From the fundamental rights proclaimed in the American and French declarations of independence to the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Hannah Arendt's furious critiques, the definition of what it means to be human has been hotly debated. But the history of human rights - and their abuses - is also a richly illustrated one. Following this picture trail, "Human Rights In Camera" takes an innovative approach by examining the visual images that have accompanied human rights struggles and the passionate responses people have had to them. Sharon Sliwinski considers a series of historical events, including the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and the Holocaust, to illustrate that universal human rights have come to be imagined through aesthetic experience. The circulation of images of distant events, she argues, forms a virtual community between spectators and generates a sense of shared humanity. Joining a growing body of scholarship about the cultural forces at work in the construction of human rights, "Human Rights In Camera" is a novel take on this potent political ideal.


Monocytes and dendritic cells are infected by HIV-1 and subsequently produce virions that initiate further rounds of infection. Current methods for the isolation and study of dendritic cells are hampered by the low frequency of these cells and contamination with other cell types. A two-step culture method was devised to generate large numbers of either dendritic cells or monocytes from fetal liver CD34+ progenitors. CD34+ cells were first expanded with the growth factors granulocyte-macrophage CSF and stem cell factor to generate a population of intermediate progenitor cells with a relatively immature phenotype. To induce specific differentiation to dendritic cells, the cultures were switched to serum-free medium with the growth factors granulocyte-macrophage CSF, stem cell factor, TNF-alpha, and IL-4. The cells became highly positive for HLA class II Ags and the dendritic cell marker CD1a. Culture of the intermediate progenitors in serum-containing medium with macrophage CSF resulted in differentiation to adherent monocytes expressing high levels of CD14 with low CD1a expression. The intermediate progenitors were permissive for HIV infection by both monocyte- and lymphocyte-tropic strains. In contrast, differentiation to monocytes or dendritic cells resulted in restricted viral tropism. Dendritic cells efficiently replicated the lymphocyte-tropic virus HIV-1MN, but not the monocyte-tropic virus HIV-1ADA. As expected, monocytes only supported replication of HIV-1ADA. This two-step culture method allows for the production of large numbers of monocytes or dendritic cells from a common precursor pool for studying the development of tropism-associated events.


A case of neonatal hemochromatosis in a 3-hour-old male is described. He presented with hypotonia, mild jaundice, and respiratory difficulty immediately after birth. He had no evidence of congenital infection, immune-related hemolysis or exogenous iron uptake. Postmortem examination revealed abnormal facial features. The organs were of normal weight for his age except a small liver and lungs, and a large spleen. The most prominent changes were in the liver and pancreas. The liver was coarsely nodular and fibrotic. The lobular architecture was totally distorted by innumerable multinucleated giant cells, loss or collapse of the hepatocytes, and diffuse fibrosis. A large amount of hemosiderin was seen in the liver, pancreatic acini and thyroid follicular cells. Scanty amount of hemosiderin was also found in the myocardial fibers and renal tubular cells. The pancreas showed hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the islets. The spleen showed severe congestion and a moderate extramedullary hemopoiesis but no deposits of hemosiderin. This patient had three siblings died in neonatal period, one of which had clinical features of neonatal hemochromatosis.


Initially discovered in bacteria and archaea, CRISPR–Cas9 is an adaptive immune system found in prokaryotes. In 2012, scientists found a way to use it as a genome editing tool. In 2013, its application in plants was successfully achieved. This breakthrough has opened up many new opportunities for researchers, including the opportunity to gain a better understanding of plant biological systems more quickly. The present study reviews agricultural applications related to the use of CRISPR systems in plants from 52 peer-reviewed articles published since 2014. Based on this literature review, the main use of CRISPR systems is to achieve improved yield performance, biofortification, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, with rice (Oryza sativa) being the most studied crop.


The effect of amphoteric siderophore deferoxamine on the crystallization behavior of calcium carbonate was investigated under bioinspired conditions. Amphoteric siderophore deferoxamine possesses self-organization ability, surface activity and ion-chelating properties. It induces in the present case the formation of unusual, highly organized aragonite mesocrystals during the precipitation of calcium carbonate from liquid phase. A detailed investigation of the structure and growth of the particles provides an insight into the role of the deferoxamine and its function in the crystallization process.


Key points Occupational asthma is an important disease. Its prevention is necessary, but difficult. Its diagnosis is not always easy, but within reach of most respiratory or occupational physicians. Its correct management is complex because of the socio-economic consequences. Educational aims Occupational asthma is a "special" form of asthma that often causes diagnostic and therapeutic problems for busy clinicians. This article aims to help practising pulmonologists to: avoid common pitfalls that lead to the role of occupation being missed in adult patients with asthma; confirm the diagnosis of occupational asthma in patients with suspected occupational asthma; manage patients with occupational asthma. The issues of prevention and surveillance of workers at risk of occupational asthma, however important, will not be addressed here.


INTRODUCTION
Negative reinforcement models posit that relapse to cigarette smoking is driven in part by changes in affect and craving during the quit attempt. Varenicline may aid cessation by attenuating these changes; however, this mediational pathway has not been formally evaluated in placebo-controlled trials. Thus, trajectories of negative affect (NA), positive affect (PA), and craving were tested as mediators of the effect of varenicline on smoking cessation.

METHODS
Secondary data analysis was conducted on 828 adults assigned to either varenicline or placebo in a randomized controlled trial for smoking cessation (NCT01314001). Self-reported NA, PA, and craving were assessed 1 week pre-quit, on the target quit day (TQD), and 1 and 4 weeks post-TQD.

RESULTS
Across time, NA peaked 1 week post-quit, PA did not change, and craving declined. Less steep rises in NA (indirect effect 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.30) and lower mean craving at 1 week post-quit (CI: 0.06 to 0.50) were mediators of the relationship between varenicline and higher cessation rates at the end of treatment. PA was associated with cessation, but was not a significant mediator.

CONCLUSIONS
These results partially support the hypothesis that varenicline improves smoking cessation rates by attenuating changes in specific psychological processes and supported negative affect and craving as plausible treatment mechanisms of varenicline.

IMPLICATIONS
The present research provides the first evidence from a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial that varenicline's efficacy is due, in part, to post-quit attenuation of NA and craving. Reducing NA across the quit attempt and craving early into the attempt may be important treatment mechanisms for effective interventions. Further, post-quit NA, PA, and craving were all associated with relapse and represent treatment targets for future intervention development.


The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of blockchain on global supply chain operational and managerial processes. This article reviews and classifies the existing empirical evidence of blockchain applications in the global suppbly chain. We utilize the Mooney et al. framework to organize this evidence into operational and managerial business value processes and the effects—automational, informational, and transformational. Our findings indicate that blockchain is not following the Mooney et al. stage model proposed in 1996 since the empirical evidence is evenly spread between the three effect categories. In addition, we have identified possible reasons why blockchain is not following the Mooney et al. stage model. Our study concludes with nine propositions as a guide on how to facilitate blockchain deployment and future research. Limitations of this article concerning blockchain are the lack of consistency and understanding of standards and the lack of information on blockchain implementation, which is referred to as the "grey space." Blockchain today is where radio-frequency identification (RFID) was in 2002 and the bar code was in 1980. Therefore, future research work could be expanded to investigate case studies of blockchain implementations as they become available across the global supply chain. For practitioners, the empirical evidence presented in this article can help identify applications and implementation steps for building the business case where blockchain can have a greater impact on the organization. This article fills a void in the literature by providing practitioners and academics with a better understanding of blockchain and its applications for implementation.


In this paper, the two-dimensional particle-laden flow developments are studied with bronze particle cloud in the accelerated flow behind a running shock. The forty thousands particle clouds are arranged initially in a rectangular, triangular and circular shape. The flows are computed with a recently developed high-order Eulerian-Lagrangian method, that approximates the Euler equations governing the gas dynamics with the improved high order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO-Z) scheme, while individual particles are traced in the Lagrangian frame using high-order time integration schemes. A high-order ENO interpolation determines the carrier phase properties at the particle location. A high-order central weighing deposits the particle influence on the carrier phase. Reflected shocks form ahead of all the cloud shapes. The detached shock in front of the triangular cloud is weakest. At later times the wake behind the cloud becomes unstable and a twodimensional vortex-dominated wake forms. Separated shear layers at the edges of the clouds pulls particles initially out of the clouds that are consequently transported along the shear layers. Since flows separated trivially at sharp corners, particles are mostly transported out of the cloud into the flow at the sharp front corner of the rectangular cloud, and the trailing corner of the triangular cloud. Particles are transported smoothly out of the circular cloud, since it lacks sharp corners. At late times, the accelerated flow behind the running shock disperses the particles in cross-stream direction the most for the circular cloud, followed by the rectangular cloud and the triangular cloud.


Intensive insulin therapy in patients with type 1diabetes is resulting in a better clinic and metabolic control. On the other hand, an increase in overweight and obesity prevalence, which could contribute to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, has been observed. The aim of our study is to analyze the demographics, clinical and laboratorial factors associated to the presence of dyslipidemia in a group of patients with type 1 diabetes compared to a non-diabetic population. We have studied 72 type 1 diabetics: 52.8% female, aged 22.7 ± 9.6 years old, with a body mass index (BMI) of 21.1 ± 3.1Kg/m2 and 66 non-diabetic patients: 60.6% female, aged 23.1 ± 10.9 years old and a BMI of 22.12 ± 3.7Kg/m2. The group included 13 children (6 with type 1 diabetes), 47 adolescents (23 with type 1 diabetes) and 78 adults (43 with type 1 diabetes). We have found in the adult population with type 1 diabetes a lower overweight prevalence and lower levels of apoB (p< 0.01) and a higher apoA/apoB ratio (p< 0.01) when compared to the non-diabetic population. We have not found difference in the lipid profile in adult groups. Diabetic children and adolescents had higher frequency of total cholesterol (p= 0.02 and p< 0.01, respectively) and LDL-cholesterol (p= 0.02 and p= 0.01 respectively) above the upper limit when compared to the non-diabetic group. We concluded that the conventional methods for detecting lipids alterations in outpatients with type 1 diabetes under routine care are not sufficient to identify the lipid alterations, which could be related to the higher risk of cardiovascular disease in adult population.


This study examines the relationship between teachers' beliefs and their practices at Key Stage 2 (ages 7-11) in relation to the use of questioning. Data were collected from interviewing and observing Key Stage 2 teachers at four schools in the West of England. A Straussian approach to grounded theory is followed broadly in order to analyse the data. In contrast to the findings of previous studies, which suggested a mismatch between teachers' beliefs and practices in that teachers, in certain respects, do less than they claim, the research revealed that teachers use a variety of skills during their teaching that they may not always be aware of. It is also argued that teachers do not share researchers' language to express the way they teach.


We offer a tale of two major postwar business cycle episodes: the pre-1980s and the post-1982s prior to the Great Recession. We revisit the sources of business cycles and the reasons for the large variations in aggregate volatility from the first to the second episode. Using a medium-scale DSGE model where monetary policy potentially has cost-channel effects, we first show the Fed most likely targeted deviations of output growth from trend growth, not the output gap, for measure of economic activity. When estimating our model with a policy rule reacting to output growth with Bayesian techniques, we find the US economy was not in a state of indeterminacy in either of the two sub-periods. Thus, aggregate instability before 1980 did not result from self-fulfilling changes in inflation expectations. Our evidence shows the Fed reacted more strongly to inflation after 1982. Based on sub-period estimates, we find that shocks to the marginal efficiency of investment largely drove the cyclical variance of output growth prior to 1980 (61%), while they have seen their importance falls dramatically after 1982 (19%). When looking at the sources of greater macroeconomic stability during the second episode, we find no support for the "good-luck hypothesis†. Change in nominal wage flexibility largely drove the decline in output growth volatility, while the change in monetary policy was a key factor lowering inflation variability.


A 3D seismic velocity and attenuation model is developed for Santa Clara Valley, California, and its surrounding uplands to predict ground motions from scenario earthquakes. The model is developed using a variety of geologic and geophysical data. Our starting point is a 3D geologic model developed primarily from geologic mapping and gravity and magnetic surveys. An initial velocity model is constructed by using seismic velocities from boreholes, reflection/refraction lines, and spatial autocorrelation microtremor surveys. This model is further refined and the seismic attenuation is estimated through waveform modeling of weak motions from small local events and strong-ground motion from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Waveforms are calculated to an upper frequency of 1 Hz using a parallelized finite-difference code that utilizes two regions with a factor of 3 difference in grid spacing to reduce memory requirements. Cenozoic basins trap and strongly amplify ground motions. This effect is particularly strong in the Evergreen Basin on the northeastern side of the Santa Clara Valley, where the steeply dipping Silver Creek fault forms the southwestern boundary of the basin. In comparison, the Cupertino Basin on the southwestern side of the valley has a more moderate response, which is attributed to a greater age and velocity of the Cenozoic fill. Surface waves play a major role in the ground motion of sedimentary basins, and they are seen to strongly develop along the western margins of the Santa Clara Valley for our simulation of the Loma Prieta earthquake.


A broad range of information relevant to salinity is reviewed in order to critically evaluate existing and prospective policy responses. The review includes issues of hydrogeology, farmer perceptions and preferences, farm‐level economics of salinity management practices, spill‐over benefits and costs from salinity management, and politics. The technical challenge of preventing salinity is far greater than previously recognised. The farm‐level economics of currently available management practices for salinity prevention are adverse in many situations. Off‐site benefits from on‐farm practices are often small and long delayed. Past national salinity policies have been seriously flawed. While current policy proposals include positive elements, they have not sufficiently escaped from the past.


Reviewing existing scholarship and drawing on our own experience of micro-level qualitative research on gender in countries in three regions of the Global South (Cambodia, the Philippines, Costa Rica and The Gambia), this article examines patterns of women's altruistic behaviour within poor family-based households. As a quality and practice labeled as 'feminine', the article illuminates the motives, dimensions and dynamics that characterise this apparently enduring female trait. It also makes some tentative suggestions as to how the links between women and altruism might be more systematically examined, problematized and addressed in development, and gender and development (GAD) analysis and policy.


Background: Unilateral eye elongation with resultant axial myopia has been reported to occur secondary to visual deprivation from birth or early childhood. Acquired axial length elongation secondary to visual deprivation in adults has rarely been reported. Aim: To report acquired axial myopia in adults with visual deprivation due to long-standing unilateral traumatic cataract. Methods: Eleven consecutive adult patients who presented for cataract surgery with unilateral, long-standing, mature, traumatic cataracts and an interocular axial length difference of more than 1 mm were studied. Patients with a post-operative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of < 6/12 were excluded to rule out possible pre-existing anisometropic amblyopia. Results: Of the 11 patients with significant interocular axial length difference, 5 patients were excluded on the basis of possible pre-existing amblyopia. The remaining 6 patients had final BCVA of 6/12 or better. The median length of the cataractous eyes was 2.83 mm longer than the fellow eyes (range 1.12 mm – 3.52 mm). The intraocular lens power required for emmetropia was 6.8 dioptres (range 3.5 dioptres – 11.5 dioptres) less in the cataractous eyes. A refractive outcome within 1 dioptre of the target refraction was achieved in all patients. The median delay between ocular trauma and cataract surgery was 20 years (range 8–24 years). Conclusion: Significant unilateral axial length elongation may occur in adults with longstanding traumatic cataracts and visual deprivation. A potential correlation may exist between delay to surgery and degree of axial length difference. This rare phenomenon must be considered when determining intraocular lens power to avoid post-operative refractive surprises.


Non-linearities introduced by the power amplifier stage can significantly reduce the performance of self-interference cancellation in full-duplex transceivers. Accordingly, we propose a full-duplex system architecture that predistorts the digital baseband transmit signal to account for the non-linear memory effects of the power amplifier. Implementation results for a 5 MHz OFDM signal (operating with 20 dBm average transmit power) on a full-duplex testbed show that a further 13 dB suppression can be obtained, compared to the case when no predistortion is applied. The power levels of out-of-band emissions are also significantly reduced.


We have obtained an exact expression for the phase-space volume corresponding to a microcanonical ensemble of systems under center of mass, total linear and angular momenta conservation constraints, and arbitrary constraints on the coordinates of particles of the system. Methods are suggested to calculate the phase-space volume and density of states from the mean kinetic energy and mean inverse kinetic energy. Methods to control equilibrium in simulations are also presented. We have derived exact formulae for several thermodynamic response functions. It is shown how to obtain the phase-space volume corresponding to other ensembles when one or several of the constraints are removed. It is shown that the phase-space volume of a system at positive values of the energy is a polynomial function of the energy if the potential energy of interaction between particles of the system consists of a hard-core potential and an arbitrary negative potential. We have also shown that the coefficients of the polynomial function can be determined from simulations.


Recent studies demonstrate a puzzling decline in relational reasoning during development. Specifically, 3-year-olds fail in a relational match-to-sample (RMTS) task, while younger children (18-30 months) succeed (Walker, Bridgers, & Gopnik, 2016). Hoyos, Shao, and Gentner (2016) propose that older children fail because of a bias toward individual object properties induced by "avid noun learning." If this is the case, children learning a language with a stronger emphasis on verbs, like Mandarin Chinese, may show an attenuated decline in relational reasoning. We first test this possibility by reproducing the causal RMTS task in China, and find that Mandarin-speaking 3-year-olds outperform their Englishspeaking peers in the U.S. In a second experiment, we show that Mandarin speakers exhibit a corresponding bias toward relational solutions while English speakers prefer objectbased solutions in an ambiguous context. We discuss possible mechanisms through which language and culture may promote (or hinder) the early development of relational reasoning.


List of maps and figures. Preface: Why a geographer writes about AIDS. Acknowledgements: Intellectual Antennae. Prologue: New Plagues for Old: The Horseman Rides Again. 1. The Killer: HIV and What it does. 2. The Origins of HIV: Closing an Open Question?. 3. The Thin Tendrils of Effects. 4. Sex on a Set: A Backcloth for Disaster. 5. Transmission Break: The Geography of the Condom. 6. How Things Spread: Hierarchical Jumps and Geographic Oozings. 7. Africa: A Continent in Catastrophe. 8. Thailand: How to Optimize an Epidemic. 9. America: Leaks in the System. 10. The Bronx: Poverty, Crack and HIV. 11. The Response: How Many Bureaucrats can Dance on the Head of a Pin?. 12. Time but no Space: the Failure of a Paradigm. 13. The Geography in Confidentiality. 14. Education and Planning: Predicting the Next Maps. 15. Herd Immunity: Riding the Coattails of the HIV. 16. Epilogue: Old Plagues for New. Changing worlds, changing genres: a bibliographic essay. Index.


This thesis uses phenomenography to investigate the perceptions and experiences of academic libraries by faculty members across a variety of disciplines working in international branch campuses (IBCs). The main research question addressed by the study asks how faculty members experience the academic library, with the objective of identifying qualitative variations in experience within this group. The findings of this research address established practical problems related to library value and identity, and have implications for practice in both the development and evaluation of library services for faculty members, as well as communication about those services with faculty members. Furthermore, the findings of this research support practical developments in the support of faculty members engaged in transnational higher education provision.

The results of the research find that these participants in this context experienced the academic library in at least six different ways and reported a variety of experiences in terms of using information, in and out of the academic library, to accomplish core faculty member functions of teaching and research. The categories of experience generated through the study are: IBC faculty members experience the academic library as relationships with librarians; as a content provider; as a discovery service; as a facilitator for engaging with the academic community; as a champion of reading books; and as a compliance centre for information ethics. Investigations into the information behaviour, library use and perceptions of faculty members have been conducted in a variety of contexts, but are limited in transnational contexts. This research therefore also represents an original and important contribution to an understanding of academic library practice in transnational or cross-border contexts, as well as contributing to a limited knowledge base about the experiences of faculty members in transnational higher education generally. Phenomenographic investigations into the experiences of library and information science elements such as libraries and information centres are rare, and therefore this research represents an original contribution to understanding this phenomenon in this way.

The study employed phenomenography as the methodology for understanding the academic library experiences of the participants. Ten faculty member participants representing a variety of IBC institutions located within major educational hubs in the Arab Gulf and Southeast Asia were interviewed about their academic library experiences moving from a home campus to a branch campus, using the story of this move as a critical incident for starting discussion and relaying real experiences to the researcher. These experiences are theoretically situated in the context of information worlds (Jaeger & Burnett, 2010) in order to increase understanding around the formation of these experiences and to critically analyse practical implications. This research design contributes to the phenomenographic method by detailing its procedures and to its theoretical aspects by linking the methodological with a framework, Jaeger and Burnett's theory of information worlds, which facilitates phenomenography outside its traditional domain of teaching and learning research.


Lattice reduction (LR) techniques have been introduced to enhance the performance of linear equalizers by collecting diversity with low complexity for many transmission systems. Although LR-aided linear detectors may collect the same diversity as that collected by the maximum-likelihood (ML) detector, there still exists a performance gap between LR-aided and ML equalizers. One approach to fill this gap is to adopt soft-output detectors. Soft-output detectors enable iterative decoding when error-control codes are employed for a system. In this paper, we propose three LR-aided soft-output detectors with different methods to generate the candidate lists. We compare the performance and complexity of our algorithms with the existing alternatives and show that our methods achieve better performance with lower complexity. The performance-complexity tradeoffs of our proposed algorithms are also studied. Iterative decoders are performed based on these soft-output detectors in the simulations to validate the effectiveness of our algorithms.


Background: Cohesin is a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein complex. While increasing evidence suggests that cohesin dysregulation is vital in the carcinogenesis of numerous malignancies, little is known about the prognostic values and potential mechanisms of cohesin subunits and direct regulators in esophageal carcinoma (ESCA). Methods: RNA-sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genome Tissue Expression (GTEx) were used. The subunits and regulators of cohesin affecting the prognosis of ESCA were screened by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis; univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed; and the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was determined. The ESCA hazard model and nomogram map were constructed by integrating the clinical data. We used functional analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to explore underlying pathways. Finally, immunohistochemistry was performed to examine the expression levels of cohesin subunits in tissue microarray (TMA). Results: Transcriptome data from multiple ESCA patient datasets showed cohesin subunits SMC1A, SMC1B, SMC3, STAG1, STAG2, RAD21, and cohesin regulators including ESCO2, NIPBL, MAU2, WAPL, PDS5A and PDS5B were all upregulated in ESCA tissues compared to normal tissues. Survival analysis demonstrated that high STAG2 expression was significantly associated with poorer overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). In contrast, high RAD21 expression was significantly correlated with better OS in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Moreover, STAG2 and RAD21 were identified as independent prognostic factors and predictive biomarkers in EAC and ESCC, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis further revealed that STAG2 and RAD21 were mainly involved in the mitotic nuclear division, DNA repair, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and oncogenic signaling pathways. PPI analysis illustrated that STAG2 and RAD21 could cross-talk through cancer-associated modules and performed the core roles of the whole PPI network. Using TMA, STAG2 protein expression positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and advanced clinical stage of EAC patients, whereas there was a negative correlation between RAD21 protein expression and the malignant clinicopathological parameters in ESCC. Conclusion: These findings suggest that STAG2 and RAD21 can be used as predictive biomarkers for risk assessment and prognostic stratification in ESCA, which provide potential novel insights into molecular targets of ESCA.


This paper examines corporate governance (CG) characteristics and relates them to earnings management (EM) behaviours in the context of a large emerging sector, Islamic banking industry. Main differences are found with regard to philosophical aspects, including objectives of the bank, natures of contract involved, key players in theCG practice as well as the relationships between the players. We verified that these aspects provide strong justification for an additional layer in the CG of an Islamic bank being the Shari'ah Supervisory Board (SSB). The mechanism and tools for the effective implementation of CG are relatively the same as the conventional system.


Today's distributed computing infrastructures en-compass complex workflows for real-time data gathering, transferring, storage, and processing, quickly overwhelming centralized cloud centers. Recently, the computing continuum that federates the Cloud services with emerging Fog and Edge devices represents a relevant alternative for supporting the next-generation data processing workflows. However, eminent challenges in automating data processing across the computing continuum still exist, such as scheduling heterogeneous devices across the Cloud, Fog, and Edge layers. We propose a new scheduling algorithm called C3 -MATCH, based on matching theory principles, involving two sets of players negotiating different utility functions: 1) workflow microservices that prefer computing devices with lower data processing and queuing times; 2) computing continuum devices that prefer microservices with corresponding resource requirements and less data transmission time. We evaluate $C^{3}$-MATCH using real-world road sign inspection and sentiment analysis workflows on a federated computing continuum across four Cloud, Fog, and Edge providers. Our combined simulation and real execution results reveal that $C^{3}$-MATCH achieves up to 67% lower completion time than three state-of-the-art methods with 10 ms-1000 ms higher transmission time.


Ruvu Forest Reserve is among coastal forests in Tanzania that has been impacted by the increased anthropogenic activities. It was determined the plant species composition, diversity and indigenous trees regeneration growth size structure in the degraded Ruvu South Forest. Transect method was used to collect data that were treated using t-test. A total of 110 plant species distributed among 38 families were recorded such that Holarrhena pubescens, Hymenocardia ulmoides, Millettia micans, Ochna mossambicensis, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia and Strychnos madagascariensis were the most common trees in moderately disturbed site, whereas Albizia versicolor, Pteleopsis myrtifolia, Pterocarpus angolensis, Antiaris toxicaria, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon and Terminalia kaiserana dominated in the highly disturbed site. The Shannon's diversity index (2.3 ± 0.06) was significantly higher in moderately disturbed sites than 2.1 ± 0.1 in the highly disturbed site. The poles/shrubs and coppices were the dominant growth sizes with no significant difference between sites than trees and seedlings of which their densities were significantly different between the two sites. Trees in highly disturbed sites had diameter sizes at breast height between 10cm and 40cm and beyond these sizes were missing because of selective exploitation as opposed to moderately disturbed site with representative individuals with diameter sizes beyond 50cm. These observations imply the negative impacts of anthropogenic activities on the plant community composition and the capacity to regeneration naturally under heavily degraded condition. Adequate interventions are necessary to allow the degraded Ruvu South Forest recover through natural regeneration to safeguard the coastal forests biodiversity.


To stimulate the economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from older vehicles, most accelerated vehicle retirement programs (AVRPs) pro- vide participants with incentives to purchase a new, less-polluting vehicle. The province of Quebec also designed its AVRP as a mode-shift tool by providing alternative travel incentives to participants. Alternatives include public transit passes, rebates on bicycles and car-sharing memberships. In the absence of post- program assessment, the theory of planned behavior is used to assess participants' modal intentions and intentions to purchase a new or used vehicle following par- ticipation. A subset (22 percent) of program participants (2009-2011; n=9070) filled out an optional survey about vehicle purchases and travel intentions. Age, gender, income, distance traveled in the previous year and perceived access to public transit were used as independent variables in logit and multinomial logit regressions. Car purchase intentions and traveling by car were associated with greater distance traveled. Higher-income participants were more likely to purchase new vehicles, and lower-income people and students were more likely to purchase used vehicles or refrain from any purchase. Alternative travel intentions were each associated with different socio-demographic characteristics. Quebec's program offers a promising incentive-based opportunity to influence mode shift if favora- ble circumstances are in place to enhance access to alternative travel modes. Article history :


I. INTRODUCTION For half a century after the New Deal, the Supreme Court approved a progressive expansion of federal power. The Commerce Clause and the Fourteenth Amendment appeared to confer virtually unlimited powers on the federal government. (1) The restraints of the Tenth and Eleventh Amendments were limitations in name only. (2) In the past decade, however, the Court has struck down a broad array of federal statutes on federalism grounds. The Court has invalidated congressional enactments as beyond the scope of the Commerce Clause and Fourteenth Amendment powers, and as inconsistent with the Tenth and Eleventh Amendments. (3) To some observers, the Massachusetts statute at issue in Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council (4) offered the Court a chance to extend its solicitude for states' rights to a new doctrinal area. In an effort to influence the domestic policies of the Burmese government, Massachusetts had restricted the ability of state agencies to procure goods and services from entities that did business in Burma. (5) The court of appeals held that the statute was an unconstitutional state infringement on the federal government's powers to regulate foreign commerce and foreign affairs, and was preempted by a federal law imposing sanctions on Burma. (6) The Supreme Court's decision, which invalidated the state statute on preemption grounds, certainly signaled no new willingness to tolerate state efforts to influence the policies of foreign governments. But the Court did not address the constitutional issues presented, and a number of prominent commentators have suggested that state sanctions laws like the one at issue in Crosby should be sustained unless preempted by the political branches. (7) One theme of these arguments is that no special constitutional presumption against state regulation of foreign commerce is warranted. We will accept this premise for the sake of argument. It does not necessarily follow, however, that the Court should sustain a state sanctions law like the one at issue in Crosby unless the state statute is preempted by federal legislation. To the contrary, the principles developed under the Dormant Commerce Clause for analyzing state restraints on interstate commerce condemn foreign commerce initiatives like the Massachusetts Burma Act, even without a special presumption against state regulation that implicates foreign policy concerns. Established doctrine would have little tolerance for one state's far-ranging secondary boycott of another state. (8) Under familiar Dormant Commerce Clause principles, such a boycott would appear to be vulnerable not only as overt discrimination, but also as an attempt at extraterritorial legislation. What, then, accounts for the reluctance to apply Dormant Commerce Clause principles rigorously when state sanctions target a foreign country rather than a sister state? This reluctance can be attributed to real differences in the application of federalism principles at the national and international levels. At the national level, in which traditional Commerce Clause doctrine has evolved, citizens of all states are able, through the national government, to regulate matters of consequence in every state. Internecine economic warfare is antithetical to the federal model and is made unnecessary by it. At the international level, by contrast, the legitimacy of certain forms of economic warfare--at least against certain nations--is still presumed. And the citizens of a state do not, by virtue of their participation in the national government, acquire a means of influencing objectionable conduct in a foreign state. From a federalist perspective, then, the rationale for constitutional restraints on economic sanctions might seem to disappear. If so, state sanctions that would surely be condemned in a domestic context might survive constitutional scrutiny when the sanctions programs are imposed on foreign nations, rather than other states. …


The cardiovascular system is subject to various dynamical processes enabling adaptive changes under a wide range of circumstances. The resultant changes allow rapid cardiovascular responses to a number of physiological and psychological factors, including stress. Currently, a wide variety of research avenues are used in the pursuit to better understand the effects and consequences of stress. It is well established that anticipation or exposure to stressors results in activation of two major endocrine systems, the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-adrenocortical axis and the sympatho-adrenomedullary axis. Together, these systems regulate physiological and behavioral stress processes, which are overall adaptive in the short term, but can be maladaptive in the long-term in vulnerable individuals. Our social and physical environment exerts strong effects on the brain and the body through the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune systems (McEwan, 2007). The ability of the brain and the body to adapt to acute and chronic mental stress is an increasingly important topic in the modern world. Chronic mental stress can have a serious impact on physical as well as psychological health in vulnerable individuals (Cohen, Janicki-Deverts, Miller, 2007). Indeed prolonged mental stress has been linked to several cardiovascular diseases (Dimsdale, 2008; Hjortskov et al., 2004). In this talk, I will provide a brief overview of the evidence pertaining to the patterns of bidirectional communication between the brain, the autonomic, and cardiovascular systems via neural and endocrine mechanisms following stress exposure. In addition, somatic and behavioural response variability that appears to moderate the effects of mental stress on stress systems activation and cardiovascular response will be discussed. The negative health outcomes associated with mental stress are a matter of growing concern. Large sections of the general public are likely to experience periods of mental stress and this highlights the importance of assessing the effects of stress on multiple systems, including hormonal, cardiovascular and neural responses. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to further our understanding about the effects of stress on various systems and to identify mechanisms and vulnerabilities leading to disease. A more complete understanding of the individual differences in the response to stress will help to explore ways in which resilience can be harnessed to improve individual health outcomes. References McEwen, B.S. (2007) Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain. Physiol Rev 87, 873–904. Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., Miller, G.E. (2007) Psychological stress and disease. JAMA 298,1685–1687. Dimsdale, J. E. (2008) Psychological stress and cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51, 1237–1246. Hjortskov, N., Rissen, D., Blangsted, A., Fallentin, N., Lundberg, U., and Sogaard, K. (2004) The effect of mental stress on heart rate variability and blood pressure during computer work. European Journal of Applied Physiology 92, 84–89.


Background: Kidney stone still a health problem in the world. Today, the choice of therapeutic modality is also increasingly varied, percutaneous nephrolitotomy (PCNL) is still the first line for stone therapy with varying success rates, some high or low. Sometimes need additional measures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for the rest stone and good preventive behaviour are needed. This can be influenced by several risk factors, a risk factor predictor is required to get a high stone free rate in patients after PCNL. Methods: This research is a cross sectional retrospective study, we recorded 50 patients at the Medical Records Installation at Sanglah Education General Hospital in Denpasar since January 2018-November 2019 with kidney stones performed by PCNL, each patient will be calculated S.T.O.N.E Nephrolithometry score can be seen on CT Stonography and the presence or absence of stone after PCNL. The parameters of S.T.O.N.E Nephrolithometry are size, tract obstruction, number of calyces, essence. And calculated the best cut off, sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and accuracy of the S.T.O.N.E Nephrolithometry score to predict stone free status after PCNL. Results: The best cut off value in this study is <9, where patients with S.T.O.N.E Nephrolithometry score < 9 have a risk stone free after PCNL 25 (50%) patients, while the S.T.O.N.E Nephrolithometry score >9, has a risk of not being free and there are stones left 25 (50%) patients. S.T.O.N.E Nephrolithometry had % sensitivity 60.6%, specificity 70.6%, and 64 % accuracy in this study. Positive predictive value and negative predictive values were 80% and 48%. Conclusion: from this study the S.T.O.N.E Nephrolithometry score sensitively predicts stone free status in kidney stone patients after PCNL and can be used as a tool to education the patient before PCNL and therapy.


The cyanobacterial gene cluster kaiABC encodes three essential circadian clock proteins: KaiA, KaiB and KaiC. The KaiB and KaiC protein levels are robustly rhythmical, whereas the KaiA protein abundance undergoes little if any circadian oscillation in constant light. The level of the KaiC protein is crucial for correct functioning of the clock because induction of the protein at phases when the protein level is normally low elicits phase resetting. Titration of the effects of the inducer upon phase resetting versus KaiC level shows a direct correlation between induction of the KaiC protein within the physiological range and significant phase shifting. The protein synthesis inhibitor chloramphenicol prevents the induction of KaiC and blocks phase shifting. When the metabolism is repressed by either translational inhibition or constant darkness, the rhythm of KaiC abundance persists; therefore, clock protein expression has a preferred status under a variety of conditions. These data indicate that rhythmic expression of KaiC appears to be a crucial component of clock precession in cyanobacteria.


Eukaryotic cells contain several hundred copies of the ribosomal RNA genes co-existing in two distinct chromatin conformations - an active conformation permissive to transcription and an inactive conformation refractive to transcription. Whereas silencing of rRNA gene transcription has been partly uncovered, the epigenetic mechanisms leading to the active rRNA gene chromatin structure are less well understood. Here we discuss recent studies addressing the local and higher order structure of active rRNA gene chromatin.


One of the most important steps in the development of any numerical code is the validation of the implementation by comparison of the results obtained for a set of test cases to the exact solution. In the context of codes developed for high frequency electromagnetics , this usually means comparing computed results to analytical solutions. Obtaining these analytical solutions can be a nontri vial problem, although fortunately it need only be implemented once, and can then be used repeatedly to validate any new code. This paper concentrates on fi nding the analytical solution to eigenvalue problems for a range of standard geometries. as well as the near-field solution for plane-wave scattering from a PEC sphere. The solutions are implemented using the Python programming language and the SciPy lib rary of scientific function s.


As English Language is increasingly being used in tertiary education, there is growing concern that students graduating from Form Six classes in Iraqi Kurdistan have poor reading skills in particular higher order thinking skills. Therefore, the students entering university are ill prepared to follow courses where the subject matter is taught primarily in English. Little is really known on the reading skills and strategies used in Form 6 and the factors that contribute to poor reading skills. Against this concern, this study was undertaken with the aim to unfold and understand the need for developing critical reading comprehension skills. This study is a content analysis research and qualitative methods were used to collect data. The data used in this research study was obtained through four sources. First, the reading curriculum and the Form Six textbooks were scrutinized in detail and the ensuing comments were documented. Second, two teachers teaching the Form Six classes were observed and this was followed by teacher interviews. Fourth, the first year undergraduate students in universities in Iraqi Kurdistan were interviewed and their feedback were transcribed and carefully coded to find out the difficulties they faced at their respective universities. The findings from this study have shown that most of the reading passages and reading tasks found in the student's textbook are influenced by bottomup strategy. There has been a lack of reading passages and reading tasks related to topdown processing and meta-cognitive processing respectively. On the contrary, the findings reflect that most of the passages in the student's textbook are narrative in nature while at tertiary level more expository type of passages are used. Discussion based on findings, reveal that only a small number of reading comprehension questions refer to reorganization and inferential reading skills. This means that the majority of the reading comprehension questions in the textbook are literal comprehension questions where no critical thinking is involved. The study findings have further shown that most of the reading passages and reading tasks found in Sunrise Student's Book 12 are influenced by bottom-up strategy. In addition to these, most of the passages in the student's Book 12 are narrative in nature while at tertiary level more expository type of passages is used. This means that the majority of the reading comprehension questions in the textbook are literal comprehension questions where no critical thinking is involved. Thus, there is a necessity to bring out radical changes to the existing EFL secondary reading curriculum so that new tasks and activities can aid in developing higher order thinking skills. The present study is significant as it can be applicable to other Middle-East countries.


The need to stimulate, identify and nurture new industries is a prominent challenge in advanced economies. While basic science represents a valuable source of new ideas and opportunities, it can often take decades before this science finally finds application in the market. While numerous studies have to date focused on aspects of industrial evolution, (e.g. innovation, internationalisation, new product introduction, technological lifecycles and emerging technologies), far fewer have focused on technology-based industrial emergence. It is clear that if assistance is to be provided to firms and industrial policymakers attempting to navigate industrial emergence then we need an improved understanding of the characteristics and dynamics of this phenomenon. Accordingly, this paper reviews published work from a range of disparate disciplines — evolutionary theory, social construction of technology (SCOT), complexity science, industrial dynamics and technology management — to identify these dynamics. Through this review we conceptualise industrial emergence as a co-evolutionary process in which nonlinear dynamics operate. Industrial emergence is sensitive to the initial availability of resources and the market applications, with growth dependent on the supply-demand coupling, agents' actions to reduce uncertainty and catalytic events. Through synthesizing these key dynamics we go on to propose a conceptual model for industrial emergence.


This guide covers a wide range of topics including U.S. and Florida labor and employment laws, labor arbitration, employment discrimination, disability law, employee benefits, sexual harassment, and wrongful termination.


361 Assessment the Antioxidant and Hypolipidmic Effect of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Flavonoids in Induced Oxidative Stressed Male Rabbits Kahtan A. Al-Mzaien Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University, Iraq Accepted: 30/10/2011 Summary Qualitative and quantitative assessment of flavonoids, sugar moiety and antioxidant scavenging activity (in vitro and vivo) of black cumin seed ( Nigella sativa L.) as well as serum lipid profile inhydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced oxidative stress and flavonoids treated adult male rabbits were the main aim of the current study. The results showed that black cumin seeds contained 4.50gmcrude flavonoids per kg crushed seeds and the high performance liquid chromatography indicated the existence of 22 flavonoids, only seven of which were identified flavonoids represented nearly 2.751gm/kg of the total flavonoids. The concentration of kaempferol was the highest whereas quercetin the lowest. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were the sugar moiety of flavonoids with an average concentration of 3.22, 2.21 and 3.31 g/kg crushed seeds respectively. Assessment the antioxidant scavenging activity of the extracted flavonoids and its effect on lipid profile in H2O2 treated rabbits were carried out as follows; eighteen adult male rabbits were randomly divided into three equal groups. Rabbits in the first group were received tap water and served as control (C), whereas animals in 2 nd group received 0.5% H2O2 in drinking tap water (T1), animals in the 3 rd group were received 0.5% H2O2 in drinking water with 27.5mg/kg B.W. of black cuminseeds flavonoids.Fasting blood samples were collected at 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of the experiment. The results clarified that 0.5% H2O2 in drinking water caused significant elevation in serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduction in glutathione (GSH) concentration of treated animals respectively.The incidence of antioxidant scavenging activity in vitro was more pronounced than that recorded in vivo particularly at the early stages of administration and extracted flavonoids ameliorate to a great extent the incidence of hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in male rabbits. The results revealed that administration of 0.5% H2O2 in drinking water for 12 weeks to male rabbits caused significant p<0.05 elevation in TC, TAG, LDL-C and VLDL-C concentration, with significant p<0.05 reduction in serum HDL-C concentration as compared with the control where as Black Cumin seed flavonoids caused significant reduction in the serum concentration of TC, TAG, LDL-C, and VLDL-C and significantly p<0.05 elevation in HDL-C concentration comparing to H2O2 treated group. Conclusion: This study clarified the significant role of black cumin flavonoids in modulation of glutathion (GSH) content and malondialdehyde( MDA) equivalent and exhibited highly hypolipidmic effect.


SEAWEED CULTURE
Seaweeds or marine algae are the primitive type of plants and they
grow abundantly in the shallow water.; of sea, estuaries and backwater.;.
They flourish wherever rocky, coral or suitable substrata are available for
their attachment. They belong to fourgroups namely green, brown, red and
blue-green algae based on the pigmentation, morphological and anatomical
character.;. Seaweeds are one of the commercially important marine
living and renewable resources of our country. They contain more than 60
trace elements, minerals, protein, iodine, bromine, vitamins and several
bioactive substances.
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SEA URCHIN CULTURE
Ripe Sea urchin eggs are considered as a delicacy by the Japanese and
one kilogram of the same costs 200 U.S. Dollars. According to the FAD's
annual statistics for 1984 approximately 54,000 tonnes of sea urchin eggs
were harvested. Although it has excellent export potential very little
information is published on the subject. James (1989) summerised all the
information available on the industry. Although there are more than 50
species of sea urchins from the shallow waters of India there is no export of
the eggs from this country. On the mainland of Ind ia and in the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands and also in the Lakshadweep valuable species of sea
urchins exist whose eggs can be exported profitably. There is an ever
increasing demand for this product in theglobal markets. It is gratifying to
note that in recent years the local export companies are evincing keen
interest in this product and some of the Japanese have also come foronspot
study of our resources.
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SEA CUCUMBER CULTURE

According to the PAO's annual statistics for 1984 the world echinodenn
harves t in 1983 amounted to approximately 80,000 tonnes. In 1989
India exported 51.5 tonnes of Beche-de-mer valued at Rs.1.23 crores. There
is a growing demand for the Beche-de-mer from India. Some of the companies
in Singapore are interested to import 10 tonnes every month.
The echinoderms or spiny skinned animals such as the sea cucumbers
and sea urchins have good commercial value. The most popular product is
processed sea cucumber or Beche-de-mer, a Chinese d elicacy.


We briefly describe the results of a K-band spectroscopic survey of over 500 highly reddened point-like objects on sightlines toward the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) of the Galaxy. The goal was to find stars with featureless or nearly featureless spectra suitable for near- and mid-infrared absorption spectroscopy of the Galactic center's interstellar gas on sightlines spread across the CMZ. Until recently only a few such stars have been known outside of very localized sightlines in the vicinity of the Quintuplet and Central clusters. We have used Spitzer Space Telescope Galactic Legacy Infrared Midplane Survey Extraordinaire and Two-Micron All-Sky Survey photometry to select promising candidates, and over the last 10 years have been acquiring low-resolution K-band spectra of them. As expected, the vast majority are cool and/or highly reddened red giants with complex photospheric spectra unsuitable for measuring faint interstellar lines. Approximately 10% of them, whose observations are reported here, have featureless or nearly featureless spectra. Although not evenly distributed in Galactic longitude, these stars are scattered across the CMZ. Many of them are luminous stars that are deeply embedded in warm dust cocoons, and have K-band continua rising steeply to longer wavelengths. A significant fraction of them are hot stars of a variety of spectral types, including at least five newly discovered Wolf–Rayet stars. All of them should be suitable for spectroscopy of interstellar absorption lines at infrared wavelengths greater than 3 μm and many are also suitable at shorter wavelengths.


Purpose
The implementation of circular economy strategies is one of the central objectives of several governments seeking a transition toward a sustainable development. Circular economy in agriculture deals with the production of agricultural commodities making an efficient use of resources and avoiding unnecessary waste and carbon emission generation. Disruptions in the production and supply of critical agricultural products can have serious negative repercussions for firms and consumers of the food supply chain. In recent decades, disruptions generated by natural disasters such as hurricanes, thunderstorms and floods have greatly impacted social communities and industrial sectors. Supply chain risks approaches are seen to contribute key elements to address the impacts of natural disaster toward the implementation of circular economy in agriculture, helping to prevent collapses in the production and supply of food. The purpose of this paper is to study and identify flood risk drivers and their effects on the sustainability of an agriculture supply chain in connection with a circular economy strategy. By using an extended Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis method combined with a multi-criteria decision analysis, the most essential flood drivers with a degree of importance are reported here. Then, the authors propose an Evaluation of Data based on average ASsessment method, to rank different agricultural projects that pretend to mitigate the flood risks and its impacts on crop areas. The application of this research lies within the framework of a real agricultural project founded by the European Commission Scientific Section, called RUC-APS.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors use management science-based tools to address circular economy in agriculture. The authors propose a multi-criteria-based methodology to assess the risks of flooding in crops areas. To validate the proposed methodology, a case example from Spain is discussed to rank different agricultural projects that pretend to mitigate the flood risks and its impacts on crop areas.

Findings
The proposed multi-criteria methodology confirmed a successful application to rank different agricultural projects that pretend to mitigate the flood risks and its impacts on crop areas. Organizations and firms in the agricultural business can use the methodology to identify risks drivers and to detect the best projects to mitigate the highest impacts of flooding risks in crops areas.

Originality/value
The authors use supply chain risks approaches to address the impacts of natural disaster on the implementation of circular economy in agriculture. The authors propose a robust multi-criteria-based methodology to assess the risks of flooding in crops areas and we used to determine the best mitigating projects to face flooding risks on crop areas.


To study the emergence of cooperative behavior, we have developed a scalable parallel framework. An important aspect is the amount of history that each agent can keep. When six memory steps are taken into account, the strategy space spans 2^4096 potential strategies, requiring large populations of agents. We introduce a multi-level decomposition method that allows us to exploit both multi-node and thread-level parallel scaling while minimizing the communication overhead. We present the following contributions: (1) A production run modeling up to six memory steps for populations consisting of up to 10^18 agents, making this study one of the largest yet undertaken. (2) Results exhibiting near perfect weak scaling and 82% strong scaling efficiency up to 262,144 processors of the IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer and 16,384 processors of the Blue Gene/Q. Our framework marks an important step in the study of game dynamics with potential applications in fields ranging from biology to economics and sociology.


The study seeks to deepen understanding on "interethnic coexistence". It is about how ethnic groups interact and engage in various forms of exchange to meet not only their daily needs but also to produce a stable state. This study is to a large extent about stability and harmony. It shows how ethnic groups that share common territory and resources interact and make sense of each other in everyday life and how the groups live together in spite of distinctions in language, discursive cultural practices, different modes of subsistence, scarcity of resources, disparities in social transformation and often conflicting political orientations.
The groups in question are the Maasai and the Kamba of Kenya. The Maasai are a Nilotic speaking group and predominantly pastoral while the Kamba are a Bantu speaking group and mixed farmers. The two groups are neighbours, sharing a porous but "clearly marked" political boundary.
These groups have an interesting multifaceted relationship. Both groups claim to display distinctive physical traits and even when these appear to be fluid, actors claim that they can intuitively tell "who is who". The Maasai have a "traditional" dress code while the Kamba have over the years discarded theirs. Whereas many Kamba readily adopt Maasai identity and learn Maa (Maasai language), it is hardly the other way round. Besides, while Maasai men easily marry Kamba women, Kamba men find it difficult to be accepted as suitors among the Maasai. Besides, the Maasai practice female circumcision, while the Kamba hardly do. Apart from these distinctions, the two groups stereotype each other a lot. For instance, the Maasai are said to be "backward" while the Kamba are portrayed as "cowards".
Although the groups portray each other as enemies and incompatible, observation of everyday life suggests otherwise. The two groups have an elaborate system of interaction and exchange. While some of these exchanges are based on ecological specialisations, others involve business-client relationships where the Kamba control business while the Maasai act as customers. Moreover, Kamba men work as herders in Maasai homesteads in exchange for money, cattle or adoption. Other social exchanges take the form of intermarriages and schooling opportunities. However, the social and economic exchanges do not exclude conflict. The Kamba and the Maasai compete and fight over resources. Ethnic conflict is therefore seen as part of the coexistence process. The groups compete over land, water, pastures, social amenities, trading space and political power. Moreover, they have a long history of cattle raids. In as much as the groups live in some semblance of harmony, theirs is also an antagonistic relationship. Ethnic groups do not "coexist" in a vacuum. The study therefore examines how the state and other ethnic groups influence the coexistence of the Kamba and the Maasai. The study shows how the state has destabilised as well as enhanced coexistence among groups. Divide-and-rule tactics, aimed at undermining interethnic cohesiveness, also contribute to state stability. I also examine the "rings of dominance", where selected ethnic group members are rewarded in turns, and where "eaters" recruit "co-eaters". This practice of inclusiveness in governance enhances stability by pacifying ethnic groups and pre-empting rebellion.
Finally, I make a case for a theory of interethnic coexistence. I argue that coexistence should be visualised as a multidimensional process. One of the dimensions is ethnic difference; one cannot talk about "interethnic coexistence" if the actors are not distinct. Secondly, I look at the dimension of "complementarity" and "interdependence" where I discuss coexistence as a relationship that involves mutual exchange. Interdependence is seen as a higher level of complementarity where exchanges are symbiotic or where groups seem to attain a status of being "indispensable". The Kamba and the Maasai oscillate between the two levels depending on the magnitude of vulnerability at a given time. Thirdly, I highlight the dimension of conflict. Here, I look at coexistence as an antagonistic process where there are rivalries, ethnic tensions and hatred as groups compete for resources and ethnic supremacy.
Fourthly, I consider coexistence as a process characterised by compromises, negotiations and concessions. This is where actors strategise and concede to win acceptance from others. Compromises are made depending on what one party or both stand to lose or gain.
Fifthly, I examine the notion of "common territory". The argument here is that "coexistence" has a bearing on physical space. Even when groups have independent territories, to say they "coexist" means the boundaries are porous. The sixth and last dimension discussed is the "external" aspects. The argument here is that interethnic coexistence is shaped and influenced by the state as well as other groups.


This paper examines the implementation of auditing in Zakat Institutions with a case study in BAZNAS Riau Province and BAZNAS Pekanbaru. Nowadays, the government and citizen's attention for zakat management has become so high . T herefore , there are publications of rules about the obligation of zakat Institutions to make the report which, then, is an object to be audited. The researcher interviewed some regarding this topic, such as the Commisioner Head and Manager of BAZNAS Riau province and BAZNAS Pekanbaru and some staff of the Ministry of Religion who are in charge of zakat. The findings show the high attention of important role of internal auditor in zakat institutions. In the case at BAZNAS Pekanbaru, a team of internal auditors has been formed in 2017. The internal auditing activities can be the starting point for the external auditing activity. External auditing in zakat institutions industry facing many challenges such as waiting the release of te c hnical rules of sharia audit from Ministry of R eligio us A ffairs. The paper contributes to the better governance for zakat institutions to increase the trust of moslems especially muzakki in Riau province.


Routers have the ability to output statistics about packets and flows of packets that traverse them. Since, however, the generation of detailed traffic statistics does not scale well with link speed, increasingly routers and measurement boxes implement sampling strategies at the packet level. In this paper, we study both theoretically and practically what information about the original traffic can be inferred when sampling, or "thinning", is performed at the packet level. While basic packet level characteristics such as first order statistics can be fairly directly recovered, other aspects require more attention. We focus mainly on the spectral density, a second-order statistic, and the distribution of the number of packets per flow, showing how both can be exactly recovered, in theory. We then show in detail why in practice this cannot be done using the traditional packet based sampling, even for high sampling rate. We introduce an alternative flow-based thinning, where practical inversion is possible even at arbitrarily low sampling rate. We also investigate the theory and practice of fitting the parameters of a Poisson cluster process, modeling the full packet traffic, from sampled data.


Web applications have rapidly become critical to the interaction that organisations have with their external stakeholders. A major factor in the effectiveness of this interaction is the ease with which navigation within the application can occur, and especially the extent to which users can locate information and functionality which they are seeking. Effective design is however complicated by the multiple purposes and users which Web applications typically support. Despite the fact that this implies that navigation design is inherently an optimisation problem, few optimisation techniques have been applied in this domain - with most design techniques being based on intuition, general heuristics, or experimental refinement. In this paper we discuss this problem, and propose a navigation representation which can become the basis for optimisation techniques.


The skin is among the largest and one of the most important organs in the human body. It represents the first line of defence of the body; provides protection from mechanical impacts of the environment, limits the influence of variations in the temperature, pre - vents entrance of chemicals and microorganisms and restricts radiation effect. Skin dam age affects all skin functions; therefore, wounds can compromise patient's well-being, self-image, working capacity and independence. Due to all mentioned, a good wound management is necessary not only for the individual but also for the community. Herbal medicines have been used to accelerate wound healing since ancient times. Recently, scientists have been able to employ scientific methods to prove efficacy of many of these herbs and to get a better understanding of mechanisms of their actions. The popularity of herbal medicines may be explained by the perception that herbs cause minimal adverse effects. Preparations from traditional medicinal plants in wound management involve disinfection, debridement and the provision of suitable environment for natural healing process. In this chapter, the field of wound healing is briefly introduced. Further, the crucial information regarding plants, which are effectively used as wound healing agents in traditional medicine are gathered.


Injectable, dual-responsive, and degradable poly(oligo ethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA) hydrogels are demonstrated to offer potential for cell delivery. Charged groups were incorporated into hydrazide and aldehyde-functionalized thermoresponsive POEGMA gel precursor polymers via the copolymerization of N,N'-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) or acrylic acid (AA) to create dual-temperature/pH-responsive in situ gelling hydrogels that can be injected via narrow gauge needles. The incorporation of charge significantly broadens the swelling, degradation, and rheological profiles achievable with injectable POEGMA hydrogels without significantly increasing nonspecific protein adsorption or chronic inflammatory responses following in vivo subcutaneous injection. However, significantly different cell responses are observed upon charge incorporation, with charged gels significantly improving 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell adhesion in 2D and successfully delivering viable and proliferating ARPE-19 human retinal epithelial cells via an "all-synthetic" matrix that does not require the incorporation of cell-adhesive peptides.


Invasion of the mandible is found in 22% to 29% of advanced (Stage III-IV) head and neck cancers; only an aggressive surgical technique, such as Commando's operation with subsequent reconstruction of tissue defects, can give a chance of cure to these patients. The reconstruction is feasible both by means of microsurgical free-tissue transfers or with alloplastic materials and myocutaneous flaps. Between 1982 and 1991, 34 patients in Stage III (n = 6; 17.7%) and IV (n = 28; 82.3%) head and neck cancers underwent Commando's operation with different types of reconstruction in 30 patients: pectoralis myocutaneous flap (n = 9), osteo-myocutaneous flap with the underlying segment of the fifth rib (n = 2), myocutaneous flap plus prosthesis (n = 17), or prosthesis alone (n = 2). Two different prostheses were implanted: the linear A-O mandibular reconstruction plate (n = 13), and the Dumbach titanium cage (n = 6). In the group of patients in which the linear A-O mandibular reconstruction plate was used there were four cases of prosthesis dislodgement and major exposure and one case of prosthesis breakage while in patients who were given the Dumbach titanium cage there were four cases of major exposure. Prosthesis removal was required in five and two patients with linear A-O and Dumbach titanium cage prosthesis, respectively. Median survival was 14 months with 28% five-year survival. In our experience, metallic prostheses with a shape and arrangement that allow a distribution of traction forces on a wider surface, with screws drilled in nonaligned points of the mandible, seem to be more reliable as they reduce the risk of dislodgement and breakage.


The main problem for generating an extractive automatic text summary (EATS) is to detect the key themes of a text. For this task, unsupervised approaches cluster the sentences of the original text to find the key sentences that take part in an automatic summary. The quality of an automatic summary is evaluate dusing similarity metrics with human-made summaries. However, the relationship between the quality of the human-made summaries and the internal quality of the clustering is unclear. First, this paper proposes a comparison of the correlation of the quality of a human-made summary to the internal quality of the clustering validation index for finding the best correlation with a clustering validation index. Second, in this paper, an evolutionary method based on the best above internal clustering validation index for an automatic text summarization task is proposed. Our proposed unsupervised method for EATS has the advantage of not requiring information regarding the specific classes or themes of a text, and is therefore domain and language independent. The high results obtained by our method, using the most-competitive standard collection for EATS, prove that our method maintains a high correlation with human-made summaries, meeting the specific features of the groups, for example, compaction, separation, distribution, and density.


Ceria nanoparticles with controlled size have been studied as antioxidant agents for the in vitro protection of catecholaminergic cells (PC12) exposed to manganese, which is responsible for an occupational form of Parkinson-like disease. The nanoparticle internalization has been followed by Raman and confocal microscopy while the effect of nanoceria concentration in the cell metabolism has been assessed by MTT and trypan blue assay. With the perspective to develop an innovative combined treatment, nanoceria has been tested either alone or in association with L-DOPA showing a significant effect in reducing the oxidative stress due to manganese chloride. Finally, to study the protective role of nanoceria on the metabolism of catecholamines, the intracellular concentration of dopamine and its metabolites have been monitored by liquid chromatography with electro-chemical detection in control and nanoparticle-exposed cells as a function of the nanoceria dosing. The results show a protective role of nanoceria both on PC12 cells survival and dopamine metabolism, which makes this class of nanoparticles a potential candidate for the treatment of Parkinson-like diseases induced by chronic manganese intoxication.


Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) consist of DNA released by terminally stimulated neutrophils. They fine-tune inflammation, kill pathogens, activate macrophages, contribute to airway mucus obstruction in cystic fibrosis, and facilitate tumor metastasis after dormancy. Neutrophil proteases such as elastase (NE) and cathepsin G (CG) attach to NETs and contribute to the diverse immune outcome. However, because of the lack of suitable tools, little spatiotemporal information on protease activities on NETs is available in a pathophysiological context to date. Here, we present H-NE and H-CG, two FRET-based reporters armed with a DNA minor groove binder, which monitor DNA-bound NE and CG activity, respectively. The probes revealed that only NE maintains its catalytic ability when localized to DNA. Further, we demonstrated elevated protease activity within the extracellular DNA of sputum from cystic fibrosis patients. Finally, H-NE showed NE activity at single-cell and free DNA resolution within mouse lung slices, a difficult to achieve task with available substrate-based reporters.


The endemic Hawaiian grass-feeding species of Delphacidae previously regarded as congeners of Kelisia Fieber are transferred to Emoloana n.gen. in the tribe Delphacini: E. emoloa (Muir) n. comb., E. eragrosticola (Muir) n. comb., E. swezeyi (Kirkaldy) n.comb., and E. sporobolicola (Kirkaldy) n. comb. with the subspecies E. sporobolicola immaculata (Muir) n.comb.; 2 new species are described: E. menehune n.sp. from Kauai, and E. pohakua n.sp. from Hawaii Island. The new genus is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and comprises 3 morphological groups: the E. emoloa-group with E. emoloa on Oahu, E. eragrosticola on Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii Island, and E. pohakua on Hawaii Island; the E. swezeyi-group with E. swezeyi on Oahu and E. menehune on Kauai; the E. sporobolicola s.l.-group distributed on all major Hawaiian Islands. The origin of Emoloana and relationships among species cannot be deter- mined because of lack of knowledge about the morphology of potentially related taxa. A baseline for future genetic and biosystematic research on this group is discussed.


textabstractPhotoshopping of newlyweds, downloading the latest movies, teens flirting on social network sites and virtual gaming may seem like typical behavior in the West; yet in the context of a village in Mali or a slum in Mumbai, it is seen as unusual and perhaps an anomaly in their new media practice. In recent years, some studies (Ganesh, 2010; Mitra, 2005; Arora, 2010; 2012; Rangaswamy & Nair, 2012; Kavoori, Chadha & Arceneaux, 2006) have documented these leisure-oriented behaviors in the global south and argued for the need to emphasize and reposition these user practices within larger and contemporary discourses on new media consumption. Yet, for the most part, studies in the field of Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) have duly relegated such enactments as anecdotal. This is partly due to the fact that much of this research is driven by development agendas with a strong historical bias towards the socio-economic focus (Burrell & Anderson, 2009). Data that is not directly addressing project-based outcomes is sidelined. However, as emerging economies globalize and urbanize exponentially, and their users become more critical consumers and creative contributors of digital content or 'prosumers' (Bruns, 2008) and arguably free laborers (Scholz, 2012) instead of classic development beneficiaries, a paradigm shift is needed in approaching this new media audience with a more open-ended, explorative and pluralistic perspective.

Thereby, this commentary piece serves as a call to rethink new media practices in the global south by looking at the implications and impacts of ICTs as leisure (entertainment/pleasure/ play) artifacts in the context of developing economies and emerging markets. We believe this line of inquiry is timely and enables a strategic bridging of the new media studies and development communication domain. Despite studies yielding insightful commentaries on ICTs in this arena, we believe resource constrained environments generating rich usages that are not overtly utilitarian have remained hitherto unexplored. A critical movement is needed among scholars focusing on emerging economies to re-conceptualize the mobilization and serviceability of ICTs to extend beyond a conservative understanding of developmental value. This will help in focusing on the heterogeneous and life enhancing aspects of technological use encompassing both experiential and purposive elements of ICT adoption: their interplay with systematic/systemic ecological constraints to provide an analytical and descriptive study of the technology spectrum and use in these contexts.

To illustrate our argument, we offer some critical points of contention that need addressing and new avenues for research if we are to rethink, reframe and refresh our thinking on Web 2.0 enactments in the global south.


Background: A seizure is an abnormal electrical discharge that occurs in your brain. Usually brain cells or neurons, flow in an organized fashion along the surface of the brain, then a seizure occurs when there is an excess of electrical activity in the brain. Seizures can cause symptoms such as muscle spasms, limb twitches, and loss of consciousness also can be fatal at times if not intervened immediately. Objective: This study was designed to study the commonest age group of people presented to the emergency department with the signs and symptoms of seizure, along with the commonest cause behind the seizure activity among those common group of people. Methods: This is a prospective observational study done on 150 patients with seizure episodes who visited the Emergency Department of Amrita Institute of Medical sciences, Cochin from July 2017 to December 2017. Results: Out of 150 patients included in the study, 59% were males and 41% were females. Majority of them were in the age group of 0-12 years. Data analysis showed that among the 0-12 years age group were presented with breakthrough seizures (46.7%) and with fever (29.3%) as the common cause. Conclusion: The present study analysed the clinical profile of patients presenting with seizure in the emergency department, in which seizure has become one of the most common neurologic emergency among the pediatric age group. It has been found that the most common causes with seizure were fever, followed by seizures with unknown cause of origin.


This collection of nine original syntactic studies carried out within the framework for syntactic theory and description known as Relational Grammar provides a state-of-the-art survey of this and allied fields. In relational theory, grammatical relations such as subject, direct object, and predicate are taken to be theoretical primitives which permit the definition of formal objects called Arcs, the fundamental building blocks of syntactic structures. Edited by Paul M. Postal and Brian D. Joseph, this volume is the third in a series highlighting work in Relational Grammar. It extends the foundational studies of the first two volumes to refine and modify the insights, analyses, and theoretical devices developed in earlier connections, while at the same time providing support for some of the earlier constructs and claims. Of the nine papers, four treat various aspects of advancements to and demotions from indirect object; three deal with raising and clause union constructions, in which initial immediate constituents of one structure are nonimmediate constituents of another; and two are concerned with problems in the description and formalization of verbal agreement systems. The nine articles cover languages ranging from Chamorro to English, French, Georgian, Greek, Japanese, Kek'chi, Korean, Southern Tiwa, Spanish, and Tzotzil.


This thesis provides a general survey of the excavations which have taken place at the Old Babylonian sites in the Diyala region (east Tigris) and of 145 unpublished tablets from Me-Turan (Tell al-Sib and Tell Haddad) in the Middle Diyala region, which lies about 18 km to the west of Jalawlah, west of the Diyala river. The site which produced the tablets published herein is located in the fertile agricultural region near the mouth of the Narin river where it flows into the Diyala river. It was one of the main centres of the plain in the second millennium B.C. on the trade routes linking south and north Mesopotamia and southern Iran. It was surrounded by a thick wall (mentioned in an Ishchali text referring to Ipiq-Adad II, king of Eshnunna). It was discovered by the State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage that the high wall enclosed Me-Turan, Therefore, it is fairly safe to state that Me-Turan was probably the administrative centre of an agricultural district in the Old Babylonian period. Over 750 Old Babylonian tablets as well as fragments were found during the first and second seasons, and the excavations still continue. Damage of the tell was caused by recent agricultural activities. The third level proved to be of great importance. A street was discovered between Tell al-Sib and Tell Haddad, and the structures occupied both mounds. However, there is no doubt that Me-Turan and other towns in the Middle Diyala region were part of the Eshnunna kingdom (1900-1700). We have proof that the rulers of Eshnunna, Sin-abushu, Ipiq-Adad II, Dadusha, Ibal-pi-EL II, Silli-Sin and Iluni, exerted control, though temporarily over Me-Turan, since the oath and date formulas appropriate to them are found in the texts. Further evidence shows that the site is that of Me-Turan; inscribed bricks from the paving of the courtyard of a temple were re-used for the Assyrian level of Tell Haddad, This temple was rebuilt by Assur-banipal. Our tablets deal with administrative and economic matters, including lists of names, field purchases, letters and one adoption contract. The texts reveal that in Me-Turan there were many large grain stores for barley, wheat, and sesame, some of the stores being for consumption, and others for providing next year's produce, Makkur-Nanna, Eribam, Balilum and Belanum, the officials who were responsible for expenditures and received the various kinds of grain, were under the order of Eshnunna rulers. We read about Amorites and their tribes; Amnanum, Idamaraz, Yabasa, Yahrurum, and Yamutbal, as well as other Semitic peoples who had penetrated into the Middle Diyala region from the west in the course of the second millennium B.C. There was a connection between Me-Turan and other cities or towns inside and outside of the Middle Diyala region, as, for instance, with Agsiya, Arkum, Arrapha, Assur, Babylon, Batir, Der, Elam, Habab, Karash, Kullan, Lashamar, Namar, SAHAR, Sanipa, SIPA, Tirga, Zabban and Zubrila. All in all, our archaeological and literary evidence provides us with new data in relation to the social, economic and administrative areas. The evidence confirms that Old Babylonian life in our area was in almost every respect typical of life in other parts of Babylonia.


A holoprosencephalic child was born into a family with 6 other affected members in 3 generations. A chromosome study of the proband was normal. The recurrence risk of holoprosencephaly was 22% in first degree relatives of affected individuals in this family. The recurrence risk was 22.9% for holoprosencephaly and 34.3% for holoprosencephaly and facial and neural defects when families with affected members in the medical literature in two generations were added. Dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance in family members best explains the inheritance pattern of familial holoprosencephaly.


How will a virus propagate in a real network? Does an epidemic threshold exist for a finite graph? How long does it take to disinfect a network given particular values of infection rate and virus death rate? We answer the first question by providing equations that accurately model virus propagation in any network including real and synthesized network graphs. We propose a general epidemic threshold condition that applies to arbitrary graphs: we prove that, under reasonable approximations, the epidemic threshold for a network is closely related to the largest eigenvalue of its adjacency matrix. Finally, for the last question, we show that infections tend to zero exponentially below the epidemic threshold. We show that our epidemic threshold model subsumes many known thresholds for special-case graphs (e.g., Erdos-Renyi, BA power-law, homogeneous); we show that the threshold tends to zero for infinite power-law graphs. We show that our threshold condition holds for arbitrary graphs.


OBJECTIVE
To describe how primary care clinicians can detect an eating disorder and identify and manage the associated medical complications.

DESIGN
A review of literature from 1994 to 1999 identified by a MEDLINE search on epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapy of eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Detection requires awareness of risk factors for, and symptoms and signs of, anorexia nervosa (e.g., participation in activities valuing thinness, family history of an eating disorder, amenorrhea, lanugo hair) and bulimia nervosa (e.g., unsuccessful attempts at weight loss, history of childhood sexual abuse, family history of depression, erosion of tooth enamel from vomiting, partoid gland swelling, and gastroesophageal reflux). Providers must also remain alert for disordered eating in female athletes (the female athlete triad) and disordered eating in diabetics. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary team including a primary care practitioner, nutritionist, and mental health professional. The role of the primary care practitioner is to help determine the need for hospitalization and to manage medical complications (e.g., arrhythmias, refeeding syndrome, osteoporosis, and electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia).

CONCLUSION
Primary care providers have an important role in detecting and managing eating disorders.


The objective of this study is to highlight the interference of information technology for the fashion creation. Fashion is no longer a content specific of designers or expert journalists, being resistant to the language reduction system (Barthes, 2005). The technological interference in the image of fashion allowed a broad interchange of signs orchestrated by different people and backgrounds. Digital photography and blogs expanded relations between fashion (creation and content) and street trends (authorial consumption) where idea and experience assume a creative value of market (Future Concept Lab). This intertextual relation between fashion creation and information of its contents has established a network of associations from which it feeds an aesthetic system that changes the issue of authorship (creation) and property (information). Fashion creation and production are in web pages in order to allow a creative movement out of ateliers and fashion publishing to democratize the structure of a very elitist market until then. The fashion world designed by good designers and described by powerful editors (Matharu, 2011) has received new participants that have brought different perceptions on culture, aesthetics, and identity. Major corporate brands need to interact with an opinion production and content that are out of the industrial axis and market ‐ at the same time independent and free to provide feedback and set new standards of value. Thus, we understand that the conflict is set between the new content production model related to the old-fashioned system of fashion production. We will try to clarify this issue from this paper.


Control over the viscoelastic mechanical properties of hydrogels intended for use as biomedical materials has long been a goal of soft matter scientists. Recent research has shown that materials made from polymers with reversibly associating transient crosslinks are a promising strategy for controlling viscoelasticity in hydrogels, for example leading to systems with precisely tunable mechanical energy-dissipation. We and others have shown that bio-inspired histidine:transition metal ion complexes allow highly precise and tunable control over the viscoelastic properties of transient network hydrogels. In this paper, we extend the design of these hydrogels such that their viscoelastic properties respond to longwave UV radiation. We show that careful selection of the histidine:transition metal ion crosslink mixtures allows unique control over pre- and post-UV viscoelastic properties. We anticipate that our strategy for controlling stimuli-responsive viscoelastic properties will aid biomedical materials scientists in the development of soft materials with specific stress-relaxing or energy-dissipating properties.


When Professor R. W. Wood died on 11 August 1955 he was to the younger generation of physicists a colourful legend, a representative of the past. He was, however, by no means forgotten, as a lesser man might have been at the age of 87. Many stories were still circulating about him. When I recently paid a visit to the University of Wisconsin which Wood had left in 1901, his exploits were being discussed there as if they had just happened, instead of more than half a century before. His solid scientific achievements are now a matter of record. His active mind refused to accept retirement and he visited his old room in the Physical Laboratory at The Johns Hopkins University regularly until nearly the end, even though the infirmities of old age had gradually made themselves felt. He never gave up his curiosity about things and was still actively engaged in the revision of his book on Physical optics. Death came to him peacefully: he passed away during his sleep without any severe illness. Wood's active period of scientific productivity coincided with the rise of atomic physics and he made important contributions toward the increasing knowledge of the structure of the atom, chiefly through his experimental researches in physical optics. He was, however, far from one-sided and penetrated into many fields. He went wherever his insatiable curiosity led him, whether this was into different branches of physics or into all sorts of other activities such as engineering, art, crime detection, spiritualism, psychology, archaeology and many others


The parasite-host relationship between Mothocya epimerica, Costa 1851 (Isopoda: Flabellifera: Cymothoidae) and sand smelt Atherina boyeri (Osteichthyes: Atherinidae) fish populations were studied in the Mesolongi and Etolikon Lagoons (W. Greece). Prevalence varied during the year from 12.5% in November to 52.5% in September; overall mean prevalence was 41.9%. Parasite size increased with host size. Infections did not have a significant effect on the host's body condition, such as length-weight relationship, gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and relative condition factor. Histological damage to the host was observed on the gills (especially in the second and third and arches upon which the female parasite rests her abdomen). The physiological cost resulting from this infection seems to be little and probably does not constitute a serious threat for individual host survival.


ABSTRACT This study focuses on app innovations based on mobile platform innovations (MPIs), examining how app developers can time the app innovations release to best leverage MPIs and increase app financial performance. We suggest that the performance is contingent on the adoption curve of mobile platform generations and the level of backward compatibility of the MPIs. We find support for our hypotheses after analyzing 1,213 MPI-based app innovations on the iOS mobile platform ecosystem. The main theoretical contribution of this study, supported empirically, is to better understand the role of the platform generation adoption curve and MPIs' level of backward compatibility in the assessment of the effect of MPI-based app innovation release timing on complementor's performance. We encourage third-party developers to create MPI-based app innovations more prominently and release them early during the growth stage of the adoption curve while prioritizing MPIs with no backward compatibility.


Margaret Oliphant9s political allegiance has been a vexed question: was she a feminist or did she share the conservative opinions of her most frequent employer, Blackwood9s? By considering Oliphant neither as a feminist nor an antifeminist, but rather as an anti-idealist, this essay attempts to explain why no definitive answer to this question has arisen. Oliphant9s anti-idealism can be seen very clearly in her novel Miss Marjoribanks (1866), a novel that many other critics have turned to in order to define Oliphant9s gender politics. Anti-idealism manifests itself primarily as irony in this novel. There is irony of narrative tone (as seen most obviously in the mock-epic metaphors used to describe the main character) as well as a more structural irony that exposes the artificiality of narrative itself, the idealized view of history as a coherent and teleologically meaningful whole. One of the narrator9s repeated mock-epic ironies is the description of Lucilla Marjoribanks as a queen, including some specific comparisons to Queen Victoria. This essay provides historical context for the Lucilla-Victoria motif and demonstrates how it works toward Oliphant9s anti-idealist agenda.