Voice controlled system becomes increasingly popular these days due to the convenient and natural control over lots of functionalities and smart devices. Amazon Echo, designed around Alexa, is capable of controlling smart devices such as locks, sending emails, making phone calls, and even bridging the gap between online services such as Twitter, Facebook, etc. Previously, researchers demonstrated that by carefully crafting obfuscated commands or transmitting commands over ultrasound carrier, voice controlled systems can be compromised without people's awareness. However, those researches require the target voice controlled systems to be close enough to their speaker or ultrasound transducer. In this paper, we proposed REEVE (REmotE VoicE control) attack that can manipulate Amazon Alexa remotely, e.g., via signal broadcasting to compromise radio, TV, speaker, etc. It works on behalf of the attackers to operate various commands beneficial to them. By analyzing more than 15,000 Alexa skills and 600 IFTTT Applets related to Alexa, we found that more than 100 of them can be used to attack Echo. We also thoroughly scrutinized the attack surface of Echo's voice control and conducted security analysis based on different consequences.


Asymmetric synthesis of chiral hydroxy amides has been successfully accomplished by enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation of various prochiral α-, β-, γ-, δ-keto amides in the presence of an Ir/f-amphox catalyst with excellent results (up to >99% conversion and >99% ee). Furthermore, the asymmetric hydrogenation of 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-oxo-N-phenylpentanamide was found to proceed smoothly with only 0.002 mol% (S/C = 50 000) catalyst. The hydrogenation product was obtained with >99% conversion and >99% ee, and which is an important structural framework of the anti-hyperlipidemic drug Ezetimibe.


This article describes the development of the protocol for the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Alzheimer's disease trial, which was developed in collaboration with the National Institute of Mental Health to assess the effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics for psychosis and/or agitation occurring in outpatients with Alzheimer's disease. The article provides a detailed description of the methodology used in the trial as well as the clinical outcomes and effectiveness measures incorporated into it, discussing the most salient issues encountered in developing the design of the trial, as well as the unique features of the trial.


A rapid changeover capability is widely acknowledged as an essential prerequisite to flexible, responsive small batch manufacturing. Its importance in mass customization is recognized, where minimal losses need to be incurred as manufacture switches between differing products. Retrospective improvement of existing changeover practice is often undertaken, arising from pressure to respond better to customer demands, wherein improvement personnel frequently engage Shigeo Shingo's Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) methodology to achieve better performance. Irrespective of the improvement methodology that is employed this paper assesses two fundamental mechanisms by which better changeovers might be achieved. First, improvement can occur by altering when tasks are conducted. Better allocation of tasks to the resources necessary to conduct them is sought, where the tasks themselves remain essentially unchanged. The second mechanism is to seek structural change to existing tasks, thereby intrinsically enabling them to be completed more quickly. These two mechanisms are described in relation to use of the SMED methodology, where it is argued that, by reinterpreting Shingo's work, greater clarity of potential improvement options can be gained


Purpose – To examine how Black mayors in majority-White cities successfully incorporate the interests of African-Americans into their overall agenda for the city and the said effectiveness of this strategy electorally.Design/methodology/approach – Utilizing data from elite interviews and local newspaper articles, we apply the theory of targeted universalism to the governing approach of Jack Ford.Findings – Mayors of color often come into office with the dual responsibility of being an advocate for their respective racial group and a leader for the city as a whole. Jack Ford, the first African-American to be elected as mayor in Toledo, Ohio, took this challenge on gladly, but with mixed success. We find that Jack Ford used his powers as mayor to improve social conditions for Blacks in Toledo, yet also faced challenges in trying to better their economic opportunities. Moreover, he failed to parlay these particularistic efforts into a second electoral victory. In this case, a targeted universalistic policy approach to advancing Black interests had limited effectiveness. The single mayoral term of Jack Ford suggests that Black executives must walk a fine line between their (assumed or expected) racial empowerment role and their duty to advance the various interests that exist among residents of their city. Hence, we find that in order to have lasting electoral success Black mayors must be acutely aware of what is expected of them by the various constituencies they serve and govern accordingly.Research limitations/implications – Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalizability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further.Practical implications – The chapter includes implications for the development of an effecting Black mayoral governing strategy wherein the mayor can successfully advocate for the advancement of black interests in majority-White cities with specific policy proposals and programmatic developments.Originality/value – This chapter fulfills an identified need to study the governance of Black mayors in medium-sized cities and their representation of Black interests in the majority White municipal context.


The Applied Materials (AMAT) P-5000 Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) systems use a plasma-enhanced tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)/oxygen chemistry to deposit an undoped silicon glass (interleave dielectric) film on 200 mm wafers. After each TEOS deposition cycle, the reaction chambers require an in-situ clean to remove residual dielectric materials from the electrodes and chamber walls. Excessive chamber cleaning causes unnecessary process-kit wear. This reaction is caused by the chemical and mechanical attack of the reaction by-products on process-kit parts after the TEOS deposition residues have been cleared. IBM's continued emphasize on cost reduction, environmental concerns and limited availability of chamber-cleaning gases prompted this joint project with Applied Materials, which focused on identifying areas where costs associated with gases used for post-deposition cleaning could be decreased and the time between process-kit replacements increased. This paper describes the tests conducted with an RF metrology system (RFMS) manufactured by Fourth State Technology (FST), Austin, Texas, to determine the optimum clean times for various oxide films and the minimum flows required for efficient post-deposition chamber cleaning. As a result of this experimentation, process changes were made that reduced clean gas consumption and chemical cost. Additional savings were realized by reducing wear on the reaction chamber hardware and achieving longer meantime between process-kit replacements.


Logs that record the information of events conducted by clusters are of great importance to the system maintenance. The log classification is also of great value to help engineers monitor the system running status, predict the log anomaly, and take corresponding measures. In order to comprehensively consider the various significance of each token in the template and build a comprehensive representation of the log template, we propose a natural language processing-based model, PoSBert, which is a modified Bert model based on the part-of-speech (PoS) analysis of the tokens of log template. The PoS analysis is firstly carried out and the PoS-based weight embedding is obtained, which realizes the proper weight allocation and helps modify the representation of log templates. The segmented embedding of the vanilla Bert is replaced by this PoS-based weight embedding, which is of more practical significance compared to the segment embeddings in the domain of log classification. The PoS analysis and PoS-based weight embedding provide the Bert with more informative inputs which promotes the model to make better results. Four public datasets and one dataset collected from a practical warning platform are employed for evaluation. The results prove that our model can achieve a better classification result in the log classification domain.


A review of common methods of sterilization is presented. The principles of operation of steam, hot-air, and gas sterilizers, as well as that of a completely new method which uses H2O2 plasma, are described. The suitability of these methods for sterilizing microsurgical instruments was studied. This paper deals in particular with hot-air sterilization, which is preferred because of the low humidity involved. This method was investigated by recording temperature curves during sterilization. Sterilization with hot steam (autoclaving) has been shown to damage instruments by causing corrosion, to which the types of steel used to make these instruments are highly susceptible. A H2O2 plasma sterilization method is described which operates at low temperatures and with very low humidity. Its suitability for microsurgical instruments has been investigated.


Systemic lupus erythematosus is the multisystemic autoimmune disorder with a larger spectrum of clinical symptoms encompassing almost all organs and tissues. The disease appears to be more common rural areas than others due to negligence. Sixty-five per cent of patients with SLE have disease onset between the ages of 16 and 55 years, 20% present before age 16, and 15% after the age of 55. In this case report described about a clinical history of 26 years young women with 10 years history of lupus erythematosus. This reports comprises different stages first is preliminary stage then in second stage patient diagnose with cutaneous lupus erythematosus at age of 14-18 years. At final stage cutaneous lupus erythematosus developed into systemic lupus erythematosus. Anti-nuclear antibody test especially performed for its diagnosis and corticosteroids were used for to manage this disease. After few months treatment patient health evaluated by laboratory tests and compares these reports with initial ones. In Systemic lupus erythematosus multiple body systems affected and this cannot be easily diagnose. Malar rash and red flat patches are in its initial symptoms which lead to severe complications which may be arthritis, renal involvement, neuro-disorders and pancreatitis. For to overcome this problem we can checkup properly and well diagnosed by laboratory tests and its duty of health care officers.


Chest X-rays (CXRs) can help triage for Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients in resource-constrained environments, and a computer-aided detection system (CAD) that can identify pneumonia on CXR may help the triage of patients in those environment where expert radiologists are not available. However, the performance of existing CAD for identifying COVID-19 and associated pneumonia on CXRs has been scarcely investigated. In this study, CXRs of patients with and without COVID-19 confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were retrospectively collected from four and one institution, respectively, and a commercialized, regulatory-approved CAD that can identify various abnormalities including pneumonia was used to analyze each CXR. Performance of the CAD was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs), with reference standards of the RT-PCR results and the presence of findings of pneumonia on chest CTs obtained within 24 hours from the CXR. For comparison, 5 thoracic radiologists and 5 non-radiologist physicians independently interpreted the CXRs. Afterward, they re-interpreted the CXRs with corresponding CAD results. The performance of CAD (AUCs, 0.714 and 0.790 against RT-PCR and chest CT, respectively hereinafter) were similar with those of thoracic radiologists (AUCs, 0.701 and 0.784), and higher than those of non-radiologist physicians (AUCs, 0.584 and 0.650). Non-radiologist physicians showed significantly improved performance when assisted with the CAD (AUCs, 0.584 to 0.664 and 0.650 to 0.738). In addition, inter-reader agreement among physicians was also improved in the CAD-assisted interpretation (Fleiss' kappa coefficient, 0.209 to 0.322). In conclusion, radiologist-level performance of the CAD in identifying COVID-19 and associated pneumonia on CXR and enhanced performance of non-radiologist physicians with the CAD assistance suggest that the CAD can support physicians in interpreting CXRs and helping image-based triage of COVID-19 patients in resource-constrained environment.


Quality improvement is becoming the cornerstone of effective and efficient delivery of quality healthcare services in recent times. Among other healthcare workers, nurses are the primary implementers of quality improvement programmes (QIPs). Their knowledge, understanding, attitudes and motivation determine the potential effects of the programmes. This study explored the experiences of registered nurses (RNs) towards the implementation of the QIP at a government hospital in Swaziland. The RNs' attitudes toward the programme were also explored. Non-probability, purposive sampling was used to select the sample that comprised of eight RNs. Data were collected through in-depth, face-to-face interviews to explore and describe the RNs' experiences and attitudes regarding the implementation of QIPs. A semi-structured interview guide was used to ask questions until data saturation was reached. Data analysis was conducted following Tesch's method. Ethical considerations were adhered to. The results revealed both negative and positive experiences of the RNs towards QIPs. A negative attitude towards the programme developed due to the manner in which the programmes were introduced to the RNs and their perception of the programme as work overload. However, there was a positive outlook by the RNs towards the programme after they had undergone training on a QIP. The training improved their knowledge, job satisfaction and client outcome. They developed motivation, interest and commitment despite Zikalala, Nkhwashu, Moloko 2 the challenges they encountered. The programme also enhanced the spirit of teamwork among the RNs and the support staff.


In this paper we introduce PERCEPT-II, a low cost and user friendly indoor navigation system for blind and visually impaired users. Using an Android Smartphone that runs PERCEPT-II application with accessibility features, the blind user obtains navigation instructions to the chosen destination when touching specific landmarks tagged with Near Field Communication tags. The system was deployed and tested in a large building at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.


Experimental endophthalmitis was treated with single intravitreous administrations of cefotaxime (claforan) and gentamicin. It was found that a single administration of cefotaxime to the vitreous body prevented development of endophthalmitis in rabbits previously infected with Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Vitrectomy in the treatment of endophthalmitis was shown to be promising and provide satisfactory anatomical and functional results.


The traditional Base State with Amendments Spatio-temporal data model often select the operation of base state on sequential. The method is relatively easy to implement, but there are obvious deficiencies. This paper introduces the concepts of operation of the base state and Operand, and proposes a base state amendments spatio-temporal data model with dynamic selection of base state. The retrieval time choose the operation of base state which having smaller operand in the adjacent two base states. The problem of selecting a distant base state causing a large number of redundant operations because of using sequential retrieval method can be solved by this approach, thereby enhancing the retrieval efficiency.


This study aims to provide understanding about students' perceptions of the benefits of blogs in English language learning and their challenges in authoring blogs. Unlike standard websites, blogs provide free and simple platforms that can be used by students without knowledge of computer language. Blogs can be considered as a new authentic English language learning environment in which reflection and collaboration take place. In addition, this study explores the benefits of blogs in English language learning. Furthermore, it investigates the challenges in authoring blogs that potentially define the gaps between students' perceptions and blogging practice in English language learning. This study involves three undergraduate students at the State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. It is conducted by using two stages of semi-structured interviews through Skype. The findings from the data analysis outline that the students perceive blogs as a beneficial application for English language learning in the areas of writing, reading and communication. However, they also admit that challenges remain in authoring blogs, such as performance fluctuation, self-confidence and aspects of technology. From the findings, there is a suggestion to formulate strategies in order to counteract the challenges. Thus, the use of blogs improves the quality of English language learning in any future practice.


Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) are an emerging problem in veterinary medicine and their zoonotic potential poses a global threat to human health (Bowman and others 2009). Among these CVBD, mosquito-borne canine dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria immitis , granulocytic anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum , Lyme borreliosis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi , and canine monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia canis are causes of serious sickness in dogs. The castor bean tick ( Ixodes ricinus ), three-host tick ( I scapularis ) and brown dog tick ( Rhipicephalus sanguineus ) are the predominant tick vectors for the transmission of A phagocytophilum , B burgdorferi and E canis , respectively (Bowman and others 2009, Pantchev and others 2009). The realm of these vectors and CVBD is changing rapidly as a consequence of the increased mobility of dogs, climate change and protection of biotopes (Bowman and others 2009, Andreoli and Weston 2010). Additionally, CVBD are becoming highly prevalent with an increasing distribution throughout the world causing major socioeconomic impacts (Pantchev and others 2009).

In Korea, information on the distribution and prevalence of CVBD is scarce. Since the earliest report of canine heartworm disease in the Chinju area of the Gyeongnam province in 1962 (Bak and Lee 1962), the country has been considered endemic for D immitis infection. B burgdorferi and E canis have also been reported in German shepherds in Korea, with a prevalence of 4.24 per cent and 12.28 per cent, respectively (Lee and others 2007). Recently, CVBDs in rural hunting and urban shelter dogs have also been reported (Lim and others 2010). Climate changes due to global warming that favour the further spread of arthropod vectors and limited studies on the prevalence of CVBD have led to an apparent need to determine the prevalence of CVBD. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of D immitis , …


Forest management often causes changes to forest ecosystems, which can alter habitat use by avian species. Even with modern forestry practices which attempt to simulate natural disturbances, many avian species are still experiencing population declines in the Maritime provinces because of habitat alterations. Black Brook district in North Western New Brunswick is an intensively managed forest where over 90 recorded bird species reside.
My project focused on modelling which forest variables in the Black Brook district forest affect the occupancy of four resident bird species, Certhia Americana, Cardellina canadensis, Contopus cooperi, and Seiurus aurocapilla. I also measured the influence of these forest variables on turnover in the broader avian community. All four focal species had unique habitat requirements, and turnover analysis suggested that the community also changed dramatically among different habitats. These patterns suggest that to maximize habitat for all avian species managed forests should work to create heterogenous landscapes.


BACKGROUND
How to overcome the difficulty in diagnosing extrapulmonary and extraspinal osteoarticular tuberculosis? What is the most appropriate way to manage the patient?

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Retrospective series of four cases of extrapulmonary and extraspinal osteoarticular tuberculosis (two patients with knee involvement, one patient with involvement of the carpus, and a fourth patient who presented with tenosynovitis of the anterior tibial tendon of the ankle). The time elapsed from the onset of the clinical picture to the diagnosis ranged between 7 months and 2 years. The definitive diagnosis resulted from the presence of caseating granulomas in the biopsy (3 cases), and the isolation of the bacillus in culture (3 cases) or with staining (one case). Only in one case was there lung involvement after the extrapulmonary presentation. One patient had spinal involvement in the form of epidural abscess months after the extraspinal presentation. All patients received chemotherapy. Surgery was performed in 3 of the 4 cases. The Martini assessment was used to evaluate the functional outcome.

RESULTS
In all patients the lesion was cured, with two excellent and two poor functional outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS
A high clinical suspicion index is needed to prevent a delayed diagnosis. Chemotherapy is the cornerstone of treatment. Surgery is indicated mainly as a diagnostic procedure, but partial resection of the lesion may be performed at the same time.


We show that the two uni-directional n-cubes, namely UHC1/sub n/ and UHC2/sub n/ proposed by Chou and Du (1990) as interconnection schemes are Hamiltonian. In addition, we show that (1) if n is even, both architectures are vertex symmetric; and (2) if n is odd, both architectures have exactly two vertex-symmetric components. By studying symmetry, we further prove that the maximum delay of one-port one-to-all broadcasting for either architecture is at most 1.5n.<<ETX>>


In recent years in both academia and in many western governments, 'Nudge'-style interventions have been tested and applied to various policy areas including public health, road safety, and saving domestic energy. Often these have been successful in terms of changing behaviour, partly because the interests of the citizen-consumer (pro-self ends) and those of the environment/society (pro-social ends) are in convergence. Less research has been conducted into using nudges for solely pro-social behaviours. In this thesis I discuss the application of nudges to promote one pro-social behaviour: voluntary carbon offsetting for air travel. Testing nudges through randomised controlled trials and evaluating them through qualitative focus groups, nudges were found to have limited utility in promoting this target behaviour. Two explanations are proposed, one in terms of the design of the nudges, and one in terms of the substantive problems associated with this target behaviour. In terms of the design of the interventions trialled in this study, 'too much information' being provided, a 'distant' social norm message, and a lack of attention to 'intrinsic values' at the expense of more technical language may be barriers which pro-social nudges ought to avoid. Secondly and more substantively, it is argued that when pro-social behaviours are not perceived as 'common', are not 'visible' (i.e. others cannot 'see' them being done, and so they are resistant to the power of social norms), and they are associated with negatively-constructed 'cousins' (as carbon offsetting is associated with invasive 'extra' services), then nudges are unlikely to be effective. This is a key empirical contribution to the literature regarding the practical boundaries at which nudging may start to fail. These findings act as an empirical demonstration of the theoretical contribution of the thesis, which is a novel portrayal of the nudge paradigm as macro-libertarianism and micro-paternalism: a form of neo-liberal behavioural governance which is politically attractive, but is often ineffectual. The thesis concludes by arguing that when the interests of the citizen-consumer and those of the environment/society are not in convergence, nudging may be inadequate and tougher regulatory approaches, such as 'budging', may be necessary. Implications for both behavioural public policy and sustainable aviation are discussed.


Objective The aim of this study was to explore the fate of moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) following isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Background IMR is a frequently encountered problem seen in patients with coronary artery disease. A much-debated question is whether surgical revascularization alone will correct moderate (2+) IMR in such patients. Patients and methods The study group included 20 patients with moderate IMR associated with coronary artery disease undergoing isolated CABG. All patients had an ejection fraction of more than 30%. The patients were clinically and echocardiographically evaluated preoperatively, 1 week postoperatively and at 3- and 6-month intervals. Results CABG alone reduced the degree of IMR in 12 (60%) patients, did not improve it in five (25%) patients, and increased its degree to 3–4 + in three (15%) patients at 6-month follow-up echocardiography. Our study showed improved functional capacity of the patients. A significant reduction in the New York Heart Association functional class was observed. The mean preoperative value for New York Heart Association was 2.45 ± 0.51 versus 2.05 ± 0.88 postoperatively (P = 0.042). Some important variables showed a role in the progression of IMR. These were: left ventricular end-systolic dimension, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, preoperative ejection fraction%, and failure to graft the diseased right coronary system. Conclusion The presence of moderate IMR in patients undergoing revascularization alone does not add additional burden to the operative risk nor does it affect the short-term outcome of these patients.


The continued rise in smartphone penetration globally afford survey researchers with an unprecedented portal into personal survey data collection from respondents who could complete surveys from virtually any place at any time. While the basic research into optimizing the survey experience and data collection on mobile devices has continued to develop, there are still fundamental gaps in our knowledge of how to optimize certain types of questions in the mobile setting. In fact, survey researchers are still trying to understand which online design principles directly translate into presentation on mobile devices and which principles have to be modified to incorporate separate methods for these devices. One such area involves the use of input styles such as sliding scales that lend themselves to more touch centric input devices such as smartphones or tablets. Operationalizing these types of scales begs the question of an optimal starting position and whether these touch centric input styles are equally preferred by respondents using less touch capable devices. While an outside starting position seems optimal for slider questions completed via computer, this solution may not be optimal for completion via mobile devices as these devices are subjected to far more space and layout constraints compared to computers. This experiment moves the mixed device survey literature forward by directly comparing outcomes from respondents who completed a collection of survey scales using their smartphone, tablet or computer. Within each device, respondents were randomly assigned to complete one of 20 possible versions of scale items determined by a combination of three experimental factors including input style, length and number formatting. Results from this study suggest more weaknesses than strengths for using slider scales to collect survey data using mobile devices and also suggest that preference for these touch centric input styles varies across devices and may not be as high as the preference for the more traditional radio button style.


Jadeite is a new Javadoc-like API documentation system that takes advantage of multiple users' aggregate experience to reduce difficulties that programmers have learning new APIs. Previous studies have shown that programmers often guessed that certain classes or methods should exist, and looked for these in the API. Jadeite's "placeholders" let users add new "pretend" classes or methods that are displayed in the actual API documentation, and can be annotated with the appropriate APIs to use instead. Since studies showed that programmers had difficulty finding the right classes from long lists in documentation, Jadeite takes advantage of usage statistics to display commonly used classes more prominently. Programmers had difficulty discovering how to instantiate objects, so Jadeite uses a large corpus of sample code to automatically the most common ways to construct an instance of any given class. An evaluation showed that programmers were about three times faster at performing common tasks with Jadeite than with standard Javadoc.


Centralized wide area control design using system-wide data has been suggested to enhance large interconnected power system dynamic performance. Because of the nature of wide area interconnections, communication delay cannot be ignored in wide area control. A long time delay may be a detriment to system stability and degrade system robustness. The general linear fractional transformation (LFT) method to describe the time delay uncertainty can lead to a conservative design. In this paper, a gain scheduling (GS) method based on linear matrix inequality (LMI) is proposed to design a dynamic controller to accommodate time delays in supervisory power system stabilizer (PSS) design. The new approach achieves better performance than the general LFT method, and the order of the controller remains the same with that of the system plant.


A study examined decisions made by parents reading aloud to their first-grade children regarding why they do or do not read aloud, the materials they select and the selection process, and what they do while reading aloud. Subjects, 342 parents of first graders in a suburban elementary school district, were surveyed, with responses received from 83.6%. A subgroup of 16 parents further participated in one or more methods of data collection, such as diaries, interviews, videotaping, and stimulated recalls. Results showed that parents had a variety of purposes for reading aloud, with some intending to make high cognitive demands on children and others intending to develop low-level skills such as decoding. Materials selected and strategies used during reading aloud events were highly influenced by parents' purposes for reading aloud. Reading aloud was found to be "mom's job." Frequency of reading aloud was related to parents' levels of education, ethnicity, and marital statuses, but not by mothers' employment statuses. Storybooks were overwhelmingly identified as the most used genre. Usage of other genres was related to parents' levels of education and ethnicity. The library was the primary source of materials. Based on the decisions parents made about all aspects of the reading aloud process, six categories of parents were identified. (Two figures and 15 tables of data are included; 58 references and 3 appendixes--containing parent surveys and cover letters, a diary page, interview questions, and a list of children's books used in interviews--are attached.) (SR) *********************************************************************** AepruuucLions suppliee oy Lus are tne deSE tnat can oe made from the original document. *********************************************************************** PARENT DECISION MAKING IN READING ALOUD TO FIRST GRADERS


I offer a novel interpretation of Aristotle's psychology and notion of rationality, which draws the line between animal and specifically human cognition. Aristotle distinguishes belief (doxa), a form of rational cognition, from imagining (phantasia), which is shared with non-rational animals. We are, he says, "immediately affected" by beliefs, but respond to imagining "as if we were looking at a picture." Aristotle's argument has been misunderstood; my interpretation explains and motivates it. Rationality includes a filter that interrupts the pathways between cognition and behavior. This prevents the subject from responding to certain representations. Stress and damage compromise the filter, making the subject respond indiscriminately, as non-rational animals do. Beliefs are representations that have made it past the filter, which is why they can "affect [us] immediately." Aristotle's claims express ceteris paribus generalizations, subject to exceptions. No list of provisos could turn them into non-vacuous universal claims, but this does not rob them of their explanatory power. Aristotle's cognitive science resolves a tension we grapple with today: it accounts for the specialness of human action and thinking within a strictly naturalistic framework. The theory is striking in its insight and explanatory power, instructive in its methodological shortcomings.


Genetically determined differences in biotransformation of xenobiotics have been identified which are important for occupational medicine. This review highlights the following topics: (i) genetic polymorphisms in the activity of cholinesterases; (ii) polymorphisms in the cytochrome P-450 isozymes CYP2D6 and CYP2E1; (iii) polymorphisms in the N-acetyltransferase NAT-2; (iv) polymorphisms in the glutathione-S-transferases mu and theta. From the view-point of occupational medicine, these genetic polymorphisms may affect the toxicity of industrial and workplace chemicals, such as organophosphates (i), major solvents and monomers for plastics (ii), aromatic amines (iii), and compounds like styrene/styrene oxide, methyl halides, dichloromethane and ethylene oxide (iv). Individual differences in biotransformation linked with genetic polymorphisms also have a considerable influence on biological monitoring strategies and on human risk assessment.


Abstract Despite its atypical thecal plate pattern, Lagynocystis pyramidalis (Jaekel, 1918) (Middle Ordovician, Northern Gondwanaland) is composed of normally positioned marginal plates on the left side of the theca, whereas those on the right side are shortened or missing in comparison with marginal plates of other ankyroids. The only somatic on the lower thecal surface is the CS plate. The abnormally long distal aulacophore, reduced theca, and internal ctenoid organ are interpreted as adaptations to deep water, dysaerobic environmental conditions. Ctenoid organ morphology is re-evaluated and is interpreted to have both feeding and respiratory functions. Loss of plates relative to a presumed ancestor similar to Barrandeocarpus has resulted in torsion that places somatic platelets, originally on the superior face, onto the inferior face and in contact with both CS and M'3 plates.


There is a problem of validation for the class of systems supporting critical thinking or informal logic including Araucaria, Athena, Belvedere and Rationale. Such software involves, for instance, heuristic simplification or short cuts of reasoning in relation to mathematical formalisms such as Bayesian networks. When and why can a user make such heuristic simplifications without losing much accuracy? This is the problem of validation stated. There has been made attempts at validating critical thinking software by communicative facilitation or by argument schemas. These attempts do not fully stand up to scrutiny. Here, I will propose a validation based on results from judgment analysis from cognitive psychology. Basically, it has been shown that when data are less than ideal and conceptualizations are less than ideal, one does not lose much accuracy in relation to ideal methods by using (a) simple trade off methods, or (b) simple lexicographic methods. Software embodying such simplifications will not perform much worse than ideal formalizations. Consequently, all critical thinking software enabling certain procedures can support reasoning procedures close to the accuracy of ideal methods in real life situations.


The variable structure model-reference adaptive control(VS-MRAC) redesign and stability analysis, presented previously by the authors (1993) for the case of plants with relative degree n*/spl les/2, is generalized to the case of arbitrary n*/spl ges/1. This paper presents a complete stability analysis in the general case. The redesign is based on the explicit consideration of input disturbances which may include the disturbance originated by the uncertainty of the plant high-frequency gain. This leads to a considerably simpler and less restrictive stability analysis as well as to a systematic controller design for external disturbance rejection. The overall error system is globally exponentially stable with respect to a small residual set. Robustness to unmodeled dynamics is also discussed.


This paper investigates the downlink performance of indoor deployed Wi-Fi and Femto as the offloading solution to the LTE macro cellular networks in a realistic large-scale dense-urban scenario. With an assumed broadband traffic volume growth of 50x compared to today's levels, it is evaluated that a dual-carrier LTE macro network will not be able to provide sufficient service coverage with a 1 Mbps minimum data rate and, indoor coverage is identified as the major bottleneck.. We evaluate the performance of indoor Wi-Fi and Femto cell deployment to offload the congested LTE macro network. We show that, in a dual-carrier LTE macro case with a total of 30 MHz spectrum, Wi-Fi access point density of 230/km2 is required to meet the set target of 90% coverage with a minimum user data rate of 1 Mbps. For the same scenario it was found that an out-band Femto access point density of 1200/km2 is required. Furthermore, we show that in-band Femto cell cannot meet the set network requirement even at a very high access point density. We also show that Wi-Fi and Femto cell can offload the same amount of traffic when they are deployed at the same access point density.


The aim of this paper is to review the available research studies on the current trends in Islamic tourism. The Halal industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world today. This paper aims to review some of the research studies which have been carried out on the latest trends in Halal tourism. For the purpose of this paper, specific search terms were used in the Google Scholar search engine. The results were then shortlisted according to the year of publication. The results of this review study point towards significant ground being gained by Halal Tourism or Islamic Tourism over the past decade. This study shows that there is possibility that the demand for Halal Tourism will continue to grow over the next decade. With the worldwide population of Muslims growing and with the disposable incomes available with this population increasing alongside, Halal Tourism is set to only grow and evolve over the next few years. It is also possible that more such trends evolve over the next few years.


The massive and rapid spreading of fake news through the internet and social media has prompted the government to take steps to contain the hoaxes. Initially, the government was confident that the spread of fake news could be countered by blocking a number of irresponsible newsite. This research argues that the blocking of the newsite will not be effective in countering fake news. Thus, the government would need additional measures to deal with the massive and rapid spread of fake news through the internet. This research is conducted through observation and content analysis of media reports about the government policies regarding the spread of fake news. According to Berelson (1952) content analysis is a research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of the manifest content of communication. Holsti (1968) says that it is any technique for making inferences by systematically and objectively identifying specified characteristics of messages. This research found several other measures the government has taken that includes the establishment of a special agency to deal with the cyberspace and collaborations with the Press Council and Facebook to strengthen its efforts. Keywords: fake news, government policies, national cyber agency, hoax


This paper examines job satisfaction and employees' turnover intentions in Total Nigeria PLC in Lagos State. The paper highlights and defines basic concepts of job satisfaction and employees' turnover intention. It specifically considered satisfaction with pay, nature of work and supervision as the three facets of job satisfaction that affect employee turnover intention. To achieve this objective, authors adopted a survey method by administration of questionnaires, conducting interview and by reviewing archival documents as well as review of relevant journals and textbooks in this field of learning as means of data collection. Four (4) major hypotheses were derived from literature and respective null hypotheses tested at .05 level of significance It was found that specifically job satisfaction reduces employees' turnover intention and that Total Nigeria PLC adopts standard pay structure, conducive nature of work and efficient supervision not only as strategies to reduce employees' turnover but also as the company retention strategy.


Designed for senior electrical engineering students, this textbook explores the theoretical concepts of digital signal processing and communication systems by presenting laboratory experiments using real-time DSP hardware. Originally designed for the Texas Instruments TMS320C6701 Evaluation Module or TMS320C6711 DSK, this new editionupdates the experiments based on the TMS320C6713 (but can easily be adapted to other DSP boards). Each chapter begins with a presentation of the required theory and concludes with instructions for performing experiments to implement the theory. In the process of performing the experiments, students gain experience in working with software tools and equipment commonly used in industry. The primary focus of this book is on communication systems. Algorithms that are particularly suited to DSP implementations are presented. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce the software and hardware tools. Chapter 3 presents FIR and IIR digital filters and Chapter 4 investigates the FFT. Chapters 4 through 8 discuss modulators and demodulators for classical analog modulation methods such as amplitude modulation (AM), double-sideband suppressed-carrier amplitude modulation (DSBSC-AM), single sideband modulation (SSB), and frequency modulation (FM). Chapters 9 through 16 explore digital communication methods leading to the implementation of a complete telephone-line modem. These chapters include shift register pseudo-random binary sequence generators, the RS-232 protocol, pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) transmitters and receivers, and echo cancellation. Methods for adaptive equalization, carrier recovery, and symbol clock tracking are presented. Chapter 17 gives suggestions for additional experiments.


Objective To describe the choroidal characteristics of patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) using enhanced depth imaging (EDI) and spectral domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT). Purpose To investigate the spectral-domain ocular coherence tomography features of the choroid in patients with RP using EDI. Methods A prospective, case–control study of 21 patients from the Cole Eye Institute with RP imaged using the Spectralis OCT and an EDI protocol. Submacular choroidal thickness measurements were obtained beneath the fovea and at 500 µm intervals for 2.5 mm nasal and temporal to the centre of the fovea. These measurements were compared to choroidal thickness measurements from 25 healthy age-matched controls with similar refractive error range and no clinical evidence of retinal or glaucomatous disease. Statistical analysis was performed to compare choroidal thickness at each location between the two groups and to correlate choroidal thickness with best-corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness. Results Mean ages were 40.6 years for control patients and 45.1 years for RP patients (p>0.05). Mean choroidal thickness measurements were 245.6±103 µm in RP patients and 337.8.2±109 µm in controls (p<0.0001). There was no correlation between subfoveal choroidal thickness and visual acuity or retinal thickness in the RP patients when compared to the control group. Conclusions Submacular choroidal thickness, as measured by SD–OCT EDI, is significantly reduced in patients with RP, but did not correlate with visual acuity or retinal thickness in RP patients. Further research is needed to understand better the pathophysiological significance of the choroidal alterations present in RP.


Aim: to determine the cord blood nucleated RBCs as a potential tool in prediction of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in ABO incompatibility susceptible neonates. Material and methods: This prospective study was done the Upgraded Department of Paediatrics, Patna Medical College & Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India, from August 2015 to November 2016. Total 120 consecutive healthy term babies born to O+ve mothers were included in this study. Cord blood was collected for estimating blood group, bilirubin and DCT for all babies born to O+ve blood groups. The study population was initially followed up for first 5 days of life clinically by Kramer's method. Newborns identified with jaundice were followed up. using serial serum bilirubin values. Two ml of venous blood sample was collected in plain vial from the baby on day 5th of life or earlier if clinically indicated. Serum bilirubin was estimated using diazo method. Results: Out of 120 newborns, 20 (16.67%) newborns developed jaundice and were classified as significant hyperbilirubinemia and 100 (83.33%) who did not developed jaundice were grouped as nonhyperbilirubinemia. Among 20 newborns who developed significant hyperbilirubinemia, 65 % newborns were from 2.53.00kg birth weight (p value 0.529). Most common blood group associated with ABO incompatibility leading to significant hyperbilirubinemia was B+ (80 %) followed by A+ (15 %) and AB + (5%) (p value <0.01). 75% newborns who develop significant hyperbilirubinemia were early term (37-38 weeks) (p value <0.05). 55 % newborns who developed significant hyperbilirubinemia were delivered by LSCS (p value 0.84). There was no significant difference in the number of male (60%) and female (40 %) babies developing significant hyperbilirubinemia (p value <0.81). Mean cord bilirubin of newborns that developed significant hyperbilirubinemia was 2.27 with SD of 0.68. Significant hyperbilirubinemic newborns were distributed according to development of hyperbilirubinemia as before 5th day (clinically observed) 12 (60 %) and on day 5th 8 (40%). Conclusion: Cord blood total bilirubin levels ≥1.79mg/dl has a good predictive ability for prediction of significant hyperbilirubinemia among ABO incompatible new-born. DCT is neither specific nor sensitive screening tool for development of Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in ABO incompatibility.


AIMS
International guidelines are frequently not implemented in the elderly population with heart failure (HF). This study determined the management of octogenarians with HF enrolled in Euro Heart Failure Survey II (EHFS II) (2004-05).

METHODS AND RESULTS
We compared the clinical profile, 12 month outcomes, and management modalities between 741 octogenarians (median age 83.7 years) and 2836 younger patients (median age 68.4 years) hospitalized for acute/decompensated HF. Management modalities were also compared with those observed in EHFS I (2000-01). Female gender, new onset HF (de novo), hypertension, atrial fibrillation, co-morbidities, disabilities, and low quality of life were more common in the elderly (all P < 0.001). Mortality rates during hospital stay and during 12 months after discharge were increased in octogenarians (10.7 vs. 5.6% and 28.4 vs. 18.5%, P < 0.001). Underuse and underdosage of medications recommended for HF were observed in the elderly. However, a significant improvement was observed when compared with EHFS I both in the overall HF octogenarian population and in the subgroup with ejection fraction < or =45% for prescription rates of ACE-I/ARBs, beta-blockers, and aldosterone antagonists at discharge (82 vs. 71%; 56 vs. 29%; 54 vs. 18.5%, respectively, all P < 0.01), as well as for recommended combinations and dosage. Prescription rates remained stable for 12 months after discharge in survivors.

CONCLUSION
Our study confirms that the contemporary management of very elderly patients with HF remains suboptimal but that the situation is improving.


This thesis explores the notion of 'voice' in relation to contemporary poetics and the digital arts. It is a practice-based project that produces a theoretical and creative space in which a theory of the 'voice of the machine' is discovered and tested. Through a series of research chapters and critical reflections this thesis tests ideas of dictation, translation, inscription and embodiment using the poetic device of the disembodied — or acousmatic — voice as a fundamental theoretical framework, which in turn informs my practice. I begin with a study of Jack Spicer's book After Lorca, a collection of translated poems that are dictated to Spicer by the ghost of Federico Garcia Lorca. Using the work of Mladen Dolar, I explore the idea of the acousmatic voice and the processes of translation that emerge from this when one is in communion with the dead. From this I identify a 'network of tradition': Spicer's matrix of historical, poetic associations to which belongs W.B. Yeats, another poet who used spirit dictation in composition. I focus on the practice of Yeats's wife, George, who, acting as a medium, produced hundreds of manuscripts of automatic writing and drawing. Through a study of Johanna Drucker's notion of graphesis, via discussions on choreography, I establish George Yeats as a spiritual writing machine whose practice works as an acoustic register of ghostly dictation and audition. I consider the idea of katabasis — an Orphic descent to retrieve a voice — that underpins Spicer's poetics in After Lorca and I use this as a catalyst to enact gestures of archival katabasis — in pursuit of George Yeats — and what I term as the kata_BASIC, which is a descent into the machine to retrieve its voice. Using the random-chance poetics of Jackson Mac Low as a practice methodology I understand the voice of the machine to be an expression of its agency and computational processes, which are materialised in machine-mediated interventions such as the glitch. The practice I produce in this project — poetry, objects, video and sound — tests ideas of translation, acoustic imagery, hybridity and transcreation in light of the idea of a shared voice of collaboration that exists between the machine and the archived or disembodied voices that it (re)mediates.


In the United States, one of the Standards for Mathematical Practice of the Common Core Curriculum (Common Core State Standards Initiative, 2010) is Model with mathematics . This standard requires that students be taught in a manner that will enable them to "apply the mathematics they know to solve problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace" (p. 7). However many prospective and practicing teachers acquire a pedagogical style that does not support this standard. To promote higher levels of student thinking associated with mathematical modeling, teachers must thus be taught not only what mathematical modeling is, but how it can be effectively incorporated in their lessons and presented to their classes. Teacher training should also include how to develop rubrics for assessment, among which are rubrics that enable students to demonstrate mathematical modeling proficiency in different ways. In this research, the topics addressed include ways professional development can help in-service teachers appreciate the importance of mathematical modeling tasks; concerns about teacher backgrounds in mathematical modeling; and the most effective ways for improving in-service teachers' knowledge of mathematical modeling and their teaching of mathematical modeling. While the primary focus of this research is on teacher education and training in the United States, the findings from both domestic and international research are clearly significant for those who are responsible for various aspects of teacher preparation worldwide. Common Core State Standards Initiative. (2010). Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM). Washington, DC: National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and the Council of Chief State School Officers.


For ductile beam-to-column connectiosn in steel frame, beam local buckling is difficult and very costly to repair in any post-disaster reconstruction. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) in their austenite states have the ability to recover their original shape after experiencing large deformations. Steel connections retrofitted using SMAs can be endowed with intelligent characteristics. This paper investigates extended end-plate connections using long shank SMA bolts. The SMA connection is designed using a new methodology of avoiding beam local buckling and adopting the strong end-plate. The connection deformations are supposed to concentrate on the SMA bolts. In order to study the seismic behaviour of the connections, quasi-static tests were conducted on both the SMA connection specimens. The test results indicate that the connection can show high deformation capacity with the maximum interstory drift angles beyond 0.02 rad. However, the beam was remained elastic during test and the deformations of the SMA connection were recoverable upon unloading. The load-drift hysteresis loops are flag-shaped for the SMA connection. This indicates that the connection has moderate energy dissipating capacity.


Metal injection molding technology is commonly used in production of small and very complex parts. Residual porosity is
unavoidable characteristic of P/M parts, affecting their final properties. During injection molding phase powder-binder
separation can occur, causing green density variation through cross section of the part. This behaviour is particularly
pronounced as complexity of the parts increases. As a consequence, zones with different density and residual porosity can
be seen after sintering. In this regard, porosity and hardness distribution of the sintered ring-shaped part is analysed and
presented in the paper.


The Ekofisk Field is currently undergoing a major field re-development in which 45 new wells will be drilled before the end of 1998. This requires that the most comprehensive and detailed reservoir description and geological and fluid flow models be used as the basis for the planning of such a redevelopment. This situation, as well as new developments in hardware and software and multidisciplinary database and applications integration, led to the decision in 1994 to completely re-evaluate the reservoir characterization of the field. A major multi-disciplinary effort involving geoscience, petrophysical and reservoir engineering work was initiated through the Ekofisk reservoir characterization (ERC) project. The objective of the reservoir characterization project was to improve the existing reservoir description using all available data through the application of new techniques and technology, and to construct and history match a new 3D reservoir fluid flow model using this updated, detailed reservoir description. Greater demands are being made on geoscientists and engineers to model and manage processes taking place within the reservoir. At the same time systems are evolving which allow large and complex models to be developed and modeled in simulators. The development of these models, and asset management based on these models, are becoming requirements for effective reservoir management. Our biggest challenge is to maintain, update and interchange data between the large 3D reservoir description models and fluid flow models through integration of new data. Up-scaling of the detailed description produced the highest resolution model that is computationally manageable. The resulting history-matched fluid flow model provides the primary reservoir management tool for the field re-development programme and for the evaluation of reservoir and geoscience monitoring technologies. Down-scaled reservoir parameters are currently being integrated with petrophysical data and laboratory core analysis to drive seismic forward modelling of present and future reservoir conditions. These seismic simulations are being used to evaluate the implementation of a time-lapse seismic (4D) monitoring programme for the field.


This paper describes simulation and analysis of the human cardiovascular system using a complex electronic circuit. In this study we have taken a slightly different approach to the modelling of the system and tried to advance existing electrical models by increasing more segments and parameters. Anatomical and physiological data for circuit parameters have been extracted from medical articles and textbooks. The frequency of heart is 1 Hz and the system operates in steady state condition. Each artery is modelled by one capacitor, resistor and inductor. The left and right ventricles are modelled using AC power suppliers and diodes. The results of the simulation including pressure graphs exhibit operation of the cardiovascular system under normal condition. From the electrical cardiovascular model we have analysed some cases which reflect the real time functioning of the human cardiovascular system. Hence we have changed the circuit parameters and observed the output responses which satisfy the actual human responses in different situations.


T he field of audiological medicine has ridden the wave of technological advancement that has transformed many aspects of screening and intervention in medicine. We can screen newborns for hearing loss, however we are not sure what is the most cost effective and simple method. A screening test that can be referred to as the ''golden standard'', still eludes us. With the incidence of permanent bilateral clinically significant hearing loss at just over 1 in 1000 births, 2 the need for a simple, inexpensive, and reliable screening method is evident. The importance of diagnosing hearing loss at an early stage led to screening originally of ''at risk'' groups in the form of a targeted screening programme. This approach has proved to be effective as over half of hearing impaired and deaf children can be identified. To identify the other half of hearing impaired children, universal newborn screening programmes are being used in countries including the UK. Various combinations of oto-acoustic emissions and auditory brain stem tests singly or in combination have been successfully tried. Early fitting of technically sophisticated hearing aids and surgical intervention by implantation of cochlear devices is being successfully practised in many centres and countries in both private and state health services. The practice of both targeted and, more recently, of universal screening, has given us the capability to fit hearing aids very early in infancy. The availability of implanting cochlear devices surgically has also been available and has transformed the management of many cases. The fundamental question ''Does this make a difference to the child's development and life?'' remains unanswered in many cases, as we still lack a scientific approach to predict the degree of success of early amplification and implantation at an early stage especially during infancy. There are many known variables to take into account, such as additional disabilities—visual impairment, cognitive impairment, genetic and specific learning disabilities. These all have an impact on the outcome of any intervention. It has been claimed that early diagnosis of hearing impairment and appropriate habilitation leads to a better outcome as seen in improved language and speech development. This simple and logical concept has been propagated since the eminent work by Andreas Markides under the leadership of Professor Ian Taylor from Manchester, UK. It showed the beneficial effect of early diagnosis and habilitation of children with hearing impairment and deafness. A number of workers followed and reported similar results, but some of them lacked long term follow up and appeared to group together a number of factors influencing the outcome. Effective management of hearing impairment is a multidisciplinary complex process where the outcome is dominated by a number of factors which may vary in their influential role for an individual child. One of the factors which has clearly been shown to be important in the outcome of a child's habilitation is the degree of hearing impairment. Another widely held belief is that the age of diagnosis is an important determinant of outcome: the notion that the earlier hearing impairment can be identified, the earlier the child can be helped. The article published in this issue of Archives by Wake and colleagues claims to show that the age of diagnosis was not a relevant factor in dictating outcome as measured by speech and language assessment in this study carried out in Victoria State, Australia. Much like a googly from Shane Warne, this paper takes an unexpected turn away from conventional understanding and other reports in this field. 5 6 The study comes to the conclusion that the degree of hearing impairment is the predominant factor influencing the outcome as assessed at the age of 7–8 years. A weaknesses of this otherwise well constructed study is the small numbers of children, diagnosed early at 6 months of age, in the severe and profound hearing impaired groups. The mean age of diagnosis (1.8 years), hearing aid fitting (1.9 years), and early intervention programme (2 years) are all later than what would be possible following a universal newborn hearing screening programme. Another problem appears to be a lack of data on high frequency threshold of 4 kHz, which may have a crucial role in speech development. Auro-oral communication and educational approaches to hearing impairment and deaf children has been significantly boosted by early diagnosis and amplification. This has been powered by the unproven notion and concept of a ''critical period'' of speech and language development related with audition. Wake et al challenge this concept and create debate about the relation of early diagnosis and outcome. Their study points to other known and unknown factors, highlighting the role of motivation and drive, personality, behaviour, auditory processing, and some other innate and unknown factors related with learning that have not been investigated in large follow up studies. Some of these questions can only be answered by appropriately constructed, prospective, multicentre, large longitudinal studies. More research and auditing of various practices and processes are needed. Neither medical nor educational systems can work independently to answer these questions and a combined effort is needed. There is an ongoing need to concentrate on early diagnosis so that the habilitating processes can be applied and studied. The conclusion of the Wake et al study should not be seen as a case against the need for early diagnosis, but rather a challenge for universal screening. We need to conduct larger well constituted, prospective, multicentre studies to gather detailed information about all factors which may influence outcome. Then, and only then, can we practice evidence based audiology. Studies which highlight the need for further research and that challenge our conceptions are a potent weapon in our further understanding of child healthcare issues and our consequent management strategies.


Culture is very important in order to determine their policy for personal and for kepantingan a nation or state. Culture is formed as a result of the synthesis of past experiences. Therefore, to understand the culture of a nation with the good, the information from the past is absolutely necessary. Serve targeted information can be obtained through some things that still remain from the past such as oral stories, and the writings of one important source of information in the form of writing is a collection of texts that the information contained therein. Transliteration is the removal of a script writing system into another writing system. The main function of transliteration is a form easier for researchers in analyzing the meaning contained in a manuscript. Transliteration is not a task of philology. Moreover, one purpose of philology is to find the original text. With the transliteration means there is a conversion of text presentation. The fact indicates that most adult readers are no longer memahai regional writings. Therefore, today's edits to adjust to the demands of practical so that the editing, the texts presented in the form of transliteration. It aims to facilitate readers who do not understand the original alphabet text. The realization of this research is tesk data in the form of a book written with Arabic letters pegon, while the data sources are manuscript Mar'atus Sholikhah itself. The results manunjukkan that the text's meaning naska Mar'atus Sholikhah there are three meanings that can be analyzed Mar'atus Sholikha religious meaning of the terms of religion. It poses the laws of the sanctity of womanhood on the chapter. Both the social meaning of Mar'atus Sholikhah when a guest, Mar'atus Sholikha in neighboring, Mar'atus Sholikha in educating their child. Third cultural meaning that is Mar'atus Sholikha in cultured which can be reflected in terms of look, behave, to maintain the norms and customs of their ancestors.


The electrochemical performance of rechargeable lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries relies on the catalysts used in the cathode to a great extent. Herein, a series of CuxCo3−xO4 nanorods with different Cu2+ concentrations was prepared by a convenient hydrothermal method. The corresponding structures and electrochemistries were further characterized in order to reveal the composition effect of catalyst on catalytic activity. Experimental characterization and theoretical calculations indicate that more Cu2+ occupying Co2+ positions and dispersing on the catalyst surface has an enhanced catalytic activity in terms of higher capacity, lower overpotential and better reversibility. This implies that suitable charge transfer from Li2O2 to the catalyst plays an important role in improving the electrochemical performance of Li–O2 batteries. The present study is helpful for designing a highly active catalyst by tuning the composition of the catalyst surface.


Until now object storage has not been a first-class citizen of the Apache Hadoop ecosystem including Apache Spark. Hadoop connectors to object storage have been based on file semantics, an impedance mismatch, which leads to low performance and the need for an additional consistent storage system to achieve fault tolerance. In particular, Hadoop depends on its underlying storage system and its associated connector for fault tolerance and allowing speculative execution. However, these characteristics are obtained through file operations that are not native for object storage, and are both costly and not atomic. As a result these connectors are not efficient and more importantly they cannot help with fault tolerance for object storage. We introduce Stocator, whose novel algorithm achieves both high performance and fault tolerance by taking advantage of object storage semantics. This greatly decreases the number of operations on object storage as well as enabling a much simpler approach to dealing with the eventually consistent semantics typical of object storage. We have implemented Stocator and shared it in open source. Performance testing with Apache Spark shows that it can be 18 times faster for write intensive workloads and can perform 30 times fewer operations on object storage than the legacy Hadoop connectors, reducing costs both for the client and the object storage service provider.


The objective of this thesis is to develop a conceptual model that determines how employee perceptions of their work environments are related to their wellbeing and behaviour. This thesis replicates and extends job demands-control-support (JDCS) theory by integrating variables associated with perceived work environment characteristics (job demands, autonomy, managerial support, and family support), general wellbeing (anxiety), job-related wellbeing (job satisfaction and organization commitment), behaviour (turnover), personal characteristics (male versus female employees), and organizational characteristics (public versus private sectors) into a coherent model. The structural equation modelling technique is used to validate of the measurement model and for examining the inter-relationships among these variables at both the individual and workplace level. For the purpose of analysis, data has been taken from 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey (VVERS 2004). At individual level, the findings suggest that employee perceptions of their work environment are associated with their general and job-related wellbeing. The empirical findings show that (1) higher job demands placed on employees and perceived lack of family support influence job attitudes through their effect on anxiety, (2) high job control and managerial support reduces work related anxiety and increases job satisfaction and organization commitment, and (3) male and female employees do not perceive their work environments differently. At workplace level, the findings suggest that employee shared perceptions of their work environment are associated with their wellbeing and behaviour. The empirical findings show that: (1) higher job demands placed on employees increases their work related anxiety and reduces their job satisfaction in private workplaces, (2) high job control and managerial support increases job satisfaction and organization commitment, (3) perceived lack of family support reduces organization commitment in private sector, (4) job satisfaction is the only direct antecedent of turnover, (5) of work environment characteristics, autonomy and managerial support are indirect antecedents of turnover, (6) lack of family support reduces organization commitment in private sector. Overall, the thesis indicates that while JDCS theory is useful in explaining employees psychological and health related wellbeing, extending theory to include family support and using extended theory to predict job-related wellbeing and turnover increases our understanding of the underlying phenomena.


: The study described the technique for gas chromatographic identification of sebacic acid in the work zone air in the form of diethyl ether produced due to sebacic acid etherification by absolute ethyl alcohol in the presence of 0.3 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid during heating up to 70 degrees C for 15 min. 1 ml of decane extract of diethyl ether was analyzed by means of gas chromatograph on the column of Im X 0.3 cm, filled with chromosorbe. When sampling 40 l of air the range of measured concentration constituted 2-20 mg/m3. Relative standard variation didn't exceed 0.032.


One of the most promising forms of implementing active teaching methods is distance learning, or e-learning. During the last decade e-learning was most often associated with the so-called mass open online courses, the MOOCs. In Russian and Kazakhstan universities, e-learning is often blended with the traditional type of in-class education and is known as "blended learning". A certain lack of research on the use of distance learning in Russian universities determined the topic of this paper. The initial assignment was to launch blended learning in 6 groups of students of general engineering and at the Engineering and Technology Faculty of  Elabuga Institute of the Kazan Federal University, and  Philology disciplines at the Kazakh Philology Faculty of the State university named after Shakarim in Semey city and to study the attitude of students to distance learning during 2017-2018 academic year. Methods of research involve literature review, pedagogical observation, experiment, questioning and theoretical analysis. Results of the research show some interesting observations on the attitude of students and institute professors to the use of e-learning. Also, the research shows positive results of the use of blended learning methodology in studying some general technical disciplines during baccalaureate program


The inherent tension between religion and state often permeates authoritative institutions. Indeed, the laws of man often vie with the laws of God to whatever extent they do not coincide, explicitly or tacitly. Even when in harmony, spiritual laws and statutory laws may conflict on a grander scale, one of authority. Both religious institutions and the state apparatus claim some degree of authority. Power-sharing of this sort proves tricky in even the most entrenched systemic traditions. Change or evolution of any sort-structural, societal, institutional, etc.- can easily upset the balance between church and state. Sixty years ago, the birth of the state of Israel engendered many questions about the relationship between church and state. The vast majority of citizens living within the newly-drawn state claimed Jewish heritage, with some citing it as an ethnic identifier and others a spiritual claim. To complicate the situation, the major minority in the region, the Palestinians, generally practice the Islamic faith, a religion often historically and presently involved and entwined with governance. Other faiths also have a presence in the region, as do other ethnic groups. In discussing the relationship between religion and the state in Israel, the past proves of vital importance. But contemporary thought and international trends hold sway over development in the interaction too. With a diverse and dynamic population and evolving social and political mores, defining an individual's relationship to the church itself can be difficult. Attempting to define a society's or state's relationship with religion proves even more difficult. Many scholars, including, among others, Shimon Shetreet and Winfried Brugger, offer distinct-though often coinciding-frameworks to discuss the relationship between church and state. These models offer a valuable foundation for a discussion of Israel's relationship with religion. The text that follows first lays out a scholarly model for examining the classifying the relationship between church and state. Next, it discusses the workings of the Israeli system, focusing on the overlapping of religious law and the state legal system. Finally, this paper explores the potential problems of the dissonance between the Israeli judicial apparati and religious courts.


Something happened in the 1990s, something dramatic and irreversible. A group of people long considered a moral menace and an issue previously deemed unmentionable in public discourse were transformed into a matter of human rights, discussed in every institution of American society. Marriage, the military, parenting, media and the arts, hate violence, electoral politics, public school curricula, human genetics, religion: Name the issue, and the the role of gays and lesbians was a subject of debate. During the 1990s, the world seemed finally to turn and take notice of the gay people in its midst. In The World Turned, distinguished historian and leading gay-rights activist John D'Emilio shows how gay issues moved from the margins to the center of national consciousness during the critical decade of the 1990s.

In this collection of essays, D'Emilio brings his historian's eye to bear on these profound changes in American society, culture, and politics. He explores the career of Bayard Rustin, a civil rights leader and pacifist who was openly gay a generation before almost everyone else; the legacy of radical gay and lesbian liberation; the influence of AIDS activist and writer Larry Kramer; the scapegoating of gays and lesbians by the Christian Right; the gay-gene controversy and the debate over whether people are "born gay"; and the explosion of attention focused on queer families. He illuminates the historical roots of contemporary debates over identity politics and explains why the gay community has become, over the last decade, such a visible part of American life.


Power system online dynamic security assessment (DSA) is a challenging computing problem. A key problem in DSA is the analysis of a large number of dynamic stability contingencies every 10-20 minutes using online data. In order to speed up the transient stability analysis, parallel processing has been applied and several results can be found in the literature. In this paper, the authors present a distributed approach for real-time transient stability analysis. Distributed computing is economically attractive providing the processing power of supercomputing at a lower cost. Several distributed software environments like the parallel virtual machine (PVM) allow an effective use of heterogeneous clusters of workstations. Both functional and domain decomposition of the transient stability problem were tested under PVM on a homogeneous cluster of eight DEC ALPHA and on an IBM SP2 machine. Functional decomposition has been obtained by the Shifted-Picard algorithm, whereas domain decomposition has been obtained concurrently running different contingencies on different nodes of the cluster, using the very dishonest Newton algorithm. In order to assess the performance of these approaches, time domain simulations, adopting detailed modeling for synchronous machines, have been carried out on a realistic-sized power network comprising 2583 buses and 511 generators.


Background: Upright sitting is one of the first developmental motor milestones achieved by infants, and sitting postural sway provides a window into the developing motor control system. A variety of posture sway measures can be used, but the optimal measures for infant development have not been identified. Methods: We have collected sitting postural sway data from two groups of infants, one with typical development (n=33), and one with delayed development and either diagnosed with or at risk for cerebral palsy (n=26), when the infants had developed to the point where they could just maintain sitting for about ten seconds. Postural sway data was collected while infants were sitting on a force platform, and the center of pressure was analyzed using both linear and nonlinear measures. Findings: Our results showed that a nonlinear measure, the largest Lyapunov exponent, was the only parameter of postural sway that revealed significant differences between infants with typical versus delayed development. The largest Lyapunov exponent was found to be higher for typically developing infants, indicating less repeated patterning in their movement coordination. Interpretations: A nonlinear measure such as largest Lyapunov exponent may be useful as an identifier of pathology, and thus is a potential candidate for measuring the success of therapeutic interventions.


Quantitative Analysis of Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Data using YAADA Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (ATOFMS) instruments have been used to measure the size and composition of single aerosol particles in California. ATOFMS data are not direct quantitative measurements of aerosol composition because the instruments exhibit non-linear response to aerosol concentration, particle size, and particle composition. The goal of this work is to quantitatively compare ATOFMS and reference sampler data in order to both understand ATOFMS instrument operation, and to develop procedures to transform ATOFMS data to semi-quantitative aerosol compositions. Ambient measurements from the Bakersfield Instrument Intercomparison Study were analyzed. ATOFMS instrument busy time (the time required to save acquired data) was found using a statistical comparison of the number of particles detected to that expected for a Poisson process modified to include busy time. The fraction of busy time was highly variable and in the range 0.05 to 0.95; thus busy time cannot be ignored for accurate quantitative comparison of ATOFMS data with reference sampler data. The sensitivities of the ATOFMS instrument to aerosol mass, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were determined by a selecting single particle response function for each analyte. ATOFMS response to mass, OC and EC fit well to a power law in particle size; these responses are similar to those found previously for aerosol mass and inorganic ions. Using the recommended response functions, ATOFMS data were scaled for comparison with independent aerosol measurements. Comparison of scaled aerosol mass with that measured using Beta Attenuation Monitors (BAMs) showed semiquantitative agreement, i.e., scaled ATOFMS data agreed within a factor of three with the BAMs data. ATOFMS data scaled for OC and EC concentrations were systematically lower than from collocated filter-based measurements because the scaled ATOFMS data propagated the systematic difference between short-term impactor measurements and the filter-based measurements. The novel data analysis methods developed here will be included in the next public release of YAADA, a software toolkit to analyze single particle mass spectral data.


This study is to explore the prognostic significance of serum lipid profiles in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The study retrospectively enrolled 307 MM patients in Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China, from 2007 to 2016. We evaluated the prognostic significance of the pre-diagnostic serum lipid profile [cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) and Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)]. Prognostic factors identified through univariate and multivariate analysis were used to construct a new model based on Lasso Cox regression. Results indicated that lipid levels showed significant difference between ISS stages: Apo A1, Apo B, Cholesterol and LDL levels were lower in late ISS stage. However, only Apo A1 showed statistically significance in overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS) and cause specific survival (CSS) (P=0.038, P=0.028, P=0.011) in univariate Cox regression. Patients with higher Apo A1 displayed longer OS (median OS, 67 months vs. 30 months; P<0.001). Also, Apo A1 was revealed to be an independent prognostic indicator through multivariate analysis. Combining the Apo A1 level, Zhongshan Score model was constructed with Lasso regression for prognosis prediction. This model exhibited higher accuracy than International Staging System (ISS) and Durie and Salmon (DS) system. In conclusion, among all the serum lipid profiles, serum Apo A1 is a powerful prognostic indicator for patients with MM.


: Chronic experiments on animals showed that aerosols formed during cast iron welding and facing due to the use of electrode nickel-based materials could produce blastomogenic effect that was mostly caused by the presence of copper-and manganese-containing aerosols in the particles of the solid component. Morphologic inhomogeneity of the particles of the solid component, qualitative composition and solubility of the compounds spatially arranged in the surface layer were of great importance for their carcinogenic and toxic effect. The capacity of copper- and manganese-containing compounds to suppress nickel carcinogenic effect should be taken into account when developing welding and facing materials with better hygienic characteristics.


We present the first complete CO J=3-2 map of the nearby grand-design spiral galaxy M51 (NGC 5194), at a spatial resolution of ~600 pc, obtained with the HARP-B instrument on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. The map covers the entire optical galaxy disk and out to the companion NGC 5195, with CO J=3-2 emission detected over an area of ~9'x6' (~21x14 kpc). We describe the CO J=3-2 integrated intensity map and combine our results with maps of CO J=2-1, CO J=1-0 and other data from the literature to investigate the variation of the molecular gas, atomic gas and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) properties of M51 as a function of distance along the spiral structure on sub-kpc scales. We find that for the CO J=3-2 and CO J=2-1 transitions there is a clear difference between the variation of arm and inter-arm emission with galactocentric radius, with the inter-arm emission relatively constant with radius and the contrast between arm and inter-arm emission decreasing with radius. For CO J=1-0 and HI the variation with radius shows a similar trend for the arm and inter-arm regions, and the arm-inter-arm contrast appears relatively constant with radius. We investigate the variation of CO line ratios (J=3-2/2-1, J=2-1/1-0 and J=3-2/1-0) as a function of distance along the spiral structure. Line ratios are consistent with the range of typical values for other nearby galaxies in the literature. The highest CO J=3-2/2-1 line ratios are found in the central ~1 kpc and in the spiral arms and the lowest line ratios in the inter-arm regions.We find no clear evidence of a trend with radius for the spiral arms but for the inter-arm regions there appears to be a trend for all CO line ratios to increase with radius. We find a strong relationship between the ratio of CO J=3-2 intensity to stellar continuum-subtracted 8mu PAH surface brightness and the CO J=3-2 intensity that appears to vary with radius.


Laminar composites have been formed from waste paper and suitable water based binders using a two stage binding technique. The new materials can have physical and mechanical properties equivalent to spruce pine and superior to other wood substitutes such as MDF. The degree of penetration of the binder into the paper is a critical factor in achieving the desired properties and there is a need for rapid assessment of the penetration of the binder. A technique based on the forcing of a probe into the laminate has been developed. Several probe geometries have been investigated and an optimum process established. By analysing the force / displacement graph generated by the probe, and applying a fast Fourier transformation the degree of binder penetration can be established.


Abstract The present text is dedicated to analysing the situation of Member States' compliance with EU law in the field of Internal Market because it is one of the most important aspects of the process of European consolidation. In the introductory part we presented the central role of the European Commission because it is the institution that monitors the implementation of the EU law in the national legal order of each Member State. At the centre of our analysis is the 2017 Annual Report of the European Commission. Here we presented in a schematic manner the European norms that the Member States had to implement in their legal order in 2017. We concluded our research by presenting the evolution of this complex process with reference to the data furnished by the Single Market Scoreboard. The situation did not know a significant improvement in the process of Member States' compliance with EU law. We can see that things evolved but we consider that this evolution could have been better if Member States would have dedicated more attention to this process.


Abstract. Growing urban development, combined with the influence of El Niño and climate change, has increased the threat of large unprecedented floods induced by extreme precipitation in populated areas near mountain regions of South America. High-fidelity numerical models with physically based formulations can now predict inundations with a substantial level of detail for these regions, incorporating the complex morphology, and copying with insufficient data and the uncertainty posed by the variability of sediment concentrations. These simulations, however, typically have large computational costs, especially if there are multiple scenarios to deal with the uncertainty associated with weather forecast and unknown conditions. In this investigation we develop a surrogate model or meta-model to provide a rapid response flood prediction to extreme hydrometeorological events. Storms are characterized with a small set of parameters, and a high-fidelity model is used to create a database of flood propagation under different conditions. We use kriging to perform an interpolation and regression on the parameter space that characterize real events, efficiently approximating the flow depths in the urban area. This is the first application of a surrogate model in the Andes region. It represents a powerful tool to improve the prediction of flood hazards in real time, employing low computational resources. Thus, future advancements can focus on using and improving these models to develop early warning systems that help decision makers, managers, and city planners in mountain regions.


"American Indian Tribal Law" is the first casebook for law students to survey the field of laws and cases generated by American Indian tribes. There are 565 federally recognized Indian tribes in the United States as of this writing. Each Indian nation has the authority, often expressed in an organic document such as a tribal constitution or a treaty with the United States, to legislate for the general welfare of the tribe, its people, and its land. Tribal ordinances and resolutions often are codified into tribal codes and published in book form and on the Internet.American Indian tribal courts decide thousands of cases daily, with misdemeanor criminal cases, child welfare, and tribal administrative law cases constituting the large portion of tribal court dockets. Some tribal courts, such as those of the Navajo Nation, handle more than 100,000 cases each year, while other tribal courts handle only a very few cases. Many tribal courts span the full panoply of subject areas, from criminal to civil to probate to divorce to environmental law; others handle only a select few subject areas, such as tribal conservation courts, which adjudicate disputes involving tribal treaty fishing and hunting rights. The variety of tribal court disputes is endless.Indian country is ready for a comprehensive set of materials on what some academics and practitioners have called the ''real Indian law'' — the law of Indian nations and tribal courts. It is a new field, and scholarship on the subject has taken off only in the past few years. These materials are intended to assist students in navigating tribal courts and other indigenous dispute resolution forums, and how to otherwise practice law in Indian country. Students need to learn that nearly all tribal jurisdictions can and do apply their own laws, not the laws of the United States or state law.


This paper investigates the expenditure patterns of South African households using detailed cross-sectional expenditure and price data. Linear expenditure system (LES) parameter estimates are used to calculate income and price elasticities for a number of product categories at different points of the income distribution. We find substantial variation in the price and income elasticity of demand of items across the income distribution, with the bottom quartile being extremely sensitive to increases in the price of food and clothing items, and the top quartile being as sensitive as households in developed countries.


Displacement-controlled design method is now being used by current guidelines such as TM5 and ASCE to design RC members against airblast load. If the maximum deflection of the designed member under airblast loads is less than the allowable deflection, the designed member is considered to be safe. Although the displacement-controlled design method is easy to use, it may not result in a design having maximum energy-absorption capacity against airblast loads, especially for a design of a reinforced ultra-high performance fibre concrete (RUHPFC) member which is of both high strength and high ductility, that is, high energy-absorption capacity. In this paper, a layered analysis model allowing for varying strain rates with time as well as along the depth of the member was used to calculate energy-absorption of a simple supported RUHPFC slab under airblast loads. An optimal reinforcement ratio of the slab was achieved by maximizing the energy absorption of the slab under different reinforcement ratios. The energy-controlled design method was validated by field blast tests. Using the validated design method, a designed slab with the optimal reinforcement ratio was also tested and the effectiveness of the design was demonstrated.


Building secure software is an extremely important, but difficult task. Insecure software can result in vulnerabilities which allow individual systems or entire networks to be compromised. Historically, software security has been an afterthought as internal red teams or other external reporting means were utilized to uncover vulnerabilities. Currently, software development processes address security issues during the planning stages and include security testing. We take another step, realizing that one key to developing secure software is in the development of software engineers who understand security. Introducing software security during an introductory level course is advantageous as it will help instill software security awareness as part of the basic coding skill set of future software engineers. We present a three step system of instilling software security as a core programming skill using the buffer overflow problem as a sample security topic


Evaluating the Efficacy of Different Modalities to Improve Arterial Stiffness Corey Moore Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with an increase in cardiovascular (CV) mortality, partially due to arterial stiffening, which can be measured non-invasively via pulse wave velocity (PWV). Arterial stiffness is a clinically relevant CV marker of mortality, an increase in PWV by only 1 SD is associated with an increased CV risk of 15%. Land based aerobic exercise, both chronic and acute, has previously been identified as an effective method for improving arterial health. Unfortunately, land based aerobic exercise is not feasible for all populations, therefore a more effective treatment modality must be elucidated. Aquatic exercise has previously been shown to be beneficial for reducing blood pressure, as well as PWV. Fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption has been shown to decrease CV mortality, although the mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated. We tested the following hypotheses: 1) 8 week of dietary intervention, with increased fruit and vegetable consumption, as well as decreased complex carbohydrate and decreased fat consumption, will improve arterial hemodynamics 2) 8 weeks of aquatic exercise intervention will improve the PWV in women with MetS.


This research is motivated by the need for a better understanding of the nature of student-centred interactions in university settings. Although there is now a considerable amount of research into written academic English, studies of spoken academic English, particularly of student-centred, disciplinary-specific events, are still relatively few in comparison. This work aims to go some way towards redressing the balance.
The study provides a description of a variety of linguistic features of one type of speech event, problem-based learning sessions (PBLs), within the context of a postgraduate programme in Medical Genetics. PBLs are underpinned by a very clear pedagogy driving their incorporation into academic programmes: through a cycle of tutorials, individual research and presentations, students develop content knowledge and the skills thought essential for the professional practitioner. Although common within the field of medicine, there has been relatively little research into how the discipline and pedagogy are realised linguistically.
This study analyses a specially compiled corpus of five complete PBL cycles, each with two stages. It comprises over 12 hours of speech, approximately 115,000 words and is searchable as a whole and for each stage. By applying a variety of approaches, including Conversation Analysis (CA), Corpus Linguistics, and aspects of Discourse Analysis, this allows for a more detailed and fine-grained analysis of student discourse than one approach alone.
Applying CA, the study identifies features of the overall organisational structure and the different patterns of talk found in each stage. Academic functions common to the stage two presentations are also identified. The corpus-based analysis investigates three specific linguistic areas: keyword analysis is used to explore vocabulary as a marker of the discipline and approach, personal pronouns as markers of engagement, and the structural and discourse functions of lexical bundles. The investigation into how the interactions unfold and the consideration of keywords reflect the discipline and underlying epistemology of PBL sessions. Clear differences in the frequency and use of personal pronouns and lexical bundles are evident in each stage, indicating that both the mode (spoken) and the nature of each speech event (highly interactive exchanges or presentations) affect linguistic choices.
This study of a bespoke corpus provides an in-depth analysis of a disciplinary-specific, student-centred speaking event. This may be useful for EAP teachers and task and materials designers working with students on pre-sessional programmes who need academic language support. Methodologically it adds to the growing number of studies taking a multidimensional approach (i.e. in methodology and focus) to understanding spoken academic discourse.