The increasing demand for miniaturized portable electrical energy sources has led towards intensive research on developing efficient electrochemical energy storage/conversion devices. Based on the capability of delivering continuous energy for a longer period of time or quick charge-discharge capabilities, these devices can be divided into energy and current sourcing devices. Among these devices, batteries show intermediate power density along with energy density. At present in most of the commercially available devices, liquid organic carbonate electrolytes having conductivity values close to 10􀀀3 Scm􀀀1 are being used. Although liquid electrolyte shows a high conductivity value, they possess a serious safety concern. Therefore, prior importance is given to developing a polymer electrolyte with comparable ionic conductivity at ambient temperature. Polymer electrolyte has the prospect to improve various key properties of lithium based batteries when used as the electrolyte. These properties include design flexibility, safety, cyclability, energy and power density etc. However, polymer electrolytes are having a serious drawback of low ionic conductivity limiting its potential application. Therefore primary interest is given in the preparation of polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivity at room temperature. Achievement of the desired level of ambient temperature ionic conductivity (_ 10􀀀3 Scm􀀀1) is still an open problem. Literature suggests that to improve the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes several strategies such as plasticization, copolymerization, fabrication of composite/nano-composite etc. have been studied extensively. These techniques mainly concentrate on increasing the amorphous content of polymer electrolytes in order to favour ion mobility to increase the ionic conductivity. In this regard, optimization of ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes is carried out in the present investigation for composite polymer electrolytes and gel polymer electrolytes. In addition to the process of optimization, prior importance is also given on the understanding the ion conduction mechanism in these two class of polymer electrolytes.

In this study three different series of polymer composite electrolytes are prepared using polyethylene oxide as the host polymer, lithium triflate as salt and nanocrystalline zirconia, titania and organo-modified hydrophobic montmorillonite clay as fillers. In addition to this a series of gel polymer electrolyte is also prepared by blending polymer host and 1 molar lithium triflate electrolyte solution consisting of a mixture of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate as solvent. Phase formation of the filler materials, composite nature of polymer composite electrolytes and blended polymer host matrix prepared for gel polymer electrolytes are studied using X-ray diffraction technique. Surface morphology of all these materials is studied using FE-SEM. Polymer salt interactions are investigated using FTIR. Ionic conductivity is measured over a wide range of temperature for getting proper idea about its temperature dependent behaviour. In all these electrolytes, we have achieved room temperature ionic conductivity up to the order of 10􀀀5 S cm􀀀1. This is nearly two order higher in magnitude than conventional polymer-salt complexes at room temperature. Though we are successful in increasing the ionic conductivity by almost two orders in magnitude at room temperature, there exist a huge scope for further improvement in terms of the magnitude of the ionic conductivity. For this reason, a proper understanding of ion conduction mechanism is necessary. Ionic transport mechanism is probed using broadband dielectric spectroscopy over a wide range of frequency and temperature. Relaxation dynamics at different length and time scale is analyzed using broadband dielectric spectroscopy in order to get a proper idea about the ion conduction processes taking place at the microscopic level. The physical parameters that aids in increasing the ionic conductivity of these materials are also studied with observations made from broadband dielectric spectroscopy.

An in-depth step by step analysis of the data obtained from electrical characterizations are carried out. The temperature-dependent ionic conductivity for polymer composite electrolytes are found to follow VTF behaviour, indicating there exist coupling between ionic conductivity and polymer segmental motion. Segmental relaxation time also follow similar behaviour. To explain and investigate the coupled nature of ion conduction mechanism, ion diffusivity analysis is carried out by employing Trukhan model. The outcome of these analysis also supports the coupled nature of ion conduction process. Empirical laws like Jonscher power law, double power law and different models like RFEBM, Ngai coupling model, MIGRATION model are used to describe the frequency and temperature dependent ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes. Havriliak -Negami expression is used to analyze the relaxation phenomenon present in polymer electrolytes. Study of ion conduction mechanism in polymer nanocomposite electrolyte suggest ionic conduction and segmental relaxation are coupled physical process. In the case of polymer gel electrolytes, polymer host does not play any significant role in ionic conduction but only provide the mechanical stability to the absorbed liquid electrolytes.

Proper understanding of ion conduction mechanism will help us for preparing good quality polymer electrolytes with high room temperature ionic conductivity, excellent mechanical, thermal and electrochemical stability. By achieving the aforementioned desired properties, the solid polymer electrolytes can replace the organic carbonate liquid based electrolytes commonly used in most of the portable energy storage/conversion devices.


Abstract. As deforestation frontiers expand in the tropics, understanding species responses is critical to inform efficient land-use management policies. Here we evaluated lizard responses to changes in landscape, habitat patch, and quality in a deforestation frontier in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. We first considered overall lizard assemblages and then two species subgroups of contrasting thermoregulation strategies. We sampled lizards at 21 forest patches (42–7,035 ha) subject to moderate habitat disturbance (e.g., cattle intrusion and selective logging). Based on 6,000 pitfall trap-days and 60,000 m of visual surveys, we recorded 215 individuals representing 15 species. Contrary to expectations, species richness and abundance were not explained by any of the variables considered, including matrix quality, proportion of forest cover, forest patch area and shape, age since isolation, arthropod biomass, canopy openness, litter volume, tree density, and fire history. However, the composition of persisting species was determined by the structural complexity of the adjacent matrix. The abundance of species that avoid direct sun exposure to regulate their body temperature increased under more-complex structures of adjacent matrix areas and decreased within patches more intensively affected by past fire events. Disturbance within forest patches likely decreased the patch-matrix contrast, contributing to the absence of forest area effects. Nevertheless, species-specific microhabitat requirements dictated part of the lizard species that were able to persist in the fragmented landscape. Strategies aiming to maximize lizard diversity should embrace retention of the habitat quality within forest patches and forest corridors/high-stature vegetation in at least some sites connecting forest remnants.


Since 1992, Mongolia has sought to embed itself and its neighbors, Russia and China, in regional security arrangements and international law. This strategy can be categorized as preventive diplomacy and involves seeking to create a climate in which conflict will not arise, rather than managing conflict after it has emerged.


The European Union (EU) is one of the major producers of municipal solid wastes and has a common policy based on circular economy to reuse the wastes. However, there are differences between countries and the methods for disposal and treatments. Municipal solid waste (MSW) can be composted and recycled as a source of plant nutrients and improves soil properties. This chapter analyzed the production in the EU and the effects on plant nutrients and environmental pollutants when MSW is added to the soil. The origin of the waste and the compost-like output (CLO) derived is important to determine the expectative of nutrient availability and other possible risks. MSW is so heterogeneous, but after a good pretreat-ment, an organic-rich matter mix can be composted giving a stabilized organic matter. The addition of the CLO to the soils can improve the nutrient status and favor the bioavailability of nutrients (macronutrients and micronutrients). In general, an increment of N and P was found in the soils. Moreover, important micronutrient availability (Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) has been described. However, the presence of pollutants and their mobility should be considered as an environmental risk.


Cells belonging to the mononuclear phagocytic system may give rise to a wide variety of proliferative disorders. These neoplastic or reactive diseases of monocytes, histiocytes and macrophages are still poorly understood, both from a biological, clinical and pathological point of view. In 1984 a new type of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas has been described, which recently was termed large cell anaplastic lymphoma (LCAL). Since both "true" malignant histiocytosis (MH) and LCAL display some clinico-pathological similarities, we reevaluated eleven children with the primary diagnosis of MH, who entered the multicentric therapy study DAL-HX 83. On the basis of the typical morphology LCAL and not MH has been diagnosed in all cases. The Ki-1 (CD 30) positive tumor cells of LCAL can display different phenotypes, either T-lymphoid, B-lymphoid, histiocytic or neither of them (O-phenotype). Therefore we investigated the lineage specificity of tumor cells in 15 paediatric patients with LCAL. Tumor cells of histiocytic origin could be demonstrated in only one of them. In 7 patients the neoplastic cells were of T cell and in the remaining 7 cases of non T/non B cell (O) phenotypes, confirming the extreme rarity of MH in children. It is our opinion that MH and LCAL seem to be different diseases not only nosologically but also clinico-pathologically. In the multicentric therapy studies NHL-BFM 81 and NHL-BFM 83 the frequency of LCAL in childhood is compared to all other subentities at 3%.


—The assessment of students' metacognitive knowledge and skills about reading is critical in determining their ability to read academic texts and do so with comprehension. In this paper, we used induction trees to extract metacognitive knowledge about reading from a reading strategies dataset obtained from a group of 1636 undergraduate college students. Using a C4.5 algorithm, we constructed decision trees, which helped us classify participants into three groups based on their metacognitive strategy awareness levels consisting of global, problem-solving and support reading strategies. We extracted rules from these decision trees, and in order to evaluate accuracy of the extracted rules, we built a fuzzy inference system (FIS) with the extracted rules as a rule base and classified the test dataset with the FIS. The extracted rules are evaluated using measures such as the overall efficiency and Kappa coefficient.


The growing concern of States in order to attract foreign investment into their territories has led to the formulation of a legal structure aimed at encouraging investment through the granting of a secure and stable environment for the investor in the host State. In the core of this structure is the Fair and Equitable Treatment standard wich, as a non -contingent standar, constitutes an independent and reliable system for the protecition of the investor. However, the application of the true fairness concept underlying the standard seems at times in jeopardy, due to a serious lack of precision regarding its true meaning. Arbitrators and scholars have wandered frome one interpretation to another, trying in occasions to fit the standard in existing legal concepts such as the international minimum standard of customary international law or simlply creating a whole new meaning by means of sel-contained legal figure. The article examines the latest and most decisive attempts to define the standard within modern international law, all of which have contributed to a dynamic but controversial discussion around the topic.


The generalized amplitude damping channel (GADC) is one of the sources of noise in superconducting-circuit-based quantum computing. It can be viewed as the qubit analogue of the bosonic thermal channel, and it thus can be used to model lossy processes in the presence of background noise for low-temperature systems. In this work, we provide an information-theoretic study of the GADC. We first determine the parameter range for which the GADC is entanglement breaking and the range for which it is anti-degradable. We then establish several upper bounds on its classical, quantum, and private capacities. These bounds are based on data-processing inequalities and the uniform continuity of information-theoretic quantities, as well as other techniques. Our upper bounds on the quantum capacity of the GADC are tighter than the known upper bound reported recently in [Rosati et al., Nat. Commun. 9, 4339 (2018)] for the entire parameter range of the GADC, thus reducing the gap between the lower and upper bounds. We also establish upper bounds on the two-way assisted quantum and private capacities of the GADC. These bounds are based on the squashed entanglement, and they are established by constructing particular squashing channels. We compare these bounds with the max-Rains information bound, the mutual information bound, and another bound based on approximate covariance. For all capacities considered, we find that a large variety of techniques are useful in establishing bounds.


Comparative study of 92 cases of pathologically proven small HCC (less than or equal to 5 cm) and 787 clinical HCC treated and followed in Zhongshan Hospital from 1958 to 1984 demonstrated that: 1. Resection of small HCC is the best way for long survival, 26 of the 51 patients who survived for more than 5 years had had small HCC. 2. The increase of the 5 year survival rates from 1.7% (1958-1966) through 7.1% (1967-1975) to 22.6% (1976-1984) of the whole series is due to the increase of proportion of small HCC (0%, 7.2% and 15.1%) in the respective periods. 3. In comparison to clinical HCC, small HCC showed higher resection rate (28.7% vs 85.9%), lower operative mortality (9.7% vs 1.3%) and better 5 year survival (19.9% vs 70.3%). 4. Concepts of early detection, early diagnosis, surgical treatment, management of recurrence and metastasis, prognosis, natural history of HCC, early development of HCC, etc. may be changed basing on this study. Reoperation of subclinical recurrence after small HCC resection has improved the 5 year survival from 56.2% in 1981 to 70.3% in this study.


Cloud Computing refers to the delivery of computing resources over the web. Computing resources are shared rather than having personal devices to handle applications. Information is accessed simply at anywhere, anyhow by connecting our device with web. Cloud Computing is predicated on web services used for storing, transferring and lots of alternative operations associated with information. Security is the major issue in cloud computing. The different algorithms have been proposed to provide security to critical data. This paper gives a brief introduction to some existing security algorithms in Cloud Computing. General Terms Cloud Computing, Security issues and Security algorithms.


The Government has made efforts to increase shallot production through the use of shallot seeds. The problem is, information about the technology components of shallot cultivation from seeds is still limited. This research aimed to get the right dose of manure to increase the weight of shallot bulbs in seeds. The research was conducted in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with 6 treatments of cow dung (0 t/ha, 5 t/ha, 10 t/ha, 15 t/ha, 20 t/ha, and 25 t/ha) each with 4 replications. Manure dose treatment had a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves per clump, number of tillers per bulb, bulb diameter, wet biomass weight, and dry bulb weight. A significant positive correlation was obtained between the manure dose and all components of the observation, except bulb shrinkage. Other than that, the addition of manure as much as 1,000 kg/ha, can increase the weight of wet biomass by 524.1 kg/ha and the weight of dry bulbs by 293.4 kg/ha. Cultivation of shallots using seeds is profitable when using manure of more than 5 t/ha, identified by RCR> 1. The results of this study suggest increasing the yield of shallot bulbs from seeds by using cow dung as much as 10-25 t/ha. Facilitation of shallot seeds (TSS) from the Government is needed so that farmers have easy access to seeds to develop shallots in the future.


Because human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is characterized by a large number of viral replication cycles and rapid cell turnover in vivo, successful gene therapy requires an approach effective under these conditions. The antitat gene has been proposed for gene therapy because it effectively blocks Tat function and the replication of HIV-1. However, neither antitat nor any other antiviral gene has been shown to inhibit HIV in the presence of high viral load and inflammatory cytokines, a condition closer to the in vivo situation. We show that cells transduced with antitat retrovirus vector are resistant to high multiplicity of HIV infection. In the presence of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor, both known to activate viral gene expression independently of Tat, antitat suppressed virus replication. HIV-1 inhibition was observed when cell were treated with a mixture of inflammatory cytokines able to induce acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Kaposi's sarcoma cell growth. These molecules have been shown to be increased in HIV-1-infected individuals, and it is suggested they play a role in the pathogenesis of AIDS. Our results suggest that antitat is effective under conditions present in vivo and therefore a primary candidate for HIV-1 gene therapy.


Dryland cereal production systems of south-eastern Australia require viable options for reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions without compromising productivity and profitability. A 4-year rotational experiment with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–canola (Brassica napus L.)–grain legumes–wheat in sequence was established at Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia, in a semiarid Mediterranean-type environment where long-term average annual rainfall is 541mm and the incidence of summer rainfall is episodic and unreliable. The objectives of the experiment were to investigate whether (i) tillage increases N2O emissions and (ii) nitrogen (N) application can improve productivity without increasing N2O emissions. The base experimental design for each crop phase was a split-plot design with tillage treatment (tilled versus no-till) as the whole plot, and N fertiliser rate (0, 25, 50 and 100kgN/ha) as the subplot, replicated three times. This paper reports high resolution N2O emission data under a canola crop. The daily N2O emission rate averaged 0.55g N2O-N/ha.day, ranging between –0.81 and 6.71g N2O-N/ha.day. The annual cumulative N2O-N emitted was 175.6 and 224.3g N2O-N/ha under 0 and 100kgN/ha treatments respectively. There was no evidence to support the first hypothesis that tillage increases N2O emissions, a result which may give farmers more confidence to use tillage strategically to manage weeds and diseases where necessary. However, increasing N fertiliser rate tended to increase N2O emissions, but did not increase crop production at this site.


PURPOSE
Various incremental and disruptive healthcare innovations that are occurring or may occur are discussed, with insights on how multihospital health systems can prepare for the future and optimize the continuity of patient care provided.

SUMMARY
Innovation in patient care is occurring at an ever-increasing rate, and this is especially true relative to the transition of patients through the care continuum. Health systems must leverage their ability to standardize and develop electronic health record (EHR) systems and other infrastructure necessary to support patient care and optimize outcomes; examples include 3D printing of patient-specific medication dosage forms to enhance precision medicine, the use of drones for medication delivery, and the expansion of telehealth capabilities to improve patient access to the services of pharmacists and other healthcare team members. Disruptive innovations in pharmacy services and delivery will alter how medications are prescribed and delivered to patients now and in the future. Further, technology may also fundamentally alter how and where pharmacists and pharmacy technicians care for patients. This article explores the various innovations that are occurring and that will likely occur in the future, particularly as they apply to multihospital health systems and patient continuity of care.

CONCLUSION
Pharmacy departments that anticipate and are prepared to adapt to incremental and disruptive innovations can demonstrate value in the multihospital health system through strategies such as optimizing the EHR, identifying telehealth opportunities, supporting infrastructure, and integrating services.


The aim of the present work is to utilize the nanotechnology for preparing stable nanoparticles that enhance the dissolution and hence the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble Itraconazole (ITZ). ITZ nanosuspensions were produced by nanoprecipitation method in the presence of surfactant (tween 80) and selected stabilizers (HPMC, PVP K 17 and Pluronic F 68) at different ratios with the drug. The nanosuspensions were evaluated for their physicochemical properties and drug content. The nanoparticles were prepared by lyophilization technique and characterized by morphology evaluation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optimized formulation showed an average particles size of 213.56 ± 19.58 nm and Zeta potential of -18.35 ± 2.55 mV. In vitro cumulative release from the nanosuspension was 85.64% at 60 min when compared to pure drug 35.52% and freeze dried nanoparticles 93.81%. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that AUC(0–36) was increased by two folds when ITZ nanoparticles were administered orally compared with the market formulation (Sporanox), which in turn increased the bioavailability. Thus, Nanoparticles seems to be a promising approach for increasing the dissolution and enhancement the bioavailability of ITZ.


abacus Abeland, Peter ability grouping academic academic freedom academy access/admission accomplishments accountability accountancy accreditation of prior achievement/learning action research Addams, Jane adult education aegrotat Africa agriculture algebra alternative education alumni antiracist education apprenticeship approved school aptitude Argentina Aristotle arithmatic armed forces Arnold, Matthew Arnold, Thomas art art, college and school of Ascham, Roger Asia assessment (inc. continuous, criterion referenced, diagnostic, formative, norm referenced, summative) Association of University Teachers (AUT) astronomy athenaeum attainment attendance Australia Austria autodidact autonomy baccalaureate Baltic States baseline assessment basic skills Beecher, Catherine benchmarking Benelux countries Bernstein, Basil bicultural education bilingual education binary policy Binet, Alfred biology blind children, teaching of boarding school Bourdieu, Pierre boys, education of brain drain Brazil British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) British Council Buddhist education bullying Burt, Cyril business business school Cambodia Canada careers guidance Caribbean Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching case study catchment areas Catholic school Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) certification chancellor character training charities, educational charter school chemistry child centred education child development child guidance children's literature China church civics class size classical education classical studies/classics classroom classroom management coeducation cognition Colet, John college college of advanced technology Comenius, Johann Amos common school Commonwealth of Learning (COL) community college community education comparative education compensatory education comprehension comprehensive education comprehensive school compulsory education computer assisted learning computing Condorcet, Marie Jean constructivism continued professional development continuing education cookery core curriculum corporal punishment correspondence course correspondence theory Council for Education in World Citizenship (CEWC) Council of Europe counselling crafts cramming creche credentials critical pedagogy cultural capital curriculum curriculum development dame school dance day release day school dean degree delinquency dentistry department Department for International Development (DfID) deschooling detention development plan Dewey, John didacticism didactics diploma diploma disease discipline discovery method distance education/learning domestic science don drama driving Duke of Edinburgh's Award dunce Durkheim, Emile early childhood education Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) (UK) economics economics of education Edgeworth, Maria education education policy educational broadcasting educational management educational media educational priority areas educational profiles educational publishing educational research Educational Resources Information Centre (ERIC) educational studies educational technology educational theory egalitarianism Egypt elementary school Eliot, Charles W. elitism Elyot, Thomas endowment engineering England English environmental studies equality of opportunity ethnography ethos Europe European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP) European Union (EU) evaluation examinations excellence experimental learning expulsion extra-mural classes faculty family Ferry, Jules Forster, William Foucault, Michel France Freire, Paulo freshman Froebel, Friedrich further education Galton, Francis games geography geology geometry Germany giftedness girls, education of globalisation governor grades graduate grammar grammar school Greece Guizot, Francois Harris, William Torrey head of department health education Herbart, J. F. hidden curriculum higher education Higher Education Funding Councils (HEFC) (UK) Hindu education history history of education home economics homeschooling homework human capital Hungary hygiene Illich, Ivan inclusive education incorporation independent school India indigenous education indoctrination Indonesia industrial training infant school initial teacher education in-sevice education inspection instruction intellectual development intelligence intelligence tests intermediate school International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) International Bureau of Education (IBE) International Council for Adult Education (ICAE) international education/schools International Institute for Education Planning (IIEP) Iran Iraq Ireland, Republic of Isaacs, Susan Islamic education Israel Italy Ivy League Japan Jewish education John of Salisbury Jowitt, Benjamin junior school Kay-Shuttleworth, James Keate, John kibbutz (Israel) kindergarten knowledge economy Knox, John Lancaster, Joseph Lane, Homer Latin America law learning learning career learning disabilities learning society lecture lesson liberal education liberal studies librarianship Library Association lifelong learning literacy Locke, John logbook Lowe, Robert lyceum magnet school Makarenko, Anton Malaysia management Mann, Horace Mannheim, Karl marketisation marking mass education mass media mathematics matriculation mature students McMillan, Margaret mechanics' institute media studies medicine Mediterranean mentor/mentoring merit meritocracy Mexico middle school Mill, John Stuart mission statement mixed ability teaching modern languages module/modular monitor monitorial system Montessori, Maria moral curriculum Morant, Robert motivation Mulcaster, Richard multicultural education museum education music National Academy of Education (US) National Centre for Educational Statistics (US) national curriculum National Economic Development Council (NEDC) (UK) National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) (UK) nature study neighbourhood school Neill, A. 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Liquefaction of spent creosote-treated wood was studied to determine the technological practicability of its application in converting treated wood waste into resin adhesives. A total of 144 plywood panels were fabricated with experimental variables included 2 phenol to wood (P/W) ratios in liquefaction, 6 resin formulations (3 formaldehyde/liquefied wood (F/LW) ratios × 2 replications), 6 glue applications (2 glue spreads × 3 assembly times), and 2 panel replications. Average shear strength (235.6 psi) and wood failure (70.5%) for resin adhesives prepared from liquefied wood at P/W ratio of 2.0 were significantly higher than the shear strength (184.7 psi) and wood failure (53.1%) for that at P/W ratio of 1.5. On average, F/LW ratio of 2.25 yielded substantially lower shear strength and wood failure than that of F/LW ratios of 2.0 and 1.75. Differences in shear strength and wood failure between F/LW ratios of 2.0 and 1.75 were not significant. However, it is interesting to note that F/LW ratio interacted with P/W ratio to affect wood failure, but not shear strength. As shown in Fig. 2, at P/W ratio of 1.5, the F/LW ratio of 2.0 yielded the highest wood failure and the F/LW ratio of 2.25 resulted in the lowest wood failure. On the contrary, at P/W ratio of 2.0, the F/LW ratio of 2.25 resulted in highest wood failure and the F/LW ratio of 2.0 yielded the lowest wood failure. On the basis of wood failure, the resins prepared from liquefied wood at P/W ratio of 2., reacted at F/LW ratio of 2.25, and applied the glue at the rate of 90 pounds per 1000 square ft of double glue line met the standard of vacuumpressure soak cycle for exterior glueline (PS-1-66). Nevertheless, the first attempt to formulate a phenol-based adhesive made from liquefied creosote-treated wood produced encouraging results. With additional studies of resole formation and glue mix formulations, it is anticipated that a resin adhesive from liquefied creosote-treated wood with improved bond quality can be developed.


[1] Analysis of two absorption features near 3 μm in the lunar reflectance spectrum, observed by the orbiting M3 spectrometer and interpreted as being due to OH and H2O, is presented, and the results are used to discuss the processes producing these molecules. This analysis focuses on the dependence of the absorptions on lunar physical properties, including composition, illumination, latitude, and temperature. Solar wind proton-induced hydroxylation is proposed as the creation process, and its products could be a source for other reported types of hydrogen-rich material and water. The irregular and damaged fine-grained lunar soil seems especially adapted for trapping solar wind protons and forming OH owing to abundant dangling oxygen bonds. The M3 data reveal that the strengths of the two absorptions are correlated and widespread, and both are correlated with lunar composition but in different ways. Feldspathic material seems richer in OH. These results seem to rule out water from the lunar interior and cometary infall as major sources. There appear to be correlations of apparent band strengths with time of day and lighting conditions. However, thermal emission from the Moon reduces the apparent strengths of the M3 absorptions, and its removal is not yet completely successful. Further, many of the lunar physical properties are themselves intercorrelated, and so separating these dependencies on the absorptions is difficult, due to the incomplete M3 data set. This process should also operate on other airless silicate surfaces, such as Mercury and Vesta, which will be visited by the Dawn spacecraft in mid-2011.


Based on the retrospective exhibition organized by the Andalusian Center of Contemporary Art in Seville in March of 2007, this stunning book offers a new look at the work of Japanese photographer Daido Moriyama. An implacable visionary of our fragmented postmodern world, Moriyama is famous not only for his stark images of urban life but also for his transformation of everyday ordinariness, the stream of perceptions that our restless sense of sight registers at every moment of our waking hours. The volume includes a widely-ranging overview of Moriyma's highly contrasted, oddly-angled black-and-white photographs, including sixteen pages printed on yellow paper, which provides a new and unexpected support for these images. The striking cover of the catalogue is the creation of noted Japanese designer Tadanori Yokoo. The book includes a brief introductory text by Jose Lebrero Stals and a penetrating essay by Minoru Shimizu, which places Moriyama's work in the context of postmodern critical theory on photography, from Benjamin to Barthes to Derrida. Finally, a moving text by Moriyama himself -"Dialogue with Photography"- describes how he succeeded in abolishing the boundaries between subjectivity and objectivity in his art to explore the relentlessly momentary nature of photographs, "fossils of light and time."


We conducted a detailed GPR survey on a highway under construction to detect and map boulders in a roadbed buried against regulations on embankment materials. Buried boulders in roadbeds should be eliminated because they might cause surface pavement undulation and would deteriorate drivability. A 540 m long, 20 m wide zone was covered within three days by two parties, each composed of two of us, by means of two sets of high-precision GPR tools with the aid of VRS RTK-GNSS positioning systems. Soon after the primary field survey, we quickly processed the acquired data within two days, and extracted a total of 148 anomalies in the zone. We then conducted the secondary survey uninterruptedly to precisely locate the points where anomalies were identified. The located points were immediately dug with a backhoe to certify whether boulders had been buried or not. It took only one and half day for the secondary field survey. As a result, boulders of 20 cm to 100 cm in size were actually excavated from 146 points of the located 148 anomaly points. This extremely high hitting ratio was mainly supported by the precise positioning system which enabled us to locate back to the anomaly position within 2 cm. In addition, we made a criterion to discriminate the anomalies generated from buried boulders based on GPR diffraction patterns. The criterion was quite helpful to identify anomalies from buried boulders not from other objects such as metal fragments. Owing to the high performance GPR survey within a total of 6.5 days from the primary survey to the excavation of identified boulders, we successfully contributed to minimize the delay in embankment works of the highway under construction.


Altered sialylation observed during oncogenic transformation, tumor metastases and invasion, has been associated with enhanced sialyltransferases (STs) transcription. Increased mRNA expression of STs (ST6Gal I, ST3Gal III) has been detected in invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma. A study of the sialic acid concentration in local tissue of cervix and in serum showed a slight elevation in benign inflammatory lesions and a moderate elevation in severe neoplasia, but to date, altered expression of STs in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia has not yet been evaluated. This study investigates the changes in mRNA expression of three STs (ST6Gal I, ST3Gal III, and ST3Gal IV) in cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN). Alterations of these STs mRNA expression were examined in 35 cervix specimens classified as normal, CIN 1, CIN 2 and CIN 3, by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, mRNA expression of the three STs was enhanced in CIN 1, CIN 2 and CIN 3 with respect to normal tissue, with a significant difference of p < 0.001 (Mann-Whitney U test) for all the enzymes. Our results suggest that altered expression of ST3Gal III, ST3Gal IV and ST6Gal I in CIN could play an important role during malignant transformation and could be related with the enhanced sialic acid expression detected in neoplasic tissues.


Abstract Coinfection with human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become an emerging public health problem in several parts of the world, with high morbidity and mortality rates. A systematic review was carried out in the literature available in PubMed, Scielo and Lilacs related to HVL associated with HIV coinfection, seeking to analyze epidemiological, clinical and laboratory aspects. Of the 265 articles found, 15 articles were included in the qualitative analysis, which referred to the results of HVL treatment in patients coinfected with HIV. In the published articles between 2007 and 2015, 1171 cases of HVL/HIV coinfection were identified, 86% males, average age 34 years, liposomal amphotericin B was the most commonly used drug, cure rates 68 and 20% relapses and 19% deaths, five different countries, bone marrow was used in 10/15 manuscripts. HVL/HIV coinfection is a major challenge for public health, mainly due to the difficulty in establishing an accurate diagnosis, low response to treatment with high relapse rates and evolution to death. In addition, these two pathogens act concomitantly for the depletion of the immune system, contributing to worsening the clinical picture of these diseases, which requires effective surveillance and epidemiological control measures.


We consider a network in which several service providers offer wireless access to their respective subscribed customers through potentially multihop routes. If providers cooperate by jointly deploying and pooling their resources, such as spectrum and infrastructure (e.g., base stations) and agree to serve each others' customers, their aggregate payoffs, and individual shares, may substantially increase through opportunistic utilization of resources. The potential of such cooperation can, however, be realized only if each provider intelligently determines with whom it would cooperate, when it would cooperate, and how it would deploy and share its resources during such cooperation. Also, developing a rational basis for sharing the aggregate payoffs is imperative for the stability of the coalitions. We model such cooperation using the theory of transferable payoff coalitional games. We show that the optimum cooperation strategy, which involves the acquisition, deployment, and allocation of the channels and base stations (to customers), can be computed as the solution of a concave or an integer optimization. We next show that the grand coalition is stable in many different settings, i.e., if all providers cooperate, there is always an operating point that maximizes the providers' aggregate payoff, while offering each a share that removes any incentive to split from the coalition. The optimal cooperation strategy and the stabilizing payoff shares can be obtained in polynomial time by respectively solving the primals and the duals of the above optimizations, using distributed computations and limited exchange of confidential information among the providers. Numerical evaluations reveal that cooperation substantially enhances individual providers' payoffs under the optimal cooperation strategy and several different payoff sharing rules.


Therapeutic residential care (TRC) is the name given to specialized children's homes for treating cases with severe emotional and behavioural problems that have been placed in residential care. A recent international review has revealed great diversity in the referral criteria of cases and in the models of intervention carried out. The goal of this study is to describe the population treated in these types of facilities in Spain and the therapeutic coverage given. The sample is made up of 215 young people in children's homes, of whom 93 are in TRC. The cases referred to TRC have been in residential care for less time but have gone through a greater number of placements. These young people also exhibit more problems of drug use, and there is a larger percentage of clinical-range cases in the Child Behaviour Checklist scales of attention problems and aggressive behaviour. Nevertheless, the results of logistic regression indicate that the only variables that significantly increase the probability of being referred to TRC are drug use and changes of care placements. With regard to therapeutic care, there is a higher percentage in the TRC group receiving psychiatric care, and the sessions are also more frequent.


The plasmonic resonances in individual gold nanorods nanoscopically coupled to a gold film with different gap spacing have been experimentally and theoretically investigated. The spectral widths, wavelengths, and optical polarizabilities of the maxima in measured single-nanoparticle scattering spectra are significantly modified as the gap distance changes in the sub-20 nm domain. Comparing the experimental data with numerical simulations reveals that these modifications arise from the complex hybridization of several dipolar and multipolar plasmon modes that are strongly localized at the gap. These plasmon gap modes have distinct resonant and spatial characteristics as a result of near-field interaction between the elongated nanorods and the gold film. Additionally, the excitation of these gap modes is highly dependent on the gap spacing. Finally, we also discuss influences of these plasmonic modes on absorption properties of the system and propose a potential application of the studied structures in faci...


Background Adherence to HIV treatment is crucial to avoid the illness progressing or drug resistance appearing. Purpose The aim of this study is to assess the compliance with triple highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV outpatients depending on the daily number of tablets prescribed. Materials and methods The authors performed a retrospective study in patients who started HAART treatment in 2010. To carry out this study, The authors examined the data recorded in the computerised dispensing record. The compliance was evaluated by the relationship of the no. of doses prescribed/dispensed for each patient. The ARV regimen of each patient was also classified into four groups, depending on the daily number of tablets prescribed: group A: single-tablet regimen; group B: two-tablet regimen; group C: three-tablet regimen; group D: four-tablet regimen. Results During the period studied, 86 patients started treatment; 13 of them were discarded for various reasons (death, change of treatment, etc.), so finally The authors assessed the compliance in 69 patients whose results are shown in Table 1. Conclusions The overall percentage adherence to the treatment was really high in the population studied. It exceeded 95% in 86.4% of the cases. Furthermore, this adherence increased when the therapeutic regime was less complex, possibly due to the fact that is easier for the patient to take the medicine as intended. The compliance was measured by only one method, which was to assume that patients who collected drugs took them properly. So The authors consider that further studies must be done using different methods. CPC072 Table 1. Adherence results % Adherence A B C D Overall > 95% 86.4 (32) 57.1 (4) 71.4 (15) 75 (3) 78.3 (54) 95-90% 5.4 (2) – 4.8 (1) – 4.3 (3) < 90% 8.1 (3) 42.9 (3) 23.8 (5) 25 (1) 17.4 (12) Overall 78.3 (37) 2.9 (7) 30.4 (21) 5.8 (4) 100 (61)


Polymer foam cored sandwich structures are frequently exposed to elevated temperatures in the range of 50-100°C. Recent theoretical studies showed that elevated temperatures may shift the behaviour of sandwich structures from linear and stable to nonlinear and unstable. Although this prediction has not been experimentally validated, it has aroused concerns on the performance of sandwich structures at elevated temperatures. Thereby, a focused experimental study is required to confirm the thermomechanical interaction effects. The work described in this thesis provides experimental assessments on the thermomechanical interaction effects in polymer foam cored sandwich structures. As a starting point, a novel methodology is proposed to obtain the elastic properties of polymer foam materials at elevated temperatures based on digital image correlation (DIC). The tensile, compressive and shear properties were characterised at temperatures from room temperature to 90°C. It is identified that the thermal degradation of the elastic modulus of polymer foams only depends on the base polymer, regardless of the deformation type or foam density. A master curve is derived which shows the temperature dependence of the Young's and shear moduli of Divinycell H100, H130 and H200 foam. An experimental apparatus is constructed to allow sandwich beam specimens to be subjected to a bending load as well as a well-defined temperature gradient through the beam thickness. The bending deflection, inhomogeneous core shear deformation and the wavy deflection of face sheet at the onset of localised buckling/wrinkling are accurately characterised using DIC. High-speed imaging was also adopted to view the rapid evolution of the wrinkles. It was found that, at elevated temperatures, the core shear strain can be nonuniform through the core thickness and the failure mode can shift to wrinkling instability. Simple analytical models are also developed to predict the behaviour of sandwich beams with transverse temperature gradients and consequently core stiffness gradients. A modification of the classical sandwich beam theory is proposed to predict the stress/strain state, load-defection response and failure mechanism with respect to the core shear yielding and face sheet yielding/fracture. Another analytical model is developed to predict the critical wrinkling stress. Both of the two models agree well with the experiments. The work described in the thesis demonstrates that the stiffness and load carrying capability of polymer foam cored sandwich structures are deteriorated by elevated temperatures. The deterioration can be confidently predicted by the experimentally validated analytical models introduced in the thesis. The study thereby provides a significant step towards an improved understanding of thermomechanical interaction effects in polymer foam cored sandwich structures.


Residential development within heritage conservation areas is regulated by Development Control Plans (DCP) that provide guidelines about the shape and form that new houses, alterations and additions should take (DIPNR 2004). By understanding that the visual amenity of streets within a city plays an important role in creating a sense of place and community for its citizens (Lynch 1960) they attempt to sustain, through regulation, an urban pattern that has become valued by the community. The visual character of a building within a streetscape is often associated with the style of its construction - a set of visual characteristics that a group of buildings might share. These characteristics include the relationship of the parts of the building to each other, and to the building as a whole, the use of ornament and visible textures, and the scale of elements within the composition.

Using algorithms developed within robotic research that enable a computer to interpret a visual environment (similar to those used in medicine and facial recognition for instance), this paper outlines how algorithms can be used to study the visual properties of the built environment. One of the methodological qualities of computer visualisation that makes it so useful for a comparative visual analysis of buildings is that the representational and symbolic meanings of a buildings style play no part. The organisation of the elements can be analysed without having to interpret their possible meaning at the beginning of the process.

This paper builds on an established interdisciplinary approach, utilising architectural knowledge and computer visualisation to evaluate the visual character of detached housing within a heritage conservation area. The visual environment is analysed using computer software developed to locate the visual boundaries within a view of a streetscape both as an elevation and aerial view.


The demand on automated machining has been increased and emerges improvement research to achieve many goals such as portability, low cost manufacturability, interoperability, and simplicity in machine usage. These improvements are conducted without ignoring the performance analysis and usability evaluation. This research has designed a distributed control system in purpose to control a portable CNC machine. The design consists of main processing unit, secondary processing unit, motor control, and motor driver. A preliminary simulation has been conducted for performance analysis including linear accuracy and circular accuracy. The results achieved in the simulation provide linear accuracy up to 2 μm with total cost for the whole processing unit is up to 5 million IDR.


The purpose of this study was to study perceived health factors and Cholangiocarcinoma risk behaviors in people 20-40 years in Chiang Khrueasubdistrict, MueangSakonNakhon, SakonNakhon Province, Thailand.  There were 290 samples collected data by questionnaire and analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics at 95% statistically significant. The results showed that sex, monthly income, smoking, alcohol drinking, overall health belief score and perceived severity of Cholangiocarcinoma were associated to Cholangiocarcinoma risk behaviors. The results suggests that public health agencies in local area should promote population behaviors for perceived susceptibility and perceived severity of Cholangiocarcinoma, especially food consumption behaviors for freshwater fish cooking.


A crystal lattice, when confined to the surface of a cylinder, must have a periodic structure that is commensurate with the cylinder circumference. This constraint can frustrate the system, leading to oblique crystal lattices or to structures with a chiral seam known as a 'line slip' phase, neither of which is stable for isotropic particles in equilibrium on flat surfaces. In this study, we use molecular dynamics simulations to find the steady-state structure of spherical particles with short-range repulsion and long-range attraction far below the melting temperature. We vary the range of attraction using the Lennard-Jones and Morse potentials and find that a shorter-range attraction favors the line-slip. We develop a simple model based only on geometry and bond energy to predict when the crystal or line-slip phases should appear, and find reasonable agreement with the simulations. The simplicity of this model allows us to understand the influence of the commensurability constraint, an understanding that might be extended into the more general problem of self-assembling particles in strongly confined spaces.


Backtracking is necessary when design alternatives are explored or dead ends are reached. Unfortunately, current approaches support chronological backtracking only (undo or version control), where the designer is forced to undo intermittent changes even if they are not related to what should be backtracked. This work introduces an approach for selective backtracking during software modeling where previously discarded design changes are recovered without having to undo intermittent changes. Selective backtracking is a challenge because during multi-view modeling, we must understand how changes across multiple views are connected - in order to undo them together and thus avoid undesired inconsistencies. Our approach automatically discovers dependencies among design changes and is thus able to guide the designer during selective backtracking.


Martensitic β→α′(α″) transformation, β→ω transformation and eutectoid decomposition in a series of Ti-base alloys with d transition metals of Groups I, IV-VIII have been investigated using the techniques of X-ray diffraction, optical and transmission electron microscopy. Phase and structural information is given on the non-equilibrium and metastable modifications occurring in these alloys after quenching from high-temperature β-field and aging. The conditions of the orthorhombic α″-phase, ω-phase and metastable β-phase formation in binary titanium–base alloys with d-metals of V-VIII groups were investigated. It was established that the position of the alloying metal in the Periodic Table defines the presence or absence of the α″-phase in the alloy after quenching and the minimum concentration of the alloying metal necessary for formation of the α″-phase, ω-phase and metastable β-phase.


Theory and analysis of price information and its importance have typically assumed that the information is correct. Additionally, most analyses have centered on general price information assuming homogeneous products. This paper examines the implications of incorrect price information on the basis of quality, with evidence from prior research on cotton prices used as an illustration. Results of a conceptual analysis indicate that quality has direct implications on the production and marketing process. Incorrect information on prices of different quality leads to distortions in the market and market inefficiency.


A human in vivo toxicokinetic model was built to allow a better understanding of the toxicokinetics of folpet fungicide and its key ring biomarkers of exposure: phthalimide (PI), phthalamic acid (PAA) and phthalic acid (PA). Both PI and the sum of ring metabolites, expressed as PA equivalents (PAeq), may be used as biomarkers of exposure. The conceptual representation of the model was based on the analysis of the time course of these biomarkers in volunteers orally and dermally exposed to folpet. In the model, compartments were also used to represent the body burden of folpet and experimentally relevant PI, PAA and PA ring metabolites in blood and in key tissues as well as in excreta, hence urinary and feces. The time evolution of these biomarkers in each compartment of the model was then mathematically described by a system of coupled differential equations. The mathematical parameters of the model were then determined from best fits to the time courses of PI and PAeq in blood and urine of five volunteers administered orally 1 mg kg−1 and dermally 10 mg kg−1 of folpet. In the case of oral administration, the mean elimination half‐life of PI from blood (through feces, urine or metabolism) was found to be 39.9 h as compared with 28.0 h for PAeq. In the case of a dermal application, mean elimination half‐life of PI and PAeq was estimated to be 34.3 and 29.3 h, respectively. The average final fractions of administered dose recovered in urine as PI over the 0–96 h period were 0.030 and 0.002%, for oral and dermal exposure, respectively. Corresponding values for PAeq were 24.5 and 1.83%, respectively. Finally, the average clearance rate of PI from blood calculated from the oral and dermal data was 0.09 ± 0.03 and 0.13 ± 0.05 ml h−1 while the volume of distribution was 4.30 ± 1.12 and 6.05 ± 2.22 l, respectively. It was not possible to obtain the corresponding values from PAeq data owing to the lack of blood time course data. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Focusing on the Chinese Communists' mobilizational efforts at the Anyuan coal mine in the early 1920s, the author argues for reconsidering a sometimes forgotten part of Chinese revolutionary history. At Anyuan, idealistic young Communist cadres led a highly successful nonviolent strike and launched a major educational program for workers, peasants, and their families. The result was a remarkable outpouring of popular support for the Communist revolutionary effort. Although the meaning of the "Anyuan revolutionary tradition" has been obscured and distorted over the years to serve a variety of personal, political, and pecuniary agendas, the author seeks to recover from its early history the possibility of alternative revolutionary paths, driven less by class struggle and cults of personality than by the quest for human dignity through grassroots organization.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
To document the time course of perceived stress among women through the period of a natural disaster, to determine the effect of sleep quality on this time course, and to identify risk factors that predict higher levels of perceived stress.

DESIGN
Longitudinal study from 2006-2012.

SETTING
Community-based family planning clinics in southeast Texas.

PARTICIPANTS
There were 296 women aged 18-31 y who experienced Hurricane Ike, September 2008.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS
Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was administered every 2 mo from 6 mo before to 12 mo after Hurricane Ike. Sleep quality was assessed 1 mo after Hurricane Ike using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Good sleep was defined as a PSQI summary score < 5, and poor sleep as a score ≥ 5. Hurricane Ike stressors (e.g., property damage, subjective stressors) and pre-Ike lifetime major life events and emotional health (e.g., emotional dysregulation, self-control) were also assessed.

RESULTS
Over the entire period of 18 mo (6 mo before and 12 mo after the hurricane), perceived stress was significantly higher among poor sleepers compared to good sleepers, and only good sleepers showed a significant decrease in perceived stress after Hurricane Ike. In addition, a higher level of perceived stress was positively associated with greater Ike damage among poor sleepers, whereas this correlation was not observed among good sleepers. In the final multivariate longitudinal model, Ike-related subjective stressors as well as baseline major life events and emotional dysregulation among poor sleepers predicted higher levels of perceived stress over time; among good sleepers, additional factors such as lower levels of self-control and having a history of a psychiatric disorder also predicted higher levels of perceived stress.

CONCLUSIONS
Sleep quality after Hurricane Ike, an intense natural disaster producing substantial damage, impacted changes in perceived stress over time. Our findings suggest the possibility that providing victims of disasters with effective interventions to improve sleep quality could help to reduce their perceived stress over time.


There are 2 key issues in appraisal of hotel assets. In income capitalization approach, the identification of Net Operating Income (NOI) according to the different tenure and tenancy structures is complicated. The value segregation between real estate value and the business value is also difficult. The objective of this paper is to introduce calculation techniques to modify NOI taking into account these issues and to propose an income capitalization approach in hotel appraisal. First of all, the hotel tenure and tenancy structures are classified into 3 types: Lease contract (LEASE), Management Contract (MC) and Direct Operation (DO). Secondary, the proposed techniques to modify NOI are explained. For the identification of NOI, an approach using Revenue Par Room (RevPar), one of the operational benchmarks, is implemented under LEASE. For value segregation, Economic Value Added (EVA) method, which assesses the value of a listed company based on the idea of corporate finance, is used under DO. Thirdly, applying these techniques to an appraisal case, modified NOI is capitalized to produce income values. Through interpretation of the results, advantages of MC, assessment of LEASE, and the effectiveness of PervPar as well as EVA methods are discussed. As final consideration, it is inferred that the proposed process can be used as a reference for investors to analyze strategies of hotel asset management. However, further analysis of Cap rates under MC, capturing hotel brand value under LEASE, assessing the enterprise value under DO are necessary for improving the applicability of this approach.


Warning coloration deters predators from attacking distasteful or toxic prey. Signal features that influence warning color effectiveness are not well understood, and in particular, we know very little about how effective short-wavelength and iridescent colors are as warning color elements in nature and how warning signal effectiveness changes throughout the day. We tested the effect of these factors on predation risk in nature using specimens of the distasteful pipevine swallowtail butterfly, Battus philenor. B. philenor adults display both iridescent blue and diffusely reflecting orange components in their warning signal. We painted B. philenor wings to create five different model types: all-black, only-iridescent-blue, only-orange, iridescent-blue-and-orange (intact signal), and matte-blue-and-orange. We placed 25 models in each of 14 replicate field sites for 72 h and checked for attacks three times each day. Model type affected the likelihood of attack; only-orange models were, the only model attacked significantly less than the all-black model. Iridescence did not enhance or decrease warning signal effectiveness in our experiment because matte-blue-and-orange models were attacked at the same rate as iridescent-blue-and-orange models. Time of day did not differentially affect model type. Video recordings of attacks revealed that insectivorous birds were responsible. The results of this experiment, when taken with previous work, indicate that the response to blue warning coloration is likely dependent on predator experience and context, but that iridescence per se does not affect warning signals in a natural context.


The type specimens (all current categories) of Gyrinidae, Haliplidae, Dytiscidae, Noteridae (Adephaga), Limnichidae, Elmidae, Dryopidae, Heteroceridae and Scirtidae (Polyphaga) deposited in this Museum are listed; 52 names are recorded, 31 of them (60 %) represented here by name-bearing types ('primary' types). The specific and subspecific names were alphabetically filed, followed by the generic ones as they were spelled in the original publication (or the generic and specific names in the case of subspecies and varieties). Later combinations and/or current binomina are mentioned, as far as these are known to the author. Two lists are added: 1. of specimens labelled as types of names not found in the literature, and presumably not published, and 2. of specimens labelled as types, but not originally included as such, and published or not after the original description.


A bioassay for assessing relative susceptibility of kiwifruit germplasm to latania scale (Hemiberlesia lataniae) has been developed and validated. The method uses cut canes collected from dormant kiwifruit vines in winter. Canes are held in coolstore (0°C) until required. Lengths of cane (40 cm) are held with one end in water at 20°C and scale insect crawlers from laboratory cultures are encouraged to settle beneath wool wrapped around the cane. Percentage crawler settlement, numbers of insects surviving to adulthood and their size are determined and used to assess the relative susceptibility of the plant. This method has been validated for H. lataniae and used to study kiwifruit resistance and defensive responses. The bioassay did not work satisfactorily for greedy scale (H. rapax) as crawler settlement was very low. Further research has identified cane age as an important determinant of H. rapax crawler settlement. Young canes harvested in summer enable good settlement of H. rapax but canes of this age do not last long enough for the insects to mature (10-12 weeks). Canes harvested in autumn while still green will survive to support H. rapax settlement, growth and survival, and can be used to compare kiwifruit resistance to both scale species.


This research intent to describe the meaning and form of prefix verb of Taa language in Molowagu village. This research is qualitative research that passed through several phase, which is data collection, analysis data and data presentation. The method that used in collecting the data are listening and speaking with the inducement and record techniques. In analyzing the data the researcher used equal and distribution method. Then, in presentation the data, She used formal and informal method. The results of this research illustrated that:  First, prefix verb of Taa language are { muN -}, { mu -}, { maN -}, { dar -}, { ni -}, { ti -}, { ri -}, { pu -}, { pak -}, dan { pap -}. Prefix {muN-} has three allomorphs, they are {mun-}, {mung}, dan {muny} with the appropriate context. Second, the prefix has meaning that explain action or doing something with the suitable  form and meaning that have related with the time.


BI Solutions Using SSAS Tabular Model An hour a Day is one of the series of books covering various topics of science, technology and management published by London College of Information Technology. The book will cover the introduction to the Topic and can be used as a very useful course study material for students pursuing their studies in undergraduate and graduate levels in universities and colleges and those who want to learn the topic in brief via a short and complete resource. We hope you find this book useful is shaping your future career, Please send us your inquiries related to our publications to email@example.com London College of Information Technology www.lcit.org.uk


We consider a Radio Frequency (RF)-charging network where sensor devices harvest energy from a solar-powered Hybrid Access Point (HAP) and transmit their data to the HAP. We aim to optimize the power allocation of both the HAP and devices to maximize their Energy Efficiency (EE), which is defined as the total received data (in bits) for each Joule of consumed energy. Unlike prior works, we consider the case where both the HAP and devices have causal knowledge of channel state information and their energy arrival process. We model the power allocation problem as a Two-layer Markov Decision Process (TMDP), where the first layer corresponds to the HAP and the second layer consists of devices. We then outline a novel, decentralized Q-Learning (QL) solution that employs linear function approximation to represent the large state space. The simulation results show that when the HAP and devices employ our solution, their EE is orders of magnitude higher than competing policies.


The improvement of Artificial Intelligence
(AI) and Machine Learning (ML) can help radiologists in tumor diagnostics
without invasive measures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a very useful
method for diagnosis of tumors in human brain. In this paper, brain MRI images
have been analyzed to detect the regions containing tumors and classify these
regions into three different tumor categories: meningioma, glioma, and
pituitary. This paper presents the implementation and comparison of various
enhanced ML algorithms for the detection and classification of brain tumors. A
brain tumor is the growth of abnormal cells in the human brain. Brain tumors
can be cancerous or non-cancerous. Cancerous or malignant brain tumors can be
life threatening. Hence, detection and classification of brain tumors at an
early stage is extremely important. In this paper, enhanced ML algorithms have
been implemented to predict the presence or the absence of brain tumors using
binary classification and to predict whether a patient has brain tumor or not
and if he does, detect the type of brain tumor using multi-class
classification. The dataset that has been used to perform the binary
classification task comprises of two types of brain MRI images with tumor and
without tumor. Here nine ML algorithms namely, Support Vector Machine (SVM),
Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Naïve Bayes (NB), Decision Tree
(DT) classifier, Random Forest classifier, XGBoost classifier, Stochastic
Gradient Descent (SGD) classifier and Gradient Boosting classifier have been
used to classify the MRI images. A comparative analysis of the ML algorithms
has been performed based on a few performance metrics such as accuracy, recall,
and precision, F1-score, AUC-ROC curve and AUC-PR curve. Gradient Boosting
classifier has outperformed all the other algorithms with an accuracy of 92.4%,
recall of 94.4%, precision of 85%, F1-score of 89.5%, AUC-ROC of 97.2% and an
AUC-PR of 91.4%. To address the multi-class classification problem, four ML
algorithms namely, SVM, KNN, Random Forest classifier and XGBoost classifier
have been employed. In this case, the dataset that has been used consists of
four types of brain MRI images with glioma tumor, meningioma tumor, and pituitary tumor and
with no tumor. The performances of
the ML algorithms have been compared based on accuracy, recall, precision and
the F1-score. XGBoost
classifier has surpassed all the other algorithms in terms of accuracy,
precision, recall and F1-score. XGBoost has produced an accuracy of 90%,
precision of 90%, and recall of 90% and F1-score of 90%.


Abstract This paper analytically solves a life-cycle model that compares traditional and Roth retirement accounts. It includes realistic features such as tax deductibility of contributions and taxation of withdrawals, tax bracket structure with deductions, taxation of Social Security benefits, and tax risk at retirement. With current taxes, choosing a traditional account over a Roth creates small welfare losses in only a few cases, largely for those with higher incomes and pensions who are subject to the taxation of Social Security benefits. We also investigate tax variability and find that diversified strategies offer only small risk reduction benefits in our illustrations.


Memory formation is achieved by genetically tightly controlled molecular pathways that result in a change of synaptic strength and synapse organization. While for short-term memory traces rapidly acting biochemical pathways are in place, the formation of long-lasting memories requires changes in the transcriptional program of a cell. Although many genes involved in learning and memory formation have been identified, little is known about the genetic mechanisms required for changing the transcriptional program during different phases of long-term memory formation. With Drosophila melanogaster as a model system we profiled transcriptomic changes in the mushroom body, a memory center in the fly brain, at distinct time intervals during long-term memory formation using the targeted DamID technique. We describe the gene expression profiles during these phases and tested 33 selected candidate genes for deficits in long-term memory formation using RNAi knockdown. We identified 10 genes that enhance or decrease memory when knocked-down in the mushroom body. For vajk-1 and hacd1, the two strongest hits, we gained further support for their crucial role in learning and forgetting. These findings show that profiling gene expression changes in specific cell-types harboring memory traces provides a powerful entry point to identify new genes involved in learning and memory. The presented transcriptomic data may further be used as resource to study genes acting at different memory phases.


As a consequence of the increasing requirements on enterprises caused by globalization, fusion of business and IT, new/changing technologies and especially new regulations Enterprise Architecture Management has gained increasing public attention. In this context Enterprise Architecture (EA) can be considered as a holistic view of an enterprise acting as a "collaboration force" between business aspects such as goals, visions, strategies and governance principles as well as IT aspects. For EAs to be useful and to provide business value their formal and comprehensive documentation (data collection and visualization) is essential. Due to the increasing information amount caused by the extending scope on the business as well as on the IT side the EA modelling is cost-intensive and time-consuming. Most of all the documentation is impaired by increasing linking and integration as well as by the striving for automated cross-company business processes. Consequently, the relevant data are widely scattered. Current approaches are largely determined by manual processes which are able to deal only to a limited extent with the new trends. However, a lot of the needed information, above all about the application landscape and the interrelations, is already present in existing Enterprise Service Bus systems used to facilitate the collaboration between applications both within and beyond boundaries. This allows avoiding the expensive task of data collection. This thesis is concerned with the automated documentation of Enterprise Architectures and the support of decision-making using the information provided by an existing Enterprise Service Bus, whereby as a concrete system SAP NetWeaver Process Integration is used. Therefore a tool-aided automated process for the creation and visualization of an Enterprise Architecture model instance is proposed. An essential aspect in this connection is the coverage of the EA information demand set up by EA frameworks such as CySeMoL and ArchiMate, the analysis of the quality as well as the implementation of the logic to transform SAP PI data into EA information. Moreover, several viewpoints are proposed to visualize the extracted data appropriately especially regarding decision problems in the area of the collaboration between applications both within and beyond boundaries.


AIM
Still limited data from representative surveys are available on the prevalence of Early Childhood Caries (ECC; i.e., the presence of one or more decayed, missing, or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a child aged 71 months or younger), particularly for infant. We conducted a survey in Italian children aged 0 to 71 months.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A cross-sectional study on ECC was conducted in Italy in 2018 on a sample of parents who were members of an online panel. Using an online questionnaire, 2,522 parents provided information on a total sample of 3,000 children, representative of the Italian population aged 0-71 months.

RESULTS
ECC prevalence was 8.2% overall, 2.9% in children aged 0-23 months, 6.2% in children aged 24-47 and 14.7% in children aged 48-71 months (p for trend<0.001). ECC was more frequently observed among children using baby bottle with milk to fall asleep (multivariate odds ratio, OR, 1.36, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.03-1.78), baby bottle with sugary beverages (OR 2.87, 95% CI: 2.05-4.03) and pacifier with sugary substances (OR 2.49, 95% CI: 1.79-3.47), consuming beverages other than water (OR for ?1/day vs never 2.29, 95% CI: 1.35-3.90), a higher number of snacks between meals (OR for ?3 vs <2 meals 2.05, 95% CI: 1-38-3.06), a lower frequency of tooth brushing (OR for <1 vs ?2 times/day 2.26, 95% CI: 1.42-3.58) and a high number of siblings (compared to 0, OR for ?2 siblings 2.28, 95% CI: 1.56-3.34). ECC increased with parents' mean age (p for trend=0.048), parents' smoking habit (OR for at least one smoker 1.54, 95% CI: 1.17-2.03), parents' poor oral hygiene (OR for ?1 vs >1 time/day of tooth brushing 1.42, 95% CI: 1.03-1.96) and high number of caries (OR for ?7 vs 0 caries was 2.38, 95% CI: 1.35-4.20).

CONCLUSION
The present large and representative survey for the first time shows that ECC might be frequent also among infants. We confirm that ECC might be prevented if parents follow simple good practices. Information campaign and intervention programmes are needed to inform parents about unfavourable habits that favour the onset of ECC.


[1] Bakaninbreen is a polythermal glacier in southern Spitsbergen, Svalbard, that last surged between 1985 and 1995. Seismic reflection data were acquired during early quiescence in spring 1998, just upstream of the surge front. The results were combined with complementary ground-penetrating radar data to investigate the glacial structure and basal conditions. We find no difference between the ice thickness values determined from the seismic and radar methods, suggesting that any layer of basal ice cannot be greater than ∼5 m thick. Interpretation of the amplitude of the seismic reflections indicates the presence of permafrost close to the glacier base. A thin layer of thawed deforming sediment separates the glacier from this underlying permafrost. In an area just upstream of the surge front the permafrost becomes discontinuous and may even be absent, the ice being underlain by 10–15 m of thawed sediments overlying deeper bedrock. High-pressure water is believed to have been required to maintain the propagation of the surge, and this area of thawed sediment is interpreted as a route for that water to escape from the basal system. When the surge front passed over this thawed bed, the escaping water reduced the pressure in the subglacial hydraulic system, initiating the termination of the surge. Surge termination was therefore primarily controlled by the presurge permafrost distribution beneath the glacier, rather than any feature of the surge itself. This termination mechanism is probably limited to surges in polythermal glaciers, but the techniques used may have wider glaciological applications.


Selection of high-quality sperm is critical to the success of assisted reproductive technologies. Clinical screening for top sperm has long focused on sperm swimming ability when following boundaries or when fully free of constraints. In this work, we demonstrate a sperm selection approach with parallel 2 μm tall confined selection channels that prohibit rotation of the sperm head and require planar swimming. We demonstrate that a planar swimming subpopulation of sperm capable of entering and navigating these channels has DNA integrity superior to the freely-swimming motile or raw sperm populations over a wide range of semen sample qualities. The DNA integrity of the selected sperm was significantly higher than that of the corresponding raw samples for donor samples and clinical patient samples, respectively. In side-by-side testing, this method outperforms current clinical selection methods, density gradient centrifugation and swim-up, as well as sperm selected via general motility. Planar swimming represents a viable sperm selection mechanism with the potential to improve outcomes for couples and offspring.


Abstract This paper presents two separate methods to improve the tensile strength (TS) of textile waste cotton reinforced polymer composites (T-FRP) as prospective functional materials with respect to environmental concerns. Two very different methods were designed in order to improve the TS of the composite. In the first method, maleated anhydride polyethylene was added as the coupling agent into the composite composition, whereas in the second method, a totally new glass fiber and glass fabric laminated hybrid composite structure was designed. In this first study, the coupling agent was mixed up to 5 wt% into the composite structure in order to improve the bonding interface between low density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix and cotton waste fibers. The effect of the coupling agent was evaluated and compared with the unmodified one. By contrast, chopped glass (CG) fibers and woven biaxial glass fabrics were introduced into the composite layers with the intention of designing a new hybrid composite structure as a second study. The TS of the materials was evaluated and the fracture surface was assessed with an optical microscope. Consequently, an improvement in TS of 50% and 230% was achieved by the addition of the coupling agent and the creation of a new hybrid composite, respectively.


Gastric Cancer (GC) has a great fatality rate, meanwhile, there is still a lack of available biomarkers for prognosis. The goal of the research was to discover key and novel potential biomarkers for GC. We screened for the expression of significantly altered genes based on survival rates from two consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) of GC. Subsequently, functional enrichment analysis showed these genes involved in many cancers. And we picked 6 hub genes that could both secreted in the tumor microenvironment and expression enhanced in immune cells. Then, Kaplan Meier survival and expression detected in the tumor pathological stage were utilized to clarify the prognostic of these 6 hub genes. The results indicated that OGN, CHRDL2, C2orf40, THBS4, CHRDL1, and ANGPTL1, respectively, were significantly associated with poor OS in GC patients. And their expression increased with cancer advanced. Moreover, immune infiltration analysis displayed that those hub genes expression positively with M2 macrophage, CD8+ T Cell, most immune inhibitors, and majority immunostimulators. In summary, our results suggested that OGN, CHRDL2, C2orf40, THBS4, CHRDL1, and ANGPTL1 were all potential biomarkers for GC prognosis and might also be potential therapeutic targets for GC.


Militias have become an important player in the perpetration of politically instigated violence. The rise of militia groups as a player in political violence has generated responses from several quarters, including law enforcement and civil society. Law enforcement has responded to the phenomenon of violence through the invocation of laws that prohibit membership of, or adherence to, proscribed organizations. As a result of this action, militia groups such as Mungiki, Taliban, Jeshi la Mzee and Kamjeshi have found themselves proscribed. The other response to the rise of militia group activity is the rise in academic interest in the activities of such groups. It is true that there is now an unprecedented interest among academics, in attempting to understand the organization of these groups and what they portend for the political situation in the country. This project is a study of the role of militias in the growing problem of political violence in Kenya, perpetrated in the context of electoral competition. The main thrust of the study is an investigation into the internal organisation of militias in Kenya, with a view to finding out how these groups establish and sustain themselves. The study also seeks to establish the relationship between militias and political players, with a view to explaining the pre-disposition for the use of these groups in the perpetration of violence. The study further examines the responses that law enforcement has had towards militias and queries the effectiveness of these in combating militias. The study selects for examination as a case study the role of chinkororo, a militia group that operates within the Gusii community in western Kenya, and uses the experiences of this group to bring out the various aspects of the discourse on militias in Kenya. The study is inspired by Kenya ' s experience of serious political instability, verging civil war, when the results of the presidential elections held in the country in 2007 were rejected by the opposition. Although this was by far the worst episode of election-related violence to be experienced in Kenya, it was not the first one. The elections held in 1992, 1997 and, to some extent those of 2002, were also accompanied by significant amounts of violence. The violence which followed the 2007 elections was more severe than any of the previous incidents of violence, and, although lasting a relatively short period of time, it lecTto very considerable humanitarian suffering, the loss of lives and the internal displacement of a large section of the population. The 2007 political crisis necessitated a mediated settlement, led by the Panel of Eminent African Personalities constituted by the African Union, and violence became the subject of official investigation by a commission of inquiry, established as part of the mediation of the political crisis in the country. It is hoped that the findings of this study will inform the options that Kenya has to consider for achieving political stability and overcoming the culture of violence which now threatens the country's very statehood.


Metabolic programming of tissue APCs Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are scattered throughout the body in lymphoid organs and at the portals of pathogen entry, where they act as sentinels of the immune system. Sinclair et al. demonstrate that APCs at different sites have distinctive metabolic signatures and that the development and function of these cells are determined not only by their transcriptional program, but also by their metabolic state (see the Perspective by Wiesner and Klein). The authors identified a central role for mTOR in mediating the metabolic adaptation of such tissue-resident APCs by influencing the immunological character of allergic inflammation. Thus, tissues endow resident APCs with distinctive metabolic characteristics that control APC development and function. Science, this issue p. 1014; see also p. 973 Metabolic adaptation of antigen-presenting cells in the lung reprograms lung dendritic cells and modulates allergic inflammation. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) occupy diverse anatomical tissues, but their tissue-restricted homeostasis remains poorly understood. Here, working with mouse models of inflammation, we found that mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)–dependent metabolic adaptation was required at discrete locations. mTOR was dispensable for dendritic cell (DC) homeostasis in secondary lymphoid tissues but necessary to regulate cellular metabolism and accumulation of CD103+ DCs and alveolar macrophages in lung. Moreover, while numbers of mTOR-deficient lung CD11b+ DCs were not changed, they were metabolically reprogrammed to skew allergic inflammation from eosinophilic T helper cell 2 (TH2) to neutrophilic TH17 polarity. The mechanism for this change was independent of translational control but dependent on inflammatory DCs, which produced interleukin-23 and increased fatty acid oxidation. mTOR therefore mediates metabolic adaptation of APCs in distinct tissues, influencing the immunological character of allergic inflammation.


A two-year study has focused on AOX removal from bleaching wastewaters in anaerobic and aerobic biological treatment, using bench scale bioreactors operated in parallel and in series. Significantly higher removals have been found in anaerobic than in aerobic treatment. Earlier work with dilute kraft bleaching wastes has been extended in additional laboratory tests and at a nearby kraft mill. 50-75% fractions of bleaching wastes were treated. Toxicity in the anaerobic process was encountered at 85% bleach waste fractions. Total AOX removal experienced in aerobic treatment is 30-35%, in anaerobic treatment 40-45%, and in an anaerobic/aerobic sequence 50-55%. Percentage removals were not sensitive to the fraction of bleaching wastewater. Several process modifications were attempted to try to obtain higher removals with only marginal success. Studies at a kraft mill confirmed the AOX removals that had been found in lab studies. AOX removal occurs by several mechanisms. There is a very significant chemical or abiotic degradation that occurs after neutralization, perhaps enhanced by reductants or other inorganic salts. Biological processes are much more significant in anaerobic than in aerobic treatment. Anaerobic reductive dehalogenation affects specific chlorinated compounds and catalyzed AOX degradation is facilitated by reduced coenzymes that are produced by bacteria. Removal by sorption or insolubilization is relatively minor in aerobic and anaerobic processes.


The efficacy of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) to treat open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT) has been increasingly substantiated lately. Repeated SLT is usually needed to control intraocular pressure (IOP), be it as primary or adjunctive therapy. We review the studies available, in terms of SLT repeatability; and conclude comparable efficacy, with success rate, duration and complications similar to those in initial SLT.


This article explores how the role of learning technologists, a professional group that has emerged during the last 15 to 20 years, may be diversifying to include supporting e-research. It contributes to the current debate about the emerging profession and the roles it should play in contemporary higher education. Previous studies have shown that, typically, the profession's role has focussed almost exclusively on curriculum development; traditionally, learning technologists work with students and tutors to enhance the learning environment with technology. This article presents two case studies of PhD research that used a standard e-learning tool, the virtual learning environment (VLE), to conduct focus groups online. The case studies demonstrate the expert role of the learning technologist in supporting researchers to make informed decisions about whether and how to use e-learning tools to conduct qualitative e-research. The learning technologist advised on the potential advantages and limitations of using the VLE for research and fostered collaborative, working relationships with the researchers, acquiring extensive background knowledge about their projects. This required the learning technologist to draw upon her own experience with research into e-learning and on her professional experience gained from supporting curriculum developments. It is suggested that many learning technologists could extend their roles, transferring their knowledge to include supporting e-research. A more inclusive model of the learning technologist's role in academia could help address the potential polarisation of the profession into researchers and practitioners. Keywords: learning technologists; e-research; online focus groups; e-learning tools DOI: 10.1080/09687760903033041


The genus Acidithiobacillus currently includes seven species with validly published names, which fall into two major groups, those that can oxidize ferrous iron and those that do not. All seven species can use zero-valent sulfur and reduced sulfur oxy-anions as electron donors, are obligately chemolithotrophic and acidophilic bacteria with pH growth optima below 3.0. The 16S rRNA gene of a novel strain (CJ-2T) isolated from circum-neutral pH mine drainage showed 95-97 % relatedness to members of the genus Acidithiobacillus. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strains and whole-genome pairwise comparisons between the CJ-2T strain and the reference genomes available for members of the genus Acidithiobacillus confirmed that CJ-2Trepresents a novel species of this genus. CJ-2T is a strict aerobe, oxidizes zero-valent sulfur and reduced inorganic sulfur compounds but does not use ferrous iron or hydrogen as electron donors. The isolate is mesophilic (optimum growth temperature 25-28 °C) and extremely acidophilic (optimum growth pH 3.0), though its pH optimum and maximum were significantly higher than those of non-iron-oxidising acidithiobacilli with validly published names. The major fatty acids of CJ-2T were C18 : 1ω7c, C:16 : 1ω7c/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, C16 : 0 and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and the major respiratory quinone present was Q8. The name Acidithiobacillussulfuriphilus sp. nov. is proposed, the type strain is CJ-2T (=DSM 105150T=KCTC 4683T).


The assembly of plastic electronic package requires a sequence of process steps. Every process step induces thermal residual deformation and stresses on the assembled components, which cause mechanical effects on the subsequent process step. In this study, both processing and non-processing models with and without considering the effect of chemical shrinkage on molding compound are built to simulate the package warpage and stresses in assembly. The processing model, a nonlinear model with element birth and death used to activate and deactivate the processing materials, can more realistically simulate a series of assembly processes in a plastic package. Due to negligence of the intermediate step, the package warpage and stresses predicted by non-processing model are in significant error.


The in-depth study of the pathophysiology of portal hypertension is the basis for a correct medical treatment. The backward-flow theory of portal hypertension stresses the importance of increased hepatic vascular resistance, while the forward-flow theory of portal hypertension underscores generalized vasodilation, the hyperdynamic circulation and increased portal inflow. The role of expanded plasma volume has been emphasized in recent studies. The aim of drug therapy is to normalize each one of these components. Vasoconstrictor agents, i.e. vasopressin, triglycyl-lysin-vasopressin, non selective beta-blockers, somatostatin and octreotide, try to normalize the increased portal inflow and to decrease porto-collateral blood flow. Venous vasodilators, e.g. nitrates, mainly act by decreasing portal blood outflow resistance. Spironolactone has been proposed to decrease plasma volume. The use of a combination of a vasoconstrictor agent and a vasodilator or spironolactone has been proposed to increase the efficacy of medical treatment.


This work contributes to the robotic bin-picking problem, and more specifically to the problem of localizing piled box-like objects. We employ range imagery, and use box-like superquadrics for modeling the target objects. Our approach for superquadric segmentation is an extension of the widespread recover-and-select framework, which employs only region information and therefore suffers from the region over-growing problem. Our approach equally considers both region and boundary-based information for performing the recovery task. Extensive experimentation with a variety of target object configurations demonstrates that it outperforms the recover-and-select framework in terms of both robustness and computational efficiency. Moreover, if implemented in a parallel hardware environment, our approach can operate in real time