Objective To analyze the status of government health expenditure in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region since the first 10 years from the new medical reform, and find the existing problems in order to provide evidence for the government to formulate medical and health policies. Methods Based on the health expenditure monitoring data of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region government from Urumqi Central Sub-branch of the People's Bank of China, combined with the relevant data in Xinjiang statistical yearbook, Excel2013 and SPSS19.0 were used to conduct a comparative analysis of government expenditure data from 2009 to 2018. Results The average annual growth rate of the government's health expenditure in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 12.25%, which was similar to the national level. The proportion of government health expenditure in gross domestic product increased from 0.97% to 1.07%, while the proportion in the total fiscal expenditure decreased from 3.06% to 2.63%, which led to far behind the national and even western area level. The Gini Coefficient of per capita government health expenditure in every city (state) of the autonomous region fell from 0.46 to 0.32 between 2014 and 2018. In the past decade, the ratio between public health expenditure and medical institution expenditure has decreased from 1.01 to 0.42, led to insufficient proportion of public health expenditure. The health expenditure level of the four prefectures especially Kashgar and Hotan in Southern Xinjiang was still far lower than the whole autonomous region and the national average level. Conclusion The government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region should continuously strengthen the financial expenditure in health, maintain the current situation of preferential policy implementation for rural and grassroots expenditure, constantly optimize the proportion of various financial expenditures, and strive for the transfer payment from the central and autonomous regional governments to the four prefectures in Southern Xinjiang.


In this paper, we outline findings from an innovative action research project in an English police force that aimed to enhance community engagement in four neighbourhood policing teams. We describe the principles that lie at the heart of neighbourhood policing and how, for a variety of reasons, these were often seen to be peripheral rather than essential to the teams' activities. We describe how a lack of understanding about the role of neighbourhood policing, limited knowledge about communities and their differing needs, narrow methods of engagement and consultation, as well as the perception that community engagement was 'nice to do but not essential' all reduced the potential benefits of neighbourhood policing. We then discuss the ways we sought to tackle these issues using action research.


From the aspect of the efficiency of maize production harvest grain moisture content shall be considered beside the amount of harvested grain yield. Hybrids with different genotypes and vegetation period length lose their moisture content different that is affected by row spacing and plant density – among agrotechnical production factors – depending on the given crop year. In the present research work three crop years with different weather conditions were studied (2013, 2014, and 2015). The small-plot field experiment was set up at the Latokep Field Research Centre of the University of Debrecen, Centre for Agricultural Sciences with four replications on a chernozem soil type. The effect of three factors was analysed in the experiment on yield amount and its moisture content. Factors were row spacing (45 and 76 cm), plant density (50, 70 and 90 thousand plants ha-1), while hybrids were of very early (Sarolta: FAO 290), early (DKC 4014: FAO 320, P 9175: FAO 330, P 9494: FAO 390) and medium (SY Afinity: FAO 470) ripening.
In the crop year of 2013 the highest yield was produced – regarding the average of the hybrids – by the application of a row spacing of 45 cm (4.5%, 673 kg ha-1), however there was no significant difference between the yield of the populations of different row spacings. Significant difference (14.9%, 1751 kg ha-1; 6.3%, 583 kg ha-1) could be found in case of yield between different row spacing applications in 2014 and 2015. The effect of insufficiently distributed low amount of precipitation and lasting heat days in 2015 could be revealed in yield amounts and harvest grain yield moisture content results that were lower than in the previous years. In 2015 grain yield moisture content varied between 10.3 and 13.9% in case of a row spacing of 45 cm, while by 76 cm between 11.0 and 13.9%.


This paper presents a methodology for the retrieval of the vertical profile of atmospheric gas pollutants in the boundary layer from ground-based remote sensing measurements. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) slant column amounts were obtained with the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique used in the multiple-axis configuration (referred to as multiaxis DOAS). The measurements were carried out in the Presidential Estate at Castel Porziano (near Rome) from September to November 2006, within a program started in 1994 for studying and monitoring the Estate's environment. The retrieval of information on trace gas vertical profiles from the slant column amounts requires as follows: (1) the simulation of the radiative transfer in the atmosphere for air mass factor calculation and (2) the application of inversion schemes. This paper illustrates and discusses the vertical profiles of NO2 and O3 obtained from multiaxis DOAS measurements and their daily evolution on October 29, 2006.


Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) promote the initiation of DNA replication and prevent reinitiation before mitosis, presumably through phosphorylation of key substrates at origins of replication. In fission yeast, the p65cdc18 protein is required to initiate DNA replication and interacts with the origin recognition complex (ORC) and the p34cdc2 CDK. Here we report that p65cdc18 becomes highly phosphorylated as cells undergo the G1 --> S phase transition. This modification is dependent on p34cdc2 protein kinase activity, as well as six consensus CDK phosphorylation sites within the p65cdc18 polypeptide. Genetic interactions between cdc18+ and the S-phase cyclin cig2+ suggest that CDK-dependent phosphorylation antagonizes cdc18+ function in vivo. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we show that phosphorylation at CDK consensus sites directly targets p65cdc18 for rapid degradation and inhibits its replication activity, as strong expression of a constitutively hypophosphorylated mutant form of p65cdc18 results in large amounts of DNA over-replication in vivo. Furthermore, the over-replication phenotype produced by this mutant p65cdc18 is resistant to increased mitotic cyclin/CDK activity, a known inhibitor of over-replication. Therefore, p65cdc18 is the first example of a cellular initiation factor directly regulated in vivo by CDK-dependent phosphorylation and proteolysis. Regulation of p65cdc18 by CDK phosphorylation is likely to contribute to the CDK-driven "replication switch" that restricts initiation at eukaryotic origins to once per cell cycle.


The recent discovery of Orsay virus, the only known natural virus of Caenorhabditis elegans, provides a unique opportunity to study virus-host interactions that mediate infection in a genetically tractable multicellular model organism. As viruses remain a global threat to human health, better insights into cellular components that enable virus infection and replication can ultimately lead to the development of new targets for antiviral therapeutics. ABSTRACT Orsay virus is the only known natural virus pathogen of Caenorhabditis elegans, and its discovery has enabled virus-host interaction studies in this model organism. Host genes required for viral infection remain understudied. We previously established a forward genetic screen based on a virus-inducible green fluorescent protein transcriptional reporter to identify novel host factors essential for virus infection. Here, we report the essential role in Orsay virus infection of the dietary restriction-like (drl-1) gene, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase similar to the mammalian MEKK3 kinase. Ablation of drl-1 led to a >10,000-fold reduction in Orsay virus RNA levels, which could be rescued by ectopic expression of DRL-1. DRL-1 was dispensable for Orsay replication from an endogenous transgene replicon, suggesting that DRL-1 affects a prereplication stage of the Orsay life cycle. Thus, this study demonstrates the power of C. elegans as a model to identify novel virus-host interactions essential for virus infection. IMPORTANCE The recent discovery of Orsay virus, the only known natural virus of Caenorhabditis elegans, provides a unique opportunity to study virus-host interactions that mediate infection in a genetically tractable multicellular model organism. As viruses remain a global threat to human health, better insights into cellular components that enable virus infection and replication can ultimately lead to the development of new targets for antiviral therapeutics.


Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension is a severely disabling condition due to deficient peripheral vasoconstrictor tone in response to the upright position and is characterized by a decrease in blood pressure upon standing associated with symptoms of lightheadedness, dizziness, visual "white-out", weakness, lack of energy, near syncope or even syncope. Previous pharmacologic treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension has been problematic. Midodrine, a new specific alpha-1-agonist has been shown to produce arteriolar constriction and decrease in venous pooling via a constriction of venous capacitance vessels. Therefore, a recent multicenter study evaluated the safety and efficacy of midodrine therapy in 97 patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension due to various etiologies: Shy Drager syndrome (No. 18); Bradbury Eggleston syndrome (idiopathic orthostatic hypotension) (No. 20); diabetic autonomic neuropathy (No. 27); Parkinson's disease (No. 22); and miscellaneous (No. 10). Following one week of placebo therapy, the patients were randomized into 4 groups for a 4 week period of time; placebo, 2.5 mg, 5 mg, or 10 mg three times daily. The BE/SDS subgroup demonstrated a 27 +/- 8% (22 mmHg) increase in standing systolic blood pressure for the 10 mg dose. Diabetics achieved a significant increase at 5 mg. Similar increases were observed for the entire group on the 10 mg dose (p < 0.001). Symptoms or fainting, blurred vision, improved energy level, standing time, and depressed feelings were also significantly improved even at lower doses (p < 0.05 or less). Side effects were mild. Therefore, midodrine is an effective and safe agent for the treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension.


OBJECTIVE: To identify in adult patients suffering from cataract the perceptions regarding the disease and its surgical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An exploratory survey was conducted among adult patients suffering from cataract and participating in a large-scale cataract management program at the University of São Paulo General Hospital in 2004. The interviews were conducted by research assistants previously trained to pose questions and record answers. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 170 men and women (43.5% and 56.5%, respectively), aged between 40 and 88 years. Of the 170 participants, 43.5% were from the State of São Paulo, 14.7% from the State of Bahia, 12.4% from the State of Minas Gerais, 5.9% from the State of Pernambuco, 1.8% from other countries, and the remaining 21.7% were from other Brazilian states. Of those who were actively working (n = 87), 43.7% had an occupational level corresponding to nonspecialized manual labor, 27.6% were in specialized manual labor jobs, 25.3% had routine nonmanual occupations, 1.1% supervised manual labor, and 2.3% had low-ranking supervision or inspection jobs over nonmanual occupations. Of those who were not actively working (n = 82), 53.6% were retired, 45.2% were housewives, and 1.2% were unemployed. Concerning conceptions about cataract, 79.0% referred to it as "a small skin fold that gradually covers the eye" and 32.4% mentioned, in addition, other conceptions. Concerning the cause, of the alternatives presented to them, 80% reported aging, 47.1% blamed "overusing the eyes in the workplace or at home", 7.1% believed they had cataract due to some kind of "spell." Of the associated answers, 94.1% referred to "blurred vision" in people suffering from cataract, 72.4% thought the person may become blind, and 66.5% believed that the patients suffering from cataract are depressed because they cannot see. Regarding surgery, 28.8% were afraid of undergoing surgery; of those, 16.3% cited with the fear of dying during surgery, 55.1% thought they might become blind, 40.8% believed the surgery would be painful, and 8.2% followed religious practices that do not permit surgery. CONCLUSION: Some misconceptions were identified, and the fear of blindness was the most mentioned reason for not seeking cataract surgery, which indicates the need for orientation.


There is little doubt that despite advances in supportive cancer care, unrelieved symptoms continue to be prevalent and persistent in the cancer patient population. The purpose of this study was to describe the symptom experience of patients with cancer and pain. Secondary analysis of data gathered for a larger ongoing National Institutes of Health–funded study of medication-induced constipation was conducted to determine the following: the mean number of symptoms reported, the most commonly occurring symptoms, symptoms with the highest severity, and the symptoms causing the most distress. The sample consisted of 393 outpatients at an National Cancer Institute–designated cancer center in west-central Florida, 70% with advanced disease. The sample was predominantly female (57.7%); had either breast or lung cancer or lymphoma (53.7%); and had stage III or IV disease (51.3%). Two hundred ninety-eight of the 393 (75.8%) patients for whom data were available reported pain and were included in this analysis. Patients reported between two and 30 symptoms, each with a mean of 14.1 (SD, 5.5). As in earlier symptom studies of cancer patients, fatigue was the most commonly reported, occurring in more than 91% of the patients. The next most frequently reported symptoms were feeling drowsy (66.8%, n = 199), difficulty sleeping 65.8%, n = 196), and worrying (n = 193, 64.8%). Symptoms with the greatest severity were hair loss and impaired sexual activity, which were reported to be severe or very severe by more than 50% of the patients who had these symptoms. However, lack of energy/fatigue, pain, and difficulty sleeping were the most distressing problems and were reported to be quite a bit or very bothersome by at least 50% of patients with each symptom. Pain, fatigue, and difficulty sleeping continue to be among the most frequently reported and distressing symptoms for persons with cancer. In addition to asking about the presence of symptoms patients may be experiencing, nurses must also inquire about the associated distress. Knowing which symptoms are causing the most distress for patients will assist nurses in prioritizing their care and providing the much needed support and education for this population. Continued attention on treating these symptoms should be the focus of ongoing research as well as nursing education both in service areas and in schools of nursing.


BACKGROUND
Plasma ceruloplasmin, a copper containing protein, belongs to a class called acute phase proteins. Reduced level of ceruloplasmin was associated with Wilson's disease and Menke's kinky hair disease in man, primarily affecting copper metabolism. Stress was known to increase Ceruloplasmin. Several stress associated changes were commonly observed in women at menopause and also those who underwent overiectomy. Present experiment investigated the effect of estrogen on ceruloplasmin level in acute stress.

AIMS
To assess the estradiol induced changes in plasma ceruloplasmin concentration on exposure of the rats to acute stress.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN
Acute stress was induced by forcing the rats to swim till exhaustion. The rats were overiectomised bilaterally to remove the primary source of sex hormones. And hormone replacement was done later.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Wistar albino female rats were used. Acute stress was induced before overiectomy, following recovery from surgery, and again after Estradiol Valerate injection (for 10 days) in same group of rats. The plasma ceruloplasmin was estimated immediately after stress during each stage--that is preoperative control, stressed control, after overiectomy and then following treatment with Estradiol Valerate.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
Paired sample T test was applied to analyze the findings.

RESULTS
We found lowest ceruloplasmin level after stress in overiectomised animals, while on substitution of estradiol the trend appeared to be reversed.

CONCLUSION
The result suggested a direct effect of estrogen on hepatic ceruloplasmin production/release and this could account for some of the beneficial effects of hormone replacement therapy.


A microwave digestion procedure recently proposed for total N analysis of soil using HF-HCl, H₃BO₃, and H₂O₂ was found to give much lower values than conventional Kjeldahl digestion in analysis of soil and plant samples and simple organic N compounds. An alternative microwave procedure was developed that involves Kjeldahl digestion with concentrated H₂SO₄ and a K₂SO₄-catalyst mixture. With this procedure, digestion of five samples can be accomplished in 30 min. Complete recovery (≥98%) of N was obtained in analysis of several organic N compounds. Total N analyses of plant materials by the microwave Kjeldahl method agreed closely with those by conventional Kjeldahl digestion using an Al block; the microwave method gave somewhat lower results than the conventional method for surface soils with a high content of total N. Precision of the analysis was comparable for both methods. Recovery of N added to soil as NO₃ averaged 97% when the microwave procedure was modified to include a pretreatment with salicylic acid and sodium thiosulfate. Although much more rapid, the microwave Kjeldahl method is not necessarily more convenient than conventional digestion with an Al block because of the need for frequent loading and unloading of samples. This study was a part of Project ILLU-15-0392, Illinois Agric. Exp. Stn. Supported in part by the Tennessee Valley Authority.


How to hold a scavenger hunt in a business neighborhood. Information may be used for children entering 4th to 6th grades.


BACKGROUND: Exaggerated postprandial triglyceride concentration is believed to be atherogenic, and to influence the risk of thrombosis. Both elevated plasminogen inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and increased factor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc) are potential important contributors to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. AIM: We aimed to investigate the effect of adding four different protein types (i.e. casein, whey, cod, and gluten) to a fat-rich meal on postprandial responses of PAI-1 and FVIIc in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Twelve type 2 diabetic patients ingested four isocaloric test meals in random order. The test meals contained 100 g of butter and 45 g of carbohydrate in combination with 45 g of casein (Cas-meal), whey (Whemeal), cod (Cod-meal), or gluten (Glu-meal), respectively. Plasma concentrations of PAI-1 and FVIIc were measured before meal, and at regular intervals for 8-h postprandially. RESULTS: The postprandial PAI-1 concentration decreased significantly by 49% to 56% in response to the four test meals. There were no significant differences between the outcomes from the four test-meals. The FVIIc levels decreased by 8% to 11% after the meals. Again, we observed no significant differences in outcomes between the four protein-enriched meals. CONCLUSIONS: The four proteins casein, whey, cod, and gluten, added to a fat-rich meal, all decreased the PAI-1 and FVIIc concentrations postprandially in type 2 diabetic subjects. However, postprandial levels of PAI-1 and FVIIc were not acutely influenced by the protein source.


Fourteen cigarette brands manufactured in Nigeria in 1981 were analysed to determine the tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields. Five of the brands belonged to the high and middle to high tar category (greater than 22 mg/cigarette) and nine to the middle tar (17-22 mg/cigarette) category. None of the cigarettes was in the low to middle and low tar (less than 17 mg/cigarette) category. The nicotine and carbon monoxide yields were similar to those of European cigarettes. Tobacco companies need to manufacture low tar cigarettes in the Third World as is the practice in the economically developed parts of the world.


This study develops three heuristics to measure financial optimism: financial expectation, a priori optimism, and a posteriori optimism. This paper finds that financial optimism has a significant positive effect on risk taking behaviour. Optimistic investors choose risky portfolios over risk-free portfolios for their investments and have higher personal debt borrowing. We use more than six million observations from the British Household Panel Survey covering the period 1991 to 2007 in our analysis. Optimistic, pessimistic and neural respondents have significantly different demographic characteristics. Optimists are significantly younger, more likely being male, have higher educational qualifications, more likely to have business ownership, borrow more personal debt and take on a larger mortgage than pessimists. However they also have a lower accumulated financial wealth and higher average unemployment rate than people who are pessimistic or neutral towards their financial situation.


CPUs and GPUs have been evolving rapidly over time regarding their capabilities and processing power. This has opened many new possibilities for interactive and real time systems, such as more sophisticated scene realism, more precise and complex artificial intelligence, and better physical simulations. However, these improvements come at a cost: increase of energy consumption. Energy management in interactive and real time architectures have not been receiving much attention over the years, but this issue is likely to become important in the near future due to the increasing energy demand and consumption required by top-notch game applications(especially regarding the mobile and portable consoles). In this paper we introduce the concept of intelligent energy management for games and interactive systems and address the aforementioned issue through these contributions: 1) an investigation of works related to energy management (in general); 2) implementations of feasibility tests for energy management on GPUs; and 3) a novel game architecture with energy management, using multiple GPUs.


Performance tests were carried out in the 3.5m x 2.5m working section wind tunnel at the University of Southampton to investigate the behaviour of a semi-balanced skeg rudder behind a ship propeller. The semi-balanced skeg rudder had a mean chord of 667mm, span of 1000mm, taper ratio of 0.8, and with a NACA0020 section. Results were obtained for four different propeller advance ratios of 0.25, 0.36, 0.51 and 0.94 corresponding to propeller rpm of 2850, 2100, 1460, and 800 with a tunnel wind speed of 10m/s. The four-bladed propeller had an 800mm diameter, a mean pitch ratio of 0.95 P/D and was based on a modified Wageningen B4.40. Rudder force characteristics were obtained for rudder incidences between -40° and 35°, for three skeg angles of -5.4°, -0.4° and 4.6°. The corresponding change in propeller performance due to the rudder was also assessed. Pressure measurements were made at 25 positions around the chord at one span and the influence of propeller thrust loading observed. A photographic record was made of a tuft study of the flow over the rudder surface.


OBJECTIVE
To describe clinical signs and clinicopathologic findings in donkeys with hypothermia.

DESIGN
Retrospective study.

ANIMALS
10 hypothermic donkeys.

PROCEDURE
Information on signalment, history, physical examination findings, results of diagnostic tests, treatments, and necropsy findings was extracted from medical records of all donkeys with hypothermia between 1988 and 1998 and compared with information from medical records of all normothermic donkeys and hypothermic horses admitted to the hospital during the same period.

RESULTS
Donkeys were more likely to be hypothermic than horses. The mean age of hypothermic donkeys was 6 years (range, 7 months to 11 years), compared with 4.2 years (range, < 1 month to 15 years) for normothermic donkeys; this difference was not significant. Ten of 12 horses with hypothermia were neonates; there were no hypothermic neonatal donkeys. At admission, 7 of 8 hypothermic donkeys were in good body condition and all hypothermic donkeys were weak. Six hypothermic donkeys were able to maintain sternal recumbency, 1 remained in lateral recumbency, and 3 were able to stand. Of the 10 hypothermic donkeys, 2 survived, 1 died, and 7 were euthanatized. Histologically, the thyroid glands from 4 of 5 hypothermic donkeys appeared abnormal and were similar to those of foals with hypothyroidism. During the months that hypothermic donkeys were admitted, there was not a significant difference in environmental temperatures on days of admission between hypothermic and normothermic donkeys.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Hypothermia is a problem in donkeys during cold winter months, and may not be secondary to other disease or related to diet or management.


In this study, the binding performance of a Cercon-based zirconia framework material and special Cercon Ceram S zirconia veneering porcelain is discussed. Rectangular 30 mm × 20 mm × 2 mm porcelain blocks were made from zirconia using the CAD/CAM system. The 2 mm veneering porcelain was then sintered onto blocks at a temperature of 850-800°C with a loading speed of l mm/min. The shear bond strength of the interface was tested. Sintering was studied by visual observation, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), thermal shock test and other methods. Excellent sintering results of the zirconia framework material and veneering porcelain can be achieved. The cross-sectional morphology of the samples, observed by SEM, shows a uniform, fine, and smooth texture for the veneering porcelain, whereas that of the zirconia framework material shows a rough surface with a uniform and compact texture. EDS results indicate that a small amount of A12O3 and SiO2 is present in the zirconia area, and no ZrO2 or Y2O3 is detected in the veneering porcelain area. No interlayer radial crack or flaw is found throughout the entire thermal shock test of the samples at 60-240°C. Thus, the cracking temperature of the samples is pegged at T>240°C. The shear bond strength of the interface is 32.62±5.77 MPa. Chemical element infiltration exists between zirconia and the veneering porcelain, indicating the chemical bond between the two. An excellent match between the Cercon-based zirconia framework and the special veneering porcelain can be achieved, which can satisfy clinical requirements.


The use of three-dimensional (3D) printing for lattice structures has led to advances in diverse applications benefitting from mechanically efficient designs. Three-dimensional printed lattices are often used to carry loads, however, printing defects and inconsistencies potentially hinder performance. Here, we investigate the design, fabrication, mechanics, and reliability of lattices with repeating cubic unit cells using probabilistic analysis. Lattices were designed with 500 μm diameter beams and unit cell lengths from 0.8 mm to 1.6 mm. Designs were printed with stereolithography and had average beam diameters from 509 μm to 622 μm, thereby demonstrating a deviation from design intentions. Mechanical experiments were conducted and demonstrated an exponential increase in yield stress for lattice relative density that facilitated probabilistic failure analysis. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated lattice mechanics were most sensitive to fluctuations for beam diameter (74%) and second to lattice yield stress (8%) for lattices with 1.6 mm unit cells, while lattices with smaller 1.0 mm unit cells were most sensitive to yield stress (48%) and second to beam diameter (43%). The methodological framework is generalizable to further 3D printed lattice systems, and findings provide new insights linking design, fabrication, mechanics, and reliability for improved system design that is crucial for engineers to consider as 3D printing becomes more widely adopted.


Nowadays, a huge amount of applications exist that natively adopt a data-streaming model to represent highly dynamic phenomena. A challenging application is constituted by data from the stock market, where the stock prices are naturally modeled as data streams that fluctuate very much and remain meaningful only for short amounts of time. In this paper we present a technique to track evolving clusters of financial time series, with the aim of constructing reliable models for this highly dynamic application. In our technique the clustering over a set of time series is iterated over time through sliding windows and, at each iteration, the differences between the current clustering and the previous one are studied to determine those changes that are "significant" with respect to the application. For example, in the financial domain, if a company that has belonged to the same cluster for a certain amount of time moves to another cluster, this may be a signal of a significant change in its economical or financial situation.


Research has shown that hands-on projects promote stem education, namely, via problem-solving. CanSat, literally 'satellite in a can', is a stem educational project promoted by the European Space Agency. This paper addresses this issue by researching this STEM project, which demonstrates how problem-solving can be achieved in secondary-level students within the framework of the CanSat. We use qualitative techniques of data collection and analysis. The results showed that students use sophisticated thinking strategies to process information within this interdisciplinary project: (a) cognitive testing, cognitive organization, cognitive regulation, and monitoring, in addition to computer language and physical–mathematical calculations, are cognitive and metacognitive behavior strategies revealed in the CanSat; (b) problem-solving was suggested as a specific model, where students' higher cognitive and metacognitive ordering processes deepen in project development; (c) computational, lateral, or divergent and convergent thinking were detected as thinking types of students associated with and mobilized in the course of problem-solving, The findings of this research have practical implications for STEM education in space science. Hands-on projects using problem-solving are an essential strategy to promote STEM education. Additionally, they are a starting point to promote meaningful learning and new thinking types.


Abstract The focus of this paper was to assess the phytochemical composition, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the crude extracts of the aerial parts of Ferula lutea. Four new compounds were isolated from this genus, and their structures were primarily established by extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D spectroscopic techniques. Total phenolics and flavonoids containing in ethyl acetate (AcOEt) and n-butanol (n-BuOH) extracts were quantified [199.1-184.02 mg gallic acid equivalent / g of dry weight], flavonoids [70.24-65.95 mg quercetin / g dry weight]. DDPH scavenging and phosphomolybdenum methods were used to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity. The obtained results showed a significant antioxidant activity of the two aerial parts. Correlation analysis between the DPPH values and those for TAC indicates the possibility of the two models for evaluating antioxidants power from medicinal plants. Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), AcOEt and n-BuOH extracts were screened against two gram-negative [Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Pseudo aeruginosa (P.aer)] and two gram-positive [Staphylococcus aureus (S.aur) and Bacillus (Bacil.)] bacteria using disc diffusion method. The results indicate a good inhibition of CH2Cl2 and EtAct extracts on the growth of (Bacil. and E.coli). Furthermore n-but extract showed a significant inhibitory effect only against E.coli.


Embryos of Eisenia foetida (Spiralia) have been cultivated with [3H]uracil precursor of RNA at different stages of development from egg to gastrula. The results show that ribonucleic acid synthesis detected by autoradiography begins precociously. During segmentation messenger RNAs are produced by interphase nuclei and liberated in cytoplasm cyclically at mitosis. After the blastula stage rRNAs (nucleoli), which can migrate through the nuclear membranes, predominate. The blastomeres, which contain polar plasm and also mesoderm, already known for its controlling part in embryogenesis after gastrulation, are the seats of the increasingly important ribonucleic acid synthesis. These genetic transcriptions, which are inhibited by actinomycin D, are implicated in the determination of the blastomers and postblastular differentiation. Only the messages required for the segmentation divisions pre-exist in the undivided egg.


The aim was to explore the diagnostic cascade of young females with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in the emergency department (ED) setting. A retrospective case series study was conducted between the years 2016-2018 in the ED of a tertiary hospital (N=10). We collected socio-demographic data, clinical risk factors and co-morbidities, ED characteristics and medical examination related data. Ten females presenting with AIS were identified. Results show that each case had a variety of characteristics, there are no similar medical background or clear-cut risk factors, and each case has been presented clinically different. All these factors, with the possible added effect of age and sex bias serve as possible hindrance for correct and efficient diagnosis of stroke in young females. In conclusion, clinical presentation of young female with AIS is misleading. Initial examination in the ED setting may appear to be the determining point of impact on the outcome severity in young females.


TiCp/ZA-12 composites have been fabricated by XDTM method and stirring-casting techniques. The behavior of TiC particle in the solidification interface has been studied through conventional and directional solidification techniques. The results demonstrate that under conventional solidification conditions, the particles with lower content mainly distribute in eutectic phases; while when at a larger content of TiC particles, they exist both in eutectic phases and in primary phases. Under directional solidification, due to the repulsion of primary phases of alloy on TiC particles, the particles congregate and form band structure, and extent of the congregation in band structure relates to TiC particles content. With the increasing of TiC particles content, their congregation in band structure decreases, and the band structure disappears when the content of TiC particles exceeds 6%. The tests for mechanical properties reveal that the tensile strength and yield strength increase with increasing fraction of TiC particles. When the fraction of TiC particles increase up to 10%, the tensile strength and yield strength are 390MPa and 340MPa, respectively and they increase by 11% and 17% than that of matrix respectively.


A rapid and accurate quantitative method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector has been developed for the analysis of 18 kinds of amino acids in fresh tea leaves. The samples were minced and mixed, and extracted with ultra pure water at 90℃ for 20 min. The 6-aminoquinolylN-hydroxy-succinimidyl carbamate (AQC) was used as pre-column derivatization reagent. Gradient HPLC separation was performed on a C18 column (Symmetry C18, 3.9 mm × 15 cm, 4 μm). Good linearity between concentrations and peak areas was achieved in the concentration range of 5.0-250 μmol/L for 18 kinds of amino acids. The method was validated by the analysis of five replicates. The 18 kinds of amino acid standards were spiked in fresh tea leaf samples and the average recoveries were 86.25%-109.05% with relative standard deviations (n = 5) ranging from 6.03% to 10.56%. The limit of detection (LOD) for the analytes was 0.05-1.27 μmol/L. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of the 18 kinds of amino acids in fresh tea leaves from east Dongting and west Dongting mountains in Suzhou. The results indicate that the method is simple, rapid, precise and reliable.


The widespread use of the product line approach allows companies to realize significant improvements in time-to- market, cost, productivity, and quality. However, a fundamental problem in software product line engineering is that a product line of industrial size can easily incorporate several thousand variable features. The complexity caused by this amount of variability makes variability management and product derivation tasks extremely difficult. To address this problem, we present a new method to optimize the variability provided in a software product line. Our method constructs a visualization that provides a classification of the usage of variable features in real products derived from the product line. We show how this classification can be used to derive restructuring strategies for simplifying the variability. The effectiveness of our work is demonstrated by presenting a case study of optimizing the variability in a large industrial software product line.


This study was based on in situ experiments conducted in a shellfish lagoon (Thau, France) to determine the interactions between suspended oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg cul- tures and their environment at a seasonal scale. Three groups of descriptors were considered simul- taneously during the course of the study: the taxonomic composition of an oyster culture unit (OCU), the nutrient and oxygen exchanges at the OCU-water interface (fluxes) and the water-column char- acteristics (water). We used a multiple factorial analysis (MFA) to assess in a single reference frame: (1) the seasonal organisation of the taxonomic groups which compose the OCU and (2) the interac- tions between this multispecific assemblage and the water column. We found strong seasonal vari- ability in the OCU composition and the OCU interactions with the water column. Taxonomic richness of the biofouling was at a maximum in spring and minimum in August after a bottom anoxia. Among biofouling species, ascidians always constituted the dominant group. The annual pattern of coexis- tence observed between ascidians and oysters might be explained by resource partitioning, and also by a beneficial trophic interaction between these 2 groups. The structure of the OCU was based on a complex system of interactions, particularly in spring. During this season, the development on the OCU of macrofauna of soft substratum such as polychaetes reflected the presence of a suspended sediment compartment. The influence of the OCU on the water column was maximum in summer and minimum in winter. In the shellfish zone, the OCU plays a central role in nutrient renewal, particu- larly in summer when benthic fluxes are insufficient to satisfy phytoplankton nitrogen requirements. We estimate that the multispecific assemblages occurring on the oyster ropes (oysters and biofouling) have a potential annual DIN production of 2 × 10 7 mol yr -1 , and thus oyster cultures could have a determining influence on nitrogen recycling in the water column in the Thau lagoon.


What role do traditional governance structures play in countries' internal peace and conflict dynamics? While dominant approaches in conflict studies understand governance mainly through the lenses of state capacities, governance scholars have increasingly payed attention to non-state governance structures. Particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, traditional governance structures, e.g. traditional and indigenous leadership, chieftaincies, kings and headmen, are de facto relevant in providing governance and exercising political influence alongside and beyond the state. This thesis expands research on hybrid governance by examining comparatively how traditional forms of governance influence sub-Saharan African conflict dynamics. I argue that in order to understand this relationship, we need to discern the variation in the institutional context and internal composition of traditional institutions.

Three chapters build on and develop this theoretical approach: The first chapter focuses on the institutional interaction between the state and traditional governance. The chapter builds a typology of this interaction and demonstrates that a country's intrastate peace stands on a firmer ground when the state accommodates and integrates traditional governance structures. The second chapter zooms into local political dynamics and analyses the way contested traditional authority structures fuel local unrest by increasing grievances and providing opportunities to mobilise against the incumbent authorities. The third chapter maintains the disaggregated approach and looks at how local strength of customary institutions influences the vulnerability of a locality to armed violence against civilians.

The thesis contributes to a more nuanced understanding of governance and conflict dynamics by 1) placing theoretical focus on the conditions shaping the contemporary role of traditional governance, 2) deploying novel data on traditional governance structures in sub-Saharan Africa and South Africa in particular, and 3) analysing the relationship between traditional governance and conflict at multiple levels of analysis.


This study focuses on the professional development of teachers. The question is how the professional development of teachers can be improved within the school to which they are attached. This research was conducted between 1996 - 2004 at a school for secondary education, the 'Koningin Wilhelmina College' in Culemborg. The research was conducted by the headmaster of this school . The immediate cause for this study was the desire of the school board for the newly appointed headmaster to innovate education. This was in a period when the basic curriculum (basisvorming, 1993) was introduced and in which the next change, the Second Phase (tweede fase, 1999) presented itself. These reforms have had their influence on the performance of teachers. In terms of teaching practice and teaching strategy they had to meet new demands. The question is whether teachers are able and prepared to adapt to these reforms. The role of the school management team has also changed. Initially this team predominantly focussed on management and the teachers on education. Nowadays a more integral approach is expected from the executive. The aim of the research described in this study is to gain insight into the manner in which the expertise of the teachers can be improved. The role to be played by the school management team in this process is also considered. To enhance the professional development two projects were carried out: an intervention based schoolwide intervision project and a process based so-called pair project. The research questions are: How and in how far can the professional development of teachers be stimulated by means of a schoolwide intervision project? How and in how far can the professional development of teachers be stimulated by means of the pair project? Which role can the school management team play in the professional development of teachers? As the research was conducted at school it is described as a field study or practical study. However, as the research was conducted at only one school, it is also described as a case study. Both learning history and interview were applied as research methods. By means of structured interviews teachers were asked their opinions with regard to professional development. The research is then described as a pilot study and in qualitative terms. As the headmaster was closely involved in the planning and execution of the projects as well as in the processing and interpretation of the research data, much attention is paid to the planning of the research and the reliability of the methods employed. On the basis of the results I come to the conclusion that - especially where teaching practice and teaching strategy are concerned - it is necessary for professional development to be organised. This can be accomplished in a number of ways. It is not self-evident that teachers direct their own learning process. Monitoring of learning by the school management team has to be attuned to the personal needs and possibilities of teachers. It is recommended to replace the current non-committed attitude, still characteristic of the culture of professional development of teachers, with a culture in which professional development is only natural. In this respect it is also recommended that teachers be given more time for their professional development.


Background : One of problem in forensic pathology is identification of skeletonized remainders. The first step in determination of sex as it immediately excludes approximately half of population. To this regard pelvic is one of the best bones. This study aims to distinguish between man and women by use of anteroposterior pelvic x-ray and measurement of subpubic angles. Methods : Subpubic angle was measured in the anteroposterior pelvic radiographs of 200 Iranian adults (100 men and 100 women). Data were analyzed through SPSS v. 22. Results : The overall mean (SD) of subpubic angle was 118.49±22.09. The mean (SD) sub pubic angle in men was 101.51±13.40 and in women 135.47±13.40. In this study there was significant relation between means of subpubic angle in men and women ،which is significant wider and larger in women (p<0.001).In this study demarking point was 115.92 degrees with accuracy of 91.5%, sensitivity 91% and specificity 92%. Conclusion : Mean of subpubic angle is different from other population but there is a significant difference in the subpubic angle between men and women, and due to its high accuracy ،and subpubic angle it could be used in gender identification of skeletal remainders.


Bored pile as a major type of foundation, during the construction process, hole collapse or weak air tightness of catheter leads mud layers or broken pile, which makes bearing capacity reduction or even complete loss leading differential settlement of building foundations. In this paper, two-dimensional simulation of the pile has been made by finite element analysis software ADINA. By using of large-scale numerical analysis software MATLAB, the data obtained has been fitted deriving empirical formulas, which researches how different thickness and depth of mud layers impact on bearing capacity of bored piles, having a certain engineering applications.


Abstract Quantitative determination of contaminants in environmental samples is usually hampered by low analyte recovery which results from the complex nature of the sample matrix. This study presents the application of a developed dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for the determination of 12 analytes in environmental samples including sea water, fresh water (lake, well and tap water), brackish water and soil samples. Matrix matched standards were used to compensate for the low analyte recovery recorded by the conventional calibration method. The effect of matrix dilution on analyte recovery was also tested. All matrix matched and matrix diluted spiked recoveries were done concurrently with calibration standards prepared in deionized water. Percent recoveries recorded for the analytes according to deionized water calibration standards ranged between 66 and 137%. Matrix matching and matrix dilution yielded close to 100% recovery results, but the later lowered the detection limit according to the dilution factor.


assays as surrogates to assess for antigen-specific T-cell responses. TprK and TprC immunizations are to stimulate cellular immunity in a TH2 environment, is key to development of an effective syphilis vaccine. Background The global incidence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) infection increased rapidly as the primary available treatment of C. trachomatis infection being the use of antibiotics; however, the development of antibiot-ics resistant stains and other treatment failures are often observed in patients. Consequently, novel therapeutics are urgently required. Rhein is a monomer derivative of anthra-quinone compounds with an anti-infection activity. This study investigated the effects of rhein on treating C. trachomatis infection.


In order to create AI/ML based solutions that will be trusted during production, issues that hamper usage of AI models in practical solutions needs to be addressed. Despite a significant interest in the area of AI/ML, the primary focus of the research community has been on the training of AI models, including their performance, trustworthiness, explainability and scalability. Training, however, is only one half of the work required to create an AI-based solution. The other half, using the trained model for inference during operations, is mistakenly considered a relatively mundane task. As a result, challenges arising in model inference time has received comparatively scant attention. Inference is when AI model is put into practice, resulting in many challenges that are worth the attention of the research community. Despite the existence of several pre-trained models on many Internet sites, anyone trying to build an AI/ML based solution would be hard-pressed to find a model that is useful, trustworthy and reliable, or suitable for the task. Even when a custom model is trained, the solution often falters because the use of model fails to account for the differences in the training and inference environment. In this paper, we identify those challenges and discuss how we can design a generic inference server for trustworthy AI/ML based solutions.


The inhibitory effect of Eucalyptus rostrata leaves extraction was investigated on multiple-antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria (E.coli and S. aureus), isolated from Iraqi patients. The minimum inhibitory concentrations in a final concentration of 10 mg/ml. Tow fold dilutions was done from (12.5- 100) mg/ ml to examine the antibacterial effect of different concentrations of the plant extract on both bacteria. The study results revealed that Eucalyptus rostrata extract has a potential inhibitory effect on both gram negative and gram positive species. The current study supports the traditional approach of using Eucalyptus rostrata leaves extraction in treatment trails against bacterial infections.


We investigate the emissivity properties of the main near-IR transitions of the Fe +  ion in the conditions prevailing in the inner regions of jets from young stars, based on a simplified 16-level atom model. We present new diagnostic diagrams involving prominent near-IR line ratios that allow us to constrain the electronic density, temperature, and Fe gas phase abundance ratio, independently of the heating process. Comparison with recent near-IR observations of a sample of HH objects indicates gas phase Fe abundances ranging from 15–50% up to 100% of the solar value (depending on the assumed temperature and on the HH object), in agreement with the moderate depletions previously derived from optical line ratios or shock models. Hence, it appears that Fe-bearing dust is efficiently destroyed in stellar jets. We then use our Fe +  emissivity model to predict near-IR [Fe ii] emission maps for self-similar, cold MHD disk wind models. We show that near-IR [Fe ii] lines are stronger than [S ii]  λ 6731 and [O i]  λ 6300 in the cool regions ($T \le 7000$ K) near the wind base, and that observations in [Fe ii] with AMBER on the VLTI could severely constrain the MHD solution and the inner launch radius of the jet. We also compare theoretical predictions with recent observations in the near-IR [Fe ii] lines of the L1551-IRS5 and DG Tau jets. The cold disk wind model reproduces quite well the two velocity components observed at -100 and -300 km s -1 , although the high velocity component appears overestimated by a factor of 1.5 in the DG Tau jet. However, the model predicts too little emission at intermediate velocities and insufficient densities. Similar problems were encountered in previous model comparisons in the optical range with jets from T Tauri stars. Denser disk winds with stronger heating at the jet base, which have been invoked for optical jets, also appear needed in younger, embedded Class I jet sources.


In many physical theories, there is a – somewhat surprising – similarity between events corresponding to large distances R and events corresponding to very small distances 1/R. Such similarity is known as T-duality. At present, the only available explanation for T-duality comes from a complex mathematical analysis of the corresponding formulas. In this paper, we provide an alternative explanation based on the fundamental notion of causality.


The evaluation of workers as potential reservoirs and disseminators of pathogenic bacteria has been described as a strategy for the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Enterobacteriaceae in the oral cavity of workers at an oncology hospital in the Midwest region of Brazil, as well as to characterize the phenotypic profile of the isolates. Saliva samples of 294 workers from the hospital's healthcare and support teams were collected. Microbiological procedures were performed according to standard techniques. Among the participants, 55 (18.7%) were colonized by Enterobacteriaceae in the oral cavity. A total of 64 bacteria were isolated, including potentially pathogenic species. The most prevalent species was Enterobacter gergoviae (17.2%). The highest rates of resistance were observed for β-lactams, and 48.4% of the isolates were considered multiresistant. Regarding the enterobacteria isolated, the production of ESBL and KPC was negative. Nevertheless, among the 43 isolates of the CESP group, 51.2% were considered AmpC β-lactamase producers by induction, and 48.8% were hyper-producing mutants. The significant prevalence of carriers of Enterobacteriaceae and the phenotypic profile of the isolates represents a concern, especially due to the multiresistance and production of AmpC β-lactamases.


In psychology as well as behavioral economics, it is well established that our choices and judgments are not just a function of the available options, but also of the context surrounding them. Several models have been brought forward to explain these context effects. We use the decision by sampling model (DbS; Stewart, Chater, & Brown, 2006) and investigate possible mechanisms that might lead to the relativity of judgment and choice. Stewart, Reimers and Harris (2015) demonstrated that shapes of utility and probability weighting functions could be manipulated by adjusting the distributions of outcomes and probabilities on offer. Chapter 2 reports a multi-level replication where we find that these effects are robust, but that DbS is unlikely to be the (sole) explanation for its origins. We conclude that problems with revealing utility functions from expected utility fits may be responsible for biasing the shapes of utility functions. Chapter 3 shows that reduced working memory capacity, as manipulated by cognitive load, does not reduce the effects found in Chapter 2. This further points away from a DbS explanation of the above findings. In Chapter 3, we also find that cognitive load has no impact on risk aversion, but find that choice consistency is reduced when working memory capacity is reduced, which also challenges the prominent dual process theories. Still, the question where the differences in preferential functions come from, remains unexplained. Chapter 4 reviews over 20 behavioral as well as neurophysiological studies showing that even if the rank effects are an artefact of the estimation procedure, this does not question the many findings that support a model encompassing a rank-dependent evaluation of alternatives. In Chapter 5, we test this hypothesis in a new design, where a monetary outcome is evaluated in the light of another foregone outcome with a history of other foregone outcomes. In contrast to our hypothesis, we find no evidence for a rank-dependent evaluation here. In Chapter 6, we investigate how comparison processes can lead to the mutable-zero effect. In the mutable-zero effect, participants prefer an outcome entailing a "pay zero" or "lose zero" attribute over an outcome entailing a "receive zero" or "win zero" attribute. We find that the only comparisons that are made with "pay zero" are other payments and that the only comparisons that are made with "receive zero" are other receipts. This process leads to "pay zero" comparing favorably and "receive zero" comparing unfavorably, which in turn leads to "pay zero" options being preferred over "receive zero" options. Given the findings in Chapter 2 and 3 are robust, they point to a general problem with estimating preferential functions using models like expected utility theory or prospect theory. Chapter 3 and 5 were a first attempt at testing a DbS-predicted mechanism: In contrast to our predictions, cognitive load did not decrease context sensitivity. Instead, we observed a slight increase in random choices. Finally, in exploring the mutable zero effect, we added to evidence that comparisons spontaneously happen only within gains, or within losses, but not across gains and losses.


Genetic susceptibility plays an essential role in an individual's risk of esophageal squamous cell carci- noma (ESCC). The aim of this study is to investigate the associations between clusterin (CLU) gene polymorphisms and ESCC risk. We undertook a case-control study to analyze three CLU polymorphisms (gene rs9331888 C>G, rs17466684 A>G and rs1532278 T>C) in an Han Chinese population, by extraction of genomic DNA from the peripheral blood of 642 patients with ESCC and 658 control participants, and performed CLU genotyping using DNA sequencing. The obtained results indicated that overall, no statistically significant association was observed in rs17466684 and rs1532278. However, gene rs9331888 C>G genotype was at increased risk of ESCCs (P=0.037; odds ratio (OR)=1.089, 95% CI: 1.006-1.175). Moreover, rs9331888 G/G genotype ESCCs were more significantly common in patients with tumor size of >5 cm than T allele ESCC and in cases of poor differentiation and lower advanced pathological stage. In conclusion, polymorphism in rs9331888 C>G was observed to be associated with susceptibility of ESCC. Nevertheless, further investigation with a larger sample size is needed to support our results.


Abstract The collective management of irrigation is an essential factor in agrarian development, both present and past. However, the relationship of irrigation associations with the state remains underexplored, despite the increasingly important role played by water policies in the modern world. The present article examines this relationship in Spain over the last two centuries. Our results suggest that, first, the state played a decisive part in the emergence and evolution of irrigation associations, and this belies the assumption of the traditional origin of these institutions; second, that farmers, despite being subject to the regulatory framework, enjoyed substantial autonomy in the management of water resources; and, third, that the relationship between local associations and the state changed over time, in response to political regime changes and the transformation of irrigation agriculture. When the state tried to impose authoritarian policies upon irrigation users, these reacted by developing unprecedented forms of organisation.


This video documentary tells the story of the extraordinary odyssey of an Oklahoman Fox native from Indian Territory to the Harvard Club, and onto the wilds of headhunting country of Northern Luzon, Philippines (by the years 1907-1909). "Headhunting William Jones" explores themes of the assimilated Native American, the ethnologist as American patriot, and the scientist as Puritan . "Headhunting William Jones" argues for the importance of the emblematic story of this little-known American anthropologist to the field of Philippine-American history. One may regard William Jones (1871-1909) as a prism-like figure through which to see the complex motives of twentieth-century American imperial expansion into the Philippines and the Asia-Pacific. Of immediate biographic interest, certainly, is William Jones' stellar success in educational achievement which was touted as an affirmation of the US Federal Indian educational policy. But his failure to distinguish between his highly moral and racial views of his Ilongot hosts, and that of primary scientific observation as an ethnologist among them, reveals character flaws in the scientist and the problematic aspects of the imperial enterprise that he embodied. This "failure," I argue, eventually cost him his life.


One of the linguistic peculiarities of the genre-stylistic typicality of English literary narrative texts, which turns their teaching into a problematic task, is the abundant use of so called "absolute constructions" that makes the narration expressive and emotional. Besides this, the analysis of empirical data has shown that these constructions are of paramount importance in textbuilding, since, due to their specific sign nature, they can be used successfully in a sequential order within the structure of one sentence which results in converting this sentence into a microtext, marked stylistically by syntactic parallelism.
However, in linguistic literature the study of absolute constructions has been limited so far to determining their grammatical (syntactic) functions in a sentence. As a result, a number of interesting problems have been left beyond the interest scopes of scholars. For instance, the linguistic status of absolute constructions has not been defined yet as, because of their specific structure, some linguists consider them as word combinations, others treat them as subordinate clauses embeded in a complex sentence, and there are only very few scholars who regard these constructions as independent verbless sentences.
The critical review of linguistic literature and the application of interparadigmatic analysis of empirical data have enabled us to determine the linguistic status of absolute constructions and define them as language-in-use constructs created by the act of nominalization. As a result, the predicate in absolute constructions loses modal and temporal characteristics of the finite verb-form that brings about the loss of communicative autonomy (i.e., the ability of transmitting information independently), though the constructions retain the binary structure of semantic predication that of the proposition with appropriate intonation contour, reflecting in its structure the core semantic relations of target situation or event. Therefore, we consider absolute constructions as complex adverbial members of the syntactic structure of a sentence with the help of which the author either qualifies one of the components of the target situation reflected in the subject-predicate kernel of the sentence or expands the target situation itself, making it more precise by building a panoramic background of events and situations against which the plot of the story develops.
Another aspect that calls for immediate attention is the syntactic stylistics of absolute constructions which we analyse via anthropocentristic-communicative paradigm as a means of expressing an author's communicative strategy and subjective modality. The research has shown that in narrative texts absolute constructions function mainly in two ways: a) as an independent sentence with the help of which the author emphatically singles out and directs the readers' attention to the events and situations of reality that are fixed in the narration like film shots as the life details of particular emotional significance; b) as complex adverbial members with the help of which syntactically simple sentence is converted into a microtext in which the parallel arrangement of the nominalized structures creates syntactically and intonationally marked rhythm of the text thus making the narration emotional and expressive.


Glibenclamide inhibits the opening of vascular ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels, which represents a protective mechanism during ischaemia. This effect may imply harmful cardiovascular effects of glibenclamide when used under conditions of ischaemia in patients with Type II diabetes. Acarbose is not associated with effects on the cardiovascular system, because the drug is not absorbed from the bowel. Therefore we hypothesized that treatment of Type II diabetes patients with glibenclamide will impair the vasodilator function of K(ATP) opening, unlike treatment with acarbose. A double-blind randomized cross-over study in 12 patients with Type II diabetes was performed to compare the effects of glibenclamide with those of acarbose on the vasodilator responses to K(ATP) channel opening in the forearm vascular bed. The study consisted of two periods: 8 weeks of treatment with orally administered glibenclamide (10 mg x day(-1)) followed by 8 weeks of treatment with acarbose (300 mg x day(-1)), or vice versa. At the end of each treatment period, forearm blood flow (venous occlusion plethysmography) in response to intra-arterially administered diazoxide, acetylcholine and dipyridamole and to forearm ischaemia was measured. The diazoxide-mediated increase in the forearm blood flow ratio (infused/control arm) was significantly less pronounced after glibenclamide than after acarbose (290 +/- 58% and 561 +/- 101% respectively; P<0.0005). Forearm blood flow responses to acetylcholine, dipyridamole and forearm ischaemia were similar during glibenclamide and acarbose treatment. Thus, in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus, treatment with glibenclamide is associated with an attenuated response to K(ATP) opening as compared with treatment with acarbose. This implies that glibenclamide may affect defensive mechanisms under conditions of K(ATP) channel activation.


OBJECTIVE
To re-examine and refine estimates for alcohol-related relative risk of driver involvement in fatal crashes by age and gender as a function of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) using recent data.

METHOD
Logistic regression was used to estimate age/gender specific relative risk of fatal crash involvement as a function of the BAC for drivers involved in a fatal crash and for drivers fatally injured in a crash, by combining crash data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System with exposure data from the 1996 National Roadside Survey of Drivers.

RESULTS
In general, the relative risk of involvement in a fatal vehicle crash increased steadily with increasing driver BAC in every age/gender group among both fatally injured and surviving drivers. Among 16-20 year old male drivers, a BAC increase of 0.02% was estimated to more than double the relative risk of fatal single-vehicle crash injury. At the midpoint of the 0.08% - 0.10% BAC range, the relative risk of a fatal single-vehicle crash injury varied between 11.4 (drivers 35 and older) and 51.9 (male drivers, 16-20). With only very few exceptions, older drivers had lower risk of being fatally injured in a single-vehicle crash than younger drivers, as did women compared with men in the same age range. When comparable, results largely confirmed existing prior estimates.

CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study that systematically estimated relative risk for drink-drivers with BACs between 0.08% and 0.10% (these relative risk estimates apply to BAC range midpoints at 0.09%.) The results clearly show that drivers with a BAC under 0.10% pose highly elevated risk both to themselves and to other road users. 2000)


Source: The New York Times China Labor Watch said it had found more than 10 children working at the factory of a China-based supplier for the technology giants Samsung Electronics and the Lenovo Group in an investigation in July and August. The group, based in New York, also said its investigation had found more than 100 student workers who were not being paid overtime wages or a subsidy for working at night. The supplier, HEG Technology, denied the accusations, and Samsung said it had found no children or students working on the Samsung production line at the factory, in Huizhou. A Lenovo spokeswoman said the company would look into the report. In a statement, China Labor Watch said it shared evidence with Samsung last week and that Samsung had demanded that the supplier pay some students' wages. But it did not say whether Samsung had acted on the matter of child labor or whether it had provided the information to Lenovo. In response, Samsung said it had proposed to China Labor Watch that they conduct a joint investigation "for more precise verification" of the accusations. Samsung also said it had informed the watchdog about its own investigation, adding, "We find it regrettable that CLW issued the allegations today without any mention of our statement." HEG Technology said the company had never hired children, and that it had facial recognition systems to ensure workers were not under age. This is the second time in two months that China Labor Watch has said it found children working at Samsung's Chinese suppliers. Samsung halted business with one supplier and later reinstated it, but with a 30 percent reduction in orders. Child workers have been discovered at Foxconn, the supplier for some of the world's biggest tech brands, including Apple. Foxconn is the trading name of Taiwan's Hon Hai Precision Industry. Other multinational companies in textiles, toys and other industries have been plagued by revelations of under-age workers in their supply chains, too.


Assessment results of renewable energy supply in agriculture and forestry are often questionable because 1. the methodology does not describe the nature dependent conditions of agricultural production, 2. there is no standard system boundary, 3. thermodynamic laws are violated and/or ignored, 4. direct and embodied energy is mixed, 5. the mainstream life cycle analysis (LCA) takes downstream and upstream inputs arbitrarily into consideration, depending on the research objectives and the research-funding agency. Thus, the calculation results neglect a wide range of specific energy input figures of upstream and downstream factors outside farm level resulting in non-comparable figures.

The EROI describes the ratio between energy output and input. The advantage of this measure is that energy input and output of fuel supply as well as the resulting CO2 emissions are comparable. There are no standards to calculate the indirect energy input of commodities and services hidden in monetary inputs (insurances, rent for land, subsidies and fees etc.). They are usually excluded because procedures to handle them as energy input are rare. The easiest way to quantify the indirect energy is the use of the energy intensity (EI). Multiplying the price of any good or service with the energy intensity results in a rough estimation of energy embodied in the good or service. Applying the EROI and the EI to compare
the efficiency of fossil and renewable energy supply released the following results:

Substitution of fossil fuels by renewable ones causes always additional costs. Most known renewable energy supply techniques need more energy than fossil fuel exploitation. Polluting the environment is - for the time being – the most competitive alternative. Renewable engine fuel, produced from biomass, is not competitive with fossil fuels in terms of EROI. The energy of one ha biomass may substitute gasoline to drive a car 40 000 km with biogas. Electric power harnessed from one ha solar panels enables to drive
an electric vehicle 5 000 000 km applying the same calculation method. The most efficient way to mitigate CO2 emissions is to include the entropy of agricultural products in energy policy decision making. Albeit wood has a high EROI, processing fuels from wood of low entropy makes no sense: Producing a table from a tree and burning the residues and the table at the end of its lifetime renders the same energy gain as using the tree for fuel only. The EROI of fossil fuels remains probably on high level during the next 50 to 100 years. Oil and gas will be replaced by coal, in Finland also by nuclear power, peat and wood. Although biomass is more renewable than fossil fuels, its EROI is lower and substitution will not reduce CO2 emissions.

Climate change may force humankind to reduce fossil fuel consumption. The only sustainable way
to achieve this is reduction of fossil fuel exploitation


Four neogondolellid conodont interval zones were recognized across the Changhsingian stage at Ganxi section, western Hubei Province, south China. They are in ascending order: the Clarkina wangi Zone, the Clarkina changxingensis changxingensis Zone, the Clarkina changxingensis yini Zone, and the Clarkina meishanensis meishanensis Zone. The present study suggests that the base of the Changhsingian can be defined by the first appearance datum (FAD) of Clarkina wangi within an evolutionary lineage from Clarkina longicuspidata to Clarkina wangi. The Wuchiapingian–Changhsingian boundary can be placed at the base of bed 104 at Ganxi section, south China because of the first occurrence of Clarkina wangi.


In the advancement of the world tennis professional, the analysis of the development of Chinese tennis must follow the professional road. The thesis mainly focuses on the major causes which influence the development of competitive tennis professionalization in China, as well as discuss the scientific advancement of Chinese competitive tennis sport in the aspects of the humanistic spirit of tennis, ideological and political education of tennis players, reserve talents cultivation aspect of women tennis players and the management system. In order to prove its rationality of this road, the prospect of tennis professionalization is analyzed based on SWOT.


Implementing a systematic evidence-based health communication strategy that includes communication through multiple channels helps enable people to make voluntary and informed health care decisions. This eight-page brief explains why this HIP is important to family planning programs provides a summary of the evidence on the impact of family planning communication programs and highlights some key elements of successful health communication interventions.


Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes chronic progressive granulomatous enteritis leading to diarrhea, weight-loss, and eventual death in ruminants. Commercially available vaccine provides only partial protection against MAP infection and can interfere with the use of current diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis in cattle. Here, we characterized immune responses in calves to vaccines containing four truncated MAP antigens as a fusion (Ag85A202-347-SOD1-72-Ag85B173-330-74F1-148+669-786), either displayed on protein particles, or expressed as a soluble recombinant MAP (rMAP) fusion protein as well as to commercially available Silirum® vaccine. The rMAP fusion protein elicited the strongest antigen-specific antibody responses to both PPDA and recombinant antigen and strong and long-lasting T-cell immune responses to these antigens, as indicated by increased production of IFN-γ and IL-17A in antigen-stimulated whole blood cultures. The MAP fusion protein particle vaccine induced minimal antibody responses and weak IFN-γ responses but stimulated IL-17A responses to recombinant antigen. The immune response profile of Silirum® vaccine was characterized by weak antibodies and strong IFN-γ and IL-17A responses to PPDA. Transcription analysis on antigen-stimulated leukocytes from cattle vaccinated with rMAP fusion protein showed differential expression of several immune response genes and genes involved in costimulatory signaling, TLR4, TLR2, PTX3, PTGS2, PD-L1, IL1B, IL2, IL6, IL12B, IL17A, IL22, IFNG, CD40, and CD86. Moreover, the expression of several genes of immune pathways correlated with cellular immune responses in the rMAP fusion protein vaccinated group. These genes have key roles in pathways of mycobacterial immunity, including autophagy, manipulation of macrophage-mediated killing, Th17- and regulatory T cells- (Treg) mediated responses. Calves vaccinated with either the rMAP fusion protein or MAP fusion protein particle vaccine did not induce reactivity to PPDA and PPDB in a comparative cervical skin test, whereas Silirum® induced reactivity to these tuberculins in most of the vaccinated animals. Overall, our results suggest that a combination of recombinant MAP antigens in the form of a soluble fusion protein vaccine are capable of inducing strong antigen-specific humoral and a balanced Th1/Th17-cell immune response. These findings, together with the absence of reactivity to tuberculin, suggest this subunit vaccine could provide protective immunity against intracellular MAP infection in cattle without compromising the use of current bovine tuberculosis surveillance test.


After an earthquake, rapidly assessing the affected areas, particularly the meizoseismal area, is crucial to emergency rescue work. Currently, many methods exist for delimiting the range of the area affected by an earthquake. The main method for estimating this area is to use an empirical model of the seismic intensity attenuation relationship. In contrast, this article uses the change rate (CR) of the phones' location data in an area after the earthquake to infer the extent of the meizoseismal area. This study selects phone location data from eight earthquakes for experimentation and analysis. The results show a correlation between the phone location data and the actual distribution of the meizoseismal area based on intensity maps that were issued by the China Earthquake Administration. According to the results, the extent of the meizoseismal area can be estimated by the magnitude, the focal depth, the CR, the time of the earthquake, and the distance to the epicenter. The magnitude, CR, and focal depth are dominant and are positively correlated with the intensity. Based on the aforementioned parameters, a calculation model for delimiting the extent of the meizoseismal area based on phone location data can be constructed. The accuracy of the correlation coefficient of fitting result is 0.7826, and the R2 value is 0.6125. The results demonstrate that phone location data can be used to quickly delimit the meizoseismal area and can provide a basis for earthquake emergency rescue work.


BACKGROUND/AIMS
This study aimed to demonstrate the efficacy and tolerability of low-dose weekly gemcitabine as a radiosensitizer in unresectable pancreatic cancer patients treated with chemoradiotherapy.

METHODS
Twenty-four histologically confirmed pancreatic carcinoma patients (female/male: 10/14, median age: 60) were evaluated. Seven (29%) patients received gemcitabine either as a single agent or in combination prior to chemoradiotherapy. Concurrent 75 mg/m2 gemcitabine was infused weekly. Radiotherapy was delivered to the primary tumor and positive lymphatics with 3D-conformal radiotherapy to a total dose of 4500 cGy. Local progression-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival and overall survival were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS
Median follow-up was 36 weeks. Median local progression-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival and overall survival were 22 weeks (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5-59 weeks), 19 weeks (95%CI: 6.9-31 weeks) and 36 weeks (95%CI: 28-43 weeks), respectively. All patients completed radiotherapy as scheduled. Concurrent gemcitabine was given fully in 58.3% of patients. Gemcitabine was terminated in four (16.6%) patients due to grade 3 neutropenia (n=1), grade 3 nausea/vomiting (n=2) or patient's reluctance (n=1). Patients with local response and stable disease to chemoradiotherapy revealed a median survival of 39 weeks (95%CI: 30-47.9 weeks) compared to 36 weeks (95%CI: 9.7-62.2 weeks) in patients with locally progressive disease (p=0.52). Pain was improved in 50% of patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Weekly low-dose radiosensitizing gemcitabine is effective and safe in unresectable pancreatic cancer patients.


Most studies on workers' health are based on non-specific models of occupational stress, thereby limiting the understanding and research on efficient interventions. This qualitative approach aimed to explore the structure of resources and constraints in the working environment of nurses in a deliberately open approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 37 nurses working in closed and open inpatient psychiatric wards in a French university hospital. The data were statistically analyzed using a hierarchical clustering method. Our model highlighted a systemic structure, describing the interactions, including patients, nurses, doctors, and managers in a specific material, communicational, and organizational environment. The results show a discursive structure organized around dimensions pertaining to "environment", "patients", "medical-care group", and "the individual". Our model showed interest in an interdisciplinary approach that encompasses occupational medicine and social psychology.


This article focuses on the possible enrichment of music and art experiences of students by online gaming to learn music and English language in Music and Ballet School Solfeggio Education in Serbia. Although Solfeggio lessons are mostly in Serbian and in some schools in Hungarian language, there are indications that in the nearest future bilingual classes (e.g. Serbian – English) for music education will be organized. Today students have the opportunity to apply, take lessons and exams of international organizations, such as The Associated Board of Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM) in "Isidor Bajic" Music School in Novi Sad, etc.  Thus, by online gaming in classroom or at their spare time, students can learn and master their music, English language, and ICT skills in a pleasant and motivating learning environment.  From the teaching methodology aspect the educational content applied in the free online games on two websites is presented: (1) "Classics for Kids" website of Cincinnati Public Radio ("Compose your very own music!",  "Match the Rhythm", "Note Names" and "Composer Time Machine"), and (2) "New York Philharmonic Kidzone" website by New York Philharmonic, New York ("Minuet Mixer", "Instrument Frenzy", "Percussion Showdown", "Piccolo Pete Noterunner", "Orchestration Station", "Music Match Composer", "Music Match Instruments"). Keywords: English language learning, online music games, music and ballet school, music technology, solfeggio.


The article seeks to delineate and evaluate some constraints that the new black farmers inthe former white commercial farms face in the backdrop of the contested land reformprogramme in Zimbabwe. Whereas there was euphoria in the manner the peasants'occupied' the commercial farms, but the current reality on the ground is pessimistic. Thestudy claims that instead of improving the quality of lives, the new black farmers appear tobe literally 'marching forward tothe past' in light of the continued challenges. This is how atheology of liberation comes to the fore. Methodologically, the descriptive method used apopulation sampling of fifty resettled farmers who occupiedCongela farm in Kwekwedistrict. This method was corroborated by the participant observations, questionnaires andinterviews as techniques to gather data fromthe field. This triangulation was necessary tofacilitate a holistic picture ofresource constraints faced by the resettled black farmers. Thestudy concludes by suggesting some recommendations which might help to promotesustainable development, justice and equality in Zimbabwe.


Physical prototypes play a crucial role in any design project; but all the critical effects that physical prototypes have need to be further studied. Often, design courses (including capstone courses) include some type of prototyping. More needs to be understood about what students need to learn from prototyping and the benefits of hands-on learning. Physical prototypes help designers by providing critical feedback on their designs. Existing literature shows the importance of prototyping in design projects, while some researchers are concerned with the design fixation caused by prototyping. In order to maximize the benefits of prototyping, it is essential to study the design thinking involved in it. This knowledge may help designers, especially novice designers and students in making decisions about which prototyping method to choose. In this study, data are collected from a realistic design project carried out by a team of professional designers. Through interviews with the designers and direct observations on the prototyping and testing cycle, the following hypotheses are investigated: (1) Building and testing prototypes helps to supplement designers' incomplete mental models leading them to better ideas and (2) Prototyping leads designers to design fixation. The results strongly support the hypotheses. Data from the current study is also compared to prior research on semester-long graduate student team projects. This prior research indicates that many unarticulated tests occur when prototypes are built and this leads to a significant number of improvements to the product. Surprisingly, this also occurred with the practicing designers. This demonstrates that the engineering design curriculum may need to adapt to better teach students to take advantage of the unexpected and students must have building skills in order to leverage this advantage. The data also show that building simple physical prototypes frequently in a design project helps to eliminate the shortcomings in initial ideas and lead designers to better ideas. In order to reduce the fixation associated with prototyping, it is essential to minimize the cost (in terms of money, time and effort) associated with prototyping. Due to the need for low sunk cost and opportunities to learn in unexpected ways from prototypes, engineering students need to have proficient building and testing skills so prototypes do not induce fixation due to sunk cost. The professional design team also did things the student design teams did not. The professional team built representational prototypes and those with selected functionalities at times. They also used strategies that likely reduce design fixation including prototyping only parts of the system and systematically used low cost materials like wood and plastic when testing physical interfaces for fit and assembly, not structural capacity.


Psychosocial hazards and risks are recognized as a challenge for external auditors when auditing an Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SMK3) in an organization. The voluntary standard ISO 45001: 2018 published in March 2018 then requires explicitly the organization to identify psychosocial hazards. Audit is the organization's main tool for implementing SMK3 in measuring performance. So that this requires auditors to have expertise and readiness to fulfill the requirements of the ISO 45001: 2018. This study aims to examine the auditor's expertise in conducting psychosocial hazard audits in ISO 45001 SMK3 audits. This research is a descriptive study with cross sectional method, carried out by in-depth interviews with 7 professional auditors who actively conduct SMK3 audits and are IRCA certified auditors. The variables seen are expertise in identifying issues, expertise in conducting investigations when auditing, educational background, work, training, audit experience. Research shows that only only 14% have expertise and are ready for psychosocial auditing. The causes of unfulfillment of expertise and readiness are caused by the auditor's understanding of psychosocial hazards which causes weak expertise in identifying issues and investigations through document searches, records, observation and interviews, educational background, work and minimal training and training related to hazards and psychosocial risks , the need for extra time in investigating psychosocial hazards and risks, openness of the auditee, and the absence of specific methods or tools in conducting psychosocial audits in SMK3 audits.


Let G be the homeomorphism group of a dendrite. We study the normal subgroups of G. For instance, there are uncountably many non-isomorphic such groups G that are simple groups. Moreover, these groups can be chosen so that any isometric G-action on any metric space has a bounded orbit. In particular they have the fixed point property (FH).


My research focuses on the problems related to the creation of a wireless power transfer system designed for energy transmission at a distance of at least one meter. The project was created to provide data for the advancement of wireless power, specifically via radio frequency transmission. Previous research efforts that attempted to develop this technology have run into unforeseen obstacles that have hindered its consumer and commercial adoption. This research will yield more information into those barriers and what can be done to assist wireless power in its future development as an applied technology. To begin producing data, a wireless power system first must be created. The central design element of the transmitter was a Texas Instruments PLL and integrated VCO wideband frequency synthesizer programmed to output a 3.6GHz sine wave. That signal was then passed into a GaN amplifier integrated circuit from Analog Devices and finally transmitted via a wideband Molex antenna. The receiver circuit was much simpler, simply consisting of a second Molex antenna and a bridge rectifier circuit to convert the AC signal to DC. A multipurpose ATmega328 programs the frequency synthesizer on the transmitter and reads the voltage and current from the receiver with its integrated ADC. The research is currently still in progress, but the data that has been accumulated shows that transmission is possible but with lower power yields than initially expected. The maximum range of received power was one meter, but because the transmitted voltage and current did not meet the calculated values, the project must have reached one or more of the unknown obstacles in wireless power design. To isolate and learn more about them, the project will be revised to gather more data. It will change into different models of power transfer and be tested for their effectiveness for the benefit of future research in this topic.


How stem cells divide to create new cell types through asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) is crucial to the overall development of any organism with multiple tissue types. Here we will discuss how mathematical modelling and analysis has helped uncovering the molecular switch that integrates signals to ensure that the ACDs happen in the right place and at the right time, creating layers of specialised tissue within the root. We unravelled an auxin-biased circuit which ensures that ACDs are switched on through the integration of radial and longitudinal information within the root, determined by SHR and auxin distributions, respectively. Coupling of cell cycle progression to protein degradation resets the circuit, resulting in a 'flip flop' that constrains the asymmetric cell divisions to the stem cell region only.


Modeling the dynamics of charged dust particles, confined in a glass box placed on the lower electrode of a Gaseous Electronics Conference cell, requires that the interactions between the charged dust, plasma, and boundaries need to be accounted for in a self-consistent manner. The charged lower electrode affects the plasma conditions throughout the glass box, altering the electron and ion densities and temperatures within the plasma sheath. These plasma characteristics determine the charge collected on the walls of the surrounding glass box, the electric potential within the glass box, the dust charge, and ultimately the dynamics of the dust. This paper describes the steps taken to build a simple model of the relationship between the plasma conditions and the potential within the box as well as the expected dust charge near the center of the box. The calculated potential and dust charge are used to construct acceleration maps for the dust, which are compared to experimentally measured acceleration of the dust within the box.


The employer shall post a copy of this report for a period of 30 calendar days at or near the workplace(s) of affected employees. The employer shall take steps to insure that the posted determinations are not altered, defaced, or covered by other material during such period.


In immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), Cox regression analysis can select independent prognostic variables for renal functional decline (RFD). However, the correlation of the selected histological variables with clinical and/or treatment variables is unknown, thereby making histology-based treatment decisions unreliable. We prospectively followed 946 Japanese patients with IgAN for a median of 66 mo. and applied structural equation modeling (SEM) to identify direct and indirect effects of histological variables on RFD as a regression line of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) via clinical variables including amount of proteinuria(UPE), eGFR, mean arterial pressure(MAP) at biopsy, and treatment variables such as steroid therapy with/without tonsillectomy(ST) and renin-angiotensin system blocker (RASB). Multi-layered correlations between the variables and RFD were identified by multivariate linear regression analysis and the models goodness of fit was confirmed. Only tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis (T) had an accelerative direct effect on RFD, while endocapillary hypercellularity (E) and active crescent (C) had an attenuating indirect effect via ST. S had an attenuating indirect effect via eGFR. M had accelerative indirect effect for RFD via UPE. Moreover, M and C had accelerative indirect effect via UPE, which can be controlled by ST. However, both T and S had additional indirect accelerative effects via eGFR0c or MAP, which cannot be controlled by ST. SEM identified a systemic path links between histological variables and RFD via dependent clinical and/or treatment variables. These findings lead to clinically applicable novel methodologies that can contribute to predict treatment outcomes using the Oxford classifications.


In the general plan of a study of the composition of the leaves of the vine in the course of their vegetative cycle, we have followed the evolution of tartaric and malic acids. While tartaric acid undergoes rapid fluctuations around a constant average value, the malic acid continuously increases. The leaves of the vine have three times as much malic acid in October as at the beginning of May. Comparison of the composition of the leaf and the fruit does not permit establishing a simple relation between these two plant tissues. The leaf, which is much more rich in mineral substances maintains its acids and continues to accumulate them while the fruit is deacidified beginning with the opening period. It would not be exact to stay that the acids of the grape are oxidized in the leaf. Finally, comparison of the composition of the fruit of recent vintages shows that at the same stage of its development the fruit has for a fixed amount of total acidity, a varying balance, according to the year, between tartaric and malic acids. One distinguishes seasons when the tartaric acid is more elevated than the malic acid and the reverse. This Character is met with for different varieties and in various vineyards. Finally, the tartaric acid of the fruit contributes to the same extent as malic acid in fixing the final acidity of the frut.


ABSTRACT Banking is something which is related to banks, including institutional, business, method, and process of implementing its business. It plays an important role in clients' financial transaction which is conducted by tellers. In this case, tellers are not without errors which harm the clients, and thus they have to take the responsibility for their errors. USU Main Branch Office of PT Bank Negara Indonesia is one of the branch offices in which the tellers make errors in clients' financial transaction. The problems of the research were as follows: 1) how about the right and the obligation of tellers in the work contract between tellers and PT Bank Negara Indonesia, 2) how about the errors made by the tellers in conducting clients' financial transaction at USU Main Branch Office of PT Bank Negara Indonesia, and 3) how about their responsibility for their errors in conducting clients' financial transaction which harm the clients at USU Main Branch Office of PT Bank Negara Indonesia. Tellers' responsibility is in the civil case in the form of an amount of money. Here, they have to and are fully responsible for settling the errors by compensating the clients' nominal damages and the cost which was spent in doing the financial transaction. The obstacle is that when the nominal damage is too big, the tellers cannot afford to compensate it. Therefore, the management of the Bank will take over the responsibility, while the tellers will have sanction imposed on them. It is recommended that "other internal regulations" should be reaffirmed so that it will be obvious and certain which regulations that have to be complied by the tellers, and formless system in cash deposit transaction should be reviewed. Transparent rules of tellers' responsibility in carrying out their job should be made clearer and the trade union of BNI should be involved in imposing sanction to tellers who make errors. Keywords : Errors, Financial Transaction, Responsibility