annually. This 73% resource recovery rate has been achieved despite a steady increase in total waste generation that is linked to increasing consumption patterns of an affluent western society. The No Waste Strategy is based on the implementation of an Integrated Resource Recovery Approach that incorporates: the use of economic mechanisms; provision of appropriate infrastructure and services; strategic partnerships and alliances; the development of a resource recovery industry within the ACT; market development for products derived from wastes; strong community engagement programs; and recognition mechanisms for No Waste leaders in our community. Importantly, legislation and regulation mechanisms have not been utilised at this stage to drive resource recovery outcomes. The model is based on four distinct corner stones: ƒ The recovery of standard recyclable materials from both the residential and business sectors; ƒ The recovery and processing of mixed building and demolition wastes and mixed commercial and industrial wastes; ƒ The recovery, separation and processing of organic materials, with separate processes for garden and food wastes; and ƒ Then dealing with the more complex composite residual waste products that make up about 5% of our waste stream. The paper outlines the Integrated Resource Recovery Model and the approaches that have been adopted for the ACT context; model rationale and details on mechanisms utilised; a progress report; successes and challenges and our future directions.


China's education sector has involved in e-commerce programs since the beginning of this century as one of international pioneers in 2001. However, a gap still exists between China's e-commerce education and industry demands that China's e-commerce education seems far from meeting business's expectations. This paper described firstly the current situation of China's e-commerce education. Based on the literature review and interviews, the reasons why this gap existed were then analysed with four challenges including argue on separate vs. integrated focus, technical vs. non-technical focus, textbook concerns, and lack of industry involvement. Finally, several suggestions were provided for helping China's educators to gain input from international experience and solving relevant challenges. Although this research focused mainly on China's e-commerce education, the introductory materials discussing China's current state should be valuable for any universities being interested in China's e-commerce education. This can also serve as a spring board to discuss the overall framework for e-commerce education in developing countries.


This study aimed to distinguish beneficial and non-beneficial support for men in same-sex friendships. The empirical material was gathered using thematic interviews with 25 Finnish men. Two supportive sequences and five beneficial support approaches were identified. These approaches were listening, compassion, reassurance, appraisal, and distraction. Men described the quality of beneficial support as subtle, authentic, and honest. The results showed that men favored implicit, responsive support over initiated verbal behaviors. The purpose of such support was to be supportive of the seeker's autonomy and to represent an emotionally solid friend who is unbiased but motivated to support. To determine beneficial support to a group of people, studies need to consider situational factors such as relationship and culture. The results are discussed in light of previous research on supportive communication.


We have examined the extent of brain tubulin heterogeneity in six vertebrate species commonly used in tubulin research (rat, calf, pig, chicken, human, and lamb) using isoelectric focusing, two-dimensional electrophoresis, and peptide mapping procedures that provide higher resolution than previously available. The extent of heterogeneity is extremely similar in all of these organisms, as judged by number, range of isoelectric points, and distribution of the isotubulins. A minimum of 6 alpha and 12 beta tubulins was resolved from all sources. Even the pattern of spots on two-dimensional peptide maps is remarkably similar. These similarities suggest that the populations of tubulin in all of these brains should have similar overall physical properties. It is particularly interesting that chicken, which has only four or five beta-tubulin genes, contains approximately 12 beta tubulins. Thus, post-translational modification must generate at least some of the tubulin heterogeneity. Mammalian species, which contain 15-20 tubulin DNA sequences, do not show any more tubulin protein heterogeneity than does chicken. This suggests that expression of only a small number of the mammalian genes may be required to generate the observed tubulin heterogeneity.


The L-histidine forming complexes of with Cr(III), Fe(III),Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) of the type 1:1 and 1:2 (M:L) have been synthesized and characterized bymeans of elemental analysis, molar conductance, IR spectra, thermal analysis, UV-Vis spectra, magnetic moment and ESR spectra. The low molar conductance values suggest the non-electrolytic nature of these complexes. Spectroscopic and other analytical studies revealed a square planar geometry for copper complexes and octahedral geometry for the other complexes. The thermal behavior of these complexes indicated that the hydrated complexes loss water of hydration in first step followed by the loss of coordinated water and chloride immediately. The activation thermodynamic parameters, such asAE*, AH*, AS*, and AG* are calculated using Coats–Redfern method. Antimicrobial activity of L-histidine and its complexes has been tested against different microorganisms.


Subset models of autoregressive reflection coefficients have a number of non-zero reflections in the subset while the other reflections are zero. Speech analysis and seismic exploration are areas of applications where true subset processes may be found. The estimation of subsets of reflection coefficients differs completely from any linear subset selection procedure. This paper presents three selection strategies with an increasing computational effort. An efficient algorithm can use all three strategies, but picks out the cheapest solution for the occasion. All strategies use the Weak Parameter Criterion WPC for the selection. One reason for the selection of subset models can be an adequate representation of true processes. On the other hand, selected subsets below the WPC-order give often a smaller prediction error and a closer approximation of the power spectral density than selected complete models.


Abshulcf-This paper presents the design and the analysis of a "fish-like underwater robot". In order to develop swimming robot like a real fish, extensive hydrodynamic analysis were made followed by the study of biology of the fishes especially its maneuverability and propel styles. Swimming mode is achieved by mimicking fish-swimming of carangiform. This is the swimming mode of the fast motion using its tail and peduncle for propulsion. In order to generate configurations of vortices that gives efficient propulsion yawing and surging with a caudal fin has applied and in order to submerge and maintain the body balance pitching and heaving motion with a pair of pectoral fin is used. We have derived the equation of motion of PoTuna by two methods. In first method, we use the equation of motion of underwater vehicle with the potential flow theory for the power of propulsion. In second method, we apply the method of the equation of motion of UVM(Underwater Vehicle-Manipulator). Then, we compare these results.


Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in Western countries. The insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) axis has an important role in endometrial cancer biology and emerged as a promising therapeutic target in oncology. However, there is an urgent need to identify biomarkers that may help in patient stratification and prognosis. Laron syndrome (LS) is a type of dwarfism that results from the mutation of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, leading to congenital IGF1 deficiency. While high circulating IGF1 is regarded as a risk factor in cancer, epidemiological studies have shown that LS patients are protected from cancer development. Recent genome-wide profilings conducted on LS-derived lymphoblastoid cells led to the identification of a series of genes whose over- or under-representation in this condition might be mechanistically linked to cancer protection. The olfactory receptor 5 subfamily H member 2 (OR5H2) was the top downregulated gene in LS, its expression level being 5.8-fold lower than in the control cells. In addition to their typical role in the olfactory epithelium, olfactory receptors (ORs) are expressed in multiple tissues and play non-classical roles in various pathologies, including cancer. The aim of our study was to investigate the regulation of OR5H2 gene expression by IGF1 in endometrial cancer. Data showed that IGF1 and insulin stimulate OR5H2 mRNA and the protein levels in uterine cancer cell lines expressing either a wild-type or a mutant p53. OR5H2 silencing led to IGF1R downregulation, with ensuing reductions in the downstream cytoplasmic mediators. In addition, OR5H2 knockdown reduced the proliferation rate and cell cycle progression. Analyses of olfr196 (the mouse orthologue of OR5H2) mRNA expression in animal models of GHR deficiency or GH overexpression corroborated the human data. In summary, OR5H2 emerged as a novel target for positive regulation by IGF1, with potential relevance in endometrial cancer.


Locality preserving projection (LPP) retains only partial information, and category information of samples is not considered, which causes misclassification of feature extraction. An improved locality preserving projection algorithm is proposed to optimize the extraction of growth characteristics. Firstly, preliminary dimensionality reduction of sample data is constructed by using twodimensional principal component analysis (2DPCA) to retain the spatial information.Then, two optimized subgraphs are defined to describe the neighborhood relation between different categories of data. Finally, feature parameters set are obtained to extract local information of samples by improved LPP algorithm.The experiments show that the improved LPP algorithm has good adaptability, and the highest SVM classification accuracy rate of this method can reach more than 96%. Compared with other methods, the improved LPP has superior optimized performance in terms of multidimensional data analysis and optimization.


While American policymakers and commentators have traditionally focused on three aspects of the health care system - access, cost, and quality - they have neglected an arguably coequal fourth issue: equity in the distribution of health care costs and benefits. This brief introduction to a symposium volume entitled Who Pays? Who Benefits? Distributional Issues in Health Care suggests that the American health system takes excessive resources from working-class payers of health insurance premiums to finance an industry that serves the interests of others far better than their own. In addition to summarizing several aspects of the unfairness problem, the Foreword urges policymakers and the academic community to pay greater attention to issues of distributive justice in health care, lays out a research agenda for extending the work begun by the symposium's contributors, and expresses the hope that deeper understanding will add to the urgency of reforming American health care.


In the development of an aero-engine combustor, the definition of a preliminary design is a practice in which know-how, product experience and design rules are focal in deriving a configuration able to meet the functional requirements. Several configurations, and hence multiple geometries resulting in different behaviours, are iteratively analysed in this phase to extensively explore the design space. In this context, an automated procedure ranging from preliminary design to life estimation is necessary and crucial. A framework in which the tools employed in the design workflow are integrated and the low-added-value tasks are automated can allow the reduction of time per analysis within the loop and the enhancement of the procedure's robustness.
 In this paper will be presented the Combustor Design System Integration (DSI), a methodology aimed at easing and streamlining the design process of aero-engine combustors. To do this, digitization has been taken as the common thread for developing a data-centric approach. The logic behind the procedure will be reported, to focus then on the aero-thermal preliminary design. The procedure, for this phase, is composed of three main integrated components: a CAD generation system, which collects all the geometries for creating an exportable 3D model, a 1D thermal solver for the positioning and sizing of the aero feature on liners (i.e. cooling, dilution...) and a CFD environment with automated pre/post processing operations for reacting-flow analysis.
 The aim of this work is to contextualize the DSI approach in the combustor design process and to provide a first description of the methodology designed and developed in GE Avio. For that purpose, a straight-through configuration — the lean combustor NEWAC developed in the homonymous EU project — will be exploited as a test case. The development of the procedure is still in progress, so a validation through test cell data comparison, as well as highly-resolved CFD results, will be the subject for future papers.


Abstract α-Hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL, acetone cyanohydrin lyase, EC 184.108.40.206) was purified to homogeneity from young leaves of the cyanogenic tropical crop plant cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz). The purified protein is a homo-trimer with a subunit relative molecular mass of 28,500 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The active protein is not glycosylated and does not contain a flavin group. HNL exhibits complex kinetics which vary according to substrate concentration and may be related to aggregation of the enzyme. HNL activity against two natural substrates, acetone cyanohydrin and 2-butanone cyanohydrin, and one nonphysiological substrate, 2-pentanone cyanohydrin, was demonstrated. N-terminal and internal peptide sequences, obtained from HNL digested with the endoproteinase Glu-C, were used to design degenerate oligonucleotide primers for polymerase chain reaction with single-strand cDNA, using purified mRNA from cotyledons as template. The resulting DNA fragment was used to probe a cassava cotyledon cDNA library. Four cDNA clones were isolated, sequenced, and shown to contain derived amino acid sequences identical to those obtained from the purified protein.


Enterprise environmental factors (EEF) and organisational process assets (OPAs) are important inputs for most of the processes in all project management knowledge areas. This study assesses the effect of three important EEF and OPA input factors, project organisational support, project control and contingency planning, and project management processes, on project baseline and planning management. In addition, this study also investigates how much of an influence that effective project baseline and planning management has on company performance. Data were collected from 93 certified project management professionals (PMPs) registered with the Project Management Institute (PMI) in China. Our findings showed that firms that develop company-wide organisational support systems and company-wide procedures and processes for managing projects within an operations organisation do better in their overall performance.


In the in vitro production of embryos in humans and animals it is aimed to produce embryos of good quality in order to reach a high pregnancy rate after the transfer on a recipient. Nevertheless, data until 2007 show that in Europe the pregnancy rate after the transfer of human IVF embryos was only 33% (de Mouzon et al., 2012). Recently time-lapse imaging of early embryonic cleavage was found to be a helpful and non-invasive tool to predict the developmental
capacity of embryos and select embryos of good quality (Wong et al., 2010, Sugimura et al., 2012). As the morphokinetic parameters of the first and second cleavage were the most predictive values, the fate of an embryo seems to be, at least partly, already determined very early in embryogenesis. This determination
of the developmental competence might even go back further namely until oocyte maturation.
In this experiment we used bovine embryos as an animal model to study the reasons for success and failure of mitotic cleavage during early embryo
development. First a live monitoring system for the observation of bovine embryos was applied in order to search for the values that are highly predictable for the developmental competence to the blastocyst stage. To consider the effect
of the oocyte maturation onto the further development, we observed embryos from oocytes after in vitro (n=398) versus in vivo maturation (n=143). In average embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage showed an earlier timing of the first, second and third cleavage than embryos that arrested (p<0.001). Nevertheless if the first cleavage occurred too early, the blastocyst rate also decreased. The reason for this observation is unclear and it was not described
specifically for bovine embryos yet. Due to a high frequency of image acquisition, we could include the synchronicity of the second cleavage into our analyses. As already shown for human embryos we confirmed a decreasing blastocyst rate with increasing asynchronicity of the second cleavage in bovine embryos. Furthermore
we observed three types of abnormal morphology during the first mitotic cleavage: 1) cleavage into two unequal sized blastomeres, 2) direct cleavage into VI. Summary 90 3- or for cells, 3) cleavage with fragments in the perivitelline space. Abnormal morphology of the first cleavage had a negative effect on the blastocyst rate as it
was decreased about 25% compared to the blastocyst rate after normal first cleavage (p<0.001). In vitro versus in vivo maturation had no effect on the speed or morphology of the first and second cleavage. Nevertheless, from the third
cleavage on until the development to the blastocyst stage we found embryos after in vivo maturation to be faster in development compared to the in vitro matured ones (p<0.01). Also the hatching rate was higher in blastocysts after in vivo maturation compared to in vitro maturation (p=0.001). Due to a logistic regression
model the variables with the highest prediction rate were identified and based on two selected regression models the fate of an embryo regarding the blastocyst stage could be correctly classified in up to 76%. To get more insights into the normal and abnormal process of the first mitotic cleavage division we fixated embryos at defined time points and analyzed them
with a confocal laser scanning microscope. 3-D images of embryos showed that fertilization with more than one sperm was a main cause for abnormal cleavage. Polyspermy could result in different cleavage patterns and could partly be
associated with events observed under live observation. Accordingly too early
timing of the first cleavage and abnormal morphology of the first cleavage are
probably mainly caused by polyspermic fertilization. Accordingly time-lapse imaging was successfully applied to find values be able to
predict the developmental competence of an embryo. In vivo maturation of oocytes had a positive effect on embryo development although this was only present from the third cleavage on. After 3-D confocal microscopic analysis,
polyspermic fertilization seems to be a cause for abnormalities in timing and morphology of the first cleavage.


Introduction of White carbon black's property and the technological flow of developing. White carbon black by using Wollastonite and factors that influences it .The conditions of the experimental are that the ratio of hydrochloric acid's volume(hydrochloric acid's concentration is 36%) and the weight of Wollastonite is 1.50 L/kg ,reactive concentration is 20%,the temperature is 50 centigrade, and reaction time is 30 minutes. Then purify it in order to meet the requirement of rubber reinforcement and the content of SiO2 is over 90%.The White carbon black coproduct is CaCl2, the purity of which is 96.76%,and can be used in industry.


Bing Neel syndrome is a rare disease manifestation of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia that results from infiltration of the central nervous system by malignant lymphoplasmacytic cells. In this guideline we describe the clinical symptoms, as well as the appropriate laboratory and radiological studies, that can aid in the diagnosis. The presentation of Bing Neel syndrome may be very diverse, and includes headaches, cognitive deficits, paresis, and psychiatric symptoms. The syndrome can present in patients with known Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, even in the absence of systemic progression, but also in previously undiagnosed patients. Diagnostic work-up should include cerebral spinal fluid analysis with multiparameter flow cytometry to establish B-cell clonality, protein electrophoresis and immunofixation for the detection and classification of a monoclonal protein as well as molecular diagnostic testing for immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and mutated MYD88. MRI of the brain and spinal cord is also essential. The second challenge is to expand our knowledge of prognosis and treatment outcome. Prospective clinical trials on Bing Neel syndrome patients that employ uniform treatment along with appropriate laboratory cerebral spinal fluid assessments and standardized MRI protocols will be invaluable, constituting a significant step forward in delineating treatment outcome for this intriguing disease manifestation.


The main objective of this study is to develop a CAE-based application with a convenient GUI for identification and verification of material parameters for hyperelastic models available in the current release of the FE code ANSYS Mechanical APDL. This Windows application implements a two-step procedure: (1) fitting of experimental stress–strain curves provided by the user; (2) verification of the obtained material parameters by the solution of a modified benchmark problem. The application, which was developed using the Visual Basic.NET language, implements a two-way interaction with ANSYS as a single loop using the APDL script as input and text, graphical and video files as output. With this application, nine isotropic incompressible hyperelastic material models are compared by fitting them to the conventional Treloar's experimental dataset (1944) for vulcanised rubber. A ranking of hyperelastic models is constructed according to model efficiency, which is estimated using fitting quality criteria. The model ranking is done based upon the complexity of their mathematical formulation and their ability to accurately reproduce the test data. Recent hyperelastic models (Extended Tube and Response Function) are found to be more efficient compared to conventional ones. The verification is done by the comparison of an analytical solution to an FEA result for the benchmark problem of a rubber cylinder under compression proposed by Lindley (1967). In the application, the classical formulation of the benchmark is improved mathematically to become valid for larger deformations. The wide applicability of the proposed two-step approach is confirmed using stress–strains curves for seven different formulations of natural rubber and seven different grades of synthetic rubber.


A case of acute pancreatitis associated with type V hyperlipoproteinemia is reported. A 26-year-old-woman was referred to our department with nausea, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain at 24 weeks gestation. Elevation of pancreatic enzymes with profound hypertriglyceridemia (60 mmol/L) was noticed, and a diagnosis of hyperlipidemic pancreatitis was made on the day of admission. Because she had no history of non-gestational hyperlipidemia, the observed hyperlipidemia was thought to be gestational in origin. The treatment consisted of nasogastric decompression, intravenous hyperalimentation, insulin infusion, and plasma exchanges. Progressive abatement of the symptoms occured, and on the fifth day of admission, complete resolution was observed. On the seventh day of hospitalization, advancing preterm labor and associated fetal distress was diagnosed, which necessitated a cesarean delivery. The infant was lost due to severe immaturity. Pancreatic pseudocyst formation complicated the postpartum period, which was managed by percutaneous drainage. Early diagnosis, close monitoring, consistent supportive treatment and awareness of complications are the key points in the management of gestational pancreatitis.


Verification and Validation (V&V) processes play an important role in quality control. The earlier defects are detected, the less rework incurs. According to the findings from literature, most of the defects occurred during the design and coding phases. Automatic detection of these defects would alleviate the problem. This research therefore invented an automatic code reviewer to examine Java source files against the object-oriented design described in UML class diagrams. Prior to the review process, the class diagrams are converted into XML format so that the information of classes and relations could be extracted and used to generate the review checklists. The code reviewer will then follow the checklist items to verify whether all defined classes exist in the code, the class structures with encapsulated methods and parameters are correctly implemented, all relations of associated classes are valid. Finally, the summary report will then be generated to notify the results.


Agriculture has become a tough task for the farmersdueto various challenges before them. Infact they change their profession into various fields like building construction works, contract works, house keeping, hotels, wineshops & bars, dailyvendors, transportation works, dailywages, brickworks, etc. In this paper we study the socialstatus change off a rmers who has change din to brick workers around theVillupuram town, using Combined Effect Time Dependent Data Matrix [CETDmatrix].


ABSTRACT This article explores the link between national success as a writer and the promotional structures of world literature in the West. It does so through critically examining how individual people relate to the various creative processes that underpin literature as it travels around the western world. The article draws in particular on Bruno Latour's work on the concepts of 'agency' and 'mediators' in the context of actor–network theory, as well as developing the idea of a 'network intellectual' put forward in 2015 by Fred Turner and Christine Larson. In so doing, the article finds common ground between literary studies and celebrity studies that can help parse the concept of 'literary celebrity'. The model for understanding the links between authorship, celebrity and world literature that I propose is exemplified through reference to the intertwined contemporary careers of novelists Daniel Kehlmann and Jonathan Franzen. Both writers have achieved bestseller status in their respective national contexts (Germany/Austria and the United States), both deliberately seek to place their work and person into dialogue with key writers and works from other national traditions, and both have been systematically promoted across multiple countries as international success stories. Approaching them as contemporary case studies in both world authorship and literary celebrity allows us to reconsider how individuals carry wider cultural value in an age of rapid network expansion.


Land use planning has been considered as one of the
remarkable forest governance instruments in Tanzania for
guiding resource use, including sustainable management of
forest resources and ecosystem integrity. When thoroughly
implemented, land use plans have potential to overcome
ecosystem degradation, foster sustainable management of
forest resources, enhance forest utilizations and promote
integrity of forest resources. In this article we present findings
on role of land use planning in the governance of forest
resources and ecosystems integrity in Uvinza district, Kigoma
region, Western Tanzania. Our study was guided by three
objectives; to analyse community participation in the land use
planning, to analyse reasons for forest ecosystem degradation
despite existing land use plans, and to analyse implications of
forest utilization on availability of ecosystem goods and
services and ecosystem integrity. We used qualitative and
quantitative approaches in the three case study villages,
Itebula, Bweru and Chagu. Results show less consideration of
stakeholder interests during land use planning process. These
included unresolved shared resources, incomplete land use
plans, administrative inadequacies, politics, and transparency
issues. These shortfalls incentivize unsustainable practices
such as charcoal making, illegal logging, timbering and shifting
cultivation, hence leading to ecosystems degradation. It was
deduced from the results that limited participation by
communities during land use planning and subsequent
implementation of land use and management plans poses a
potential challenge for controlling drivers of deforestation and
forest degradation, which are essential elements for ecosystem
integrity. Likewise, inappropriate forest governance structures
contribute to forest ecosystem degradation, and thus posing
critical challenges for ecosystem integrity.


Several congenital disorders can cause end stage bladder disease and possibly renal damage in children. The current gold standard therapy is enterocystoplasty, a bladder augmentation using an intestinal segment. However, the use of bowel tissue is associated with numerous complications such as metabolic disturbance, stone formation, urine leakage, chronic infections, and malignancy. Urinary diversions using engineered bladder tissue would obviate the need for bowel for bladder reconstruction. Despite impressive progress in the field of bladder tissue engineering over the past decades, the successful transfer of the approach into clinical routine still represents a major challenge. In this review, we discuss major achievements and challenges in bladder tissue regeneration with a focus on different strategies to overcome the obstacles and to meet the need for living functional tissue replacements with a good growth potential and a long life span matching the pediatric population.


Although single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have shed light on the role of cellular diversity in human pathophysiology1–3, the resulting data remains noisy and sparse, making reliable quantification of gene expression challenging. Here, we show that a deep autoencoder coupled to a Bayesian model remarkably improves UMI-based scRNA-seq data quality by transfer learning across datasets. This new technology, SAVER-X, outperforms existing state-of-the-art tools. The deep learning model in SAVER-X extracts transferable gene expression features across data from different labs, generated by varying technologies, and obtained from divergent species. Through this framework, we explore the limits of transfer learning in a diverse testbed and demonstrate that future human sequencing projects will unequivocally benefit from the accumulation of publicly available data. We further show, through examples in immunology and neurodevelopment, that SAVER-X can harness existing public data to enhance downstream analysis of new data, such as those collected in clinical settings.


: The steady state enzyme kinetics of those systems are discussed, which involve three species binding to enzymes. Two specific systems are considered. In one system, all three species bind only once to the enzyme. In the other system, two species bind once and one binds twice to the enzyme. The species are labeled S, A and B. The general case is considered, in which all possible complexes involving enzyme E and species S generate product P. Species A and B may become co-substrates, activators or inhibitors. The steady state enzyme kinetic equations for the general case for both systems are presented. These equations are further discussed for a number of special cases, which may be of interest to enzymologists and others using enzymes.