This interdisciplinary collection of essays examines the important and paradoxical relation between women and the French Revolution. Although the male leaders of the Revolution depended on the women's active militant participation, they denied to women the rights they helped to establish. At the same time that women were banned from the political sphere, "woman" was transformed into an allegorical figure which became the very symbol of (masculine) Liberty and Equality. This volume analyzes how the revolutionary process constructed a new gender system at the foundation of modern liberal culture.


Hypertension, a medical condition which commonly associated with cardiovascular diseases, the most lethal non-communicable diseases in the world, is indicated by the high blood cholesterol level. Thus, maintaining the blood cholesterol level is essential especially for hypertension-diagnosed patients. In this study, the molecular docking simulations were successfully performed between cholesterol and methylene blue (MB) with the modified β-cyclodextrin (BCD) compounds as the guest and host molecules, respectively, to investigate their molecular interaction when forming the inclusion complexes. The docking results showed that the modification on the -OH hydroxyl group at position 6 of BCD improves the binding affinity of the cholesterol when forming the inclusion complex, where the -OCH3 modification has the highest binding affinity toward cholesterol, with ΔGbinding value of -5.9 kcal/mol, followed by -OCH2CHO, -OCH2COOH and -OCOCOH(COOH)2, with ΔGbinding value of -5.8 kcal/mol. Moreover, the hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions were observed as the most dominant interactions when both BCD-modified compounds/cholesterol and BCD-modified compounds/MB inclusion complexes were formed. Thus, the electrochemical technique can be employed toward the cholesterol and these BCD-modified compounds to validate the docking results and determine its sensitivity as cholesterol sensor.


With the aim to promote the establishment of international standardization of Chinese medicine (CM), the key scientific techniques, including the selection of the markers, preparation of reference chemical compounds, and the optimization of evaluation methods for standardization of quality control of CM, were discussed and explored in the present paper. A systematic strategy was used to develop the quality control of several CMs attributed to "Huo xue hua yu" and "Fu zheng gu ben". The key techniques and approaches being used included computational clustering analysis of chromatographic data, biochromatographic technique for identification of biological active compound, the combination of different separation techniques for preparation of reference compound, the application of Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) technique for raw herbal sample preparation, and the optimization of quality control analytical techniques. The results showed that the strategy is feasible for the quality control of CM.


ABSTRACT People often perceive social groups (e.g. ethnic groups, occupations, gender groups) as having fixed membership and discrete boundaries. This paper proposes that essentialist beliefs about abstract crime concepts, as naturally defined and universally coherent, play a role in culpability and sentencing judgments. In three studies, a general sample of college students (Study 1, n = 52), a lay public sample recruited from MTurk (Study 2, n = 102), and a sample of college students recruited from criminal justice classrooms (Study 3, n = 62) read crime vignettes and made culpability and sentencing decisions. We measured essentialist beliefs about crime categories by using an adapted essentialism scale for crimes, hypothesizing that essentialist tendencies would predict higher culpability ratings and harsher punishments. Results showed that lay participants had an overall tendency to endorse essentialist statements, and their essentialist ratings significantly predicted culpability and sentencing judgments with regards to the corresponding crimes. In contrast, students with formal education in criminal justice showed significantly weaker essentialist thinking about crime concepts, and their essentialist ratings did not predict culpability and sentencing outcomes. The current findings provide new evidence regarding how essentialist thinking and subject matter knowledge frames lay understandings about crime concepts, and how such intuitive beliefs may systematically influence legal judgments.


This paper provides a critical study of current Australian and leading international policies aimed at supporting electrical energy storage for stationary power applications with a focus on battery and hydrogen storage technologies. It demonstrates that global leaders such as Germany and the U.S. are actively taking steps to support energy storage technologies through policy and regulatory change. This is principally to integrate increasing amounts of intermittent renewable energy (wind and solar) that will be required to meet high renewable energy targets. The relevance of this to the Australian energy market is that whilst it is unique, it does have aspects in common with the energy markets of these global leaders. This includes regions of high concentrations of intermittent renewable energy (Texas and California) and high penetration rates of residential solar photovoltaics (PV) (Germany). Therefore, Australian policy makers have a good opportunity to observe what is working in an international context to support energy storage. These learnings can then be used to help shape future policy directions and guide Australia along the path to a sustainable energy future.


OF THESIS POWER REDUCTION BY DYNAMICALLY VARYING SAMPLING RATE In modern digital audio applications, a continuous audio signal stream is sampled at a fixed sampling rate, which is always greater than twice the highest frequency of the input signal, to prevent aliasing. A more energy efficient approach is to dynamically change the sampling rate based on the input signal. In the dynamic sampling rate technique, fewer samples are processed when there is little frequency content in the samples. The perceived quality of the signal is unchanged in this technique. Processing fewer samples involves less computation work; therefore processor speed and voltage can be reduced. This reduction in processor speed and voltage has been shown to reduce power consumption by up to 40% less than if the audio stream had been run at a fixed sampling rate.


This paper examines the formation and expansion of a new organizational field in experimental science: synchrotron radiation laboratories. These labs were once peripheral servants of some specialisms of solid-state physics, but over the 40 years studied they have grown into a worldwide generic resource for tens of thousands of users in a broad spectrum of disciplines. The paper uses insights primarily from historical institutionalism, but also neo-institutional theory, to analyze the formation and expansion of the organizational field of synchrotron radiation laboratories, and thus contributes to the analysis of the rather dramatic growth of this tool for experimental science from a small-scale lab curiosity to a generic research technology. But the key contribution of the paper is to provide insights into multi-level and multi-dimensional change in science systems by analyzing the emergence and expansion of a new organizational field in experimental science, which has implications not least for science policy.


Objectives: Urethral diverticula (UD) are an uncommon cause of lower urinary tract symptoms in women. There is often significant delay to diagnosis. This study was designed to review ten years of experience with UD diagnosed by 4D translabial ultrasound. Methods: This was a retrospective review of patients seen between 2008 and 2018. 4121 women were examined by 3D/4D TLUS and urethroscopy with a 0-degree cystoscope. Archived US volumes were analysed in all women with the tentative or final diagnosis of 'urethral diverticulum'. Results: Of 4121 women seen during the inclusion period, 25 were found to have a major urethral abnormality on TLUS (0.6%). Of those, 17 had a cystic structure while 8 showed other abnormalities such as multiple hyperechogenic foci (HF). Urethroscopy confirmed a diverticulum in 16; 13 of which had had a cystic structure, and three multiple HF. In the 16 patients with confirmed UD, mean age was 48 (33-70) years, mean parity 2 (0-4). 7/16 (43%) presented with recurrent UTIs; the same number showed an anterior vaginal wall mass on exam. All except one were posterior. Mean maximum diameter was 13.4 (5-24) mm. The UD was simple in 8/13 (62%) and complex (ie. multilocular and/or covering >80% of the urethral circumference) in 5/13. A tract was identified on TLUS in 11/13 (84%). Conclusions: Translabial ultrasound is a valid noninvasive firstline method for the diagnosis of UD. Incidence is well below 1% in our population. A cystic structure traversing the rhabdosphincter has a high predictive value for the urethroscopic diagnosis of UD. Multiple hyperechogenic foci may indicate the presence of a small diverticulum.


EFFECT OF TURBOSTRATIC ORIENTATIONS AND CONFINED FLUID ON MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF BI-LAYER GRAPHENE: A MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY by Nil Bharatbhai Dhankecha The rise of graphene as a reinforcement material in the last decade has been exponential owing to its superior mechanical properties. This one atom thick 2D material is applicable in many industries related to nanomechanical, nanoelectronics and optical devices. Despite its strength and superior properties, single-layer graphene tends to be unstable in a free-standing form. This led to active use of bi-layer and multilayered graphene in many of the above-stated applications. Though properties of single-layer graphene have been extensively investigated both computationally as well as experimentally for over a decade, bilayer graphene and its turbostratic form are still under research. Additionally, little is known about the effects of environmental condition such as humidity on the mechanical strength of these layered structures. Therefore, the detailed investigation of these bi-layered structures and their derivatives for real-life applications is crucial. In this study, the mechanical properties of these structures are investigated by means of Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation. MD simulations provide a cost-effective tool to study physical and chemical interaction of atoms in such structures. Simulations have proved to be very efficient in modeling structures and predicting their mechanical properties. Herein, single-layer graphene, bilayer graphene were exposed to uniaxial tensile load in zig-zag and armchair direction. Different turbostratic orientations of bilayer graphene were also subjected to uniaxial loading in order to determine the most stable and strong bi-layer conformation. It was found that AB stacked bilayer graphene was most stable and was reported to have the highest strength of all other bilayer conformations. For further bi-layer analysis, AB stacking was preferred. The analysis was further extended to study crack propagation in single and bilayer graphene. The study was completed by understanding the effect of fluids such as water confined in bilayer graphene on its overall mechanical strength. In the past decade, several applications have come to light ranging from sensors to biomedical devices that employ such constructed nano-structures. However, the question of the mechanical stability of such structures with different water content is rarely addressed. Herein, the effect of fluid confined in bilayer graphene on its mechanical property was detailed. The results show an increased strain limit in the graphene in the presence of water content and provide an interesting insight into the surface hydrophobicity of graphene. EFFECT OF TURBOSTRATIC ORIENTATIONS AND CONFINED FLUID ON MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF BI-LAYER GRAPHENE: A MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY


Aim at the weakness of more influenced by the environment etc. factor and the heat flow density lower when the solar energy was make use of heating, so the design method of the hybrid solar energy and ground-source heat pump is proposed, and the operating principle of this system has been studied. Thermal calculating methods of the solar energy collector and the ground-source heat pump was presented. Basing on a practical project, introduced the design methods and operating ways of this system. Experimental results prove that system heat coefficient of performance in winter averages 4.73 and system refrigeration coefficient of performance in summer averages 3.9, energy economy result very obvious, so this system very has research and expand value.


This briefing document reports on a seminar where participants were provided with the opportunity to consider how they can provide authentic assessment and involve students as peers and mentors in the assessment process within their own discipline areas. The session explored the potential benefits of these approaches and also addressed the fears and possible drawbacks of such approaches, creating the opportunity to explore these in more detail and discuss solutions and approaches to avoid. The workshop was built around three different experiences of assessment practice in the higher education sector. It used a combination of speed geeking and a world cafe to allow participants to move around the room and listen to a short presentation on each experience and contribute to a related question in a conversational manner. The first experience was based on the use of students to provide feedback to their peers on formative work. The second experience used students from one subject area to help 'mentor' students in a different subject area. The final experience used a conference with external delegates to provide an authentic assessment experience for students.


To investigate the hypothesis that diminished endothelial fibrinolysis is present in sickle cell (SS) disease plasma, tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen titres were measured before and after a standard stimulus of endothelial t-PA release (venous occlusion of the arm), and plasma t-PA activities after venous occlusion in 33 subjects with SS disease and in 32 healthy subjects. Mean plasma t-PA antigen titres before and after venous occlusion, and mean plasma t-PA activities after venous occlusion did not differ significantly between SS patients and normal subjects. No significant differences in mean t-PA antigen and activity were observed between samples taken from inpatients being treated for acute pain crisis (18 subjects, 30 samples) and samples taken from subjects in the steady state (23 subjects, 26 samples). No consistent differences were seen between painful crisis and steady state samples in eight SS patients studied while in crisis and in the steady state. No correlation was observed between any fibrinolytic variable in SS patients and the overall severity of microvascular occlusive disease as measured by a standard scoring system. It is concluded that the capacity of endothelium to synthesise and release t-PA is not impaired in SS disease, and that excessive inhibition of released t-PA, leading to reduced t-PA activity in plasma is also not a feature of SS disease, either in the steady state or during painful crisis.


The aim of the study is to determine (1) how the picture of the difficulties students express their opinions in SMP Negeri 1 Segeri ?, (2) what factors cause difficulty expressing their opinions on students of SMP Negeri 1 Segeri? (3) how the picture of the implementation of individual counseling services to help mnegatasi difficulty expressing their opinions on students of SMP Negeri 1 Segeri ?. Case study in two children who experienced trouble expressing their opinions. Data analysis, namely: Data reduction, data display and Conclusion Drawing / verification. Results (1) difficulty expressing their opinions on students such as; aspects of personality, learning aspect, the social aspect. (2) The factors causing difficulty expressing their opinions consist of internal factors such as feelings of shame or fear of making mistakes, lack of speech, lack of preparation, low self-esteem, physical deficiencies, trauma, felt unable to express an opinion, do not consider important the opportunity to express opinions, and fear that is excessive if expression .; and external factors such as a lack of social support, lack of respect and attention, lack of means of support for freedom of expression, lack of motivation from the family and the environment, and the absence of an opportunity to express opinions; (3) Results of interview counseling individuals who demonstrate the changes and development of US students and AL in some aspects such as changes to the enthusiasm of students in participating layananan individual counseling, the openness of the students in presenting the issues, the development of the ability to identify weaknesses and strengths in an effort to solve this problem, and the development of students' abilities in overcoming difficulties experienced expression.


Increasing gap between demand and availability of human kidneys for transplantation has forced a re-evaluation of the limits on donor age acceptability. The present study included 74 patients who underwent kidney transplantation in University Clinical Centre Tuzla. In an observational cohort study we assessed impact of donor age on post transplant renal function by analyzing following parameters: 24 hour urine output, creatinine clearance (Cr Cl) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Depending on donor age recipients were allocated in to two groups. Group I included patients who received renal graft from donors age up to 55 years, and Group II encountered recipients who received renal graft from donors older than 55 years. Our goal was to determine whether donor age over 55 years significantly diminishes renal graft function in first seven post transplant days. No statistically significant difference was found between Group I and II regarding 24 hour urine output. From second to fifth postoperative day creatinine clearance values were higher in the group of patients who received kidney from donors older than 55 years (47+/-19, 1 vs. 44, 4+/-20, 8). On the fifth, sixth and seventh post operative day GFR was significantly higher in patients who received renal graft from donors age up to 55 years (p<0, 0161). Our data showed no significant difference in observed variables between the two groups, thus indicating that utilization of renal grafts from donors' age > 55 years is acceptable and may considerably expand the donor pool.


Howard Fast wrote his novels about the American Revolution to educate what he feared was an ignorant public. He used individuals as archetypes to tell the story of common folk whose lives would otherwise remain lost because of the limited historical record. Believing that he could tap into universal aspects of the human condition he sometimes did careful research before writing, and sometimes did little at all. He claimed to tell truths that transcended any documentary source and wrote with a passion that millions of readers found appealing. His invention of characters, dialogue, and scenes to dramatize real events provide important commentary on the larger problem of fictionalizing the past.


The Haskell-Thompson transfer matrix method is used to derive layer stiffness matrices which may be interpreted and applied in the same way as stiffness matrices in conventional structural analysis. These layer stiffness matrices have several advantages over the more usual transfer matrices: (1) they are symmetric; (2) fewer operations are required for analysis; (3) there is an easier treatment of multiple loadings; (4) substructuring techniques are readily applicable; and (5) asymptotic expressions follow naturally from the expressions (very thick layers; high frequencies, etc.). While the technique presented is not more powerful than the original Haskell-Thompson scheme, it is nevertheless an elegant complement to it. The exact expressions are given for the matrices, as well as approximations for thin layers. Also, simple examples of application are presented to illustrate the use of the method.


Backscatter communication can potentially find wide Internet of Things (IoT) applications because of its negligible energy consumption. Traditional backscatter communication relies on either dedicated radio-frequency (RF) sources, such as RF identification readers and power beacons, or ambient RF sources, e.g., TV and cellular signals. In this article, we study a backscatter-assisted wirelessly powered IoT system where devices can backscatter when nearby devices are actively transmitting via RF. Our objective is to determine the transmission schedule for all devices that maximizes the minimum system throughput. We formulate such a scheduling problem as a linear program for both linear and random networks. A key step in the formulation is to identify the groups of devices that can simultaneously backscatter without causing interference. Simulation results show that the max–min system throughput in linear and random networks can be increased by 46 and 180 times, respectively, by using the proposed backscatter-assisted schedule as compared with the traditional time-division multiple access (TDMA).


The current study aimed to investigate emotion processing after a single night of sleep restriction, and to investigate hormones and menstrual phase as predictors of vulnerability to sleep loss. Participants were randomly assigned to a control group in bed 11pm-7am (12 men, 12 follicular women (day 8-14 of cycle), 12 luteal women (day 15-26), 1 active woman) or sleep restriction group in bed 3-7am (13 men, 13 follicular women, 10 luteal women, 1 active woman). Saliva samples were obtained at 10:30 pm (baseline), 7 am, 7:30 am, 4:00 pm, and 4:30 pm to measure the concentration of cortisol, testosterone in men, and estradiol and progesterone in women. N170 and LPP event-related potentials were recorded during emotional face categorization and image categorization tasks respectively. Sleep-restricted participants were less accurate identifying sad facial expressions, and displayed a larger N170 amplitude to sad faces compared to other emotional faces. On the image task, participants had a larger LPP amplitude to positive images compared to neutral, reflecting a positivity bias in attention. Women in the luteal phase displayed more vulnerability to the effects of sleep loss on the image task, supported with multiple relationships with progesterone and poor accuracy in this group. Progesterone may contribute to individual differences in the effects of sleep loss in women. Morning testosterone and cortisol in men, and cortisol in luteal women, were also affected by sleep restriction. Correlations between hormone concentrations and emotion variables support that hormones play a role in emotional processing changes due to sleep loss. Specifically, testosterone and progesterone were associated with sad face accuracy in the sleep restriction group, and cortisol was related to threat processing. Together, the findings of this study indicate that one night of sleep restriction is sufficient to affect emotional processing and the release of hormones. Moreover, menstrual phase HORMONES, SLEEP RESTRICTION AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSING ii played a role in vulnerability to sleep loss. These findings have important implications for understanding the functional role of sleep and hormones in emotion processing.


In this paper, an aggregate game is adopted for the modeling and analysis of energy consumption control in smart grid. Since the electricity users' cost functions depend on the aggregate energy consumption, which is unknown to the end users, an average consensus protocol is employed to estimate it. By neighboring communication among the users about their estimations on the aggregate energy consumption, Nash seeking strategies are developed. Convergence properties are explored for the proposed Nash seeking strategies. For energy consumption game that may have multiple isolated Nash equilibria, a local convergence result is derived. The convergence is established by utilizing singular perturbation analysis and Lyapunov stability analysis. Energy consumption control for a network of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems is investigated. Based on the uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium, it is shown that the players' actions converge to a neighborhood of the unique Nash equilibrium nonlocally. More specially, if the unique Nash equilibrium is an inner Nash equilibrium, an exponential convergence result is obtained. Energy consumption game with stubborn players is studied. In this case, the actions of the rational players can be driven to a neighborhood of their best response strategies by using the proposed method. Numerical examples are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods.


Adventive fauna is a heterogenic in origin and heterochronic in time of appearance group of species in a regional fauna formed in result of migrations through direct or indirect human influence. 96 species of terrestrial snails are found in the Moscow and Tver Regions. 25(26%) of them are alien. The adventive species belong to 15 genera of 9 families. The alien species are classified herein by geographical, chronological and ecological parameters. According to their naturalization degree, the alien species can be classified into 3 groups. Domestizoids are the species inhabiting buildings (as houses, cellars, vegetable stores, greenhouses, etc). Colonozoids are species inhabiting secondary biotopes for a long time but not dispersing further. Epecozoids are species that have occupied anthropogenic biotopes and are continuously dispersing. Negative influence of the alien species on the aboriginal malacological fauna is recorded but that does not diminish the terrestrial species diversity in this area yet.


The pattern of GnRH secretion during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle of sheep is characterized by an initial marked change in episodic secretion (increased frequency and decreased amplitude) followed by a massive and sustained discharge-the preovulatory GnRH surge. Studies employing a physiological model for the follicular phase have revealed that estradiol has profound and complex feedback effects on GnRH release during the preovulatory period. These include both quantitative effects on pulses (stimulation of frequency, inhibition of amplitude) and qualitative effects (altering pulse shape, stimulating interpulse secretion), in addition to inducing a preovulatory GnRH surge. In stimulating the surge, estradiol causes a highly characteristic change in the minute-to-minute pattern of GnRH in hypophyseal portal blood. Initially, a strictly episodic pattern gives way to one in which GnRH is consistently elevated between pulses. Then, following enhancement of both pulsatile and interpulse components, GnRh becomes extremely high and variable for the majority of the surge. From this point, a regular and well organized pulse pattern is not apparent. The characteristic time course of GnRH at surge onset provides insight into possible mechanistic changes in the GnRH neurosecretory system. Such changes include quantitative and qualitative alterations in the pulse generating mechanism, recruitment of a surge specific population of GnRH neurones, morphologic alterations in GnRH neurones and neighboring cells, and changes in efficiency or route of delivery of GnRH from its site of release to the portal vasculature. These possibilities, while untested and speculative, provide a conceptual framework for future research.


Ocean warming and species exploitation have already caused large-scale reorganization of biological communities across the world. Accurate projections of future biodiversity change require a comprehensive understanding of how entire communities respond to global change. We combined a time-dynamic integrated food web modelling approach (Ecosim) with a community-level mesocosm experiment to determine the independent and combined effects of ocean warming and acidification, and fisheries exploitation, on a temperate coastal ecosystem. The mesocosm enabled important physiological and behavioural responses to climate stressors to be projected for trophic levels ranging from primary producers to top predators, including sharks. We show that under current-day rates of exploitation, warming and ocean acidification will benefit most species in higher trophic levels (e.g. mammals, birds, demersal finfish) in their current climate ranges, with the exception of small pelagic fish, but these benefits will be reduced or lost when these physical stressors co-occur. We show that increases in exploitation will, in most instances, suppress any positive effects of human-driven climate change, causing individual species biomass to decrease at high-trophic levels. Species diversity at the trailing edges of species distributions is likely to decline in the face of ocean warming, acidification and exploitation.We showcase how multi-level mesocosm food web experiments can be used to directly inform dynamic food web models, enabling the ecological processes that drive the responses of marine ecosystems to scenarios of global change to be captured in model projections and their individual and combined effects to be teased apart. Our approach for blending theoretical and empirical results from mesocosm experiments with computational models will provide resource managers and conservation biologists with improved tools for forecasting biodiversity change and altered ecosystem processes due to climate change.


HYPOTHESIS
Total pancreatectomy for infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma is not superior to pancreaticoduodenectomy or distal pancreatectomy.

DESIGN
A retrospective analysis of a prospective database of patients.

SETTING
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.

PATIENTS
All patients (n = 488) undergoing pancreatic resection.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Duration of operation, estimated blood loss, complications, length of stay, number of positive lymph nodes, presence of a positive margin, and survival times were analyzed.

RESULTS
Thirty-five patients were identified who underwent total pancreatectomy, 28 of whom had adenocarcinoma. Median length of stay was 32 days; 19 (54%) developed postoperative complications, of which 63% were infectious. Thirty-day mortality was 3% (1 patient). Median survival was 9.3 months (range, 0.6-172 months). There was no significant difference between patients with and without adenocarcinoma in terms of duration of operation, estimated blood loss, complications, length of stay, or number of readmissions. In patients with adenocarcinoma, margin or nodal status were not significant survival variables. Patients undergoing total pancreatectomy for adenocarcinoma had a significantly worse overall survival than those undergoing total pancreatectomy for other reasons (P<.001), or compared with a contemporaneous cohort with adenocarcinoma undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (n = 409) and distal pancreatectomy (n = 51) (7.9 vs 17.2 months; P<.002).

CONCLUSIONS
Total pancreatectomy can be performed safely with low mortality; survival is predicted by the underlying pathologic findings: patients undergoing total pancreatectomy for adenocarcinoma have a uniformly poor outcome. Those undergoing total pancreatectomy for benign disease or nonadenocarcinoma variants can have long-term survival. In patients who require total pancreatectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma, the survival is so poor as to bring into question the value of the operation.


Mechanochemical treatment with carbohydrates leads to the successful exfoliation of graphite and this can be considered as a green approach to the preparation of graphene. Glucose, fructose and saccharose were used and the former showed the best exfoliation behaviour to generate graphene materials with a relatively low number of defects, as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy. The addition of small amounts of water to the ball milling treatment led to the formation of glucose-graphene co-crystals, which exhibited superior properties in terms of colloidal stability and minimization of cell toxicity.


This document describes anonymisation techniques for IP flow data and
the export of anonymised data using the IPFIX protocol. It provides a
categorization of common anonymisation schemes and defines the
parameters needed to describe them. It provides guidelines for the
implementation of anonymised data export and storage over IPFIX, and
describes an Options-based method for anonymisation metadata export
within the IPFIX protocol, providing the basis for the definition of
information models for configuring anonymisation techniques within an
IPFIX Metering or Exporting Process, and for reporting the technique
in use to an IPFIX Collecting Process.


Nursing professionalism relates to the knowledge, skills, conduct, behaviour and attitudes of registered nurses. Difficulties related to student assessment of professionalism have been anecdotally described as a disparity between the meaning of the term 'professionalism' to nurses and its application and measurement in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to develop a professional practice competency for undergraduate nurses on clinical placement. An exploratory sequential mixed-methods approach with a two-phase design was used to develop the competency. Phase one, the Delphi method with 16 expert nurses, was used to develop the competency. This involved the thematic analysis of key statements over four rounds, five key themes were identified (attitudes, communication, knowledge, standards, relationships) that formed the framework and 33 individual competency statements. This was followed by phase 2, content validity, using the Table of Specification with 58 clinical facilitators. The findings confirmed the statements (80% consensus) deemed important to assess the essential construct of nursing professional practice. It is envisaged that the professional practice competency will assist student insight into their professional role and subsequently allow adjustment and achievement of professional practice competency.


The Personal Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR), which entered into force on the 25th of May 2016, provided a two-year deadline for implementation so that the member states, competent authorities and officers, can take steps and, where appropriate, adopt the necessary legislative, technical and organisational measures for the implementation of the new European regulation. This deadline expired on the 25th of May 2018. While it is not usual for a regulation, which is of general application, binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all member states, to require national implementing laws, this general regulation contains several grounds under which the member states have competence to regulate various aspects, by national law, especially regarding the sanctioning regime. The competent authorities in Romania adopted two such laws to regulate some of the issues that the GDPR provides in the member states' competence. Within this study we analyse these proposals as well as other national measures for the implementation of the Regulation, which concern not only the sanctioning regime, in general, but also the competence of the national data protection authority, the exercise of legal remedies, some special categories of data, certain derogations, the data protection officer, certification bodies or the application of corrective measures to public authorities and institutions.


incision, and a large clot was found behind the placenta. During the operation very free bleeding of non-clotting blood was occurring from the cut tissues. Suspecting fibrinogenopenia a bottle of triplc-strength plasma was made up, and after the second bottle of blood was through this was infused under positive pressure, taking 10 minutes to do so. Shortly after this, cardiac arrest occurred as the abdomen was being closed. The chest was opened through the 5th left interspace, and internal cardiac massage was applied. The usual stimulants were given and after two to three minutes a spontaneous heart beat was restored. The chest was closed some 30 minutes later. After a relatively uneventful puerperium she was discharged home with her baby 20 days after operation, with no ill effects. Although we had no biochemical or electrocardiographic confirmation we thought the most likely cause for this near disaster was the high potassium content of the plasma infused.-I am, etc., D. B. WHITEHOUSE. Wrexham, Denbighshire.


The present study was conducted to analyze consumers' attitudes towards the purchase of green products. The purpose of the study was to measure the level of ecological awareness which would hypothetically lead to a positive attitude towards green products. Sampling was done by approaching 300 people, out of which 280 responded to the measurement tool. The respondents were from semi government and multinational organizations across Rawalpindi and Islamabad, and were educated at a bachelors' degree level or higher. The measurement tool was adopted from some previous researches in the same field. Correlation Coefficient, Regression, Independent Sample t-test and ANOVA were employed for analysis, which revealed that ecological awareness did not contribute to affecting an attitude towards green purchase. With respect to the responses of the two groups i.e. male and female, Independent Sample t-test showed that there was no significant difference. One – way ANOVA indicated that there were no significant differences in attitude with respect to age and education among different groups. The study concluded that ecological awareness of the consumers was found to be at a lower level than expected thus bearing no significant impact on their attitude towards green purchase.


Objective: Target-volume noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (TV-NPPV) was introduced to combine the advantages of volume- and pressure-preset NPPV. However, diverging results have been reported regarding a deterioration of sleep quality due to pressure variation.

Methods: 12 COPD-patients on long term high-intensity NPPV (HI-NPPV) were switched to TV-NPPV for 10 weeks. Sleep quality and overnight gas exchange were analyzed at run-in during HI-NPPV and after 10 weeks of TV-NPPV. Two TV-NPPV-settings were tested overnight in a randomized order: 8ml/kg ideal body weight (TV1) versus 110% of individual tidal volume analyzed during familiar HI-NPPV (TV2). Inspiratory pressures were set to -5mbar (of HI-NPPV) up to 35mbar. TV-NPPV-settings reflecting the lower overnight transcutaneous PCO2-values (PtcCO2) were chosen for long-term TV-NPPV.

Results: 10 patients completed the study, 2 patients refused to complete the trial using TV2-NPPV at home. Mean overnight PtcCO2 was similar during HI-NPPV and TV-NPPV (both 45±5mmHg), p=0.75. In addition, no difference was found comparing sleep quality by polysomnography regarding sleep efficiency, sleep stages, total sleep time, arousal index, apnoe-hypopnea index or oxygen saturation.

Conclusion: After 10 weeks of TV-NPPV at home no differences regarding sleep quality or overnight PtcCO2 were observable compared to conventional HI-NPPV.


BACKGROUND
Personalized medicines are becoming more popular as they enable the use of patient's genomics and hence help in better drug design with fewer side effects. In fact, several doses can be combined into one dosage form which suits the patient's demography. 3 Dimensional (3D) printing technology for personalized medicine is a modern day treatment method based on genomics of patient.

METHODS
3D printing technology uses digitally controlled devices for formulating API and excipients in a layer by layer pattern for developing a suitable personalized drug delivery system as per the need of patient. It includes various techniques like inkjet printing, fused deposition modelling which can further be classified into continuous inkjet system and drop on demand. In order to formulate such dosage forms, scientists have used various polymers to enhance their acceptance as well as therapeutic efficacy. Polymers like polyvinyl alcohol, poly (lactic acid) (PLA), poly (caprolactone) (PCL) etc can be used during manufacturing.

RESULTS
Varying number of dosage forms can be produced using 3D printing technology including immediate release tablets, pulsatile release tablets, and transdermal dosage forms etc. The 3D printing technology can be explored successfully to develop personalized medicines which could play a vital role in the treatment of lifethreatening diseases. Particularly, for patients taking multiple medicines, 3D printing method could be explored to design a single dosage in which various drugs can be incorporated. Further 3D printing based personalized drug delivery system could also be investigated in chemotherapy of cancer patients with the added advantage of the reduction in adverse effects.

CONCLUSION
In this article, we have reviewed 3D printing technology and its uses in personalized medicine. Further, we also discussed the different techniques and materials used in drug delivery based on 3D printing along with various applications of the technology.


Abstract. Delivering location based information to support human navigation in unfamiliar environments has been a long standing research topic in Location-based Service (LBS). Enriching route and direction communication with landmark information not only increases the efficiency of navigation applications but also facilitates spatial knowledge learning among users (Lovelace et al. 1999, Wunderlich & Gramann 2018). Landmarks are salient geographic entities anchored at fixed positions in an environment. In wayfinding and navigation, landmarks serve for multiple purposes as and organizing concept that help people build up structured spatial knowledge representation and as navigational tools to support navigational decision-making (Sorrows & Hirtle 1999). In previous work, landmarks are often conceptualized as reference points. However, in Geodatabase landmarks are not always represented as point features. Moreover, non-point features are also important references in route instructions, especially for pedestrian navigation. The signs, though often considered as point elements not only provide something about "here", but also directional information (Gibson 2009). In this work, we attempt to provide a categorization of landmark for route communications from a database perspective. The proposed view is intended to be extended to a landmark model to generate various route communication, such as verbal instructions or symbolic visualizations.


Permit me to begin with the outrageous claim staked out in the title of this paper. That there is a relationship between the structure of mathematics and the structure of metaphor. By beginning here we will start very near the end of my more than decade long quest to understand the nature of language. For a student Of literature, and narrative in particular, this is tantamount to ignoring the first four acts of a classical five-act drama. An additional assertion, however, is that it is ultimately nature's complex unraveling which has brought us to this point. I hope to suggest some of the analytical unraveling , (denouement) required to understand this relationship. While I will do no more than suggest that particle physics is deeply implicated in this work, before the work is completed, metaphor, complex number, and quark will be inevitably involved.


Introduction: In the early stage, D&C is a simple and safe treatment for CSP. We experienced 2 cases; performed total abdominal hysterectomy at 9 wks and D&C under abdominal US observation at 6 wks. We examined the resected uterus carefully and had detailed US observation. We can obtain significant knowledge to perform safe and easy D&C by these observations. A Literature review was added. Case 1: The posterior wall was opened. Although the endometrial mucosa was thick, the cervical mucosa was thin. The lining membrane of the caved site was not thick. After incising the membrane covering the pregnancy, the contents at the site could be removed easily. The adhesion of the chorion to the uterine wall was not firm, and the quantity of chorion tissue was small. Case 2: 2 Ls were inserted. They did not perforate the scar site. The pregnancy moved to the canal side. Under spinal anesthesia, we performed D&C under abdominal US guidance. After removing the Ls, the GS moved to the center of the cavity and was pulled out from the pocket. We picked up the GS with placental forceps and removed the pregnancy with suction curettage. Literature Review: The recent 13 cases from 1995 to 2005 were examined. Regarding therapy, 2 were treated with chemotherapy, 2 were treated with D&C, 1 was treated with TAE and chemotherapy, and 6 were treated with D&C and TAI or chemotherapy. 1 was treated with vaginal surgery incising the anterior uterine cervical wall. 1 was treated with laparotomy after D&C. Comment: When removing the pregnancy under abdominal US observation, we must carefully check whether the pregnancy is progressing in an extrauterine direction and perform D&C. The thickened lining membrane can be easily removed by D&C and suction curettage. When the pathological change progresses outside the uterus, or uterine perforation is likely to occur during operation, there should be no hesitation to perform laparotomy, laparoscopic operation or uterine resection.


Six organizational rites in a surgical residency program were analyzed as a means to reveal aspects of the culture of the program. The rites generally depicted a program culture characterized by professional values of total commitment and availability, an ideology based on expert power, and strict behavioral norms supportive of the hierarchical program authority. These rites have important implications for leadership in surgical education.


Greenspace is a fundamental attribute of cities, supporting healthy communities. Internationally, scholars and activists frequently call for more greenspace. Recent research has identified a range of factors that contribute to, or inhibit urban greenspace provision. While municipal government is most often at the heart of local urban greenspace provision, delivery depends upon internal as well as external factors which can act as disruptors. In fast growing cities, these factors can be amplified by the pace of growth, a phenomenon not isolated in Australasian cities. Drawing upon two case studies, this paper examines which factors most affect urban greenspace in two fast growing cities of Australia and Canada, exploring how they manifest locally. Several questions are addressed: (1) is the current approach to greenspace provision in such cities effective, (2) how can we tell, and (3) what are the factors that influence urban greenspace provision in non-capital cities? Analysis reveals an increasing tension for local government between clinging to traditional planning standards for open space provision in the face of escalating expectations from business and residents alike. A dilemma for municipal greenspace planners globally is how to close the gap between the limited resources available, affordability and sustainability, and the increasing demands for urban greenspace to deliver social, environmental and economic outcomes and benefits. This paper offers insights from grounded theory to help inform future urban policy and research directions for urban greenspace planning approaches.


Biologically inspired models of self-propelled interacting agents display a wide variety of collective motion such as swarm migration and vortex formation. In these models, active interactions among agents are typically included such as velocity alignment and cohesive and repulsive forces that represent agents' short- and long-range 'sensing' capabilities of their environment. Here, we show that similar collective behaviors can emerge in a minimal model of isotropic agents solely due to a passive mechanism—inelastic collisions among agents. The model dynamics shows a gradual velocity correlation build-up into the collective motion state. The model displays a discontinuous transition of collective motion with respect to noise and exhibits several collective motion types such as vortex formation, swarm migration and also complex spatio-temporal group motion. This model can be regarded as a hybrid model, connecting granular materials and agent-based models.


Chlorella vulgaris had the gene of n-3 fatty acid desaturase (CvFad3) which can synthesize the precursor of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or to convert n-6 to n-3 PUFAs. The objective of this study was to examine whether the CvFad3 gene from C. vulgaris can be functionally expressed in mammalian cells and whether its expression can exert a significant effect on cellular fatty acid composition. CvFad3 gene was inserted into plasmid pEGFP-C3 to construct eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-C3-n-3 and expressed the n-3 Fad gene in mouse breast cancer cells (4T1 cells). Transfection of recombinant vector into 4T1 cells resulted in a high expression of n-3 fatty acid desturase. Lipid analysis indicated a remarkable increase in the level of n-3 PUFAs accompanied with a large decrease in the contents of n-6 PUFAs. Accordingly, CvFad3 gene significantly decreased the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs of 4T1 cells membrane. The expression of CvFad3 gene decreased cellular proliferation and promoted cellular apoptosis. This study demonstrates that CvFad3 gene could dramatically balance the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs. It would be an effective approach to modifying fatty acid composition of mammalian cells and also provided a basis for potential applications of this gene transfer in experimental and clinical settings.


Background and Purpose:
 Prehospital notification of patients with suspected acute stroke by emergency medical services (EMS) personnel is recommended to reduce delays in time-dependent management such as thrombolytic therapy. We developed " the Brain Saver", which is a smartphone-assisted prenotification system using mobile application platform, and evaluated preliminarily the effects of this system on improving quality indicator for thrombolysis therapy in acute ischemic stroke.

 Methods:
 Through the Brain Saver, the EMS personnel sent the clinical information, such as age, sex, time of symptom onset, expected arrival time, neurological symptom of the patient with suspected acute stroke in the field, so that the stroke team prepared to prioritize the hospital resources such as computerized tomography (CT) and various laboratory test for suspected stroke patients. On arrival at emergency room, patients were transferred directly from triage onto the CT room on the ambulance stretcher, and the stroke team meet patient. Between September 2014 and July 2015, we compared quality indicators including door-to-needle time (DNT), door-to-imaging time (DIT) of patients with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) with prenotification to those without prenotification.

 Results:
 During study period, time of onset to arrival in patients with prenotification using the Brain Saver was similar in those without. However, compared with tPA patients who arrived without prenotification, the median (interquartile range) DNT decreased from 55 (42-92) to 36 (32-42) minutes (p=0.003) and DIT was reduced from 11 (7-15) to 3 (2-6) minutes (p<0.0001).

 Conclusions:
 The Brain Saver was the efficient tool to communicate between EMS personnel and the stroke team for the prenotification of patients with acute stroke. The prenotification improved quality indicator of in-hospital stroke management by reducing time delay in thrombolytic therapy.


To date, few studies have focused on understanding fans of women's sport, which is especially true with regard to consumption intentions. This study was undertaken to 1) examine fans' attitudes toward women's sports, including both cognitive and affective evaluations as related to consumption intentions; 2) identify salient product attributes of women's sports related to fans' consumption intentions; and 3) examine group differences on attitudes. Multiple regression analysis and multivariate analysis of variance were conducted to address the research questions. Results of the study revealed that both cognitive and affective aspects of attitude were predictive of women's sport fans' consumption intentions. In addition, study results indicated excitement and entertainment price as two salient product-attributes of women's sports that predicted consumption intentions. Lastly, differences in attitudes between former athletes and non-athletes and age groups were found.


We carried out molecular deletion analysis on 142 patients with Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy which covered 25 exons of the dystrophin gene. We also evaluated the results by comparing with the clinical findings and examples in the literature. A deletion ratio of 63.7% was achieved. Exon 46 was the most frequently affected region. Interestingly we also observed four cases with muscle promoter (Mp) region deletions which have been rarely reported in the literature.


Glues consist of cyanoacrylate. Cyanoacrylate burns are unusual chemical burns. If it comes into contact with cotton a severe exothermic reaction occurs and results as a thermal burn. Cyanoacrylate (CA) was described in 1949 first and the usage as adhesive was recognised. The homologues of CA adhesive have been used, including methyl-, ethyl-, isobutyl-, isohexyl-, and octyl-CA in the different industriel fields. For to create less toxic product in 1960s, the formulation was changed to butyl cyanoacrylate for possible medical use. It has an increasing use in the household also. Now it has a widespread use as an all-purpose, however the frequent application of CA is as adhesive domestically. We report a five year old girl who accidentally split glue on her pyjamas and had a full thickness burn on her left thigh while playing with glue at home.
Nearly all the burns in literature were observed in children due to the accidental spillage. Therefore it's important for the public to raise the idea of CA glues should be kept safely away from the reaches of the children.


We discuss the use of a genetic algorithm (GA) to invert data for many acceptable solutions, in contrast to inversion for a single, "optimum" solution. The GA is a directed search method which does not need linearization of the forward problem or a starting model, and it can be applied with a very large mode!-space. Consequently, fewer assumptions are required and a greater range of solutions is examined than with many other inversion methods. We apply the GA to fundamental Rayleigh group disper- sion estimates for paths across Central Europe and across the East European Platform to determine "average", layered S velocity models separately for each region. The use of the GA allows an identical model parameterization and broad parameter search range to be used for both regions. The scatter of acceptable solutions shows velocity-depth trade-offs around the Moho, indicates the depth resolution of the inversion, and shows the uncertainty in upper mantle, S velocity estimates. The results indicate that a thicker crust and up to 0.3 km/sec (7%) higher S wave velocities in the upper 100 km of the mantle under the older East European Platform than under Central Europe explain most of the differences in the data sets.


In 2007 the Association for Information Systems announced that "a basket" of six journals should be considered as the top journals in the IS field. This list of journals was adopted based on a recommendation from the IS Senior Scholars Forum. One notable feature of the AIS list of journals is that it recognizes the topical, methodological, and geographic diversity of the IS field. For example, the list includes two European journals. Using bibliographic analysis, we classified all the research articles that have been published in the AIS basket of journals over a ten-year period, from 1998 to 2007. Using the classification framework and criteria of Chen and Hirschheim (2004), all articles were classified based on their paradigmatic and methodological approach. Our study thus provides a comprehensive overview of the research that has been published in the top six IS journals over the past decade. It also shows how the US-based journals differ from their European counterparts. Hence, the contribution of this article is that it is one of the first to analyze the AIS basket of top journals. It provides some insight into what kind of research has been published in these outlets. As this list is now being used in tenure and promotion cases in research-oriented universities around the world, we believe our findings will be of wide interest to the IS research community.


Modern science is big business. Governments, universities, and corporations have invested billions of dollars in scientific and technological research in the hope of obtaining power and profit. For the most part, this investment has benefited science and society, leading to new discoveries, inventions, disciplines, specialties, jobs, and career opportunities. However, there is a dark side to the influx of money into science. Unbridled pursuit of financial gain in science can undermine scientific norms, such as objectivity, honesty, openness, respect for research participants, and social responsibility. In The Price of Truth, David B. Resnik examines some of the important and difficult questions resulting from the financial and economic aspects of modern science. How does money affect scientific research? Have scientists become entrepreneurs bent on making money instead of investigators searching for the truth? How does the commercialization of research affect the public's perception of science? Can scientists prevent money from corrupting the research enterprise? What types of rules, polices, and guidelines should scientists adopt to prevent financial interests from adversely affecting research and the public's opinion of science?


In this review, we explore the potential applications of functionalized folic acid-polymer nanoparticles in nucleic acids delivery. Folic acid-chitosan (carbohydrates) and folic acid-PAMAM (dendrimers) of different polymer sizes were used to conjugate with DNA and tRNA in vitro. Thermodynamic analysis showed that conjugation of DNA and tRNA to nanoparticles occurred via hydrophilic, hydrophobic, H-bonding and van der Waals contacts. Major alterations of DNA and RNA morphology occurred by nanocarrier interaction. These results indicate that functionalized folic acid-nanoparticles can deliver DNA and RNA to target sites.


Image inpainting is the process of restoring the lost or damaged regions or modifying the image contents imperceptibly. It refers to the process of filling-in missing data in a designated region of the visual input. In this paper, the technique presented is for detection and removal of text from images. The system detects text using morphological operations, connected component labelling and a set of selection criteria which helps to filter out non text regions. So, the resultant image is the image with only texts. Text Inpainting is done in two steps. The first step detects the text region automatically, without user interaction and in the second step; the text is removed from the image using exemplar based Inpainting algorithm.


Let $X$ be a first countable Hausdorff topological group. The limit of a sequence in $X$ defines a function denoted by $\lim$ from the set of all convergence sequences to $X$. This notion has been modified by Connor and Grosse-Erdmann for real functions by replacing $\lim$ with an arbitrary linear functional $G$ defined on a linear subspace of the vector space of all real sequences. Recently \c{C}akall{\i} has extended the concept to topological group setting and introduced the concepts of $G$-sequential compactness, $G$-sequential continuity and sequential connectedness. In this paper we give a further investigation of $G$-sequential continuity in topological groups.


DSpace is a platform that allows you to capture items in any format – in text, video, audio, and data. It distributes it over the web. It indexes your work, so users can search and retrieve your items. It preserves your digital work over the long term.DSpace provides a way to manage your research materials and publications in a professionally maintained repository to give them greater visibility and accessibility over time.DSpace is typically used as an institutional repository. It has three main roles:1. Facilitate the capture and ingest of materials, including metadata about the materials2. Facilitate easy access to the materials, both by listing and searching3. Facilitate the long term preservation of the materials• Getting your research results out quickly, to a worldwide audience • Reaching a worldwide audience through exposure to search engines such as Google • Storing reusable teaching materials that you can use with course management systems • Archiving and distributing material you would currently put on your personal website • Storing examples of students' projects (with the students' permission) • Showcasing students' theses (again with permission) • Keeping track of your own publications/bibliography • Having a persistent network identifier for your work, that never changes or breaks • No more page charges for images. You can point to your images' persistent identifiers in your published articles.


Polarizabilities and London dispersion forces are important to many chemical processes. Force fields for classical atomistic simulations can be constructed using atom-in-material polarizabilities and Cn (n = 6, 8, 9, 10…) dispersion coefficients. This article addresses the key question of how to efficiently assign these parameters to constituent atoms in a material so that properties of the whole material are better reproduced. We develop a new set of scaling laws and computational algorithms (called MCLF) to do this in an accurate and computationally efficient manner across diverse material types. We introduce a conduction limit upper bound and m-scaling to describe the different behaviors of surface and buried atoms. We validate MCLF by comparing results to high-level benchmarks for isolated neutral and charged atoms, diverse diatomic molecules, various polyatomic molecules (e.g., polyacenes, fullerenes, and small organic and inorganic molecules), and dense solids (including metallic, covalent, and ionic). We also present results for the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme complexed with an inhibitor molecule. MCLF provides the non-directionally screened polarizabilities required to construct force fields, the directionally-screened static polarizability tensor components and eigenvalues, and environmentally screened C6 coefficients. Overall, MCLF has improved accuracy compared to the TS-SCS method. For TS-SCS, we compared charge partitioning methods and show DDEC6 partitioning yields more accurate results than Hirshfeld partitioning. MCLF also gives approximations for C8, C9, and C10 dispersion coefficients and quantum Drude oscillator parameters. This method should find widespread applications to parameterize classical force fields and density functional theory (DFT) + dispersion methods.


Introduction Clinical practice guidelines facilitate optimal clinical practice. Point of care access, interpretation and application of such guidelines, however, is inconsistent. Informatics-based tools may help clinicians apply guidelines more consistently. We have developed a novel clinical decision support tool that presents guideline-relevant information and actionable items to clinicians at the point of care. We aim to test whether this tool improves the management of hyperlipidaemia, atrial fibrillation and heart failure by primary care clinicians. Methods/analysis Clinician care teams were cluster randomised to receive access to the clinical decision support tool or passive access to institutional guidelines on 16 May 2016. The trial began on 1 June 2016 when access to the tool was granted to the intervention clinicians. The trial will be run for 6 months to ensure a sufficient number of patient encounters to achieve 80% power to detect a twofold increase in the primary outcome at the 0.05 level of significance. The primary outcome measure will be the percentage of guideline-based recommendations acted on by clinicians for hyperlipidaemia, atrial fibrillation and heart failure. We hypothesise care teams with access to the clinical decision support tool will act on recommendations at a higher rate than care teams in the standard of care arm. Ethics and dissemination The Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board approved all study procedures. Informed consent was obtained from clinicians. A waiver of informed consent and of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) authorisation for patients managed by clinicians in the study was granted. In addition to publication, results will be disseminated via meetings and newsletters. Trial registration number NCT02742545.


China was active in the drafting of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, but has not become a state party, and the Chinese relationship with international criminal law is not strong. Given this, an examination of China's own abilities and actions with regard to accountability for international crimes is warranted. China does not have any legislation proscribing violations of international humanitarian law, or war crimes, genocide, or crimes against humanity. This article will examine some of the options under current Chinese Criminal Law of 1997 that could be used to prosecute international crimes in lieu of express provisions. The second part of the article undertakes an international criminal law and human rights analysis of the Gang of Four trial, as the only trial of leaders linked to the mass crimes of the Cultural Revolution and thus the only real example of an attempt at accountability for mass crimes in modern China. These two parts of the article combine together to provide an analysis of China's ability to enact and attempts at accountability for international crimes committed in China.


Abstract Objective To evaluate in adult rats, previously suckled under favorable and unfavorable conditions, the brain electrophysiological and microglial effects of the treatment early in life with the lectin (ConA) from Canavalia ensiformis. Methods Male Wistar newborn rats (n = 89) were suckled under favorable or unfavorable conditions, represented by litters with 6–7 pups or 12–14 pups (groups N6 and N12, respectively). From postnatal days 5–24, they were treated intraperitoneally with 1 or 10 mg/kg ConA (groups L1 and L10, respectively), or with saline solution (group Sal), or no treatment (group Naïve). At 90–120 days of age, cortical spreading depression (CSD) was recorded at two parietal points for 4 hours, and CSD parameters (velocity of propagation and amplitude and duration of the DC slow potential change) were measured. Fixative-perfused brain sections were reacted with anti-Iba1 antibodies to quantify immunolabeled microglia. Results Compared with the control groups, ConA-treated animals dose-dependently presented with reduced CSD propagation velocities and increased amplitude and duration of the CSD slow potential change. Microglia Iba-1 immunoreactivity was lower in both nutritional groups treated with ConA, in comparison with the control groups. The CSD hemisphere presented with higher immunoreactivity compared with the CSD-free hemisphere. Discussion Attenuation in CSD propagation and microglia reaction was associated in adulthood with ConA treatment during brain development, indicating that the lectin can affect the electrophysiological and microglial development, and suggesting long-lasting protective action of the lectin on the rat brain, which is not impeded by the unfavorable suckling condition.


Heterotropic ossification is a common complication after spinal cord injury. Gradual advancements in the physiopathology and rehabilitation fields, and new treatment methods are a hope for the recovery of the clinical picture of injured individuals in the near future. The objective of this study was to evaluate the heterotropic ossification response of the thigh-femoral joints to neuromuscular electric stimulation in tetraplegic patients after rachial-medullar trauma. Six patients were submitted to neuromuscular electric stimulation for an average period of 16.6 months, being evaluated for X-ray imaging. Improvements on X-ray images were identified in two patients and the non-progression of the picture was observed in the remaining patients. Neuromuscular electric stimulation in spinal cord-injured individuals could be a useful method for treating heterotropic ossification and related progression prevention.


This study has investigated the use of exergy analysis when applied to the UK steel sector. The aim has been twofold: to assess whether exergy analysis provides greater insight into physical processes at this level than conventional thermodynamic analyses; and whether it can be used to identify ways that this sector has reduced its impact on the environment in the past, and how this might continue in the future. An overview of the issues surrounding resource consumption and waste generation and their relationship to the steel sector are given [Chapter 1]. The theory behind exergy analysis is then reviewed and its relevance to reducing resource use and waste minimisation examined [Chapter 2]. An exergy analysis was performed on all the processes within the steel sector [Chapters 3 & 4] and the reasons for thermodynamic inefficiencies discussed. Based on these analyses, exergy analysis was found to be superior to other methods in describing some, but not all, processes when compared with two forms of energy analysis [Chapter 5]. This is due to fact that exergy includes an account of entropy which quantifies thermodynamic quality. It was shown that reducing the exergy consumption of the steel sector leads to a reduction in resource use and to some extent will lead to a reduction in the emission of pollutants. Two different systems which could represent the UK steel sector were investigated to determine which best fitted the aims of the study [Chapter 6]. The first system was based on all processes within the UK which were linked to the use of steel; the second was based on all processes, regardless of location, which were linked to the use of steel in the UK. It was found that for the steel sector at least, there was little difference in the exergy consumption of each system, although these were structurally quite different. Finally a system was chosen to represent the UK steel sector which best suited the needs of the study. This system was used to examine the evolution of the steel sector from 1954-1994, detailing all the main steel and scrap flows, the exergy consumption in; mining, transport, steel production and scrap processing, the effects of trade and the role of manufacture and product use in generating scrap [Chapter 7]. It was found that the exergy consumption of the UK steel sector has fallen twofold in this time period, indicating a large reduction in resource consumption. Based on past evolution, scenarios for possible futures of the steel sector were constructed [Chapter 8]. These showed that from 1994 to 2019 substantial reductions in the exergy consumption of the sector are possible (between 15% and 72% of 1994 levels by 2019) through changes to: the overall demand for steel goods, the technology of steel production and the mix of steel production methods.


A language used by a group of people in a community or certain profession often uses special terms of language. A community prefers to use a particular variety of language
because they want to send the information more easily. The Andalus FM radio community has the particular language variety. It shows when they are communicating or
interacting with each other. They often use the special terms of language, which is understood by certain people only. This study is intended to investigate the registers used by Andalus FM radio community, the meanings of those registers, and the occasions when registers used.
In this study, the writer used a descriptive qualitative research design. To collect the data, the writer used observation and interview. In the observation, the writer observed their activities in a studio room especially their conversation. In the interview, the writer asked to the informants about the data found in the observation. Besides, the writer used tape recorder to record the interview between the writer and the informants especially to get the information about the meanings of registers and the occasions when registers used by Andalus FM radio community in Malang. To analyze the data, the writer used several steps. They are as follows: 1) arranging the data based on the observation and interview in the form of table, 2) analyzing the registers based on their categories, 3) giving the Indonesia and English meanings of registers found, 4) deciding the occasion in which the
population used the register, and 5) drawing conclusion based on the results of data analysis. The result of this study showed that there were 71 registers found in Andalus FM radio community in Malang. All of the registers used by Andalus were classified into formal register. The registers were used in such activities. First, the registers used when they are working. Second, the registers used when they are meeting. Third, they used the registers when they got an order and talked with the clients. And fourth, they used the registers in a break time while the entire members talked about their work evaluation.


Information security, including integrity and privacy, is an important concern among today's computer users due to increased connectivity. Despite a number of secure algorithms that have been proposed, the trade-offs made between security and performance demands further research toward improvement. In bulk data transfer, especially in large messages, the secured processing time takes much longer than non-secured processes. This is due to crypto operations, which include symmetric encryption operations and hashing functions. In the current bulk data transfer phase in secure socket layer (SSL), the server or the client firstly calculates the message authentication code (MAC) of the data using keyed-hash message authentication code (HMAC) operation, and then performs the symmetric encryption on the data together with the MAC. This paper proposes a new algorithm which provides a significant performance gain in bulk data transfer without compromising the security. The proposed algorithm performs the encryption of the data and the calculation of the MAC in parallel. The server calculates the MAC of the data at the same time as the encryption process of the data. Once the calculation of the MAC is completed, only then the MAC will be encrypted. The algorithm was simulated in two processors with one processor performing the MAC calculation and the other on encrypting the data, simultaneously. The communication between the two processors was done via message passing interface (MPI). Based on the performance simulations, the new parallel algorithm gained speedup of 1.74 with 85% efficiency over the current (sequential) algorithm.


This paper describes a pilot study that explores students learning how to program via a multi-disciplinary approach. The study participants were eleven 6th grade students who learned programming fundamentals via music activities in a Scratch 3.0 environment. These activities included the programming of familiar melodies and the development of suitable animations or computer games. For that matter, a study unit termed MelodyCode was developed in the spirit of the STEAM education approach and the spiral learning method and included exploration tasks based on individual learning. Via the programming of familiar melodies, they became acquainted with programming concepts such as functions, variables, repetition and control commands, parallel processes, and more. Competitions that win awards were held from time to time, which prompted students to invest efforts in their projects to reach first place and gain the teacher and classmates' appreciation. The study was conducted in the form of action research. The data analysis yielded references to the effect of MelodyCode on common stereotypes students hold regarding programming (masculine profession, necessitates good mathematics knowledge), cognitive aspects (cognitive load, linking music concrete use to abstract programming concepts), and affective aspects (joyful and relaxing class atmosphere, motivation, curiosity, self-efficacy).


Culture refers to the cumulative knowledge, beliefs, values and concepts that are accepted by a group of people. Such information are shared and inherited from the previous generations in order for one to be blended and accepted in a society. Different cultural groups communicate differently that is distinct and unique making homogeneous interpretation of underlying emotional contents are more accurate. However, universality of cultural-influenced speech can be observed when cross cultural speeches are being interacted from different cultural groups to one another especially with the advancement of communication technology. In this study, two different cultural-influenced speech datasets representing American (NTU-American) and European (Netherland EmoSpeech) are employed to investigate their similarity and dissimilarity in term of heterogeneous listener's perception on the underlying emotional contents. The Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) feature extraction method and Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) classifier are coupled to determine four different emotions, namely; anger, happiness, sadness and neutral acting as emotionless state. From the experimental result, it is noted that the proposed approach yielded accuracy performance of two times better than chance guessing. Moreover, the Netherland EmoSpeech dataset managed to obtain comparative accuracy with the established NTU-American dataset demonstrating that the data is satisfactory for speech emotion recognition purposes.


Micro-leakage can be described as the movement of bacteria, fluids, molecules, ions or air between the wall of the tooth cavity and the restorative material. This elicits clinical consequences such as sensitivity, discoloration in the internal phase between tooth and restorative material, secondary caries and pulp disease. The aim of this study was to quantify micro-leakage in  dentin and enamel margins in class V cavities of extracted teeth restored with composite resin, using a bonding system provided by different solvents. An experimental study was conducted in 30 molars, extracted no longer than 3 months before. These molars were free of caries and with intact crown surface. Standard class V cavities were shaped, on lingual and vestibular surfaces, with margins in the enamel.  Specimens were randomly assigned to three groups, according to their corresponding bonding system. The following bonding systems were applied: Prime & Bond NT, single Bond, and classic Syntec. Manufacturers  instructions were closely adhered to. Cavities were restored with  ceromer. After being finished and polished, specimens were subjected to thermo-cycling process, and later nail polish and wax were applied. After this procedure, samples were immersed in methylene blue for 24 hours. Using a diamond disk, specimens were then longitudinally sectioned. Samples were evaluated with a microscope, using a 0-4 scale. Data were analyzed  using a relative frequency distribution test. The study reached the conclusion that none of the used systems was able to prevent micro-leakage.


In the recent past, with the advent of transient electronics for mostly implantable and secured electronic applications, the whole field effect transistor structure has been dissolved in a variety of chemicals. Here, we show simple water soluble nano-scale (sub-10 nm) germanium oxide (GeO2) as the dissolvable component to remove the functional structures of metal oxide semiconductor devices and then reuse the expensive germanium substrate again for functional device fabrication. This way, in addition to transiency, we also show an environmentally friendly manufacturing process for a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Every year, trillions of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics are manufactured and billions are disposed, which extend the harmful impact to our environment. Therefore, this is a key study to show a pragmatic approach for water soluble high performance electronics for environmentally friendly manufacturing and bioresorbable electronic applications.


A B S T R A C T The present communication considers possibilities of how to improve surveillance programs for sexually transmitted infections and some conditions not yet included among the 'established' sexually transmitted infections. An extended list of sexually transmitted infection agents is proposed for monitoring and a syndrome-based surveillance program for what and when to screen pregnant women is discussed. Problems of how to deal with recurrences in chronic sexually transmitted infections are discussed. The value of concomitant surveillance programs, for clinicians and laboratories, is stressed. The importance of reporting the method(s) used to establish the diagnosis, as well as the circumstances under which the sampling was made, for example at screening, is also highlighted. Surveillance programs, Genital infections, Epidemiology, Reproductive health care, Pregnancy


Summary. — A new monetary legend, that of restitutor Vrbis, appeared under the joint reign of Septimius Severus and his sons Caracalla and Geta. This formula is to be found on several issues dating to the years AD 200-201, and again in 207. It was intended to convey the idea that the African emperor had restored order to the capital after the chaotic reign of Commodus. This restoration had double significance: Septimius Severus gave the impulse for numerous public works in order to restore ancient buildings and erect new monuments. He was also the emperor who restored Rome to the plenitude of its power and dominion. Septimius Severus associated his sons in this vast project, in particular the elder Caracalla. The legend restitutor Vrbis should be studied in the context of others which appeared during the same period: rector orbis, fundator, pacator orbis as well as propago imperii. This latter emphasised the continuity of power in the Seveřan family. The tendency to personalise imperial virtues, already noticeable from the reign of Hadrian, increased markedly in this period.


Haemorrhagic mucosal lesions are produced during intestinal ischaemia and after reperfusion probably mediated by oxygen radicals. Oxygen radicals react with cell membrane lipids and induce cell damage by peroxidation and induce accumulation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the tissue. The aim of the study was to elucidate the involvement of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in post-ischaemic intestinal damage. Intestinal ischaemia was induced in cats by partial occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Samples from the small intestine were excised before and at the end of the two hour hypotensive period as well as 10 minutes and 60 minutes after reperfusion. Conjugated dienes, myeloperoxidase, and the purine metabolites were determined in the samples. The tissue was also examined histologically. Seven cats were treated before reperfusion with a monoclonal antibody (IB4) which inhibits leucocyte adherence to endothelial cells and its subsequent activation. After reperfusion myeloperoxidase activity increased and the ischaemic mucosal lesions worsened significantly. IB4 treatment prevented an increase in post-hypotensive myeloperoxidase activity and attenuated the normally observed severe mucosal lesions. We conclude that the severe post-ischaemic lesions are induced by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Such mucosal injury may be appreciably reduced by blocking leucocyte adherence with IB4.


A vortex-based line beam, which has a straight-line shape of intensity and possesses phase gradient along the line trajectory is developed and applied for optical manipulation in this paper. The intensity and phase distributions of the beam in the imaging plane of the Fourier transform are analytically studied. Simulation results show that the length of the line and phase gradient possessed by a vortex-based line beam are dependent on the topological charge and the azimuthal proportional constant. A superposition of multiple phase-only holograms with elliptical azimuthal phases can be used to generate an array of vortex-based line beams. Optical trapping with the vortex-based line beams has been implemented. Furthermore, the automatic transportation of microparticles along the line trajectory perpendicular to the optical axis is realized with an array of the beams. The generation method for the vortex-based line beam is simple. The beam would have potential applications in fields such as optical trapping, laser machining, and so on.


Purpose
This paper aims to examine the association of corporate social responsibility (CSR), family ownership and earnings management.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors specifically examine mining companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2012-2014. Total observations are 105 firm-years. Research data are collected from sustainability reports, annual reports and annual financial statements. Data are analysed using panel data regression.

Findings
The evidence suggests a negative association between corporate social responsibility disclosures (CSRDs) and earnings management. The authors also examine the direct and moderating role of family ownership. The authors find a positive association between family ownership and earnings management. In addition, family ownership strengthens the negative association between CSR and earnings management.

Research limitations/implications
This research only examines mining companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange, which limit the generalisation of the results.

Practical implications
The results should useful for: investors wishing to use the level of CSRD as an indicator of firm ethics, especially in relation to family-owned firms; capital-market regulators wishing to improve market transparency by introducing requirements to encourage more CSRD; and other users of financial statements, especially financial analysts to consider ownership structure, specifically family ownership.

Originality/value
Previous studies have mainly focussed on companies in the USA. This paper adds to the body of knowledge regarding whether the positive relationship between family ownership and CSR is also present outside the USA, especially in emerging countries. Further, this study examines the effect of family ownership on the association of CSR and earnings management, which rarely examined in previous studies.


The saving rate in Japan has declined rapidly. Analyzing the possible four factors that could affect the saving rate in general, compared with theoretical implications, the data suggest that all elements might have a negative impact on the saving rate during the late 90s and early 00s. Such a rapid decline of the saving rate might be caused by the fact that all factors have the same downtrend. Structural factors, such as demography and changes of time preference, would keep the current trend of down pressure on the saving rate with high probability. On the other hand, it might be difficult to forecast the effect of cyclical factors, such as economic fluctuation and institutional reform, because their impacts on the future rates could depend on economic or social situation at that time. As a result, as there will be a strong downward pressure, the saving rate will continue to decline or level off at least.


Spin-polarized two-dimensional electronic states have been observed in metallic surface alloys with giant Rashba splitting and at the surface of topological insulators. We study the surface band structure of these systems, in a unified manner, by exploiting recent results of k . p theory. The model suggests a different way to address the effect of anisotropy in Rashba systems. Changes in the surface band structure of various Rashba compounds can be captured by a single effective parameter which quantifies the competition between the Rashba effect and the hexagonal warping of the constant-energy contours. The same model provides a unified phenomenological description of the surface states belonging to materials with topologically trivial and nontrivial band structures.


The study focuses on analyses of major development problems related to livelihood and natural resource management in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam (NUV). The study was conducted in Suoi Con, a small agro-forestry watershed with the total area is about 1760 ha. The watershed is characterized by a high poverty rate and low agricultural production and household income. Livelihood of the households is dependent upon self-sufficient agricultural production, which accounts for nearly 80% of the total production value. Traditional agricultural activities have led to various land degradation problems. The main objective of the study is to integrate modeling of (i) erosion assessment, (ii) land use optimization and (iii) land use decision making in order to improve the effectiveness and adoption of recommendations that contribute to the improved livelihood of farmers and sustainable natural resource management. This will be achieved through: (1) increasing understanding of the interactions between agro-ecological and socio-economic dynamics at watershed scale; (2) facilitating emergence of a common agreement on ecological sustainability, social equity and economically sound solutions; and (3) stimulating dialogues among various stakeholders to achieve a shared responsibility of the common resources. The biophysical and socioeconomic characteristics of the study area were explored through surveys, FAO's land evaluation, literature review and stakeholder meetings. The Predict and Localize Erosion and Runoff (PLER) model and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) were used to examine influences of land use on soil erosion at the watershed scale.Although agricultural land in the watershed has several limitations such as steep slopes, low soil fertility, high acidity and serious soil erosion, different soil types and the large variation topography and crop suitability create flexibility in farmers' land use decisions. The Land Use Planning and Analysis System (LUPAS) was then applied to analyze feasibilities of alternative land use options. Based on land use scenarios, 4 main land use constraints in the regions were analyzed. Results of the analysis were finally discussed with stakeholders though Role Playing Game sections to find feasible land use solution and to develop policy recommendations. Results of the study showed that different actors in the watershed have different views on land use targets, objectives, constraints and decisions. The integrated modeling approach used in this study identified that traditional technology level appears to be a largest constraint that significantly holds back agricultural production of the region. Land area, capital and labour are also constraints but they only appear if agricultural technology is improved. Land fragmentation should be considered as an important factor because without any new agricultural technique, crop variety or external capital, land consolidation can significantly improve food production and income. Integration of individual tools described in this study represents a participatory approach for land use planning, in which problems in land use are explicitly defined and land use plans are developed and revised by stakeholders under their own social and economic conditions. Imperfections in given land use plans and possible solutions proposed by stakeholders provide policy makers with ideas to improve land use planning and to bridge the gaps between land use objectives of the government and of farmers. The integrated modelling approach developed and presented in this thesis can make use of individual research tools for describing agro-ecological and socio-economic dynamics and for developing land use policy. It has the potential to serve planners and policy makers to increase the likelihood of developing plans that will effectively increase farmer livelihood and improve resource conservation. This integrated modelling approach can incorporate different aspects of land use into land use planning and test hypotheses regarding the contributions of intended plans to general development targets. Furthermore, it can support bottom-up land use planning as it allows incorporation of different stakeholders in analysing existing problems, proposing solutions and developing land use plans. Therefore, it can increase the likelihood of adoption. This in turn will create the chances for achievement of targets of the government, researchers and farmers through effective implementation of the plans.


This paper examines the ways in which neoliberal responses to social health issues shape the educational discourses and practices of schools. As schools are increasingly identified as ideal spaces for health promotion, the question of how and why educators and public health practitioners can and should work together continues to be debated. Using Bourdieu's theory of reproduction, we use this indicative example of emergency food to examine how 'charity alone' models reproduce and perpetuate inequitable health outcomes in neoliberal societies. This individualistic view of health continues to work against public health and social justice education initiatives increasingly found in schools, curricula and wider society; creating a dissonance between rhetoric and reality. Revolutionary critical pedagogies are explored to examine the implications of these practices in schools, and how the framework of service learning may offer an approach for involving primary students in empathy, caring and social justice. We seek to extend the existing literature by exploring ways of shifting, rather than reproducing, the current practices of educators and public health practitioners in how children experience health inequality and the social determinants of health.


Mukhtar Magauin is a Kazakh writer and publicist. He was born in the district of Chubar-Tau in Semey region (now East Kazakhstan Province) of Kazakhstan on 2 February 1940. He graduated at the Kazakh state university (1962) and the doctorate (1965) there. He was head of the literary criticism department at the "Kazakh literature" newspaper in Almaty. He publishes several scholarly articles and books and novels. When he was mentioned by the Soviet study experts in the West in the book edited by Edward Allworth as one of the nationalist Kazakh writers (1973), the local Communist rulers put his name to the "black list". Most of his renowned uncensored novels were published only after the collapse of the Soviet Union. He published the novels "The Yellow Kazakh" (1991), "ABC of the Kazakh History" (1993), "Dreams of Kypchaks" (2004), "The Half" (2007), Shakan-sheri" (1993) etc. In 1997, he became the winner of the International Prize for the Turkic speaking writers and culture workers and he received the prize from Suleiman Demirel, the Turkish President at that time. He is also a holder of the title of the People's Writer of Kazakhstan. Magauin translated several short stories and novels of the prominent foreign writers (William Somerset Maugham, Henry Rider Haggard, etc.) into Kazakh. Nowadays he lives in Prague, the Czech Republic. Mukhtar Magauin one of the most talented writers, whose work has attracted special attention from literary critics. Creativity Mukhtar Magauin characterized by a rich palette of genre and style, is the subject of a detailed analysis of literary theorists. M.Magauin's creativity of the Soviet time more or is less investigated. M.Magauin's novel "Shakan-Sheri" the most interesting products and from the point of view of subject movement, and from the point of view of construction of products, style have appeared since 1990. In this connection in the given work the new novel of the writer is considered, and products of the Soviet time are anew reinterpreted. In connection with that during independence Republic of Kazakhstan there was a necessity rereading and reconsiderations of the literature of the Soviet period, and also research of a modern condition of the literature from new positions.


ABSTRACT To assess antibiotic usage and the value of routine intraoperative bile cultures, we retrospectively reviewed 79 patients who had elective cholecystectomy from January to December 1986. Forty patients (57%) received perioperative antibiotics, and 15 (19%) had positive intraoperative bile cultures. During follow-up, the only septic complications identified were wound infections in two patients (3%); one of them had received antibiotics and one had not. Each bile culture cost $60 to $80, and the cultures were not clinically useful. In the absence of risk factors associated with positive bile cultures, the incidence of wound infections or septic complications after cholecystectomy is low. We conclude that routine intraoperative bile cultures and prophylactic antibiotics are not indicated for elective cholecystectomy in low-risk patients.


In this letter, the leapfrog scheme-based precise integration time domain (L-PITD) method is proposed to decrease the memory requirements of the precise integration time domain (PITD) method. In the L-PITD method, the electromagnetic field components are divided into two groups so as to split up a 3-D problem to a set of 2-D problems. And then a leapfrog scheme is proposed to solve these 2-D problems by using the precise integration technique. The numerical results confirm that the L-PITD method not only is stable with the time step size much larger than the Courant-Friedrich-Levy limit of the finite difference time domain method, but also has significant advantages over the PITD method with respect to the execution time and the memory requirements.