Developments in obstetric medicine during the past ten to twenty years have transformed the clinical status of the fetus. [2] Traditionally physicians have been trained to assess fetal condition by indirect methods: palpating the fetus through the maternal abdominal wall and uterus, measuring hormonal milieu through maternal urine and serum, estimating statistical risks from parental medical histories. While the skillful use of these methods could produce highly reliable clues to fetal health and development, the fetus itself eluded direct examination. Throughout pregnancy the fetus could not be known, but only approached inferentially and probabilistically. Until recently suspected fetal anomalies have been treated indirectly too, by therapeutically managing the maternal environment. Unable to interact with the fetus in clear distinction for its host, physicians conceptualized the maternal-fetal dyad as one complex patient, the gravid female, of which the fetus was an intergral part. High-resolution ultrasonography and techniques for sampling fetal blood, urine, and other tissue have changed this conceptual scheme. These diagnostic tools penetrate the opaque environment and reveal the fetus to clinical observation in all its anatomical, physiological, and biochemical particularity. When anomalies are detected, in utero medical and surgical procedures are already beginning to offer alternatives to therapeutic delivery and neonatal treatment. The biological maternal-fetal relationship has not changed, of course, but the medical model of that relationship has shifted emphasis from unity to duality. Clinicians no longer look to the maternal host for diagnostic data and a therapeutic medium; they look through her to the fetal organism and regard it as a distinct patient in its own right. What ethical implications flow from the fetus's transformation from inferred to observed entity? Unfortunately, legal developments have tended to preempt ethical exploration of the new two-patient obstetric model. Some physicians, assuming enhanced rights on the part of the fetal patient, have sought and obtained court orders to perform fetal therapies (notably cearean deliveries) without maternal consent. [3] Although few in number, these cases raise the possibility of a new standard of clinical practice with far-reaching implications for civil and criminal liabilities to physicians and pregnant women. With legal stakes so high, it is not surprising that ethical inquiry has been displaced. Yet in the absence of independent and thorough ethical analysis one cannot judge whether these developments are compatible with fundamental values of medicine and medical care, and so one cannot know whether physicians have responsibilities, individually or collectively, to promote or resist them. Well-grounded in law and ethics or not, cases of court-ordered fetal therapy have set the agenda for debate, focusing attention on the question, What should the physician do when a pregnant woman refuses medical or surgical treatment recommended for the well-being of the newly individuated fetal patient? The two-patient problem for the physician is seen to begin at the point of maternal refusal and is framed as a conflict between values of fetal benefit and maternal autonomy. The medical recommendation precipitating refusal is, presumably, unproblematic. But that presumption requires examination. Inherent in any conceptual shift is the potential for equivocation between the old paradigm and the new. If the physician's recommendation of fetal therapy incorporates one-patient thinking about the maternal-fetal relationship, questions about maternal refusal of that recommendation may be spurious, resting on a logically illicit hybrid of one-patient and two-patient conceptual schemes. We need, I think, to gain a fresh perspective on this issue by stepping back from the legal debate and considering in a systematic way how ethical guidelines for prenatal medical care are altered by transition to the two-patient obstetric model. …


Modern data centers, which consume roughly 3% of global electricity, continue to experience increased demand. Therefore, green data centers that consume less energy and have minimal environmental impact are desirable. This study examines the potential energy savings and environmental benefits of applying airside economization with evaporative cooling in air-cooled data centers in the continental U.S. A generic data center that employs a Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC)-based cooling system with a total IT load of 400 kW is modeled at 925 locations using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) TMY3 database. The energy savings and environmental benefits are evaluated in terms of key data center performance metrics: Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE), Carbon Usage Effectiveness (CUE), and the recently proposed Water Scarcity Usage Effectiveness (WSUE) metric, which quantifies the holistic impact of water consumption on regional water availability. Results are aggregated and analyzed at the U.S. State level. It is found that airside economization implementation in the continental U.S. is feasible 6.57% and 21.5% of the year on average based on ASHRAE recommended and allowable envelopes, respectively. Furthermore, results indicate that carbon footprint and water scarcity footprint can be reduced by up to 16% when economization is implemented based on the ASHRAE allowable envelope.


Physical activity performed at recommended levels is associated with multiple health benefits. The aim of the study is to describe the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics (SES) of the environment and the volume of physical activity performed by youths. The research group consisted of 159 participants (100 women, 59 men) aged 15, living in the Prešov region. Physical activity levels were assessed using the international physical activity questionnaire IPAQ (long version). The SES of districts in the Prešov region was assessed based on the data available in databases of the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. The presented study was supported by VEGA 1/0840/17 project. The relationship between socioeconomic characteristics of the environment and volume of physical activity was examined using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The results did not reveal any significant relationships between SES and the volume of physical activity practiced by the monitored group of population.


Some 30 public institutions under the authority of the Ministry of Culture and Communication are open to the public: 2 libraries, 13 heritage institutions (museums and other buildings and monuments), 6 live entertainment venues (theatres and opera houses) and 5 multipurpose institutions (auditoria and the Musee de la Musique for example). This study examines attendance at these institutions. In 2009, total visitor numbers (covering both free and charged entry) to these institutions totalled 34 million admissions. Museums and other buildings and monuments attract the greatest visitor numbers, in particular those with the greatest national and international renown, which form part of the capital's tourist attractions. Overall, admission numbers are on the increase, an upturn which often accompanies the diversification of available activities and schemes to improve access to the widest possible public.


Procedural fairness theory posits that the way in which authoritative decisions are made strongly impacts people's willingness to accept them. This article challenges this claim by contending that democratic governments can achieve little in terms of acceptance of policy decisions by the procedural means at their disposal. Instead, outcome favorability is the dominant determinant of decision acceptance. The article explicates that while central parts of procedural fairness theory are true, outcome favorability is still overwhelmingly the strongest determinant of individuals' willingness to accept authoritative decisions. It improves on previous research by locating all key variables into one causal model and testing this model using appropriate data. Findings from a large number of experiments (both vignette and field) reproduce the expected relationships from previous research and support the additional predictions.


There is a wide-ranging and growing body of evidence that mental health and
behavioral effectiveness are influenced more by how people interact with their
thoughts and feelings than by their form (e.g., how negative they are) or frequency.
Research has demonstrated this key finding in a wide range of areas.
For example, in chronic pain, psychosocial disability is predicted more by the
experiential avoidance of pain than by the degree of pain (McCracken 1998). A
number of therapeutic approaches have been developed that share this key
insight: Distress tolerance (e.g., Brown et al. 2002; Schmidt et al. 2007), thought
suppression (e.g., Wenzlaff and Wegner 2000), and mindfulness (Baer 2003). It
is also central to a number of the newer contextual cognitive behavior therapy
(CBT) approaches to treatment, such as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
(MBCT; Segal et al. 2002), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT; Linehan 1993),
metacognitive therapy (Wells 2011), and acceptance and commitment therapy
(ACT; Hayes et al. 1999).
The purpose of this chapter is to describe how ACT conceptualizes mindfulness
and tries to enhance it in the pursuit of promoting mental health and
behavioral effectiveness (e.g., productivity at work). To this end, we discuss
ACT's key construct of psychological flexibility, which involves mindfulness,
and how it has led to a somewhat different approach not only to conceptualizing
mindfulness, but also to how we try to enhance it in the workplace. In so doing,
we hope to show that whilst formal meditation practice is valued in ACT, it is
only one strategy that is used to promote mindfulness, as well as psychological
flexibility more generally.


The uptake of nicotinic acid by erythrocytes, hepatocytes and inverted small intestine sacs of rats with alloxane diabetes was studied as affected by insulin. It is established that a disturbance of the pancreas endocrine function caused by the administration of alloxane to rats inhibits the accumulation of [14C]nicotinic acid in all the studied structures. Insulin administered to rats with alloxane diabetes stimulates the acid uptake by erythrocytes and hepatocytes, but has no effect on accumulation of the vitamin in tissues and serous fluid of inverted empty intestine sacs. An assumption is advanced that under alloxane diabetes the membrane transport of nicotinic acid is disturbed and it may be partially normalized by the insulin administration. The efficiency of the hormone influence on the vitamin uptake by the structures under study changes essentially against a background of the actinomycin D and cycloheximide action.


The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) driven keyword spotting (KWS) technologies has revolutionized human to machine interaction. Yet, the challenge of end-to-end energy efficiency, memory footprint and system complexity of current neural network (NN) powered AI-KWS pipelines has remained ever present. This paper evaluates KWS utilizing a learning automata powered machine learning algorithm called the Tsetlin Machine (TM). Through significant reduction in parameter requirements and choosing logic over arithmetic-based processing, the TM offers new opportunities for low-power KWS while maintaining high learning efficacy. In this paper, we explore a TM-based keyword spotting (KWS) pipeline to demonstrate low complexity with faster rate of convergence compared to NNs. Further, we investigate the scalability with increasing keywords and explore the potential for enabling low-power on-chip KWS.


This research demonstrates that when individuals are expected to detect novel targets, they will be best prepared when trained with diverse categories. Participants were trained in a simulated luggage screening task in one of three conditions of diversity: high (participants searched for dangerous objects belonging to five different categories); low (participants searched for targets belonging to one of the five categories); and no training (control condition). After training, all participants were asked to look for the same novel dangerous objects in the bags. Results show that, during training, the low diversity condition resulted in highest hit rates and fastest response times. In contrast, after training, results were reversed: participants that trained in a high diversity condition were most effective at detecting novel targets. Those with no training at all were equally poor at detecting novel targets as those that trained in a low diversity condition.


The utilization of clean energy is a matter of primary importance for sustainable development as well as a vital approach for solving worldwide energy-related issues. If the low utilization rate of nuclear fuel, nuclear proliferation, and insufficient nuclear safety can be solved, nuclear fission energy could be used as a sustainable and low-carbon clean energy form for thousands of years, providing steady and base-load electrical resources. To address these challenges, we propose an accelerator-driven advanced nuclear energy system (ADANES), consisting of a burner system and a fuel recycle system. In ADANES, the ideal utilization rate of nuclear fuel will be >95%, and the final disposal of nuclear waste will be minimized. The design of a high-temperature ceramic reactor makes the burner system safer. Part of fission products (FPs) are removed during the simple reprocessing in the fuel recycle system, significantly reducing the risks of nuclear proliferation of nuclear technology and materials. The ADANES concept integrates nuclear waste transmutation, nuclear fuel breeding, and safety power production, with an ideal closed loop operation of nuclear fission energy, constituting a major innovation of great potential interest for future energy applications.


It is widely recognized that metallic corrosion of the cathode current collector is a key technological problem that must be fully resolved before Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells can be commercialized on a more competitive basis. This paper presents a short overview on the corrosion mitigation strategies that appear more appropriate for MCFC current collectors. As alternative to the current use of the 300-series austenitic stainless steels, specialty high-Mn stainless steels, corrosion-resistant Ni-based alloys and sol-gel coatings of thin conductive spinel or perovskite ceramic layers are seen as the most promising corrosion solutions for the cathode-side environment. The use of basic additives into electrolyte for inhibiting molten carbonate corrosion is a further mitigation option yet with less practical perspectives due to the high constraints on the electrolyte properties. Recent and current studies conducted at ENEA on MCFC corrosion solutions are also mentioned.


In wireless devices, reducing the time the radio is on results in lower power consumption. In resource-constrained wireless networks, then, sending the same data in fewer bytes can greatly extend the lifetime of the network. In this paper, we explore the use of protocolindependent packet compression, a technique orthogonal to current explicit compaction techniques. Such a compression algorithm functions as a transparent layer inside a communication stack. Because it makes no assumption on the specific protocols used, it is generic enough to be used on multiple technologies. Compression is performed by identifying patterns in recently sent packets and replacing those patterns with bit flags, effectively reducing the size of the packet to be sent. We discuss the trade-offs between computation, memory costs and power savings in such an algorithm. We then present the results of compressing actual packet traces collected from several commercial networks using this algorithm. Results indicate compression ratios between 40% and 80%, which yield savings of 30-70% in the average power consumption of a typical timesynchronized network.


Research on large shared medical datasets and data-driven research are gaining fast momentum and provide major opportunities for improving health systems as well as individual care. Such Open Data can shed light on the causes of disease and effects of treatment including adverse reactions side-effects of treatments, while also facilitating analyses tailored to an individual's characteristics, known as personalized or precision medicine. Precision medicine treatments will take personalization to the next level and be effective for individual patients based on their genomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. High-throughput sequencing technologies and open databases have made precision medicine possible but up to now only large research centres could handle the large scale technology needed for its processing. Aside from issues such as user trust, data privacy, transparency over the control of data ownership, and the implications of data analytics for personal privacy with potentially intrusive inferences, recent advances by Berkeley using open source Big Data technologies and Cloud Computing Services has allowed precision medicine studies to be conducted by small and agile research labs and researchers around the world.


Realizing an optimal task scheduling by taking into account the business importance of jobs has become a matter of interest in pay and use model of Cloud computing. Introduction of an appropriate model for an efficient task scheduling technique could derive benefit to the service providers as well as clients. In this paper, we have addressed two major challenges which has implications on the performance of the Cloud system. One of the major issues is handling technical aspects of distributing the tasks for targeted gains and the second issue is related to the handling of the business priority for concurrently resolving business complexity related to cloud consumers. A coordinated scheduling can be achieved by considering the weightage of both aspects viz. technical requirements and business requirements appropriately. It can be done in such a way that it meets the QoS requirements of technical domain as well as business domain. Along with the technical priority a business Bp is required in creating a resultant priority which could be given to stages of further processing, like task allocation and arbitration schemes. Here we consider a technical priority Tp that is governed by a semi-adaptive scheduling algorithm whereas the resultant priority is derived in which a Business Priority Bp layer encapsulates the Technical Priority Tp to achieve the overall priority of the incoming tasks. It results in a Hybrid priority creation, which is a combination of both technical priority Tp and business priority Bp. By taking into account the business priority of the jobs it is possible to achieve a higher service level satisfaction for the tasks which are submitted with their native technical priority. With this approach the waiting time of the tasks tends to get reduced and it gives a better service level satisfaction.


Ancillary exhaust system structural design for turbines typically employs a separation of responsibilities between the design and installation functions. The design expectations must be implemented correctly during the installation phase to allow long-term serviceability and success of the turbine exhaust system.
 This paper will explore a case study reviewing bolt tightening of duct structural angle and plate flange joints using compressible high temperature fiberglass gasket material, as well as design suggestions for metal-on-metal duct sliding support joints to structural steel. Improper design and operation can lead to failure, downtime, warranty cost and reduced design life of the exhaust system. It is not uncommon for field installation personnel to modify key system design requirements during the installation phase; typically out of habit, perceived best practice, missed installation instructions and/or misunderstanding the system behavior. In addition, maintenance recommendations are often overlooked.
 Literature provides extensive background for bolting of stationary metal-to-metal plate joints, rigid gaskets and pressure vessel joints. There is a gap with respect to structural angle and plate flange joint bolt tensioning using compressible fiberglass gaskets at low pressures and high temperatures. Much of the industry standard tightening philosophy is useful, but has not been extensively studied and written about with respect to flanges under high exhaust temperatures or for sliding joints exposed to thermal expansion.
 This paper summarizes current industry practice, presents relevant test data and a case study, analyzes the effects of high thermal stresses, and recommends a tightening procedure for typical field applications of flange joints using high temperature gaskets, and the design of metal-to-metal sliding support joints.


Neighbourhood Houses, first established in Australia in the 1970s, operate within a community development framework and are committed to empowering individuals and communities. Their practices encourage active participation and involvement in social and recreational programs, formal, informal, and incidental learning, leadership activities, and local decision making. Empowerment is a central principle of community development, although in recent times its continuing relevance has been questioned within the community development field.
Women constitute a majority of participants and staff in Neighbourhood Houses. This thesis reports on the first Australian study to focus on women's experiences of empowerment through their engagement with Neighbourhood Houses. It examines the processes, practices and aspects of community development that contribute to their experiences. The epistemological approach of this research draws on feminist and poststructural perspectives regarding how knowledge and meaning are produced, and what constitutes knowledge. An overall qualitative approach to the research design was used in order to focus in a detailed way on women's everyday experiences of empowerment in the course of their engagement with Neighbourhood Houses.
Twenty-eight women participants and managers of Neighbourhood Houses in urban and rural areas were interviewed for the study. Semi-structured interviews, informed by narrative research practices, explored the multiple and diverse ways in which discourses and practices of power were expressed, negotiated, challenged and resisted by the participants.
The findings of this research present in rich detail the diversity and fluidity of the women's experiences of power, disempowerment and empowerment. The research found that the women experienced empowerment in multilayered and iterative ways through engagement with the Neighbourhood Houses. In their active engagement, the women were supported by the flexible, inclusive, and non-prescriptive community development practices within the Neighbourhood Houses. The participatory, learning, and relational environment of the Neighbourhood Houses enabled the women to explore new ways of being in the world and to develop new understandings of themselves in relation to the world. This contributed to a strengthened sense of their own agency and control within their personal, working and civic lives.
This detailed exploration of women's everyday experiences in Neighbourhood Houses supports the continuing usefulness to community development of an enriched, nuanced understanding of power and empowerment informed by feminist and poststructural theory.


Objectives The goal of this study is to report the prevalence, aetiology and clinical outcome of pregnant women with heart failure. Methods This is a retrospective community-based cohort study that included pregnant women in the Kaiser Permanente Health System between 2003 and 2014. Women with heart failure were identified using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision codes. Medical records were manually reviewed to confirm diagnosis and adjudicate outcomes. Results In a cohort of 385 935 pregnancies, 488 (0.13%) had a diagnosis of heart failure, corresponding to 126 cases per 100 000 pregnancies. Peripartum cardiomyopathy was the most common cause of heart failure, accounting for 333 (68.2%) cases. Preterm birth and caesarean delivery were more common in patients with heart failure. Neonatal death rate was higher in the heart failure group (1.0% vs 0.4%, p=0.03). Infants delivered to women with heart failure had lower birth weights (3112.0±774.0 g vs 3331.9±575.5 g, p<0.001) and lower Apgar score at 1 min (7.9±1.5 vs 8.3±1.1, p<0.001). Median follow-up was 6.2 years (IQR 3.2–9.2). During follow-up, 7 (1.4%) in the heart failure group and 423 (0.11%) in the control group died. Heart failure was associated with a 7.7-fold increase risk of death (adjusted HR 7.7, 95% CI 3.6 to 16.4, p<0.001). Conclusion Heart failure during pregnancy is associated with unfavourable fetal outcomes including prematurity and low birth weight. While the overall mortality rate was low, pregnant women with heart failure carried an excess risk of death compared with controls.


PSRC column is a concrete encased steel angle column. In the PSRC column, the steel angles placed at the corner of the cross-section resists bending moment and compression load. The lateral re-bars welded to steel angles resist the column shear and the bond between the steel angle and concrete. In the present study, current design procedures in KBC 2009 were applied to the flexure-compression, shear, and bond design of the PSRC composite column. To verify the validity of the design method and failure mode, simply supported 2/3 scaled PSRC and correlated SRC beams were tested under two point loading. The test parameters were the steel angle ratio and lateral bar spacing. The test results showed that the bending, shear, and bond strengths predicted by KBC 2009 correlated well with the test results. The flexural strength of the PSRC specimens was much greater than that of the SRC specimen with the same steel ratio because the steel angles were placed at the corner of the column section. However, when the bond resistance between the steel angle and concrete was not sufficient, brittle failures such as bond failure of the angle, spalling of cover concrete, and the tensile fracture of lateral re-bar occurred before the development of the yield strength of PSRC composite section. Further, if the weldability and toughness of the steel angle were insufficient, the specimen was failed by the fracture of the steel angle at the weld joint between the angle and lateral bars.


The "Scandinavian Triangle" is a unique trio of radars within the DATAR Project (Dynamics and Temperatures from the Arctic MLT (60–97km) region): Andenes MF radar (69°N, 16°E); Tromso MF radar (70°N, 19°E) and Esrange "Meteor" radar (68°N, 21°E). The radar-spacings range from 125-270km, making it unique for studies of wind variability associated with small-scale waves, comparisons of large-scale waves measured over small spacings, and for comparisons of winds from different radar systems. As such it complements results from arrays having spacings of 25km and 500km that have been located near Saskatoon. Correlation analysis is used to demonstrate a speed bias (MF smaller than the Meteor) between the radar types, which varies with season and altitude. Annual climatologies for the year 2000 of mean winds, solar tides, planetary and gravity waves are presented, and show indications of significant spatial variability across the Triangle and of differences in wave characteristics from middle latitudes. Key words: Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics; waves and tides: instrument and techniques)


Plants face multiple biotic and abiotic stressors simultaneously. Many species can tolerate and resist stress, but countermeasures differ between roots and leaves. Since herbivores and environmental conditions modulate costs and benefits of plant defence traits, stress responses are context‐dependent. We examined whole‐plant tolerance and resistance responses to individual and combined effects of above and belowground herbivory under variable water conditions. We manipulated water availability and access by two common herbivores (Spodoptera exigua caterpillars and Meloidogyne incognita nematodes) to Solanum lycocarpum. Plants were either watered based on historical regional averages or the 30% reduction predicted by IPCC studies. Herbivory treatments included isolated above (AG) and belowground (BG) attacks, simultaneous (AGBG) attacks and no‐herbivory controls. We then parameterized generalized linear mixed‐effects models with data on plant survival, leaf and root biomass accumulation, root complexity and terpenoid concentration. Foliar herbivory increased terpenoid concentrations in roots relative to no‐herbivory plants under control water but decreased concentrations in both roots and leaves under drought. Similarly, root feeders increased concentrations of terpenoids in leaves under control water but decreased concentrations only in roots under drought. Plants challenged with AGBG herbivory had greater whole‐plant biomass (i.e. tolerance) and lower total concentrations of defensive compounds (i.e. resistance) than plants exposed to no‐herbivore controls, regardless of water conditions. Importantly, the capacity of plants to grow or produce terpenoids changes when herbivory level is considered. In plants exposed to AGBG herbivory, greater nematode infection was related to decreases in whole‐plant biomass and marginal increases in total terpenoid concentration. Ultimately, accounting only for individual AG and BG responses would have led to different conclusions and underestimated the magnitude of S. lycocarpum's compensatory responses. A 'whole‐plant' approach revealed that belowground herbivory is the primary driver of tolerance in plants surviving moderate water stress. Synthesis. Whole‐plant responses to stress in variable environments are complex, and their comprehensive understanding requires accounting for belowground herbivores and root responses.


This study investigates the impact of energy consumption and financial development on economic growth using neo-classical production function in the case of US. The ARDL (Autoregressive distributed lag) bounds testing approach with additional variables (energy consumption and financial development) is used to investigate cointegration during the period of 1967-2012 in US. The ARDL reveals a cointegration relationship among energy consumption, financial development, capital and economic growth. Energy consumption and financial development reveal short term impacts but no long-term impacts on economic development. Capital has short and long impacts on economic development. Therefore, energy conservation policies can be implemented since energy consumption only has short term effects on economic growth but not long term effects. The result also implies that the US government should encourage the financial sector to develop a new financial policy or system to boost up the process of capitalization to keep going economic growth. JEL: C5; Q43


OBJECTIVE
The primary objective of this study was to describe the case mix experienced by chiropractic students during their clinical internship at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College. Secondary objectives were to characterize teaching clinic patient populations, assess the similarity to previously published data for practicing chiropractors, and describe the treatment plans being recommended by interns.

METHODS
A prospective, observational study was conducted using a convenience sample of 24 chiropractic interns. Data were collected by interns using a standardized form that was completed for each new patient and each new complaint examined during the 1-year internship. Standardized forms included data regarding patient demographics, complaint characteristics, and treatment recommendations.

RESULTS
Data were included for 23 of 24 participating interns, who described 828 patients and a total of 948 unique complaint presentations. Overall, 60% of patients were female, 86% were 18 to 64 years old, and 23% were naive to chiropractic care. Of all presenting complaints, 93% were pain-based, 67% were chronic, 65% included spinal complaints, and 7% presented with red flags; individual interns' experiences were variable and are described. On average, treatment recommendations called for 9.4 visits and often included multimodal treatment approaches, most commonly soft-tissue therapies (91%), home-based active care (84%), and spine manipulation (70%).

CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study suggest that patients presenting to CMCC teaching clinics are similar to those reported previously to attend private chiropractic clinics. While all participating interns encountered multiple complex clinical cases, very few had experience with pediatric populations. This study adds to the few that detail the characteristics of patients attending chiropractic teaching clinics; to our knowledge it is the first to describe average case loads of chiropractic interns.


Although there are numerous images that can be associated with the expression of the values and ideals of the ruling elites, the absence of overt ruler propaganda in Minoan official art is striking and has often been commented on. This paper argues that with regard to the expression of political power Minoan culture favoured the allusive and the polysemic. In particular, there was an overlap between religious and political imagery and depictions relating to the divine sphere would have been understood as also referring to the power of the palatial elites. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v07i3_whittaker


In this work a mathematical model initially developed for a counter-current bubble column gas-liquid contactor was examined. The model was developed by a lumped parameter approach to mass transfer with chemical reaction occurring completely within the liquid phase. ! An extensive literature review was carried out on gas-liquid mass transfer and in particular ozone-water mass transfer in co-current down flow. There are large gaps in the literature on this phenomenon, which indicated the need for this kind of study. The mathematical model was applied to study the behaviour of a jet pump contactor. Limited experimentation was carried out to examine some of the important characteristics of the reactor. The co-current downflow reactor was found to operate completely in annular flow with very high gas to liquid volumetric flow ratios (9 to 19). Experimental and model of determination of volumetric mass transfer coefficient revealed an extremely high value (kLa=230 sec' 1), which was nearly independent of flows or flow ratios. Limited reactor flow pattern modelling, and mass transfer modelling have provided a large scope for future research. The flow pattern modelling of annular flow shows that velocities of the phases in the reactor are very high, and this leads to vastly decreased residence times. The velocities are 10 times those expected from superficial velocity calculations. Modelling has shown that for the jet pump to become successful in microbiol disinfection in cooling tower water, that the residual liquid ozone concentration and/or the reactor residence time needs to be significantly increased to provide adequate CT disinfection criteria. This study has provided useful information on the jet pump, and shown that high mass transfer coefficients, high gas hold-ups and high gas to liquid flow ratios occur. The models provide a framework for further work with all hydrodynamic and chemical properties easily adjusted. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following people who gave help or advice in the preparation of this thesis: Dr Wee King Soh. Mr Keith Maywald. David Wright for computer technical advice and help. My parents for continued support.


Bacterial biofilm development is conditioned by complex processes involving bacterial attachment to surfaces, growth, mobility, and exoproduct production. The marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain D41 is able to attach strongly onto a wide variety of substrates, which promotes subsequent biofilm development. Study of the outer‐membrane and total soluble proteomes showed ten spots with significant intensity variations when this bacterium was grown in biofilm compared to planktonic cultures. MS/MS de novo sequencing analysis allowed the identification of four outer‐membrane proteins of particular interest since they were strongly induced in biofilms. These proteins are homologous to a TonB‐dependent receptor (TBDR), to the OmpW and OmpA porins, and to a type IV pilus biogenesis protein (PilF). Gene expression assays by quantitative RT‐PCR showed that the four corresponding genes were upregulated during biofilm development on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants unable to produce any of the OmpW, OmpA, and PilF homologues yielded biofilms with lower biovolumes and altered architectures, confirming the involvement of these proteins in the biofilm formation process. Our results indicate that Pseudoalteromonas sp. D41 shares biofilm formation mechanisms with human pathogenic bacteria, but also relies on TBDR, which might be more specific to the marine environment.


While libraries employ marketing in various forms, the challenge is keeping up with the rapidly changing discourse concerning marketing that exists outside of the library and information science (LIS) field. This research examines an innovative approach to marketing undertaken by the North Carolina Biotechnology Center Library. The case study specifically investigates the implementation of narrative marketing and appreciative inquiry within the framework of previously established best practices for library marketing. This research demonstrates how implementing narrative marketing enables libraries to conduct evidence based librarianship, and documents the entire process used by the North Carolina Biotech Library to create a narrative marketing plan, from its initial development to its implementation. This process included an internal assessment of the library's service offerings, as well as a survey of the library's users. The data gathered enabled the library staff to justify which services to emphasize in the library's narrative campaign.


The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Short Child Occupational Profile (SCOPE; version 2.0). The SCOPE is an occupation focused, clientcentered, theory driven assessment developed out of a practice/academic partnership. In this study, twenty practitioners from occupational therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy, and social work completed thirty-five SCOPE assessments with clients' ages two years, four months to twenty-one years with both physical and intellectual disabilities. All therapists rated one common client. Rasch analysis using Facets was used to analyze the items. Results reveal that the SCOPE items coalesce to represent the construct of occupational participation in a valid manner and that most clients can be measured in a valid way by those items. Therapists used the SCOPE in a similar way and analysis demonstrated there was limited variability among therapists. The SCOPE discriminated between clients who had varying levels of occupational participation. The results indicate a need to do minor revisions to the assessment in order to maximize the psychometric properties and enhance clinicians' understanding of the items and rating scale terms.


The prevalence of malformed amphibians and the association of high incidences of malformation with the presence of environmental contaminants have raised questions about the effects of environmental contaminants on the development of larval amphibians. The potential endocrine disrupting effects of pesticides suggest that the reproductive and developmental abnormalities observed in larval anurans may be due at least in part to impacts on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The present studies investigate the effects of exposure to environmental contaminants including DDT and atrazine on the development, gonadal histology and reproductive steroidogenesis of larval anurans. As previous monitoring at Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Newington, New Hampshire documented incidences of amphibian malformations at four sites contaminated with potentially endocrine active compounds, the present study utilized in situ exposures and laboratory toxicology experiments to determine if contaminants present in the sites affect amphibian development. Five intersex/mixed sex animals were produced in the enclosure experiment. Reproductive development and steroidogenic capacity of male metamorphs from Reference Beaver Pond were more advanced relative to males from the other sites. In the laboratory sediment exposure experiment, reproductive development was altered by contaminants present in the sediments and the degree of alteration was related to nominal DDT concentrations. The proportion of animals exhibiting testicular oocytes increased, whereas androgen concentrations and the proportion of gonadal tissue exhibiting advanced stages of spermatogenesis decreased as DDT concentration increased. This work indicates that environmental contaminants may alter reproductive development. The potential for atrazine to alter the development, gonadal histology, and reproductive steroidogenesis of two species of anurans was investigated in two laboratory experiments. Exposure to atrazine increased tadpole growth and developmental rates for Hyla versicolor, but not for Rana pipiens, whereas atrazine exposure did not result in altered gonadal development for either species. None of the H. versicolor metamorphs exhibited gonadal abnormalities, while testicular oocytes occurred in R. pipiens metamorphs from all treatments, including the controls. Suggesting that testicular oocytes may be a natural ontogenetic occurrence in some species. Establishing the normal pattern of anuran reproductive development is necessary to clarify the effects of endocrine disrupting contaminants.


Patient no-shows for scheduled primary care appointments are common. Unused appointment slots reduce patient quality of care, access to services and provider productivity while increasing loss to follow-up and medical costs. This paper describes patterns of no-show variation by patient age, gender, appointment age, and type of appointment request for six individual service lines in the United States Veterans Health Administration (VHA). This retrospective observational descriptive project examined 25,050,479 VHA appointments contained in individual-level records for eight years (FY07-FY14) for 555,183 patients. Multifactor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, with no-show rate as the dependent variable, and gender, age group, appointment age, new patient status, and service line as factors. The analyses revealed that males had higher no-show rates than females to age 65, at which point males and females exhibited similar rates. The average no-show rates decreased with age until 75–79, whereupon rates increased. As appointment age increased, males and new patients had increasing no-show rates. Younger patients are especially prone to no-show as appointment age increases. These findings provide novel information to healthcare practitioners and management scientists to more accurately characterize no-show and attendance rates and the impact of certain patient factors. Future general population data could determine whether findings from VHA data generalize to others.


Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the most common helminthic diseases worldwide and it can cause various complications. The presence of this worm in the biliary tree, however, is a rare condition, especially in children. We describe a child with biliary ascariasis who was presenting clinical symptoms mimicking surgical acute abdomen. The diagnosis was made by ultrasound. The child was successfully treated with mebendazole and anti-spasmolytic. Biliary ascariasis should be added to the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in patients, even in children, from endemic areas.


Annotating tens or hundreds of tiny objects in a given image is laborious yet crucial for a multitude of Computer Vision tasks. Such imagery typically contains objects from various categories, yet the multi-class interactive annotation setting for the detection task has thus far been unex-plored. To address these needs, we propose a novel interactive annotation method for multiple instances of tiny objects from multiple classes, based on a few point-based user in-puts. Our approach, C3Det, relates the full image context with annotator inputs in a local and global manner via late-fusion andfeature-correlation, respectively. We perform ex-periments on the Tiny-DOTA. and LCell datasets using both two-stage and one-stage object detection architectures to verify the efficacy of our approach. Our approach outper-forms existing approaches in interactive annotation, achieving higher mAP with fewer clicks. Furthermore, we validate the annotation efficiency of our approach in a user study where it is shown to be 2.85x faster and yield only 0.36x task load (NASA-TLX, lower is better) compared to manual annotation. The code is available at https://github.com/ChungYi347/Interactive-Multi-Class-Tiny-Object-Detection.


Adequate coverage is one of the main problems for Sensor Networks. The effectiveness of distributed wireless sensor networks highly depends on the sensor deployment scheme. Given a finite number of sensors, optimizing the sensor deployment will provide sufficient sensor coverage and save power of sensors for movement to target location to adequate coverage. In many working environments, for getting good coverage, we must able to move sensors to adequate places. In this paper, we apply fuzzy logic system to optimize the sensor placement after an initial random deployment. Based on Voronoi diagrams and Fuzzy logic, we design a distributed algorithm for controlling the movement of sensors. In our algorithm, we use Voronoi diagram to detect coverage holes and calculate the target locations of sensors. Simulation results show that our approach maximizes the sensor coverage with less energy consumption for movement and decreases necessary movement for reaching to high coverage by adequate using of fuzzy logic and introducing ST-FACTOR.


Graphene oxide (GO) holds great potential for biomedical applications, however fundamental understanding of the way it interacts with biological systems is still lacking even though it is a prerequisite for successful clinical translation. In this study, we exploited intrinsic fluorescent properties of GO to establish the relationship between lateral dimensions of the material, its cellular uptake mechanism and intracellular fate. Label-free GO with distinct lateral dimensions, small (s-GO) and ultra-small (us-GO), was synthesized and thoroughly characterised both in water and in biologically relevant cell culture medium. Interactions of the material with a range of non-phagocytic mammalian cell lines (BEAS-2B, NIH/3T3, HaCaT, 293T) were studied using a combination of complementary analytical techniques (confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and TEM). The uptake mechanism was interrogated using a range of pharmaceutical inhibitors for main endocytic pathways (ethyl-isopropyl amiloride, monodansylcadaverine, chlorpromazine, genistein, cytochalasin D, latrunculin A, dynasore and sodium azide), and validated using negatively charged polystyrene beads with different diameters (0.1 and 1 μm). Regardless of lateral dimension, both types of GO were found to interact with the plasma membrane and to be efficiently taken up by a panel of cell lines in a time- and dose-dependent manner. s-GO was internalised mainly via macropinocytosis while us-GO used mainly clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Lastly, we show that both s-GO and us-GO terminate in lysosomal compartments for up to 48 h. Our results aim to offer significant insight into the mechanism of interaction of GO with non-phagocytic cell lines that can be exploited for the design of biomedically applicable 2D transport systems.


An expected global increase in bioenergy-crop cultivation as an alternative to fossil fuels will have consequences on both global climate and local air quality through changes in biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). While greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced through the substitution of next-generation bioenergy crops such as eucalyptus, giant reed, and switchgrass for fossil fuels, the choice of species has important ramifications for human health, potentially reducing the benefits of conversion due to increases in ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels as a result of large changes in biogenic emissions. Using the Community Earth System Model we simulate the conversion of marginal and underutilized croplands worldwide to bioenergy crops under varying future anthropogenic emissions scenarios. A conservative global replacement using high VOC-emitting crop profiles leads to modeled population-weighted O3 increases of 5–27 ppb in India, 1–9 ppb in China, and 1–6 ppb in the United States, with peak PM2.5 increases of up to 2 μg m−3. We present a metric for the regional evaluation of candidate bioenergy crops, as well as results for the application of this metric to four representative emissions profiles using four replacement scales (10–100% maximum estimated available land). Finally, we assess the total health and climate impacts of biogenic emissions, finding that the negative consequences of using high-emitting crops could exceed 50% of the positive benefits of reduced fossil fuel emissions in value.


BACKGROUND
Hair follicle preservation for the purpose of delayed application would help us to transplant hair follicles more efficiently.

METHODS
Isolated single hair follicles were preserved at 4 degrees C in four different solutions. Viability of preserved follicles was judged by organ culture and cell culture. In addition, a small number of hair follicles were transplanted into athymic mice. RESULTS. By cell culture, both dermal papilla and outer root sheath cells could be cultivated after 7 days of preservation. Hair follicles preserved for 48 hours showed a significant increase of hair shafts in organ culture. Those preserved for 7 days regrew well when transplanted into athymic mice.

CONCLUSION
Preservation of hair follicles at 4 degrees C could be one option to prepare many follicular units at one time for transplantation.


This thesis achieves a deconstructive interrogation of American national identity by
analysing its representation in contemporary independent cinema. Drawing upon the poststructuralist
work of Jacques Derrida (and limited applications of his thought to film
scholarship), this project theorises a rigorous (but non-programmatic) model for conducting
deconstructive readings of cinematic texts. Engaging with a corpus of ostensibly
independent films, case-study analyses of American identity narratives are used to theorise
and enact a fruitful process of Derridean cinematic and cultural interpretation. In
undertaking this broad theoretical objective, I intervene within a range of specific filmic and
socio-political debates. Analysing texts drawn from within prevailing independent film
definitions, this project undertakes a deconstructive re-inscription of this prominent
cinematic category. Destabilising its conventional designation as Hollywood's antonymic
"other," the ontological solidity of independent film is fatally compromised, opening up its
constituent texts to a greater range of interpretative gestures. Furthermore, in addressing
textual representations of national identity, I elucidate a discursive area largely unexplored
in existing independent film scholarship. Characterising case-study analyses as overtly
deconstructive, this thesis also destabilises structural orthodoxies that orient American
identity discourses around dichotomous concepts of character and place. Thus, studying
representations of prominent cultural narratives (individualism, the nuclear family, the
small-town, and the wilderness), this thesis uncovers and then dismantles their restrictive
metaphysical foundations. Specifically, drawing attention to discursive slippages and
paradoxes that inhabit these forms of cultural narration, textual readings problematize their
self-coherence and ontological closure. Relating these cultural analyses to popular and
academic discourses of national identity, this thesis also expands the reach of Derridean
theory into a range of other disciplines, such as American studies. Ultimately, this thesis'
multifaceted research objectives open up American identity discourses to an unfixed
freeplay of differance, laying the foundations for a liberatory intervention into oppositional
American cultural debates.


A simplified diagnostic/monitoring instrument for use in primary screening for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has been desired. This study was designed to assess the validity of a newly developed piezoelectric sensor as a simple and noninvasive tool for primary screening for sleep-disordered breathing. Forty-three consecutive patients suspected of having sleep-disordered breathing and 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Breathing movement was detected with the piezoelectric sensor (180 × 30 × 1 mm), which was placed under a bed sheet under patients, and simultaneous polysomnographic recordings were obtained. We counted the number of apneas of >10 s, irrespective of central or obstructive, that appeared during Cheyne-Stokes-like breathing with a waxing and waning pattern with an amplitude ratio of >10 in the piezoelectric sensor signal. The correlation coefficient between the number of apneas and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 0.74 (P < 0.0001). The sensitivity/specificity of the number of apneas for distinguishing non-SDB patients from mild SDB patients (AHI ≥ 5) were 92.1/60.0% and those for separating moderate to severe (AHI ≥ 15) and severe (AHI ≥ 30) SDB patients from the other patients were 96.9/100% and 93.8/86.5%, respectively. There were no complaints from patients about the use of the piezoelectric sensor. The results indicate that the number of apneas detected by this piezoelectric sensor during Cheyne-Stokes-like breathing is a potential new index for primary screening for SDB at least for cardiac patients. Thus, the piezoelectric-sensor system might be useful for simple, noninvasive and comfortable SDB screening at home, hospitals and health care facilities.


A central component in many applications is the underlying data management layer. In Data-Web applications, the central component of this layer is the triple store. It is thus evident that finding the most adequate store for the application to develop is of crucial importance for individual projects as well as for data integration on the Data Web in general. In this paper, we propose a generic benchmark creation procedure for SPARQL, which we apply to the DBpedia knowledge base. In contrast to previous approaches, our benchmark is based on queries that were actually issued by humans and applications against existing RDF data not resembling a relational schema. In addition, our approach does not only take the query string but also the features of the queries into consideration during the benchmark generation process. Our generic procedure for benchmark creation is based on query-log mining, SPARQL feature analysis and clustering. After presenting the method underlying our benchmark generation algorithm, we use the generated benchmark to compare the popular triple store implementations Virtuoso, Sesame, Jena-TDB, and BigOWLIM.


The stereochemistry of the diastereomers of a DNA duplex with the 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1,-dimethylethyl (TCDME) phosphotriester backbone substitution has been assigned by the use of 2D NMR spectroscopy. The duplex [G1G2A3A4G5p(TCDME)C6T7A8G9G10]-[C11C12T13A14G15C16 T17T18C19C20] is a substrate of the restriction endonuclease Alu I, with placement of the TCDME group at the G5-C6 cleavage site of one strand. The stereochemical orientation of the TCDME group in relation to the structure of the double helix regulates the ability of Alu I to hydrolyze the complementary recognition site. The phosphotriester group of the isomer 1 duplex blocks cleavage of the complementary strand, while that of the isomer 2 duplex allows cleavage to proceed. Within the phosphotriester recognition site, no hydrolysis is detected nor is any seen when the single-stranded DNA substrate is utilized. Data from the 2D NOESY spectra demonstrate that both DNA duplexes retain basic B-form geometry. The isomer 1 duplex shows NOE cross-relaxation from the protons of the two methyl groups of the TCDME modification (1.99, 2.00 ppm) to the G5 H3'(5.30 ppm), G5 H4' (4.53 ppm), and C6 H5'/H5" (4.52, 4.62 ppm) protons. The isomer 2 duplex shows NOE cross-relaxation from the methyl protons of the TCDME modification (2.01, 2.03 ppm) to the C6 H6 (7.15 ppm), C6 H4' (4.30 ppm), C6 H5'/H5" (4.48, 4.62 ppm), G5 H3' (5.26 ppm), and G5 H4' (4.48 ppm) protons. Thus the NOE cross-relaxation between the methyl protons of the TCDME modification and the C6 H6 and C6 H4' protons in isomer 2 is not found in the spectra of the isomer 1 duplex. These NMR data confirm the stereochemical assignment of the chirality of the TCDME phosphotriester group in isomer 1 as the Sp configuration and in isomer 2 as the Rp configuration. The Sp isomer features the TCDME group pointing away from the helix, while the Rp isomer shows the TCDME group pointing towards the major groove. Thus through the use of 2D NMR techniques, the stereochemistry of chiral phosphotriester linkages may be assigned in chemically modified DNA.


Research on the association between high commitment Human Resource (HR) practices and work-related outcomes at the individual level rarely focuses on age differences. To fill this knowledge gap, a meta-analysis has been conducted to examine how the relationships between the availability of high commitment HR practices, as perceived by employees, and affective commitment and job satisfaction change with age. Drawing on Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC) theory and on Regulatory Focus theory, we identify a bundle of maintenance HR practices and a bundle of development HR practices, and hypothesize that the association between maintenance HR practices and work-related attitudes strengthens with age, and that the association between development HR practices and work-related attitudes weakens with age. Our meta-analysis of 83 studies reveals that, in line with social exchange and signaling theories, employees' perceptions of HR practices are positively related to their work-related attitudes, and that calendar age influences this relationship largely as expected. These results are discussed in light of the above mentioned theories. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This paper uses a panel of UK manufacturing firms to examine whether the effect of cash flow on inventory investment reflects the presence of financially constrained firms. Financially constrained firms are identified using a number of criteria, including the criterion suggested by Bond and Meghir (1994) based on the firm's financial policy. The main finding is that the effect of cash flow on inventory investment is concentrated among firms identified as financially constrained using either their financial policy or a criterion based on their current ratio. This suggests that there is no unique criterion for identifying financially constrained firms using financial information in company accounts. Contrary to what previous studies have found, using firm size or the coverage ratio to define financially constrained firms does not reduce the effect of cash flow on the inventory investment of unconstrained firms. This raises doubts about whether these are accurate indicators of whether a firm is financially constrained. Combined with Bond and Meghir's similar findings for fixed investment, the results in this paper suggest that cash flow effects form part of the monetary transmission mechanism.


Transmyocardial laser revascularization is a modern therapeutic concept for patients with end-stage coronary artery disease not eligible for bypass surgery, percutaneous coronary interventions or heart transplantation. Although the principal idea of creating additional myocardial perfusion from the cavum of the left ventricle was derived from observations in reptile hearts, histological investigations suggest that channel patency is not the underlying mechanism for improved clinical symptoms. Sympathetic denervation and angioneogenesis may be additional explanations for improvement of angina and stress tolerance. The first experiences with transmyocardial laser revascularization were made using a surgical approach. Two randomized multicenter trials could show a significant improvement in angina and stress tolerance 12 months after creating channels using laser technique. While these results were obtained by performing thoracotomy, catheter-based systems have been designed for a less invasive approach of this technique. A further advantage of these new systems is that regions like the septum can be treated which are not eligible for a surgical approach. Using percutaneous transluminal catheter-based systems channels of up to 6 mm length can be created. Beside the fluoroscopic guided creation of myocardial channels a new mapping system has been applied using electromechanical features of viable myocardial tissue. This system is based on the observation that endocardial electrograms recorded from an infarcted area are characterized by very low amplitude and fractionated morphology. This system allows online mapping of viable myocardium and provides spatial, electrical, and mechanical information of the myocardium. This method of electromechanical mapping highly correlates with results obtained from myocardial perfusion scans. Recent preliminary clinical trials demonstrated that catheter-based creation of myocardial channels is a feasible and successful alternative to the surgical laser revascularization. Also with this approach a significant improvement in angina and stress tolerance can be achieved. The results of the PACIFIC study, the first randomized multicenter study using percutaneous transluminal laser revascularization, demonstrates that after 3 and 6 months more than half of the patients presented improved angina of at least 1 Canadian-Cardiovascular-Society class. Whether electromechanical guided myocardial laser revascularization is more efficient than fluoroscopic guided has not been proven yet. Further studies will have to evaluate this issue.


Mutual fund flows respond significantly to the return gap, which captures information about unobserved actions of mutual funds and predicts future performance. The sensitivity of fund flows to the return gap is: (i) strong and positive; (ii) increasing with investor sophistication; (iii) highly nonlinear; and (iv) decreasing with the informativeness of past fund returns. On average, the response of investors to the return gap enhances their performance. Our findings suggest there is a sophisticated mass of investors who can distinguish good from bad managers using information that may not be directly inferred from standard performance indicators.


Northeastern Pacific chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) data collected between 1982 and 1994 near Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) station 1 (28.5°N, 122.5°W) record decadal timescale ventilation processes of the subtropical thermocline in this region. The CFC‐12 concentration age field versus potential density has been remarkably constant over the 12‐year period, although CFC concentrations in the upper kilometer of the water column have increased with time. Results from a simple one‐dimensional advection‐diffusion model are consistent with an advection velocity of ca. 0.8–0.9 cm s−1 from the source area. The influence of the 1982–83 El Niño is noticeable in the 1983 observations. While the main stream of subarctic source water appears to spread southward at a constant rate, during El Niño years the influence of comparatively CFC‐free tropical thermocline waters is enhanced in this region, leading to reduced vertical inventories of CFCs, but without changing the apparent CFC ages as functions of potential density. Apparent oxygen utilization rates decrease with increasing CFC age, and also appear not to have changed significantly over the 12‐year measurement period.


Minute vibration of grinding wheel greatly restricts machining accuracy of axisymmetric aspheric surface in precision grinding. This paper is dedicated to analysis micro-topography of grinding surface under grinding wheel vibration. The relative motion track of wheel to ideal lens surface and the interference of them are involved to study the effects of grinding wheel vibration on surface quality. For different operation parameters, the processed surface presents various micro-topography, and the restriction extent of vibration to surface quality is also different. Vibration waveform in the region near lens center is smoothed greatly by the interference of wheel and the processed surface. Therefore, surface quality gets some improvement from edge to center for axisymmetric aspheric lens. Experiment results verified the validity of the theoretical analysis.


When will artificial intelligence metamorphose into real intelligence? Conceptually this question has been around since the beginning of time. Creating a machine or automaton that replicates human feelings and behaviour in a convincing way is not unique and can be correlated to the primeval and evolutionary process of human transfiguration. Can machines posses a soul?

It is said that rationality stems from emotion and emotion stems from bodily senses. Will machines ever be fully capable of exhibiting rational responses? According to Aristotle and Plato only man has faculty of reason and that consciousness is the hylomorphic form (consisting of matter and form) for a viable organism. We are now questioning whether objects created in AI space can indeed have an independent realm of existence from the physical world like Descartes "immortal souls"? AI occupies a metaphysical plane which is scaleable beyond the capacity of human intelligence.

AI is a manifestation of cognitive form that has the ability to learn and solve problems. Within this realm, there is a fluidic movement from artificial intelligencia to intelligencia in it's most archaic form. Only at the point at which the mind is sentient can it exhibit a conscious experience. The very challenge within AI is making or rather allowing machines to reach a plane of consciousness. Raymond Kurzweil prophesied that singularity is near, that computationalism has a non-representational state and that the qualia is a vision of technological omnipotence. AI has the freedom to be everywhere, sharing parallels to God.

Our limitless faith in science according to Joel Moses has brought us to this technological point in the intelligibility of mental causation. The study of human perception, actions and thinking draws parallels in the computational and human psyche. We can draw our attention on the neuro-scientific principles through interdependencies of mind and matter as told by Buddha in the now modern day teachings of mindfulness. The mind is indeed a changing stream of perception, volition, consciousness and material form. The creation of a mind stream is the very challenge of AI and we are getting closer to this nirvanistic state.

The mind-body relationship as created by Gilbert Ryle and epitomised by Arthur Koestler has become a manifestation within computational artificial intelligence. His very principles of a dualistic inner world is now becoming realised through the use of technology. We are creating a ghost in the machine that lives in harmony with embodiments in a physicality and non-physicality regime.

The sensory connections within AI are no longer protozoa. They are a force that is growing at a phenomenal pace to one day touch the very face of man kinds limitations in cognition and traverse far beyond. The error of Descartes is pronounced in this cognitive state, questioning the very existence of a viscera or gut feeling. AI's synthesis of man and machine lies within the upper echelons of conscious hierarchy according to the teachings of Damasio: the "somatic marker" allows it to detect and record within the protoself. It receives messages from the protoself and becomes aware of feelings from internal and external changes in core consciousness. And then draws upon the use of physical memory and cognitive referencing through the past for extended levels of consciousness.

The sentience of AI is the very challenge that faces us all. For robotocists and AI pragmatists this is an encapsulation of being. i.e. mind body = software hardware or where a mind-body interaction between World 1 and World 2, action 1 (in World 1) => action 2 (in World 2). A symbiosis that is truly unique and has a level of interconnectivity that is profound. Our Turing completeness in this Chinese room is John Searle's greatest agenda: i.e. look inside the computer and find where the mind might be?

Will the AI objects that we create eventually ask the question: "who am I?", exhibit attention to empathy?, turn to solitude as an antidote to loneliness? adapt to their changing needs through the power of belief? and face impermanence in the science of wisdom? Will our AI counterparts be truly happy in a co-existential state with mankind? in the words of Neil Gernshenfeld: "when machines start to think and dream", we will be entering a new dimension in state metaphysical and abstraction. Machines will no longer be machines, but they will become an emotional creation with a locus of free will, like humans are an apotheosis of emotional creation with a soul and a conscience.


Purpose Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of enzymes that inactivate xenobiotics and endogenous end products formed as secondary metabolites during oxidative stress. In humans, GSTT1 and GSTM1 deletion genotypes (T0M1, T1M0, and T0M0) are associated with a variety of pathologic processes including certain ophthalmologic diseases. Methods We compared the prevalence of GSTT1 and GSTM1 deletion genotypes, which were determined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction, in 107 Arab patients with glaucoma (49 with primary open-angle glaucoma, 29 with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, and 29 with primary angle-closure glaucoma) to 120 age, sex, and ethnically matched controls. Results All three GST polymorphisms were significantly more common in the entire glaucoma group (p<0.0167) than in controls. However, when patients were stratified by glaucoma type, the deletion genotype, T0M0, was not particularly associated with any type of glaucoma tested. The T1MO genotype was more common among patients with each type of glaucoma than among controls whereas T0M1 genotype was more common among pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients than controls. Conclusions The overall results indicate a possible variable association between various GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes and glaucoma in this population. Decreased GST function might interfere with the metabolism of oxidative intermediates and exacerbate the direct or indirect damaging effects of oxidative stress on the optic nerve. It is possible that these GST polymorphisms may be risk factors for glaucoma.


In this paper, we study the numerical solution of hybrid fuzzy differential equations by using differential transformation method (DTM). This is powerful method which consider the approximate solution of a nonlinear equation as an infinite series usually converging to the accurate solution. Several numerical examples are given and by comparing the numerical results obtained from DTM  and  predictor corrector method (PCM), we have studied their accuracy.


Intersectionality challenges for the coproduction of urban services: notes for a theoretical and methodological agenda by Vanesa Castán Broto and Susana Neves Alves. The coproduction of urban services, such as water, energy or sanitation, is a vital tool to advance service delivery and to challenge socioeconomic structures that reproduce urban inequalities. This article examines the crossovers between debates on intersectionality and the coproduction of urban services. Intersectionality is a critical lens for an engaged critique of the dynamics of exclusion that may challenge service co-production. The paper draws attention to three key insights: 1) the need for an explicit questioning of processes to define vulnerability, particularly when they rely on bounded, fixed identity categories; 2) a recognition of the complex and multiple lived experiences of inequality and marginalization in any given context; and 3) a conceptualization of social identity as constituted through dynamic processes and always open to revision.


Previous studies have shown that the water-air interface and a number of water molecule layers just below it, the surface region, have significantly different physico-chemical properties, such as lower relative permittivity and density, than bulk water. The properties in the surface region of water favor weakly hydrated species as neutral molecules, while ions requiring strong hydration and shielding of their charge are disfavored. In this study the equilibria NH4+(aq) + RCOO-(aq) ⇌ NH3(aq) + RCOOH(aq) are investigated for R = CnH2n+1, n = 0-8, as open systems, where ammonia and small carboxylic acids in the gas phase above the water surface are removed from the system by a gentle controlled flow of nitrogen to mimic the transport of volatile compounds from water droplets into air. It is shown that this non-equilibrium transport of chemicals can be sufficiently large to cause a change of the chemical content of the aqueous bulk. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to determine the relative concentration of alkyl carboxylic acids and their conjugated alkyl carboxylates in aqueous surfaces using a micro-jet. These studies confirm that neutral alkyl carboxylic acids are accumulated in the surface region, while charged species, as alkyl carboxylates, are depleted. The XPS studies show also that the hydrophobic alkyl chains are oriented upwards into regions with lower relative permittivity and density, thus perpendicular to the aqueous surface. These combined results show that there are several chemical equilibria between the aqueous bulk and the surface region. The analytical studies show that the release of mainly ammonia is dependent on its concentration in the surface region, as long as the solubility of the carboxylic acid in the surface region is sufficiently high to avoid a precipitation in/on the water-air interface. However, for n-octyl- and n-nonylcarboxylic acid the solubility is sufficiently low to cause precipitation. The combined analytical and surface speciation studies in this work show that the equilibria involving the surface region are fast. The results from this study increase the knowledge about the distribution of chemical species in the surface region at and close to the water-air interface, and the transport of chemicals from water to air in open systems.


. This research describes the seepage characteristics of experimental model test of dam with cutoff located at different region (at dam heel, at mid floor of dam, and at dam toe). It is resting on sandy soil with cavity at different locations in X and Y directions (such as in Al-Najaf soil city). Thirty three model tests are performed in laboratory by using steel box to estimate the quantity of the seepage and flow lines direction. It was concluded that the best location of the cutoff wall is at the dam toe for model test with cavity ( Xc B = 0 and 0.5), but for model test with cavity ( Xc B ≥ 1), the best location of the sheet pile wall becomes at the dam heel. For negative location of the cavity, the best location of the sheet pile wall is at the middle of the floor dam.


The light extraction efficiency (LEE), external quantum efficiency (EQE), and current–voltage characteristics of deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs) with different aluminum mole fractions in the p-AlGaN layers have been investigated. Optimizing the p-AlGaN layer composition requires a tradeoff between reducing the absorption losses and limiting the increases in the p-contact resistance and operation voltage. AlGaN multiple quantum well LEDs emitting around 263 nm with different AlGaN:Mg short period super lattices (p-SPSL) ranging from x = 33% (UV-absorbing) to x = 68% (UV-transparent) average aluminum mole fraction have been explored. DUV-LEDs with different p-contact metals and UV-reflectivities have been characterized by electroluminescence measurements and analyzed by ray-tracing simulations. The comparison shows an increased operating voltage and a five-fold increase of the on-wafer EQE with a maximum value of 3.0% for DUV-LEDs with UV-transparent p-SPSL (x = 68%) and UV-reflective indium contacts in comparison to LEDs with a UV-absorbing p-SPSL (x = 33%). Ray-tracing simulations show that the increase in EQE can be partially ascribed to a 2.5-fold improved LEE in combination with a two-fold increase in internal quantum efficiency.


Case reports of patients with acute appendicitis that was not recognised in time highlight the probability and the implications of significant complications. Early surgical treatment is dependent on early diagnosis, and this is usually the domain of general practice. With regard to the missed cases, it is important to see them in proper perspective: appendicitis is present in only a minority of all presentations of abdominal pain. General practitioners should refer 'liberally' in case of even minor signs or symptoms, so that appendicitis will be missed only in cases with a highly atypical presentation. It is important to realise that this happens, but it is not possible to draw conclusions from it that can serve as a guide to routine practice, as referral of all presentations of abdominal pain would be undesirable. There is a need to test the added value of diagnostic procedures like CRP and echography. However, until there is evidence that this could change the practice in atypical cases, practitioners can do no better than to reflect upon their faults.


Arts integration into science has been shown to motivate students and promote long-term retention of content. To add to the literature addressing arts integration, an experiment was conducted with middle school students studying the anatomical similarities and differences between modern and fossil marine invertebrates and different types of extant insects. Eighth grade students participated in a counterbalanced-design, quasiexperimental study to determine if the integration of art into the science curriculum would influence student retention of content, enjoyment, motivation, and perceived learning toward learning science concepts supporting the Next Generation Science Standards including engineeringrelated concepts. The lessons addressed Life Science standard MS-LS4-2. Results showed that the integration of an art activity had a significant effect on knowledge retention favoring the experimental condition with a medium effect size on the posttest and a large effect on the distal posttest. Student enjoyment, motivation, and perceived learning also showed significant differences overall and specifically for enjoyment and for perceived learning favoring the experimental conditions of arts integration with a small effect size. Journal of STEM Arts, Crafts, and Constructions Volume 2, Number 1, Pages 79-94. The Journal's Website: http://scholarworks.uni.edu/journal-stem-arts/


AIMS
To identify clusters of health behaviours among Finnish adolescents and examine whether these clusters are associated with body mass index (BMI).

METHODS
The data, drawn from the prospective population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, comprised a total of 7182 adolescents who replied to a follow-up postal questionnaire at the age 15 to 16. The adolescents were asked about multiple health behaviours, such as physical activity, screen time, cigarette smoking, alcohol use and diet. Adolescents who answered the questions concerning all of these variables were included in the study, yielding a final sample of 4305 subjects. K-means cluster analysis was performed to identify group of adolescents with similar health behaviours. Chi-squared tests were performed to analyse the association between the clusters and BMI.

RESULTS
Two clusters - Healthy Lifestyle and Unhealthy Lifestyle - were identified for both genders. The values of all the studied variables differed significantly between the clusters identified for both boys and girls. No significant relationship between the identified clusters and BMI was found for either boys or girls.

CONCLUSIONS
It is important to consider multiple lifestyle-related behaviours and trying to identify groups that present probability for developing lifestyle diseases.


since there are countries with between 30 000 and 60 000 drugs on the market, there is no magic wand that will bring order out of anarchy overnight. The introduction of effective legislation and efficient regulation will take time as well as good will and practical help. Ms Banotti's report is an important piece ofthe jigsaw ofinternational responsibility to which all concerned parties, including national governments, the medical profession, consumers of drugs, and the pharmaceutical industry, should be contributing. Access to a few reasonably priced drugs matched to real health needs should be a basic human right. Without action millions oflives will continue to be lost or damaged world wide. The Commission of the European Community should act as soon as possible to implement the report according to the wishes of the parliament.


Ether lipids are the 1-O-alkyl derivatives of phospholipids. In contrast to nongerminal tissues where the plasma membrane content of ether lipids is low, over 40% of the phospholipids present in sperm plasma membranes are ether lipids. This study was undertaken to determine whether ejaculated human serm could synthesize ether lipids either through reacylation of 1-alkyl-sn-2-lysophosphatidylcholine or through direct incorporation of 1-hexadecanol into diacyl phosphatidylcholine or diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine. The ability of sperm to reacylate 1-acyl-sn-2-lysophosphatidylethanolamine was also assessed. In these experiments, freshly ejaculated sperm were unable to reacylate a phosphocholine lyso ether lipid with either palmitic (16:0) or docosahexaenoic (22:6) acids. In contrast, sperm readily incorporated both 16:0 and 22:6 into 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Similarly, sperm freely incorporated 1-hexadecanol into diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine thus forming a 1-alkyl phosphoethanolamine ether lipid. Diacyl phosphatidylcholine could not serve as a substrate in this reaction. It is apparent, based on these data, that human spermatozoa can directly synthesize phosphoethanolamine ether lipids that may subsequently undergo exhaustive methylation to form phosphocholine ether lipids.


Vulgarity is a common linguistic expression and is used to perform several linguistic functions. Understanding their usage can aid both linguistic and psychological phenomena as well as benefit downstream natural language processing applications such as sentiment analysis. This study performs a large-scale, data-driven empirical analysis of vulgar words using social media data. We analyze the socio-cultural and pragmatic aspects of vulgarity using tweets from users with known demographics. Further, we collect sentiment ratings for vulgar tweets to study the relationship between the use of vulgar words and perceived sentiment and show that explicitly modeling vulgar words can boost sentiment analysis performance.


An automatic word recognizer is used to accept strings of spelled letters spoken in isolation. The output of the recognizer is a set of best candidate letters for each letter spoken in the string. Candidate strings forming spelled last names and initials are compared to name strings obtained from a telephone directory stored in a disk file. A systematic search is carried out to find a matching entry in the directory. An evaluation has been carried out with ten talkers spelling lists of names extracted from an 18,000 entry telephone directory. Although the median acoustic error rate per spelled letter is approximately 20%, the median error rate in furnishing the requested directory entry is approximately 4%.


There is a great difficulty for students or faculty to commercialize their novel idea or invention from the university laboratory. Traditionally, university research has not been intended for commercializing while still within the university. However, recent trends create a paradigm shift for researchers to include a business mind-set to establish technology commercialization objectives. Still, there are major gaps to the widespread adoption of the practice of commercializing university research. There has been great success in research and technologies for construction safety research, including hazard detection and monitoring, resource monitoring, preventative practices, and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) rule checking. However, there is an overall lack of commercialization of construction safety research which prevents the widespread adoption of such safety inventions in industry. The purpose of this paper is to develop a roadmap, integrating research design and known business techniques, for the commercialization of construction safety technology research. Significantly, this paper will help guide students and faculty on a path to apply leading safety research to the construction industry, potentially saving money and lives.


The authors present a methodological examination of several formulations developed to solve different kinds of inverse electromagnetic problems. Some general numerical formulations of the inverse problems are presented that are defined regardless of the nature of the specific electromagnetic problem. It is shown that the different approaches can be drawn from these general formulations, according to the specific nature of the electromagnetic problems and according to the purpose of the investigations. The most significant aspects of inverse problems, such as existence, uniqueness, and stability of the solution are discussed in detail together with the applicable regularization techniques. >


In a retrospective review of 108 patients treated for perforator insufficiency, we evaluated 99 limbs of 80 returning patients, 80 per cent of whom had had the operation at least five years before. In 64 of the patients reviewed, good to excellent results were achieved. These patients did not have a recurrence of the ulceration, eczema or prominent varices. Two instances of recurrent ulceration and one of incipient ulceration were discovered in the study. Wound complications were a problem because of the nature of the skin problems encountered. We concluded that division of incompetent perforating veins combined with excision of the superficial venous system yields good results.


In response to the 2010 Governor's Action Plan to clean up the Barnegat Bay–Little Egg Harbor (BBLEH) estuary in New Jersey, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) partnered with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection in 2011 to begin a multidisciplinary research project to understand the physical controls on water quality in the bay. Between 2011 and 2013, USGS scientists mapped the geological and morphological characteristics of the seafloor of the BBLEH estuary using a suite of geophysical tools. However, this mapping effort included only surficial characterization of bay sediments; to verify the sub-surface geophysical data, sediment cores were required. Data Series 985 associated with this metadata record serves as an archive of sedimentologic data from 18 vibracores collected from Barnegat Bay between May and August of 2014 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) on behalf of the USGS. The vibracores were collected in conjunction with an ongoing NRCS subaqueous soil survey for the BBLEH estuary. The data presented in this report, including descriptive core logs, core photographs, processed grain-size data, and Geographic Information System (GIS) data files with accompanying formal Federal Geographic Data Committee metadata, can be viewed or downloaded from https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/985/ds985_data/.


In my article, after describing the characteristics of recent wastewater treatment activity, I introduce different traditional and innovative energetic opportunities of the compulsory waste management activities at large-scale operational level, covering national and international examples. Furthermore, the wastewater-based biomethane production and the certain plant's energy self-sufficiency are highlighted topics as well. In the former case, it is possible to utilize the wastewater-based biomethane as fuel (and even to operate own vehicle fleet), while the second one gives the opportunity for the internal usage of produced electricity and waste heat, which can also result in significant cost-savings. As an additional option, algae-based wastewater post treatment is presented, based on the conditions of a Hungarian wastewater treatment plant, which biogas production efficiency and thus energy self-sufficiency has developed favourably due to the technological improvements. These plants may have a twofold role in the future: they are responsible for the compulsory waste management activity and on the other hand they can serve as excellent raw material mines.
JEL Code: Q25


The suggestion by Zaritsky & Lin (ZL) that a vertical extension of the red clump feature (the VRC) in color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of the Large Magellanic Cloud is consistent with a significant population of foreground stars to the LMC that could account for the observed microlensing optical depth has been challenged by various investigators. We respond by (1) examining each of the challenges presented, to determine whether any or all of those arguments invalidate the claims made by ZL, and (2) presenting new photometric and spectroscopic data obtained in an attempt to resolve this issue. We systematically discuss why the objections raised so far do not unequivocally refute ZL's claim. We conclude that although the CMD data do not mandate the existence of a foreground population, they are entirely consistent with a foreground population associated with the LMC that contributes significantly (∼50%) to the observed microlensing optical depth. From our new data, we conclude that ≲40% of the VRC stars are young, massive red clump stars, because (1) synthetic CMDs created using the star formation history derived independently from Hubble Space Telescope data suggest that fewer than 50% of the VRC stars are young, massive red clump stars, (2) the angular distribution of the VRC stars is more uniform than that of the young (<1 Gyr) main-sequence stars, and (3) the velocity dispersion of the VRC stars in the region of the LMC examined by ZL, 18.4 ± 2.8 km s-1 (95% confidence limits), is inconsistent with the expectation for a young disk population. Each of these arguments is predicated on assumptions, and the conclusions are uncertain. Therefore, an exact determination of the contribution to the microlensing optical depth by the various hypothesized foreground populations, and the subsequent conclusions regarding the existence of halo MACHOs, requires a detailed knowledge of many complex astrophysical issues, such as the initial mass function, star formation history, and post–main-sequence stellar evolution.


We study the shadow of the rotating black hole with quintessential energy (i) in vacuum, (ii) in the presence of plasma with radial power-law density. For the vacuum case, the quintessential field parameter of the rotating black hole significantly changes the shape of the shadow. With increasing quintessential field parameter, the radius of the shadow also increases. With the increase of the radius of the shadow of the rotating black hole, the quintessential field parameter causes decrease of the distortion of the shadow shape: in the presence of the quintessential field parameter, the shadow of the fast rotating black hole becomes too close to the circle. We assume the distant observer of the black hole shadow to be located near the so-called static radius where the gravitational attraction of the black hole is just balanced by the cosmic repulsion. The shape and size of the shadow of quintessential rotating black hole surrounded by plasma depends on (i) plasma parameters, (ii) black hole spin and (iii) quintessential field parameter. With the increase of the plasma refraction index, the apparent radius of the shadow increases. However, for the large values of the quintessential field parameter, the change of the black hole shadow shape due to the presence of plasma is not significant, i.e. the effect of the quintessential field parameter dominates over the plasma effect.


Not much is known about the medical history and cause of death of the composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791). Contrary to popular opinion, Mozart was not an exceptionally ill child and as an adult he generally enjoyed good health. At the age of 9 years he experienced a life-threatening illness, which was probably typhoid fever. On the left-hand side he had what has since become known as 'Mozart's ear', a pinna with under-development of the anthelical fold. His psychological condition gives rise to the notion that he was not exceptional, but that he responded to the events in his life in a normal manner. His terminal illness was characterised by edema of hands and feet, without any associated dyspnoea being described. The medical treatment was aggressive: enema, bloodletting on several occasions and treatment with a laxative substance. He was burried in an anonymous grave. The skull that was later ascribed to him was not his own, as no element of the denture fits with the tooth abscess he was known to have experienced. An overdose of mercury during the treatment of syphilis seems to be unlikely, as equally Henoch-Schönlein-purpura and the consequences of acute rheumatism. Trichinosis is a recent hypothesis which fits the terminal symptoms and the fact that Mozart was fond of pork. The diagnosis of his physician Closset was 'hitsiges Frieselfieber', which was possibly caused by one of the many infectious diseases prevalent at that time.


Full-scale aircraft crashes were made to investigate the mechanism of the start and development of aircraft crash fires. The results are discussed herein. This investigation revealed the characteristics of the ignition sources, the manner in which the combustibles spread, the mechanism of the union of the combustibles and ignition sources, and the pertinent factors governing the development of a crash fire as observed in this program.


The classic Marshak wave equation (an equilibrium diffusion radiative transfer description) is obtained as the lowest order approximation in an asymptotic analysis of a system of time dependent nonequilibrium radiative transfer equations. The next approximation leads to a more general equilibrium diffusion approximation, which contains the radiative energy in the description. We derive an asymptotic solution of this higher order equilibrium diffusion approximation by including the smallness parameter in both the independent time variable and the dependent variable of the problem. The solution obtained is applicable over a longer time interval than the solution of the Marshak equation. Its main qualitative feature is that the predicted position of the wave front lags behind the Marshak prediction.


The callipodidan milliped, Sinocallipus simplipodicus Zhang, 1993, previously known only from a cave in Yunnan Province, China, is redescribed based on specimens from an epigean habitat in southern Laos, some 600 mi (960 km) south of the type locality. SEM photos of the gonopods, ovipositor, gnathochilarium, midbody exoskeleton, an ozopore, and legs are presented to supplement previously published line drawings; the cannula may be the "functional" element of the gonopod that inseminates females in this species. The Callipodida occupy nine disjunct areas globally, all exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere and most in the North Temperate Zone; there are three regions each in North America, Europe (including coastal regions along the southern Black and eastern Mediterranean seas that are technically part of Asia), and Asia proper. The southeast Asian fauna comprises three families -Sinocallipodidae, one genus and species (suborder Sinocallipodidea), and Schizopetalidae, one genus and species, and Paracortinidae, one genus, three subgenera, and seven species (both suborder Schizopetalidea). An unnamed clade may exist in the Diplopoda in which the gonopods arise solely from the 8th legs (an "8th gonopod clade"); it comprises seven orders: Callipodida, Polydesmida, Chordeumatida, Stemmiulida, Siphoniulida, Spirostreptida, and Epinannolenida. Two newly recognized characters that hold phylogenetic significance are (1) development of the gonopod from the 8th coxa alone (Chordeumatida) or from the coxa plus some telopodal articles (the other six orders), and (2) the presence (Callipodida, Polydesmida, and Stemmiulida) or absence (Chordeumatida, Spirostreptida, and Epinannolenida) of a cannula. These considerations lead to the hypothesis (Chordeumatida + (Callipodida + (Polydesmida + Stemmiulida))).