Current conditions for ensuring the implementation of urban mobility plans require high-quality functioning of urban passenger transport systems considering the minimising travel time and increasing travel comfort, as these factors affect passenger fatigue and their productivity during the working day. The study of changes indicators of the public transport system functioning from the gravity function is carried out in this paper, and the results of these studies are given. Based on the surveys of Lviv residents, the distribution of trips by public transport, private transport and taxis was carried out. It is determined that most often city residents use public transport (the share of such trips is 67% of all movements made by transport). An approach has been developed to determine the number of public transport vehicles depending on their capacity through the total number of passenger seats taking into account this distribution. This approach allows determining the required number of vehicles on the route and using different vehicles by their capacity depending on the passenger flow on the route to ensure the comfort of the trip. Based on this, the analysis of the change in the total number of passenger seats from the indicator of the gravity function for vehicles of different capacities is carried out. In addition, an analysis of the regularities of changes in the number of passenger seats for different by capacity vehicles is carried out, and mathematical models of these regularities are developed. It is determined that at low values of indicator of the gravity function, there is a need for large capacity vehicles, while with the increase in this indicator, the demand for small and medium capacity vehicles increases from 34% to 52%. The developed mathematical models can be used for practical justification of the required number of vehicles on the route, taking into account their capacity to ensure the comfortable movement of passengers on the routes of urban passenger transport.


The study of violence against civilians with its over 200 million dead in the 20th century is understudied if viewed in terms of the death toll compared to the studies of inter-state and civil war. R.J. Rummel's extensive data collection of democide in the period 1900-87, has unfortunately lain dormant, mostly untouched by other researchers since its publication in 1997. This thesis has made use of this dataset, and converted it into time-series format in order to facilitate multivariate analyses. Instead of focusing on one type of violence against civilians, the thesis splits it into four different analyses on democide; one for democide performed by regimes against its own population; one for democide in a foreign state; one performed by non-state groups; and one category with the total for all of the other three. This division proves fruitful, as the three types of democides yield different results. The analyses show that autocracies are most violent when it comes to regime democide, with no difference between democracies and semi-democracies. Analyses on foreign democide, however, show that democracies are the least violent type of government, with no clear difference between autocracies and semi-democracies. Non-state democide, on the other hand, shows no clear difference between the three types of government. The role of economic development is also an interesting finding. While less-developed countries are more violent when it comes to regime democide, the exact opposite is found on foreign democide.


Several taxonomically distinct mammalian groups – certain microbats and cetaceans 30 (e.g. dolphins) – share both morphological adaptations related to echolocation behavior and strong signatures of convergent evolution at the amino acid level across seven genes related to auditory processing. Aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) are nocturnal lemurs with a derived auditory processing system. Aye-ayes tap rapidly along the surfaces of dead trees, listening to reverberations to identify the mines of wood35 boring insect larvae; this behavior has been hypothesized to functionally mimic echolocation. Here we investigated whether there are signals of genomic convergence between aye-ayes and known mammalian echolocators. We developed a computational pipeline (BEAT: Basic Exon Assembly Tool) that produces consensus sequences for regions of interest from shotgun genomic sequencing data for non-model organisms 40 without requiring de novo genome assembly. We reconstructed complete coding region sequences for the seven convergent echolocating bat-dolphin genes for aye-ayes and another lemur. Sequences were compared in a phylogenetic framework to those of bat and dolphin echolocators and appropriate non-echolocating outgroups. Our analysis reaffirms the existence of amino acid convergence at these loci among echolocating 45 bats and dolphins; we also detected unexpected signals of convergence between echolocating bats and both mice and elephants. However, we observed no significant signal of amino acid convergence between aye-ayes and echolocating bats and dolphins; our results thus suggest that aye-aye tap-foraging auditory adaptations represent distinct evolutionary innovations. These results are also consistent with a 50 developing consensus that convergent behavioral ecology is not necessarily a reliable guide to convergent molecular evolution. . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/048165 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Apr. 11, 2016;


A method to design decentralized PID controllers for MIMO systems is presented in this paper. Each loop is designed separately, but the Gershgorin bands are considered to take interactions into account. The method uses different design parameters: The infinity norm of the complementary sensitivity function as well as the crossover frequency are considered to represent the closed-loop system performances. A third design parameter, defined as the minimal distance from the critical point to the Gershgorin band is used to provide the desired stability robustness to the MIMO closed-loop system.


The failure in an adhesive-bonded structure starts at the interface, and the interfacial fracture is of interest whenever adhesion between different materials is concerned. One of primary factors limiting the application of adhesive-bonded joints to structural design is the lack of a good evaluation tool for adhesion strength to predict the load-bearing capacity of boned joints. The adhesion strength of composite/steel bonding has been evaluated using interfacial fracture mechanics characterization. The energy release rate of a composite/steel interfacial crack was compared with the fracture toughness of the interface, which was measured from bi-material end notched flexure (ENF) specimens, to predict the failure loads of bi-material lap joints. Fracture toughness, IIc G , was regarded as a property of the interface rather than a property of the adhesive. The results show that interfacial fracture mechanics characterization of adhesion strength can be a practical engineering tool for predicting the load-bearing capacities of adhesive-bonded joints.


We show for the first time that it is possible to have a large family of perfect reconstruction subband coding filter banks, which are causal and IIR both at the analysis and at the synthesis ends. Complete parametrization of such classes of filters leading to design methods are given. Parametrizations in frequency domain terms as well as in terms of state space descriptions of filters are provided for better numerical implementation of design methods. The development is valid for two-band as well as for multiband subband coding schemes. The iterated filter banks are shown to give rise to a new family of biorthogonal version of continuous wavelets, the scaled and dilated version of which represents arbitrary square integrable signals. Dilation factors larger than two are implicit in the development resulting from the fact that we consider multiband subband coding schemes. >


Many relevant problems of drainage systems such as first flush pollution, flow capacity reduction and consequent risks of surcharges are worsened by sediment accumulation in sewer collectors. For the solution of these problems several sediment cleansing methods and techniques, e.g. mechanical methods, traps and flushing devices, have been developed and applied in the last decades. In particular, simulation studies and experimental campaigns have shown the effectiveness of flushing methods as preventive cleansing strategy in sewer collectors. In this paper the results of a numerical investigation for determining flushing waves characteristics both in terms of duration and flow rate are presented. The collector section lengths where flow velocities and average shear stresses determined by flushing waves exceed minimum threshold values are evaluated using a dimensionless approach. The results, related to the operative ranges of the practical applications, are exposed by means of graphs and regressive equations.


The purpose of this study was to examine teachers' perceptions of change impacted by the Network for Educator Effectiveness teacher evaluation system as presented by the University of Missouri. The study gathered teachers' perceptions of the impact NEE had on their teaching, specifically noting changes in teaching practice. This information served as an evaluation of the program and will be used to guide its further development. The study was guided by the following research questions. What are teachers' perceptions of change impacted by the Network for Educator Effectiveness based on the framework presented by Kim Marshall? Specifically, what changes have been made as a result of the mini-observations, unit of instruction evaluation, professional development plan, and student survey data? Data for the study was collected through focus group interviews and surveys. The population included two small southwest school districts in Missouri that had implemented the NEE system. An interpretive analysis of data was done to make the following conclusions. The mini-observation piece has affected the most change in classroom instruction. The unit of instruction evaluation, professional development plan and student survey data have affected little change due to incomplete or improper implementation. It is recommended that the NEE system continue with further implementation to see a greater effect on change.


Ideally, any metric (especially a publicly reported one) should be reliable and valid. If it is a process measure, there should be a long track record of reports confirming that adherence to the measure is associated with significantly better results than nonadherence to the measure. Using large, validated, reliable data sets and sophisticated statistical analyses, Hawn et al1 have furthered their work showing little relationship between adherence to the publicly reported "quality" measure of the right antibiotic within 60 minutes of incision and improved outcomes. In this analysis, multiple statistical methods were used to tease out any potential associations. While there was a small association between antibiotic timing and surgical site infection in unadjusted analyses, the difference disappeared when the models were adjusted for patient, procedure, and antibiotic variables. This article is not a call to abandon prophylactic antibiotics when indicated, as most studies have shown a significant reduction in postoperative surgical site infections with their use (when compared with no antibiotics). However, it does once again strongly suggest that the current publicly reported measures are not associated with improved outcomes. As surgeons, we should work with federal and local agencies to define metrics that are more robustly associated with better outcomes for our patients.


It is theorized that space is filled with a gas-like fluid of neutral tachyons that do not interact directly with conventional sub-light matter except via gravity. As these tachyons collide, they briefly interact, giving rise to short-lived virtual particle pairs whose effects can be observed. The tachyons can account for many unexplained phenomena such as dark matter, large-scale variations in the fine structure constant,ii, and the acceleration in the expansion of the universe as well as removing the need for renormalization in quantum electrodynamics.


In this article, we describe a new approach to parallelize longest prefix match (LPM) algorithm through bit parallelism, also known as bit-vector approach. This approach makes use of bit-wise computations and leverages bit parallelism. The proposed parallel algorithm will be demonstrated in dictionary-based lossless data compression on general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs). One of the main contributions of this work is redesigning the core part of the data compression algorithm and replacing it with the newly proposed bit-vector LPM solution. Using bit parallelism is a fundamentally new approach for data compression and promising in performance for hybrid CPU-GPU environments. The implementation of the new compression algorithm on GPUs improves the performance of the compression process compared to the previous attempts. Moreover, the bit-vector approach opens new opportunities for improvement and increases the applicability to popular heterogeneous environments.


During the seismic wave propagation through the crust, the electromagnetic pulse can originate due to MHD conversion in this conductive medium. On the assumption of simple models of seismic wave excitation and attenuation, the problem is reduced to the analysis of a diffusion-like equation for a vector potential function. In this way, we need to change the classical gauge condition. A semi-analytical form of the solution is obtained in a case with constant ground conductivity. Dependencies of the electric and magnetic field components and the pulse duration on distance and crust conductivity have been computed in detail. The results could be useful for the explanation of electromagnetic signals related to coseismic, foreshock and aftershock activity.


Integrated Design Systems (IDS) are the wave of the future in the Engineering and Construction industry. These systems use powerful relational database programs to allow the data from a single entry point to be the source information for several forms of data output. The high costs of relational database software, network hardware and development of the expert system programing which links the system together, limits those who can take advantage of IDS. For those who desire the increased productivity and higher quality control of a single entry point system, but do not require the full functionality of a complete IDS package, this paper discusses the development of a system, based on common dBase commands, which automatically generates electrical cable, conduit and tray schedules from information within an existing electrical load list database.


We revisit the anisotropic universe model previously developed by Ackerman, Carroll, and Wise (ACW), and generalize both the theoretical and computational framework to include polarization and various forms of systematic effects. We apply our new tools to simulated Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data in order to understand the potential impact of asymmetric beams, noise misestimation, and potential zodiacal light emission. We find that neither has any significant impact on the results. We next show that the previously reported ACW signal is also present in the one-year WMAP temperature sky map presented by Liu & Li, where data cuts are more aggressive. Finally, we re-analyze the five-year WMAP data taking into account a previously neglected -term in the signal covariance matrix. We still find a strong detection of a preferred direction in the temperature map. Including multipoles up to ℓ = 400, the anisotropy amplitude for the W band is found to be g = 0.29 ± 0.031, nonzero at 9σ. However, the corresponding preferred direction is also shifted very close to the ecliptic poles at (l, b) = (96, 30), in agreement with the analysis of Hanson & Lewis, indicating that the signal is aligned along the plane of the solar system. This strongly suggests that the signal is not of cosmological origin, but most likely is a product of an unknown systematic effect. Determining the nature of the systematic effect is of vital importance, as it might affect other cosmological conclusions from the WMAP experiment. Finally, we provide a forecast for the Planck experiment including polarization.


'Community' has long proved an integral element in commonsense thinking about a range of social problems and experiences, and with respect to crime the general conclusion is that more community will mean less crime. This study comprises a critical exploration of the resonance of community to New Labour's youth justice policy and to the lives of young offenders. The concept of community is of particular interest, as since its election in 1997 New Labour has been committed to forge a new political ideology of the 'Third Way', wherein communitarian ideas have proved central to the government's ambitions to revive and emphasise individual's responsibilities and obligations to civil society. Thus evident in the array of civil and criminal orders, which constitute the youth justice system in England and Wales, are constructions of community as both a 'moral resource' and as a 4moral claimant'. The former assumes that communities have inherent capacities in preventing and controlling youth crime, while the latter prioritises the community's right to demand the punishment and exclusion of those young people who fail to live up to their communal responsibilities. Given that communitarian responses are but the latest manifestation of the constant search for solutions to youth crime, consideration is initially accorded to the historical shifts and continuities in both youth justice and community safety policy and practices. It is argued that a movement towards increasingly punitive, exclusionary and defensive responses to crime and young offenders has prevailed in recent years, and it is within this context that New Labour's prioritisation of communitarian thought has occurred. Attention then turns to the specificities of the government's commitment to communitarianism, within youth justice. Not only do New Labour emphasise young people's responsibilities to the community rather than the community's, or indeed, the state's responsibilities to the young person but it has also demonstrated its willingness to define, legislate and sanction with respect to those responsibilities it considers essential to the membership rights of the 'law-abiding' community. As such it is contended that the government's vision of community is essentially narrow, defensive and divisive. The analysis then draws upon semi-structured qualitative interviews with a sample of young offenders and Youth Offending Team practitioners to explore the resonance of community to the lives of young offenders and to their experiences of youth justice supervision. It is argued that community is a salient feature of the lives of young offenders which often provides for inclusionary experiences. However, the government's faith in the community to act as a 'moral resource' in preventing and controlling crime does not adequately account for the complex, transitory and ambiguous nature of young offenders' experiences of communal life. Furthermore, the punitive repercussions of the government's commitment to honouring the community's role as a 'moral claimant' serve to undermine the practitioner's ability to exploit the resources the community may have to offer to with regard to encouraging and motivating young people to desist from offending. Additionally, the emphasis on intolerance is likely to promote the community's disapproval and hostility towards young offenders. It is concluded that New Labour's commitment to communitarianism, and its particular envisaging of community, conjures a powerful exclusionary potential which is unlikely to engender positive outcomes for either the young offender or the 'law abiding' community.


chips prior to mechanical pulping, which would offer new feedstocks for the production of chemicals and fuels. The aim of this study was to evaluate pre-extraction to maximize pre-extraction yield, while minimizing negative impacts on wood chips. The effects of three independent process variables (NaOH charge, pre-extraction temperature, and time) on three dependent variables (pre-extraction yield, xylan extraction yield, and cellulose content based on original wood) were studied using a Box-Behnken experimental design. The mathematical models were obtained and validated well. It was found that NaOH charge, time, interaction between NaOH charge and time, and interaction between temperature and time have significant effects on xylan extraction yield. The xylan extraction yield was 22.55%; i.e., about 37.3 kg of xylan could be extracted from one ton of oven-dried aspen chips under the conditions of 5.68% NaOH charge, 100 °C, and 35 min.


In a model-driven design process the interaction between application parts can be described at various levels of platform-independence. At the lowest level of platform-independence, interaction is realized by interaction mechanisms provided by specific middleware platforms. At higher levels of platform-independence, interaction must be described in such a way that it can be further refined and realized onto a number of different middleware platforms, each with its particular interaction mechanisms and implementation constraints. In this paper, we investigate concepts that support interaction design at various levels of middleware-platform-independence. In addition, we propose design operations for interaction refinement. The application of these operations to source designs results in target designs that take into account implementation constraints imposed by platforms, while preserving characteristics prescribed in source designs. Target designs are related to source designs by conformance. We discuss how transformation and conformance can be related, such that transformations indeed preserve the characteristics prescribed by a source design.


PURPOSE: The Six-minute walk test (6MWT) is a popular and widely accepted modality of objective evaluation of functional exercise capacity, as it is inexpensive and simple to perform. In 2002 American Thoracic Society (ATS) published guidelines for the 6MWT and recommended investigators to publish reference equations for healthy persons. Recent studies have established regression equations to predict the Six-minute walk distance (6MWD) in healthy Caucasians; however, regression equations have yet to be established for other populations. METHODS: ATS standardized 6MWT method was used. Age, height, weight, and sex independently affect the 6MWD in healthy adults; therefore, these factors along with race were taken into consideration. Subjects were interviewed about medical history and medication use. A brief physical examination, pulse oximetry, dyspnea and fatigue scores were recorded before and after the 6MWT. The study is ongoing and enrollment would continue through summer. At present eighty healthy subjects have completed the test. RESULTS: Fifty-five males and twenty-five females performed the test. The average age of the subjects was 36years (range 20-62years). The average height, weight and body mass index of males were 68.2inches, 175.3lbs and 26.1; and that of females were 63.5inches, 152.8lbs and 27.7 respectively. There were 38(47%) Asians, 20(25%) African-Americans, 10(13%) Hispanics, 8(10%) Caucasians and 4(5%) Middle-East subjects. The average 6MWD was 1513ft (range 980-1980ft). Males walked marginally more than females. Asian males walked less than their female counterparts. Among males Asians and African-Americans walked less than Caucasians and Hispanics. Among females Asians and Caucasians covered more distance than African-Americans and Hispanics. CONCLUSION: The 6MWD (1513ft) in our study was much less as compared to the earlier studies (1837-2290ft). Although differences in age, height, weight and sex could explain some of this difference but racial characteristics of our study population may have led to decrease in 6MWD. This would be determined later by multivariate analysis after collection of final data. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Published equations for 6MWD derived from Caucasian subjects may not be accurate for other population groups. DISCLOSURE: Rakesh Sinha, No Financial Disclosure Information; No Product/Research Disclosure Information


We reconsider the problem of $f(R)$ theories of gravity coupled to Born-Infeld theory of electrodynamics formulated in a Palatini approach, where metric and connection are independent fields. By studying electrovacuum configurations in a static and spherically symmetric space-time, we find solutions which reduce to their Reissner-Nordstr\"om counterparts at large distances but undergo important non-perturbative modifications close to the center. Our new analysis reveals that the point-like singularity is replaced by a finite-size wormhole structure, which provides a geodesically complete and thus nonsingular space-time, despite the existence of curvature divergences at the wormhole throat. Implications of these results, in particular for the cosmic censorship conjecture, are discussed.


The financial crisis that hit the UK in 2008 brought the debate on regulation into sharp relief. For many, it marked the end of one of the last vestiges of 'club regulation': an elitist, secretive, informal practice of governance, which privileges self-regulation and cooperation over intervention and sanctioning. This paper examines the governance of football in this era of regulatory crisis. In particular, it examines why the domain of football has been able to resist challenges to its self-regulatory character despite its increasing politicization and the incursion of the state into other hitherto self-governing arenas. This paper argues that the current 'crisis' in football should not be analysed in isolation from other areas of social, economic and political life. Rather than being divorced from these other spheres, the problems in football can also be seen as symptomatic of broader crisis of British politics – in particular a crisis of 'club regulation'.


CREATIVE PROJECT: The Playbook: A Career Exploration Program for Student Athletes at Ball State University STUDENT: Krystin Foster DEGREE: Master of Arts in Student Affairs Administration in Higher Education COLLEGE: Teachers College DATE: May 2014 PAGES: 52 pages College and university athletes provide a source of entertainment and revenue for an institution and create a sense of pride and school spirit. However, the academic, athletic, and personal schedule requirements of a student athlete can prove to be rigorous and time consuming which can lead to low levels of engagement when it comes to academics. This program was created to ensure that individuals, who have dual roles in higher education as both students and athletes, are able to devote time to exploring academic and career interests. This program allows athletes to engage in personal exploration through questionnaires and self-reflection, while introducing campus resources that are available to them, information about campus offices, and key individuals that can assist them on their journey to finding a future career.


The present study comprehensively evaluates the improvement in lateral load-carrying capacity of steel pipe piles by adding steel plates (fins) at grade level. This configuration of steel fin pile foundations (SFPFs) is effective for applications where high lateral loads are encountered and rapid pile installation is advantageous. An integrated finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted. The FEA utilized an Abaqus model, first developed to account for the nonlinear soil-pile interaction, and then calibrated and validated against well-documented experimental and filed tests in the literature. The validated FEA model was subsequently used to conduct a parametric study to understand the effect of fin geometry on the load transfer mechanism and the response of SFPFs subjected to lateral loading at pile head. The behavior of SFPFs at different displacement levels and load levels was studied. The effect of the relative density of soil on the performance of SFPFs was also investigated. Based on the numerical simulation results, the optimal fin width for maximum improvement in lateral load-carrying capacity was suggested and the underlining mechanism affecting the efficiency of fins was explained.


Background and aim: In Nigeria, only medical doctors, dentists and some nurses in primary care facilities have the legal right to prescribe medicines. Patients' access to prescriptions can be seriously affected by the shortage of prescribers and waiting times in hospitals. This research was carried out to investigate the facilitators and barriers to extending pharmacists' clinical roles to include prescribing in Nigeria.
Methods: The research employed an exploratory sequential mixed methods design consisting of three studies: The first involved semi-structured interviews with 32 UK pharmacy staff to investigate the changes in the structure of pharmacy practice in order to identify lessons for the Nigerian context. The second was semi-structured interviews with 49 Nigerian stakeholders including policymakers, pharmacists, doctors and patient group representatives to explore their views on pharmacist prescribing in Nigeria. The third was a cross-sectional survey involving 775 Nigerian pharmacists.
Results: The UK study suggests that changes in the traditional structure of pharmacy including a shift in the focus of pharmacy training to a patient orientated one, specialisation in practice, the development of a clinical career route, enhanced working relationship with doctors and the utilisation of pharmacy technicians could benefit the development of pharmacists' clinical roles including prescribing. The two Nigerian studies showed a strong support for pharmacist prescribing especially by pharmacists and patient group representatives. The facilitators to pharmacist prescribing identified included pharmacists' expert medicine knowledge, the positive attitude of pharmacists towards extended clinical roles, a positive relationship between doctors and pharmacists in some teaching hospitals and the potential benefits associated with pharmacist prescribing including increasing patients' access to medicines. Barriers identified included lack of government support, medical opposition, pharmacists' lack of confidence to do clinical roles, inadequate pharmacists' skills in diagnosis and shortage of pharmacists.
Conclusion: This research concludes that a change in the traditional structure of pharmacy would be necessary for the development of pharmacist prescribing in Nigeria. The key areas for change are enumerated in the recommendations of this thesis.


Knowing if a user is a buyer or window shopper solely based on clickstream data is of crucial importance for e-commerce platforms seeking to implement real-time accurate NBA (next best action) policies. However, due to the low frequency of conversion events and the noisiness of browsing data, classifying user sessions is very challenging. In this paper, we address the clickstream classification problem in the eCommerce industry and present three major contributions to the burgeoning field of AI-for-retail: first, we collected, normalized and prepared a novel dataset of live shopping sessions from a major European e-commerce website; second, we use the dataset to test in a controlled environment strong baselines and SOTA models from the literature; finally, we propose a new discriminative neural model that outperforms neural architectures recently proposed at Rakuten labs.


We consider a homogeneous stochastic higher spin six vertex model in a quadrant. For this model we derive concise integral representations for multi-point q-moments of the height function and for the q-correlation functions. At least in the case of the step initial condition, our formulas degenerate in appropriate limits to many known formulas of such type for integrable probabilistic systems in the (1+1)d KPZ universality class, including the stochastic six vertex model, ASEP, various q-TASEPs, and associated zero range processes.
Our arguments are largely based on properties of a family of symmetric rational functions (introduced in arXiv:1410.0976) that can be defined as partition functions of the higher spin six vertex model for suitable domains; they generalize classical Hall-Littlewood and Schur polynomials. A key role is played by Cauchy-like summation identities for these functions, which are obtained as a direct corollary of the Yang-Baxter equation for the higher spin six vertex model.
These are lecture notes for a course given by A.B. at the Ecole de Physique des Houches in July of 2015. All the results and proofs presented here generalize to the setting of the fully inhomogeneous higher spin six vertex model, see arXiv:1601.05770 for a detailed exposition of the inhomogeneous case.


The major aim of this thesis was to study offspring (the third generation) of Atlantic salmon selected by high and low EPA and DHA synthesis capacity (according to high and low d6dB expression level in liver) have differences in total fat content and fatty acid composition, and also difference in gene expression of genes related to n-3 HUFA synthesis pathway in tissues (liver, intestine and muscle). The total fat contents in each tissue were analyzed by Folch method and showed no significant difference between two genetic groups. Fatty acid composition was analyzed by GC with methylation method. Liver plus group (offspring of high EPA and DHA synthesis capacity parents) showed significantly higher percentage of EPA+DHA than liver minus group (offspring of low EPA and DHA synthesis capacity parents) and also higher than intestine and muscle. In muscle and intestine, there was no significant difference of EPA+DHA percentage between two genetic groups. The gene expression was analyzed by qPCR and the relative expression ratio was calculated by method. elovl5a was higher in liver plus group, elovl2 and d6dA were higher in intestine minus group. Except elovl5a, elovl2 and d6dA, other genes (include d6dB) were with no significant differences between genetic groups in all tissues. The present study has shown EPA and DHA synthesis capacity in liver was improved by gene selective breeding, but EPA and DHA deposition in flesh was not improved by this capacity when salmon fed marine diet. The muscle fatty acid composition is more likely depended on diet composition. Thus, further studies can focus on dietary effects on EPA and DHA synthesis and deposition capacity of fish selected by high and low EPA and DHA synthesis capacity.


The emergence of open online courses and flipped classrooms has brought new opportunities to unbundle the traditional university. This study aimed to investigate a thermal physics classroom integrated with an open online learning mode to afford various learning strategies for students in Taiwan. Moreover, we examined students' preferred learning modes by adopting a quasi-experimental design with questionnaires, pre-test and post-test scores, self-reported journals and interviews. A total of 89 students participated in the study. The instructor allowed all students enrolled in the class to choose their own preferred learning modes. All students had full access to all course materials in both open online course and traditional face-to-face learning contexts throughout the whole semester. We examined the learners' academic performance in each learning mode and surveyed their perceptions of the course. The findings of this study indicate that information technology can transform teaching and learning in a thermal physics classroom and challenge the instructor to tailor the course to meet students' diverse needs. Significantly, students adopted five learning modes, consisting of face-to-face, web facilitated, alternative blended, online learning and flipped learning. This study provides a valuable reference on how traditional on-campus higher education institutions could be unbundled to create student-centred learning approaches.

Implications for practice or policy:

Educators could design a flexible delivery model, allowing students to choose five learning modes, consisting of face-to-face, web facilitated, alternative blended, online learning and flipped learning in terms of their learning style and time management.
For students with sufficient background knowledge, the flipped learning mode provides the best learning performance.
This study could provide administrators, educators and instructors with insights and new approaches in science, technology, engineering and mathematics education and improvements in their course policies.


Abstract The high efficiency of etiopathogenetic treatment was established in patients with the proliferative form of isolated tuberculosis of peripheral lymph nodes, by using a combination of antituberculosis chemotherapy and low-energy laser radiation without surgical intervention. At the same time after 2.5-3-months, there was a persistent improvement, suggested by the elimination of clinical and laboratory signs of tuberculosis intoxication, disappearance of enlarged lymph nodes and a tendency of the body's tuberculosis sensitivity to reduce, evidenced by Mantoux 2 TE PPD-L test. The paper shows it efficient to pursue medical treatment policy in early isolated tuberculosis of peripheral lymph nodes.


The effect of prompted causal identification in transfer of experimental design skills Stephanie Siler Carnegie Mellon University David Klahr Carnegie Mellon University Kevin Willows Carnegie Mellon University Cressida Magaro Carnegie Mellon University Abstract: A central goal of instruction is to enable learners to transfer acquired knowledge to future situations. For elementary school children in middle-high-SES schools, "explicit" instruction on the Control of Variables Strategy (CVS) that emphasizes understanding of the rationale for CVS has proven to be effective at promoting transfer to different contexts, even after extended time delays. However, when the same instruction was delivered to stu- dents in low-SES schools, near—but especially far—transfer rates were much lower. We tested our hypothesis that understanding the rationale for CVS—that only the focal variable should be contrasted so only it can affect the outcome—promotes far-transfer performance by comparing the outcomes of sixth-grade students given the standard explicit instruction to students additionally prompted to identify all possible causal variables in presented set-ups. As predicted, students given the additional prompts performed better on the far-transfer assessments in particular. This effect was greater for lower-knowledge students.


In this research which was carried out inSuleymanDemirel University Research and Application Farm during 2007 and 2008 years, apple leaf area index (LAI) and leaf water potential (LWP) were observed in Jersey Mac (V1) and Williams Pride (V2) young apple varieties budded on M9 rootstock irrigated with different irrigation methods. Drip (D), subsurface drip (SD), surface (S) and undertree micro sprinkler (M) irrigation methods were used in the research. The amount of applied irrigation water was as much as 100% of Class A Pan evaporation measured during five days irrigation intervals. The amount of irrigation water was ranged between 348.3 (D, SD) – 1186 (S, M) mm depending on irrigation methods during the experimental years. Furthermore, maximum and minimum crop evapotranspiration values were determined as 426.1 (DV2) and 1334.7 (MV2) mm respectively. LAI values related to treatments ranged from 0.32 to 0.52 in 2007, 0.73 to 1.12 in 2008. LAI values increased by approximately 126.3% for all treatments. In both years, generally, the highest LAI values were observed in drip irrigation (D) for both varieties. Linear correlation (r=0.99, n=16) was obtained between fruit yields and leaf area index (LAI) values of the apple trees. Leaf water potential (LWP) measurements were repeated one day before and after irrigation during the irrigation period. The measurements were also conducted once along a day in the middle of the season. Changes in value of LWP were similar among the treatments.


During
the last years some interesting experimental results have been reported for experiments
in N2O, NO, NO dimer, H2, Toluene and BaFCH3 cluster. The main result consists in the observation of molecular beam
depletion when the molecules of a pulsed beam interact with a static electric
or magnetic field and an oscillating field (RF). In these cases, and as a main
difference, instead of using four fields as in the original technique developed
by I.I. Rabi and others, only two fields, those which configure the resonant
unit, are used. That is, without using the nonhomogeneous magnetic fields. The
depletion explanation for I.I. Rabi and others is based in the interaction
between the molecular electric or magnetic dipole moment and the
non-homogeneous fields. But, obviously, the change in the molecules
trajectories observed on these new experiments has to be explained without
considering the force provided by the field gradient because it happens without
using non-homogeneous fields. In this paper a theoretical way for the
explanation of these new experimental results is presented. One important point
emerges as a result of this development, namely, the existence of an, until now
unknown, spin-dependent force which would be responsible of the aforementioned
deviation of the molecules.


BACKGROUND
Complete response has been considered a surrogate for favorable long-term outcome in multiple myeloma. Data on the impact of the duration of response on prognosis are lacking.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Of the 899 patients enrolled in Total Therapy trials (Total Therapy 1, N = 231; Total Therapy 2, N = 668), 254 survived for > 5 years. The prognostic impact of continuous (Rc) versus discontinuous (Rd) 4-year remission after 5-year survival was examined along with laboratory features present at baseline and at 5 years.

RESULTS
Most baseline prognostic features were evenly distributed among Rc and Rd groups; however, a greater proportion of Rc patients were enrolled in Total Therapy 2 (60%) compared with Rd (19%; P < 0.001). Twelve-year survival (7 years after the 5-year landmark) was 66% with Rc and only 30% with Rd. Hypodiploidy and deletion 13, present in 24 patients at baseline, were associated with a 12-year survival of only 20%. Among the 200 patients lacking these cytogenetic abnormalities, Rc (n = 141) defined a superior 12-year survival rate of 70% versus 35% among those with Rd (n = 59). Initial quality of response (complete response) or having received the scheduled tandem transplantations did not affect post-5-year survival.

CONCLUSION
Five-year Rc appears to be an important prerequisite for prolonged subsequent overall survival.


Demand for high potential talent has increased dramatically in the past five years as companies have struggled to fill vacancies due to a competitive talent market. Therefore, having a strong talent pipeline is extremely critical to organizations. Most companies evaluate high potential talent based on three criteria: engagement, ability, aspiration to hold successive leadership. But only 53% of organizations are confident in their ability to select and assess the best talent. An efficient tool is necessary to assess and capture the best talent in the organization. These four categories of tools are widely used by industries and have been considered successful and effective when measuring potential leaders: 1. Assessment and development centers 2. External assessment tools 3. Company self-developed assessment methods 4. 360-degree employee feedback assessment To better understand the benefits of using these tools, this summary report will analyze the essence of the tools and provide case studies of top performers in the industry using these methods.


Abstract The Norwegian Association for Heredity Research played a key role in the rise of genetics as a research field in Norway. The immediate background of its establishment in 1919 was the need for an organization that could clarify scientific issues regarding eugenics and coordinate Norwegian representation in the organized international eugenics movement. The Association never assumed this role. Instead, Norway was represented in the international eugenics movement by the so-called Norwegian Consultative Eugenics Commission, whose leader, Jon Alfred Mjøen, was dismissed as a pseudo-scientist by Norwegian geneticists. The paper explores the Association's role in defining and delimiting scientific expert knowledge in the field of genetics and eugenics in Norway. It demonstrates how struggles about academic authority on the national arena were intertwined with struggles about representation and impact in the international eugenics movement and how transnational scientific networks where mobilized to legitimize and delegitimize notions about Nordic race supremacy, racial mixing and the politics of eugenic sterilizations.


A31 It is necessary to understand the role and impacts of related factors on smoking behaviors to make a comprehensive and effective plan for tobacco cessation and smoking prevention. However, there are rare studies in that area and their results showed apparent debate caused by small sample size, different subjects, and inadequate adjustment for potential confounding factors. In this reason, this study evaluated the impacts of stress, social network, and social support on smoking considering other potential confounding factors.
 >Subjects were 1,042 (381 men and 661 women) Korean adults aged over 30 years who were participated in baseline survey for community-based cohort in rural areas. The information on smoking status, stress, social networks, social support, demographic and socioeconomic factors, and behavioral factors related with smoking were collected from interview survey with the structured questionnaire and health examination. Among current smoker, Fagerstrom's Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and measuring of smoking amounts were done. Stress, social networks, social support were assessed using Psychosocial Well-being Index-Short Form (PWI-SF), Social Network Index, Medical Outcome Study-Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS), respectively. Age and multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis were performed examining the relation of psychosocial factors to smoking status and behaviors.
 >Smoking prevalence of study population was 17.2% (men : 38.9%, women : 4.7%). Among current smoker, the average amount and duration of smoking was 18 cigarettes per day and 33years, respectively. In subject population, stress, social network, social support were highly related with sex and age. Therefore, in final analysis, study population was divided into four groups by sex(men, women) and age( From this study results, adjustment for other related factors, we could estimated the impacts of psychosocial factors on smoking behavior. Even if hypothesis of a positive influence of social support was not correspond in both men and women, this preliminary analysis suggested that psychosocial factors might give impacts on smoking behavior with interaction in a complex manner. In particular, social norm related with smoking in Korea such as smoking in male adults is prevalent (smoking rate in adults male over 20 years old : 43.4%) and it is considered as usual manner to continue good relationship with others, may cause the result. For more concise explanation, it is necessary to do further study and analysis for this issue with the data from cohort follow up and further analysis.


ABSTRACT While there is a consensus that speakers plan their utterances before they start producing them, the scope of the initial planning unit remains controversial. In subject-initial utterances, is the planning unit the whole subject phrase or a smaller "functional phrase" within the subject phrase? Allum and Wheeldon (2007) reported that speakers show faster onset latencies in producing utterances like The flower above the house is red, where the subject consists of two functional phrases (the flower and above the house) than in producing The flower and the house are red, where there is a single, longer functional phrase (The flower and the house), both in head-initial languages like English and head-final languages like Japanese. This has been taken to suggest that the functional phrase is a preferred unit of planning, rather than the whole subject. Experiment 1 in the present study replicates Allum and Wheeldon's study with speakers of another head-final language (Mandarin Chinese) and finds similar results. Experiments 2 and 3 investigate whether syntactic processing or visual grouping could potentially explain the pattern of responses, and find that they cannot. Together, these results provide further empirical support for the claim that the functional phrase is a primary unit of grammatical planning for speech production.


The wavelet periodogram is hard to smooth because of the low signal-to-noise ratio and non-stationary covariance structure. This article introduces a method for smoothing a local wavelet periodogram by applying a Haar-Fisz transform which approximately Gaussianizes and approximately stabilizes the variance of the periodogram. Consequently, smoothing the transformed periodogram can take advantage of the wide variety of existing techniques suitable for homogeneous Gaussian data. This article demonstrates the superiority of the new method over existing methods and supplies theory that proves the Gaussianizing, variance stabilizing and decorrelation properties of the Haar-Fisz transform.


Wavefront correction until Zernike polynomial of degree three by a phase conjugate plate has been demonstrated in a high-energy Nd:YLF amplifier system. 108, amplification of 380 mJ has been achieved with a near-diffraction-limited beam quality.


One of the puzzles to have emerged from the Kepler and TESS missions is the existence of unexplained dips in the lightcurves of a small fraction of rapidly-rotating M dwarfs in young open clusters and star-forming regions. We present a theoretical investigation of one possible explanation - that these are caused by dust clouds trapped in the stellar magnetic fields. The depth and duration of the observed dips allow us to estimate directly the linear extent of the dust clouds and their distances from the rotation axis. The dips are found to be between 0.4-4.8%. We find that their distance is close to the co-rotation radius: the typical location for stable points where charged particles can be trapped in a stellar magnetosphere. We estimate the charge acquired by a dust particle due to collisions with the coronal gas and hence determine the maximum grain size that can be magnetically supported, the stopping distance due to gas drag and the timescale on which dust particles can diffuse out of a stable point. Using the observationally-derived magnetic field of the active M dwarf V374 Peg, we model the distribution of these dust clouds and produce synthetic light curves. We find that for 1μm dust grains, the light curves have dips of 1% - 3% and can support masses of order of 1012 kg. We conclude that magnetically-trapped dust clouds (potentially from residual disc accretion or tidally-disrupted planetesimal or cometary bodies) are capable of explaining the periodic dips in the Kepler and TESS data.


WiFi technology has gained a wide prevalence for not only wireless communication but also pervasive sensing. A wide variety of emerging applications leverage accurate measurements of the Channel State Information (CSI) information obtained from commodity WiFi devices. Due to hardware imperfection of commodity WiFi devices, the frequency response of internal signal processing circuit is mixed with the real channel frequency response in passband, which makes deriving accurate channel frequency response from CSI measurements a challenging task. In this paper, we identify non-negligible non-linear CSI phase errors and report that IQ imbalance is the root source of non-linear CSI phase errors. We conduct intensive analysis on the characteristics of such non-linear errors and find that such errors are prevalent among various WiFi devices. Furthermore, they are rather stable along time and the received signal strength indication (RSSI) but sensitive to frequency bands used between a transmission pair. Based on these key observations, we propose new calibration methods to compensate both non-linear and linear CSI phase errors. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methods by applying them in CSI splicing. Results of extensive real-world experiments indicate that accurate CSI phase measurements can significantly improve the performance of splicing and the stability of the derived power delay profiles (PDPs).


Advances in data collection technologies have made it cost-effective to obtain heterogeneous data from multiple data sources. Very often, the data are of very high dimension and feature selection is preferred in order to reduce noise, save computational cost and learn interpretable models. Due to the multi-modality nature of heterogeneous data, it is interesting to design efficient machine learning models that are capable of performing variable selection and feature group (data source) selection simultaneously (a.k.a bi-level selection). In this thesis, I carry out research along this direction with a particular focus on designing efficient optimization algorithms. I start with a unified bi-level learning model that contains several existing feature selection models as special cases. Then the proposed model is further extended to tackle the block-wise missing data, one of the major challenges in the diagnosis of Alzheimers Disease (AD). Moreover, I propose a novel interpretable sparse group feature selection model that greatly facilitates the procedure of parameter tuning and model selection. Last but not least, I show that by solving the sparse group hard thresholding problem directly, the sparse group feature selection model can be further improved in terms of both algorithmic complexity and efficiency. Promising results are demonstrated in the extensive evaluation on multiple real-world data sets.


Two kinds of road racer bicycles are employed to research vibration characteristics of driving bicycles. After obtaing the natural frequencies and modes by vibration test in the non-driving state, practical driving tests are carried out. The acceleration of vibration in the middle of the handles and under the saddles are measured and the corresponding spectral density functions are calculated based on FFT method. The results show that in the driving bicycles, the dominant frequencies exist between 10 Hz and 50 Hz and the lower two modes in the non-driving state are excited.


This is a good example of the new-style textbook of haematology in which the emphasis is on cell function and biochemistry and not on cell morphology and the morbid anatomy of the diseases discussed. The division of the discussion also follows functional groupings, so that diseases of widely differing aetiology are found together in one chapter. The first 70 pages are devoted to the functions of the various blood cells so far as we know them and to factors in blood formation and destruction; the chapter on "development of the blood cells " dismisses in two paragraphs the various theories based on morphological changes and gives much space to such matters as the linking of red-cell maturation with biochemical changes. There is a chapter on the examination of the peripheral blood and a good table on the diagnostic implications of variations in cell site and haemoglobin concentration. There is a really up-to-date account of the significance of white cell changes. The chapter on factors concerned in blood destruction and formation is notable for its quantitative approach-how much of each factor do we need each day. This preliminary section ends with an account of the use of radioisotopic methods in haematology. The section of diagnosis leads off with the statement that in haematology this depends on clinical history and examination, examination of the peripheral blood, cytology, and tissue biopsy, and finally chemical and other investigations; most haematologists will agree with this order. For the classification of anaemia three alternatives are offered to the reader, aetiological, morphological, and physiological ; following modern practice, the authors use the aetiological one. Of the chapters that follow, those on anaemia due to ineffective erythropoiesis and haemolytic anaemias are particularly well done, and it is interesting to see that thalassaemia appears in the former and sickle-cell anaemia in the latter chapter. These anaemia chapters are full, informative, and readable; observations such as the fact that the spleen is always enlarged in congenital spherocytosis, though it may not be palpable, show that the authors are fully conversant with the actualities of clinical variation. After the 115 pages devoted to anaemia, the authors' interest in the rest of haematology clearly wanes, since only 114 pages are devoted to leukaemia, the lymphomas, blood coagulation disorders, blood groups, blood transfusion, and abnormalities in pigment metabolism. The 30 pages of " myelo.proliferative diseases " comprise discussion of acute and chronic myeloid leukaemias, polycythaemia, primary myeloid metaplasia (myelosclerosis), megakaryocytic myelosis, and myelomatosis, plus dysproteinaemias and a discussion of immunological mechanisms. The chapter on blood coagulation follows the teaching of the Oxford school and is therefore readily understandable. There is a very reasonable section on the investigation of blood-clotting disorders with the results well summarized in a clear table, and there is a good if brief discussion of the clinical management of these diseases. This book is readable and makes anaemias at any rate a much more rational subject than the purely morphological approach can show. Therapy of anaemia becomes also much more easy to understand. So long as students appreciate that it is still necessary, for rapid diagnosis and accurate assessment, to study the blood and marrow cells in most patients, they can be confidently recommended to this book. M. C. G. ISRAfLS.


We show that U.S. banks price deposits almost uniformly across their branches and that this pricing practice is crucial to explain the deposit rate dynamics following bank mergers. We find a strong and sharp post-merger convergence between the deposit rates of the acquired branches and the median deposit rate of the acquirer. This pattern is almost fully explained by adjustments in the deposit rates of the acquired branches, irrespective of whether their rates were above or below those practiced by the acquirer. Acquired branches lose deposits and local market share, especially when they decrease their rates due to uniform pricing. Local competitors respond to changes in deposit rates at the acquired branches by adjusting their own deposit rates in the same direction. We find that pre-merger differences in deposit rates between merged entities explain more of the post-merger evolution of deposit rates than the predicted changes in local market concentration induced by the merger. This result indicates that competition authorities would be well-advised to review the potential impact of pre-merger pricing differences in evaluating a merger within an industry with strong uniform pricing practices.


The term obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) refers to the combination of obesity and chronic hypercapnia that cannot be directly attributed to underlying cardiorespiratory disease. Despite a plethora of potential pathophysiological mechanisms for gas exchange and respiratory control abnormalities that have been described in the obese, the etiology of hypercapnia in OHS has been only partially elucidated. Of particular note, obesity and coincident hypercapnia are often associated with some form of sleep disordered breathing (apnea/hypopnea or sustained periods of hypoventilation). From a conceptual point of view, even transient reductions of ventilation from individual sleep disordered breathing events must produce acute hypercapnia during the period of low ventilation. What is less clear, however, is the link between these transient episodes of acute hypercapnia and the development of chronic sustained hypercapnia persisting into wakefulness. A unifying view of how this comes about is presented in the following review. In brief, our concept is that chronic sustained hypercapnia (as in obesity hypoventilation) occurs when the disorder of ventilation that produces acute hypercapnia interacts with inadequate compensation (both during sleep and during the periods of wakefulness); neither alone is sufficient to fully explain the final result. The following discussion will amplify on both the potential reasons for acute hypercapnia in the obese and on what is known about the failure of compensation that must occur in these subjects.


Research Findings: Children's social competence has been linked to successful transition to formal school. The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of children's temperament to teachers' ratings of their social competence from kindergarten through 2nd grade. Children ( N = 1,364) from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network participated in this study. Mothers rated children's shyness, attentional focusing, and inhibitory control with the Children's Behavior Questionnaire at 4½ years, and teachers rated children's social competence with three subscales (cooperation, assertion, and self-control) of the Social Skills Rating System at kindergarten, 1st, and 2nd grade. Latent growth curve analysis indicated that both shyness and effortful control contributed to children's social competence. Bolder children were likely to have higher assertion ratings, and shyer children with greater attentional focusing were likely to have higher assertion ratings. Shyer children and children with greater inhibitory control and attentional focusing were likely to have higher teacher ratings of self-control and cooperation. Practice or Policy: Findings highlight the importance of considering child temperament characteristics when understanding children's social competence and successful adjustment to kindergarten. Information may help parents, preschool teachers, and early elementary teachers prepare children who may be at particular risk for lower social competence.


Alcoholic extract of  Erythrina variegata L. leaves was evaluated by uterotrophic assay in 17 day old prepubertal female rats and was chromatographically processed for compound isolation. The animals divided into 3 (n=6) groups were treated for 7 days as follows: Control group (Grp I) –vehicle, 0.5% Na CMC, 5 mL/kg bw p.o,  E. variegata alcohol extract group (Grp II) – 250 mg/kg bw/day in vehicle p.o., Ethinyl estradiol group (Grp III) - 30μg/kg bw/day in vehicle, p.o. 24 h post last exposure to extract. Animals were sacrificed and the uterus and ovaries examined for classical morphological and histomorphometric changes induced by estrogen stimulation. Extract treatment increased the absolute and normalized uterine weight, uterine diameter, endometrial thickness, luminal epithelial cell height, diameter of ovary and the number of primary and secondary ovarian follicles relative to vehicle control. Presence of ciliated epithelial cells in the oviduct and signs of vascularization in the cortex of ovarian sections in this group similar to EEG is indicative of estrogenic activity of the tested extract. This is consequent to the antioxidant activity of β-sitosterol, daucosterol and oleanolic isolated from the extract. This study supports the earlier reported hypolipidaemic and anti-atherosclerotic activities, lending scientific validity to anti-obesity claims in traditional medicine.


Context. Only a few open clusters are as important for the study of stellar and substellar objects, and their formation and evolution, as the young σ Orionis cluster. However, a complete spectroscopic characterisation of its whole stellar population is still missing.
Aims. We filled most of that gap with a large spectroscopic and astrometric survey of targets towards σ Orionis. Eventually, it will be one of the open clusters with the lowest proportion of interlopers and the largest proportion of confirmed cluster members with known uncontrovertible youth features.
Methods. We acquired 317 low-resolution optical spectra with the Intermediate Dispersion Spectrograph (IDS) at the 2.5 m Isaac Newton Telescope (INT) and the Optical System for Imaging and low Resolution Integrated Spectroscopy (OSIRIS) at the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC). We measured equivalent widths of Li I, Hα, and other key lines from these spectra, and determined spectral types. We complemented this information with Gaia DR2 astrometric data and other features of youth (mid-infrared excess, X-ray emission) compiled with Virtual Observatory tools and from the literature.
Results. Of the 168 observed targets, we determined for the first time spectral types of 39 stars and equivalent widths of Li I and Hα of 34 and 12 stars, respectively. We identified 11 close (ρ ≲ 3 arcsec) binaries resolved by Gaia, of which three are new, 14 strong accretors, of which four are new and another four have Hα emission shifted by over 120 km s−1, two juvenile star candidates in the sparse population of the Ori OB1b association, and one spectroscopic binary candidate. Remarkably, we found 51 non-cluster-members, 35 of which were previously considered as σ Orionis members and taken into account in high-impact works on, for example, disc frequency and initial mass function.


A cross-layer design along with an optimal resource allocation framework is formulated for wireless fading networks, where the nodes are allowed to perform network coding. The aim is to jointly optimize end-to-end transport-layer rates, network code designvariables, broadcast linkflows, link capacities, average power consumption, and short-term power allocation policies. As in the routing paradigm where nodes simply forward packets, the cross-layer optimization problem with network coding is nonconvex in general. It is proved, however, that with network coding, dual decomposition for multicast is optimal so long as the fading at each wireless link is a continuous random variable. This lends itself to provably convergent subgradient algorithms, which not only admit a layered-architecture interpretation, but also optimally integrate network coding in the protocol stack. The dual algorithm is also paired with a scheme that yields near-op- timal network design variables, namely multicast end-to-end rates, network code design quantities, flows over the broadcast links, link capacities, and average power consumption. Finally, an asynchronous subgradient method is developed, whereby the dual updates at the physical layer can be affordably performed with a certain delay with respect to the resource allocation tasks in upper layers. This attractive feature is motivated by the complexity of the physical-layer subproblem and is an adaptation of the subgradient method suitable for network control.


Traditionally, speech emotion recognition (SER) research has relied on manually handcrafted acoustic features using feature engineering. However, the design of handcrafted features for complex SER tasks requires significant manual effort, which impedes generalisability and slows the pace of innovation. This has motivated the adoption of representation learning techniques that can automatically learn an intermediate representation of the input signal without any manual feature engineering. Representation learning has led to improved SER performance and enabled rapid innovation. Its effectiveness has further increased with advances in deep learning (DL), which has facilitated deep representation learning where hierarchical representations are automatically learned in a data-driven manner. This article presents the first comprehensive survey on the important topic of deep representation learning for SER. We highlight various techniques, related challenges and identify important future areas of research. Our survey bridges the gap in the literature since existing surveys either focus on SER with hand-engineered features or representation learning in the general setting without focusing on SER.


Handling Editor: Kelly Marnewick Abstract 1. Human activities have dramatic effects on the distribution and abundance of wildlife. Increased road densities and human presence in wilderness areas have elevated human-caused mortality of grizzly bears and reduced bears' use. Management agencies frequently attempt to reduce human-caused mortality by managing road density and thus human access, but the effectiveness of these actions is rarely assessed. 2. We combined systematic, DNA-based mark–recapture techniques with spatially explicit capture–recapture models to estimate population size of a threatened grizzly bear population (Kettle–Granby), following management actions to recover this population. We tested the effects of habitat and road density on grizzly bear population density. We tested both a linear and threshold-based road density metric and investigated the effect of current access management (closing roads to the public). 3. We documented an c. 50% increase in bear density since 1997 suggesting increased landscape and species conservation from management agencies played a significant role in that increase. However, bear density was lower where road densities exceeded 0.6 km/km2 and higher where motorised vehicle access had been restricted. The highest bear densities were in areas with large tracts of few or no roads and high habitat quality. Access management bolstered bear density in small areas by 27%. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our spatially explicit capture–recapture analysis demonstrates that population recovery is possible in a multi-use landscape when management actions target priority areas. We suggest that road density is a useful surrogate for the negative effects of human land use on grizzly bear populations, but spatial configuration of roads must still be considered. Reducing roads will increase grizzly bear density, but restricting vehicle access can also achieve this goal. We demonstrate that a policy target of reducing human access by managing road density below 0.6 km/km2, while ensuring areas of high habitat quality have no roads, is a reasonable compromise between the need for road access and population recovery goals. Targeting closures to areas of highest habitat quality would benefit grizzly bear population recovery the most.


The CHCl₃ fumigation-extraction method for determining soil microbial N involves the extraction of CHCl₃-fumigated and CHCl₃-unfumigated samples with 0.5 M K₂SO₄, followed by determination of total N in the extracts. Total N is typically determined by Kjeldahl digestion (TKN) with the inclusion of NO⁻₂ and NO⁻₃ present. The determination of total N by TKN has several procedural constraints such as an initial concentration step, long digestion times, and considerable bumping caused by catalyst salts. In contrast, a persulfate oxidation method (TPN) commonly used for determination of total N in sea- and freshwater samples does not require a concentration step and is much simpler and faster than TKN. The objective of this study was to evaluate and adapt the TPN method to measure total N in 0.5 M K₂SO₄ extracts for determination of soil microbial biomass N. Studies were conducted to optimize reagent/sample (R/S) ratio and autoclaving time, and to evaluate the effects of C and N concentrations. These studies showed that complete N recovery can be obtained with a R/S ratio of 1 and an autoclaving time of 30 min in extracts containing as much as 250 mg glucose-C L⁻¹ at a C/N ratio of 10:1. A comparison of the optimized TPN method to TKN for extracts of 12 CHCL₃-fumigated soils indicated that the methods gave the same N recoveries. The use of the TPN method in 0.5 M K₂SO₄ extracts should facilitate more rapid and efficient measurements of soil microbial biomass N.


Agriculture, unlike industrial activity which has always resulted in pollution, has been environmentally benign for most of its history until after the Second World War when the system disintegrated. Then, crop residues were incorporated into the soil or fed to livestock, the manure returned to the land in amounts that could be absolved and utilized. Mechanized farming, however, is reliant on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Hence, crop residues and livestock excreta, which were once recycled have become wastes and their disposal a continuing problem for the farmer. With the present national policy on agriculture, there is the need for private sector participation especially in the area of environmental health and safety for economic and environmental sustainability.


Examining the emergence of modernity within the philosophical and political debates of the sixteenth century, "Religion and the Rise of Modernity" resumes the analysis of the "great confusion" introduced in Volume IV of "History of Political Ideas." Encompassing a vast range of events ignited by Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, this period is one of controversy, revolution, and partiality.Despite the era's fragmentation and complexity, Voegelin's insightful analysis clarifies its significance and suggests the lines of change converging at a point in the future: the medieval Christian understanding of a divinely created closed cosmos was being replaced by a distinctly modern form of human consciousness that posits man as the proper origin of meaning in the universe.Analyzing the most significant features of the great confusion, Voegelin examines a vast range of thought and issues of the age. From the more obvious thinkers to those less frequently studied, this volume features such figures as Calvin, Althusius, Hooker, Bracciolini, Savonarola, Copernicus, Tycho de Brahe, and Giordano Bruno. Devoting a considerable amount of attention to Jean Bodin, Voegelin presents him as a prophet of a new, true religion amid the civilizational disorder of the post-Christian era. Focusing on such traditional themes as monarchy, just war theory, and the philosophy of law, this volume also investigates issues within astrology, cosmology, and mathematics."Religion and the Rise of Modernity" is a valuable work of scholarship not only because of its treatment of individual thinkers and doctrines influential in the sixteenth century and beyond but also because of its close examination of those experiences that formed the modern outlook.


BACKGROUND
Information on the mechanism of recurrent stroke may help physicians treating patients with ischemic stroke. However, the mechanisms of recurrence in each stroke subtype are not well known, especially in Asians.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the mechanisms of the index and recurrent stroke.

DESIGN
Analysis of data from a prospective acute stroke registry.

SETTING
University hospital.

PATIENTS
Using the clinical syndrome, diffusion-weighted imaging, and vascular studies, we divided 901 patients into 5 groups: large-artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, small-artery disease, parent-artery disease occluding the deep perforators, and no determined cause. The patients with large-artery atherosclerosis were subdivided into 2 groups: intracranial and extracranial.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The mechanisms of recurrent vascular events (strokes or coronary heart disease) in subtypes of ischemic stroke were compared.

RESULTS
Ninety-three recurrent vascular events (86 strokes and 7 instances of coronary heart disease) were evaluated. The pattern of recurrent stroke differed for the intracranial and extracranial groups; unlike the patients with intracranial large-artery atherosclerosis, recurrent strokes in the extracranial group were often unpredictable with respect to the site of recurrence and degree of preexisting stenosis. None of the patients in the extracranial group had recurrences that were caused by intracranial large-artery atherosclerosis or vice versa. In patients with small-artery disease and stroke with no determined cause, intracranial stenosis was often found at the time of recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS
From prognostic and therapeutic perspectives, patients with atherosclerosis should be divided into those with intracranial large-artery atherosclerosis and extracranial large-artery atherosclerosis. In addition, intracranial large-artery atherosclerosis may be important in the development of small-artery disease and stroke with no determined cause, especially in the population with a higher frequency of intracranial large-artery atherosclerosis.


Black‐tailed prairie dogs (BTPDs), Cynomys ludovicianus, are an important prey for raptors; therefore, the use of the rodenticide Rozol (0.005% chlorophacinone active ingredient) to control BTPDs raises concern for secondary poisonings resulting from the consumption of contaminated prey by raptors. In the present study, the authors observed Rozol exposure and adverse effects to mammalian prey on 11 of 12 search days of the study. Mammalian hepatic chlorophacinone residues ranged from 0.44 to 7.56 µg/g. Poisoned prey availability was greater than previously reported. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2513–2516. © 2012 SETAC


The large quantities of data now being transferred via high-speed networks have made deep packet inspection indispensable for security purposes. Scalable and low-cost signature-based network intrusion detection systems have been developed for deep packet inspection for various software platforms. Traditional approaches that only involve central processing units (CPUs) are now considered inadequate in terms of inspection speed. Graphic processing units (GPUs) have superior parallel processing power, but transmission bottlenecks can reduce optimal GPU efficiency. In this paper we describe our proposal for a hybrid CPU/GPU pattern-matching algorithm (HPMA) that divides and distributes the packet-inspecting workload between a CPU and GPU. All packets are initially inspected by the CPU and filtered using a simple pre-filtering algorithm, and packets that might contain malicious content are sent to the GPU for further inspection. Test results indicate that in terms of random payload traffic, the matching speed of our proposed algorithm was 3.4 times and 2.7 times faster than those of the AC-CPU and AC-GPU algorithms, respectively. Further, HPMA achieved higher energy efficiency than the other tested algorithms.


Background: The role of ErbB3 Binding Protein 1 (EBP1) in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) prognosis was inconsistent. Therefore, we performed this study to determine the effect of EBP1 in HCC prognosis.
Methods: 146 patients underwent resection of HCC were collected between 2010 and 2015. Overall Survival (OS) analysis was performed with Kaplan-Meier with log rank test. The prognostic value of EBP1 was evaluated by cox regression analysis.
Results: The expression of EBP1 was lower compared with adjacent normal tissues (p=0.01). EBP1 expression was significantly correlated with larger tumour size (p=0.03), metastasis (p=0.04), and advanced clinical stage (p=0.01). Univariate analysis of OS revealed that the relative level of EBP1 expression (p=0.002), tumor size (p=0.05), metastasis (p=0.04), and clinical stage (p=0.001) were prognostic indicators. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that clinical stage (p=0.01) and EBP1 expression (p=0.03) were independent prognostic indicator for OS in HCC.
Conclusions: In conclusion, this study suggested that EBP1 expression was an independent prognostic indicator for OS in HCC.


Objectives: To find out the effectiveness of education program application on nurses-midwives' knowledge toward prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage in delivery room and some socio demographic characteristics Methodology: a quasi -experimental "test-retest"design has carried throughout the present study with the application of a pre –test and post- test for nurses-midwives' knowledge toward postpartum hemorrhage. The study was conducted in six hospitals in Baghdad: Fatima Al – Zahra for Maternity and Pediatric, Al -Elwia maternity, Baghdad Teaching, AL-Imamine Al - Kadhimin Teaching, Al-Karckh maternity and Al-Yarmouk Teaching hospital for the period from 27th May  2018 to10th December 2018.  The sample was conducted  on Non-probability (purposive sample) of (97)nurse-midwife. Who were evaluated by using as questionnaire for the nurses-midwives' knowledge which consisted of two parts; the first part included the  socio-demographic characteristics of the nurses and the second part included The knowledge of nurses - midwives towards prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage consists of 43 questions in the form of multiple choices. Descriptive statistical and inferential analyses were used to analyze the data .
  Results: The result indicates that nurses - midwives' knowledge and practices about prevention and management of PPH have been greatly improved after their being exposed to the education program.
Recommendation: The necessity of making periodical training program must conduct regularly in all obstetric hospitals  for all nurses and midwives in the delivery rooms, operating theaters, maternity and maternity and emergency obstetric wards, and it should be mandatory.


Celiac disease is one of the most common food intolerances with prevalence of 1-2% worldwide. Currently, a lifelong gluten-free diet and so the consumption of only gluten-free product is the basic treatment for celiac disease. Gluten is the main structure-forming protein in dough, responsible for the elastic and extensible properties of dough and contributes to appearance and microstructure of product. A wide variety of components can be added to the formulation in gluten-free products to overcome the quality defects and dietary problems due to the lack of the gluten. The use of starch and hydrocolloids is a common approach for the formation of the desired structure of dough to mimic gluten and the improvements of quality characteristics such as color, appearance, texture and flavor after the baking process. There have been such studies on the increase of vitamin, mineral and protein content of gluten-free products with low nutritional value. In this review, the studies for improving the nutritional and technological characteristics of gluten-free bread, cakes, biscuits and pasta-noodles have been considered.


Trial law is important. Nearly a century ago, in Chambers v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, the U.S. Supreme Court said, "The right to sue and defend in the courts is the alternative of force. In an organized society it is the right conservative of all other rights, and lies at the foundation of orderly government. It is one of the highest and most essential privileges of citizenship."Edward Bennett Williams called trial law "the most creative art extant." This is particularly true of complex litigation generally as well as toxic tort trials, which involve non-traditional injuries, complex questions of science and, frequently, the aggregation of numerous parties. Numerous articles have been written on specific aspects of complex and toxic tort litigation, and there are even some particularly good treatises now that deal comprehensively with the subject. This Article has a different focus which is to identify the paradigms within which complex litigation operates, and to discuss some of the principles which govern success in those paradigms. Other articles have attempted to explain how the paradigm of complex litigation differs from the paradigm of "bi-polar" litigation, or how these distinctions fail to fully grasp the nature of changes occurring in our civil justice system. What these complex litigation debates ignore is the changing nature of the role being played by a combination of Strategic Thinking and Storytelling in resolving these cases. The successful lawyer understands these paradigms and makes habits of the principles that govern success within them. Specifically, she identifies her and her client's goals at the outset of a case, she undertakes extensive preparation for all aspects of her case, and she thinks strategically about the decisions she needs to make. The successful lawyer also knows that ultimately what she is doing is telling a story. Understanding this storytelling paradigm is fundamental to her success, and she uses this knowledge throughout the litigation process. It affects case selection, it shapes her complaint, it emerges not only as the narrative in her opening and closing statements but also as a persistent theme that reinforces nearly every argument and brief in her case.


The role of the 3'-carboxamide substituent of NADPH in the reduction of pteridine substrates as catalyzed by dihydrofolate reductase (EC 18.104.22.168, DHFR) has been investigated by determining crystal structures at 2.3 A of chicken liver DHFR in a binary complex with oxidized thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (thioNADP+) and in a ternary complex with thioNADP+ and biopterin. These structures are isomorphous with those previously reported for chicken liver DHFR [Volz, K.W., Matthews, D.A., Alden, R.A., Freer, S. T., Hansch, C., Kaufman, B. T., & Kraut, J. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 2528-2536]. ThioNADPH, which has a 3'-carbothioamide substituent in place of a 3'-carboxamide, functions very poorly as a coenzyme for DHFR [Williams, T. J., Lee, T. K., & Dunlap, R. B. (1977) Arch, Biochem. Biophys. 181, 569-579; Stone, S. R., Mark, A., & Morrison, J. F. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 4340-4346]. Comparisons show that, while NADP+ and NADPH bind to DHFR with the pyridine ring and 3'-carboxamide coplanar, the thioamide group is twisted by 23 degrees from the pyridine plane in both the binary and ternary complexes. This twist appears to be due to steric conflict between the thioamide sulfur atom and both the pyridine ring at C4 and the adjacent protein backbone at Ala-9. It results in an unfavorably close contact between the sulfur and the biopterin pteridine ring (0.9 A less than the van der Waals separation) which, on the basis of the refined structure, greatly destabilizes the binding of biopterin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Sequential recommendation aims to model dynamic user behavior from historical interactions. Existing methods rely on either explicit item IDs or general textual features for sequence modeling to understand user preferences. While promising, these approaches still struggle to model cold-start items or transfer knowledge to new datasets. In this paper, we propose to model user preferences and item features as language representations that can be generalized to new items and datasets. To this end, we present a novel framework, named Recformer, which effectively learns language representations for sequential recommendation. Specifically, we propose to formulate an item as a "sentence" (word sequence) by flattening item key-value attributes described by text so that an item sequence for a user becomes a sequence of sentences. For recommendation, Recformer is trained to understand the "sentence" sequence and retrieve the next "sentence". To encode item sequences, we design a bi-directional Transformer similar to the model Longformer but with different embedding layers for sequential recommendation. For effective representation learning, we propose novel pretraining and finetuning methods which combine language understanding and recommendation tasks. Therefore, Recformer can effectively recommend the next item based on language representations. Extensive experiments conducted on six datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of Recformer for sequential recommendation, especially in low-resource and cold-start settings.


1. Extracellular recordings were made from single units in the tritocerebrum of locusts. The units responded to objects moved anywhere in the contralateral visual field. They were relatively insensitive to stationary stimuli and did not respond to auditory or tactile stimulation. 2. Responses to successive movements gradually declined even when an interval of several minutes elapsed between each movement. The number of impulses evoked by a stimulus was strongly influenced by the amount and timing of previous stimulation. Such influences occasionally lasted for several hours. 3. The responses of some cells to the first few groups of stimuli presented at the beginning of an experiment were non-decremental, but the response to subsequent stimulation was always decremental. 4. Many of the units showed directional preferences, discharging more vigorously to movement in one direction than in the reverse direction. In no case was movement inhibitory to the cell. 5. The directional preferences were modified by primacy so that for a number of presentations a unit responded preferentially to the directional characteristics of the first of a group of stimuli. 6. The cells were insensitive to movement of the whole visual field brought about by movement of the whole animal, but still retained their responsiveness to relative movement within the visual field.


Although computation and the science of physical systems would appear to be unrelated, there are a number of ways in which computational and physical concepts can be brought together in ways that illuminate both. This volume examines fundamental questions which connect scholars from both disciplines: is the universe a computer? Can a universal computing machine simulate every physical process? What is the source of the computational power of quantum computers? Are computational approaches to solving physical problems and paradoxes always fruitful? Contributors from multiple perspectives reflecting the diversity of thought regarding these interconnections address many of the most important developments and debates within this exciting area of research. Both a reference to the state of the art and a valuable and accessible entry to interdisciplinary work, the volume will interest researchers and students working in physics, computer science, and philosophy of science and mathematics. on this title


In the devised integral mathematical model of decompression body tissues are expressed as sets of spectra of specific body tissue semi-saturation periods calculated from tissue circulation and corrected for gas diffusion through the skin. Values of permissible oversaturation were determined as a sum of critical and permissible supercritical oversaturations. The critical oversaturation of tissues is proportional to the cubic root from the ambient pressure, whereas the permissible supercritical oversaturation is a function of time constant of tissue desaturation and critical oversaturation. This decompression model incorporates specific models of tissue saturation and desaturation asymmetry due to difference in physical activities, ambient temperature and oxygen partial pressure in the breathing mixture during exposure and decompression. Besides, an equation to evaluate and control oversaturation in the combined venous blood was established and used in the model. Experiments showed that following decompression regimes calculated with this model, the level of gas formation in the combined venous blood was significantly lower than after application of decompression following similar regimes in the Diving Service Rules-85.


The present article investigates the hygrothermal performance of straw bale walls in Belgian climate conditions. The first part presents measured Heat, Air and Moisture (HAM) properties of the corresponding construction materials (loam, straw and tras-lime mortar). The second part of the study verifies the hygric performance of the these construction elements based on transient numerical HAM-simulations on yearly basis. The simulation results demonstrate that the application of straw bale walls in Belgian climate conditions is vulnerable for high moisture contents and may result in mould growth during winter conditions.


Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is still a major health problem all over the world, not only in developing countries, but also in countries characterised by low incidence, where migration, ageing, and the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) are contributing to the emergence of patterns, traditionally considered rare or unusual, before using the new imaging techniques. In this article the different clinical and radiological patterns most commonly detectable in patients with pulmonary TB are analysed in different population subgroups: paediatric and adult age, immunocompetent patients, in patients coming from high-prevalence countries, and in those with other risk factors for TB, in the MDR and XDR-TB, and in the drug sensitive (DS) forms. The increasing role of high-resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) scan in the detection of pulmonary TB will also be underlined, in cases where conventional chest X-ray was negative or inconclusive, in the mediastinal TB forms, in the differential diagnosis with tumours and interstitial lung disease, but also in the detection of active forms, and for a better assessment of therapeutic response.


In the present note an effort will be made for a contribution to economic theory by extending the discussion paper "Entrepreneurship, Regional Development and Job Creation: The Case of Portugal" by R. Baptista, V. Escarta and P. Madruga, MPI, # 0605, in which the authors conclude (among others) that entrepreneurship creates jobs and reduces unemployment. This extension will be feasible by estimating the total economy´s entrepreneurship reward for Western European countries and relating it with the total economy's unemployment rate. A regression based on the estimation of total economy´s entrepreneurship reward will yield the same main results with the above article not only for Portugal but also for all Western European countries, that in any Western European country entrepreneurship creates enough jobs to reduce unemployment. This generalization with panel data econometric analysis is based on the discussion paper "A Practical Method to Measure Entrepreneurship's Reward: A Note" by M. N. Georgiou, MPI, #3805.


Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the perceived effect of salbutamol in adult patients with spinal muscular atrophy and to evaluate the usefulness of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS II) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) for its measurement. Methods: A longitudinal mixed methods study was performed. Ten patients were interviewed and completed WHODAS II and FSS questionnaires to assess disability and fatigue at 2 time‐points. Inductive thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. The non‐parametric Wilcoxon test was performed for quantitative analysis. Results: All participants reported an improvement in their condition after salbutamol consumption. WHODAS II and FSS reliably captured changes in patients' disability and fatigue. Conclusions: The mixed methods design allowed us to identify the functional domains in which participants experienced effects of salbutamol. Patients were satisfied with the treatment as shown by decreased fatigue, improved functioning, and infrequent side effects. Muscle Nerve, 2016 Muscle Nerve 54: 843–849, 2016


The population of Hunedoara County has manifested after the Revolution of December 1989 a continuous downward trend. According to National Statistics Institute in Hunedoara County, in 2012, at the last population census there was only a number of 418,545 people representing the constant population and since 2016 it had decreased with almost 5% in 4 years but counting from 1992 the decrease is of almost 28%. As far as concerns migration, the official figures of the number of the temporarily absent people left abroad for a shorter than a 12 months' period it was 5,510 and the number of those who were left for a period longer than a year it was 15,215. As follows, the total numbe`r of migrants was 20,725 which represents a percentage higher than 4% from the total number of the population. Comparing the data received from the AJOFM Hunedoara (the statistics is effectuated every year in August) with those obtained from the CJRAE Hunedoara (statistics reported every year in February), - excepting the year 2015- when the effect of the liberalisation of the labour market in Great Britain can be remarked, it can be noticed a descendent evolution of the number of unemployed which fact drags a decrease of the children with migrant parents. On the other hand, a very important decline of the unemployment in 2017 resulted into a diminution of the parents who would leave abroad in the following year.


The widespread opinion that both protein and phosphorus cause calcium loss is examined. Controlled human studies show that commonly used complex dietary proteins, which have a high phosphorus content, do not cause calcium loss in adult humans. Similarly, a phosphorus intake of up to 2000 mg/d does not have adverse effects on calcium metabolism; however, the type of phosphate contained in carbonated beverages may not behave in the same manner. In contrast, a diet low in protein and phosphorus may have adverse effects on calcium balance in the elderly. Studies with adults suggest that high protein foods do not cause calcium loss.