The recurring motif of water is particularly symbolic in the wandering journeys of Kurt Schwitters,
Ludwig Wittgenstein and W.G Sebald. The terraqueous landscape of the west coast of Norway
was attractive to Wittgenstein who lived in a hytte overlooking Lake Eidsvatnet in Skjolden at the
inner end of the Sognefjord between 1913 and 1951, where the combination of natural beauty and
remoteness were conducive to his rigorous intellect.
Kurt Schwitters spent much of his time in the 1930s living and working on his Merz in a primitive
woodshed on the island of Hjertoya near Molde, also on the west coast of Norway not too far
from Wittgenstein's retreat in Skjolden. The narrative of Schwitters' journeys in Norway between
Moldefjord, Djupvatnet and Oslofjord in the 1930s and his time living and working in Elterwater in
the English Lake District until his death in 1948 form much of the thinking behind the premise for
the exhibition Unrecounted (2012). This brought together for the first time, a number of photographs
of the landscapes in Norway, the English Lake District, and Suffolk where Wittgenstein, Schwitters
and Sebald walked, contemplated, inhabited and thought through. Much of these landscapes are defined through their proximity to water; indeed it is arguably the
very essence of the relationship between land and water that has helped form much of contemporary
cultural history exemplified through Wittgenstein's work on logic and language, Schwitters' avantgarde
concrete poetry, performance, and transformative art or W.G Sebald's wonderfully exquisite
description of the lost city of Dunwich, literally and metaphorically ruined and drowned in the
North Sea and mythologised in our imagination.
Robert Macfarlane wrote a short essay for the Unrecounted exhibition (2012), and he asks two
questions that I would like to reframe for this paper: firstly, what do I know when I am in this place
that I can know nowhere else? And secondly, what does this place know of me that I cannot know
of myself?


When an electron beam passes through or near a metal structure, it will excite surface plasmons, providing a unique way to access surface plasmon behavior at the nanoscale. An electron beam focused to nanometer dimensions thus functions as a point source that is able to probe the local plasmonic mode structure at deep-subwavelength resolution. In this article, we show how well-controlled coupling between an electron beam and surface plasmons, combined with a far-field detection system, allows characterization and manipulation of plasmons on a variety of plasmonic devices. By mapping the spatial profile of inelastic scattering to resonant modes, the dispersion and losses of surface plasmons are resolved. The technique further allows probing of the confinement of plasmons within cavities and measuring the angular emission profile of nanoantennas. The coupling of electrons to surface plasmons allows the use of the electron beam as a dipole emitter that can be positioned at will. The beam position thereby can select between modes with different symmetries. This effect can be used to exert forces on plasmonic structures on the nanometer length scale with great control.


Purpose: To describe the clinicopathologic characteristics and the expression of diagnostic/treatment targets in ocular adnexal Kaposi Sarcoma. Methods: We conducted a clinical-pathologic retrospective case series. Immunohistochemical staining for cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31), human herpesvirus-8 (HHV8), platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR-A), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGF), tyrosine-protein kinase Kit (c-Kit), and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) were performed. Percentage of positive tumor cells was recorded for PD-1; staining intensity and distribution (H-score) were determined for the remaining stains. A Friedman non-parametric ANOVA analysis evaluated the staining. Results: The study cohort included 13 patients (age 25 to 95 years; mean 46): 7 lesions were in the eyelid, 5 in the conjunctiva, and 1 in the cornea. Nine of 11 lesions (82%) were in human immunodeficiency syndrome-positive patients (human immunodeficiency syndrome status was unknown in 2 cases). Staging included 6 plaques and 7 nodules. The mean H-scores of CD31, HHV8, c-Kit, VEGF, and PDGF-A were 8.00, 8.23, 2.77, 11.54, and 10.31, respectively. Mean PD-1 staining was 6.46%. The Friedman non-parametric ANOVA analysis showed VEGF, PDGF-A, CD31, and HHV8 differed significantly, and all differed significantly from c-Kit. Programmed cell death protein 1 staining was not significant with any clinical variable. Conclusions: Cluster of differentiation 31 and HHV8 are helpful diagnostic adjuncts for ocular adnexal Kaposi Sarcoma. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and VEGF are promising treatment targets. Programmed cell death protein 1/PD-L1 and c-Kit are targets that are useful in several tumors; their roles in ocular adnexal Kaposi Sarcoma warrant further studies. In addition to morphology, immunohistochemical markers are useful in the diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma involving ocular adnexa, and novel markers show promise as possible therapeutic targets for this anatomically challenging site.


Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a revolutionary technology which leverages the laws of quantum mechanics to distribute cryptographic keying material between two parties with theoretically unconditional security. Terrestrial QKD systems are limited to distances of <200 km in both optical fiber and line-of-sight free-space configurations due to severe losses during single photon propagation and the curvature of the Earth. Thus, the feasibility of fielding a low Earth orbit (LEO) QKD satellite to overcome this limitation is being explored. Moreover, in August 2016, the Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully launched the world's first QKD satellite. However, many of the practical engineering performance and security tradeoffs associated with space-based QKD are not well understood for global secure key distribution. This paper presents several system-level considerations for modeling and studying space-based QKD architectures and systems. More specifically, this paper explores the behaviors and requirements that researchers must examine to develop a model for studying the effectiveness of QKD between LEO satellites and ground stations.


Reliability with CORBA Event Channels X. Defago, P. Felber, B. Garbinato, and R. Guerraoui This paper presents a pragmatic way to build a Reliable CORBA Event Service. Our approach is pragmatic in the sense that, rather than building the service from scratch, we show how to obtain it, through a simple transformation, from any standard (unreliable) CORBA 2.0 Event Service. Our extension does not introduce any modification to the CORBA specification, nor any communication overhead. The Reliable CORBA Event Service provides the adequate semantics for building reliable notification-based applications, and an interesting light-weight and open alternative to existing group oriented systems.


The aim of the research was to explore how Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) nurses elicited patients concerns. Through the use of participants' stories from clinical practice, the research explored how therapeutic relationships developed between the HIV nurse and patient. Through the use of story telling the nurses were able to explore situations in which they had dealt with strong emotions of patients with complex needs.
HIV care has evolved as a result of the development of effective antiretroviral therapy and has now been categorised as a long term condition. As a result of advances in the medical treatment of HIV, the role of the HIV nurse has also developed. It is important to explore the impact of these changes for the role of HIV nurses in clinical practice when eliciting the concerns of their patients.
Data were gathered using semi-structured interviews from ten nurses who volunteered to be involved in the study. The nurses were interviewed on a single occasion and were encouraged to share stories from their own clinical practice. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used and underpinned by Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology in order to analyse the data that was generated through the interviews. Alongside the participants stories I have also presented reflexive accounts from my own practice, which have helped in the development of the research
The findings revealed that the process of eliciting patients' concerns were a complex and multifactorial process. Analysis of the interviews revealed three superordinate themes: a way of being: HIV nurses' experiences; the nurse-patient relationship and factors that impact on authentic care. Through these reflexive accounts from the HIV nurses' clinical practice, a framework was developed for an HIV nursing philosophy that was patient-centred, non-judgemental and enabled nurses to elicit patient's concerns.
The research adds to the growing body of knowledge on the positive relationship that developed between the HIV nurse and patient. It also adds to the increasing body of knowledge of what it means to work in a patient centred way in order to elicit the concerns of patients.


This study compares the recidivism rates of two groups of Illinois drivers who had their driver's licenses revoked for alcohol-impaired driving and who received restricted driving permits. Drivers in both groups had more than two driving under the influence (DUI) actions against their record within 5 years or were classed as level III alcohol dependents. Drivers in one group were required to install breath alcohol ignition interlock devices in their vehicles and drivers in the other group were not. The research found that drivers with the interlock were one-fifth as likely to be arrested for DUI during the 1 year the device was installed as the comparison group, which did not have the device. However, once the ignition interlock was removed, drivers in this group rapidly returned to DUI arrest rates similar to those in the comparison group. These findings echo previous literature. Additionally, the study showed that this voluntary program in Illinois reached only 16% of the drivers who met the requirements for installing the interlock device. Finally, this study found that individuals who were removed from the interlock program and returned to revoked status continued to drive. Within 3 years, approximately 50% of this latter group were involved in a crash or were arrested for DUI or with an invalid driver's license. Conclusions drawn from the study suggest that the breath alcohol ignition interlock device is effective in preventing continued driving while impaired. However, the large-scale effectiveness of the device is limited since most of the drivers eligible for the device do not have it installed. To have a significant impact, the interlock device must represent a better alternative to drivers whose licenses were suspended or revoked because of alcohol arrests compared to remaining on revoked status without having the device installed. Finally the research suggests that, given the rapid return to predevice recidivism, the devices should remain installed until drivers can demonstrate an extended period of being alcohol free.


In this paper we describe the anisotropic velocity distribution function of the electron swarm in weakly ionized gases from the three-term spherical harmonic expansion technique of the Boltzmann equation, and a method for solving the coupled integro-differential equations for the electron distribution functions. In the method for solving the equations, we employ a numerical technique using the implicit Gear's algorithms. Important advantages of using such a numerical technique in the present system are efficiency to solve the stiff equations stably, and appropriateness for obtaining a solution of the equations with poor initial conditions. This analysis is applied to the steady-state electron swarm in helium. Comparative calculation with the conventional two-term Lorentz approximation shows that, not only at high E/N, but even at low E/N, subject to almost spherically symmetric velocity distribution, this procedure gives the results with sufficient accuracy. Also the swarm characteristics in helium are discussed from a viewpoint of the anisotropic velocity distributions.


Multiple Property Submissions (MPS) were established in 1977 as a form of designation under the National Register of Historic Places and are dependent on historic contexts and thematic building types/styles as grounds for significance. This reliance on historic context opened the doors for nominating several vernacular or commonplace buildings and allowed for a more objective approach to evaluating the significance of historic resources. As a form of designation reliant upon local historic contexts that simultaneously contribute to broader national contexts, these frameworks were intended to feed into planning initiatives such as tourism, local oral histories, and educational programming. Tangible links between significant events that have the shaped the places and society we live in today have the potential to enrich and strengthen communities through active use and planning. As such, this thesis focuses on a city with a MPS and examines the implications of this designation and its potential to tie into planning initiatives aimed toward revitalization. The city of Opa-locka, located approximately ten miles northwest of Miami, Florida, was designed under an Arabian Nights theme complete with a progressive master plan based on Garden City principles. Today, Opalocka is said to contain the largest collection of Moorish Revival style buildings in the United States and is also a city in need of revitalization due to a depressed economy and weak tax base. Can Opa-locka retain and promote its historic architectural heritage and supportively grow beyond its original Arabian Nights theme? This thesis proposes a framework and recommendations for a community revitalization-based preservation plan for the city's historic resources based on historic planning practices, case studies, and interviews. A community revitalization-based preservation plan would result in a plan cognizant of the area's needs that would aim to leverage the MPS designation and build beyond its highlighted contexts to endorse the economic benefits of historic preservation. While this work focuses on the city of Opa-locka, the methodologies and recommendations can serve as a case study for revitalization efforts in similar types of municipalities with strong architectural themes or historic character derived from resources listed under a MPS.


Preface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. 0 Preliminaries. 0.1 The Natural Numbers. 0.2 The Rationals. 1 The Real Numbers and Completeness. 1.0 Introduction. 1.1 Interval Arithmetic. 1.2 Families of Intersecting Intervals. 1.3 Fine Families. 1.4 Definition of the Reals. 1.5 Real Number Arithmetic. 1.6 Rational Approximations. 1.7 Real Intervals and Completeness. 1.8 Limits and Limiting Families. Appendix: The Goldbach Number and Trichotomy. 2 An Inverse Function Theorem and its Application. 2.0 Introduction. 2.1 Functions and Inverses. 2.2 An Inverse Function Theorem. 2.3 The Exponential Function. 2.4 Natural Logs and the Euler Number. 3 Limits. Sequences and Series. 3.1 Sequences and Convergence. 3.2 Limits of Functions. 3.3 Series of Numbers. Appendix I: Some Properties of Exp and Log. Appendix 11: Rearrangements of Series. 4 Uniform Continuity. 4.1 Definitions and Elementary Properties. 4.2 Limits and Extensions. Appendix I: Are there Non-Continuous Functions? Appendix XI: Continuity of Double-Sided Inverses. Appendix III: The Goldbach Function. 5 The Riemann Integral. 5.1 Definition and Existence. 5.2 Elementary Properties. 5.3 Extensions and Improper Integrals. 6 Differentiation. 6.1 Definitions and Basic Properties. 6.2 The Arithmetic of Differentiability. 6.3 Two Important Theorems. 6.4 Derivative Tools. 6.5 Integral Tools. 7 Sequences and Series of Functions. 7.1 Sequences of Functions. 7.2 Integrals and Derivatives of Sequences. 7.3 Power Series. 7.4 Taylor Series. 7.5 The Periodic Functions. Appendix: Binomial Issues. 8 The Complex Numbers and Fourier Series. 8.0 Introduction. 8.1 The Complex Numbers C. 8.2 Complex Functions and Vectors. 8.3 Fourier Series Theory. References. Index.


Some individuals borrow extensively on their credit cards. This paper tests whether present-biased time preferences correlate with credit card borrowing. In a field study, we elicit individual time preferences with incentivized choice experiments, and match resulting time preference measures to individual credit reports and annual tax returns. The results indicate that present-biased individuals are more likely to have credit card debt, and have significantly higher amounts of credit card debt, controlling for disposable income, other socio-demographics, and credit constraints.


There has been a considerable increase in our understanding of the role of arachidonic acid metabolites in asthma over the last decade. Arachidonic acid provides a source for both leukotrienes and prostanoids which have a diverse range of properties that are important in regulating the airway inflammatory response. It is clear that cysteinyl leukotrienes are important pro-inflammatory mediators in asthma which act to enhance bronchoconstriction. This has led to the development of a number of agents which either target the enzymes involved in leukotriene synthesis or are antagonists at specific leukotriene receptors. The development of these agents has allowed the role of leukotrienes in diVerent variants of asthma to be studied. The other arm of arachidonic acid metabolism is the cyclooxygenase pathway. Cyclo-oxygenase exists in two forms—a constitutive form, COX-1, responsible for the production of housekeeping prostaglandins, and an inducible form, COX-2, which is involved in inflammatory processes. Prostanoids have a number of functions which can influence airway inflammation—for example, PGD2 and PGF2á are constrictor agents whereas PGE2 is predominantly bronchoprotective. Recent studies have considered how alterations in prostanoid metabolism may contribute to asthma. A greater understanding of leukotriene and prostaglandin synthetic pathways has, in particular, contributed to our understanding of aspirin intolerance and related syndromes such as aspirin induced asthma and nasal polyposis. The papers in this supplement contain contributions from a number of experts in the fields of leukotriene and prostaglandin cell biology and clinical pathophysiology, both inside and outside the lung. Their contributions have allowed us to compile a supplement which contains a great deal of important information that has implications beyond aspirin induced asthma. We thank the authors of these papers for their contributions and hope that this supplement will make stimulating reading for the wider readership of Thorax, and also serve as a reference source for those with an interest in the field. The work was presented at the International Symposium on Aspirin Intolerance and Related Syndromes: a Multidisciplinary Approach, organised by the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart and the European Network on Aspirin Induced Asthma (AIANE) in Rome on 11–13 November 1999.


The present paper is focused on linear quadratic regulator (LQR) synthesis. It is evident that the solution of the problem leads to finding a solution of symmetric root locus (SRL) problem. It is proven and analytical evidences is also presented that by using SRL synthesis method and further application of LQR method guarantees stability, minimum phase and gain margins of the closed loop system. The presented mathematical relationships are further proven with experimental investigation in MATLAB programming environment.


To enable assessment of recombinant BFDV capsid protein (recBFDVcap) for vaccination to protect against PBFD, commercially available lovebirds (Agapornis sp.) were tested for evidence of past and current BFDV infection using PCR, HI and HA to identify suitable BFDV-free birds in which to test the vaccine. During this attempt, it was found that lovebirds from commercial aviaries were endemically infected with BFDV with evidence of up to 100% prevalence of BFDV DNA in blood samples from individual birds over time. Such an approach was abandoned as unlikely to yield suitable numbers of naive birds to conduct a BFDV vaccination trial.
As commercially available lovebirds were considered to be a poor source of BFDV-free birds, wild caught cockatoo nestlings and eggs (long-billed corella; Cacatua tenuirostris and galah; Eolophus roseicapillus) were used to assess the efficacy of BFDV vaccination using baculovirus recombinant BFDV capsid. Eggs were artificially incubated and 3 eggs successfully hatched and 1 was successfully hand-reared. All nestlings were screened for BFDV DNA in blood using PCR upon arrival then on days 11, 18 and 25 and tested for anti-BFDV antibody on the day of arrival. All hatched birds were determined to be free of BFDV DNA and BFDV HI antibody in the peripheral blood throughout the hand rearing period and the flock was considered to be suitable for a BFDV vaccination trial.

Corellas (n=13) were injected with 1 mL of vaccine containing 10 μg recBFDVcap on day 0 and 0.4 mL vaccine containing 66.8 μg recBFDVcap on day 11. All vaccinated corellas and 5 non-vaccinated control corellas were given 0.4 mL BFDV suspension (titre = log2 12 HAU/50 μL) intramuscularly and 0.1 mL orally 16 days after booster vaccination. Blood was collected periodically during the vaccination period and blood and feathers collected before and after BFDV administration. Testing included BFDV DNA detection by PCR and qRT PCR (on blood) as well as serum antibody detection by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and BFDV DNA and antigen was detected by qRT PCR and haemagglutination (HA) (on feathers), respectively. Four of 97 blood samples collected from vaccinated birds post BFDV challenge tested positive by PCR, whereas 17 of 35 samples taken from non-vaccinated control corellas tested positive. Vaccinated birds did not develop feather lesions, had only transient PCR detectable viraemia and had no evidence of persistent infection 270 days post-challenge using PCR, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Non-vaccinated control corellas developed transient feather lesions and PCR, HI and HA test results consistent with PBFD. They were BFDV PCR positive for up to 41 days post-challenge and qRT PCR demonstrated reduced virus replication in vaccinated birds compared to non-vaccinated control birds. Thus, administration of recBFDVcap vaccine alone was found to incite an adaptive immune response in BFDV-free corellas that subsequently conferred protection against inoculation with BFDV.

A commonly utilized method for excising blood dried on filter paper was proven to be of high risk of carryover contamination facilitated by a hole punch used for processing several samples. Therefore a practical method of avoiding carryover contamination was developed and used in the DNA testing procedures of the vaccination trial.

Finally, the haematological characteristics of the above mentioned cockatoos were studied before and for 97 days after experimental infection with BFDV. It was found that the pre-challenge haematological values were similar between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated corellas. Most pre-challenge parameters were comparable to previously reported values of other cockatoos and psittacine birds. Significant differences were seen in both groups when comparing pre-challenge values with post challenge values for total and differential leukocyte concentrations, but PCV and TSP were not significantly affected by BFDV challenge.


Tissue engineering combines the fields of engineering, chemistry, biology, and medicine to fabricate replacement tissues able to restore, maintain, or improve structurally and functionally damaged organs. The approach of regenerative medicine is of paramount importance for treating patients with severe cardiac diseases. For successful exploitation, the challenge for cardiac regenerative medicine is to identify the suitable combination between the best cell source for cardiac repair and the design of the optimal scaffold as a template for tissue replacement. Adult stem cells have the potential to improve regenerative medicine with their peculiar feature to self-renew and differentiate into various phenotypes. Insights into the stem cell field lead to the identification of the suitable scaffold features that enhance the ex vivo proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Scaffolds composed of natural and/or synthetic polymers can organise stem cells into complex architectures that mimic native tissues. To achieve this, a proper design of the chemical, mechanical, and morphological characteristics of the scaffold at different length scales is needed to reproduce the tissue complexity at the cell-scaffold interface. Hierarchical porosities are needed in a single construct, at the millimetre scale to help nutrition and vascularisation, at the micrometer scale to accommodate cells, and at the nanometre scale to favour the expression of extra-cellular matrix components. The present study has been undertaken to setup strategies to integrate stem cells and tailored scaffolds, as a tool to control cardiac tissue regeneration. Among the many available techniques for scaffold fabrication, porogen leaching, phase separation, and electrospinning were selected as low-cost and user-friendly technologies to fabricate tuneable, hierarchically porous matrices that mimic aspects of the cell native surroundings. The biological validation of these scaffolds was performed by implanting adult stem cells.


Abstract Microvesicles (MVs) are small membrane enclosed structures released into the extracellular space by virtually all cell types. Their composition varies according to the cell origin and the stimulus which caused their formation. They harbor functional molecules and participate in intercellular communication. Endothelium, inflammatory cells, and cancer cells produce procoagulant MVs which contribute to cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) in animal models. The tissue factor (TF) conveyed by these MVs was shown to play a key role in different animal models of experimental CAT. Alternatively, other molecular mechanisms involving polyphosphates or phosphatidylethanolamine could also be involved. In clinical practice, an association between an increase in the number of TF-positive or the procoagulant activity of these MVs and the occurrence of CAT has indeed been demonstrated in pancreatic-biliary cancers, suggesting that they could behave as a biomarker predictive for CAT. However, to date, this association was not confirmed in other types of cancer. Potential causes explaining this limited associated between MVs and CAT are (1) the diversity of mechanisms associating MVs and different types of cancer; (2) a more complex role of MVs in hemostasis integrating their anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activity; and (3) the lack of sensitivity, reproducibility, and standardization of current methodologies permitting measurement of MVs. Each of these hypotheses constitutes an interesting exploration path for a future reassessment of the clinical interest of the MVs in CAT.


ABSTRACT Recent evidence in adults indicates that object perceptual processing is affected by the competition between action representations. In the absence of a specific motor plan, reachable objects associated with distinct structural (grasping) and functional (using) actions (e.g., calculator) elicit slower judgments than objects associated with similar actions (e.g., ball). This effect is believed to reflect the cost entailed by the conflict between action representations. The present study aims to identify age-related changes in this conflict cost and investigate its underlying mechanisms. Five age groups from 8 to adulthood participated (n = 119). Participants performed perceptual judgments on different 3D objects in a virtual environment in order to assess their conflict cost (Experiment 1). Action priming effects and Simon effects were further assessed in the same participants as independent indices of the ability to activate action representations and to monitor conflict, respectively (Experiments 2 and 3). Experiment 1 demonstrated that the conflict cost is present in children as young as 8 and follows a non-linear, U-shaped developmental trajectory between 8 and adulthood. Experiments 2 and 3 indicated that action priming effects showed a similar U-shaped curve, whereas Simon effects were stable across age groups. Action priming effects further predicted conflict costs at 10. Results suggest that the conflict cost relies on the ability to activate action representations from visual objects, which undergoes important changes during early adolescence. The role of general conflict monitoring abilities in conflict cost development requires further investigation. The findings will fuel models of action selection and embodied views of development.


Neoclassical Tearing Modes (NTMs) are widely observed in tokamak plasmas. They have a detrimental effect on plasma confinement and may even lead to disruptions. Therefore it is important to understand the evolution of NTMs, which is influenced by several effects. These effects are summarized in the Modified Rutherford Equation. The TCV tokamak is equipped with very flexible heating systems and extensive magnetic and kinetic diagnostics, and is therefore very suited to study NTM evolution. In many experimental sessions at TCV the general NTM characteristics were studied. An important question is the relative importance of the effects of heating and current drive of ECRH/ECCD on the evolution of the NTM; in many modelling efforts in the past the effect of heating was neglected. A series of dedicated TCV experiments was devoted to disentangle these roles in the suppression of the m/n = 2/1 NTM: the NTM was triggered by central co-ECCD using 2 gyrotrons, and then it was tried to stabilize this NTM with a third gyrotron whose deposition location was swept from the centre towards the q = 2 surface. In otherwise similar discharges, this third gyrotron was delivering either coor counter-ECCD, or pure ECRH. In the experiment a clear difference in NTM stabilization was observed between these discharges. The main aim of the present work is to reproduce the different time evolutions as described in the previous paragrah, and decide from this whether the effect of heating is essential to capture the time evolution of the NTM. This is done by simultaneously modelling the evolution of the NTMs and of the current density and temperature profiles. For this purpose the Rapid Plasma Transport simulatOR (RAPTOR) is used [F. Felici et al, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 54 (2012) 025002]. It has a module that solves the NTM evolution based on the Modified Rutherford Equation. RAPTOR self-consistently calculates the simultaneous evolution of electron temperature, q profile and NTM width. It is shown that the triggering and suppression of the m/n = 2/1 NTM in TCV by varying the ECCD deposition and by varying the sign of the CD, can be described well by the Modified Rutherford Equation. Moreover, it is shown that the H term in this equation is essential to fully capture the observed dynamics. † See author list of S.Coda et al 2019 Nucl. Fusion 59 112023 PACS numbers: 52.25.Fi, 52.55.Fa, 52.50.Gj


Background: Nearly 20% of adult Americans used herbal therapies in 2007, but greater than two-thirds failed to report such use to their medical provider. Significant patient harm may occur when herbal supplements are taken in conjunction with warfarin; however, patients and medical providers may not be aware of these interactions and this may place patients at risk for life-threatening bleeds or thrombotic complications. Methods: The authors determined the top 25 herbal and 25 nonherbal supplements used by Americans using sales data from 2008, and each product was reviewed for its potential to interact with warfarin. Electronic searches were conducted using the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, AltMedDex (Micromedex) and Natural Standards databases. Search terms included common herbal names, warfarin, and anticoagulants. Databases were reviewed for herb-drug interactions with warfarin. Supplements with a purported theoretical interaction only were excluded from the analysis. Results: Of the most commonly used herbal and nonherbal supplements used, more than half demonstrate a clinically significant drug interaction with warfarin therapy. Specifically, 8 of 13 were found to potentiate a bleeding risk, and 5 of 13 were found to decrease the effectiveness of warfarin. Documented bleeding events have been linked to the use of some of these products (e.g. cranberry, garlic, ginkgo, and saw palmetto); whereas others have been found to demonstrate a clinically significant increase (e.g. glucosamine / chondroitin, essential fatty acids, multi-herb products, evening primrose oil) or decrease (e.g. coenzyme Q10, soy, melatonin, ginseng, St. John's wort) in prothrombin time and required warfarin dose adjustments or vitamin K administration. Conclusions: Of the most commonly used herbal and nonherbal supplements, the majority impacted prothrombin times and 26% significantly impacted warfarin therapy safety or efficacy. The combined use of herbal-warfarin products has the potential to result in significant bleeding or thrombotic sequelae complicating the management of an already high-risk medication. Medical providers must be proactive in asking about supplement use and then discussing the risks of herbal-warfarin interactions with their patients.


Gait analysis is an important process to gauge human motion. Recently, longitudinal gait analysis received much attention from the medical and healthcare domains. The challenge in studies over extended time periods is the battery life. Due to the continuous sensing and computing, wearable gait devices cannot fulfill a full-day work schedule. In this paper, we present an energy-efficient adaptive sensing framework to address this problem. Through presampling for content understanding, a selective sensing and sparsity-based signal reconstruction method is proposed. In particular, we develop and implement the new sensing scheme in a smart insole system to reduce the number of samples, while still preserving the information integrity of gait parameters. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our method in data point reduction. Our proposed method improves the battery life to 10.47 h, while normalized mean square error is within 10%.


A new model for cluster growth is introduced. The model is built with a long time memory which is similar to the one found in cluster growth in disordered media. The model, as a function of its parameter, interpolates between Eden growth and invasion percolation-like growth and has a behavior similar to self-avoiding walks in another limit.


Sick-leave after road traffic accidents. Hansson, P. G. (Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery I, Sahlgren Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden). 425 road traffic casualties, all covered by the National Insurance Scheme, were followed up regarding duration of inability to work. The average for the whole group was 35 days. There was a close relation between seriousness of injury and time off work. Motorcyclists had the longest time off work and cyclists injured in bicycle accidents the shortest. Casualties with orthopaedic injuries were off work for 120 days, on average, and accounted for 67% of the total paid sick-leave, although they constituted only 20% of those injured. The responsibility for the treatment of trauma is discussed.


Five mulberry plant varieties viz. BSRM-56, BSRM-57, BSRM-58, BSRM-59 and BSRM34 were used to evaluate the effects of these varieties on larval and cocoon characteristics of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) at Bangladesh Sericulture Research and Training Institute, Rajshahi during June – July, 2007. Silkworm larvae were under gone five larval instars on leaves of mulberry varieties and different larval characteristics: larval weight, larval length and larval breadth were collected in different growth stages. After rearing period the fifth instar larvae were transferred into mountage (Chandraki) for spinning and producing cocoon. The cocoons were then harvested and different cocoon characteristics like cocoon weight, shell weight and shell percentage and others characters like pupal weight, effective rate of rearing were collected. The results showed statistically significant difference among different varieties on larval and cocoon characteristics. The higher performance was observed by feeding the variety BSRM-34 in respect of 10 mature larval weight (40.500mg), single mature larval length (7.660 cm) and breadth (0.980 cm), single cocoon weight (1.397mg), shell weight (0.180mg) and pupal weight (1.220 gm) while the average performance was recorded by feeding the variety BSRM-57 and BSRM-59 and poor performance was showed by feeding the variety BSRM-56 (in case of larval characters) and BSRM-58 (in case of cocoon characters) in respect of these characters as well as silk yield. These results indicated that the leaves of different mulberry varieties have statistically variable effect on larval and cocoon characteristics as well as silk yield, means silk yield varies with leaves of mulberry varieties.


Iterative design methodologies based on a simulation-debugging-update cycle form the basis of Verilog design development. An automated flow to speed up iterative design cycles is presented here. Compilation speedup is obtained by partitioning the circuit in order to exploit the locality of code updates during a typical iteration, in order to recompile only the modified parts of the design. Simulation speedup is obtained by interfacing multiple instances of the same simulator together through a cosimulation interface, either on single-core or dual-core computers. Particular care is taken in the design of the cosimulation interface to ensure the same accuracy as during a single-kernel simulation. A smartcard circuit embedding an asynchronous ARM processor is used as a demonstrator. The speedup is analysed on both single and dual core machines with gate-level simulation. An unexpected result is that even on a single-core computer, in some circumstances, partitioning a simulation and simulating both parts simultaneously leads to some speedup in spite of the losses due to the cosimulation interface. During the iterative design cycle experiments, the main result is a 30% speedup achieved with all the simulators on a single core and 50% speedup on dual-cores.


Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) method is one of the fluorescence analysis methods that are very excellent methods as one of the quantitative analysis of the material of a small amount. This paper describes a new evaluation method of adhesion soil in woven fabrics by using LIF Spectroscopy. LIF spectra were measured by a developed measuring system. There are a peculiar absorption peak and luminescence peak in the molecule. In this research, we used artificial sweat and artificial lipid as model soil of sample. Then we used cotton cloth, cupro cloth, rayon cloth as standard cloth of sample. Fluorescence intensity of each sample was measured, and the quantitative evaluation of the model soil was done based on fluorescence intensity. This paper also describes the grasp of the distribution situation of the model soil in two dimensions.


This paper describes the characteristics of the online marketplace, and the strategies and tactics which have been employed in reaching that market, starting with an outline of the special challenges inherent in the nature of the product itself, such as technical barriers and copyright considerations. The next section is an overview of the marketplace, addressing the differing requirements of the intermediary and the end‐user communities, followed by a look at how various tactics for promotion and sales have been employed by the online industry, ranging from promotions, to field and telemarketing sales, to ongoing customer interaction. As the market is notable for its wide international reach, a section is devoted to the requirements for worldwide marketing and support. The final section explores the ways in which the future of the online industry depends on the development of appropriate strategies for expanding the marketplace. The issues of market selection, perceived value of information and pricing strategies are discussed. For information services to move out into a broader market, strategic planning based on market needs must underpin product development and sales promotion.


Abstract This paper presents simple models developed to generate covariances between observable and latent variables. The methodology consists of using "variance penalty" terms as a measure of the contribution of the latent-variable uncertainties to the variance of a given calculated quantity z. This approach provides a useful understanding of how the observable and latent variables are related to each other and ensures the positive-definiteness of the covariance matrix. This work has been implemented in the nuclear data assimilation tool CONRAD. Performances of analytic and Monte Carlo models are illustrated with covariances calculated for neutron-induced capture reactions on stable xenon isotopes (124Xe, 126Xe, 128Xe, 129Xe, 130Xe, 132Xe, and 134Xe).


Traditionally, many studies on children's first words have focussed on cross-linguistic analyses, investigating whether children acquire language with a universal noun bias or whether their first words more directly reflect which words are spoken in their environment (see Tardif et al., 2008). However, few papers have, as yet, investigated the effect of age on the composition of children's first words. If children approach language with a noun bias, the age of first word acquisition should not impact the composition of those words. However, if the first words reflect the most common words in the input, we might expect younger and older children to learn different words due to different environmental factors, e.g. a shift in mobility and feeding practices. A new parent report instrument (UK-CDI) is used to compare the composition of the first 10 words in children who reached 10 words at 8-10 months of age with those who reached 10 words at 16-18 months. For the data collected (N=172), a one-way age x all words ANOVA reveals a significant main effect for age [F(1,170)=58.49; p<0.000]. A repeated measures 2 x 5 ANOVA (age x word categories) shows a significant interaction effect between age and word categories [F(4,680)=9.73; p=<0.000] indicating that the age at which the first spoken words occur affects the type of words learnt. Only 43% of the first 10 words produced by 16-18-month-olds were nouns, compared to 64% for the 8-10-month-olds. In addition, overall, 16-18-month-olds had words that spanned more categories, learnt a greater number of sounds (e.g. woof, grr), and knew more food/drink words. However, both groups produced similar numbers of words for games and routines (e.g. hello, yes). The results suggest that the early environment of children plays a substantial role in the composition of the early lexicon within, as well as between, languages.


We will review the scientific case for neutrino astronomy. It has been made since the 1950's by pioneers who realized that, of all high-energy particles, only neutrinos can directly convey astrophysical information from the edge of the Universe and from deep inside its most cataclysmic high-energy regions near black holes. With the Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), we have performed the first scans of the sky using neutrinos of TeV-energy and above as cosmic messengers. We will discuss the search for neutrino emission from gamma-ray bursts and active galaxies, which are known sources of high-energy gamma-rays. We searched with improved sensitivity for magnetic monopoles, and for a cold dark matter signal from the center of the Earth. Most importantly, by observing neutrinos produced by cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere we present a proof of concept for an expandable technology with which to build the ultimate kilometer-scale neutrino observatory, IceCube.


Increased population and movement in the age of unsettlement affects local cultural institutions, ecological constitutions and the ontological sense of belonging. These conditions are arguably influenced by the mounting waste produced by the throw-away culture of the age of the ephemeral. In these times of hypercomplex eco-socio-spatial relationships, there is a growing call to move beyond mainstream sustainability. It asks for a redevelopment of the understanding, and a new narrative, of the relationship between humans, nonhumans and ecologies. Cognitive sciences and narrative studies indicate that embodied experiences of physical environments, i.e. places, are crucial to how we understand, communicate and form relationships to other humans and nonhuman beings and things. This implies that there is a need for more and new types of places for new relationships and lived experiences in these hypercomplex times. Spatial designers influence the formation of places and use methods and expressions that have been correlated to narrative development. This study, therefore, aims to understand and develop a designerly interpretation of 'beyond sustainability'. It does so through a theoretical and practical exploration of the implication of regenerative design principles for place-making. As a testing ground for this mode of working, it explores proto-regenerative places with public access. More specifically: place-making practices that try to make sense of, and adjust, people's relationship to waste-making practices. To explore how waste-resource relationships could be of value for intersubjectively lived experiences of places, the study also develops a method, the directed derive, to explore emergent phenomena of place. The study combines this exploration with a theoretical inquiry of regenerative theory. Results are the identification of possible characteristics and narrative elements of regenerative public places, as well as core principles and strategies of regenerative placemaking: regenerative eco-socio-techne; situated nonmodern narratives; empowering change. These, in turn, suggest a designerly approach to moving beyond sustainability.


We analyse the costs of antidepressant use in Australia, including government costs. The newer drugs are all expensive and the increases in costs are largely borne by the government —over the last four years the total number of prescriptions for antidepressants has not increased but government costs have doubled.


This paper presents the archaeological record for five late pre-Hispanic sites located in Caspana, in order to discuss Inca expansion in the upper river Loa basin (Atacama Desert). A first categorization of these sites enables to establish a distinction between: a) locals settlements with low presence of inca features –the case of Aldea Talikuna and Estancia Mulorojte; b) pure inca settlements, which include Cerro Verde, Incahuasi Inca and Vega Salada –mineral, agricultural and/or cattle sites, and c) shared settlements where both identities are displayed in a symbolically laden context –like Los Abuelos cemetery. Our analysis of the material culture associated to these sites suggests a set of significant differences and similarities that would be the result of a direct and planned ruling strategy deployed by the Inca State through elaborately complex symbolicalmeans.


This study was designed to assess, using the echocardiographic acoustic quantification technique, the influence of respiration on left ventricular (LV) function and its modifications connected with the ageing process, quantifying in a non-invasive way the respiratory contribution to the LV volume variability. An automated algorithm is applied to extract the beat-to-beat measurements of LV function parameters from the LV volume signal, obtained from recordings lasting a few minutes. Mean values, amount of variability and spectral content were studied in a population of 17 normal young (mean age 25 +/- 1 years) and 12 normal old (mean age 64 +/- 2 years) subjects. Mean values of the beat-to-beat measurements of LV function parameters were able to point out alterations connected with the ageing process in peak filling rate, peak atrial filling rate and peak ejection rate. Spectral analysis, applied to the extracted variability series, displayed a predominance of the high-frequency (HF) component corresponding to respiration in all LV function parameters; moreover, age related changes of HF variability were observed in peak ejection rate. The HF power spectrum component of beat to beat series extracted from the LV signal can provide a non-invasive assessment of the fluctuations in ventricular parameters associated with respiration.


Abstract Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most popular common major vegetable crops worldwide. This study evaluated the nutritional content of seven commercial eggplant fruits in terms of fatty acid, mineral, sugar, organic acid, amino acid and polyamine contents. The most abundant fatty acid was linoleic acid (range, 39.14-53.81%, ave. 45%), and the most abundant mineral was K (range, 1556.2-3171.6 mg/kg fw, ave. 2331.9). The major organic acid was malic acid (range, 129.87-387.01 mg/g fw, ave. 157.49), and the major sugar was fructose (range, 1242.81- 1379.77 mg/100 g fw, ave. 1350.88). The major polyamine was putrescine (11.54 and 25.70 nmol/g fw, ave. 17.86), and the major amino acid was glutamine (148.4 and 298.75 mg/100 g fw, ave. 219.74). Overall, taking into account the export potential of eggplants, these results may contribute to further studies aiming to improve other nutrient-rich varieties of eggplant in breeding programs.


Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box (ASB) family members have a C-terminal SOCS box and an N-terminal ankyrin-related sequence of variable repeats. To date, the roles of ASB family members remain largely unknown. In the present study, by employing knockdown analysis, we investigated the effects of ASB7 on mouse oocyte meiosis. We show that specific depletion of ASB7 disrupts maturational progression and meiotic apparatus. In particular, abnormal spindle, misaligned chromosomes, and loss of cortical actin cap are frequently observed in ASB7-abated oocytes. Consistent with this observation, incidence of aneuploidy is increased in these oocytes. Meanwhile, confocal scanning reveals that loss of ASB7 impairs kinetochore–microtubule interaction and provokes the spindle assembly checkpoint during oocyte meiosis. Furthermore, we find a significant reduction of ASB7 protein in oocytes from aged mice. Importantly, increasing ASB7 expression is capable of partially rescuing the maternal age-induced meiotic defects in oocytes. Together, our data identify ASB7 as a novel player in regulating cytoskeletal organization and discover the potential effects of ASB7 on quality control of aging oocytes.


Speak, Be Silent is a work for solo violin & ensemble of 15 musicians: flute/piccolo, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, saxophone, trumpet, trombone, tuba, percussion, piano, harp, violin, viola, violoncello, double bass, commissioned by Ensemble Contrechamps with the generous support of the Ernst von Siemens Foundation. Dedicated to Ensemble Contrechamps, the work was premiered at the opening of their 2015-16 season on 29th September 2015 with David Grimal playing solo violin with Ensemble Contrechamps conducted by Michael Wendeberg at the Theâtre de l'Alhambra in Geneva.


Background: For the knowledge company the employees' competencies and knowledge are important assets. According to this, there has been a lot discussion about how to best take advantage of the employees' knowledge and create organizational learning. This organizational learning can be difficult to create due to the individuals' own goals and the fast changes in today's society. Purpose: "To define how factors such as time pressure, individualism and increased mobility on the future labour market will influence the knowledge companies and affect the organizational learning. We will also studyif mentoring in the future is a possible way to accomplish organizational learning." Delimitations: We have only investigated how the organizational learning will be affected by increased time pressure, individualism and mobility. We have also looked at organized, company internal, mentoring. Realization and Results: We have conducted interviews at three different knowledge companies, where one of them has an organized, internal mentoring programme. We have also used three prognoses of future trends and compared these with the answers from the interviewees. From this we found that increased individualism and increased mobility can affect the organizational learning in both a negative and positive way. Increased time pressure is the most critical factor to create an organisational learning in knowledge companies.


This research analyses all the Indonesian companies on the Jakarta Stock Exchange in terms of its ability to communicate via the internet. Analysis is conducted to understand the level of web communication and predictor variables to explain website presence or absence. The results show that 63.8% of such firms have websites. Using logistical regression, statistical differences are found with size and age of firms. Larger and older firms are far more likely to have websites. Indonesian firms are still recovering from the Asian Currency crisis in the late 1990s, the findings in this study show that internet communication to external stakeholders of financial reporting data is still not at an optimal level especially in regards to foreign investors that are more likely to use web technology.


Stimulation of T-cells by IL-2 has been exploited for treatment of metastatic renal carcinoma and melanoma. However, a narrow therapeutic window delimited by negligible stimulation of T-cells at low picomolar concentrations and undesirable stimulation of NK cells at nanomolar concentrations hampers IL-2-based therapies. We hypothesized that increasing the affinity of IL-2 for IL-2Ralpha may create a class of IL-2 mutants with increased biological potency as compared with wild-type IL-2. Towards this end, we have screened libraries of mutated IL-2 displayed on the surface of yeast and isolated mutants with a 15-30-fold improved affinity for the IL-2Ralpha subunit. These mutants do not exhibit appreciably altered bioactivity at 0.5-5 pM in steady-state bioassays, concentrations well below the IL-2Ralpha equilibrium binding constant for both the mutant and wild-type IL-2. A mutant was serendipitously identified that exhibited somewhat improved potency, perhaps via altered endocytic trafficking mechanisms described previously.


A call for an indigenous positive psychology to address the human development needs of both Emirati and expatriate residents in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is proposed.  A positive psychology approach leverages inherent, yet often neglected social, cultural and religious strengths and mobilizes psychological skills and growth.  Yet, too often, psychology practitioners focus on the negative or do not feel it is their job to promote mental health and happiness.  Many of the UAE's psychology professionals are non-Emiratis; thus, the call for an indigenous psychology is even more pertinent as many theories, tools, and practice models are ill fitting or inappropriately utilized in the UAE.   Rooted in Western notions of secular individualism that run contrary to the UAE's collective and non-secular orientation, a focus on the negatives, avoidance of spirituality, and disguised Western ideals of normality can harm both the social and individual psychological fabric.  Thus, the introduction of an indigenous positive psychology that focuses on and supports natural strengths is timely.  To introduce this idea, the field's tenets are reviewed and the future steps necessary for the development of an indigenous version are proposed with the aim of facilitating the growth of this flourishing nation.


Several microporous carbons were prepared by a two-step method using zeolite HY as a template, and were used as CO2 adsorbents. X-ray diffraction patterns present that the structure regularity of the zeolite has been well-replicated by the templated carbons. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms that the prepared carbons possess abundant nitrogen-containing groups due to the carbon deposition of acetonitrile. The prepared carbons show high CO2 adsorption capacity due to its very high microporous surface area and abundant basic nitrogen-containing groups.


In the present study, Al-Si samples with a graded structure were produced via horizontal centrifugal casting. The distribution of primary and eutectic silicon particles within the produced specimens was investigated by optical microscopy. The microstructure of one end of the sample (closed to rotating axis) consisted of primary Si particles distributed within a eutectic matrix. The volume fraction of these particles decreased towards the other end of the sample and exhibited mostly primary Al-α and eutectic structure. Microhardness and macrohardness measurements conducted along the sample length showed a gradual decreasing value from one end (near the rotation axis) towards the other end of sample demonstrating functionally graded properties. These results were rationalized in terms of the lower density of Si compared to Al alloy which provided the movement of Si particles under the action of centrifugal forces during rotation.


Background This prospective multi-center (PURE) clinical study evaluated healing rates for molars after root canal treatment employing the GentleWave® System (Sonendo, Inc., Laguna Hills, CA). Material and Methods Eighty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria and consented for this clinical study after referral for a root canal treatment. All enrolled patients were treated with the GentleWave System. Five endodontists performed the clinical procedures and follow-up evaluations. Pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative data were collected from the consented patients. Each patient was evaluated for clinical signs and symptoms. Two trained, blinded, and independent evaluators scored the subject tooth radiographs for apical periodontitis using the periapical index (PAI). The teeth classified as healing or healed were considered as a success and composed of a cumulative success rate of healing. Statistical analysis was performed by using the Fisher's exact test, Pearson correlation, and multivariate logistic regression analyses of the pre-operative prognostic factors at 0.05 significance level. Results Seventy-seven patients were evaluated at six months with a follow-up rate of 86.5%. The cumulative success rate of healing was 97.4%. Eleven prognostic factors were identified using bivariate analyses. Using logistic analyses, the two prognostic significant variables that were directly correlated to healing were the pre-operative presence of periapical index (p value=0.016), and single treatment visits (p value=0.024). Conclusions In this six-month PURE clinical study, the cumulative success rate of healing was 97.4% when patients were treated with the GentleWave® System. Key words:Healing rate, root canal treatment, molar, GentleWave™, Sonendo®, Multisonic Ultracleaning™ .


This paper presents an FEM analysis conducted for optimally designing end mill cutters through verifying the cutting tool forces and stresses for milling Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Initially, the theoretical tool forces are calculated by considering the cutting edge on a cutting tool as the curve of an intersection over a spherical/flat surface based on the model developed by Lee & Altinas [1]. Considering the lowest tool forces the cutting tool parameters are taken and optimal design of end mill is decided for different sizes. Then the 3D CAD models of the end mills are developed and used for Finite Element Method to verify the cutting forces for milling Ti-6Al-4V. The cutting tool forces, stress, strain concentration (s), tool wear, and temperature of the cutting tool with the different geometric shapes are simulated considering Ti-6Al-4V as work piece material. Finally, the simulated and theoretical values are compared and the optimal design of cutting tool for different sizes are validated. The present approach considers to improve the quality of machining surface and tool life with effects of the various parameters concerning the oblique cutting process namely axial, radial and tangential forces. Various simulated test cases are presented to highlight the approach on optimally designing end mill cutters.


In this study, we performed high-pressure electrical resistivity measurements of polycrystalline FeSe in the pressure range of 1\char21{}16.0 GPa at temperatures of 4\char21{}300 K. A precise evaluation of ${T}_{c}$ from zero-resistivity temperatures revealed that ${T}_{c}$ shows a slightly distorted dome-shaped curve with maximum ${T}_{c}^{\text{offset}}$ (30 K) at 6 GPa. With the application of pressure, the temperature dependence of resistivity above ${T}_{c}$ changes dramatically to a linear dependence, that the high-${T}_{c}$ phase appears above 3 GPa. We found a striking correlation between ${T}_{c}$ and the Se height: the lower the Se height, the more enhanced is ${T}_{c}$. Moreover, this relation is broadly applicable to other iron pnictides, strongly indicating that high-temperature superconductivity can appear only around the optimum anion height $(\ensuremath{\sim}1.38\text{ }\text{\AA{}})$. On the basis of these results, we suggest that the anion height should be considered as a key determining factor of ${T}_{c}$ of iron-based superconductors containing various anions.


The variations of the fourth-order coefficients of the crystallite orientation distribution function, with rolling reduction have been determined after cold-rolling and annealing for a deep-drawing quality rimming steel and an aluminium-killed steel. These coefficients influence drawability and earing behaviour and by the manipulation of
the coefficients in the distribution function of a 60% cold-rolled and annealed rimming steel, a hypothetical non-earing sheet texture has been derived. By comparison with the actual sheet texture those textural components which most affect earing behaviour are identified.


Genomic knowledge is being translated into clinical care. To fully realize the value, it is critical to place credible information in the hands of clinicians in time to support clinical decision making. The electronic health record is an essential component of clinician workflow. Utilizing the electronic health record to present information to support the use of genomic medicine in clinical care to improve outcomes represents a tremendous opportunity. However, there are numerous barriers that prevent the effective use of the electronic health record for this purpose. The electronic health record working groups of the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network and the Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) project, along with other groups, have been defining these barriers, to allow the development of solutions that can be tested using implementation pilots. In this paper, we present "lessons learned" from these efforts to inform future efforts leading to the development of effective and sustainable solutions that will support the realization of genomic medicine.


A key challenge for dynamic Web service selection is that Web services are typically highly configurable and service requesters often have dynamic preferences on service configurations. Current approaches, such as WS-Agreement, describe Web services by enumerating the various possible service configurations, an inefficient approach when dealing with numerous service attributes with large value spaces. We model Web service configurations and associated prices and preferences more compactly using utility function policies, which also allows us to draw from multi-attribute decision theory methods to develop an algorithm for optimal service selection. In this paper, we present an OWL ontology for the specification of configurable Web service offers and requests, and a flexible and extensible framework for optimal service selection that combines declarative logic-based matching rules with optimization methods, such as linear programming. Assuming additive price/preference functions, experimental results indicate that our algorithm introduces an overhead of only around 2 sec.~compared to random service selection, while giving optimal results. The overhead, as percentage of total time, decreases as the number of offers and configurations increase.


Cathode material Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 for lithium-ion batteries with layered hexagonal structure was successfully synthesized in sol-gel way. The influences of calcination temperature (from 700° to 1000°C) on the structure and electrochemical behaviors of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 were extensively investigated. The results of XRD show that all samples are isostructural with α-NaFeO2 with a space group R-3m. XPS analysis shows that the oxidation states of Co and Mn were Co3+ and Mn4+ respectively, while Ni exists as Ni2+ and Ni3+. The charge-discharge experiments show that the sample calcined at 850°C delivers 194.8mAh/g in the first cycle at C/5 rate in 2.5-4.3V potential range.


Planetary Science
Several kilometers below a lunar dark spot called Oceanus Procellarum lies a giant rectangle: the remnants of a geological plumbing system that spilled lava across the Moon 3.5 billion years ago, scientists say. Andrews-Hanna et al. studied density variations on the Moon's surface, mapped by NASA's GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) spacecraft, which spotted the mysterious rectangle. Procellarum is rich in radioactive elements that produce heat; as the rock cooled, the team theorized, it would have cracked, forming rift valleys that later became channels for upwelling magma. Spilled lava created the dark spot, and the weight of that dense material formed a topographic low. The rectangular shape also casts doubt on the decades-old theory that the circular Procellarum region is a crater created by the impact of a large asteroid.

Nature 10.1038/nature13697 (2014).


Chemical defense is a widespread mechanism on many animals and plants. However, just a few cases are known for avian species. In this study we evaluate the toxicity of Pheucticus chrysopeplus feather extract via lethality test with brine shrimp (Artemia salina) as an in vivo model. Mortality of A. salina was evaluated after 24 hour exposure to artificial seawater, methanol, and the methanolic feather extract. Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference in mortality between treatments (X2 = 65.25, P < 0.0001, n = 50). With this we describe P. chrysopeplus as the first known toxic avian species of Guatemala and Central America, raising awareness about its conservation and the identification of the toxic substance present in its feathers. We also highlight the possible mimicry mechanism taking part between P. chrysopeplus and two sympatric oriole species (Icterus pectoralis and I. pustulatus).


Abstract. Based on metal oxide gas sensors and DSP technology an odor compass is designed in this paper. Odor compass estimates direction of point odor source by analyzing responses of sensors which are placed on different concentration gradient. Main structure consists of distributed metal oxide gas sensors and plexiglas material. Signal sampling and processing are accomplished by DSP system. The directivity of whole system is tested in uniform wind field. Experimental result shows that the responses for the odor sources with 30°disparity have obvious difference. Ratio of resistance response is selected as characteristic quantity. In this way, influence which is generated from individual difference of sensors is effectively eliminated.


Globalization and other forces are challenging the European leadership models and practices. It can be seen that albeit what's a very efficient leadership style for one country may be an extremely ineffective style for another - people aren't always aware that cultural differences exist at all. Finland and Sweden are neighbouring countries which have a long common history behind them. This paper introduces how substantially the management cultures and leadership styles really differ in these countries. Cultural values have an influence on leadership practices and institutional arrangements. Many aspects of leadership are affected by cultural differences, and in this paper the differences in leadership styles between Finland and Sweden are presented, concentrating in management and decision making which vary culture by culture.


Abstract Metaheuristic may be defined as an iterative search process that intelligently performs the exploration and exploitation in the solution space aiming to efficiently find near optimal solutions. Various natural intelligences and inspirations have been artificially embedded into the iterative process. In this work, Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA), which is based on the melody fine tuning conducted by musicians for optimising the synchronisation of the music, was adopted to find optimal solutions of nine benchmarking non-linear continuous mathematical models including two-, three- and four-dimensions. Considering the solution space in a specified region, some models contained a global optimum and multi local optima. A series of computational experiments was used to systematically identify the best parameters of HSA and to compare its performance with other metaheuristics including the Shuffled Frog Leaping (SFL) and the Memetic Algorithm (MA) in terms of the mean and variance of the solutions obtained. Keywords : Harmony Search algorithm, Shuffled Frog Leaping, Memetic Algorithm, Metaheuristics, Optimisation (selected from 1 st Symposium on Hands-on Research and Development, Chiang Mai


In this project the physiology and growth of Rhizopus
arrhizus was investigated in detail with a view to
developing an industrial fermentation process to produce
a lipase enzyme. Spore and vegetative inocula were
examined and biomass production was optimized in flasks
and fermenters. Pelleting of growth was controlled by
developing suitable inoculum procedures and media.
Storage conditions for stock cultures were optimized
also as part of this work. Factors affecting lipase
production were investigated initially m shake-flasks,
and later in stirred laboratory fermenters. The inoculum
development and production fermentations were then
integrated and scaled-up to plant-scale (3,000 litres).
Economic yields of lipase were obtained at this scale.
Other experiments were conducted to determine the
biochemical characteristics of several lipase enzymes
and to develop a rapid and inexpensive lipase assay.
Finally, growth morphology of R. arrhizus was examined
m a range of media to investigate some possible causes
and mechanisms associated with pelleting of growth.


There likewise seems to be a periodicity of seven days, or multiples thereof, in the pyrexia of the fevers. Thus, seven days usually cover the febrile period of measles and scarlet fever, and about the same period that of pneumonia. Rheumatic fever, when untreated, is considered to run a period of fourteen days; fourteen days cover typhus fever, and twenty-one days is the normal period for enteric fever. Pyogenic infections appear to run an indefinite course; and when they complicate diseases due to a specific organism they prolong the illness, sometimes indefinitely. The rise in the temperature is quick and sudden in scarlet fever, influenza, typhus, and pneumonia, but gradual in enteric fever; the fall is also abrupt in pneumonia. Local treatment of the throat is of paramount importance in diphtheria and probably also in scarlet fever and rheumatic fever. The defensive reaction to the invading organism, as represented by the inflammatory response, is very marked in pneumonia, erysipelas, and cerebrospinal meningitis-diseases due to cocci. In the first two leucocytosis is usually highly developed; 'but leucocytosis is deficient or weak in tuberculosis, and notably so in enteric fever. Certain bacilli, such as the tubercle bacillus and that of leprosy, have a stimulating influence on the cells of the tissues, causing granuloma tumours; while in the cancers cell proliferation reaches its highest development of all the diseases known; but the inflammatory reaction is usually feeble or slight and the leucocytosis is not pronounced. These considerations seem to me to establish a pathological affinity of all the above diseases, showing an inflammatory re4ction common to them all, but differing in the amount of the exudation and in the stimulation of the cells of the tissues. In my opinion they bring the cancers into pathological relationship and suggest a similar causation-probably an intracellular parasite.-I am, etc.,


EMGs from the deltoid muscle of the nonpreferred arm were obtained from 18 subjects (9 males, 9 females). The EMGs resulted from a stretch reflex (reflex latency) from the fall of the relaxed arm from an electromagnet and from the resultant EMGs of a voluntary response to stop the preceived falling arm (premotor response). Ten normal trials were followed by 10 inhibition trials. By conscious relaxation of the arm and inhibition of the deltoid muscle, all subjects on most trials were able to completely eliminate the voluntary premotor responses. Elimination of the myotatic reflex proved much more difficult with two subjects completely inhibiting it on all trials and ten subjects on at least one trial; however when the reflex was not inhibited, the inhibited condition resulted in significantly reduced reflex duration and an increased reflex latency. No sex difference was found in the ability to inhibit the EMG responses.


In this paper the potential of the buffer strip concept for providing fracture control in graphite/epoxy laminated composite panels subjected to uniaxial tension static and fatigue loads is evaluated. The specific buffer strip design consists of replacing the 0-deg and 90-deg plies in a n/4 laminate with ′45-deg plies along strips parallel to the uniaxial load direction. A number of specimens were fabricated and tested. The specimens were 8 by 20-in. panels of 8-ply (0, ′45, 90) s Thornel 300/SP286 graphite/epoxy laminates. Two 1-in. wide buffer strips were symmetrically placed 2 in. apart (3 in. center-to-center) and parallel to the longer sides of the panels. Initial flaws consisting of slits and circular holes of various sizes and orientations were machined at the midsection between the two buffer strips. Initial fracture and ultimate failure strengths of the panels were determined. In addition, several panels were fatigue cycled prior to static failure to assess the influence of fatigue loads on post-fatigue performance. The static tests of the panels not previously fatigue tested showed that crack arrestment occurred when the initial flaw size exceeded 0.50 in. That is, the crack arrest capability was found to depend on the initial flaw size. For panels with 0.75 and 1.00-in. flaws, an initial fast crack was arrested in the buffer strips and the panels subsequently withstood approximately 20 percent more load. The crack initiation load for the panels which were previously fatigue cycled increased by approximately 10 percent as compared to the crack initiation load for an identical panel not previously fatigued. The improvement is attributed to development of zones of crazing and delamination in the crack tip region during fatigue cycling which reduce the local stiffness and the stress concentration. Fractographic examination of the failure surfaces confirmed the existence of this zone.


Synthesis and characterization of cordierite-based rice husk silica has been conducted byMgO 0, 10, and 15wt%.Preparation of cordierite usesilica rice husk, MgO,and Al2O3. Silica were extracted byalkalis method using1,5% NaOH solution and 10% HNO3. The samples were sintered at temperature of 1250°C. The characteristics of structure were analysed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) coupled with Rietveld analysis and microhardness tester. XRD result showed the presences are cordierite, spinel, and forsterite. The increasing MgO of sample has made cordierite to be dissapeared, and the mass fraction spinel decreased while forsterite was increasing. The result of measurement showed that the addition of MgO on cordierite reduced hardness as well as increased porosity.


Metabolism of several trace elements such as copper and iron in diabetes mellitus
has been changed which may have an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease.
The aim of this study was to evaluate association of serum copper and iron levels with fasting blood
glucose (FBG) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and their first-degree relatives (FDRs).
Materials &Methods: We studied 46 subjects with T2DM, 46 FDRs and 50 healthy subjects matched
for age and sex. Blood glucose and mentioned elements were measured in three groups with standard
and colorimetric methods, respectively. The results were evaluated with one-way ANOVA test using
statistical software SPSS 16. Correlations between different variables were analyzed using Pearson's
correlation coefficients.
Results: FBG levels were positively correlated with iron levels (r=0.650, P<0.001) in patients with
T2DM and (r=0.376, P=0.01) in FDRs. On the other hand, there was no significant correlation between
FBG with copper levels in these groups.
Conclusion: Alterations in iron and copper concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and
their first degree relatives may relate to blood glucose level, especially in the case of iron. It seems that
it is useful to follow up the concentrations of these elements in diabetic patients and their first degree
relatives


New-Year's day sermons in which parish priests distributed imaginary and symbolic gifts, «strenae spirituales», among various groups of their flock are known to have been popular in the 17th and 18th centuries in Germany and the Low Countries. Though believed to be German in origin, they are also well known in the Netherlands, especially in printed 17th-century collections of Latin sermons. Examples of this type in the vernacular, all dating from the late 17th and 18th centuries, are found in collections published by e.g. Johannes Nanning and Antonius Hennequin. The here edited, recently discovered fragment of a gift sermon in Dutch is an exceptionally early example that, moreover, can be accurately dated 1545. It has turned up in the handwritten manual of the parish priest Peeter Verhasselt of Mazenzele in Brabant. Its existence reveals that this kind of sermon was already known in the Low Countries, even in small rural communities in the early sixteenth century.


Sexual dysfunction is one of the problems predisposing marriages to marital instability. In order to ameliorate this problem, many married people usually results to the use of aphrodisiac herbs. Paucity of empirical studies on aphrodisiac herbs usage has necessitated the study of the patterns of aphrodisiac herbs usage as expressed by married adults in Kwara State, Nigeria. Descriptive research survey design was adopted for the study and sample of 666 respondents was selected from the three senatorial districts of Kwara State, using proportional, random and stratified sampling techniques. A researcher-developed instrument entitled "Patterns of Aphrodisiac Herbs Usage Questionnaire (PPAHUQ)" was used to collect relevant data. The instrument which was validated by lecturers in the Department of Counsellor Education, University of Ilorin yielded a reliability co-efficient of 0.66 using test re-test reliability procedure. The hypotheses were tested using t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at .05 significant level. The results revealed that the most common pattern of aphrodisiac herbs usage as perceived by married adults in Kwara State is oral use. Other uses are in forms of licking of herb candy (sweet), drinking concoction (Agbo) 2-3 hours before sexual intercourse, using herb prepared in form of ointment to rub the private part to increase sexual energy. The study however, revealed no significant difference in the patterns of aphrodisiac herbs usage as expressed by married adults in Kwara State based on gender and educational attainment. It was thus recommended that due attention be paid to the patterns of aphrodisiac herb usage by the members of the society. Efforts should therefore be made to regulate the activities of the street herb sellers by way of ensuring that their products are prepared in hygienic and clean environment. Counsellors should orientate married adults/intending couples on the need to understand their sexual problems, those of their partners while physicians/dieticians should endeavour to prescribe appropriate fruits or vegetables that could improve libidinal energy of married people as a recipe for ensuring sexual satisfaction among couples.Keywords: Patterns, Aphrodisiac Herbs, Usage, Marriage, Sexual Performance


Various security breaches at third-party payment processors show that online payment systems are the primary target for cyber-criminals. In general, the security of online payment systems relies on a number of factors, namely technical factors, processing factors, and legal factors. The industry gives its best endeavors to strengthen the technical and processing factors, while the government has been called upon to improve the legal factors. However, a breach of consumer's data and financial losses resulting from such a breach keep occurring. Findings from the forensic audit show that most online payment systems, such as those using credit and debit cards as their instruments, have a weak point leaving the systems vulnerable to hacking. This weak point concerns the so-called financial data in transit that are not fully encrypted. Encryption is indeed employed within the systems, but only on certain networks. Industry's standard reflected by code of conducts only obliges the players to encrypt the financial data transmitted on the public network, and not on their private networks. On top of that, laws and regulations are often in a vacuum to regulate the encryption. Thus, although seen as the strongest method so far to prevent the breach, end-to-end encryption has not entirely been implemented. Why does the industry seem to be reluctant in implementing end-to-end encryption? What do laws rule on this and would it be appropriate for the law to rule such obligation for the sake of consumer protection? This paper tries to shed a light on these issues. To investigate the industry reluctance, this paper discusses security of online payment systems and the nature of the retail payment systems. As for the laws and regulatory frameworks, this paper outlines and focuses on the EU level. Online payment systems using credit or debit cards are used as the main example in this paper as such methods have much more matured compared to the others. However, special attention on the innovative payments such as mobile payments and virtual currencies will be drawn as the security issues of such innovative payments have given rise to regulatory challenges.


In this paper we consider the problem of discovering patterns generated by association rules between items in a database of locations that tourists have visited within the Manchester city centre area. The focus of the paper is on the interactive agenda offered by a tourist information system. This assist the user in the organisation of a visit or a tour by providing personalised recommendations dependent upon the calculations made by the association rule algorithm using the entries within a database of tourist attractions. The paper shows the development of a stand alone recommendation system, which uses association rule algorithm to propose and recommend any related locations that a particular tourist can visit based on the option they initially choose. This opens the door to take this implementation further to an extent where developing this system on a manufacturing scale is viable and be installed in major cities around the UK so that tourists can truly appreciate their time in cities like Manchester. Before such mass production can take place other data mining techniques such as clustering or temporal data mining are suitable extensions to such an application. This can offer further interactive options to tourists who use the application as a means of visiting major attractions and fulfilling their holidays.


: Diclofenac sodium is one of the most prescribed NSAIDs in the world which is frequently used in therapy of musculosceletal diseases. Therefore it is important to justify clinical and literary data about diclofenac hepatotoxicity. We searched for diclofenac versus placebo investigations performed in patients with osteoarthrosis. A method of the search included international databases such as EMBASE, Cochrane Database, databases of medical publishers and search engines. Total amount of patients in all trials was 1121. 583 patients took diclofenac and 538 ones took placebo. Meta-analysis was performed in StatsDirect software. We estimated 95% confidence interval, Q and 12 criteria, Mantel-Haenszel and DerSimonian-Laird statistics and relative risk of adverse reactions. Relative risk of hepatitis in diclofenac group did not differ from placebo. Hereby the fact of diclofenac hepatotoxicity needs more detailed study and genetic factors of risk should be taken into account.


Adverbials are well-known to form a rather heterogeneous class in multiple respects. Here we examine their ability to bear focus and their ability to be embedded in subordinate sentences. For focusability, the distinction between informational focus and contrastive focus proves to play a role. We discern six main classes of adverbials, identified by their base position. As expected, not all classes (or subclasses) can bear (informational or contrastive) focus, and also not all (sub)classes can be embedded. Among those that can, it is still only a proper subset that may simultaneously be embedded and focused. A general finding is that the lower in the syntactic tree an adverbial is base-generated, the more likely it allows for focusing as well as for embedding. The distinction between proposition-internal and proposition-external adverbs is shown to be helpful in determining which adverbials may bear (informational) focus. Also certain extrinsic factors like the type of the embedding verb or the general context are discussed that influence focusability and/or embeddability. An analysis is given in presuppositional discourse representation theory that can account for our observations.


Group field theories (GFT) are higher dimensional generalizations of matrix models whose Feynman diagrams are dual to triangulations. Here we propose a modification of GFT models that includes extra field indices keeping track of the bubbles of the graphs in the Feynman evaluations. In dimension three, our model exhibits new symmetries, interpreted as the action of the vertex translations of the triangulation. The extra field indices have an elegant algebraic interpretation: they encode the structure of a semi-simple algebra. Remarkably, when the algebra is chosen to be associative, the new structure contributes a topological invariant from each bubble of the graph to the Feynman amplitudes. "Double, double toil and trouble Fire burn, and cauldron bubble." W. Shakespeare, Macbeth


This Symposium was created in collaboration with BALTIC Centre of Contemporary Art, In response to an exhibition of Lorna Simpson's work regarding issues of memory, trauma and the body. The symposium brought together eminent practitioners, artists and theoreticians in this field. Emerging from the research, practice and interests of three artists based at Northumbria University: Jane Arnfield, Christine Borland, and Sandra Johnston, and working with GemArts, a leading diversity arts organisation based in the North East, the symposium connects disciplines of visual, live and performing arts. This dynamic event foregrounded new and critically acclaimed performances alongside presentations and panel discussions, interfusing live experience with critical dialogue, to consider ethical questions of representation and responsibility in histories re-told.


We have had experience of an 18-month-old boy with a cardiomyopathy who died a few minutes after removal of his cast with a saw, apparently from a malignant cardiac arrhythmia triggered by anxiety. We therefore examined the anxiety reaction to this method of removal of a plaster cast in 20 healthy children; ten were provided with hearing protectors and ten were not. The level of anxiety was assessed by measuring the heart rate, a known physiological indicator of anxiety, before, during and five minutes after removal of the cast. The noise level was also measured. The results showed a mean increase in heart rate during the procedure of 27.9 beats per minute (bpm) (26.9%) in the children with no hearing protectors and 10.4 bpm (11.1%) in children who used hearing protectors (p < 0.001). Five minutes after the procedure the heart rate had returned to the baseline rate in all patients. We recommend that hearing protectors should be used in children undergoing removal of a plaster cast to decrease the anxiety reaction. If possible, clinicians should avoid the use of a saw for this purpose in children with a cardiomyopathy.


A modified Hertz model with nonlinear damping (Hertz damp model) is proposed for capturing the seismic pounding response of adjacent structures. Relevant parameters in the model are theoretically derived and numerically verified. Then, this model is used to simulate pounding response of a base-isolated highway bridge subjected to near fault ground motions. At the same time, nonlinear viscous dampers are installed between bridge decks for pounding prevention. The appropriate damping coefficient of the dampers can be found by parametric studies. It is shown that nonlinear viscous dampers are effective in reducing the relative displacement between bridge decks. At last, the hysteresis curve, the maximal damper force and stroke are used to demonstrate the behavior of nonlinear viscous dampers. The results indicate that satisfied viscous dampers can be produced to eliminate pounding according to the current manufacturing skills.


OVATE gene was first identified as a key regulator of fruit shape in tomato. OVATE family proteins (OFPs) are characterized as plant-specific transcription factors and conserved in Arabidopsis, tomato, and rice. Roles of OFPs involved in plant development and growth are largely unknown. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid hormones involved in diverse biological functions. OsGKS2 plays a critical role in BR signaling by phosphorylating downstream components such as OsBZR1 and DLT. Here we report in rice that OsOFP8 plays a positive role in BR signaling pathway. BL treatment induced the expression of OsOFP8 and led to enhanced accumulation of OsOFP8 protein. The gain-of-function mutant Osofp8 and OsOFP8 overexpression lines showed enhanced lamina joint inclination, whereas OsOFP8 RNAi transgenic lines showed more upright leaf phenotype, which suggest that OsOFP8 is involved in BR responses. Further analyses indicated that OsGSK2 interacts with and phosphorylates OsOFP8. BRZ treatment resulted in the cytoplasmic distribution of OsOFP8, and bikinin treatment reduced the cytoplasmic accumulation of OsOFP8. Phosphorylation of OsOFP8 by OsGSK2 is needed for its nuclear export. The phospphorylated OsOFP8 shuttles to the cytoplasm and is targeted for proteasomal degradation. These results indicate that OsOFP8 is a substrate of OsGSK2 and the function of OsOFP8 in plant growth and development is at least partly through the BR signaling pathway.


The aim of this research is to improve environmental awareness in primary school students. For this purpose, the study was carried out within the scope of action research pattern from qualitative research patterns. The study group was determined by selecting easily accessible samples. The study group consisted of second year students attending a state primary school in Gungoren District of Istanbul in the 2018-2019 academic year. The data of the study were obtained by the students' environmental pictures, observation forms and semi-structured interview forms. The data obtained were analyzed by content analysis. According to the findings of the research, it is determined that students who received environmental education, draw pictures enthusiastically and reflecting environmental awareness, also after interviews students gain awareness toward environment, empathized with nature and draw highly esthetically appreciated pictures.


A cryptosystem is derived from the fourth order linear recurrence relations
analogous to the RSA cryptosystem which is based on Lucas sequences. The
fourth order linear recurrence sequence is a sequence of integers
−1 −2 −3 −4 = − + − n n n n n V PV QV RV SV , where P, Q, R and S are coefficients in quartic polynomial, 0 4 3 2 x − Px + Qx − Rx + S = .The factorization of the quartic polynomial modulo p can be classified into five
major types. We define the cyclic structure for every types. Then, we can generate the Euler totient function from the cyclic structure of every types of the quartic
polynomial.We have some properties of the sequence which are straightforward consequences
of the definition. Then, we are able to define the composition and inverse of fourth
order linear recurrence sequence.
From cycles and totient, we know the quartic polynomial can be factorized into five
major types, that is t[4], t[3,1], t[2,1], t[2] and t[1]. We sketch an algorithm to
compute the type of a quartic polynomial in Fp[x], where p is any prime number.
In this quartic cryptosystem, we have two large secret primes p and q, the product
N of which is part of the encryption key. The encryption key is (e, N) where e is relatively prime toΦ(N) , which are analogous to Euler-φ function, to cover all possible cases. The decoding key, d is inverse e modulo Φ(N).For quartic cryptosystem, (P,Q,R) constitutes the message, and ( , , ) 1 2 3 C C C
constitutes the ciphertext. In decoding, we are given the function
( ) g x = x −C x +C x −C x + but not ( ) 1 4 3 2 f x = x − Px + Qx − Rx + , and so we
have to deduce the type of f in order to apply the algorithm correctly


This award-winning book of the Frederick Jackson Turner Studies describes the early development of social science professions in the United States. Furner traces the academic process in economics, sociology, and political science. She devotes considerable attention to economics in the 1880s, when first-generation professionals wrestled with the enormously difficult social questions associated with industrialization. Controversies among economists reflected an endemic tension in social science between the necessity of being recognized as objective scientists and an intense desire to advocate reforms. Molded by internal conflicts and external pressures, social science gradually changed. In the 1890s economics was defined more narrowly around market concerns. Both reformers and students of social dynamics gravitated to the emerging discipline of sociology, while political science professionalized around the important new field of public administration. This division of social science into specialized disciplines was especially significant as progressivism opened paths to power and influence for social science experts. Professionalization profoundly altered the role and contribution of social scientists in American life. Since the late nineteenth century, professionals have exerted increasing control over complex economic and social processes, often performing services that they themselves have helped to make essential. Furner here seeks to discover how emerging groups of American social scientists envisioned their role what rights and responsibilities they claimed how they hoped to perform a vital social function as they fulfilled their own ambitions, and what restraints they recognized.