From May 1998 to December 2000, Eritrea and Ethiopia engaged in an armed conflict that cost the lives of thousands of individuals, injured thousands more, and displaced tens of thousands of men, women, and children from their homes. In December 2000, the two sides concluded a comprehensive agreement that ended the war. Among other things, the agreement established the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission. Consisting of five arbitrators, the Commission's mandate was to "decide through binding arbitration all claims for loss, damage or injury by one Government against the other" that were "related to the conflict" and that "resulted from violations of international humanitarian law, including the 1949 Geneva Conventions, or other violations of international law." The two countries filed claims with the Commission in December 2001 and from that time until August 2009, the Commission issued seventeen arbitral awards and eight decisions, covering a broad array of claims, including inhumane treatment of prisoners of war and civilian internees, abuse of enemy aliens in a belligerent's territory or in occupied territory, wrongful seizure of the enemy's public or private property, indiscriminate battlefield conduct or aerial bombing, harassment of diplomats and seizure of diplomatic property, and many other matters. The book LITIGATING WAR: MASS CIVIL INJURY AND THE ERITREA-ETHIOPIA CLAIMS COMMISSION seeks to integrate in discrete chapters the Commission's findings on key topics, with each chapter organized into sub-sections that deal with the principal elements of that topic. The guiding emphasis is not on who-filed-what claim but is instead on what kinds of violations were addressed by the Commission, what kinds of evidence were relevant in establishing or defending against such violations, what legal conclusions emerged in addressing those violations, and what levels of compensation were deemed appropriate when a violation was found.The dominant area of international law upon which claims before the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission were based was the jus in bello, or the law operating as between two belligerents after an armed conflict has arisen. One type of claim filed before the Commission, however, was quite different, in that it concerned an alleged violation of the jus ad bellum, or the law on when a state may resort to a use of military force against another state. As one of the most important norms for the international legal system, the Commission's treatment of the jus ad bellum claim is of particular interest, and is addressed in the book's Chapter IV on "Initiation of War."


Nafion, as a state-of-the-art solid electrolyte for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), suffers from drastic decline in proton conductivity with decreasing humidity, which significantly restricts the efficient and stable operation of the fuel cell system. In this study, the proton conductivity of Nafion at low relative humidity (RH) was remarkably enhanced by incorporating multifunctional graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets as multifunctional fillers. Through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of sulfopropyl methacrylate (SPM) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, the copolymer-grafted GO was synthesized and incorporated into the Nafion matrix, generating efficient paths at the Nafion-GO interface for proton conduction. The Lewis basic oxygen atoms of ethylene oxide (EO) units and sulfonated acid groups of SPM monomers served as additional proton binding and release sites to facilitate the proton hopping through the membrane. Meanwhile, the hygroscopic EO units enhanced the water retention property of the composite membrane, conferring a dramatic increase in proton conductivity under low humidity. With 1 wt % filler loading, the composite membrane displayed the highest proton conductivity of 2.98 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 80 °C and 40% RH, which was 10 times higher than that of recast Nafion. Meanwhile, the Nafion composite exhibited a 135.5% increase in peak power density at 60 °C and 50% RH, indicating its great application potential in PEMFCs.


For several years now, the number of Japanese companies which publish environmental reports has been increasing. In compiling environmental reports, most people refer to the Environmental Reporting Guidelines (Ministry of the Environment, 2001a, 2001b) issued by the Ministry of the Environment. As indicated in the Guidelines, as basic principles of these reports, relevance, reliability, clarity, comparability, verifiability, and timeliness are indispensable. When dealing with numerical data about environmental impact in particular, comparability is very important. In comparing numerical data, there are three cases: (1) a company's past performance is compared with its present performance; (2) numerical data are compared between companies in an industry; (3) numerical data are compared between different industries. In this study we focus on the automobile, beer brewery and chemical industries and consider comparisons between companies mainly in an industry. The goal of this study is to analyze, from the point of view of the comparability of environmental reports among companies, to what extent numerical data recorded in environmental reports are comparable under present circumstances, what issues should be discussed, and what conditions are required, in order to increase the comparability of numerical data. It is believed that such analysis will provide useful suggestions when the MOE's Environmental Reporting Guidelines are revised in future. In structure, the present study first states background and goals and reviews previous comparability studies. Next, major companies and various parameters for an analysis of comparability are extracted, and mention is made of the "significant components" as suggested in the Environmental Reporting Guidelines relating to the analysis parameters used in the present study. We then compare and analyze the contents recorded in the environmental reports by companies in three industries: automobile, beer brewery and chemicals. Most of the corporate environmental reports which formed the object of the present study were published in 2000, although reports issued in 2001 were also touched upon in our comparative analysis. Finally, paying attention to similarities and differences among the three industries, we made observations and drew a conclusion, and made recommendations for the Environmental Reporting Guidelines.


This paper is a personal case study of the choreographic process, a subjective investigation of the creative process and the work produced. In addition, an attempt is made to relate the creative work of choreography to qualitative research, likening the art's struggle for acceptance within the academic system to effort by researchers to legitimize interpretive and to other more qualitative modes of inquiry. In this effort, the author explores such issues as the essence of knowledge, the purpose of art, and how the two relate.


This chapter explores the tensions and overlaps between the literature on policy instruments and that on market devices to show that despite their differences they share a concern with the politics and regulation of markets. While the instruments literature has followed a tight or parsimonious analytical approach the devices literature has adopted a radically inclusive approach to defining the relevant objects of analysis. This opens up questions about the manageability of analysing such extended and encompassing devices. Allied to this are questions about how individuals and their dispositions are accommodated in devices as this capacity is crucial to effective regulation and policy design.


Problems of social choice frequently take the following form. There are n voters and a set K = (1,2,...,k) of objects. The voters must choose a subset of K. We define a class of voting schemes called voting by committees. The main result of the paper is a characterization of voting by committees, which is the class of all voting schemes that satisfy voter sovereignty and non-manipulability on the domain of separable preferences. This result is analogous to the literature on the Groves and Clarke scheme in that it characterizes all of the non-manipulable voting schemes on an important domain.


UNLABELLED
Vitamin D deficiency is endemic in the general population; however, there is much to be learned about the vitamin D status of athletes.

PURPOSE
the purposes of this study were to assess the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in collegiate athletes and to determine whether 25(OH)D concentrations are related to vitamin D intake, sun exposure, body composition, and risk for illness or athletic injury.

METHODS
25(OH) vitamin D concentrations were measured in 41 athletes (18 men/23 women, 12 indoor/29 outdoor athletes) throughout the academic year. Dietary intake and lifestyle habits were assessed via questionnaire, bone density was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and injury and illness were documented as part of routine care.

RESULTS
the 25(OH)D concentrations changed across time (P = 0.001) and averaged 49.0 ± 16.6, 30.5 ± 9.4, and 41.9 ± 14.6 ng·mL (mean ± SD) in the fall, winter, and spring, respectively, and were higher in outdoor versus indoor athletes in the fall (P < 0.05). Using 40 ng·mL as the cutoff for optimal status, 75.6%, 15.2%, and 36.0% of athletes had optimal status in the fall, winter, and spring, respectively. 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with multivitamin intake in the winter (r = 0.39) and tanning bed use in the spring (r = 0.48); however, status was otherwise not related to intake, lifestyle factors, or body composition. 25(OH)D concentrations in the spring (r = -0.40, P = 0.048) was correlated with frequency of illness.

CONCLUSIONS
our results suggest that collegiate athletes can maintain sufficient status during the fall and spring but would benefit from supplementation during the winter to prevent seasonal decreases in 25(OH)D concentrations. Results further suggest that insufficient vitamin D status may increase risk for frequent illness. Future research is needed to identify whether vitamin D status influences injury risk during athletic training or competition.


Much popular thinking in the business world is shaped by delusions—fundamental errors of judgment that distort our understanding about company performance. One of the most important delusions is the halo effect, which is the tendency to attribute many positive features to successful companies, and to make the opposite attributions when companies falter. The halo effect, in turn, contaminates the data used in many largescale studies of company performance, including some of the most popular studies of recent years. The result is a misplaced belief that companies can follow formulas to achieve high performance, when in fact performance is better understood as relative, not absolute. To achieve high performance, companies must do more than follow formulas—they must differentiate themselves from rivals by making choices under conditions of uncertainty.


"A simplified analysis is made of mass transfer cooling - that is, injection of a foreign gas - near the stagnation point for two-dimensional and axisymmetric bodies. The reduction in heat transfer is given in terms of the properties of the coolant gas and it is shown that the heat transfer may be reduced considerably by the introduction of a gas having appropriate thermal and diffusive properties. The mechanism by which heat transfer is reduced is discussed" (p. 1).


Background: The behaviour of muscle oxygenation and ventilation remains uncharacterised during the 6-minute walking test (6MWT) in healthy adults. Aims: Characterise muscle oxygenation and ventilatory variables throughout a 6MWT in young healthy adults; analyse the relationship between muscle and ventilatory variables and explore whether changes in muscle variables are related to relative exercise intensity during the 6MWT. Methods: 15 young adults took part. Exercise capacity was evaluated with the 6MWT. The vastus lateralis (VL) was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy (Portamon-Artinis), and the gas exchange using the Oxycon Mobile (Carefusion) before, during and throughout the 6MWT. Results: Muscle variables decreased, while ventilatory variables increased during the 6MWT . Tissue saturation index and deoxihaemoglobin showed a stronger inter-subject association with ventilatory variables and heart rate (r = -0.93 to 0.81) than oxyhaemoglobin and VL blood flow (r = 0.02 to 0.28). Relative exercise intensity (percentage of the predicted maximal heart rate) exhibited a weak relationship with muscular variables (r= 0.19 to 0.40).
 Conclusions: Walking increased ventilation and decreased VL blood flow. There was a strong negative association between muscle and ventilatory variables. The relative intensity of walking did not influence to the magnitude of changes in muscle variables.


To create a safe bicycle infrastructure system, this article develops an intelligent embedded learning system using a combination of deep neural networks. The learning system is used as a case study in the Northumbria region in England's northeast. It is made up of three components: (a) input data unit, (b) knowledge processing unit, and (c) output unit. It is demonstrated that various infrastructure characteristics influence bikers' safe interactions, which is used to estimate the riskiest age and gender rider groups. Two accurate prediction models are built, with a male accuracy of 88 per cent and a female accuracy of 95 per cent. The findings concluded that different infrastructures pose varying levels of risk to users of different ages and genders. Certain aspects of the infrastructure are hazardous to all bikers. However, the cyclist's characteristics determine the level of risk that any infrastructure feature presents. Following validation, the built learning system is interoperable under various scenarios, including current heterogeneous and future semi-autonomous and autonomous transportation systems. The results contribute towards understanding the risk variation of various infrastructure types. The study's findings will help to improve safety and lead to the construction of a sustainable integrated cycling transportation system.


The objective of this research is to present a Multi-agent-based middleware that provides semantically-enabled information for SmES knowledge workers.
Market currently offers several instruments for enabling knowledge management such as database management systems, data warehouse, intranet and extranet knowledge portals. However, these technological solutions do not take into account that knowledge management practices in small and medium companies are more congruous with apprenticeship-based learning rather than the formal training typical of big companies.
This software is based on the European project E! 9770 PrEmISES and it helps small and medium enterprises to better exploit their information spaces.
One central piece is the ontology component. In our days, ontologies are playing an important role. Many computer science domains, including software engineering, online learning, education and knowledge extraction are using ontologies in order to organize and share information in a semantic way.
 PrEmISES was the capability to couple with the existing data systems that are used by small and medium companies and in this way, to enhance them with a semantic layer/engine. The engine is used to find organizational documents within companies and make the searches more accurate by the use of ontologies.
Premises is an improved software with educational purposes, based on the ubiquitous learning paradigm, that uses ontologies in order to find and organize relevant organizational documents, based on the employees work profile. In this way, employees can benefit of a fast-educational process (i.e. online learning) based on their individual work profiles
The engine is semantically enriched, meaning that it is searching for the specified words/query plus for semantically related concepts.
 In this paper we present PrEmISES architecture. We will present the main components and the main steps that were followed in order to develop the ontologies that were used for the ontology component.


Among superconducting fault-current limiters (FCLs), the inductive type has some distinctive merits such as large design flexibility due to the turn ratio, isolation between a current-limiting device and a power transmission line, and low heat losses. This paper highlights the future perspective for an inductive-type superconducting fault-current limiter (LSFCL) by using an autotransformer (AT) in closed- and open-core schemes. These are considered technically feasible and economically viable alternative for the LSFCL in terms of compactness, efficient limitation, and lower alternating-current losses, which prove to be a construction cost-effective means of fault-current management. In the hybrid scheme, a diode-bridge-type SFCL is integrated with an AT-based LSFCL. The above is accomplished by advanced numerical techniques and, hence, simulation studies in a sample distribution system to realize the significant efficiency improvement of the superconductor-based technology.


Palliative medicine entails a holistic approach to patient care. Spirituality is an important component and should be explored with terminally ill patients. Studies have demonstrated a link between increased spiritual well being and a decrease in physical symptoms and psychological distress in terminal care. An audit was undertaken to evaluate whether patient's spirituality was being assessed on admission to the inpatient unit at an adult hospice. The standard set for this audit was 80% and applied to both genders. The method employed was a retrospective cohort audit of 30 patients, using their admission pro formas. The quantitative data was collected assessed by whether the spirituality section in the admission pro forma had been filled in, and gender. From the data collected the results showed an average of 73.30% (n=22) of patients having a documented conversation about their spirituality and needs on the admission form. Further analysis highlighted that, when compared with the average, the percentage of female admissions that considered their spirituality rose to 89.47% (n=17). However for the men the results fell to 45.45% (n=5). The standard set in this audit was, on average, not achieved by the hospice. It is recognised that due to the limitation of a single cohort it restricted the opportunity for equal gender population samples. The lower results for the male gender could be attributed to gender specific barriers to discussing spirituality and may be a training issue for the team members. Therefore the main recommendations of this audit were for further education for all members of the healthcare team. NICE guidelines advocate the use of the 'Marie Curie's competency levels for Spiritual care' as an educational framework. In addition a spiritual assessment tool, Faith Active Coping Treatment plan (FACT), has been identified that may be very useful in directing these conversations.


The authors analyze the contribution of the Scientific Society of Dermatologists and Venereologists to continuous education of physicians: discussion of pressing problems in clinical dermatology and venereology, organization of infectious diseases control, analysis of the research carried out by the Society's members. Special attention is paid to philosophic problems in biology and medicine. A positive effect of field sessions of the Society in the major towns of the region is emphasized; such sessions promote a wider acquaintance of the local physicians with the newest trends in this field.


Spheroplasts are formed 15 min after the addition of penicillin. Swellings appear at the end or in the middle of the cell. Buds were found on the surface of the spheroplasts. As was found by scanning electron microscopy, the surface of the spheroplasts is folded and, during later stages, wrinkled. "Expulsion" of mesosomes into the periplasmic space was found, as well as separation of vesicles, formed by the outer and cytoplasmic membranes, from the cell surface. The two fracture faces of the outer membrane are uncomplementary; the convex fracture face is mainly smooth but contains occasional dents of the rod-like shape while the concave face does not contain them. The outer (true) surface of the cell wall is smooth. The similarity and differences between the protoplasts, spheroplasts and L forms are discussed . The protoplasts and spheroplasts may divide, grow and multiply under definite conditions of cultivation, like the L forms do, but they do not possess the well developed intracytoplasmic membrane system typical of the L forms.


Abstract Audiovisual texts rely on their polysemiotic nature to create audiovisual narrative. For audiences who do not have access to any one of the semiotic codes, the very essence of the narrative is compromised. The nature of these texts has changed to such an extent that they have to be re-narrativised. Within that part of the field of audiovisual translation (AVT) that aims at providing access to audiovisual texts to viewers excluded from the visual codes, audio narration (AN) is discussed as a mode that seeks to provide access through an integrated, independent narrative. This mode is suggested as an alternative to the established mode of audio description (AD), both modes being found on a descriptive–narrative continuum. The article begins by investigating the problems posed to AN by the iconicity of narrative film. It is then shown how focalisation in film manifests in a number of filmic markers that have to be substituted by linguistic markers derived from written narrative in an audio narration that is integrated with the remaining iconic codes of the soundtrack. Finally, the argument is illustrated by means of a discussion of the opening sequences of Everything is illuminated (Liev Schreiber, 2005).


Traditional perception of how tall grass prairie responds to fire at times other than late spring is either anecdotal or extrapolated from studies that lack spatial or temporal variability. Therefore, we evaluated patterns of change in vegetation cover, species richness, diversity, and aboveground biomass production on 2 different topographic positions from ungrazed watersheds that were burned annually for 8 years in either autumn (November), winter (February), or spring (April). Topoedaphic factors influenced the response patterns of some species to seasonal fire, although differences were primarily in the rate of change. Annual burning in autumn and winter produced similar trends through time for most species. Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) cover increased with all burn regimes, whereas indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] increased only with spring burning. Repeated autumn and winter burning eventually increased perennial forb cover, with the largest increases occurring in heath aster [Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) Nesom], aromatic aster [S. oblognifolium (Nutt.) Nesom], tall goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.), and legumes. Species richness increased (P < 0.001) through time with spring and winter burning, but was similar among all burn treatments after 8 years of annual fire. Average grass and forb biomass did not differ among burn seasons on either topographic position, although interannual biomass production fluctuated inconsistently with time of burn. Our findings contrast with many of the conventional views of how tallgrass prairie vegetation responds to seasonal fire and challenges traditional recommendations that burning should only occur in late spring.


A 23-year-old male patient developed aplastic anemia and was treated with cyclosporin A and rhG-CSF. Bone marrow biopsy showed an improvement in cellularity with a recovery of all hematopoietic precursors after nine weeks of therapy. WBC increased after two weeks of treatment, mostly due to an increase in the absolute granulocyte cell count. Hb, RBC, Plts and reticulocytes showed an increase six weeks after the beginning of therapy. Of the serum cytokines, EPO levels progressively decreased, while sTfR increased in peripheral blood. A reverse correlation between blood neutrophil count and serum levels of G-CSF was observed, indicating an increased clearance of G-CSF. Finally, sIL-2R showed a rapid increase in the first week of treatment and prior to the increase in PMN cells. Thus, the use of cyclosporin A and rhG-CSF in our patient induced a complete recovery of hemopoiesis, and this may be explained by a synergic effect induced by the capacity of cyclosporin A to remove inhibitory factors and the stimulatory activity of rhG-CSF.


The Beckerdite local biota, Clark County, Kansas, is the first Miocene fossil locality to be described from southwestern Kansas. This study was undertaken to get an overview of this site, because of the lack of Miocene paleontological data from this area, and the site's central location between classic Miocene sites in northwestern Kansas and the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma. Basic surveying techniques were employed while excavating the site, including: horizontal and vertical control points used in conjunction with a grid system that can be expanded in any direction as needed; and setting of semi-permanent monuments so that the grid system can be easily re-established in any future excavation. The fossils were collected from fluvial sediments of the Ogallala Group. The biota consist of at least 5 plant, 4 invertebrate, and 17 vertebrate taxa, including the first report of a crocodilian from the Miocene of Kansas. Based on the presence of Osteoborus and Megatylopus the biostratigraphic age of the biota is Hemphillian; the presence of Epicyon, Nimravides, and Procamelus indicate an early Hemphillian age. The biota is roughly contemporaneous with these faunas in Kansas: Swayze Quarry, Clark County; Bemis local fauna, Ellis County; Minium Quarry local biota, Graham County; and the Long Island local fauna, Phillips County. In an attempt to understand the depositional environment of the site, a sieve analysis of the sediment was made on one representative sample from the site. The results (mean grain size = 2.26 phi, median grain size = 2.13 phi, skewness = 0.17, and standard deviation 1.19) suggest that this sample was deposited in a fluvial system. Taphonomic evidence would suggest that the vertebrate remains were weathered on the surface before burial, and subsequently reworked and winnowed by the fluvial system. This evidence includes exfoliation cracks, the type of bones recovered, and stream-rounded edges on many of the elements. In contrast, the plants and invertebrate remains do not show extensive transport. The organisms in the Beckerdite local biota indicate that the area around the site of deposition was a savanna parkland with a mosaic of grasslands, trees, and shrubs. Based on the presence of the large reptiles (Geochelone and crocodilian) the climate was temperate, rarely exceeding 38[degrees] C or dropping below 0[degrees] C.


One of the most controversial clinical issues in optometry is the use of "routine" pupillary dilation. Many optometrists are still reluctant to employ routine dilation because of concerns regarding patient inconvenience, angle-closure glaucoma, or systemic side effects. Dapiprazole, a new alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, is now available to reverse the effects of tropicamide- or phenylephrine-induced mydriasis. This article discusses the advantages, clinical uses, limitations, and legal aspects of this mydriatic antagonist in optometric practice.


The paper presents a fully new chassis of a high efficiency vehicle for the Shell Eco-marathon competition. The chassis is realized by a sandwich structure with an expanded polypropylene (EPP) core and carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) external skins. The chassis is connected to the body to realize a safe and stiff structure.
 Numerical analyses have been performed to assess the stiffness, safety and dynamic eigenfrequencies of the chassis. A Finite Element model of the entire chassis and body was developed. The manufacturing process of the entire chassis and body is described in the paper and some data obtained during on-track tests of the vehicle are presented.
 The vehicle reached the 4th place at the 2019 edition of the Shell Eco-marathon competition, with an equivalent energy consumption of 184 km/kWh.


The central role that Islam plays in the lives of adherent Muslims throughout the world calls for more spiritually oriented methods of approaching psychological treatment with this group. This article explores the psychology of Islam with respect to human behavior, pathology, health, and spirituality. A general therapeutic framework of psychological intervention within an Islamic context is offered. Within the model, practical interventions are suggested that are consistent with the Islamic views of the varying elements of the human being. There is also a discussion of culture, assessment, and rapport-building considerations unique to the treatment of Muslim populations. This model is offered as a framework to be considered by clinicians working with Muslims.


Adequate initial configurations for molecular dynamics simulations consist of arrangements of molecules distributed in space in such a way to approximately represent the system's overall structure. In order that the simulations are not disrupted by large van der Waals repulsive interactions, atoms from different molecules must keep safe pairwise distances. Obtaining such a molecular arrangement can be considered a packing problem: Each type molecule must satisfy spatial constraints related to the geometry of the system, and the distance between atoms of different molecules must be greater than some specified tolerance. We have developed a code able to pack millions of atoms, grouped in arbitrarily complex molecules, inside a variety of three‐dimensional regions. The regions may be intersections of spheres, ellipses, cylinders, planes, or boxes. The user must provide only the structure of one molecule of each type and the geometrical constraints that each type of molecule must satisfy. Building complex mixtures, interfaces, solvating biomolecules in water, other solvents, or mixtures of solvents, is straightforward. In addition, different atoms belonging to the same molecule may also be restricted to different spatial regions, in such a way that more ordered molecular arrangements can be built, as micelles, lipid double‐layers, etc. The packing time for state‐of‐the‐art molecular dynamics systems varies from a few seconds to a few minutes in a personal computer. The input files are simple and currently compatible with PDB, Tinker, Molden, or Moldy coordinate files. The package is distributed as free software and can be downloaded from http://www.ime.unicamp.br/∼martinez/packmol/. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009


British Children's Literature has a long and distinguished history. In fact it could be argued that in the late seventeenth and increasingly in the eighteenth century, Britain took the lead in developing a new kind of literature especially designed for children. The Puritans were the first to recognise the potential for material specifically targeted at children as a means of reforming the personal piety of all individuals, including children. As a result, educational, instructional and religious books for children began to appear followed later by books retelling myths, legends and oral tales and later again books intended to entertain and engage children at all stages of their development. Included as part of British Children's Literature was the work of Scottish authors. Indeed writers such as Sir Walter Scott, George MacDonald and J.M Barrie produced works that have since become Children's Literature classics and they themselves had significant influence on diverse children's authors including writers such as Lewis Carroll and C.S.Lewis. Though the work of Scottish authors was included in British Children's Literature, it was not recognised specifically for its distinctively Scottish elements. In fact, increasingly from the nineteenth century, it began to be labelled as 'English' Children's Literature even though it meant 'British'.

Scotland had been a separate nation until the Act of Union in 1707. After that, even as a 'stateless nation', Scotland retained its own education system, its own legal system and its own national church. Scottish Literature continued to flourish during this period making use of English and Scots language, as well as Gaelic, to produce an illustrious and influential literature of world renown. As Roderick Watson has observed, "the main 'state' left to a 'stateless nation' may well be its state of mind, and in that territory it is literature that maps the land." (Watson, 1995: xxxi) Since devolution in 1997, Scotland's literature sector has undergone an unprecedented period of rapid, sustained and dramatic expansion, a process paralleled by the growing profile of Scottish writers internationally. During the same period Scottish Children's Literature and Scottish children's writers have not received the same attention, though their progress has been just as significant. In the year 2000 the Modern Language Association of America recognised Scottish Literature as a national literature, and presumably Scottish Children's Literature is included as part of that, but it was not specifically highlighted. Even up until 2006, Scottish Children's Literature was not generally included or even mentioned in Scottish Literature anthologies or histories of Scottish Literature.
When in January 2006 the Scottish Executive unveiled Scotland's Culture, its new cultural policy, it gave Scottish Literature a prominent place. At the same time this document also acknowledged the importance of education in giving access to and highlighting Scotland's literary heritage. It became all the more important then to recognise the existence of a corpus of work that is recognisable as Scottish Children's Literature existing separately from but complementary to English Children's literature and which could be used in schools by teachers and read by children in order to explore and interrogate their own cultural history and identity.

This thesis seeks to investigate whether a distinctive Scottish Children's Literature exists and, if so, to identify those aspects that make it distinctive. Further, if Scottish Children's Literature exists, how does it become a repository for the formation of culture, identity and nationhood and how does this impact on young Scottish readers? In order to carry out this investigation the study adopts an integrated, humanistic and multi-dimensional approach towards Scottish Children's fiction. It draws selectively and discursively on theories of reading, reader response and close reading skills for heuristic purposes; that is, on methods that further the overall hermeneutical task of enlarging understanding of the phenomenon, though no particular theoretical approach to analysis has been privileged over another. It draws on a range of overarching theoretical perspectives that work effectively in illuminating the characteristics of particular texts with and for readers. As such, the study does not pretend to provide a specific theoretical basis for the reading of Scottish Children's Fiction. The approach adopted requires an immersion in the narratives, making unfamiliar texts familiar in order to do the work of projecting a distinctive Scottish perspective. Given that this study is among the first of its kind, it provides a base-line for others to apply specific theoretical filters to Scottish Children's Literature for further study.

Using what cultural typology and the semiotics of culture would recognise as a retrospective approach, this study intends to identify children's texts that are recognisably Scottish and which may be considered to form a corpus of work which can be celebrated as a central part of Scottish Children's Literature.

WATSON, R. (1995) The Poetry of Scotland, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.


: In the peace time wounds of the heart occur in 13-15% of penetrating injuries of the chest. Of leading importance in diagnostics of heart wounds is the triad of symptoms: hemorrhage, tamponage of the heart, wound in the heart projection. The main task in the treatment of heart wounds is to suture the wound.


In this essay, I discuss how a group of young Somali men and I produced a film about the racism experienced by African students, entrepreneurs, and refugees residing in Delhi, India.  The collaborative film project emerged out of field work I conducted in Delhi, India, from 2012-2014 on the city's emergent hip-hop scene.  As I spent time with rappers, dancers, and graffiti artists in the scene, it became evident that their interest in audio-visual production and circulation of their creative practices offered a platform for collaborative ethnographic projects to take shape.  I use the term critical hip-hop cinema to theorize the process that emerged out of my relationship with this particular crew of aspiring rappers from Somalia which culminated in the making of the film Cry Out Loud .  This process, as I narrate below, remixed Jean Rouch's ideal of a shared ethnography using the improvisational, aesthetic, and epistemological practices of hip-hop.  It also placed, front and center, the ways in which hip-hop continues to provide a means for young people across the world to articulate their experiences and connect them to larger social processes.  The making of Cry Out Loud shows that ethnographic engagement, when infused with popular cultural sensibilities, can create collaborations that offer a novel look at how a political economy of difference related to a particular place but linked to many others is imagined, produced, and contested.


Before 9/11/01 CPAs and other financial planners had a tough time convincing the public of the importance of disaster--recovery planning, except perhaps in locations with a history of earthquakes, floods or tornadoes. That's all changed as recent disaster victims comprehend the value of the help created for them by four of the country's public-spirited organizations. In keeping with increased national awareness of the need for preparedness and recovery, the AICPA, the AICPA Foundation, the National Endowment for Financial Education (NEFE) and the American Red Cross came together to help families and individuals deal with the financial repercussions that accompany a disaster. The result of their joint efforts is Disaster Recovery: A Guide to Financial Issues, the first comprehensive, authoritative and easy-to-use guide for people affected by disasters. The guide's success far exceeds expectations. Provided free to the general public, more than 85,000 copies are in the hands of CPAs, local American Red Cross chapters and disaster victims. In addition, the Red Cross Web site from which the guide can be downloaded has had over 650,000 hits. Kathryn Forbes, CPA, president of the AICPA Foundation, vice-chairman of the American Red Cross board of governors and chairman of the Red Cross audit committee, said the guide, issued in April, has already proved its value many times over. She cited a number of examples, including last spring's devastating tornadoes in the Midwest and the early summer hurricane and related floods that battered the Gulf Coast, where the Red Cross and local CPAs used the guide. "We've been able to help greatly with clothing and shelter needs and with mental health needs. Now we're also addressing the equally important financial needs. I'm proud of the Red Cross and I'm proud of our profession," said Forbes. Randy Ryan, manager of personal financing planning for the AICPA, echoed the positive outcomes arising from the collaboration between the organizations: "The feedback we're getting about the guide has been extremely positive. With the help of the Red Cross and CPAs, it is getting into the hands of people who need it when they need it most. For example, we know there was much demand in the hard-hit Middle Atlantic states after Hurricane Isabel." INVALUABLE ADVICE AT HAND Pivotal in the guide's ability to help disaster victims as they rebuild their lives and their homes are its style and organization. It is divided into three parts: "First Days," "Next Weeks and Months" and "Moving On"--leading the reader from the aftermath of the disaster to long-term planning, including suggestions on how to be financially prepared for any eventuality. The material dovetails with the practical and emotional impacts of a disaster--allowing victims to deal with financial matters in manageable chunks without being overwhelmed and without overlooking any steps needed for financial recovery. With a user-friendly format and tone, the 32-page publication helps people get back on their feet. The topics include * Collecting and replacing vital documents. * Contacting organizations that can provide both immediate and long-term help. * Step-by-step procedures for collecting medical and disability benefits. * Steps to take upon the death of a loved one. * Determining income sources in the weeks and months following the disaster. * Dealing with debts and expenses. * Guidelines for determining whether to take legal action. * What to do in the event of property loss. * Emergency preparedness. According to NEFE director of collaborative programs, Brent Neiser, CFP, the guide helps "disaster victims move from financial bewilderment and paralysis to financial action and recovery." HARDSHIPS HAPPEN EVERY DAY Disasters are not always catastrophic events involving hundreds or thousands of people. …


Computer vision-based damage detection using remote cameras and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) enables efficient and low-cost bridge health monitoring that reduces labor costs and the needs for sensor installation and maintenance. By leveraging recent semantic image segmentation approaches, we are able to find regions of critical structural components and recognize damage at the pixel level using images as the only input. However, existing methods perform poorly when detecting small damages (e.g., cracks and exposed rebars) and thin objects with limited image samples, especially when the components of interest are highly imbalanced. To this end, this paper introduces a semantic segmentation framework that imposes the hierarchical semantic relationship between component category and damage types. For example, certain concrete cracks only present on bridge columns and therefore the non-column region will be masked out when detecting such damages. In this way, the damage detection model could focus on learning features from possible damaged regions only and avoid the effects of other irrelevant regions. We also utilize multi-scale augmentation that provides views with different scales that preserves contextual information of each image without losing the ability of handling small and thin objects. Furthermore, the proposed framework employs important sampling that repeatedly samples images containing rare components (e.g., railway sleeper and exposed rebars) to provide more data samples, which addresses the imbalanced data challenge.


Although static localization performance in auditory displays is known to substantially improve as a listener spends more time in the environment, the impact of real-time interactive movement on these tasks is not yet well understood. Accordingly, a training procedure was developed and evaluated to address this question. In a set of experiments, listeners searched for and marked the locations of five virtually spatialized sound sources. The task was performed with and without training. Finally, the listeners performed a second search and mark task to assess the impacts of training. The results indicate that the training procedure maintained or significantly improved localization accuracy. In addition, localization performance did not improve for listeners who did not complete the training procedure.


This article introduces a new service that wealth management firms can offer to high net worth clients—to include alternative asset classes in their diversified investment portfolios. "APACS" (Alternative Pooled Asset Class Service) overcomes many of the real-world obstacles, which, until now, have limited their clients9 ability to reduce their portfolio risk levels by diversifying into negatively correlated alternative asset classes such as oil and gas, venture capital, timber, private mortgage, arbitrage, and real estate.


In college athletics, the simplest definition for success is winning. However, anyone who has been associated with athletics knows that, at times, a win feels like a loss and a loss feels like a win. Definitions of athletic success were reviewed in the study. In addition, to consider the student half of the student-athlete, a core component of academics, which is critical thinking skill, was reviewed along with the relationship between that and on-field success. The participants for this study were 21 freshmen letter-winning student-athletes at Fort Hays State University, a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II institution. Critical thinking was measured using the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal. The sample of freshmen student-athletes from Fort Hays State University had a mean, raw score that was significantly lower than the mean, raw score for freshmen at four-year colleges. Athletic success was measured and defined based on Podlog (2002). This included scores associated with goal achievement and enjoyment of sport. The survey showed a significant correlation with the scores for goal achievement and enjoyment of sport, and no correlation existed between critical thinking and on-field success.


The effects of lateral mass efflux with prescribed temperature and velocity on vertical free convection boundary layers in a saturated porous medium at high Rayleigh numbers are studied analytically. Within the framework of boundary layer theory, similarity solutions are obtained for the special case where the prescribed temperature and velocity of the fluid vary as x/sup lambda/ and x/sup (lambda-1)/2/ respectively. The effects of mass efflux on surface heat transfer rate and boundary layer thickness are shown. Application to warm water discharge along a well or fissure to an aquifer of infinite extent is discussed.


The effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on strabismus in offspring remains unclear. We conducted a meta‐analysis to summarize epidemiological evidences on the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of offspring strabismus. Eligible studies were searched from the PubMed, Ovid, Embase and CNKI databases up to May 2018. The qualities of included articles were assessed with the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and the assessment scale recommended by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Odds ratios (ORs) corresponding with its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to estimate the effects of maternal cigarette smoking on the risk of offspring strabismus. Subgroup analyses and meta‐regression were performed to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity. The Begg's test and Egger's test were used to assess the publication bias. Eleven articles involving 4,833 patients with strabismus were included. The pooled OR showed that maternal smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with strabismus in offspring (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.32–1.60). Compared with less than 10 cigarettes per day (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.06–1.29), maternal smoking 10 cigarettes or more per day during pregnancy significantly increased the risk of offspring strabismus (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.39–2.31). The risk of developing esotropia and exotropia for smoking pregnant women, respectively, increased by 65% (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.31–2.09 and OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.24–2.19) than those who did not smoke during pregnancy. Additionally, the increased risk of maternity smoking associated with offspring strabismus was stable across all subgroup analyses. Overall, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a significantly increased risk of offspring strabismus and the result was persistent in subgroup analyses, suggesting the importance in changing smoking habit or smoking cessation for women who are pregnant or preparing to.


An examination is made of the nature of groupware, the different approaches to its design, and its potential for integrating computer-based work. A definition is presented of a software system known as groupware. The three basic starting points discussed are: devices and tools, structured construction, and language action. Groupware as the base for integration is discussed.<<ETX>>


Background Children under 18 years of age account for approximately 1 in 3 internet users worldwide. Largely unregulated, the internet-based world is evolving rapidly and becoming increasingly intrusive. There is a dearth of objective research globally on children's real-time experiences of the internet-based world. Objective This paper reports an objective methodology to study the nature and extent of children's internet-based world, their engagement with it, and how this impacts their health and well-being. Methods A total of 180 year 8 students from 12 schools will be recruited into the study within the Wellington region of Aotearoa, New Zealand. Children use Zoom video teleconferencing software to record real-time, screen-shared internet-based content, for 4 consecutive days. Data on demographics, health and well-being, and attitudes and perceived behaviors in relation to the internet-based world are collected. Phone screen-time balances are retrieved. Data collection commenced in June 2021 and is anticipated to be completed in 2023. Results Recordings show children exploring diverse web-based settings and content, including personalized content curated by algorithms on platforms such as TikTok, YouTube, and Instagram. Preliminary analysis shows that the data can be used to study a wide range of topics. Behavioral Observation Research Interaction Software is being used to manually code recordings. Artificial Intelligence techniques are also being applied, including hashtag extraction, optical character recognition, as well as object, pattern, speech, and lyric recognition. Conclusions This novel methodology reveals the unique internet-based experiences of children. It is underpinned by a commitment to ensuring that their rights are protected. It seeks to provide concrete evidence on internet usage in this group and to facilitate appropriate political and societal action to effectively regulate the internet-based world to prevent harm to children. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/39017


BL Lac was observed in the V and R bands on 11 nights in 1997 July during a major optical outburst. It varied continuously, exhibiting nightly variations ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 mag. Over the course of the 11 nights, BL Lac was seen to vary by 1.8 R magnitudes. Color variations were also observed, with BL Lac becoming bluer as it brightened. The influence of variable seeing conditions on the observed variations was investigated. No correlation was found between the observed microvariability and the local seeing conditions.


Abstract. The chemical characterization of filter high volume (HV) and Berner impactor (BI) samples PM during RHaMBLe (Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer) 2007 shows that the Cape Verde aerosol particles are mainly composed of sea salt, mineral dust and associated water. Minor components are nss-salts, OC and EC. The influence from the African continent on the aerosol constitution was generally small but air masses which came from south-western Europe crossing the Canary Islands transported dust to the sampling site together with other loadings. The mean mass concentration was determined for PM10 to 17 μg/m3 from impactor samples and to 24.2 μg/m3 from HV filter samples. Non sea salt (nss) components of PM were found in the submicron fractions and nitrate in the coarse mode fraction. Bromide was found in all samples with much depleted concentrations in the range 1–8 ng/m3 compared to fresh sea salt aerosol indicating intense atmospheric halogen chemistry. Loss of bromide by ozone reaction during long sampling time is supposed and resulted totally in 82±12% in coarse mode impactor samples and in filter samples in 88±6% bromide deficits. A chloride deficit was determined to 8% and 1% for the coarse mode particles (3.5–10 μm; 1.2–3.5 μm) and to 21% for filter samples. During 14 May with high mineral dust loads also the maximum of OC (1.71μg/m3) and EC (1.25 μg/m3) was measured. The minimum of TC (0.25 μg/m3) was detected during the period 25 to 27 May when pure marine air masses arrived. The concentrations of carbonaceous material decrease with increasing particle size from 60% for the ultra fine particles to 2.5% in coarse mode PM. Total iron (dust vs. non-dust: 0.53 vs. 0.06 μg m3), calcium (0.22 vs. 0.03 μg m3) and potassium (0.33 vs. 0.02 μg m3) were found as good indicators for dust periods because of their heavily increased concentration in the 1.2 to 3.5 μm fraction as compared to their concentration during the non-dust periods. For the organic constituents, oxalate (78–151 ng/m3) and methanesulfonic acid (MSA, 25–100 ng/m3) are the major compounds identified. A good correlation between nss-sulphate and MSA was found for the majority of days indicating active DMS chemistry and low anthropogenic influences.


As the median age of the global population increases a larger proportion of the population will be what is considered old. The aging process causes physical, cognitive and emotional changes and shifts the individual's perception of their world. Artists and designers are increasingly working with practices that intervene, interact and bring about transformation. They engage with publics that operate as participants and co-creators and as such are increasingly likely to engage with older people. Western culture has increasingly pathologized aging with a focus on countering its impact and delaying the inevitable end. The individual is addressed as a less able version of him or herself and assessed in terms of deficit, lack and loss. Art and design projects with older people often get caught up in the pathologizing of aging. They are viewed and assessed in terms of art therapies or positioned as assistive technologies within medical, scientific and technological discourses. This critical analysis explores how aging can be addressed in terms of the capacity and potentiality of older people. It investigates how, by employing ethnographic, person-centered approaches focusing on personhood and affect, artists and designers can challenge and transform accepted views of aging.


Marker assisted selection (MAS) is 'smart breeding' or fast track plant breeding technology. It is one tool utilized in breeding companies and research institutes for fast development of improved varieties, giving possibility to select desirable traits more directly using DNA markers. In this review, we discuss the use of MAS in biotic, abiotic, quality and other agronomic traits. Besides, we emphasize the importance of MAS at ICARDA and underline the successful application of MAS in the last 10 years. The use of molecular markers makes the process of selecting parental lines more efficient based on genetic diversity analysis. It can aid the conventional breeding, especially for certain biotic and abiotic traits. Still, MAS contributed very little to the release of improved cultivars with greater tolerance to abiotic stresses, with only few exceptions. MAS was extensively used to improve rice varieties, mainly resistant to bacterial blight and blast disease and was applied in drought tolerance along with GPC (Grain protein content) in quality traits. MAS at ICARDA is used to characterize new parental materials for disease resistance genes as well as in screening advanced lines with a focus on Association mapping and identification of new QTLs. The application of MAS increased in the last decade and used more and more in different crops. However, rice is still the dominant crop in terms of number of publications using MAS.
Keywords: marker assisted selection, plant, biotic stress, abiotic stress, quality, ICARDA


By the mid-century, urban areas are expected to house two-thirds of the world's population of approximately 10 billion people. The key challenge will be to provide food for all with fewer farmers in rural areas and limited options for expanding cultivated fields in urban areas, with sustainable soil management being a fundamental criterion for achieving sustainability goals. Understanding how nature works in a fast changing world and fostering nature-based agriculture (such as low-input farming) are crucial for sustaining food systems in the face of worsening urban heat island (UHI) effects and other climatic variables. The best fit for the context is transformative agroecology, which connects ecological networks, sustainable farming approaches, and social movements through change-oriented research and action. Even though agroecology has been practiced for over a century, its potential to address the socioeconomic impact of the food system remained largely unexplored until recently. Agroecological approaches, which involve effective interactions between researchers, policy makers, farmers, and consumers, can improve social cohesion and socioeconomic synergies while reducing the use of various agricultural inputs. This review presents a timeline of agroecology transformation from the past to the present and discusses the possibilities, prospects, and challenges of agroecological urbanism toward a resilient urban future.


The subject of this thesis is the by now traditional grouping of certain innovative works of historiography produced in eighteenth-century Britain and France; namely the historical works of Voltaire, and the historical writings of the philosophes; and, in Britain, the histories of Hume, Robertson, and Gibbon. This thesis gives a historical and expository analysis of the individual strategies of literary self-fashioning and generic appropriation which underlie this impression of resemblance. It particularly demonstrates that the major characteristics of the contemporary vision of philosophic historiography – the idea of a European history of manners or l'esprit humain, and the insistence on the rejection of the practices of the erudits – which have become incorporated within scholarly definitions of 'Enlightenment historiography', are well-established generic tropes, adapted and affected in France as in Britain, by authors of diverse ambitions. The invitation to assume inauthentic connections contained within the practice of philosophic historiography is shown to be embraced by Gibbon, in a notable literary challenge to the paradigms of intellectual history. This study contrasts the textual evidence of these authors' experience of literary, personal, and political challenges regarding the definition of their role as public, intellectual writers, to the acquired image of an ideal of 'Enlightenment writing'. It considers the Frenchness of philosophie, and the potential Britishness of Hume, Robertson, and Gibbon. As part of its wider analysis of the practice of intellectual writing with a historical focus, its scope includes the writings of British clerics and writers on religion; of French academicians; and of the late philosophe Volney, and Shelley his interpreter. The major conclusion of this thesis is that eighteenth-century British and French history writing does not support any synthesis of an Enlightenment historical philosophy, narrative, or method; while it is suggested that one of the costs of the construct of 'Enlightenment', has been the illusion of familiarity with eighteenth-century intellectual culture, in France as well as Britain.


Tobacco cigarette smoking causes many negative effects on the body, and it is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. These negative effects are a concern for the foot and ankle surgeon, as smoking can increase the risk of diabetes and peripheral artery disease and delay healing of surgical incisions and ulcerations of the lower extremities. Tobacco cigarette smoking can also increase the risk of avascular necrosis and delayed union and nonunions of fractures and osteotomies. Smoking cessation is an important component in the overall treatment of conditions affecting the foot and ankle. Smoking cessation can be a difficult goal to achieve, but proper education and support can help patients reach this goal.


Micrometeorites that pass through the Earth's atmosphere undergo changes in their chemical compositions, thereby making it difficult to understand if they are sourced from the matrix, chondrules, or calcium–aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs). These components have the potential to provide evidence toward the understanding of the early solar nebular evolution. The variations in the major element and trace element compositions of 155 different type (scoriaceous, relict bearing, porphyritic, barred, cryptocrystalline, and glass) of S‐type cosmic spherules are investigated with the intent to decipher the parent sources using electron microprobe and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. The S‐type cosmic spherules appear to show a systematic depletion in volatile element contents, but have preserved their refractory trace elements. The trends in their chemical compositions suggest that the S‐type spherules comprise of components from similar parent bodies, that is, carbonaceous chondrites. Large fosteritic relict grains observed in this investigation appear to be related to the fragments of chondrules from carbonaceous chondrites. Furthermore, four spherules (two of these spherules enclose spinels and one comprised entirely of a Ca‐Al‐rich plagioclase) show enhanced trace element enrichment patterns that are drastically different from all the other 151 cosmic spherules. The information on the chemical composition and rare earth elements (REEs) on cosmic spherules suggest that the partially to fully melted ones can preserve evidences related to their parent bodies. The Ce, Eu, and Tm anomalies found in the cosmic spherules have similar behavior as that of chondrites. Distinct correlations observed between different REEs and types of cosmic spherules reflect the inherited properties of the precursors.


The membrane protein RFT1 is essential for normal protein N-glycosylation, but its precise function is not known. RFT1 was originally proposed to translocate the glycolipid Man5GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol (needed to synthesize N-glycan precursors) across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, but subsequent studies showed that it does not play a direct role in transport. In contrast to the situation in yeast, RFT1 is not essential for growth of the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, enabling the study of its function in a null background. We now report that lack of T. brucei RFT1 (TbRFT1) not only affects protein N-glycosylation but also glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor side-chain modification. Analysis by immunoblotting, metabolic labeling, and mass spectrometry demonstrated that the major GPI-anchored proteins of T. brucei procyclic forms have truncated GPI anchor side chains in TbRFT1 null parasites when compared with wild-type cells, a defect that is corrected by expressing a tagged copy of TbRFT1 in the null background. In vivo and in vitro labeling experiments using radiolabeled GPI precursors showed that GPI underglycosylation was not the result of decreased formation of the GPI precursor lipid or defective galactosylation of GPI intermediates in the endoplasmic reticulum, but rather due to modifications that are expected to occur in the Golgi apparatus. Unexpectedly, immunofluorescence microscopy localized TbRFT1 to both the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi, consistent with the proposal that TbRFT1 plays a direct or indirect role in GPI anchor glycosylation in the Golgi apparatus. Our results implicate RFT1 in a wider range of glycosylation processes than previously appreciated.


A continuously operated laboratory scale anaerobic and aerobic moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) combined with O3/H2O2 process was experimented for antibiotic fermentation‐based pharmaceutical wastewater. The experimental results indicated that 26.6% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed, and 931.75 mg/L of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was produced under the optimum conditions of the anaerobic MBBR at an influent pH of 6.5, hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 hr and organic loading rate (OLR) of 13 kg COD/(m3·d) for the hydrolysis/acidification process. In addition, 91.0% of COD was removed at 1.5 m3/h of aeration rate with the aerobic MBBR. The shape of bacteria inside the bio‐carriers was characterized by a scanning electron microscope. The anaerobic MBBR bacteria were observed as long bacilli, and the aerobic MBBR bacteria were observed as mainly cocci and short bacilli. Finally, the residual non‐biodegraded pollutants were mineralized by O3/H2O2 oxidation with 0.5 of H2O2/O3 molar ratio and 15 min of reaction time. The total removal efficiencies of COD and color reached 99.2 and 98.7%, respectively. Thus, this method might offer an effective way to treat wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 170–177, 2014


OBJECTIVE
On-line medical control (OLMC) is costly and time-consuming, yet little is known about the direct effect of OLMC on the quality of care provided. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of OLMC on adherence to protocol and quality of care provided.

METHODS
Retrospective review of trip sheets completed by out-of-hospital personnel in an urban/suburban/rural emergency medical services system with a volume of 144,000 calls/year; approximately 15,000/year are ALS calls. Two levels of provider--paramedics and critical care technicians (CCTs)--work under single standard protocols and a single medical director. Prehospital trip sheets of 774 sequential patients with atraumatic illnesses for whom an ALS crew was dispatched were reviewed for adherence to standard protocol and for appropriateness of deviations from protocol, with and without the use of OLMC.

RESULTS
Adherence to protocols occurred in 78.3% of all patient encounters. OLMC was utilized in 61.5% of patient encounters. The CCTs were more likely to utilize OLMC than were the paramedics, 72% vs 56% (p < 0.001). There was a trend towards paramedics' adhering to protocol more frequently than did the CCTs, 80% vs 74%, which did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.057). Adherence to protocol was significantly less likely to occur with OLMC than without OLMC, regardless of the training of the provider, 72.8% vs 86.5% (95% CI 8.1-19.3%, p < 0.001). Adherence to protocol was significantly less likely to occur as the acuity of the patient's condition increased (p < 0.001). Nonadherence was more likely to be judged appropriate rather than inappropriate (p < 0.05) as the acuity level increased. When there was nonadherence to protocol, the use of OLMC did not improve the care provided.

CONCLUSIONS
OLMC does not improve adherence to protocol or the quality of care provided in the treatment of atraumatic illness.


In this paper, alloys with compositions of Mgx(MnAlZnCu)100-x (x: atomic percentage; x=20, 33, 43, 45.6 and 50 respectively) were designed by using the strategy of equiatomic ratio and high entropy of mixing. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the new high entropy alloy were studied. The alloys were prepared by induction melting and then were cast in a copper mold in air. The alloy samples were examined by microhardness tester, XRD, SEM, thermal analyzer and testing machine for material strength. Alloys were composed mainly of h.c.p phase and Al-Mn icosahedral quasicrystal phases. The alloys exhibited moderate densities which were from 4.29g•cm-3 to 2.20g•cm-3, high hardness (429HV-178HV) and high compression strength (500MPa-400MPa) at room temperature. The extensibility was increased with Mg from 20at% (atomic percentage) to 50at%.


Nilai Kinerja Dosen (NKD) system in higher education institutions can help managers to monitor the teacher learning activity periodically . The information generated by NKD system is limited with statistical data only and with text content only. This study observed the data output from the NKD system can be processed into more valuable information and have good information visualization. One part of this research is develop a dashboard information prototype with data-centric approach. The selection of data-centric approach for quantity and variety factors of data that are found can be visualized. This study found that interactivity and analytical factors in NKD dashboard information not quite satisfy users who are top level.


Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, particularly in adolescents and young adults. Early diagnosis remains a significant problem in the clinical treatment of OS as we remain far from a comprehensive understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms and the biology involved. In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), a large family of small non-coding RNAs, may provide a greater understanding of OS as they play a complex role in gene expression regulation in vitro and in vivo. In the current study, the differential expression profiles of miRNAs between OS and osteoblast cell lines were investigated by miRNA microarrays and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). A total of 268 miRNAs were identified that were significantly dysregulated in OS compared with the osteoblast cell line, including miR-9, miR-99, miR-195, miR-148a and miR-181a, which had been validated as overexpressed, and miR-143, miR-145, miR-335 and miR-539, which were confirmed to be downregulated. This differential expression may aid future OS diagnosis and prognosis prediction and illustration of the potential mechanisms in the oncogenesis, development and metastasis of OS. Bioinformatic research on these differentially expressed miRNAs suggests that they are able to regulate the biological behaviors of OS in a complex and effective manner. Further study on the function of these miRNAs is likely to provide new insights into OS biology and treatment.


As the current starch based ethanol market increases at its rapid pace, finding new markets for the primary coproduct, distiller's grains, has gained considerable interest. One possibility is to isolate the protein‐rich fraction for use as precursors to biochemicals and bioplastics, further decreasing fossil fuel consumption. This research focuses on enzymatic extraction of protein peptides from wheat heavy stillage using commercially available proteases. The energy saved due to this process ranged from ∼1.5 to 3.0 GJ/ton wheat stillage compared to fossil fuel‐based chemicals. Using Protex 6L (Genencor), ∼57% of the protein in the stillage was soluble 24 h after protease addition at 0.1% w/w loading. Of these proteins, ∼32% were already soluble, indicating the importance of using wet heavy stillage as the feedstock rather than dried distiller's grains. Peptide size was less than 6 kDa. Further improvements in protein removal may be obtained through a fed batch addition of protease and improved protease cocktails. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011


Three main areas have been investigated during the term of this contract: (1) The kinetics of the sources and sinks of O(1S) in the lower thermosphere have been studied. Measurements have been made of the temperature-dependent rate of the reaction O(1S) + O(3P) ..-->.. 20. The production of O(1S) in an oxygen atom system has been investigated, and comparisons have been made between the so-called Barth mechanism, in which O(1S) is produced from ground state atoms in a two-step process, and the one-step Chapman mechanism. The temperature dependence of this O(1S) source term has been obtained. On the basis of atmospheric observations, the conclusion is drawn that a better correlation exists between measured oxygen atom concentration profiles and the laboratory data if the source of O(1S) in the nightglow is the Barth, rather than the Chapman, mechanism. (2) A determination of quenching rate coefficients for the NO(B2 pI) state has been made, using a variety of collision partners. This state, the source of the NO B-band system, is important in combustion processes. (3) The first measurements of the product channels in O(1S) reactions have been carried out, using the five collision partners N/sub 2/O, H/sub 2/O, CO/sub 2/, O/sub 2/,more » and NO. All the reactions give high yields of physical quenching, with only H/sub 2/O and possibly N/sub 2/O having significant chemical reaction pathways--50% in the former case, and either 25% or 65% in the latter. Several of these reactions are of practical importance, and the behavior of a system having two alternatives for a physical quenching step O(3P) or O('D) is also interesting from a theoretical standpoint. (Author)« less


As replications of individual studies are resource intensive, techniques for predicting the replicability are required. We introduce the repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science) process, a new method for eliciting expert predictions about the replicability of research. This process is a structured expert elicitation approach based on a modified Delphi technique applied to the evaluation of research claims in social and behavioural sciences. The utility of processes to predict replicability is their capacity to test scientific claims without the costs of full replication. Experimental data supports the validity of this process, with a validation study producing a classification accuracy of 84% and an Area Under the Curve of 0.94, meeting or exceeding the accuracy of other techniques used to predict replicability. The repliCATS process provides other benefits. It is highly scalable, able to be deployed for both rapid assessment of small numbers of claims, and assessment of high volumes of claims over an extended period through an online elicitation platform, having been used to assess 3000 research claims over an 18 month period. It is available to be implemented in a range of ways and we describe one such implementation. An important advantage of the repliCATS process is that it collects qualitative data that has the potential to provide insight in understanding the limits of generalizability of scientific claims. The primary limitation of the repliCATS process is its reliance on human-derived predictions with consequent costs in terms of participant fatigue although careful design can minimise these costs. The repliCATS process has potential applications in alternative peer review and in the allocation of effort for replication studies.


Every organization's success is dependent on Employee performance. Committed employees enables organization achieve its objectives whereas, poor performing employees leads to downfall of an organization. To develop reliable and unbiased ways of evaluating employees, organizations should understand the key benefits of employee performance. Evidence of positive association between performance appraisal and employee performance have been recorded in literature and the confirmation have been registered in both private and public organizations. Empirical findings from some scholars have cast doubt on whether performance appraisal leads to employee performance. It has been indicated in literature that ineffective performance appraisal can be alleviated and developed by human resource functions. However studies have remained subjective in examining how performance appraisal increases employee performance. To find out the relationship between performance appraisal and employee performance using training and development as the parameter, this study used desk review and based the study on expectancy theory which underpins the construct of performance appraisal and employee performance. From the review of literature carried out, it was discovered that gaps existed in literature regarding the association of performance appraisal and employee performance. It was found out that different scholars have different concepts on performance appraisal in regard to employee performance. The study found that inadequacies in performance appraisals are related to organization structure context while others are associated with the processes. This study recommends the need to examine the association of performance appraisal and employee performance by incorporating both organization structures and processes with the focus of increasing employees' commitment and performance. The supervisors should discuss attainable goals with the employees and there should be regular reviews. Timely feedbacks should be discussed with the individual employees. Those that achieve their targets should be recognized and poor performers should be reproached. The gaps realized should be sealed through training and development.


In order to optimize their metallurgical quality, the present study aims at understanding damage mechanisms involved in bending of Ultra High Strength Steels (UHSSs). It focuses on a TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP)-aided steel. This work is based on three complementary approaches: first, instrumented V-bending and stretch bending tests that are usually performed to compare the bending behaviour of various steels, then, metallographic observations carried out to investigate damage initiation and finally, simulation of bending tests by finite element methods. Three-point-bending and stretch bending tests involve different crack initiation areas. Metallographic observations performed on V-bent specimens show crack initiation just below the outer surface, whereas in a stretch bending test, the crack clearly initiates from the central segregation (if any). V-bending tests were modelled with a finite element simulation approach to assess the stress and strain fields by comparison with experimental results. Modelling of stretch bending is currently in progress.


In April this year, the Bank of England conducted its triennial survey of turnover in the UK foreign exchange and over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives markets, as part of the latest worldwide survey coordinated by the Bank for International Settlements. This article sets out the results of the UK survey and compares them with previous surveys and results for other major centres. The main findings of the UK survey are: Average daily spot and forward foreign exchange turnover in April 2001 was $504 billion per day, 21% lower than the $637 billion per day recorded in 1998 (equivalent to a fall of 15% at constant 2001 exchange rates). This fall in turnover has taken place against a backdrop of decreasing global activity, which declined by 19% over the same period to $1,210 billion per day. These results contrast with previous surveys, which had consistently shown a strong increase in foreign exchange business. The decline in UK activity was more than accounted for by the fall in inter-dealer business from $530 billion to $341 billion. This is consistent with the increased role of electronic broking systems, particularly in the spot market where turnover fell by 30%. Underlying customer business in the foreign exchange market as a whole grew by 52%. The euro accounted for a larger proportion of the market in London than the Deutsche Mark did in 1998, but less than the sum of all the legacy currencies. Average daily turnover in OTC currency and interest rate derivatives was $275 billion, 61% higher than the $171 billion recorded in the previous survey in April 1998. This was driven by an increase in OTC interest rate swap business, and reflects the increasing importance of swaps as a trading and pricing benchmark. Global OTC derivatives activity also increased, by 53%. The United Kingdom has retained its position as the world's largest centre for foreign exchange and OTC derivatives business, accounting for 31% and 36% of the global foreign exchange and OTC derivatives markets respectively.


Climate change is significantly impacting the structure and function of marine ecosystems world wide with implications for species distribution ranges. In coastal systems, climate change may also alter other abiotic factors such as salinity, which may decrease due increased glacial melting in the Arctic or precipitation in temperate regions. Despite the prime ecological importance of kelps (order Laminariales) which dominate rocky
benthic ecosystems in temperate to polar regions, the acclimation mechanisms and transcriptomic responses remain understudied. Here, we investigate the physiological and transcriptomic responses in sporophytes of the sugar kelp, Saccharina latissima to salinity stress after acclimation to temperature and their nterrelationships. Juvenile sporophytes of a strain from Roscoff, France were pre-cultivated at 8°C and 30 PSU for three months. After seven days of acclimation to 0°C and 15°C, sporophytes were exposed to a low salinity treatment (20 PSU) for 24 h. We established a reference transcriptome from all reads obtained through Illumina HiSeq. A total of 205 363 transcripts were assembled containing 135 959 "Trinity's genes". Gene expression is
mostly driven by salinity stress than by temperature. The highest number of regulated genes, in comparison to
the control, was found in response to the treatment 0°C low salinity (3003), followed by 8°C low salinity
(1491) and 15°C low salinity (1158). Moreover, only few genes (168) were found to be differentially expressed
in all low salinity treatments, showing that the response to low salinity is modulated by temperature. Growth,
photosynthetic efficiency and pigment content were also impacted by stress.


Recent generations of international trade agreements have attempted to address non-tariff barriers in various ways, including by encouraging the adoption of regulatory impact assessment (RIA) by national governments. This chapter examines the benefits of RIA for trade in light of experience over the past several decades. It argues that, although misunderstanding of the nature of RIA has likely led to some false hopes, given the right institutional setting, RIA can help avoid irrational regulatory conflict that unnecessarily hampers trade. Specifically, RIA is unlikely to advance the goals of increasing regulatory harmonization, supporting mutual recognition, or reducing regulatory burdens. On the other hand, RIA can enhance the transparency and trade rationality of regulatory decision-making. These two goals can be further advanced if RIA is paired with institutional reforms, such as international secondments, appropriate roles for domestic offices of trade policy in the regulatory process, and sharing best practices and resources, especially with developing countries.


Globally, the extensive exodus of individuals who have been forced to flee their home countries and seek refuge in countries of safety has led to a refugee crisis. The United Kingdom (UK) has engaged with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in playing a significant role in the long-term resettlement of some of those refugees, half of whom are children and young people. One initiative of such humanitarian resettlement in the UK is the Gateway Protection Programme (GPP). To-date, there is a global dearth of studies investigating aspects of acculturation that affect the mental health of young refugees resettled under the UNHCR humanitarian programme. In the UK, while current mental health policy recognises refugee children and young people as a priority group for mental health promotion and prevention; little is known about the impact of acculturation on the mental health of young refugees resettled under GPP.
This study aimed to explore aspects of acculturation that could enhance the mental health of GPP young refugees several years after they have resettled in Greater Manchester. Using qualitative narrative research, a purposive sample of 31 GPP young refugees who had a minimum of three years stay in Greater Manchester were recruited from local Refugee Community Organisations. Data was collected through a multi-method design which combined Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with Visual Arts-Based Narrative Research (VABNR) and analysed thematically.
Four overarching themes emerged from the data; People and places; Finding self; Its nearly all new to me; With me in mind. Schachner et al.'s (2017) Integrative Framework was used as a conceptual framework to aid discussion of the findings of this study.
This novel study contributes important knowledge to the dearth of existent literature regarding the mental wellbeing of young people who have engaged in a resettlement programme and offers valuable information for UK policy makers and professionals working with, and providing care to GPP young refugees.


Recent observations have shown since 1979 a dramatic and unexpected downward trend
in the overhead column abundance of ozone during late winter and early spring over
Antarctica, at the Halley Bay and Argentine Islands stations (76 degrees S, 27 degrees W
and 65 degrees S, 64 degrees W). The reduction, amounting by 1985 to about 40% of the
historical October monthly mean, has been confirmed and given a geographically mapped
perspective by observations from NASA's Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)
on Nimbus 7. Ozonesonde ascents from Syowa station (69 degrees S, 40 degrees E) in
1982 and 1983 have shown that in October, before the final warming, ozone is depleted
by between 10% and 50% at altitudes between about 10 and 22 km, compared to values
observed in the late 1960's and early 1970's. The chemical data base has been
considerably enhanced by the observations taken from late August to the beginning of
November 1986 from McMurdo Base (78 degreees S, 167 degrees E) by the National
Ozone Expedition (NOZE), which was organized by NSF. Ozone profiles, 33 in number
distributed fairly evenly between 25 August and 6 November, confirmed the picture
suggested by the Syowa data, and showed considerable vertical structure in the mixing
ratio, particularly during October. It was clear that the ozone loss over McMurdo
developed during September. Further, as yet unpublished, observations of the column
abundances of O3, NO2, and OC1O by the NOAA Aeronomy Lab, of HCl, ClONO2 and
HNO3 (inter alia) by JPL and observations of N2O and C1O by SUNY which contain
some coarse information about altitude distribution, should all have a substantial impact
on knowledge of the photochemical balance, and its interpretation. The NOAA data
Show evidence of very unusual odd nitrogen chemistry (very low abundance and very
small diurnal variation of NO2 and of unusual chlorine chemistry (high abundance of
OC1O).


Abstract We use a unique panel of household survey data—the Austrian version of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) for 2008–2011—which have been linked to individual administrative records on both state unemployment benefits and earnings. We assess the extent and structure of misreporting across similar benefits and between benefits and earnings. We document that many respondents fail to report participation in one or more of the unemployment programs. Moreover, they inflate earnings for periods when they are unemployed but receiving unemployment compensation. To demonstrate the impact of income source confusion on estimators, we estimate standard Mincer wage equations. Since unemployment is associated with lower education, the reports of unemployment benefits as earnings bias downward the returns to education. Failure to report unemployment benefits also leads to substantial sample bias when selecting on these benefits, as one might in estimating the returns to job training.


Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, cellcept) is widely used in maintenance immunosuppressive therapy for prevention refractory rejection in sold organ transplant recipients. MMF is orally used, and rapidly metabolized to its active constituent Mycophenolic acid. MPA is an inhibitor of Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase ΙΙ (IMPDH ΙΙ) in lymphocyte causing in reduction in intracellular guanine nucleotide pools and leads to inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. MMF is considered to be an effective and safe immunosuppressive agent compared with other medicins. MMF lacks the nephrotoxicity. But it has important side effects, gastrointestinal and heamatological adverse effects are the most common. The results of this study show the high significant in total chromosome aberrations in treatment groups compared with control. Also there is high significant differences in total damage DNA in treatment groups than control. In conclusion, MMF may has a high genotoxicity by induced chromosome aberration and DNA damage.

http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.124


Mean vector component analysis (MVCA) is introduced as a new method for visualization and clustering of nonnegative data. The method is based on dimensionality reduction by preserving the squared length, and implicitly also the direction, of the mean vector of the original data. The optimal mean vector preserving basis is obtained from the spectral decomposition of the inner-product matrix, and it is shown to capture clustering structure. MVCA corresponds to certain uncentered principal component analysis (PCA) axes. Unlike traditional PCA, these axes are in general not corresponding to the top eigenvalues. MVCA is shown to produce different visualizations and sometimes considerably improved clustering results for nonnegative data, compared with PCA.


Background
People with chronic urinary retention typically require intermittent catheterization. This review evaluates the effectiveness, safety, patient preference, cost-effectiveness, and budget impact of different types of intermittent catheter (IC). Specifically, we compared prelubricated catheters (hydrophilic, gel reservoir) and noncoated catheters, as well as their single use versus reuse (multiple use).

Methods
We performed a systematic literature search and included randomized controlled trials, cohort, and case-control studies that examined any type of single-use versus multiple-use IC, hydrophilic single-use versus noncoated single-use, or gel reservoir single-use versus noncoated single-use. The outcomes of interest were symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI), hematuria, other serious adverse events, and patient satisfaction. The quality of the body of evidence was examined according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group criteria. We also completed an economic evaluation, using the perspective of the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, to determine the cost-effectiveness of various intermittent catheters used in Ontario. We determined the budget impact of fully and partially funding various intermittent catheters for outpatients with chronic urinary retention. To understand patient experiences with intermittent catheterization, we interviewed 34 adults and parents of children affected by chronic urinary retention.

Results
We found 14 randomized controlled trials that met the inclusion criteria. When comparing any type of single-use or multiple-use IC, we found no difference in UTI (RR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.70-1.39), hematuria, or serious adverse events, and inconclusive evidence on patient satisfaction.Our meta-analysis of studies on people living in the community showed that hydrophilic ICs may result in fewer UTIs than single-use noncoated ICs, but given the nature of the studies, we were uncertain about this conclusion.The nature of the available evidence also did not allow us to make definitive conclusions regarding whether one type of catheter was likely to result in less hematuria, fewer serious adverse events, or greater patient satisfaction.Our economic evaluation found that owing to small differences in quality-adjusted life-years and moderate to large incremental cost differences, the lowest-cost ICs-noncoated multiple-use (using one catheter per week or one catheter per day)-have the highest probability of being cost-effective. In a subpopulation of those clinically advised not to reuse ICs, single-use noncoated ICs have the highest probability of being cost-effective. As current funding is limited in the outpatient setting, publicly funding noncoated multiple-use catheters (one per day) would result in a total additional cost of $93 million over the first 5 years. People who use ICs reported that the high ongoing cost of purchasing catheters was a financial burden. Almost all said they would prefer not to reuse catheters sold as "single use" but could not afford to do so.

Conclusions
Given the overall low quality of evidence in available studies, we are uncertain whether any specific type of IC (coated or noncoated, single- or multiple-use) significantly reduces symptomatic UTI, hematuria, or other serious adverse clinical events, or whether a specific type improves patient satisfaction. Therefore, the lowest-cost IC is likely the most cost-effective.


Neuroblastoma is a childhood solid tumor composed of primitive cells derived from precursors of the autonomic nervous system. This neoplasm has the highest rate of spontaneous regression of all cancer types and has been noted to undergo spontaneous and chemically induced differentiation into elements resembling mature nervous tissue. As such, neuroblastoma has been a prime model system for the study of neuronal differentiation and the process of cancer cell maturation. In this paper we review those agents that have been described to induce the differentiation of neuroblastoma, with an emphasis on the effects and possible mechanisms of action of a group of related compounds, the retinoids. With this model system and the availability of subclones that are both responsive and resistant to chemically induced differentiation, fundamental questions regarding the mechanisms and processes underlying cell maturation have become more amenable to in vitro study. ImagesFIGURE 1. AFIGURE 1. BFIGURE 1. CFIGURE 2. AFIGURE 2. B


Cathodic electrodeposition was used to generate a rare earth (RE)-containing deposit on a single crystal Ni-based superalloy. The deposition parameters were optimised in order to get a RE oxy-hydroxide coating with a "well-fitted" dry-mud like morphology, i.e. presenting a multi-cracks network. A further thermal treatment was applied to dehydrate the deposit to obtain a well crystallised oxide coating (RExOy). The uncoated and RExOy-coated substrates were then submitted to cyclic oxidation tests at 1100°C in laboratory air. They demonstrated the efficiency of the coating as uncoated samples severely spalled after a few cycles whereas the coated ones did not lose their protective oxide layer even after 2000 cycles. This result was attributed to the formation of a duplex oxide scale very similar to that obtained on g/g' coatings, to the presence of nanograins at the RExOy/scale interface and to the Hf-rich oxide pegs at the scale/substrate interface.


Thrombocytes have been studied at the admittance to the hospital of patients with measles and after their discharge using light and electron microscopy. Response of thrombocytes to antigen penetrated into the organism has been shown, however, it appears to be absolutely different before and after the treatment. Structural indices of thrombocytes were studied in their functional aspect. Obtained parameters of thrombocytes at the admittance of patients to the hospital indicate that giant forms of thrombocytes are prevailed and "biological net" is absent, while before discharge of patients the number of mature thrombocytes increases, and amount of giant forms decrease to the minimum. There appears a "biological net", playing an important role in the adsorption of the antigen. Proceeding from this, functional possibilities of thrombocytes, first of all, are directed to defense of the macroorganism from viral antigen. In its turn, measles virus having an influence on the thrombocytes can induce relieve of granules from their body, which also can seem to be the defensive reaction against the antigen.


Work hours and scheduling matter for the well-being of those employed throughout the state in Illinois, perhaps now more than ever. Before Chicago implemented the Fair Workweek ordinance (FWW) in July 2020, we issued a large-scale, geographically, and demographically representative survey of workers throughout Illinois, at the end of 2019, of over 3,000 employed. This survey provides a portrait of at least eight dimensions of work hours and schedules, their distribution by type of job and worker and across 23 different industries - those covered by Chicago's ordinance and those uncovered. It tests empirically for their association with five indicators of workers' well-being by focusing on: Wanting more hours (underemployment, hours inadequacy); Least to most hours worked (variability or instability); Irregular shift times; On-call work; Short advance notice of schedule; Schedules set by employer with little to no input from workers; Schedules changing after posting; and Overtime hours that are mandatory.


This appendix contains sections titled: Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Appendix B


The morphometric differences between the urothelial cells (wet-fixed Papanicolaoustained) in the voided urine of 20 patients with low grade and high grade bladder tumours were measured. The morphometrical data of this learning set resulted in a cytomorphometrical classification rule, which was applied to a test set of 21 cases with low grade and high grade bladder tumours. The results of the cytomorphometrical classification rule correspond very well with the histomorphometrical classification and the histological grade of the parent tumours. The results indicate that it is feasible to classify bladder tumours using the cytomorphometrical data of the exfoliated urothelial cells alone.