Based on the local multi-scale eddy structures in turbulent flows, we elucidate the essential difference between the real turbulent field with a finite Reynolds number and the Kolmogorov fully developed random field. The motion of fluid particles in the real turbulent field is not fully random. There exist multi-scale structures due to the effect of viscosity. Actually the movements of fluid particles in the turbulent field are restricted by such eddy structures. Furthermore, concept of the locally averaged velocity structure function is put forward to describe the relative strain distortion of two adjacent turbulent eddy structures at a certain scale. The time sequence of the longitudinal velocity component at different vertical locations in turbulent boundary layer has been elaborately measured by the constant temperature anemometry of model 1FA-300 in a wind tunnel. The experiment proves that the locally averaged velocity structure function is in agreement with the wavelet-coefficient structure function.


This Article sheds light on the most important constitutional question opened up by the United States Supreme Court's landmark decisions in District of Columbia v. Heller and McDonald v. Chicago: Does the Second Amendment "right to bear arms" include a right to carry handguns and other common weapons for self-defense outside the home? Some courts and commentators have declared that Heller held that the Second Amendment right is limited to the home, so that restrictions on handgun carrying do not even fall within the scope of the Second Amendment. Others assert that the potential applicability of the right to bear arms outside the home is simply a "vast terra incognita," devoid of guidance, into which lower courts should hesitate to venture for prudential reasons.These courts are mistaken about Heller and mistaken about the absence of guidance. As I show, Heller and McDonald have two holdings, not just one: they adopted a particular interpretation of the right to bear arms, then applied that understanding to the bans on handgun possession that were before them. The right that Heller adopted has a long tradition in the state courts, and that tradition supports a right to carry outside the home.The centerpiece of the Article is an analysis of the past 190 years of state court constitutional precedent on arms carrying. I show that there have really been two different traditions of the individual right to bear arms: a defense-based right, under which courts construe the right to bear arms as protecting a meaningful right to carry handguns for self-protection, and a "hybrid" or civic-based right, under which gun possession is protected, but courts do not view self-defense as an important purpose of the right, and therefore uphold broad restrictions on weapons carrying. I show that Heller and McDonald embraced the first tradition and rejected the second. Once lower courts and scholars look to the correct line of precedent, they will find powerful arguments that the Second Amendment's scope includes a right of individuals to carry handguns in public for self-defense.Part I supplies a useful vocabulary for the discussion by distinguishing three different conceptions of the relationship between self-defense and the right to carry arms; these are the three competing models of the right. Part II then examines the Heller and McDonald decisions, and what they suggest about the scope of Second Amendment carry rights. Part III is by far the longest part of the Article. It conducts a detailed review of the long history of litigation in the state courts over the carrying of weapons, and shows that courts applying a defense-based, individual right to bear arms have regularly held that it includes a right to carry weapons outside the home. This right was particularly well protected in the period between the ratification of the Second Amendment in 1791 and the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, which Heller and McDonald teach is a critical period for originalist inquiry into the right to keep and bear arms. Finally, Part IV concludes by identifying lessons that the Article's analysis implies for courts, legal scholars, and historians today.


The purpose is about the influence of ICT on increasing the efficiency and performance of employees, the workload and the increasing complexity of the requirements and the constantly increasing pressure to perform at all employee levels.The used methodology is as follows: An evaluation of the scientific literature is carried out here. The point of departure of the considerations is the fact that the ICT changes the world and with it also the professional and private life of the users.The results of the analysis show a constantly changing environment, which is both cause and effect of the changes.The influence of the ICT on people is given, no matter if it concerns direct users or indirect affected persons. This relationship must be realized and further investigated. Employers should generally note that the actual work changes massively for their own employees. Interestingly, it does not play a significant role in how far they systematically deal with hardware and software. Future research has to deal much more with the consequences of constantly changing boundary conditions. This includes the efficiency measurement through ICT use, which is completely missing so far.The ICT has a massive impact on all people, regardless of whether they like it or not and whether or not they handle it themselves.


ABSTRACT: Cellular cystine loading with cystine dimethyl ester has been shown to inhibit transport in proximal convoluted tubules perfused in vitro and decrease the rate of oxygen consumption in suspensions of proximal tubules. The present study was designed to examine the intracellular distribution of cystine in this model of the Fanconi syndrome of cystinosis and to determine whether cystine or its degradation product, cysteine, is the cytotoxic agent in cystine-loaded rabbit proximal tubules. Tubules were incubated with 2 mmol/L cystine dimethyl ester for 10 min at 37°C and subjected to cellular fractionation. The intralysosomal cystine content (272 ± 125 nmol/mg protein) was significantly higher than that measured in the nucleus (8.7 ± 2.0 nmol/mg protein) and cytosol (9.8 ± 4.0 nmol/mg protein (p < 0.05). Electron micrographs of tubules loaded with cystine depicted huge swollen lysosomes. To determine whether cystine or its breakdown product, cysteine, was the cytotoxic agent in tubules incubated with cystine dimethyl ester, the intracellular cystine and cysteine contents were measured and found to be 86.5 ± 14.8 and 5.7 ± 1.7 nmol/mg protein, respectively. These tubules had a 50% decrease in the rate of O2 consumption. To examine whether the increased level of intracellular cysteine played a role in this decrease in O2 consumption, we loaded tubules with 2 mmol/L cysteine methyl ester for 10 min. Despite an intracellular cysteine concentration of 59.6 ± 5.8 nmol/mg protein, cysteine-loaded tubules had a rate of O2 consumption equal to that measured in control tubules. Thus, intracellular cystine loading significantly increases intralysosomal cystine content. The inhibition of tubular respiration with cystine dimethyl ester is due to cystine rather than its degradation product, cysteine.


Metals deformed to high and ultrahigh strains are characterized by a nanoscale microstructure, a large fraction of high angle boundaries and a high dislocation density. Another characteristic of such a microstructure is a large stored energy that combines elastic energy due to dislocations and boundary energy. Parameters of the deformed microstructure significantly affect annealing processes such as recovery and recrystallization. For example, the recovery rate can be significantly increased after high strain deformation and restoration may occur as either discontinuous recrystallization or structural coarsening. A characterization and analysis of deformed and annealed microstructures presented in this work covers Al, Ni, Cu and Fe heavily deformed by rolling, accumulative roll bonding (ARB), equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) and high pressure torsion (HPT). The important effect of recovery on subsequent restoration processes is discussed along with the effect of heterogeneities both on the local scale and on the sample scale.


Territorial animals maintain a certain distance to neighbouring conspecifics, presumably leading to a regular spatial pattern through social spacing. Nevertheless, most animal populations are assumed to show aggregation at certain distance ranges, reflecting the scale dependency of spatial patterns. Leucorchestris arenicola (Araneae: Sparassidae) is a burrow-living spider species that shows territorial behaviour against conspecifics. A multi-scale approach in spatial analysis revealed that territory owners had fewer neighbours than expected under spatial randomness at distances up to 6 m. Behavioural field experiments showed that territory owners were able to perceive and react to burrow constructing neighbours up to at least 4 m distance from their own burrow. At larger distances individuals were often more aggregated than expected under spatial randomness. Analysing adult and immature relationships showed attraction between different development stages at small distances and avoidance at larger distances. The analysis reveals diverse spatial patterns in a territorial and cannibalistic species, showing that both behaviour and environment affect pattern development at different distances. The study outlines the importance of multi-scale approaches for spatial analysis and the need for accompanying experiments to facilitate the interpretation of results.


Shorter development times, increased standards for vehicle emissions and a greater number of vehicle variants result in a higher level of complexity in the vehicle development process. Efficient development of powertrain and driver assistance functions under comparable and reproducible operating conditions is possible on vehicle test benches. Yet, the realistic simulation of real driving environments on test benches is a challenge. Current test procedures and new technologies, such as Real Driving Emission tests and Autonomous Driving, require a reproducible and even more detailed simulation of the driving environment. Due to this, the simulation of curve driving in particular is gaining in importance. This results from its significant influence on energy consumption and Autonomous Driving functions with lateral guidance, such as lane departure and evasion assistance. Reproducibility can be additionally increased by using a driving robot. At today's vehicle test benches, pedal and shift robots are predominantly used for longitudinal dynamic tests in the performed test procedures. In order to meet these new test automation requirements for vehicle test benches, the cooperative operation of pedal and steering robots is needed on a test bench setup suitable for this purpose. In this publication, the authors present the setup of a vehicle test bench to be used in automated and reproducible vehicle-in-the-loop tests during steering events. The focus is on the test-bench-specific setup with steerable front wheels, the actuators for simulating the wheel steering torque around the steering axle and the robots used for pedals and steering wheel. Results from various test series are presented and the potential of the novel test environment is shown. The results are reproducible in various test series due to the closed-loop operation without human driving influences at the test bench.


Customized visual representations enable end users to achieve their programming goals. Here, designers work with users to tailor visual programming languages to specific problem domains. We describe a design methodology and a tool for creating domain oriented, end user programming languages that effectively use visualization. We first describe a collaborative design methodology involving end users and designers. We then present Agentsheets, a tool for creating domain oriented visual programming languages, and illustrate how it supports collaborative design by examining experiences from a real language design project. Finally, we summarize the contributions of our approach and discuss its viability in industrial design projects. >


To the Editor.— I was most interested to read about the use of gold sodium thiomalate for the treatment of pemphigus in theArchives(108:56, 1973). In spite of the high incidence of undesirable side-effects, it would seem to be a useful drug. Against such a disease as pemphigus one cannot have too many weapons available. It therefore would be most helpful if the maintenance dose could be clarified. It is stated several times in the paper that 25 mg "bimonthly" is adequate for most patients. What is meant by bimonthly? Both the Oxford English Dictionary and the Chambers Dictionary indicate that this term may mean either "twice a month" or "every two months." However, these works are only authorities on the English language. Turning to Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary , which has an entirely American panel of editorial consultants, I find the term "bi-" defined as "combining form meaning


GSWS 301. Feminist Theory. 3 Hours. Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Preor corequisite: UNIV 200 or HONR 200. This course will introduce students to areas of generative struggle and critique within feminist theory. Will examine these conflicts not as moments of danger, but as constituting a key genealogy of feminism. Will be structured around important debates that constitute this genealogy of feminist theory, including: early woman of color critiques of the notion of "universal sisterhood," debates over the "proper object" of feminist inquiry, post-structuralist approaches to theorizing the subject, queer theory's shift toward a "subject-less critique" and transnational feminist praxis.


The development of technology that continues to grow, one of which is easy internet access enables people to access information from various sources, including social media. Nowadays, social media is not only used privately, but also companies and even government. One of them, the tourism sector in government. The role of social media, especially Instagram, is recognized as the most appropriate promotional media for travelers in Indonesia. Activities held on social media will spur the occurrence of e-wom and visit intention to Indonesian tourist destinations for domestic tourists. E-wom can be positive and negative e-wom. Therefore, the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism uses @Pesonaid_travel to promote Indonesian tourism and also the Pesona Indonesia's brand used in @Pesonaid_travel.
The purpose of this study is to determine the role of social media marketing activities to increase e-WoM and visit intention through brand equity. This research is a quantitative study, with the type of research used is causality. The population in this study was followers @Pesonaid_travel, totaling 276.000, which was then tested on 400 respondents, using a questionnaire. The data analysis method used is SEM which is processed with the SmartPLS application.
The results of this study indicate that each variable that has an effect The results of this study indicate that every variable that exists gives a positive and significant effect on other variables.


The genetic control of high tolerance of toxic aluminum ions in barley Hordeum vulgare L. has been studied. Cultivar Faust I (c-24612) and accession 9736 from Karelia have been compared with aluminum-sensitive cv. Colsess IV (accession c-24626). Analysis of F1, F2BC1, F3, and F4 progenies has shown that the development of roots of cv. Faust I in water medium with aluminum ions is determined by one (AlpF1) or two (AlpF1, AlpF2) genes. The development of roots of accession 9736 is determined by two genes, AlpK1 and AlpK2. The genes have not been not tested for nonidentity. The high tolerance of Faust I shoots are determined by one major tolerance factor and one dominant inhibitor gene, which hampers the manifestation of the dominant tolerance gene. The penetrance of the inhibitor gene may be incomplete. The aluminum sensitivity of roots and 7-day shoots of cv. Faust I is determined by different genetic factors. The response of barley plants to aluminum ions may be determined by small-effect genes.


The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study is a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial to determine acceptance, safety, and efficacy of low protein and phosphorus diets in patients with progressive renal disease. During the feasibility phase, 96 patients aged 18 to 75 years, with previously declining reciprocal serum creatinine concentration (1/PCr) and current glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from 7.5 to 80 ml/min/1.73 m2, were randomly assigned four study diets. After randomization, 91 patients were followed for a mean duration of 14.1 months. GFR, 1/PCr and creatinine clearance (CCr) were measured every three months. In an earlier report, we demonstrated relatively weak correlations of rates of change in GFR and 1/PCr during the feasibility phase; the proportion of variability in 1/PCr slopes that was explained by variability in GFR slopes (r2) was only 0.49 to 0.55. In this study, we examined the relationship of GFR and 1/PCr to other determinants of the serum creatinine concentration, including filtration (GFCr), secretion (TSCr), and total renal excretion (UCrV) of creatinine. Our results show that these parameters varied widely among individuals and changed over time. These findings may explain, in part, the relatively weak correlations. These results strengthen our previous suggestion that the rate of change in 1/PCr may not be an accurate index of the rate of change in GFR and raise questions about the validity of conclusions from other studies in which the efficacy of dietary modification in retarding the progression of renal disease was based principally on measurements of 1/PCr.


An eight-month-old girl was referred to the dermatologist with a progressive desquamative and purulent eruption on the scalp. Laboratory tests confirmed the diagnosis kerion celsi and the girl was successfully treated with an antimycoticum. Kerion celsi is a deep inflammatory fungal infection on the scalp. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent irreversible hair loss


Previous research on collusion in procurement markets uses static mechanism design theory to address the limitations on collusive activity imposed by asymmetric information, but in most instances it does not address how to enforce the proposed mechanisms. This paper uses repeated game theory to examine the sustainability of two commonly reported collusive schemes that have been identi ed as optimal static mechanisms. If a buyer does not select its reserve price strategically, or if its value is large relative to the sellers' costs, then collusion may be sustainable for a wide range of plausible discount factors. However, even mildly sophisticated reserve price selection can dramatically shrink the set of discount factors for which collusion can be sustained. These ndings provide a rationale for existing arguments that buyers are vulnerable to collusion, but suggest that buyers possess tools that may pro tably induce sellers to act competitively. The analysis also reveals that collusion tends to be more easily sustained if the sellers' costs have a low mean or a high variance, or, in some instances, if the number of sellers increases.


Context. Software Reuse is considered as silver-bullet for software development. However, measuring bene ts of software reuse is difficult and cumbersome task because of varying number of factors involved in it. Di erent reuse cost models already exist in literature which measure var- ious di erent attributes of software reuse. Mainly these models are used for calculating return over investment or cost-bene t analysis. Objectives.We have investigated that very few cost eco- nomic models have been proposed for measuring costs avoidance,degree of empirical validation, assumptions, types ofartifacts they can measure and whether they provide guide- lines on collection of metrics for measuring reuse bene ts. Methods.In this research, a systematic review was con- ducted. Based on the results of systematic review, a model was proposed which can measure cost avoided by reuse of every kind of artifact. In a systematic all major article sources were used. Studies were selected after reading titles and abstracts. Three cost avoidance models were found and an analysis of these models was performed. Based on the analysis, a new model was proposed to ll the gap left by these studies. Results. New model measures every kind of reuse artifact and provides guidelines on how and what to measure in order to calculate reuse bene ts. This model was then validated in the industry and technology was transferred to the industry for future usage. Guidelines for improved savings were developed. Conclusions. We conclude that many models are related to each other and use similar techniques to measure the cost avoidance however they can not measure all kinds of reuse artifacts. New model performed well in industry. However, we found that the new model should accommodate maintenance costs since these are major savings by software reuse. Moreover, we conclude that there is a need for further validation of guidelines and model in industry.


Abstract:Siddhicandra's Bhanucandraganicarita (Biography of Bhanucandra, ca. 1620s) enacts a stunning development in Sanskrit historiography. The text's title bills it as a biography of a Jain mendicant, a standard genre of Jain-authored works. But, in fact, the text treats cross-cultural relations between Jain ascetics and Mughal elites as its main subject. It is arguably the first Sanskrit text to focus specifically and exclusively on Mughal contexts. This literary and historiographical choice is allthe more noteworthy because of the text's carefully delineated approach to negotiating between Sanskrit, Jain, and Mughal cultural norms. Throughout the work Siddhicandra depicts the Mughals as steeped in Sanskrit literary culture while showing himself to be fluent in a Persianate cultural zone. In the tradition of Sanskrit writing on Indo-Persian political figures, which was several hundred years old by the early seventeenth century, the Bhanucandraganicarita marks a moment when the Mughals ceased to be other in any identifiable way, except as offering a new cultural context for Jain self-expression.


Infection or immunization with measles virus induces a protective immune reaction including neutralizing antibodies against the haemagglutinin and fusion protein. The reactivity of the polyclonal IgG response of sera obtained from late convalescent donors was studied, using overlapping 15mer peptides covering the complete sequence of the measles virus haemagglutinin. Most sera reacted with a similar set of peptides generating a characteristic binding pattern. The reactive peptides correspond to a region mediating cell hemolysis (aa310–325), to regions which serve as targets to neutralizing antibodies and to a putative transmembrane region (aa35–58). The latter region contains also a human T‐cell epitope providing evidence of a non‐random association of T‐ and B‐cell epitopes. We also immunized different strains of mice and rabbits with measles virus. In contrast to the human sera, animal sera with strong neutralizing activities did not react with any of the H‐protein peptides. The mostly weak reactivities with the linear sequences contrast with the strong neutralizing activities of the human or animal antibodies, suggesting that these primarily recognize the fusion protein or conformational epitopes of the haemagglutinin protein.


Incorporating legumes is one option for improving pasture fertility, sustainability, and biodiversity. Diazotrophic microorganisms, including rhizobia that form symbioses with legumes, represent a small fraction of the total soil microbial community. Yet, they can offset nitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs through their ability to convert atmospheric N2 into plant-usable N via biological N2 fixation (BNF). This study used amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes to investigate soil bacterial community composition and diversity in grazed 'Argentine' bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) pastures where N fertilizer was supplanted with legume-derived N from BNF in some treatments. Treatments consisted of bahiagrass fertilized with (a) mineral N (224 kg N ha-1  yr-1 ), (b) combination mineral N (34 kg N ha-1  yr-1 ) and legume-derived N via cool-season clover (CSC) (Trifolium spp.) mix, or (c) combination mineral N (34 kg N ha-1  yr-1 ) and legume-derived N via CSC mix and strips of Ecoturf rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.). Bradyrhizobium spp. relative abundance was 44% greater in the mixed pasture. Other bacterial genera with BNF or denitrification potentials were greater in pastures with legumes, whereas sequences assigned to genera associated with high litter turnover were greater in bahiagrass pastures receiving only mineral N. Soil bacteria alpha diversity was greater in pastures receiving 34 kg ha-1  yr-1 N fertilizer application and the CSC mix than in pastures with the CSC mix and rhizoma peanut strips. Our results demonstrate soil microbial community shifts that may affect soil C and N cycling in pastures common to the southeastern United States.


In this retrospective observational study, we have examined the incidence, characteristics, and treatment of serious myocardial infarction (MI) -associated mechanical complications (MCs) occurring in Japanese patients in this era of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), focusing on frailty, nutrition, and clinical implication of surgery. Included were 883 patients who, having suffered an MI, had been admitted to Nihon University Hospital between January 2013 and April 2020. Fifteen (1.70%) of these patients had suffered a potentially catastrophic MC-ventricular free wall rupture (VFWR, n = 8), ventricular septal rupture (VSR, n = 6), or papillary muscle rupture (PMR, n = 1). Factors associated with the MCs were age, poor nutritional status, a high Killip class, delayed diagnosis of MI, a high lactate concentration, a low thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grade, and single-vessel disease. Thirty-day mortality among MC patients was 60% (9/15): 87.5% associated with VFWR, 33.3% associated with VSR and 0% associated with PMR. On adjusted multivariate analysis, occurrence of an MC was independently associated with 30-day mortality. Despite a high surgical risk (EuroSCORE II: 11.8 ± 4.7) with less frailty, 30-day mortality was lower among patients whose MC was treated surgically than among those whose MC was treated conservatively (40.0% versus 100.0%, respectively; P = 0.044).Our data suggest that surgical intervention can save patients with a life-threatening MI-associated MC and should be considered, if they are not particularly frail.


In this paper, a road network grouping algorithm for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images is proposed by exploiting multiscale geometric analysis of detector responses. Before running the algorithm, a response map made up of responses, which is binarized, skeletonized, and vectorized to generate road candidates, is obtained by applying a local detector to a SAR image first. Then the proposed method identifies real road segments among the candidates and fills gaps between them. It works in three steps. 1) Guidance segments are extracted at different resolutions from the response map using multiscale techniques and merged to get a more appropriate approximation. 2) Segments are labeled "road" or "noise" using relaxation labeling techniques, among which "road" ones are grouped as they may lie on different roads. 3) Connection points between candidates are acquired by mapping candidates to grouped "road" guidance segments. Those connection points are linked with straight lines or curvilinear segments after a segmentation process. The experiments on TerraSAR images show the effectiveness of this new method.


Semiconductor devices are increasingly getting more vulnerable to counterfeiting due to Reverse Engineering (RE) of Intellectual Property (IP). Securing the IPs from counterfeiting is an important goal towards trustworthy computing. Camouflaging of logic gates is a well-known technique to prevent an adversary from de-layering the chip and stealing IP. Among other techniques, threshold voltage modulation has been proposed to realize 2-input camouflaging logic in both static and dynamic logic gate families. Since threshold voltages are asserted during fabrication and are difficult to identify during RE, the adversary will be forced to launch brute-force search. In this paper, we extend the concept of threshold-voltage defined logic to design 3-input static camouflaged gates capable of performing six Boolean functions (NAND, NOR, AOI, OAI, XOR, XNOR). Simulation results show an average of 3.03× delay overhead and 12.33× power overhead compared to standard CMOS gates. A methodology to design multi-input camouflaged gate is also proposed using a similar technique. Finally, we perform a threat analysis on the camouflaged gate to assess the security and integrity of the design by identifying temperature sensitivity and power signature as potential side channels.


Thin films provide a versatile platform to tune electron correlations and explore new physics in strongly correlated materials. Epitaxially grown thin films of the alkali-doped fulleride K_{3+x}C_{60}, for example, exhibit intriguing phenomena, including Mott transitions and superconductivity, depending on dimensionality and doping. Surprisingly, in the trilayer case, a strong electron-hole doping asymmetry has been observed in the superconducting phase, which is absent in the three-dimensional bulk limit. Using density-functional theory plus dynamical mean-field theory, we show that this doping asymmetry results from a substantial charge reshuffling from the top layer to the middle layer. While the nominal filling per fullerene is close to n=3, the top layer rapidly switches to an n=2 insulating state upon hole doping, which implies a doping asymmetry of the superconducting gap. The interlayer charge transfer and layer-selective metal-insulator transition result from the interplay between crystal field splittings, strong Coulomb interactions, and an effectively negative Hund coupling. This peculiar charge reshuffling is absent in the monolayer system, which is an n=3 Mott insulator, as expected from the nominal filling.


Osteoporosis is a common bone disease known to have a strong genetic component, but the details of the traits and underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In postmenopausal women, osteoporosis is characterized by decreased bone mineral density. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an inflammatory marker, commonly detected in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. This cytokine has been suggested to play a role in bone resorption, and is potentially influenced by polymorphisms of the encoding (IL-8) gene. The study aimed to investigate the association of the −251 A/T polymorphism of IL-8 with the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal Indonesian women. Using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, we assessed the status of the IL-8 −251 A/T polymorphism in stored DNA samples of 75 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and of 25 healthy control subjects. Genotype and allotype comparisons were carried out according to T-score grouping. Chi-Square analysis revealed that subjects with AT and TT genotypes of the IL-8 −251 A/T polymorphism were at a significant risk of osteoporosis (odds ratio = 4.540, 95%). The results indicate that the −251 A/T polymorphism of IL-8 is significantly associated with osteoporosis in the tested Indonesian sample population. Clinical article (J Int Dent Med Res 2020; 13(4): 1527-1530)


1. Detection of visible crack, delamination etc. in composite structures can be fulfilled by several techniques. However, the problem is of greater complexity in the case of nonvisible defects such as barely visible impact damage and microcracks. The objective of this research work was to create and validate a low cost smart-sensor for NDT and structural health monitoring (SHM) to be used for complex geometries. The smart-sensor presents a dual function, i.e. it determines the presence of delamination and cracks within the cross-section but it also provides information on surface damages due to fatigue or impacts. In the latter case the damage could induce the breakage of the sensor that could still work with a different resonant frequency. The sensor utilizes a passive wireless resonant telemetry scheme based on an inductor capacitor (LC). The use of a passive system eliminates the need for onboard power and exposed interconnects, increasing the life of the device and the reliability due to the continuous operation even in case of damage results from the sensor. The sensor design, the signal processing and the experimental setup that validate the remote interrogation of the antenna sensor are presented. Two different designs were investigated, one for conductive surface and one for nonconductive surface (fiberglass-composite).


The Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias) stock is commercially exploited throughout the Atlantic and Mediterranean and has been recently targeted by a small, but emerging, fishery off the Northeast coast of the United States. Recent efforts by the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council to manage the Northwest Atlantic stock have necessitated the description of its life-history characteristics. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the utility of ageing methods, describe the length-at-age and weight-at-length relationships, and compare estimated growth parameter values to those reported from other regions. We found that whole otoliths provided the most precise method for age determination of Atlantic chub mackerel. Age estimates were derived for adult (n = 422) and larval fish (n = 60). Parameter estimates of individual growth models were determined using a Bayesian framework. The length-at-age relationship was described using four non-linear candidate growth models, which were fit to total length (TL, cm) and age estimates (y). We found that the three-parameter VBGF (L∞ = 33.56 cm TL, k = 1.75 y-1, t0 = 0.07 y) was the best candidate model to describe the length-atage relationship. A power function was used to describe the weight-at-length relationship from 1 136 individuals (a = 0.0258, b = 2.72). We found that individuals exhibit a greater rate of growth and reach smaller average maximum length when compared to published estimates in other regions. The rate of increase of weight relative to length was found to be significantly lower than that reported in other regions. These results can be used to inform assessment of the Atlantic chub mackerel stock in the Northwest Atlantic.


The possible mechanisms which determine the temporal dynamics of discrete narrow-band spectral components of human EEG recorded by a single electrode in the state of rest were analyzed. The dynamics of short-segment spectra was observed by application of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to 5-s EEG epochs successively shifted by 0.32 s. For each subject the matrices were formed and presented in a graphic mode. Matrix rows represented the number of points in each short-segment spectrum, and the columns represented the number of short-segment spectra. The columns reflect the amplitude dynamics of a given frequency, and power transition between the columns reflects the frequency dynamics. The most common type of the amplitude dynamics consisted in short (2-8 s) periods of stable activity of the discrete spectral components replaced by symmetrical bifurcation or confluence of spectral peaks. The obtained results suggest by the presence of both additive and multiplicative mechanisms of oscillatory interactions in the EEG. More detailed analysis of the amplitude-modulated EEG processes is provided by application of some additive features of the FFT to both EEG and computer-simulated signals.


Long-arm practice teaching has been developed in the UK as a strategy to create practice placements for DipSW students. It has also been seen as an unfortunate emergency arrangement. There has been little substantive research to evaluate this teaching method. This paper, based on the author's experience of supervising four students in this way, argues that with careful planning and anticipation of difficulties, long-arm practice teaching may be considered to be an acceptable alternative model rather than a regrettable aberration.


Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) aim to educate the world. More often than not, however, MOOCs fall short of this goal — a majority of learners are already highly educated (with a Bachelor degree or more) and come from specific parts of the (developed) world. Learners from developing countries without a higher degree are underrepresented, though desired, in MOOCs. One reason for those learners to drop out of a course can be found in their financial realities and the subsequent limited amount of time they can dedicate to a course besides earning a living. If we could pay learners to take a MOOC, this hurdle would largely disappear. With MOOCS, this leads to the following fundamental challenge: How can learners be paid at scale? Ultimately, we envision a recommendation engine that recommends tasks from online market places such as Upwork or witmart to learners, that are relevant to the course content of the MOOC. In this manner, the learners learn and earn money. To investigate the feasibility of this vision, in this paper we explored to what extent (1) online market places contain tasks relevant to a specific MOOC, and (2) learners are able to solve real-world tasks correctly and with sufficient quality. Finally, based on our experimental design, we were also able to investigate the impact of real-world bonus tasks in a MOOC on the general learner population.


The advent of microsimulation in the transportation sector has created the need for extensive disaggregate data concerning the population whose behaviour is modelled. Due to the cost of collecting this data and the existing privacy regulations, this need is often met by the creation of a synthetic population on the basis of aggregate data. While several techniques for generating such a population are known, they suffer from a number of limitations. The first is the need for a sample of the population for which fully disaggregated data must be collected, although such samples may not exist or may not be financially feasible. The second limiting assumption is that the aggregate data used must be consistent, a situation which is most unusual because this data often comes from different sources and is collected, possibly at different moments, using different protocols. The paper presents a new synthetic population generator in the class of the Synthetic Reconstruction methods, whose objective is to obviate these limitations. It proceeds in three main successive steps: generation of individuals, generation of household type's joint distributions and generation of households proper. The main idea in these generation steps is to use data at the most disaggregate level possible to define joint distributions, from which individuals and households are randomly drawn. The method also makes explicit use of both continuous and discrete optimization and used the χ metric to estimate distances between estimated and generated distributions. The new generator is applied for constructing a synthetic population of approximately 10,000,000 individuals and 4,350,000 households localized in the 589 municipalities of Belgium. The statistical quality of the generated population is discussed using criteria extracted from the literature, and its is shown that the new population generator produces excellent results.


This article aims to contribute to the theoretical development of the social resilience approach. Recognising the interface between resilience and poverty studies, it proposes a distinct role for resilience research from a critical perspective to understand the dynamics of hardship in exceptional times, such as times of socio-economic crises, rather than explaining the long-term trajectories of poverty. It then provides a conceptual framework on the structural foundations of social resilience, highlighting three components: rules, resources and power relations. The article uses the 2008 crisis and the ensuing period of austerity as a microcosm to place the discussion within a contemporary context.


Waste-to-energy has become an attractive alternative to landfills. One concern in this development is the release of pollutants in the combustion process. The binder enhanced d-RDF pellets satisfy the requirements of environmental acceptance, chemical/biological stability, and being storeable. The acid gas emissions of combusting d-RDF pellets with sulfur-rich coal were analyzed by ion chromatography and decreased when d-RDF pellets were utilized. The results imply the possibility of using d-RDF pellets to substitute for sulfur-rich coal as fuel, and also substantiate the effectiveness of a binder, calcium hydroxide, in decreasing emissions of SOx.
In order to perform the analysis of the combustion sample, sampling and sample pretreatment methods prior to the IC analysis and the first derivative detection mode in IC are investigated as well. At least two trapping reagents are necessary for collecting acid gases: one for hydrogen halides, and the other for NOx and SOx. Factors affecting the absorption of acid gases are studied, and the strength of an oxidizing agent is the main factor affecting the collection of NOx and SOx. The absorption preference series of acid gases are determined and the absorption models of acid gases in trapping reagents are derived from the analytical results. To prevent the back-flushing of trapping reagents between impingers when leak-checking, a design for the sampling train is suggested, which can be adopted in sample collections. Several reducing agents are studied for pretreating the sample collected in alkali-permanganate media. Besides the recommendation of the hydrogen peroxide solution in EPA method, methanol and formic acid are worth considering as alternate reducing agents in the pretreatment of alkaline-permanganate media prior to IC analysis. The first derivative conductivity detection mode is developed and used in IC system. It is efficient for the detection and quantification of overlapping peaks as well as being applicable for non-overlapping peaks.


The cosmogenic radionuclide 35S (half life ∼87 d) exists in both 35SO2 gas and 35SO42− aerosol phase in the atmosphere. Cosmogenic 35S fulfils a unique niche in that it has an ideal half‐life for use as a tracer of atmospheric processes, possesses a gas phase precursor and undergoes gas to particle conversion, providing a chronometer that complements other measurements of radiogenic isotopes of different half lives and chemical properties. Based on radiogenic 35S measurements and concomitant model calculations, we demonstrate that 35S is a unique tracer to understand stratospheric‐tropospheric air mass transport dynamics and the atmospheric oxidation capacity on a short time scale. Reported are the first measurements of 35S contained in SO42− aerosols (bulk and size aggregated) at Antarctica. 35SO42− concentrations at Dome C and Dumont D'Urville exhibit summer maxima and winter minima with a secondary winter peak. Higher oxidative capacity of the atmosphere and long range transport of mid latitude air increases 35SO42− activity in summer whereas a lack of air mass mixing coupled with low oxidant concentration in winter significantly decreases 35SO42− activity. A 3% contribution from stratospheric 35SO42− into the free troposphere during stratosphere‐troposphere air mass mixing accounts for the secondary winter 35SO42− peak. In the future, this work will be extended to 35S activity measurements of both gas and aerosol phases to further understand gas to particle conversion, vortex dynamics and trace polar stratospheric cloud sedimentation frequency.


Pairing high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with motor skill acquisition may improve learning of some implicit motor sequences (albeit with some variability), but it is unclear if HIIT enhances explicit learning of motor sequences. We asked whether a single bout of HIIT after non-musicians learned to play a piano melody promoted better retention of the melody than low-intensity interval training (LIIT). Further, we investigated whether HIIT facilitated transfer of learning to a new melody. We generated individualized exercise protocols by having participants (n = 25) with little musical training undergo a graded maximal exercise test (GXT) to determine their cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) and maximum power output (Wmax). In a subsequent session, participants practiced a piano melody (skill acquisition) and were randomly assigned to a single bout of HIIT or LIIT. Retention of the piano melody was tested 1 hour, 1 day, and 1 week after skill acquisition. We also evaluated transfer to learning a new melody 1 week after acquisition. Pitch and rhythm accuracy were analyzed with linear mixed-effects modeling. HIIT did not enhance sequence-specific retention of pitch or rhythmic elements of the piano melody, but there was modest evidence that HIIT facilitated transfer to learning a new melody. We tentatively conclude that HIIT enhances explicit, task-general motor consolidation.


It has been proved that the initial gap has obvious influence on nugget formation, but little works focused on the effect of initial gap on the tensile strength of resistance spot welded (RSW) joints. In this paper, a 3D FE model was built for solving this question. The results show that, even though there are some fluctuations of weld diameter and tensile strength of RSW joints with initial gap, the tensile strength and weld diameter of welded joints with initial gap are still larger than that of welded joints without gap, which confirm that the influence of initial gap on tensile shear strength is little significant. The computation results agree well with experiment.


Introduction: Several studies suggest that Adherent-Invasive Escherichia Coli (AIEC) colonize the ileal mucosa of Crohn's disease (CD) patients. These strain is able to adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial cells, and survive within macrophages, prompting an inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate,by using an organ culture model, the ability of AIEC strain O83:H1 to colonize intestinal epithelial cells of CD patients, inducing chronic inflammation. Methods: An organ culture model conducted with colonic biopsies derived from CD patients was set up to evaluate the ability of AIEC strain 083:H1, compared to a non-pathogenic E. Coli (NP) strain, to upregulate CEACAM 6 (CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen-related Cellular Adhesion Molecule 6), LAMP-1 (Lysosome Associated Membrane Protein 1), ICAM-1 (Intracellular Adhesion Molecule) and HLA-DR antigen expression , by immunohistochemistry, and to induce IFN-g, TNF-a and IL-8 production, by RT-PCR. The staining of epithelial cells that expressed CEACAM6 and LAMP1 as well as the expression of ICAM1 on blood vessels was evaluated in terms of staining intensity. The number of LAMP1 and HLA-DR lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMNC) was evaluated within a total area of 1 mm2 of lamina propria. Results: Expression of CEACAM6 on intestinal epithelial cells, and the expression of LAMP-1 either on epithelium as well as in the LPMNCs, were significantly increased (P, 0,05) in the biopsies cultured with the AIEC strain O83:H1 compared to the biopsies cultured with non-pathogenic (NP) strain. ICAM-1 and HLA-DR were significantly increased (P, 0,05) on blood vessels and on LPMNCs, respectively, in presence of AIEC strain O83:H1 as compared with NP strain. Moreover we observed a higher level of IFN-g, TNF-a and IL-8 mRNA trascripts in biopsies cultured with AIEC strain 083:H1 than in biopsies cultured with NP strain. Conclusion: Expression of CEACAM6 on intestinal epithelial cells, and the expression of LAMP-1 either on epithelium as well as in the LPMNCs, were significantly increased (P, 0,05) in the biopsies cultured with the AIEC strain O83:H1 compared to the biopsies cultured with non-pathogenic (NP) strain. ICAM-1 and HLA-DR were significantly increased (P, 0,05) on blood vessels and on LPMNCs, respectively, in presence of AIEC strain O83:H1 as compared with NP strain. Moreover we observed a higher level of IFN-g, TNF-a and IL-8 mRNA trascripts in biopsies cultured with AIEC strain 083:H1 than in biopsies cultured with NP strain.


Capitalism, some declare, is in crisis. One concern, which the Occupy Wall Street protesters and many Americans share, is how a relatively small group of corporate and wealthy individuals now wields too much economic influence and control in the United States and the world. The prevailing belief is that financial institutions' power and influence represent a major threat to America.So what does antitrust have to say about this public unease? Few would likely believe the Supreme Court's Standard Oil opinion handed down a century ago would relate to their present concerns. That is unfortunate. The concerns Standard Oil raises are salient today. At the forefront, then and now, are issues of income inequality and crony capitalism. Over the past 30 years, antitrust policy lost its way and now has several paradoxes. But the current public sentiment recaptures what others have long known, and what this Essay explores: Competition and antitrust are more political, than economic, concepts.


In April 1932, about forty mostly young scientists attended Niels Bohr's Copenhagen Institute for their week-long once-a-year freewheeling physics conference. For many, it would come to represent the last gathering where they were able to conduct such discussions in the spirit of camaraderie and in a milieu that felt safe. There was much talk that April about new findings, about their careers and about political events in their own countries, but the core of their discourse was physics. The neutron had been discovered two months before the meeting and the first experimentally induced nuclear transmutation had been achieved just the week before they gathered in Copenhagen. The era of nuclear physics, of nuclear power, of big science and of large-scale experiments had begun. The events of 1932 would change the direction of their research and of their lives. These discoveries also brought with them the first glimmerings of the nuclear weapons that would move physicists into the arena of international power struggles. Faust in Copenhagen centres on the lives and careers of seven physicists. Six of them - Niels Bohr, Paul Ehrenfest, Lise Meitner, Wolfang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg and Paul Dirac - had been sitting in the front row at the Copenhagen meeting, and were already in the pantheon of physics greats. The seventh, Max Delbruck, was the author of a skit concluding the meeting, in which the junior physicists poked fun at their elders. As a version of Goethe's Faust, adapted to embrace the complexities of contemporary physics, the skit eerily foreshadows many events that unfolded in subsequent years. Indeed it touched upon the very soul of science: a Faustian struggle between good and evil, between peaceful uses of scientific discovery and destructive ones and on the interface of the political and scientific worlds.


This paper proposes an online/offline induction motor current signature analysis (MCSA) with advanced signal-and-data-processing algorithms, based on the Hilbert transform. MCSA is a method for motor diagnosis with stator-current signals. Although it is one of the most powerful online methods for diagnosing motor faults, it has some drawbacks that can degrade the performance and accuracy of a motor-diagnosis system. In particular, it is very difficult to detect broken rotor bars when the motor is operating at low slip or under no load, due to fast Fourier transform (FFT) frequency leakage and the small amplitude of the current components related to the fault. Therefore, advanced signal-and-data-processing algorithms are proposed. They consist of a proper sample selection algorithm, a Hilbert transformation of the stator-sampled current, and spectral analysis via FFT of the modulus of the resultant time-dependent vector modulus for achieving MCSA efficiently. Experimental results obtained on a 1.1 kW three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor are discussed.


Historical accounts of the business response to basic income proposals imply that employer attitudes have been mixed. In the 1970s and 1980s, when an array of basic income schemes was proposed, some groups were supportive and others were opposed. This paper shows that, in a number of high-profile proposals in Canada and the US, behind the apparent dissensus among business groups lays a consensus stance against universalistic and unconditional guaranteed income schemes. The disagreement among business groups comes down to either (1) a basic misunderstanding of proposal details, or (2) the fact that the policy itself can take on a wide range of concrete forms. To the extent that business has exhibited support for guaranteed income policies, the actual policies in question tended to be "two-tiered" rather than unitary, selective rather than universal, and miserly rather than generous. The income maintenance policies that garnered some support among business groups would all include explicit or implicit work requirements for "able-bodied" adults. By contrast, generous, unconditional guaranteed income policies that reduce workers' market dependence—namely, those that basic income advocates find desirable—found no audience in business circles. I close by exploring the mechanisms underlying the impact of basic income on bargaining relationships in the labour market and comment on the promises and pitfalls of a social policy that continues to be highly malleable.


Passwords are ubiquitous, and users and service providers alike rely on them for their security. However, good passwords may sometimes be hard to remember. For years, security practitioners have battled with the dilemma of how to authenticate people who have forgotten their passwords. Existing approaches suffer from high false positive and false negative rates, where the former is often due to low entropy or public availability of information, whereas the latter often is due to unclear or changing answers, or ambiguous or fault prone entry of the same. Good security questions should be based on long-lived personal preferences and knowledge, and avoid publicly available information. We show that many of the questions used by online matchmaking services are suitable as security questions. We first describe a new user interface approach suitable to such security questions that is offering a reduced risks of incorrect entry. We then detail the findings of experiments aimed at quantifying the security of our proposed method.


Australian women's alcohol consumption has increased in frequency during COVID-19. Research suggests this is to cope with stress resulting from the pandemic and COVID-19 countermeasures that require social distancing. This is a critical public health concern because increased alcohol consumption, even for a short period, increases the myriad longer-term health risks associated with cumulative exposure to alcohol. This paper provides unique qualitative evidence of how health risk perceptions are re-focused toward the shorter-term during the pandemic, through analysis of interviews with 40 middle-aged Australian women (aged 45–64) representing a range of self-perceived drinking status' ("occasional"/"light"/"moderate"/"heavy") before and then during the pandemic (n = 80 interviews). Our analysis captures women's risk horizons drifting away from the uncertain longer-term during COVID-19, toward the immediate need to "get through" the pandemic. We show how COVID-19 has increased the perceived value of consuming alcohol among women, particularly when weighed up against the social and emotional "costs" of reducing consumption. Our findings have implications for the delivery of alcohol-related health risk messages designed for middle-aged women both during, and into the recovery phases of the pandemic, who already consume more alcohol and experience more alcohol-related health risk than women in other age groups.


TH• problem of natural selection for polygyny in a bird species with a 1:1 sex ratio has received considerable attention in earlier papers (Verner, 1963, 1964; Verner and Willson, 1966). Briefly it is argued that for polgyny to evolve when unmated males are available, females pairing with males that are already mated must realize a higher reproductive output than they could attain paired with an unmated male, despite receiving less assistance in the care of their offspring. This implies more suitable conditions for breeding in the territory of the chosen male. An examination of various features of the territories of male Long-billed Marsh Wrens (Telmatodytes palustris) in a population at Seattle, Washington, revealed two features, total territory size and area of territory with standing water, that correlated highly with the pairing success of the males. The amount of territory with standing water very likely affects the abundance of wren food in the territory. Similar attempts to clarify relationships between pairing success and territorial features of male Longbilled Marsh Wrens at Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge were unsuccessful, possibly because the Turnbull sample was too small. In the course of investigating the response of male wrens to playback of recorded songs within their territories at Turnbull Refuge during the summer of 1967, we made detailed measurements of the territories, their component vegetation, distribution of nests, and the number of females and the conditions of their nests. These data provide the basis for a further analysis of the possible factors influencing the pairing success of male Long-billed Marsh Wrens at Turnbull Refuge. The refuge lies 15 miles south of Spokane, Washington, in the geologic formation of the channeled scablands. Most of the uplands are covered with open pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests. More than 15,000 acres and 80 separate lakes of various sizes lie within the refuge boundaries. Most of the lakes are fringed with cattail (Typha latijolia) and bulrush (Scirpus validus) marshes that provide breeding habitat for a large population of Long-billed Marsh Wrens. A complete census of all lakes on the refuge in 1968 revealed 625 territorial males. Our studies in 1967 were conducted


Saturn's F ring is the solar system's principal natural laboratory for direct observation of accretion and disruption processes. Among the structures contained in its meager ~10 km radial width are jets, strands, and moonlets over an azimuthally asymmetric span. The nearby moons Prometheus and Pandora stir up ring material and create observably changing structures on timescales of days to decades. In addition to the observations over the last three decades, the Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) has detected 27 statistically significant features in 101 occultations by Saturn's F ring since July 2004. Visual classification of the shapes of these 27 features divides the data set into three classes: Moonlet, Icicle, and Core. Two features are classified as Moonlets because each is opaque in its occultation, which makes them candidates for solid objects. A majority of features are classified as Icicles, which partially block stellar signal for 22 m to just over 3.7 km along the radial expanse of the occultation. The density enhancements responsible for such signal attenuations are likely due to transient clumping of material, evidence that aggregations of material are ubiquitous in the F ring. Our lengthy observing campaign reveals that Icicles are likely transient clumps, moonlets are possible solid objects, and cores show the variety of F ring morphology. We suggest that Icicles may evolve into Moonlets, which are an order of magnitude less abundant. The locations of the Icicles and Moonlets are weakly correlated to the location of Prometheus. Motivated by the observations and previous models, I develop a more rigorous model of the evolution of aggregates in Saturn's F ring via tidally-modified accretion. For the first time, I assess the multimodal distribution resultant of collisional models and diagnose the cause. I apply the model to the F ring for constant body densities; then I assess how the system evolves when compaction is allowed. I develop an additional production term describing enhanced accretion of larger bodies in high-density regions produced by Prometheus, which results in the modeled distribution evolving to a state consistent with observations. Finally, I discuss the model's applicability to other astrophysical collisional systems.


Seedlings of three Eastern US forest species Quercus rubra (northern red oak), Quercus prinus (chestnut oak) and Acer rubrum (red maple) were inoculated by applying Phytophthora ramorum sporangia to stems at different inoculum densities with and without wounding. Disease occurred in all treatments involving wounds, and no disease was observed in unwounded treatments. Younger seedlings (2–3 years old) did not differ significantly from older seedlings (5–6 years old) in disease incidence, but older seedlings sustained smaller lesions compared with younger seedlings. For both old and young seedlings, disease on wounded stems was observed down to the lowest sporangia concentration utilized (500 sporangia/ml for old seedlings and 100 sporangia/ml for young seedlings). The results show that in the presence of wounding, even very low sporangia concentrations can result in disease, and further suggest that wounding caused by insects and other factors may play an important role in P. ramorum epidemiology in forest environments.


Prior correlation filter (CF)-based tracking methods for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have virtually focused on tracking in the daytime. However, when the night falls, the trackers will encounter more harsh scenes, which can easily lead to tracking failure. In this regard, this work proposes a novel tracker with anti-dark function (ADTrack). The proposed method integrates an efficient and effective low-light image enhancer into a CF-based tracker. Besides, a target-aware mask is simultaneously generated by virtue of image illumination variation. The target-aware mask can be applied to jointly train a target-focused filter that assists the context filter for robust tracking. Specifically, ADTrack adopts dual regression, where the context filter and the target-focused filter restrict each other for dual filter learning. Exhaustive experiments are conducted on typical dark sceneries benchmark, consisting of 37 typical night sequences from authoritative benchmarks, i.e., UAVDark, and our newly constructed benchmark UAVDark70. The results have shown that ADTrack favorably outperforms other state-of-the-art trackers and achieves a real-time speed of 34 frames/s on a single CPU, greatly extending robust UAV tracking to night scenes.


Computerised image analysis was investigated as an automated quality control technique for rapid and precise classification of barleys according to their malting qualities. The nineteen samples used in this study were two-rowed winter type barleys. Six of these were assigned to Group 1 and the rest was included into Group 2 according to their performance in a micro-malting system. Two sets of kernels from each barley sample were recorded, one for training and the other for testing purpose. To be able to have functions yielding the best discrimination scores in the training set, classification analysis was initially performed by the selection of each feature alone as an independent variable. Correct overall classification scores ranged between 52.9% and 78.1% when individual features were used in discriminant analyses. In the second step, the combination of features which yielded the best classification score was determined by stepwise discriminant analysis. Overall success in various combinations was more than 83%. To test the unknown barley samples, the discriminant function produced by the combination of compactness and equivalent diameter features was selected. Correct classification scores of this combination ranged between 60.0% and 94.7%. The result shows that the discrimination of the unknowns is very close to that achieved in the training set.


Abstract Heat-stable nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS) plays a crucial role in gene silencing within prokaryotic cells and is important in pathogenesis. It was reported that H-NS silences nearly 5% of the genome, yet the molecular mechanism of silencing is not well understood. Here, we employed a highly-sensitive single-molecule counting approach, and measured the dissociation constant (KD) of H-NS binding to single DNA binding sites. Charged residues in the linker domain of H-NS provided the most significant contribution to DNA binding affinity. Although H-NS was reported to prefer A/T-rich DNA (a feature of pathogenicity islands) over G/C-rich DNA, the dissociation constants obtained from such sites were nearly identical. Using a hairpin unzipping assay, we were able to uncouple non-specific DNA binding steps from nucleation site binding and subsequent polymerization. We propose a model in which H-NS initially engages with non-specific DNA via reasonably high affinity (∼60 nM KD) electrostatic interactions with basic residues in the linker domain. This initial contact enables H-NS to search along the DNA for specific nucleation sites that drive subsequent polymerization and gene silencing.


Axenfeld-Rieger ocular dysgenesis is associated with mutations of the human PITX2 and FOXC1 genes, which encode transcription factors of the homeodomain and forkhead types, respectively. We have identified a functional link between FOXC1 and PITX2 which we propose underpins the similar Axenfeld-Rieger phenotype caused by mutations of these genes. FOXC1 and PITX2A physically interact, and this interaction requires crucial functional domains on both proteins: the C-terminal activation domain of FOXC1 and the homeodomain of PITX2. Immunofluorescence further shows PITX2A and FOXC1 to be colocalized within a common nuclear subcompartment. Furthermore, PITX2A can function as a negative regulator of FOXC1 transactivity. This work ties both proteins into a common pathway and offers an explanation of why increased FOXC1 gene dosage produces a phenotype resembling that of PITX2 deletions and mutations. Ocular phenotypes arise despite the deregulated expression of FOXC1-target genes through mutations in FOXC1 or PITX2. Ultimately, PITX2 loss of function mutations have a compound effect: the reduced expression of PITX2-target genes coupled with the extensive activation of FOXC1-regulated targets. Our findings indicate that the functional interaction between FOXC1 and PITX2A underlies the sensitivity to FOXC1 gene dosage in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and related anterior segment dysgeneses.


The Japanese species of Asteiidae are revised. Six species of Asteia Meigen, 1830, are recorded here in addition to Astiosoma okinawae Sabrosky, 1957, hitherto recorded from Japan. Among them, Asteia gemina, A. longistylus, A. lunaris, and A. nigrigena are described as new to science. Asteia angustipennis Duda, 1934, and A. megalophthalma Duda, 1927, are recorded from Japan for the first time. There are conspicuous morphological differences in the male and female genitalia of the seven species of Asteia. It is suggested that Asteia angustipennis, A. concinna, and A. gemina are very closely related and may be reproductively isolated because of their body markings and male genitalia. These species are assigned to the concinna group of Asteia, newly designated in this study. A key to Japanese species and distribution maps are provided.


Doping remains as the most used technique to photosensitize ferroelectric oxides for solar cell
applications. However, optimizing these materials is still a challenge. First, many variables should
be considered, for instance dopant nature and concentration, synthesis method or temperature.
Second, all these variables should be connected with the microstructure of the solid solution and
its optoelectronic properties. Here, a computational high-throughput framework that combines
Boltzmann statistics with DFT calculations is presented as a solution to accelerate the optimization
of theses materials for solar cells applications. This approach has two main advantages: i) the
automatic and systematic exploration of the configurational space and ii) the connection between
the changes in the microstructure of the material and its electronic properties. One of the most
studied doped-ferroelectric systems, [KNbO3]1−x[BaNi1/2Nb1/2O3−δ]x, is used as a study case. Our
results not only agree with previous theoretical and experimental reports, but also explain the effect
of some of the variables to consider when this material is synthesized.


We discuss the first use of solid source diffusion (SSD) to form shallow, self-aligned SDEs in a novel device known as the Vertical Replacement-Gate (VRG) MOSFET. This is the only MOSFET ever built that combines 1) a gate length controlled precisely through a deposited film thickness, independently of lithography and etch, and 2) a high-quality gate oxide grown on a single-crystal Si channel. The use of SSD in this novel geometry allows us to transform the precise gate length control afforded by the VRG process into precise, lithography-independent channel length control. In the VRG-nMOS process, silicon nitride offset spacers separate the phosphosilicate glass (PSG) SSD dopant sources from the polysilicon gate. These offset spacers, whose critical dimensions are also controlled by film thicknesses, allow us to precisely tune the gate-source and gate-drain overlaps in order to optimize the capacitance/series resistance tradeoff. These parasitic overlap capacitances have precluded the high-frequency operation of many previous vertical MOSFETs. In this paper, we discuss the SIMS and sheet resistance characterization of shallow phosphorus junctions formed in one-dimensional SSD experiments. We will also discuss the scanning capacitance characterization of two-dimensional doping profiles of VRG-nMOSFETs with gate lengths down to 50 nm.


Objectives
To determine the association of biomedical and socio-environmental risk factors during pregnancy, early, and later childhood with cognitive (IQ), motor, social-emotional (SE), and executive function (EF) at age 3.5 and 9-12 y in Indonesia.

Methods
Children born to pregnant women enrolled in the Supplementation with Multiple Micronutrients Intervention Trial (SUMMIT) in 2001-2004 participated in follow-up studies at age 3.5 y in 2006 and 9-12 y in 2013. We assessed 359 children at both time points for outcomes of IQ, motor, SE and EF. We also assessed predictors of outcomes including biomedical risks (small for gestational age at birth: SGA; height-for-age z-score: HAZ; and child hemoglobin: Hb) and socio-environmental risks (HOME Inventory; maternal depression: MD). We calculated the residuals of earlier risks predicting the later scores, e.g., the residual of SGA at birth predicting HAZ at 3.5 y (rHAZ1), representing the deviation of HAZ at 3.5 y from the child's expected HAZ based on SGA. In Model 1, we entered SGA, representing in utero exposures. In Model 2, we added indicators at 3.5 y (rHAZ1, Hb, HOME, MD). In Model 3, we added indicators at 9-12 y (rHAZ2, rHb, rHOME, rMD) and the corresponding 3.5 y IQ, motor, SE, or EF scores.

Results
The coefficients for outcomes at early and later time points (Figure 1) show that SGA was not associated with any scores. Early (3.5 y) childhood rHAZ1 was associated with early IQ, motor, and EF, but was not independently associated with later (9-12 y) IQ, motor, or EF. Later childhood rHAZ2 was not associated with any scores. Early childhood HOME was independently associated with both early and later IQ, motor, and EF, while later childhood rHOME was not associated with any scores. Early Hb was not associated with any scores and later rHb was associated with motor scores only. MD during early childhood and rMD during later childhood were independently associated with later childhood SE.

Conclusions
These findings support the importance of early and continual intervention throughout childhood to support healthy growth and even more importantly maternal mental health and nurturing home environments. This is essential for longer-term IQ, motor, SE, and EF.

Funding Sources
Grand Challenges Canada, Allen & Turner Foundations, UNICEF, Centre for Health and Human Development, USAID-Indonesia, USDA NIFA #CA-D-NTR-2493-H.

Supporting Tables Images and/or Graphs


One of the major difficulties in evaluating private equity investments is developing data and meaningful tools that are like those that are commonly used in creating metrics for today's public stocks. Illiquidity and irregular distribution of cash flows initially create those difficulties. In this paper, we show how we can utilize the thoroughly analyzed public indexes and their performance data to create benchmarking platforms that attempt to mimic the investment strategies of mezzanine funds. While the replication is not perfect, we believe that our benchmark platform provides some early glimpses into analytics that should be further explored by anyone evaluating and investing in private equity with finite maturity horizons.


The explosion of "big data" applications imposes severe challenges of data processing speed and scalability on traditional computer systems. However, the performance of von Neumann machine is greatly hindered by the increasing performance gap between CPU and memory ("known as memory wall"), motivating the active research on new or alternative computing architecture. As one important instance, neuromorphic computing systems have gained considerable attentions. Neuromorphic computing systems refer to the computing architecture inspired by the working mechanism of human brains. The human neocortex system naturally possesses a massively parallel architecture with closely coupled memory and computing as well as the unique analog domain operations. By imitating such structure, neuromorphic computing system is anticipated to be superior to the conventional computer systems in image recognition and natural language understanding. Among all the possible solutions, cortical processor has gained significant attention. The cortical-like hierarchical model conducts data processing by using spatial and temporal evolution of the data representation to form relationships. The straightforward hardware realization of such massively parallel algorithms inspired by cortical models, however, commonly consumes a large volume of memory and computing resources, incurring high design complexity and hardware cost. Here, we suggest realizing the cortical processor by combining the flexibility of conventional architecture in computation and the efficiency of the emerging memristor technology. Computing accelerator is introduced to accelerate neuromorphic computations with ultra-low energy consumption. The computation and data exchange are carefully coordinated and supported by a hierarchical network-on-chip across digital and analog domains.


Introduction and objectives: The ventricular myocardium consists of a continuous muscular band. This anatomy would provide the interpretation for two fundamental aspects of left ventricular dynamics: the mechanism of left ventricular twist and rapid diastolic filling due to the suction effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the electrical activation of the endocardial and epicardial bands to understand ventricular twist and the mechanism of active suction during the diastolic isovolumic phase. Methods: Five patients underwent three-dimensional endoepicardial electro anatomic mapping during ablation of lone atrial fibrilation or concealed epicardial accessory pathways. Results: Three-dimensional endo-epicardial mapping demonstrates an electrical activation sequence in the area of the apex loop in agreement with the synchronic contraction of the descending and ascending band segments. The simultaneous and opposing radial activation of the ascending band segment, starting in the descending band segment, in the area in which both band segments intertwine, is consistent with the mechanism of ventricular twist. The late activation of the ascending band segment is consistent with its persistent contraction during the initial period of the isovolumic diastolic phase (the basis of the suction mechanism). Conclusion: This study could explain the process of ventricular twist during systole and the active diastolic suction.


We studied the nematic liquid crystal (NLC) alignment capability with a new alignment method utilizing an inkjet printed polyimide (PI) layer. A good, uniform LC alignment was achieved by the good PI printing using a new alignment method. The pretilt angle generated on the printed PI layer using the alignment method was almost the same as that on printed PI layer using rubbing alignment method. In addition, the good electro-optical performances of the new aligned twisted nematic (TN) cell with printed PI surface was obtained


G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface membrane proteins that recognize specific signals (ligands) from an immense number of chemically diverse substances. These receptors act as signal transducers for messages carried by external, systemic, or local stimuli. As complex molecular structures, which must attain specific shapes, newly synthesized GPCRs are subjected to conformational scrutiny at the endoplasmic reticulum level before their passage to the plasma membrane. Such a quality control mechanism guards against aberrant protein structures and checks for proper folding, processing and structural integrity of nascent proteins. Despite this stringent quality control screening mechanism, gain- or loss-of-function mutations that result in GPCR misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum can manifest themselves as profound effects on health. Understanding the molecular, cellular and energetic mechanisms controlling GPCR intracellular routing is essential for preventing or correcting the conformational abnormalities associated with disease-causing misfolded receptors. This article reviews the mechanisms subserving plasma membrane targeting of GPCRs and describes novel and promising approaches to correct misfolding and misrouting related to various disease states.


Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are clinically important in regenerative medicine as they are relatively easy to obtain, are characterized by low morbidity, and can differentiate into myogenic progenitor cells. Although studies have elucidated the principal markers, PAX7, Desmin, MyoD, and MHC, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. This motivates the application of computational methods to facilitate greater understanding of such processes. In the following, we present a multi-stage kinetic model comprising a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). We sought to model ASC differentiation using data from a static culture, where no strain is applied, and a dynamic culture, where 10% strain is applied. The coefficients of the equations have been modulated by those experimental data points. To correctly represent the trajectories, various switches and a feedback factor based on total cell number have been introduced to better represent the biology of ASC differentiation. Furthermore, the model has then been applied to predict ASC fate for strains different from those used in the experimental conditions and for times longer than the duration of the experiment. Analysis of the results reveals unique characteristics of ASC myogenesis under dynamic conditions of the applied strain.


The use of computer network technology to meet the needs of information quickly and diverse, resulting in the increasingly widespread and increasing complexity of a computer network. Therefore, we need a supporting facility to be able to supervise the network element that is by using Network Management System (NMS). The NMS model established by ISO includes 5 conceptual areas, there are Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance and Security Management (FCAPS). One area that will be implemented in this research is Fault Management. The mechanism that will be used for error management is by detecting the occurrence of errors and sending notifications via email when the error appears, then logging report and make a diagnosis and to further recommend the solution to the error. The type of error reported in this system is errors when there is a failure of connectivity on the network device, errors due to services that are not running and not in accordance with the request, errors when high RAM usage, CPU load increases and the use of hard drives which started full. From the research results obtained, built NMS can send error notification and give solution recommendation via email to the network admin so if there is a network error, Fault Management activities can be done as early as possible so that the problem does not result in the deterioration of network quality. Kata kunci -- Network Management ; NMS; Fault Management ; SNMP; System Information


BACKGROUND
Laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy is increasingly being performed, although the effects of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum (CO2 PP) on renal function and hemodynamics and the levels of vasopressin are not well studied.

METHODS
Renal blood flow, renal venous pressure, urine output, and vasopressin concentrations in renal venous blood were measured in pigs subjected to 12 mmHg of CO2 PP for 150 min.

RESULTS
Renal blood flow was decreased at induction of PP and increased during the first 30 min after exsufflation. Renal venous pressure was increased during PP. There was indirect evidence of a decrease in urine output during PP. No changes in renal venous vasopressin concentrations were seen.

CONCLUSION
A CO2 PP of 12 mmHg causes changes in renal hemodynamics and urine output. No changes in vasopressin levels were seen in this pig model, suggesting that other explanations for the observed changes must be sought.


On 'On the frequency of Friday the thirteenth': Henry Ricardo writes: In the May 1933 issue of the American Mathematical Monthly, B. H. Brown posed the problem (E 36) of showing that the thirteenth of the month is more likely to be Friday than any other day of the week. In his eleven-line featured solution (December, 1933), Raphael Robinson showed that in a 400 year period, the thirteenth of the month occurs 4800 times, distributed as follows:


Fluorinated benzaldehydes and diphenyl ketones were synthesized via halogen-exchange fluorination in less polar aprotic solvents in the presence of phase transfer catalyst, with or without the irradiation of microwave. The products were easily obtained with significantly enhanced yield and selectivity with microwave irradiation when compared with conventional heating. The yield of products was in the range of 52.0%~94.2%, and the reaction time can be shortened by more than 90% at most in comparison with common heating. In addition, special microwave effect is obvious when reaction was carried in medium polar aprotic solvents. Therefore, more aprotic solvents can be used in halogen-exchange fluorination under the irradiation of microwave.


Of particular interest is the sol-gel transition, in which a viscous fluid (the sol) transforms into an elastic disordered solid (the gel) by creating in the liquid phase a macroscopic structure capable of bearing stresses. This article first presents the theoretical approaches to the gelation transition, reviews scaling predictions and numerical models that people use to simulate this transition, and finally presents in some detail the numerical results obtained with the BF model. Comparing various numerical studies gives interesting insights into the transition's viscoelastic and dynamic properties.


Graphite, especially, high quality graphite can be used in many industrial applications including metallurgy, batteries, fuel cells, and refractories. In 2011, Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment issued a mineral exploration license to explore Bao Ha graphite deposit, Bao Yen district, Lao Cai Province. The studied samples were taken from 3 drill holes of the Bao Ha largest ore body. Different methods including light microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and carbon and sulfur analyzer were performed to identify its lithological and mineralogical characteristics as well as graphite quality, then propose a wise use of the resource. The Bao Ha graphite is characterized as disseminated flake graphite in massive form, which developed in the sillimanite schist and quartz-biotite schist of the Ngoi Chi formation. Graphite flakes occur as distorted clusters of flaky plates/flakes within 50÷500 mm, which is the medium size in comparison with the general grain size of graphite flake. Graphite particle makes up 33÷43% by volume and graphitic content (Cg) makes up 10.0÷11.7 wt.%. Impurities include mainly quartz, biotite, and feldspar (combining of K-feldspar and anorthite, the primary ore) or kaolinite (the weathered ore). This graphite ore should be refined to reach an ore concentration of at least 90% Cg for domestic industries of metallurgy, batteries, thermal materials, and refractories as well as for exports. References Asbury Carbons, 2015. Natural graphite - Introduction to natural graphite. http://asbury.com/technical-presentations-papers/materials-in-depth/natural-graphite/(Accessed on April 26, 2015). Bergmann J., Friedel P., Kleeberg R., 1998. BGMN - a new fundamental parameters based Rietveld program for laboratory X-ray sources, its use in quantitative analysis and structure investigations. CPD Newsletter 20, 5-8. Bien Xuan Thanh (Editor), 2014. Exploration of graphite deposit in Bao Ha area, Bao Ha community, Bao Yen district, Lao Cai province. Report. Song Da Lao Cai Mining Joint Stock Company. Cameron E., 1960. Graphite: Industrial Minerals and Rocks. Seeley W. Mudd Series, AIME (Chapter 20). European Commission, 2010. Report lists 14 critical mineral raw materials. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-10-263_en.htm?locale=en. (Accessed on April 26, 2015). Garnier V., Giuliani G., Ohnenstetter D., Fallick A.E., Dubessy J., Banks D., Vinh H.Q., Lhomme T., Maluski H., Pecher A., Bakhsh K.A., Long P.V., Trinh, P.T., Schwarz D., 2008. Marble-hosted ruby deposits from Central and Southeast Asia: Towards a new genetic model. Ore Geology Reviews, 34, 169-191. Hoang Thai Son (Editor), 1997. Geological and Mineral Resources Map of Vietnam at 1:50,000 scale, sheets Doan Hung - Yen Binh. General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam. Hoang Thai Son, Pham Ngoc Thach, Nguyen The Trung, Chu Hong Phong, Nguyen Ngoc Dung, Pham Xuan Doanh, 2000. Disscussion about metamorphism facies of Song Hong Series. Proceedings. General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam. Industrial Minerals, 2011. Supply Situation Report: Graphite demand soars above precrisis levels. http://www.indmin.com/Print.aspx?ArticleId=2797590 (Accessed on April 04, 2011). Industrial Minerals, 2012. The Natural Graphite Report 2012-Data, analysis and forecast for the next five years. http://www.indmin.com/downloads/reports/graphite2012.pdf. Kleeberg R., Ufer K., Bergmann, 2005. The Quantification of Disordered Clay Minerals by the Rietveld Method - Some Practical Aspects. Presentation at the 42 nd Annual Meeting of the Clay Minerals Society, June 11-15, 2005, Burlington/Vermont. Lu X. and Forssberg E., 2001. Flotation selectivity and upgrading of Woxna fine graphite concentrate. Mineral Engineering, 14(l l), 1541-1543. Lu X. and Forssberg E., 2002. Preparation of high-purity and low-sulphur graphite from Woxna fine graphite concentrate by alkali roasting. Minerals Engineering. 15(10), 755-757. Luu Huu Hung (Editor), 2001. Evaluation on graphite of Bao Ha area, Bao Yen, Lao Cai. Report. General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam. Ministry of Industry and Trade, 2016. Circular - amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Minister of Industry and Trade's circular no. 41/2012/TT-BCT of December 21, 2012, providing the export of minerals (July 05, 2016). https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Xuat-nhap-khau/Thong-tu-12-2016-TT-BCT-sua-doi-41-2012-TT-BCT-xuat-khau-khoang-san-316914.aspx Mitchell C.J., 1993. Industrial Minerals Laboratory Manual - Flake Graphite. Technical Report. British Geological Survey. Nguyen Vinh, Phan Truong Thi, 1973. Distribution of contact and dynamic metamorphic rocks in Yen Bai - Nghia Lo area. Journal of Sciences and Techniques of Mining and Geology (ISSN: 1859-1469), 22, 1-13. Hanoi University of Mining and Geology. Northern Graphite Corporation, 2015. Bissett Creek Project. Accessed on April 30, 2015. Persistence Market Research, 2015. Global market study on graphite: Battery segment to witness highest growth by 2020. http://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/market-research/graphite-market.asp. Pham Van Long, Hoang Quang Vinh, Garnier V., Giuliani G., Ohnenstetter D., Lhomme T., Schwarz D., Fallick A., Dubessy J., Phan Trong Trinh, 2004. Gem corundum deposits in Vietnam. Journal of Gemmology, 29(3), 129-147. Pierson H.O., 1993. Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond and fullerenes - Properties, Processing and Applications. Noyes Publications. Plumbago Co., 2013. What is graphite. http://www.plumbagographite.com/graphite-story/what-is-graphite. (Accessed on April 26, 2015). Rodas M., Luque F.J., Barrenechea J.F., Fernandez-Caliani J.C., Miras A., Fernandez Rodriguez C., 2000. Graphite occurrences in the Low-Pressure/High-Temperature metamorphic belt of the Sierra de Aracena (Southern Iberian Massif). Mineralogical Magazine, 64, 801-814. Simandl G.J., Paradis S., Valiquette G., Jacob H.L., 1995. Crystalline graphite deposits, classification and economic potential. Proceedings of 28 th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, Marinsburg, West Virginia, May 3-8, 1992, 168-174. Simandl G.J., Paradis S., Akam C., 2015. Graphite deposit types, their origin, and economic significance. In: Simandl G.J. and Neetz M., (Eds.), Symposium on Strategic and Critical Materials Proceedings, November 13-14, 2015, Victoria, British Columbia, British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, British Columbia Geological Survey Paper 2015-3, 163-171. Tran Thi Hien, Vu Tan Co, Chu Van Hoan, Vu Van Ha, Bui Van Ngu, Nguyen Duc Minh, Nguyen Bao Linh, Tran Duc Dung, 2008. Study about mineral processing technology for graphite ore from Nam Thi mine - Lao Cai province. Report. National Institute of Mining - Metallurgy Science and Technology, Vietnam. Tran Van Tri, Vu Khuc (Editors), 2001. Geology and Earth Resources of Vietnam. General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam. Publishing House for Science and Technology, 645p. Tran Xuyen (Editor), 1988. Geological and Mineral Resources Map of Vietnam at 1:200,000 scale, sheets Bac Quang - Ma Quan. Map explanation. General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam. U.S Geological Survey, 2007 . 2007 Minerals Yearbook - Graphite . U.S Geological Survey, 10. U.S Geological Survey, 2012 . Mineral commodity summaries 2012. U.S Geological Survey, 68-69. U.S Geological Survey, 2017 . Mineral commodity summaries 2017. U.S Geological Survey, 74-75. Ufer K., Stanjek H., Roth G., Dohrmann R., Kleeberg R., Kaufhold S., 2008. Quantitative phase analysis of bentonites by the Rietveld method. 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Brewster angle damping and local multipath effects are considered as sources of polarization differences in low grazing angle sea scatter characteristics. The authors show that at least five observed polarization differences can be explained by local multipath interference effects that occur due to the illumination of discrete nonlinear ocean surface features, such as bores and small scale breaking waves. The illumination gain factor (IGF) is defined at a point in space, as the total power at that point relative to the power in the incident plane wave. The IGF resulting from local multipath from the sea surface forward of a discrete scatterer produces strong interference patterns that can vary both with grazing angle and scatterer height. As a result, IGF values up to a factor of 16 (12 dB) can occur for horizontal polarization (HH) when the interference is constructive; a corresponding strong cancellation occurs for destructive interference. These extreme variations can cause strong HH NRCS amplitude modulations due either to a change of local wave slope or a change of scatterer shape with time. However, Brewster angle damping of the forward scatter path for grazing angles below 20/spl deg/ occurs for vertical (VV) polarization, and reduces the VV IGF in magnitude and dynamic range, eliminating such strong modulations. This effect scales with radar wavelength, and higher wave features are required to produce equivalent effects for radar frequencies far below 10 GHz. As an illustration, six radar bands are compared: L (1.4 GHz), S (3.5 GHz), C (5 GHz), X (10 GHz), K/sub u/ (15 GHz), and K/sub a/ (35 GHz), for a sea water dielectric. X-band results indicate that 12-dB IGFs can occur for water surface features just a centimeter above the mean surface. As an application of these results, the influence of these HH and VV IGF patterns is modeled for discrete scatterers distributed uniformly along an ocean gravity wave. The dynamic range of the HH IGF for a distribution of bore scatterers up to 5 cm high is found to he significantly larger than for VV at all locations on the long wave. Moreover, the IGF HHVV polarization ratio forward of the crest, where the largest number of small scale breaking wave scatterers occurs, is larger than at all other regions of the long wave, of the order of 20 dB. These results suggest that HH polarization may be sensitive to small scale breaking features on the ocean surface at low grazing angles, and thus may be a sensitive measure of air-sea fluxes.