In the beginning sporting activity may be exhausting, but over time, physical activity turns out to have beneficial effects to the body and even extended cycling or running is an emotional and healthy enrichment in life. On the other hand, spectacular sudden deaths during marathon, football and, just recently, in the trend discipline triathlon seem to support the dark side of the sporting activity. Since years there are constantly appearing reports about a potential myocardial injury induced by intensive sporting activities. Cardiac hypertrophy is the heart's response to arterial hypertension and to physical activity, but can be associated with an unfavorable outcome - in worst case for example with sudden death. The question of the right dose of sporting activity, the question how to prevent cardiac death induced by physical activity and the question how to screen the athletes for the possible risk of sudden death or other cardiac complications during sporting activity are those that will be answered by this review article. In this review we summarize recent insights into the problem of endurance sport and possible negative cardiac remodeling as well as the question how to screen the athletes.


Polymer micellar nanogels are a group of core-shell polymeric micelles with swelling properties in aqueous media. Nanogel systems have proven their potential in controlled, sustained and targetable drug delivery area with no immunological responses. This review includes a comprehensive wide range of self-assembly of polymeric nanogels as delivery systems for anticancer drugs. Nanogels are nanoparticulate drug delivery systems which are specially designed for enhanced target oriented and cellular uptake of drugs with emphasis on chemotherapeutic agents studied in this review. Self-assembling nanogels are based on natural substances or synthetic polymers including: hyaluronic acid, heparin, alginate, cyclodextrins, chondroeitin sulfate, starch, mannan, chitosan, pullulan, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), polyvynil alcohol, Pluronic F127, polyacrylic acid, poly(hydroxylethyl methacrylate), poly[2- (dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and polylactide-co-glycolide-polyethylen glycol amphiphilic di or tri block copolymer used to deliver anticancer drugs are introduced and discussed.


This research aims to expand the applications of cognitive modeling by exploring the use of a testbed approach to modeling human behaviour. Newell's complex task analysis method (1990) was applied to model an agent completing a complex task through incremental and iterative design to test the agent's ability to fluidly monitor and react to internal and external interruptions and perform the tasks at an expert level successfully through simulated challenge sets within different environments. A single agent is developed incrementally over five stages of distinct simulated challenge sets, with testing for backwards compatibility. The testbed approach and incremental development provides insight to agent-specific cognitive structure functionality, and to the process of combining microcognition and macrocognition in cognitive modeling.


Self-disclosure on social networking platforms has attracted attention in Information Systems (IS) research. While studies have connected individual beliefs such as perceived privacy, perceived benefits, and cost to SNS use, less research has examined how characteristics of the social media platform itself shape SNS use. This study extends the literature by examining how the interplay between SNS transparency and individual culture affect user's self-disclosure of personal information as well as factors that shape users' perceptions on SNS transparency. Drawing on Accountability Theory, Communication Privacy Management Theory, and Culture Theory, we build a comprehensive, integrative model that offers a more holistic view of self-disclosure and the impact of the contextual factors on self-disclosure behaviors. The proposed study will use factorial survey (Vance et al. 2013) to collect data. This study will conceptually develop and operationalize a new construct—SNS transparency—that could help the researchers to gain better understanding of SNS-based self-disclosure and offers insights into how to integrate transparency into social media platforms.


Progressive collapse refers to a phenomenon in which a local damage of a primary structural element leads to the failure of partial or whole structural system. To investigate the progressive collapse of structures, nonlinear dynamic procedure leads to more accurate results than static procedures. Nonlinear dynamic procedure is very complicated and the evaluation or validation of its results may be very time-consuming. Therefore using simplified methods are very important. This paper presents a simplified and accurate analysis procedure for progressive collapse analysis of steel structures. The proposed method results show to have good agreement with nonlinear dynamic analysis results. Also, the capacity curve obtained from dividing the accumulated area under the nonlinear static load-displacement curve by the corresponding displacement of the column-removed point is used to predict the progressive collapse resistance of the column-removed structure.


Experiments were performed to assess the pharmacology of a novel inhibitor of GABA uptake, Cl‐966 ([1‐[2‐[bis 4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]ethyl]‐1,2,5,6‐tetrahydro‐3‐pyridinecarboxylic acid, HCl salt; the molecular weight of the free acid is 473.8). Cl‐966 potently inhibits tritiated GABA uptake into rat hippocampal slices in vitro (lC50 = 304 nM). It has no appreciable effect on the uptake of other neurotransmitters tested (aspartate, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin) and has low activity in a broad range of neurotransmitter receptor binding assays. When given orally to mice, Cl‐966 prevents tonic extensor seizures from low‐intensity electroshock and prevents pentylenetetrazole‐induced clonic seizures (ED50 = 0.4–1.0 mg/kg). In addition, the hippocampal afterdischarge threshold in kindled rats is increased markedly (ED50 = 2.6 mg/kg p.o.). Despite anticonvulsant effects, higher doses of Cl‐966 reduce the intravenous dose of pentylenetetrazole needed to produce clonus in mice. In mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys, Cl‐966 interferes with normal behavior, causing ataxia, reduced responsivenes and myoclonus. In the hippocampus of anesthetized rats, Cl‐966 increases inhibition measured electrophysiologically. Overflow of endogenous GABA in the striatum (measured with in vivo microdialysis) was also increased. All of these observed effects with Cl‐966 may be explained by its inhibitory effect on GABA uptake.


ABSTRACT
 Several years of very low allowance prices in the EU emissions trading scheme (ETS) have motivated calls to introduce a price floor to correct potential underlying distortions and design flaws, including (i) the political nature of allowance supply and related credibility issues, (ii) potential myopia of market participants and firms, and (iii) waterbed and rebound effects resulting from policy interactions. In the wake of the recent EU ETS reform, allowance prices have sharply increased. This raises the question of whether the case for introducing a price floor in the EU ETS remains valid. We argue that such a price floor, also adopted in several other greenhouse gas cap-and-trade systems worldwide, remains an important improvement in the design of the system, as long as the above-mentioned distortions and design flaws persist. An EU ETS price floor can safeguard against these issues and provides more explicit guidance on the minimum allowance price policymakers consider acceptable. Either as a complement or substitute to the current Market Stability Reserve (MSR), a price floor would thus make the EU ETS less prone to future revision in case of unexpectedly low prices. We identify and confront four prominent arguments against the introduction of an EU ETS price floor. Key policy insights An EU ETS price floor would be an important institutional innovation enhancing political and economic stability, and predictability of the EUA price The recent Market Stability Reserve (MSR) reform has not removed the need for a carbon price floor. Introducing an element of price responsiveness into the so far purely quantitative design of the EU ETS would help to preserve its integrity In contrast to conventional wisdom, legal analysis reveals that an EU ETS price floor can be legally feasible Political support for a carbon price floor is gaining traction across Europe


The early atherosclerotic lesion is characterized by the presence of macrophage-derived foam cells. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) specifically stimulates the functions of the monocyte-macrophages. To elucidate the role of M-CSF in the atherogenic process in vitro and in vivo, we studied the effects of M-CSF on enzyme activities of acidic cholesteryl ester (CE) hydrolase, neutral CE hydrolase, and acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), and 300 micrograms of M-CSF was intravenously injected into WHHL rabbits aged 2.5 months for 8.5 months. M-CSF (100 ng/ml) enhanced acidic and neutral CE hydrolase, and ACAT activities by 3.2-fold, 4-fold, and 2.3-fold, respectively, in the presence of acetyl LDL, and M-CSF increased ratios of both acidic and neutral CE hydrolase activities to ACAT activity. After M-CSF injection into WHHL rabbits, we found very retarded progression of atherosclerosis. The accumulation of cholesterol ester was remarkably decreased in the aortae of M-CSF-treated animals (0.60 +/- 0.32 mg/g tissue), as compared to those of controls (4.21 +/- 0.65 mg/g tissue). The results suggest that M-CSF prevents the progression of atherosclerosis in WHHL rabbits by increasing net hydrolysis of cholesteryl ester in macrophages.


Boosters are said to function appropriately as metadiscourse features across languages. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the functions and appropriateness of the metadiscourse features across Punjabi and Urdu languages. For this purpose, a list of 79 boosters (as metadiscourse features) was considered that (boosters) were first transliterated across Punjabi and Urdu languages employing a machine translation process. Punjabi translation was carried through 'Akhar' (a software), and Punjabi corpus (a tool). Whereas Urdu translation was realized through online Urdu thesaurus, and 'ijunoon' (an online dictionary). Machine transliteration was followed by manual cleansing of Punjabi and Urdu translated wordlists that helped identify boosters in the corpora. Appropriateness of the identified boosters was then realized through expert opinion and Punjabi corpus (for the Punjabi language), and expert opinion, online Urdu thesaurus, and Urdu WordNet (for the Urdu language). This process further guided about how to; make wordlists, filter as well as verify translated words, and offer interactional and interactive metadiscourse categories across Punjabi and Urdu languages.


This thesis investigates the usefulness of financial ratios in explaining the variation observed in Standard and Poor's credit ratings within the E&P industry. Culminating from a crosssectional study of 82 E&P companies at year-end 2012, we propose a multinomial logit model consisting of three financial ratios that correctly classifies the ratings of 59.8 and 49.4 percent of in-sample and out-of-sample observations, respectively. If the model is reduced to only classify ratings as investment grade and speculative grade, the share of correctly classified ratings increases to 84.1 and 83.1 percent. The three retained ratios are Net Debt Ratio, Coverage Ratio and Cash Flow per BOE. Our analysis implies that a non-linear model with only three financial ratios captures a considerable share of the determinants of credit ratings among E&P companies.


Linear sweep voltammetry resistometry, UV-vis and Raman spectroscopy, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation mass spectrometry ( M A L D I M S ) and cyclic voltammetry were employed to study the overoxidation of polypyrrole and substituted polypyrroles. Consideration was given to a range of parameters that affect the degradation of this polymer in an aqueous environment: incorporated counterion, supporting electrolyte solutes and pH, substrate, film thickness, scan rate and applied potential. From these studies it was observed that the major contributions to ease the overoxidation potential of polypyrrole are the applied potential and supporting electrolyte pH. It was also found that variations in the overoxidation potential corresponded to the ordering of cations and anions in the lyotropic series. The most stable non-substituted polypyrrole films were those containing mono-cationic sulphonates as dopants. However, the substituted polymer poly(3-octylpyrrole) was shown to have by far the highest stability. Based on Raman spectroscopic studies, a mechanism for the facile overoxidation of poly(3-methylpyrrole-carboxylic acid) was proposed. Further, a chain breaking mechanism for the overoxidation of polypyrrole was supported by M A L D I M S studies. This commenced with the formation of adjacent imine-nitrogens (-N=) at one end of a six pyrrole unit to initiate chain breaking by oxygen attack. At various levels of overoxidation, oxygen-containing and oxygen-free pyrrole dimers, trimers, tetramers, hexamers and heptamers were observed. From this study it is suggested that realistic anodic limits for practical applications of polypyrrole in an acidic aqueous environment are as low as 0.5 V (vs Ag/AgCl). However, polypyrrole is so susceptible to degradation in basic conditions that it is not possible to suggest any anodic limit. In free-standing two-electrode polypyrrole devices


Abstract Design of regulative control laws for stabilization of regenerator temperature in adiabatic Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units is performed. This is achieved despite the fact that kinetic terms and heat generation are, commonly, unknown. This article presents a control law that makes use of on-line discrete measurements of temperature to estimate the heat of reaction, obtained from a neural-estimation algorithm. The controller design is similar to discrete PID controllers. Some new tuning rules are given in terms of closed loop and measured characteristic times. In order to obtain the simplest neural network and the minimum number of parameters to be adjusted, only one perceptron is used. Moreover, the resulting control law has physical meaning and can be interpreted as a standard PID controller with time varying gain. Performance of the neural-estimation technique is analyzed under closed-loop behavior using numerical simulations considering disturbances to the process and set point changes. The performance obtained when using this new control is compared with the one obtained by using a PID controller tuned following the IMC rules.


Introduction: Skeletal muscle is an amalgamation of multiple terminally differentiated myofibers which are capable of regeneration after injury. The satellite cell is the driving factor for muscle regeneration, influenced by their internal and external environment. The majority of these processes and factors are impaired with age, in particular, the function of the satellite cell. Interventions including leucine and HMB supplementation are consumed with the aim of improving muscle mass. Currently, there is a lack of understanding around muscle repair and regeneration from injury and specifically, the influence of cellular ageing. In addition, the impact of leucine of HMB on these processes is limited. Therefore, the aim was to utilise amino acid supplementation as an intervention to reduce damage and/or facilitate growth and repair in skeletal muscle using in vivo and in vitro models. Methods: Three models were used to investigate these processes: 1) strenuous eccentric exercise to establish physiological and immune responses in young males and females, in the absence and presence of supplements; 2) replicatively ageing myoblast models to investigate the impact of age on the migration and fusion potential of myoblasts in the absence or presence of leucine or HMB supplementation and finally; 3) dynamic proteome profiling techniques using control and replicatively aged myoblasts and myotubes as models. Results: Post eccentric exercise, at 48 h there was a significant (both P < 0.05) increase in muscle soreness and CK in young males. In females, there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in muscle soreness, with no effect on CK. Nutritional supplementation was without effect on functional measures. There were, however, significant (P < 0.05) increases in IL-7, with non-significant increases in IL-8 in males vs. females, basally. With leucine, female IL-7 was significantly (P < 0.05) increased vs. males, with TNFR1- also non-significantly increased. Replicatively aged myoblasts migrated significantly (P < 0.05) faster than control myoblasts, with the inhibition of Akt significantly (P < 0.05) blocking migration. Both models responded to supplements through increased rates of migration, with the control cells attaining rates similar to aged cells post-supplementation. Replicatively aged myoblasts did not fuse, in the absence or presence of leucine or HMB. Akt, mTOR and ERK activities were significantly (all P < 0.05) suppressed along with myogenin, IGF-I and IGF-II gene expression. However, aged cells amino acid transporters responded to supplements with increased Akt activation, suggesting that they are not compromised per se, but rather fusion is blunted at the expense of a different cellular response. The proteome of replicatively aged myoblasts contained significantly (P < 0.01) less abundant ribosomal proteins in myoblasts, and myofibrillar proteins in myotubes, with significantly (P < 0.01) greater metabolic enzymes vs. control. Finally, replicatively aged myoblasts and myotubes had significantly (P < 0.01) less fractional synthesis rates compared to control. Conclusion: Taken together, supplementation was with little effect on functional capability in humans following an eccentric exercise protocol. Replicatively aged cells migrate efficiently, but do not fuse, with multiple mechanisms suppressed. Aged cells do however, respond to leucine and HMB with relevant signalling pathways being activated, however, fusion is not the output measure. Proteomic analyses suggest altered metabolism in the ageing cells with reductions in ribosomal and contractile proteins underpin the differences and warrant further investigation.


Where does the consulting room begin and end? And how do those limits impact the therapeutic aims of psychoanalysis? Drawing on clinical work conducted at the margins of European empire across the twentieth century, this essay explores how psychoanalytic notions of political subjectivity are mediated by the contingent spatial aesthetics of the clinic in moments of revolutionary struggle. It brings clinical uses of the psychoanalytic frame by Frantz Fanon, Wulf Sachs, Marie Langer, and Juan Carlos Volnovich into conversation with Derrida's conceptualization of the parergon to examine the boundary between clinical space and the "context of the world" in which it is situated.


INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this investigation was to examine injury incidence, events associated with injury, and injury risk factors during parachuting in an Army airborne infantry unit.

METHODS
Injury data were obtained by the investigators on the drop zone and confirmed by a physician. Operational data (potential injury risk factors) were obtained from routine reports published by the infantry unit. Weather data were obtained using a Kestrel Model 4500 pocket weather tracker.

RESULTS
There were a total of 23,031 jumps resulting in 242 injured soldiers for a crude injury incidence of 10.5 per 1000 jumps. Parachute entanglement incidence was 0.5 per 1000 jumps. Where an event associated with the injury could be determined (67% of cases), these included ground impact (75%), static line problems (11%), tree landings (4%), entanglements (4%), and aircraft exits (3%). Univariate analysis showed that higher injury risk was associated with night jumps (versus day jumps), combat loads (versus unloaded jumps), higher wind speeds, higher dry bulb temperatures, higher humidity, C17 Globemaster or C130 Hercules aircrafts (compared to the other aircraft), exits through aircraft side doors (versus tailgates), and entanglements. Multivariate analysis indicated that independent risk factors for injuries included night jumps, combat loads, higher wind speeds, higher dry bulb temperatures, and entanglements.

DISCUSSION
This investigation provided injury incidence, events associated with injury, and quantitative assessments of injury risk factors and their interactions during military parachuting. An appreciation of these subjects can assist medical and operational planners in further reducing the incidence of injury during airborne operations.


Korarima ( Aframomum corrorima ) capsules face stringent market challenges, due to its inferior oleoresin and essential oil content. The inferior quality is owed to harvesting stages, drying structures and durations. Hence, this study was conducted to address such issues and to enhance oleoresin and essential oil content. The experiment consisted of harvesting stages (Mature Green, Mature Semi-red and Mature deep Red), drying structures (Cement, Ground and Wire mesh bed) and drying durations (10, 15 and 20 days) laid out in 3*3*3 factorial arrangement using Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Data on oleoresin and essential oil content of dried seeds and dried husk were recorded and subjected to ANOVA. The interactions were significantly affected quality of dried capsules. Mature green capsules dried on wire mesh bed for 10 days scored maximum oleoresin (10.04%) and essential oil content of dried seeds (5.53%) and essential oil of dried husks (0.93%). However, mature green and mature deep-red capsules dried on cement floor for 20 days gave minimum essential oil (2.82%) and oleoresin (4.88%) contents, respectively. Therefore, for extraction purpose, mature green capsules dried on wire mesh bed for 10 days can be recommended for optimum extraction quality.


The research is explorative research, there is for knowing, processing and analyzing the true of condition for taken conclusion. This research conducted in PT. Sari Melati Kencana (Pizza Hut Malang) with title "Analisis Alur Proses Jasa Pengiriman Pizza Pada PT. Sari Melati Kencana (Pizza Hut Malang)".
Target of research is analyzing process path delivery service pizza which focused in outlet Pizza Hut Malang whether have precisely and for knowing process path every phase require to correct if there is deviation.
In this research make data collecting technique observation, interview, documentation. While technique analyse data use to process path diagram appliance (flow chart) and Time Motion Study.
Pursuant to result of research can be concluded that restaurant of Pizza Hut Malang having six work element phase and that phase not yet precisely. At applying path process service delivery of pizza there are work element which shouldn't need to be conducted, so that service time exceeding time of standart company.
From analysis use process path diagram (flow chart) process path result of repair from six phase becoming five work element phase to be according to company standart. Hence at phase to five needn't be done so that don't add operation time. Without checker of product, the result of pizza have according to standart company because every operation phase is done with company standart so time and service which given according to company standart.


The researcher in this research, because they see that many of the Islamic schools he looked confused in the face of determine an estimate of the success of the National Higher exam, so many of them decreased interest in raising them and establish the Islamic establishment.
Therefore, the researcher targeted in this research to finish on the previous problems, so you can Islamic school that estimate in determining the success of the national exam is knowledgeable, and will not be lost bred Islamic education because they are important for building strong Azahrith rights and spirituality.
Either the researcher chose to School "enlightenment" high Islamic Talon - Semberja - Bjrngara such as where to find in this research, because it is from a religious school when a famous and beloved parish Bjrngara. An Islamic school which offers Islamic material in the study, but can carry the success of its students to complete and fully in the national exam. This researcher also found data from the success of the national exam in the past or the academic year 2007 / 2008, of 399 students who participated in the national exam, all of them have succeeded in it, whether they are from the Department of Nature or of the department of social development.
To obtain the results of research, the researcher used the search portlet descriptive qualitative "deskriptif kualitatif", and the case study "study kasus", the data collection method, used the researcher how the interview and the documents "wawancara dan dokumenter", and to analyze the data, used the researcher method of analyzing metadata quality "deskriptif kualitatif".
In this research, I got a researcher on the results of the following: that in the face of determine an estimate of the success of the exam national, does not want school "enlightenment" high Islamic Talon - Semberja - Bjrngara be lost Platform Teaching bred Islamic, but it proved another strategy, and is the strategy of virtual and spiritual strategy. Strategy that consists of a virtual increase in hours of additional study materials forbids, and the performance of the experiment (for the national exam), but it is a spiritual strategy for the multiplication of prayer, such as where the night and fast the year and distress, and visit the graves of scholars.


Mentoring is widely acknowledged to be an important contributor to women's career success and progression but women often struggle to access mentoring networks that can help sponsor and develop their careers. Formal mentoring programmes designed specifically for women help overcome this challenge, but such schemes may at the same time reinforce masculine discourses which position women as deficient in relation to the invisibly male norm that is implicit within contemporary working practices. Drawing on a formal women-only mentoring programme built on gender-positive goals to empower women to 'be the best they can be' within the events industry, this paper considers the extent to which such programmes can both challenge and reproduce gendered discourses of business and success. Interviews with mentors and mentees illustrate how such programmes make gender visible within business and individual careers, but masculinist underpinnings of organisational discourses remain invisible, unacknowledged and thus largely unchallenged.


A CFD model was developed to predict with accuracy the local electrochemical performance in an operating solid oxide fuel cell. A particular focus was given on the study of performance limitations and degradation sources caused by the design of the fuel cell, by the choice of materials and components, or by improper operating points. The model is used to understand typical degradation effects observed on stacks tested in collaboration with HTCeramix - SOFCpower. The model is able to predict several degradation effects caused by the use of compressive seal materials with remaining open porosity. Diffusion across seals is modeled, as well as the resulting parasitic combustion of air and fuel. The risk of local redox-cycling for the anode supported cell is evaluated locally, as well as an eventual local reduction of the cathode layers. The cracking of electrolyte caused by redox cycles is modeled locally, with increasing gas leakage at each cycle, allowing to model the cumulative effect of successive critical operating points. The results are compared with experiments, showing an overall good agreement.


Abstract Introduction and purpose Accurate and reproducible patient positioning is a critical step in radiotherapy for breast cancer. This has seen the use of permanent skin markings becoming standard practice in many centres. Permanent skin markings may have a negative impact on long-term cosmetic outcome, which may in turn, have psychological implications in terms of body image. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using a semi-permanent tattooing device for the administration of skin marks for breast radiotherapy set-up. Materials and methods This was designed as a phase II double-blinded randomised-controlled study comparing our standard permanent tattoos with the Precision Plus Micropigmentation (PPMS) device method. Patients referred for radical breast radiotherapy were eligible for the study. Each study participant had three marks applied using a randomised combination of the standard permanent and PPMS methods and was blinded to the type of each mark. Follow up was at routine appointments until 24 months post radiotherapy. Participants and a blind assessor were invited to score the visibility of each tattoo at each follow-up using a Visual Analogue Scale. Tattoo scores at each time point and change in tattoo scores at 24 months were analysed by a general linear model using the patient as a fixed effect and the type of tattoo (standard or research) as covariate. A simple questionnaire was used to assess radiographer feedback on using the PPMS. Results In total, 60 patients were recruited to the study, of which 55 were available for follow-up at 24 months. Semi-permanent tattoos were more visible at 24 months than the permanent tattoos. Semi-permanent tattoos demonstrated a greater degree of fade than the permanent tattoos at 24 months (final time point) post completion of radiotherapy. This was not statistically significant, although it was more apparent for the patient scores (p=0·071) than the blind assessor scores (p=0·27). No semi-permanent tattoos required re-marking before the end of radiotherapy and no adverse skin reactions were observed. Conclusion The PPMS presents a safe and feasible alternative to our permanent tattooing method. An extended period of follow-up is required to fully assess the extent of semi-permanent tattoo fade.


It is generally agreed that the incidence of primary malignant pulmonary neoplasms has increased markedly in recent years, although the extent of the increase varies in different countries. American observers (1, 2) believe that primary malignant tumors of the lung form about lor 2 per cent of all cancers. According to Hunt (3) and Davidson (4), European statistics show a higher incidence, this type of tumor being found in about 7 per cent of all autopsies on patients dying with malignant disease, and ranking next in frequency to carcinoma of stomach, breast, uterus, and esophagus. Recent reports (5,6,7) also indicate that intrathoracic tumors are apparently increasing much more rapidly than the general increase in cancer would warrant, due probably to better diagnostic methods and increased human longevity. It is evident, however, that the greater incidence of these tumors is due to the increased recognition of pulmonary carcinoma and that primary sarcoma of the lungs still remains an obscure and comparatively rare condition. Adler (8) in 1911 collected from the literature 90 cases of pulmonary sarcoma, but the evidence presented in many cases is insufficient to warrant their inclusion in this group. Among 9246 autopsies at the Breslau Pathological Institute only four primary sarcomas of the lung were found (9). Stout (10) states that true mesoblastic malignant tumors of the lung are very rare, and Ewing (11) that mesoblastic tumors only occasionally arise in that organ. Ball (12), in a review of the German, French, and English literature since 1900, was able to collect only 14 authentic cases of primary pulmonary sarcoma. The following case, therefore, because of its rarity and its unusual extensions into neighboring structures, was deemed worthy of reporting in detail.


Sarcopenia is the natural age-associated loss of muscle mass/function, often occurring simultaneously with obesity, especially in older adults. Sarcopenia and obesity contribute to poor health outcomes and when occurring together as sarcopenic obesity (SO) can cause further health complications. Few studies have specifically considered these conditions across different racial/ethnic populations. This study examined the prevalence of sarcopenia and SO among U.S. adults by different age, sex, and racial/ethnic groups, using 1999-2004 data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and its racial/ethnic subpopulation groupings. Sarcopenia was defined as low appendicular lean mass (adjusted for Body Mass Index (BMI) of <0.789 kg/ m2 for males, <0.512 kg/m2 for females) and self-reported functional limitation. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 with SO defined as those meeting criteria for both sarcopenia and obesity. The analysis included 4367 adult subjects; for each race/ethnic subpopulation, sarcopenia prevalence increased with age. Sarcopenia prevalence varied by sex and race/ ethnic subpopulation: Hispanic (26.8% male, 27.2% female); Non-Hispanic (NH) White (15.5% male, 15.1% female); NH Black (8.6% male, 1.6% female); and Other (16.5% male, 23.2% female). Sarcopenic obesity also increased with age and varied by sex and race/ethnic subpopulation: Hispanic (8.57% male, 8.87% female); NH White (6.48% male, 8.06% female); NH Black (3.95% male, 1.12% female); and Other (4.46% male, 0.0% female). Increased awareness of variability in sarcopenia/SO may help develop effective screenings/ care management and interventions/public health policies to maintain functionality and reduce health disparities among an increasingly diverse U.S. older adult population.


Stock assessment of the eastern king prawn (EKP) fishery, and the subsequent advice to management and industry, could be improved by addressing a number of issues. The recruitment dynamics of EKP in the northern (i.e., North Reef to the Swain Reefs) parts of the fishery need to be clarified. Fishers report that the size of the prawns from these areas when they recruit to the fishing grounds is resulting in suboptimal sizes/ages at first capture, and therefore localised growth overfishing. There is a need to assess alternative harvest strategies of the EKP fishery, via computer simulations, particularly seasonal and monthly or lunar-based closures to identify scenarios that improve the value of the catch, decrease costs and reduce the risk of overfishing, prior to implementing new management measures.


Thin film photovoltaic cells are increasingly important for cost-effective solar energy harvesting. Layered SnS is a promising absorber material due to its high optical absorption in the visible and good doping characteristics. We use first-principles calculations based on density functional theory to study structures of low-index surfaces of SnS using stoichiometric and oxygen-containing structural models, in order to elucidate their possible effect on the efficiency of the photovoltaic device. We find that the surface energy is minimized for the surface with orientation parallel to the layer stacking direction. Compared to stoichiometric surfaces, the oxygen-containing surfaces exhibit fewer electronic states near the band gap. This reduction of near-gap surface states by oxygen should reduce recombination losses at grain boundaries and interfaces of the SnS absorber, and should be beneficial to the efficiency of the solar cell.


Within the scope of a broader research project about daylight and temperature interaction effects on human responses, this paper investigates how daylight transmitted through spectrally selective glazing (blue, orange and a reference neutral) affects thermal comfort of occupants (cross-modal effect of daylight colour), besides the more conventional visual comfort. Similarly, the effect of indoor thermal conditions on the visual comfort evaluation of the transmitted daylight is investigated (cross-modal effect of temperature), as well as that of the combined effect of daylight and temperature on overall comfort. To this end, different analyses are conducted on the dataset collected through experimental investigations in an office-like test room involving a total of 75 participants. Three main conclusions can be drawn from the results of this work: (i) Symmetrical cross-modal effects occur between daylight colour (i.e., daylight transmitted through spectrally selective glazing) and temperature. (ii) Differences in overall comfort evaluations under both blue and orange glazing in comparison with those under the reference glazing are larger in a thermally uncomfortable environment compared to other more comfortable thermal conditions. (iii) Results of spearman correlations show that overall comfort is positively and equally correlated with both visual and thermal comfort evaluations. Based on these results, it can be stated that in the presence of glazing with a colour tint, thermal perception evaluations should be investigated together with the most common visual ones. Moreover, thermal conditions should be considered in parallel with visual ones as visual and overall comfort might be affected by their combined presence.


In his State of the Union Address in January 2015, President Barack Obama launched the Precision Medicine Initiative "to bring us closer to curing diseases like cancer and diabetes." Francis Collins, the Director of the National Institutes of Health, noted that advances in molecular biology, genomics, and bioinformatics and converging trends of increased connectivity through social media and mobile devices had set the stage for the President's visionary initiative.1 The initiative would start by focusing on cancer. Although cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States, the decisions to focus initially on cancer highlighted the advances in precision medicine for cancer that have clearly outpaced that for any other field of medicine. In fact, cardiology in general and heart failure (HF) specifically have made little progress toward precision medicine. Nonetheless, important lessons can be learned from both the success and failures of precision oncology, which will potentially provide a template for advances toward a precise approach to the therapy of HF and other cardiovascular diseases.

The fundamental principle that underlies cancer precision medicine is that molecular analysis of an individual patient's tumor can enable the identification of the appropriate drug for that tumor which would in turn lead to improved efficacy. Molecular analysis of cancer has been facilitated by the confluence of technological and analytic advances, including the completion of the Human Genome Project,2 the introduction of high-throughput and relatively inexpensive next-generation sequencing,3 and the development of sufficient data storage and computational analytics.4 The Precision Medicine Initiative at the National Cancer Institute has also been facilitated by the Exceptional Responders Initiative and new constructs for clinical trials. In the Molecular Analysis for Therapy Choice (MATCH) program, patients undergo a tumor biopsy followed by next-generation sequencing supplemented by immunohistochemistry or fluorescence in situ …


The sedimentological study of the Lower Eocene Sakesar Limestone in Nammal gorge section, Western Salt Range, was carried out to elaborate the microfacies, diagenetic settings and reservoir potential. The Sakesar Limestone is widely distributed across the Salt and Surghar ranges. It mainly consists of massive and nodular fractured limestone with subordinate marls and chert in the upper part. The Eocene succession is only comprised of conformable Sakesar Limestone and Nammal Formation in Nammal gorge. The detailed study was conducted after measuring the vertical thickness of 18m section and the 6 six samples were obtained symmetrically. To give the detailed insight of sedimentological characteristics the well cuttings of Sakesar Limestone from well Pindori-01, were studied along with the un-stained thin sections to investigate the microfacies, diagenesis and reservoir potential. The well cuttings study revealed that the Sakesar Limestone is off white to dull grey calcite, moderately hard with cryptocrystalline to microcrystalline silica along with pyrite. Detailed field observations and laboratory investigations revealed that it contains Bioclastic wackstone microfacies. Neomorphism is present in various bioclasts. The presence of fractures filled with waxy leftover hydrocarbons makes it potential target for hydrocarbons. Petrophysical analysis shows an average hydrocarbon saturation of 85.5 percent in well Pindor-01 which confirms the huge reservoir potential of Sakesar Formation. Microfacies analysis indicates high lime mud and low faunal diversity which led towards the conclusion that the Eocene Sakesar Limestone was mainly deposited in semi restricted, low energy shallow marine shelf environment.


This article reports 2 experiments that test whether both emotional and nonemotional feelings may be influenced by uninterpreted proprioceptive input. The logic of the procedure was adopted from studies by F. Strack, L. Martin, and S. Stepper (1988), who unobtrusively manipulated people's facial expressions. In the 1st experiment, a functionally equivalent technique was used to vary the posture of the body. Study 1 results revealed that success at an achievement task led to greater feelings of pride if the outcome was received in an upright position rather than in a slumped posture. Study 2 results revealed that nonemotional feelings of effort were influenced by contraction of the forehead muscle (corrugator), and Ss' self-ratings on a trait dimension reflected this experience when the facial contraction was maintained during the recall of behavioral episodes exemplifying this trait. To account for these results, a framework is proposed that draws on a distinction between noetic and experiential representations.


In his last years, St. Augustine became impatient with the doctrinal questions and requests for advice on practical matters of ecclesiastical discipline frequently referred to in correspondence of his last decade. Scholars have often attributed his uncharacteristic reluctance to address these matters to the diminishing competence and energy of old age. This article demonstrates that his evident unwillingness to respond at length to such queries relates rather to his desire to sequester increased time for meditation. Throughout his Christian life, he described and refined his practice of meditation; it gathered urgent importance as he neared death. Augustine's lifelong search for "God and the soul," articulated in his first writings, evolved through his meditation, changing from an intellectual effort to achieve a vision of God by the use of reason to a search for the truth of his own life. In meditation he sought to recall in detail God's loving leading within the chaos and pain of his youthful desires and throughout his life. I explore his understanding of "God is love" from his earliest (extant) treatise, De beata uita (386 CE), his Easter sermons on First John (415 CE), to his Enchiridion (421 CE) as the core of his developing understanding of God's activity in himself.


The rapid technological advancement of past decades changed significantly the way young engineers are educated these days. A large selection of numerical tools widely available on personal computers or pocket calculators is being applied where tables, nomograms or a slide rule were used in the past. It has been observed that despite of the gained time efficiency, high versatility and extreme precision, some students became largely affected through overuse of these tools and as a consequence became unable to verify obtained results by common sense and estimation. This paper presents once orthodox, currently unorthodox approach of using a highly customized circular-slide-rule and an associated simulator in electrical engineering courses in order to assist students develop a feel for what a sensible answer ought to be and thus help students to become less likely to make errors in the order of magnitude or false precision. This is because questioning a result in slide rule calculations is a necessary step leading to decimal point errors being de facto eliminated. By using the slide rule and practicing mental math to determine the result's order of magnitude, students gradually become conscious of scales as well as become aware of precision and tolerance implications in engineering. Our slide rule can be customized in terms of a number of mathematical functions available plus the unused empty space can be populated by frequently used formulas or conversion tables specific to an individual subject area. Our slide rule was first applied in a classroom in 2007 with not so wide acceptance and reintroduced in 2011 with more positive results. A number of examples with classroom observations including a student feedback are presented.


We present a detailed analysis of logarithmic active pixel sensors (log-APS) to be used in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) imagers for real-time on-chip motion detection. Based on an equivalent circuit model for CMOS-compatible photodiodes, an HSPICE simulation has been used to characterize different configurations of these sensors under various conditions of light intensities and switching speeds. These investigations are supported by the experimental results obtained from the chip fabricated with standard 0.5 μm CMOS technology. It is concluded that more robust on-chip motion detection in CMOS imagers can be achieved with careful design of its log-APS photocircuits that considers the issues discussed here.


This is an important and controversial topic. The risk of breast cancer diagnosis associated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is often assumed by health care professionals and the lay public alike to be very high, which may adversely influence decisions about its initiation and continuance. This is despite the fact that most women will not be diagnosed in their lifetime and any risk conferred by HRT is less than that of other postmenopausal lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer (e.g. obesity, alcohol). The impact of HRT on breast cancer diagnosis is often discussed in isolation of its benefits, and there is no or little simultaneous reference to the other lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer to provide context when counselling women about its use. This consensus statement provides an overview of the association between HRT and breast cancer outcomes in women at low and higher risk of breast cancer. It has been updated in light of the recent publication from the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (CGHFBC), which has stoked further concern. A summary of recommendations for clinical practice is provided at the end of this statement.


Background: Obesity is an important pediatric public health problem associated with risk of complications in childhood and increased morbidity and mortality throughout adult life. It results due to imbalance in energy intake and energy expenditure, the latter is linked to sedentary lifestyle. This is in particular associated due to excessive television watching, computer use, and insufficient outdoor playing. Childhood obesity is associated with unfavorable lipid profiles, suggesting that obese children should be screened for hypercholesterolemia. In recent years there has been increasing focus on thyroid function in obese children. There is controversy whether the changed thyroid profile in obesity is cause or consequence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the lipid and thyroid profile in non-obese, overweight and obese children of 4-14 years age group. Methods: This prospective study was carried out on pediatric patients attending OPD in a tertiary medical centre for a period of 1 year. At least 50 samples from each group were taken for analysis. Fasting blood samples of all eligible children were sent to the biochemistry laboratory for analysis of lipid profile (TG, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL) and thyroid profile (T3, T4, TSH). At the end of the study, the data was collected and analyzed by using SPSS20. Conclusion: The study concluded that mean levels of LDL, VLDL, and total cholesterol were significantly increased in obese children while triglycerides were slightly on the higher side, the levels of thyroid hormones were not affected and found to be completely in the normal limits suggesting normal thyroid functioning. Obesity was equally prevalent in all the strata of society and socio economic status didn't seem to influence it.


The research was conducted with the purpose to study the effect of prayer and meditation on galvanic skin response (GSR). It was hypothesized that there was a significant positive effect of prayer and meditation (Om chanting) on galvanic skin response (GSR). The sample consisted of 20 normal, healthy female participants through purposive sampling. The age group of the sample was 18 to 24 years (Mean= 18.7, SD= 1.55). Gender was female and minimum education was graduation. The daily practice time of prayer and meditation session was 30 minutes for one month. Pre- Post data were recorded before and after intervention of prayer and meditation session by using single group pre-post research design. Recordings of galvanic skin response (GSR) were made on a computerized polygraph (Model Physiopac, PP 4, Medicaid Systems, Chandigarh, India) test. The results revealed a significant increase in GSR values as an effect of prayer and meditation which suggested the psychophysiological relaxation. Practicing prayer and meditation increases the galvanic skin response and hence decreases the stress level of the individual. Language: English


According to the most recent US cancer statistics, prostatic cancer almost equals lung cancer as the most frequent cause of death from cancer in men. The search for diagnostic methods as well as control examinations have therefore gained great importance. The present study reveals that--in addition to rectal touch, sonography and biopsy of the prostate--the determination of both PSA as organ-specific marker and lipid-associated sialic acid (LSA) as a general tumor marker, is well suited for follow-up and monitoring treatment. With regard to the follow-up, the combined determination of PSA and LSA in serum of patients with prostatic cancer achieves a higher sensitivity as compared to PSA alone (increase of 30-40%). LSA is a good indicator for the presence of metastases. Therefore, the determination of LSA should become an integral part of treatment monitoring and detection of metastatic disease in patients with prostatic cancer.


Adaptation is strongly recognized as a means to cope with the impact and threat from climate change. The capacity which people use to make an adequate living for themselves determines how people respond to climate change. A better understanding of processes of adaptation is important to inform policies aimed at reducing the negative effects of climate change. Using qualitative interviews, including focus group discussion and in-depth interviewing, as main methods this research examines the heterogeneous nature of adaptation to climate change of the fishers and aquaculturalists in the Tam Giang lagoon and identifies the factors that prevent them from adaptation by focusing on income diversification. The results show that income diversification is used to respond to the impacts of not only climate but also non-climate stimuli. The absence of local labor markets, unfavorable climate conditions and animal epidemics prevent both fishers as well as aquaculturalists from income diversification. The qualification of income diversification as an adaptation process depends much on specific context of rural livelihoods. While income diversification can be considered as adaptation process in the case of aquaculturalists, it is considered as maladaptation process in case of the fishers. Local prejudice, low education, unskilled labor and inability to access agricultural land are the important factors impeding the fishers' adaptation process. Bases on this analysis the thesis concludes that (1) adaptation should be defined as a successful and sustainable adjustment to alleviate the negative impacts of change; (2) the interrelation between climatic and non-climatic factors needs to be addressed in policies aimed at mitigating the negative effects of climate change.


The recent proposal of a photon and a neutrino-pair beam is investigated in detail. Production rates, both differential and total, of a single photon, two photons, and a neutrino pair emitted from quantum ions in circular motion are given for any velocity of ion. This part is an extension of our previous calculations at highest energies to lower energies of circulating ions, and hopefully helps to identify the new process of quantum ion circulation at a low energy ring. We clarify how to utilize the circulating ion for a new source of coherent neutrino beam despite much stronger background photons. Once one verifies that the coherence is maintained in the initial phases of time evolution after laser irradiation, large background photon emission rates are not an obstacle against utilizing the extracted neutrino-pair beam.


Iron-base superalloys are well known materials having excellent high temperature properties .They are used in turbo superchargers and turbine engines required for aerospace and power plants. In this investigation precipitation hardenable X5NiCrTi26-15 was used to study the influence of microstructural changes on the creep behavior at different conditions . Different creep cycles were applied for both base alloy and laser beam welded alloy (6kW CO2 ) namely at 600 , 625 and 650C at applied controlled creep stresses of 400 and 450 MPa . The base material sheet was used in as solution annealed state ( 30 min, 960 C, WQ ).The specimens were hardened in two steps (24h,760 C, FC and 16 h, 705 C,AC ) before being investigated . The microstructural changes due to grain boundary sliding, intergranual fracture perpendicular to the metal flow axis , and the type ,morphology of different secondary carbides were measured and discussed . To examine the changes in microstructure Philips EM 400 TEM with an acceleration voltage of 120KV, and SEM as well as light microscopy were used . It was found that , laser beam welded structure investigated after creep deformation at temperatures lower than 650C and at controlled stress of 400 and 450 MPa , showed a textured weld metal zone with dendrite having lower hardness combined with a higher creep resistance than that for base material .It was found also that creeping at 650C at the same stress values offsets any gain in creep resistance of welded joints as compared with that for the base material at the same conditions.


This paper describes a dual-loop delay-locked loop (DLL) which overcomes the problem of a limited delay range by using multiple voltage-controlled delay lines (VCDLs). A reference loop generates quadrature clocks, which are then delayed with controllable amounts by four VCDLs and multiplexed to generate the output clock in a main loop. This architecture enables the DLL to emulate the infinite-length VCDL with multiple finite-length VCDLs. The DLL incorporates a replica biasing circuit for low-jitter characteristics and a duty cycle corrector immune to prevalent process mismatches. A test chip has been fabricated using a 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS process. At 400 MHz, the peak-to-peak jitter with a quiet 2.5-V supply is 54 ps, and the supply-noise sensitivity is 0.32 ps/mV.


Alpine snowbeds are habitats where the major limiting factors for plant growth are herbivory and a small time window for growth due to late snowmelt. Despite these limitations, snowbed vegetation usually forms a dense carpet of palatable plants due to favourable abiotic conditions for plant growth within the short growing season. These environmental characteristics make snowbeds particularly interesting to study the interplay of facilitation and competition. We hypothesised an interplay between resource competition and facilitation against herbivory. Further, we investigated whether these predicted neighbour effects were species-specific and/or dependent on ontogeny, and whether the balance of positive and negative plant–plant interactions shifted along a snowmelt gradient. We determined the neighbour effects by means of neighbour removal experiments along the snowmelt gradient, and linear mixed model analyses. The results showed that the effects of neighbour removal were weak but generally consistent among species and snowmelt dates, and depended on whether biomass production or survival was considered. Higher total biomass and increased fruiting in removal plots indicated that plants competed for nutrients, water, and light, thereby supporting the hypothesis of prevailing competition for resources in snowbeds. However, the presence of neighbours reduced herbivory and thereby also facilitated survival. For plant growth the facilitative effects against herbivores in snowbeds counterbalanced competition for resources, leading to a weak negative net effect. Overall the neighbour effects were not species-specific and did not change with snowmelt date. Our finding of counterbalancing effects of competition and facilitation within a plant community is of special theoretical value for species distribution models and can explain the success of models that give primary importance to abiotic factors and tend to overlook interrelations between biotic and abiotic effects on plants.


Transgenic mice expressing an ANF fusion gene in the liver were used to study renal function before and during an intravenous KCl load. These animals are characterized by a 10- to 20-fold elevation in plasma ANF concentration, and by a reduction in arterial blood pressure by 20-30 mm Hg, compared to nontransgenic littermates. Before the KCl infusion, renal excretions of fluid, sodium, potassium, and chloride were not different from corresponding values in the nontransgenic sibling mice. Glomerular filtration rates were slightly lower in the transgenic animals. During the KCl infusion, diuresis, saluresis, and kaliuresis were found in both groups. However, salt and water excretion, but not potassium excretion, were significantly greater in the transgenic group. In a separate series, plasma aldosterone concentrations were significantly higher in the transgenic, compared to the nontransgenic mice. These data are interpreted as indicating that antinatriuretic mechanisms, including aldosterone-dependent sodium reabsorption in the cortical collecting tubule, can counteract the effect of ANF to inhibit sodium reabsorption in the medullary duct system, thus allowing maintenance of salt balance. Furthermore, a reduced tubular flow rate at the aldosterone-sensitive site would ensure normal potassium excretion despite the elevated mineralocorticoid level. During KCl infusion, the known increase in tubular delivery of salt and water to the duct would allow full expression of the downstream ANF effect, accounting for the relatively greater diuresis and saluresis in the transgenic mice. We conclude that both renal and adrenal actions of ANF can be rendered ineffective by countervailing mechanisms, suggesting an explanation for the apparent lack of biological activity of endogenously elevated plasma NAF in some disease states.


The "urban transition" agenda is as a conglomerate of ambitions derived from international policy documents and as applied in the Oresund area. Encompassing locally set goals for (i) climate change mitigation; (ii) energy efficiency; and (iii) human wellbeing in the built environment. Its implementation is largely dependent on private sector joining in, since transitioning the building stock is to be financed by the market. This paper explores strategies to meet this agenda in the Oresund area. A particular focus is on the refurbishment of multi-family housing relative to these set goals. The paper finds meaningful differences between Denmark and Sweden. In general, exceptionally high energy standards come at an additional cost that is likely to be incompatible with rational economic behavior. Furthermore, actions appropriate for one goal are likely to have modest effects on ancillary goals. The paper concludes by suggesting to revisit current strategies in the Oresund area to reflect market constraints and to promote more coherent ways to achieve the set goals.


Three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus are frequent paratenic hosts of the nematode parasites Anguillicola crassus and Camallanus lacustris. As paratenic hosts, sticklebacks could spread infection by carrying high numbers of infective stages. In contrast, low infective ability of either parasite for the paratenic host could hinder the spread of infection. In the present study, G. aculeatus was, for the first time, infected under controlled laboratory conditions with defined doses of the parasites. Sticklebacks were exposed to 6, 12, 18 and 24 parasite larvae to determine the infective ability of the 2 nematode species. There were significantly higher infection rates for C. lacustris (18 to 49%) than for A. crassus (4 to 14%) at each exposure dose. In C. lacustris-infected sticklebacks, infection rates tended to be highest after exposure to 12 C. lacustris larvae and lowest after exposure to 24 parasites. In A. crassus-infected sticklebacks, no effect of parasite exposure dose on infection rates was observed. Immunity parameters such as respiratory burst activity and lymphocyte proliferation of head kidney leukocytes recorded 18 wk post exposure were not significantly affected by either parasite or exposure dose. Granulocyte:lymphocyte ratios were elevated only within the stickleback group showing the highest infection intensity of C. lacustris, i.e. to those exposed 18 parasites.


Extremely irradiated, close-in planets to early-type stars might be prone to strong atmospheric escape. We review the literature showing that X-ray-to-optical measurements indicate that for intermediate-mass stars (IMSs) cooler than ≈8250 K, the X-ray and extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) fluxes are on average significantly higher than those of solar-like stars, while for hotter IMSs, because of the lack of surface convection, it is the opposite. We construct spectral energy distributions for prototypical IMSs, comparing them to solar. The XUV fluxes relevant for upper-planet atmospheric heating are highest for the cooler IMSs and lowest for the hotter IMSs, while the ultraviolet (UV) fluxes increase with increasing stellar temperature. We quantify the influence of this characteristic of the stellar fluxes on the mass loss of close-in planets by simulating the atmospheres of planets orbiting EUV-bright (WASP-33) and EUV-faint (KELT-9) A-type stars. For KELT-9b, we find that atmospheric expansion caused by heating due to absorption of the stellar UV and optical light drives mass-loss rates of ≈1011 g s−1, while heating caused by absorption of the stellar XUV radiation leads to mass-loss rates of ≈1010 g s−1, thus underestimating mass loss. For WASP-33b, the high XUV stellar fluxes lead to mass-loss rates of ≈1011 g s−1. Even higher mass-loss rates are possible for less massive planets orbiting EUV-bright IMSs. We argue that it is the weak XUV stellar emission, combined with a relatively high planetary mass, which limit planetary mass-loss rates, to allow the prolonged existence of KELT-9-like systems.


One of the less common causes of hypercalcemia is familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). It is an autosomal-dominant genetic condition, which presents asymptomatically in most patients while some may have mild symptoms. The serum calcium levels are mildly elevated with mild elevation in parathyroid hormone, which rarely requires management with pharmacologic agents. We present an unusual case report of a 76-year-old woman, confirmed to have FHH type 1 mutation, presented with symptomatic hypercalcemia probably set off by metabolic stresses of her age and needing intensive treatment with intravenous bisphosphonates, calcitonin and cinacalcet.


While aerial shark spotting has been a standard practice for beach safety for decades, new technologies offer enhanced opportunities, ranging from drones/unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that provide new viewing capabilities, to new apps that provide beachgoers with up-to-date risk analysis before entering the water. This report describes the Sharkeye platform, a first-of-its-kind project to demonstrate personal shark alerting for beachgoers in the water and on land, leveraging innovative UAV image collection, cloud-hosted machine learning detection algorithms, and reporting via smart wearables. To execute, our team developed a novel detection algorithm trained via machine learning based on aerial footage of real sharks and rays collected at local beaches, hosted and deployed the algorithm in the cloud, and integrated push alerts to beachgoers in the water via a shark app to run on smartwatches. The project was successfully trialed in the field in Kiama, Australia, with over 350 detection events recorded, followed by the alerting of multiple smartwatches simultaneously both on land and in the water, and with analysis capable of detecting shark analogues, rays, and surfers in average beach conditions, and all based on ~1 h of training data in total. Additional demonstrations showed potential of the system to enable lifeguard-swimmer communication, and the ability to create a network on demand to enable the platform. Our system was developed to provide swimmers and surfers with immediate information via smart apps, empowering lifeguards/lifesavers and beachgoers to prevent unwanted encounters with wildlife before it happens.


Beyond the double barrier diode as the paradigm of resonant tunnelling, a range of novel tunnelling phenomena have been investigated with judiciously designed multilayer semiconductor structures. We describe three such examples: tunnelling between two superlattices, tunnelling through indirect gap semiconductor layers, and the optical detection of tunnelling between quantum wells.


Since devices used in wireless mobile ad hoc networks are generally supplied with limited autonomous resources, energy conservation is one of the most significant aspects in these networks. Recent studies show that the energy consumed for routing data-packets in mobile ad hoc networks can be significantly reduced compared with the min-hop full-power routing protocols. One of the promising mechanisms proposed in literature to reduce the energy consumption is the transmission power control. In this paper, we define new routing metrics to strike a balance between the required power minimisation and batteries freshness consideration. We also define a new technique which allows the distribution of the routing task over nodes. Using these metrics and techniques we derive from DSR [2] a new power-aware and power-efficient routing protocol, whose performance is analysed by simulation in different situations of mobility and network load.


The most lethal aspect of cancer is the metastatic spread of primary tumors to distant sites. Any mechanism revealed is a target for therapy. In our previous studies, we reported that the invasive activity of the bone metastatic C4-2B prostate cancer cells could be ascribed to the reorganization of the alpha2beta1 integrin receptor and the alpha2 subunit-mediated association and activation of downstream signaling towards the activation of MMPs. In the present study, we demonstrate that expression of asialoGM1 in C4-2B cells correlates with cancer progression by influencing adhesion, migration and invasion, via reorganization of asialoGM1 and colocalization with integrin alpha2beta1. These observations reveal an uncharacterized complex of asialoGM1 with the integrin alpha2beta1 receptor promoting cancer metastatic potential through the previously identified integrin-mediated signaling pathway. The present findings promote further understanding of mechanisms by which glycosphingolipids modulate malignant properties and the results obtained here propose novel directions for future study.


Prevention of slack in fastening bolt has been an important researching subject since fatigue failure can be generally caused by loosening nut. According to the above reason, the super lock bolt with double screw mechanism, which is non-loosening, has been developed for preventing such kind of bolt failure. The objects of the present study are as follows: (1) To clarify the fatigue strength characteristics. (2) To investigate the initiation and propagation behaviour of fatigue crack regarding to the thread root of first pitch. In addition, the mechanism of "fatigue strength of super lock bolt" is also discussed in this paper and it is confirmed that this bolt shows excellent fatigue strength and non-loosening properties.


In order to obtain translucent tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (TZP) ceramics, complete densification, and homogeneous microstructure free of agglomerates and residual pores are required. To achieve this goal, freeze granulation of the zirconia nanopowder was performed. A series of stable and homogeneous zirconia suspension without agglomerates was prepared, by varying the solids loading volume percentage, to study the influence of the suspension characteristics on the freeze granulation behaviors. The characteristics of the prepared powder granules in terms of their size, flowability, and packing behaviors were subsequently analyzed. Uni-axial dry-pressing of the optimal granulate was used to prepare ceramic green bodies, which demonstrated the level of high strength and rigidness suitable for green milling based on the principle of computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided machining (CAM). Green bodies were sintered in air under conventional pressure-less condition. The sample sintered at 1400oC demonstrated a high optical translucency.


Since the 2008 global food crisis there has been renewed interest in irrigation infrastructural development, which has sometimes been taken up by the same agencies that developed large-scale surface irrigation in the 20th century. This article presents a case study of the recent '1000 small dams in 1000 days' programme in Turkey to analyse the continuities and ruptures in the way the development of surface irrigation infrastructure is conducted by the state. The comparison of two small dam projects in the dynamic agricultural province of Izmir shows how the irrigation administration is pursuing its hydraulic mission, sustaining its expertise and strengthening its authority. The development of infrastructure goes beyond irrigation objectives, as it materialises the iconic power of the state in rural areas by rapidly providing visible results. However, the development of public irrigation is taking place in a very different context from that of the 20th century. The state faces farmers who are already using groundwater for irrigation and hence challenge the hierarchical organisation of public surface irrigation schemes. Although the irrigation administration continues to dictate the terms of irrigation development, it acknowledges these changes by engaging in pragmatic discussions with farmers, who are no longer mere 'beneficiaries' but actively engage in negotiations to play a significant role in the management of newly built irrigation infrastructure.


by Maggie J. Jackson The Writing to Learn technique uses writing to engage students in the learning process. Both the Common Core Sate Standards and the American Association of School Librarians Standards for the 21-Century Learner incorporate writing as an essential skill. The school librarian is trained to utilize all the standards to connect students to the skills needed for the K-12 classroom, workplace, and higher education. This paper explores how the school librarian positively impacts learning through the use of writing. Research of peer reviewed journals, articles, books, university pages, and Web sites were used to review the literature on the concept of Writing to Learn in relation to the classroom, the standards, and the school librarian. The research concluded that Writing to Learn is an effective technique to engage students in the learning process, but more research of Writing to Learn in relation to the standards and the school library


Geological mapping was carried out along the Phalamdanda-Dhuwakot section of west-central Nepal in the Lesser Himalaya. The aim of geological mapping was to prospect the metallic mineral resources in the area especially to assess the geological control of mineralization as prognostic mapping and study the genesis of mineralization. The area has developed low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Nawakot Group. Geological rock units like the Kuncha Formation, Fagfog Quartzite, Dandagaon Phyllite, Nourpul Formation and Dhading Dolomite are mapped in the area. Jal Bhanjyang Thrust carries the more older rocks of the Nourpul Formation over the Dhading Dolomite. The area is highly deformed as indicated by presence of folds. Outliers of Fagfog Quartzite and Dhading Dolomite are developed at the core part of the syncline. Phalamdada iron and Anbu Khaireni as well as Dharapani copper are the major metallic deposits reported in the area. Both deposits are considered as the syngenetic in nature. Bulletin of Department of Geology, vol. 20-21, 2018, pp:59-64


The characterization and bioaccessibility of β-carotene (β-CE) in re-assembled casein (CN) were investigated in this study. At pH 4.6, β-CE in re-assembled CN significantly lowered the zeta-potential to a negative value compared to that of CN. The morphology of β-CE in re-assembled CN was characterized by atomic force microscopy. β-CE in re-assembled CN exhibited a more uniform and homogenous dispersion, with peak-to-valley differences of 6.8 nm rather than 91.3 nm for the pure β-CE. β-CE in re-assembled CN can effectively protect β-CE against degradation under conditions of heat and ultraviolet radiation. The antioxidant activity of β-CE when it was encapsulated in re-assembled CN was significantly higher than β-CE in control samples under both experimental conditions. The total release rate of β-CE was 76.7% and 63.4% by trypsin and pepsin hydrolysis, respectively. These results indicated a feasible application in the food industry.


Aims To determine the audiological effects of long-term noise exposure in high risk groups of staff working in a tertiary care hospital in South India. Materials and Methods This study was done as part of the newly established occupational health program in the hospital. Boiler section, Artificial Limb Center (ALC), Laundry department, Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD), and Dietary department were selected for the study based on questionnaires from employees about perception about noise hazards in their areas of work. The questionnaire that rated the noise levels on a scale from 0 to 5, where 0 was no noise to 5 was intolerable, extreme noise. Based on this, sound levels were assessed in these areas during different times of the day. The result of this questionnaire and sound measurement prompted the hospital administration to take several measures. Awareness programs were held in these areas, audiological examination was done, and ear protection devices were given to all employees working in these areas. This study data have been retrieved from chart reviews of staff working in the five high-noise level areas and screened for hearing loss between March 2015 and October 2017. Results The noisiest area in the hospital rated grade 5 was the boiler room with an average of 95 dB noise, followed by the CSSD, laundry, and dietary sections. One hundred and seventeen staff, 80 males and 37 females underwent evaluation by an ENT surgeon. Duration of noise exposure in these workers ranged from < 5 to > 20 years. Out of the 116 staff, who underwent pure tone audiometry, 66 had sensorineural hearing loss in either or both ears. Otoacoustic emissions were done on 73 staff, 23 had absent OAE bilaterally. There was significant association between CSSD workers and noise induced hearing loss as compared with other departments (Chi-square test with p


Gold is shown to obtain a real return in terms of global purchasing power per troy ounce. Whereas fiat money obtains a negative return equal to the inflation rate (loss of purchasing power), which is directly related to the excess of money stock growth to real GDP, gold obtains a real yield due to inherent above-ground stock growth below the rate of world real GDP growth. This effect has historically been masked by measuring the price of gold in currencies that have appreciated and not in global purchasing power. A novel solution to the gold standard Gibson's paradox proves that gold is valued according to its yield. Because gold obtains a real yield, its fiat money price is also a function of real interest rates, expected fiat inflation rate, and locally, the real global purchasing power of the domestic exchange rate.


Using archival records of the Commissariat of Public Health, journals, and propaganda materials from the antismoking campaign of the Soviet 1920s, this article argues that the revolutionary state pursued an antitobacco policy unique in the world in its attack on tobacco use at a national scale. The commissar of public health, Nikolai Alexandrovich Semashko, attempted to severely curtail tobacco cultivation and production, limit tobacco sales, and create a public opinion against tobacco with a propaganda campaign. Even in failing in its farther-reaching goals, the policy proved one of the most forward in terms of antismoking propaganda and state-sponsored treatment regimens, with the distribution of antismoking posters, pamphlets, articles, plays, and films as well as the creation of special state-sponsored smoking-cessation programs that boasted high success rates.


The significance of quantum computation for cryptography is discussed. Following a brief survey of the requirements for quantum computational hardware, an overview of the ion trap quantum computation project at Los Alamos is presented. The physical limitations to quantum computation with trapped ions are analyzed and an assessment of the computational potential of the technology is made.


The catalyst of FeS modified K2CO3/MoS2 (ADM) (Fe/ADM) were prepared and tested for higher alcohols (C2+OH) synthesis (HAS) from synthesis gas(syngas, mixture of H2 and CO). The effects of CO pretreatment on Fe/ADM catalyst and the catalytic performance for HAS were investigated. The ability for C2+OH formation was enhanced and the hydrocarbon selectivity was lowered after CO pretreatment. The XPS spectra revealed that the iron carbide species appeared and the potassium enriched on the surface of CO pretreated Fe/ADM catalyst, which might be responsible for the high activity of higher alcohols and low hydrocarbons synthesis, respectively.


Experiments were performed to observe the motion of a solid sphere approaching a solid wall through a thin layer of a viscous liquid. We focus mainly on cases where the ratio of the film thickness, δ, to the sphere diameter, D, is in the range 0.03 < δ/D < 0.09 and the Stokes number, St, a measure of the sphere inertia to viscous forces, is below a critical level Stc so that the spheres do not rebound and escape from the liquid layer. This provides us with the scope to verify the force acting on the sphere, derived from lubrication theory. Using high-speed video imaging we show, for the first time, that the equations of motion based on the lubrication approximation correctly describe the deceleration of the sphere when St < Stc. Furthermore, we show that the penetration depth at which the sphere motion is first arrested by the viscous force, which decreases with increasing Stokes number, matches well with theoretical predictions. An example for a shear-thinning liquid is also presented, showing that this simple set-up may be used to deduce the short-time dynamical behaviour of non-Newtonian liquids.


Many fields of research converge to assess the impact of plants on human health, well-being, and nutrition. However, even with a recent history of horticulturists contributing to human–plant interaction work, much of the current research is conducted outside the context of horticulture and specifically outside of consumer horticulture (CH). To connect CH to research being conducted by other disciplines that explore the role of plants in improving human quality of life, a workshop was held on 1 Aug. 2018 in Washington, DC, at the American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS) annual conference. The workshop focused on current food science, nutrition, and crop-breeding efforts to enhance nutrition and flavor, and human health and well-being research related to nature and plant interactions in an increasingly urban population. Following these presentations regarding potential research linkages and collaboration opportunities, a facilitated discussion identified ways to improve future CH research and foster collaborative work. Action items identified included connecting research and vocabulary to help cultivate an interest in plants in younger generations; supporting awareness of collaborative opportunities with health, nutrition, urban planning, and public health practitioners; ensuring CH is known to administrators; and taking responsibility for initiating communication with colleagues in these areas.


Purpose Distant metastasis can occur early after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in patients with rectal cancer. This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients who developed early systemic failure. Methods The patients who underwent neoadjuvant CRT for a rectal adenocarcinoma between June 2007 and July 2015 were included in this study. Patients who developed distant metastasis within 6 months after CRT were identified. We compared short- and long-term clinicopathologic outcomes of patients in the early failure (EF) group with those of patients in the control group. Results Of 107 patients who underwent neoadjuvant CRT for rectal cancer, 7 developed early systemic failure. The lung was the most common metastatic site. In the EF group, preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen was higher (5 mg/mL vs. 2 mg/mL, P = 0.010), and capecitabine as a sensitizer of CRT was used more frequently (28.6% vs. 3%, P = 0.002). Of the 7 patients in the EF group, only 4 underwent a primary tumor resection (57.1%), in contrast to the 100% resection rate in the control group (P < 0.001). In terms of pathologic outcomes, ypN and TNM stages were more advanced in the EF group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.047, respectively), and numbers of positive and retrieved lymph nodes were much higher (P < 0.001 and P = 0.027, respectively). Conclusion Although early distant metastasis after CRT for rectal cancer is very rare, patients who developed early metastasis showed a poor nodal response with a low primary tumor resection rate and poor oncologic outcomes.


Does the way that individuals pay for a good or service influence the amount of connection they feel after the purchase has occurred? Employing a multi-method approach across four studies, individuals who pay using a relatively more painful form of payment (e.g., cash or check) increase their post-transaction connection to the product they purchased and/or the organization their purchase supports in comparison to those who pay with less painful forms of payment (e.g., debit or credit card). Specifically, individuals who pay with more painful forms of payment increase their emotional attachment to a product, decrease their commitment to nonchosen alternatives, are more likely to publicly signal their commitment to an organization, and are more likely to make a repeat transaction. Moreover, the form of payment influences post-transaction connection even when the objective monetary cost remains constant and when the psychological cost is indirect (i.e., donating someone else's money). Increasing the psychological pain of payment appears to have beneficial consequences with respect to increasing downstream product and brand connection.


It is often not just life stress but also a person's idiosyncratic response to life stress that leads to psychopathology. Thus, despite problems in reliability, the validity of defenses makes them a valuable diagnostic axis for understanding psychopathology. By including a patient's defensive style as part of the diagnostic formulation, the clinician is better able to comprehend what seems initially most unreasonable about the patient and to appreciate what is adaptive as well as maladaptive about the patient's defensive distortions of inner and outer reality. Clinical appreciation of the immature defenses (e.g., hypochondriasis, fantasy, dissociation, acting out, projection, and passive aggression) is particularly useful in classifying and caring for individuals with personality disorders.


Binarization has been difficult for document images with poor contrast, strong noise, complex patterns, and/or variable modalities in gray-scale histograms. We developed a texture feature based thresholding algorithm to address this problem. Our algorithm consists of three steps: 1) candidate thresholds are produced through iterative use of Otsu's algorithm (1978); 2) texture features associated with each candidate threshold are extracted from the run-length histogram of the accordingly binarized image; 3) the optimal threshold is selected so that desirable document texture features are preserved. Experiments with 9,000 machine printed address blocks from an unconstrained US mail stream demonstrated that over 99.6 percent of the images were successfully binarized by the new thresholding method, appreciably better than those obtained by typical existing thresholding techniques. Also, a system run with 500 troublesome mail address blocks showed that an 8.1 percent higher character recognition rate was achieved with our algorithm as compared with Otsu's algorithm.


The aim of this research is to get information of heavy metal content of Pb (Lead) in goat milk fed with vegetables waste silage which is safe to be consumed by society. The experiments were carried out by using 16 pregnant 2 - 2,5 years old goat who were treated until the mother was lactated. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments applied were as follows: T0 = 100% forage (mixture of grass and legume), T1 = 80% forage + 20% vegetables waste silage, T2 = 60% forage + 40% silage vegetables waste, and T3 = 40% forage + 60% waste silage vegetables. The experiment was conducted for 5 months. The research results show that the feed silage vegetables waste very real produce milk production daily higher than the control of grass. The provision of silage vegetables waste very real produce metal Pb levels higher than control and be above threshold SNI 3141.1: 2011. So that it can be concluded that the silage vegetables waste not advisable done by farmers due to metal Pb in goat milk is still not safe to be consumed.


Many engineering optimization problems can be considered as multistage decision-making problems. If the system involves uncertainty in the form of linguistic parameters and vague data, a fuzzy approach is to be used for its description. The solution of such problems can be accomplished through fuzzy dynamic programming. However, most of the existing fuzzy dynamic programming algorithms can not deal with mixed-discrete design variables in the optimization of mechanical systems containing fuzzy information. They often assumed that a fuzzy goal is imposed only on the final state for simplicity, the values of fuzzy goal and other parameters need to be predefined, and an optimal solution is obtained in the continuous design space only. To better reflect the nature of uncertainties present in real-life optimization problems, a mixed-discrete fuzzy dynamic programming (MDFDP) approach is proposed in this work for solving multistage decision-making problems in mixed-discrete design space with a fuzzy goal and a fuzzy state imposed on each stage. The feasibility and versatility of the proposed method are illustrated by considering the design of a four-bar truss. To the authors' knowledge, this work represents the first fuzzy dynamic programming method reported in the literature for dealing with mixed-discrete optimization problems.Copyright © 2004 by ASME


In even-dimensional Euclidean space for integer powers of the Laplacian greater than or equal to the dimension divided by two, a fundamental solution for the polyharmonic equation has logarithmic behavior. We give two approaches for developing a Fourier expansion of this logarithmic fundamental solution. The first approach is algebraic and relies upon the construction of two-parameter polynomials. We describe some of the properties of these polynomials, and use them to derive the Fourier expansion for a logarithmic fundamental solution of the polyharmonic equation. The second approach depends on the computation of parameter derivatives of Fourier series for a power-law fundamental solution of the polyharmonic equation. The resulting Fourier series is given in terms of sums over associated Legendre functions of the first kind. We conclude by comparing the two approaches and giving the azimuthal Fourier series for a logarithmic fundamental solution of the polyharmonic equation in rotationally-invariant coordinate systems.


The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the gastric injury induced by hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock was created by withdrawing 3 ml blood/200 g body weight of the rats. Before the hemorrhage, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg i.v. bolus), D-NAME (10 mg/kg i.v. bolus), or L-arginine (100 mg/kg i.v. bolus and 10 mg/kg/min infusion) + L-NAME were administered. At the end of the 1-hour hypovolemic shock period, histological analysis, gastric ulcer index, gastric myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and gastric protein oxidation (PO) levels were determined. In histological analysis a destructive effect of L-NAME (NO synthase inhibitor) was demonstrated. L-NAME treatment increased gastric MPO activity, L-arginine reversed this effect and D-NAME had no effect. Tissue PO activity was found to be increased in L-NAME-treated rats; L-arginine treatment reversed this activity. It is concluded that gastric barrier function is altered after hemorrhagic shock, and L-arginine (NO precursor) can prevent mucosal injury in the stomach. This effect of NO may be on gastric blood flow and can be mediated by tissue neutrophils.


Identifying the molecular mechanisms that control differential gene expression (DE) is a major goal of basic and disease biology. Combining the strengths of systems biology and deep learning in a model called DEcode, we are able to predict DE more accurately than traditional sequence-based methods, which do not utilize systems biology data. To determine the biological origins of this accuracy, we identify the most predictive regulators and types of regulatory interactions in DEcode, contrasting their roles across many human tissues. Diverse systems biology, ontological and disease-related assessments all point to the predominant influence of post-translational RNA-binding factors on DE. Through the combinatorial gene regulation that is captured in DEcode, it is even possible to predict relatively subtle person-to-person variation in gene expression. We demonstrate the broad applicability of these clinically-relevant predictions by predicting drivers of aging throughout the human lifespan, gene coexpression relationships on a genome-wide scale, and frequent DE in diverse conditions. Researchers can freely access DEcode to utilize genomic big data in identifying influential molecular mechanisms for any human expression data - www.differentialexpression.org.


In this paper, we discuss some properties of linear estimation based upon transformed measurements. A necessary and sufficient condition on the measurement transformation such that the estimate based upon the transformed measurements is the same as the estimate based upon the original measurements is given. Problems of this kind often arise in applications such as data compression, distributed signal processing, and fixed-interval smoothing.


This notice announces the applicability of the recent revision of the Poverty Income Guidelines to uncompensated services programs administered by health care facilities pursuant to Titles VI and XVI of the Public Health Service Act.


In 19 unselected subsequently entered non-metastatic patients with a normal osteogenic sarcoma two different just tolerable chemotherapy combinations were applied pre- and postoperatively. The median follow-up time after discontinuation of chemotherapy is 26+ months. Nine patients have failed, all showing pulmonary metastases, six have died despite several heavy salvage regimens. So the disease free survival rate is 53%. Longer follow-up in this group and the European Osteosarcoma Intergroup Study will be needed to clarify the value of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in this disease.


Acknowledgements; Introduction by Ramsey Clark; Preface : Remarks in Honour of Louis Sohn. Part One: Some Theoretical Considerations -- New Directions for International Legal Studies Toward the Start of the Third Millennium; The Paradigmatic Elements of Modern Political Realism; Preserving the Rule of Law in the War Against International Terrorism. Part Two: Nuclear Flashpoint in the Middle East -- Dissensus Over Strategic Consensus; Creating the State of Palestine; The Outstanding Series of Crises Between Gulf of Sidra and International Terrorism: Part One (1981-1986); The Outstanding Series of Crises Between the United States and Libya Over the Gulf of Sidra and International Terrorism: Part Two (Since 1986). Part Three: Arms Control and Disarmament -- The Legal Distortions Behind the Reagan Gulf of Sidra and International Terrorism: Part One (1981-1986); The Lessons of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Star Wars vs. International Law: The Force Will Be Against Us; The Future of International Law and American Foreign Policy.


The crystal structure of arctite, (Na5Ca)Ca6Ba(PO4)6F3 (Rm, a = 7.904 Å, с = 41.320 Å), was refined in 1984 by E. Sokolova. According to modern concepts, this mineral belongs to the intercalated antiperovskites and is characterized by intercalation of triple antiperovskite layers {[F3(Ca7Na5)](PO4)4}4+ and tetrahedral layers Ba(PO4)24–. The pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Complex, which are distributed along the Dead Sea Rift, are the origin of eight new minerals with intercalated antiperovskite structures, all discovered within the last five years. Therefore, an update and improvement of the classification and nomenclature was required. The new classification of the arctite supergroup was approved by the CNMNC IMA (Memorandum 95–SM20). The arctite supergroup combines the arctite group (minerals with triple antiperovskite layers), which includes arctite, (Na5Ca)Ca6Ba(PO4)6F3; nabimusaite, KCa12(SiO4)4(SO4)2O2F; dargaite, BaCa12(SiO4)4(SO4)2O3; and ariegilatite, BaCa12(SiO4)4(PO4)2F2O, with the zadovite group (minerals with single antiperovskite layers), which includes zadovite, BaCa6[(SiO4)(PO4)](PO4)2F; aradite, BaCa6[(SiO4)(VO4)](VO4)2F; gazeevite, BaCa6(SiO4)2(SO4)2O; and stracherite, BaCa6(SiO4)2[(PO4)(CO3)]F. Another ungrouped member of the arctite supergroup is aravaite, Ba2Ca18(SiO4)6[(PO4)3(CO3)]F3O – a unique mineral which is formed by the ordered intercalation of super-modules of ariegilatite and stracherite. In addition, a description of aravaite as a new mineral is presented in this paper. The crystal structure has been previously published (Krüger et al. 2018). Furthermore, preliminary data for potentially new minerals of the arctite supergroup, found in rocks of the Hatrurim Complex, are discussed.


Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic studies reveal three isoforms of pepsinogen and pepsin which differ in their immunochemical properties. Activation of pepsinogen to pepsin at pH 2 does not affect antigenic properties of the isoforms of the enzyme. Some of the isoforms of commercial pepsin do not exhibit immunogenic properties, although reveal the enzymic activity. This finding indicates that immunochemical and biochemical determinants are located in different parts of isoenzyme molecules.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect that reduced crude protein (CP) diets with amino acid  supplementation, based on the ideal protein concept, have on the performance of tambaqui fingerlings. In total, 750 fingerlings with an initial weight of 0.44 ± 0.14 g, were used in a completely randomized design, with six treatments, five replications, and 25 fish per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of six isocaloric, isocalcic, isophosphoric, and isolysinic diets containing 32.0, 30.5, 29.0, 27.5, 26.0, and 24.5% CP. Performance parameters, carcass yield, body composition (body humidity, protein, and fat content), and nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE) of the fish were evaluated. When the CP content was reduced to 27.5%, there was an improvement in weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion, and protein efficiency rate. Feed intake was higher in fish fed diets containing 26% CP, followed by those fed diets containing 29 and 27.5% CP; diets containing other levels of CP did not differ among themselves. CP intake was reduced by the use of diets containing 24% CP, and the carcass yield was not influenced by the treatments. Reduced CP had no influence on body composition. NRE was higher in response to diets containing 26.0 and 24.5% CP. Reducing dietary CP content, from 32.0 to 24.5%, based on the ideal protein concept, is possible for tambaqui fingerlings, and a decrease of up to 24.5% enhances the fish performance.