When Europeans in the Middle Ages spoke of "marranos," they were making a derogatory reference to "crypto-Jews"--those who publicly converted to and performed as Christians, but who remained secretly faithful to Judaic law. Today, asserts Elaine Marks in Marrano as Metaphor, the concept can be used to describe all Jews living in a dominant Christian or Muslim culture, whatever may be their conscious relationship to Judaism. A sweeping examination of the Jewish presence in French literature from the sixteenth century to the present, Marrano as Metaphor explores the many shapes and forms in which jews are perceived, spoken, and written about. Employing a wide spectrum of analytical methods from history, literary theory and psychoanalysis, renowned French scholar Elaine Marks opens new doors in the study of literature. Marrano as Metaphor investigates questions of difference and assimilation, of respect and derogation, in a wide range of French literature--from Alain Robbe-Grillet's discussion in his memoirs of his parents' antisemitism to the story of Esther through Jean Racine and Marcel Proust; from efforts to address Jewish issues in the writings of Marguerite Duras and Jean-Paul Sartre to the secular, "assimilated" Jewish tradition of Jacques Derrida and Helene Cixous. Marks looks closely at strains of antisemitism running through French literature, analyzing such antecedents as the nihilism of the 1880s and its meditation on death and absence.


S-incomplete ultrafilters, K-adequate ultrafilters, «r-good ultrafilters, ^-saturated models, and higher-order ultralimits. This chapter is basically expository, and some proofs are omitted. Chapter II is basically concerned with monads of filters. Let Jt be a higher-order structure based on an infinite set X. That is, Jt contains the set P0(X) where P0(X) = X, and for each natural number n, Pn+j(X), the power set of Pn(.X), is also in Jt. In particular, each filter of subsets of X is an entity in Jl. Let "Jt be an enlargement of uf and & be a filter of subsets of X. For each A e & let *A be the entity of *Jt that corresponds to A. Then the monad of & in "Jl is defined to be C\A(P*A. In particular, if A" is a topological space and x is a point in X, and & is the filter of neighborhoods of X, then the above definition of monad agrees with the definition of monad given by A. Robinson in XXXIV 292(5). In chapter II, the following interesting theorem is proved: The monad of a filter is internal if and only if the filter is a principal filter. Chapter III is a development of general topology by non-standard analysis. Various topological notions of compactness are examined in terms of monads. The monads of uniform topological spaces are also described. Let (X, r) be a topological space, Jt a higher-order structure based on X, and *Jt an enlargement of X. For each * « X let p(*) be the monad of the filter of neighbourhoods of x. If A <= *X then by definition st(A) = {x * X\ n(x) n A -A 0} . For certain enlargements it is shown that st(A) is always a closed subset of X. An example is also presented of an enlargement and a set A in which st(/4) is not a closed subset of X. Louis NARENS


ABSTRACT This paper presents a dynamic data-driven method for early detection of thermoacoustic instabilities in combustors based on short-length time series of sensor data, where the objective is near-real-time monitoring and active control of pressure oscillations. The main idea is to use the available data at different regimes of the combustion process to train respective hidden-variable models using the concept of Hidden Markov Modeling (HMM) as a statistical learning tool; here, (short-length) time-series data of pressure oscillations are used to infer a Markov chain with unobserved (hidden) states. The proposed HMM-based method has been validated on experimental data collected from an electrically heated Rijke tube apparatus for predicting onset of thermoacoustic instabilities. The results have been compared with those of the current state-of-the-art measurement techniques for instability growth rate and associated computational complexity. The applicability of the proposed method has been demonstrated with respect to anomaly detection and regime identification with limited data requirements, making it a potential candidate for monitoring and active control of thermoacoustic instabilities in commercial-scale combustors.


Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a system that provides a means to control prosthesis, wheelchair, or similar devices using brain waves without direct motor nervous system involvement. For this purpose, brain waves obtained from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp (EEG, Electroencephalogram) are used. Emotiv Epoc used to obtain EEG signals is a low-cost device and has real-time applications. The aim of this study is the detection of rest, imagination and real movement using EEG signals obtained by Emotiv Epoc headset. As a result, As a result, the data obtained from 39 trials from a female subject were classified resting, motion imagination and movement, according to 97.4% accuracy by using the statistical features of distortion, logarithm energy entropy, energy, Shannon entropy and kurtosis. In this study, it has been shown that this system can be remarkably successful for BCI applications.


The current study was designed to identify the histopathplogical effects of the ethanolic extract of saffron flowers on the stomach and small intestine of female adult mouse at the doses of 25, 50 mg / kg of body weight (b.w.) for the periods 15, 30 days and once a day. Behavioral changes were include rapid movement of the animals, a simple lack of appetite for water and food, excitation, hyperactivity, hostility, weakness and convulsions in the movement of mice. The results showed histopathological changes of the mice stomach and that was at the dose of 25 mg /kg of b.w. for the above periods, lymphatic cells infiltration between gastric glands cells in the mucosa and submucosa, as well as degeneration and necrosis of the cells of the gastric glands and edema, While at the dose of 50 mg /kg of b.w. and for the same above periods,  an increased lymphocytic infiltration with blood vessels congestion, degeneration and necrosis of a large number of cells in the muscularis mucosa were observed. tissue lesions were increased as the period of treating increased, while the small intestine and for the above periods histological changes at the dose of 25 mg /kg b.w. characterized by congestion of blood vessels lining the small intestine, lymphocyte infiltration and its extension to the muscularis, degeneration of the villi epithelial cells and hemorrhage between muscularis cells. At the dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. for the  above periods, acute lymphocyte and neutrophils infiltration in mucosa and sub mucosa were observed, as well as sever degeneration in their cells, coagulative necrosis was also observed in the entire  cells of the lining of the small intestine.


Background To explore the efficacy of tranexamic acid (TXA) on reducing hidden blood loss (HBL) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) by conducting a comparative study and meta-analysis. Material/Methods A total of 108 patients underwent TKA was equally distributed to experimental and control groups. The only difference between two groups was the administrations of 15 mg of TXA mixed in 100 mL normal saline for experimental group and 100 mL of normal saline for control group. The volumes of blood loss, red blood loss (RBL) were recorded, calculated and analyzed. Stata 12.0 software was applied for data analysis. Results The intraoperative and postoperative blood loss volume in experimental group were remarkably reduced compared with those in control group (intraoperative: 105.1±12.1 mL vs. 185.5±20.3 mL, P<0.001; postoperative: 220.7±16.8 mL vs. 290.5±22.4 mL, P<0.001). Accordingly, the control group had significantly higher transfusion rate than experimental group (3.7% vs.25.9%, P=0.001). Our results also found that both the measured and hidden RBL were obviously reduced in experimental group compared with control group (measured RBL: 96.9±11.8 mL vs. 135.2±13.5 mL, P<0.001; hidden RBL: 170.8±37.2 mL vs. 364.2±41.5 mL, P<0.001). Furthermore, meta-analysis confirmed that TXA can notably decrease HBL (SMD=2.68, 95%CI=1.55~3.80, P<0.001). Conclusions TXA can significantly reduce the intraoperative and postoperative blood loss and HBL, therefore decreasing the transfusion need in TKA.


Preclinical studies have shown that hepatocytes transplanted into the liver function normally on a long term basis. The procedure is well tolerated and offers a wide range of potential clinical applications. Clinical case studies have been performed in the setting of acute and chronic liver failure as well as metabolic diseases. In particular, the case of a patient with Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type I clearly demonstrated the long term viability of transplanted hepatocytes with stable metabolic function. Further studies are warranted to assess the full therapeutic potential of hepatocyte transplantation.


Remote sensing of Arctic water bodies is an essential method for monitoring the dynamics of frozen ground. Thaw lake change provides insight into the state of permafrost. In the vast Arctic and sub-Arctic areas capturing changes in lake extent is assisted by satellite data. In particular, active microwave sensors can be used in a straightforward manner for water body classifications. This study uses the pan-Siberian datasets that are provided under the ESA STSE-ALANIS methane project. Surface water classifications in 10-day intervals have been produced using Envisat ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) operating in wide swath mode. The high temporal frequency of these data allows an investigation of surface hydrology on an intra-annual basis. The current study applies a post-processing algorithm to the ALANIS products in order to investigate changes in surface inundation across the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District over the summer period of 2007. Multiple areas are found to exhibit changes in surface inundation. Strong seasonal variations occur in areas where previous investigations determined disappearing lakes. Spring floods associated with the depletion of snow-cover and melt waters as well as floodplain dynamics can be identified. On the Yamal peninsula, these changes occur most dominantly in the west; an area subject to anthropogenic land-use change. Changes in water body extent for each hot spot of seasonal variations are quantified and discussed.


In this work the non-viral gene transfer vehicle artificial viral particles (AVP) was characterized in greater detail, improved and used for new cell culture applications. The former conception of AVP as filled particle with a liposomal hull was expanded. The described filled particles with a smooth liposomal hull are contained in AVP but they are not the only particle species. Ultracentrifugation in combination with cell culture experiments showed that a mix of those filled particles with small PEI-DNA particles is responsible for transfection success. AVP could be traced on their way into the cell by electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results indicated that AVP are able to escape from endosomes and supported the "proton sponge" theory. Transfer of AVP preparation from manual pipetting to a mini mixer system is possible, allowing production upscale. AVP prove that they are a successful transfection system also suitable for new applications such as siRNA transfection and stable expression of a recombinant protein. They have a potential as they can be optimized for their specific task by selection of the proper condensation agent and type of AVE liposomes. However, AVP in their presently characterized form will have their main field of application in cell culture.


Given a set of training examples, determining the appropriate number of free parameters is a challenging problem. Constructive learning algorithms attempt to solve this problem automatically by adding hidden units, and therefore free parameters, during learning. We explore an alternative class of algorithms--called metamorphosis algorithms--in which the number of units is fixed, but the number of free parameters gradually increases during learning. The architecture we investigate is composed of RBF units on a lattice, which imposes flexible constraints on the parameters of the network. Virtues of this approach include variable subset selection, robust parameter selection, multiresolution processing, and interpolation of sparse training data.


We introduce INCEpTION, a new annotation platform for tasks including interactive and semantic annotation (e.g., concept linking, fact linking, knowledge base population, semantic frame annotation). These tasks are very time consuming and demanding for annotators, especially when knowledge bases are used. We address these issues by developing an annotation platform that incorporates machine learning capabilities which actively assist and guide annotators. The platform is both generic and modular. It targets a range of research domains in need of semantic annotation, such as digital humanities, bioinformatics, or linguistics. INCEpTION is publicly available as open-source software.


Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have demonstrated the ability to fulfill the energy storage needs of many new technologies. The most significant drawbacks of currently available technologies, such as LiCoO/sub 2/ based Li-ion cells, is their high cost and significant environmental hazards. Li-ion cells which use a lithium manganese oxide (LiMn/sub 2/O/sub 4/) spinel based cathode material should be much less costly and safer than LiCoO/sub 2/ based cells. Performance data from prismatic design cells which use a LiMn/sub 2/O/sub 4/ based cathode material is presented and shown to meet many military performance criteria. The most significant drawback of this technology is the short cycle life.


The requirement to reduce the computational cost of evaluating a point probability density estimate when employing a Parzen window estimator is a well-known problem. This paper presents the Reduced Set Density Estimator that provides a kernel-based density estimator which employs a small percentage of the available data sample and is optimal in the L/sub 2/ sense. While only requiring /spl Oscr/(N/sup 2/) optimization routines to estimate the required kernel weighting coefficients, the proposed method provides similar levels of performance accuracy and sparseness of representation as Support Vector Machine density estimation, which requires /spl Oscr/(N/sup 3/) optimization routines, and which has previously been shown to consistently outperform Gaussian Mixture Models. It is also demonstrated that the proposed density estimator consistently provides superior density estimates for similar levels of data reduction to that provided by the recently proposed Density-Based Multiscale Data Condensation algorithm and, in addition, has comparable computational scaling. The additional advantage of the proposed method is that no extra free parameters are introduced such as regularization, bin width, or condensation ratios, making this method a very simple and straightforward approach to providing a reduced set density estimator with comparable accuracy to that of the full sample Parzen density estimator.


Chemical flooding is a promising method of enhanced oil recovery through improving the oil displacement efficiency. The surfactants can effectively reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between the injection fluid and the residual oil. Petroleum oxidation soap (POS) as a surfactant has the potential for use in chemical flooding owing to its easily gained, cheap and favorable behavior. This study was an attempt to investigate the interfacial activity of POS as well as the adsorption characteristic on oil sand. The experimental results provided a practical instrument for the application of POS in chemical flooding and a method for broadening its application.


Obstructive sleep apnea is a severe sleep disorder. It causes breathing to stop and start repeatedly while you sleep.With sleep apnea, the muscles in your upper airway relax while you're sleeping. This causes your airways to become blocked off, keeping you from getting enough air. This may cause your breathing to pause for 10 seconds or longer until your reflexes initiate br eathing to restart.You're considered to have severe sleep apnea if your breathing stops and restarts more than 30 times an hour The apnea hypopnea index (AHI) measures obstructive sleep apnea to determine a range from mild to severe, based on the number of breathing pauses per hour you have while sleeping


This paper proposes a group demodulator having a dual-parallel structure that employs multisymbol chirp Fourier transform to demodulate band-limited and bit asynchronous signals; the demodulator is sufficiently feasible for practical use unlike conventional group demodulators based on the chirp Fourier transform. Moreover, a new symbol timing offset detection scheme is also proposed to realize the aforementioned group demodulator, and the power consumption of the proposed group demodulator including the symbol timing offset detector is also evaluated. Computer simulation results show that the overall bit error rate (BER) degradation of the proposed group demodulator employing six-symbol chirp Fourier transform is less than 0.5 dB at BER=10/sup -3/ even when a root Nyquist (/spl alpha/=0.6) filter is used as the transmission band-limiting filter and symbol timing offset between the desired channel and the chirp sweep exists. The power consumption is lower than that of conventional demodulators when more than 120 carriers are handled.


In this presentation we examine the accuracy and performance of a suite of discrete-element-modeling approaches to predicting equilibrium and dynamic rheological properties of polystyrene suspensions. What distinguishes each approach presented is the methodology of handling the solvent hydrodynamics. Specifically, we compare stochastic rotation dynamics (SRD), fast lubrication dynamics (FLD) and dissipative particle dynamics (DPD). Method-to-method comparisons are made as well as comparisons with experimental data. Quantities examined are equilibrium structure properties (e.g. pair-distribution function), equilibrium dynamic properties (e.g. short- and long-time diffusivities), and dynamic response (e.g. steady shear viscosity). In all approaches we deploy the DLVO potential for colloid-colloid interactions. Comparisons are made over a range of volume fractions and salt concentrations. Our results reveal the utility of such methods for long-time diffusivity prediction can be dubious in certain ranges of volume fraction, and other discoveries regarding the best formulation to use in predicting rheological response.


Two-phase forced convective flow in microchannels is promising for the cooling of integrated circuits. There has been limited research on boiling flow in channels with dimensions below 100 /spl mu/m, in which bubble formation and flow regimes can differ from those in larger channels. This work develops single and multi-channel experimental structures using plasma-etched silicon with pyrex glass cover, which allow uniform heating and spatially-resolved thermometry and provide optical access for visualization of boiling regimes. Boiling was observed with less than 5/spl deg/C of super-heating in rectangular channels with hydraulic diameters between 25 and 60 /spl mu/m. The channel wall widths are below 350 /spl mu/m, which minimizes solid conduction and reduces variations in the heat flux boundary condition. Pressure drop and wall temperature distribution data are consistent with predictions accounting for solid conduction and homogeneous two-phase convection.


We study various partially ordered spaces of probability measures and we determine which of them are lattices. This has important consequences for optimization problems with stochastic dominance constraints. In particular we show that the space of probability measures on $\mathbb{R}$ is a lattice under most of the known partial orders, whereas the space of probability measures on $\mathbb{R}^d$ typically is not. Nevertheless, some subsets of this space, defined by imposing strong conditions on the dependence structure of the measures, are lattices.


The importance of steel cleanliness for the performance of tapered roller bearings has been clearly established and has led to on-going improvements in steel production methods. The presence of non-metallic impurities within the steel can result in hard/brittle inclusions that may serve as initiation sites for damage due to sub-surface rolling contact fatigue (RCF) if the inclusions lie within the near-race of the bearing components due to the high mechanical stress present. Current inspection standards define steel cleanliness with respect to bulk inclusion morphology, which limits inspection to a small area that may or may not be representative of the entire steel heat. In this presentation, ultrasonic surface wave methods are described for detecting subsurface inclusions directly on finished bearing inner and outer rings. We expand on our previous work to exploit the different inspection depths that can be achieved with different measurement frequencies. The impact of the different inspection depths is quantified through simulated service life testing with heavy axle loading conditions. For this study, bearing components were first subjected to ultrasonic surface wave testing at three different frequencies to identify near-race inclusions. The simulated service life testing was then used to assess the onset and propagation of RCF failure. RCF spall initiations correlated highly with the positions identified by the ultrasonic inspections suggesting that this approach has a predictive potential. However, additional research is needed to establish the specific criteria needed for such predictions with respect to the inclusion location along the race, the depth from the race surface, the inclusion morphology and the inclusion mechanical properties. This work is anticipated to improve the understanding of RCF damage initiation which will lead a higher level of safety for railroad operations.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


The use of solar photovoltaic (PV) in power generation has grown in the last decade. Unlike the traditional power generation methods (i.e. oil and gas), the solar output power is fluctuating and uncertain, mainly due to clouds movement and other weather factors. Therefore, in order to have a stable power grid, the electricity utilities need to forecast the solar output power, so they can prepare ahead adequately. In this work, hour-ahead solar PV power forecasting is performed using Support Vector Regression (SVR), Polynomial Regression and Lasso. The implemented regression models were tested under different feature selection schemes. These features include weather conditions (i.e. sky condition, temperature, etc.), power generated in the last few hours, day and time information. Based on the comparative results obtained, the SVR forecasting model outperforms the other two models in terms of accuracy.


Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 343, named the Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (JFAST), drilled ocean floor boreholes through the fault zone of the 2011 Tōhoku-Oki earthquake (M9.0) to enhance understanding of the rupture process and tsunami generation. This project investigated the very large fault slip that caused the devastating tsunami by making borehole stress measurements, sampling the plate boundary fault zone, and taking temperature measurements across the fault zone. The results show that the earthquake rupture occurred in a narrow fault zone (< 5 m). Based on both laboratory experiments on fault zone material and temperature monitoring of the fault zone, we show that the fault had very low friction during the earthquake. The low friction properties of the fault zone might be attributed to high smectite clay content of the sediment. These physical and frictional characteristics contributed to the unusually large fault slip that occurred during the earthquake and generated the tsunami. © 2014 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved.


The evolution of a positive genetic correlation between male and female components of mate recognition systems will result as a consequence of assortative mating and, in particular, is central to a number of theories of sexual selection. Although the existence of such genetic correlations has been investigated in a number of taxa, it has yet to be shown that such correlations evolve and whether they may evolve as rapidly as suggested by sexual selection models. In this study, I used a hybridization experiment to disrupt natural mate recognition systems and then observed the subsequent evolutionary dynamics of the genetic correlation between male and female components for 56 generations in hybrids between Drosophila serrata and Drosophila birchii. The genetic correlation between male and female components evolved from 0.388 at generation 5 to 1.017 at generation 37 and then declined to −0.040 after a further 19 generations. These results indicated that the genetic basis of the mate recognition system in the hybrid populations evolved rapidly. The initial rapid increase in the genetic correlation was consistent with the classic assumption that male and female components will coevolve under sexual selection. The subsequent decline in genetic correlation may be attributable to the fixation of major genes or, alternatively, may be a result of a cyclic evolutionary change in mate recognition.


A new three-dimensional open-framework aluminophosphate (NH(4))(2)Al(4)(PO(4))(4)(HPO(4)).H(2)O (denoted AlPO-CJ19) with an Al/P ratio of 4/5 has been synthesized, using pyridine as the solvent and 2-aminopyridine as the structure-directing agent, under solvothermal conditions. The structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and further characterized by solid-state NMR techniques. The alternation of the Al-centered polyhedra (including AlO(4), AlO(5), and AlO(6)) and the P-centered tetrahedra (including PO(4) and PO(3)OH) results in an interrupted open-framework structure with an eight-membered ring channel along the [100] direction. This is the first aluminophosphate containing three kinds of Al coordinations (AlO(4), AlO(5), and AlO(6)) with all oxygen vertexes connected to framework P atoms. (27)Al MAS NMR, (31)P MAS NMR, and (1)H --> (31)P CPMAS NMR characterizations show that the solid-state NMR techniques are an effective complement to XRD analysis for structure elucidation. Furthermore, all of the possible coordinations of Al and P in the aluminophosphates with an Al/P ratio of 4/5 are summarized. Crystal data: (NH(4))(2)Al(4)(PO(4))(4)(HPO(4))xH(2)O, monoclinic P2(1) (No. 4), a = 5.0568(3) A, b = 21.6211(18) A, c = 8.1724(4) A, beta = 91.361(4) degrees , V = 893.27(10) A(3), Z = 2, R(1) = 0.0456 (I > 2 sigma(I)), and wR(2) = 0.1051 (all data).


Energy issues in the building sector become more and more important nowadays. Although the technology improves, the energy consumption remains the same because of people's way of living. To reduce the energy consumption, it is possible to improve the technical components that form the building envelope and to change people's habits. This report aims at determining the best measurement methodology of the heating and hot water consumption of a building to insure real-time visualization and evaluating the energy savings that could be made by changing people habits. To do so, an existing measurement methodology is analyzed by making error calculations and computer-based modeling and simulations are carried out to determine the heating consumption of the building under different conditions. The program DesignBuilder is used to assess the energy consumption of the building. The study shows that a consequent reduction of the heating consumption is possible by only changing people's habits. Real-time visualization would be really helpful but it needs very accurate measurements that are almost impossible if they are not integrated in the first stages of the building process.


Metabolic abnormalities are frequent in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD), leading to a high prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in this population. Moreover, mortality rates among patients are higher than in the general population, especially due to cardiovascular diseases. Several neurobiological systems involved in energy metabolism have been shown to be altered in both illnesses; however, the cause of metabolic abnormalities and how they relate to schizophrenia and BD pathophysiology are still largely unknown. The "selfish brain" theory is a recent paradigm postulating that, in order to maintain its own energy supply stable, the brain modulates energy metabolism in the periphery by regulation of both allocation and intake of nutrients. We hypothesize that the metabolic alterations observed in these disorders are a result of an inefficient regulation of the brain energy supply and its compensatory mechanisms. The selfish brain theory can also expand our understanding of stress adaptation and neuroprogression in schizophrenia and BD, and, overall, can have important clinical implications for both illnesses.


ABSTRACT Introduction: Intraocular pharmacotherapy (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] inhibitors and corticosteroids) has become first-line therapy for diabetic retinopathy (DR). A series of intraocular injections is usually required before disease modulation decreases the treatment burden in some patients, but others with chronic diabetic macular edema may require intensive longer-term therapy. Areas covered: Recent studies showing successful pharmacologic treatment of proliferative DR will probably lead to increased use of pharmacotherapy, thereby further emphasizing the need for longer duration drugs. Recently approved anti-VEGF drugs (aflibercept) and corticosteroids (dexamethasone and fluocinolone inserts) provide extended durations of action. Longer action anti-VEGF molecules, sustained release devices and pumps, and encapsulated cell technology, may further decrease treatment burden, though regulatory approval may not occur for at least 5 years. Oral medications (danazol and minocycline) and modified topical drugs (loteprednol) will require daily administration but may decrease the frequency of visits to physicians' offices. Intravitreally administered drugs that target different biochemical pathways are being developed as monotherapy and combination therapy, and their effects on durability remains to be seen. Expert opinion: The rich development pipeline promises to provide improved therapeutic options in addition to drugs and devices with longer duration of action.


The Razumov-Stroganov correspondence, an important link between statistical physics and combinatorics proved in 2011 by L. Cantini and A. Sportiello, relates the ground state eigenvector of the O(1) dense loop model on a semi-infinite cylinder to a refined enumeration of fully-packed loops, which are in bijection with alternating sign matrices. This paper reformulates a key component of this proof in terms of posets, the toggle group, and homomesy, and proves two new homomesy results on general posets which we hope will have broader implications.


The tetragonal to monoclinic (t-m) phase transition in 2.0 mol% yttria-doped tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (2Y-TZP) was studied by use of XRD and FT-IR diffuse scattering (DRIFT) measurements. The phase transition occurred isothermally when the 2Y-TZP powder after calcining at temperatures below 1200°C was annealed in air even at room temperature, and more than 90% of the monoclinic phase was obtained after a long period of annealing. However only about several percent and about 40% of the monoclinic phase were formed after the annealing treatments under vacuum and 1 atm air separately sealed in a 5 ml Pyrex tube, respectively. On the other hand, no phase transition occurred in air around room temperature in the 2Y-TZP powder after being calcined at temperatures above 1300°C. A broad band around 3300 cm-1 due to the existence of adsorbed water was observed in the FT-IR DRIFT spectra of the 2Y-TZP powder only after calcination below 1200°C. The t-m transition behavior of 2Y-TZP powder after calcination below 1200°C differed with that after calcination above 1300°C. The existence of adsorbed water on 2Y-TZP was essential for the t-m phase transition of 2Y-TZP to take place in air around room temperature. The amount of transformed monoclinc phase was determined by the amount of adsorbed water on 2Y-TZP and supplied water from annealing atmosphere.


Schizophyllan is a natural β-(1→3)-D-glucan existing as a triple helix in water and as a single chain in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), respectively. As we already reported, when a homo-polynucleotide is added to a schizophyllan solution, the single chain of schizophyllan forms a complex with the polynucleotide. One of the potential applications of this novel complex is an antisense-oligonucleotide (AS ODN) carrier. The present paper describes a modification technique that enables us to introduce a cholesterol group only to the side chain of schizophyllan. We prepared four cholesterol-appended schizophyllans with different modification levels. Using these compounds, we made complexes and carried out an in vitro antisense assay, administrating a phosphorothioate AS ODN to the several cell lines to depress their c-myb mRNA. When we used 2.2-2.3 mol % modified schizophyllan as the carrier, the antisense effect was most enhanced among others. The addition of;6-cyclodextrin improved the complexation ability as well as the up-take for highly modified samples. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity for these modified schizophyllan samples was negligibly as small as the natural (unmodified) schizophyllan. The present work has thus clarified that schizophyllan can act as a new potential candidate for AS ODN carriers.


This paper analyzes whether emotional intelligence and self-monitoring are related to empathy among a sample of workers in both the public and private employment sectors. Two hundred and forty-two employees (42.5% men and 57.5% women) with a mean age of 35.21 years (SD = 10.07, range 18-61) completed a questionnaire that measured the variables of interest. The results showed that emotion regulation, a dimension of emotional intelligence, accounts for most of the variance of empathy, followed by the ability to understand emotions and the management of others' emotions. Furthermore, gender did not yield any moderator effect on the relations among emotional intelligence, self-monitoring and empathy. We conclude that the intrapersonal aspects of emotional intelligence, in particular, emotion regulation, help explain the empathy of workers. The implications of these findings are discussed herein.


Purpose: This paper tries to find out the effect of single vs. multiple possession and usage of frequent flyer programme by frequent passengers on their re-purchase intention behavior in India.  Design/methodology/approach: This paper tested the hypotheses, whether the variations in possession level of frequent flyer programme influences the relationship among the selected antecedent variables such as passengers' satisfaction with the loyalty programme, passengers' level of trust in the airline and the perceived brand image on the re-purchase intention behavior of frequent passengers. A structural equation model depicting the re-purchase behavior of frequent flyers were developed and tested. Findings:  There exists an overall statistical validity of the model build-up by using structural equation modeling.  Significant differences are observed in brand and trust variables in influencing re-purchase intention behavior of frequent passengers. This finding was further verified in correspondence to the variations in loyalty programme status and possession levels of loyalty programme memberships.Practical implications: Re-purchase behavior of passengers holding single and multiple loyalty programme memberships were compared and drawn implications for the airlines to guesstimate re-purchase intentions of regular passengers. Originality/value: The empirical findings of this study proves that there is a tendency to shift from single to multiple possessions of airline loyalty memberships while the frequent passengers progress on their travel needs.  This study proclaimed that passengers possessing single loyalty programme are more influenced by brand image of the airline where as passengers using multiple loyalty programmes are by and large accustomed by means of the trust in the airline services than its brand image.


Scholars have long asserted that social structure is an important feature of a variety of societal institutions. As part of a larger effort to develop a fully integrated model of judicial decision making, we argue that social structure-operationalized as the professional and social connections between judicial actors-partially directs outcomes in the hierarchical federal judiciary. Since different social structures impose dissimilar consequences upon outputs, the precursor to evaluating the doctrinal consequences that a given social structure imposes is a descriptive effort to characterize its properties. Given the difficulty associated with obtaining appropriate data for federal judges, it is necessary to rely upon a proxy measure to paint a picture of the social landscape. In the aggregate, we believe the flow of law clerks reflects a reasonable proxy for social and professional linkages between jurists. Having collected available information for all federal judicial law clerks employed by an Article III judge during the "natural" Rehnquist Court (1995-2004), we use these roughly 19,000 clerk events to craft a series of network based visualizations. Using network analysis, our visualizations and subsequent analytics provide insight into the path of peer effects in the federal judiciary. For example, we find the distribution of "degrees" is highly skewed implying the social structure is dictated by a small number of socially prominent actors. Using a variety of centrality measures, we identify these socially prominent jurists. Next, we draw from the extant complexity literature and offer a possible generative process responsible for producing such inequality in social authority. While the complete adjudication of a generative process is beyond the scope of this article, our results contribute to a growing literature documenting the highly-skewed distribution of authority across the common law and its constitutive institutions.


Abstract. Rapid urbanization worldwide is changing both the transport of organic matter (OM) and CO2 emission in urban streams and rivers, yet little is known as to how the altered quality of riverine OM affects biodegradation and CO2 emission. The relationships between the chemical properties and biodegradation of riverine OM, including dissolved and particulate OM (DOM and POM), were examined against the level of anthropogenic perturbation along the Han River, a river system in South Korea that has been highly modified by dams and urban water pollution. DOM optical properties and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), together with in situ measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) using a membrane-enclosed sensor, were compared between the up-, mid-, and downstream reaches of the Han River and three urban tributaries in a basin-scale field campaign combined with a 7 day incubation of both filtered and unfiltered samples. Another 5 day incubation was conducted with unfiltered water samples from a downstream river site and an urban tributary, in isolation and mixed (1 : 1), to measure changes in dissolved CO2 concentrations at 10-min intervals and BDOC and optical properties at intervals of 1–2 days. Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) was used to detect molecular-level changes in DOM composition between the initial and post-incubation samples. The average BDOC concentration in the urban tributaries was 4–12 times higher than those of three mainstem reaches, while BDOC was highly variable at three downstream sites and tended to be higher at the mainstem sites affected by agricultural runoff or dams than at the forested headwater stream. Longitudinal increases in protein-like and microbial humic-like fluorescence, fluorescence index (FI), and biological index (BIX) reflected increasing inputs of anthropogenic DOM along the downstream reach and urban tributaries. These optical indices, along with pCO2, were significantly correlated with BDOC concentrations measured at 12 sites. The cumulative CO2 production measured in the second incubation was greatest in the mixture, followed by the urban tributary and mainstem samples in the descending order. The amount of CO2 produced in the mixture was greater than the BDOC measured in the same sample or the average of CO2 produced in the separate samples, indicating a mixing-enhanced biodegradation of DOM including the fraction transformed from soluble components of POM. FT-ICR-MS analysis revealed a much larger number of molecules consumed (3984) than those produced (771) during the incubation of the mainstem sample in contrast to the produced molecules (2789) exceeding the consumed molecules (1479) in the tributary sample, indicating a high rate of OM processing in the urban tributary that might be limited in the availability of immediately consumable organic materials. Overall results suggest that water pollution, along with impoundment effects of dams, can alter the optical properties and biodegradability of both DOM and POM in highly urbanized watersheds to such a degree that can induce a priming effect on OM biodegradation and CO2 emission.


Introduction Obese pregnant women have greatly increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To address this, plasma samples were obtained with consent from pregnant women of varying body mass index (BMI) and analysed using an assay that characterises pro-and anticoagulant pathways. Methods Blood samples were collected in citrated tubes with contact pathway inhibitor and platelet poor plasma prepared. Tissue factor (TF)-stimulated thrombin generation was determined by measuring cleavage of a thrombin-specific fluorogenic substrate using Thrombinoscope™ software. Results 13 otherwise healthy women of similar third trimester gestation (BMI 20–29 kg/m2, n = 6; 30–39 kg/m2, n = 4; >40 kg/m2, n = 3) and 2 non-pregnant volunteers were recruited. Mean endogenous thrombin potential (area under the thrombin generation curve; 0.5 pM TF stimulus) was significantly higher in BMI > 40kg/m2 (2056 +/- 88 nm*min) compared with 20–29 kg/m2 (1350+/-97 nm*min; p = 0.003), 30–39 kg/m2 (1259+/-253.4 nm*min; p = 0.049) and non-pregnant volunteers (1084+/-264.8 nm*min; p = 0.0235). Characterisation of the anticoagulant protein C pathway was performed by incubation with activated protein C (APC; 5nM; 1pM TF trigger). Remarkably, while APC resistance was observed in all pregnant plasma samples, those of BMI >40 kg/m2 were most resistant to APC-induced attenuation of thrombin generation compared with patients of BMI 30–40 and 20–30 kg/m2. In these three groups, preincubation with APC attenuated ETP by 20%, 57% and 70% respectively. Conclusion VTE is a potentially life-threatening complication of pregnancy. Morbidly obese pregnant women have pro-and anticoagulant pathways variations that may represent potential mechanisms underlying the observed high VTE risk in these patients.


The South African Government is presently processing a new comprehensive Children's Act, which is expected to be promulgated in 2008. The primary purpose of the Act is to give effect to the rights of children as contained in section 28 of the Constitution as well as other international child rights instruments ratified by South Africa. The implementation of the new Act holds extensive implications for the targeted beneficiaries, the mandated implementers and the capacity of the relevant organisations. Drawing on the perceptions of 700 social workers who participated in a Children's Act orientation training programme, the authors draw attention to several implementation challenges needing to be addressed if the objectives of the new legislation are to be realised.


Because proline accumulates rapidly in response to several stress conditions such as drought and excess salt, increased intracellular levels of free proline are considered a hallmark of adaptive reactions in plants, particularly in response to water stress. Proline quantitation is easily achievable by reaction with ninhydrin, since under acidic conditions peculiar red or yellow reaction products form with this unique cyclic amino acid. However, little attention has been paid to date to cross-reaction of ninhydrin with other amino acids at high levels, or with structurally related compounds that may also be present at significant concentrations in plant tissues, possibly leading to proline overestimation. In vitro at high pH values, δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, the enzyme catalyzing the second and last step in proline synthesis from glutamate, was early found to catalyze the reverse oxidation of proline with the concomitant reduction of NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H. Here we characterized this reverse reaction using recombinant enzymes from Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, and demonstrated its utility for the specific quantification of L-proline. By optimizing the reaction conditions, fast, easy, and reproducible measurement of L-proline concentration was achieved, with similar sensitivity but higher specificity than the commonly used ninhydrin methods.


Ultrasonic-vibration-based hardened-gear honing is creativity technique in the domain of gear finishing. The honing technique is improved by introducing ultrasonic machining to improve the accuracy and surface quality of hardened-gear. With respect to the design and manufacture of ultrasonic-vibration-based gear honing machine, the paper refers to reasonable project and trial-manufacture. The electroforming technique of spur gear CBN honing-wheel is helpful to improve the comprehensive performance of honing-wheel. Finally the characteristic and advantage of ultrasonic vibration based gear-honing technique is described.


We study the problem of $k$-way clustering in signed graphs. Considerable attention in recent years has been devoted to analyzing and modeling signed graphs, where the affinity measure between nodes takes either positive or negative values. Recently, Cucuringu et al. [CDGT 2019] proposed a spectral method, namely SPONGE (Signed Positive over Negative Generalized Eigenproblem), which casts the clustering task as a generalized eigenvalue problem optimizing a suitably defined objective function. This approach is motivated by social balance theory, where the clustering task aims to decompose a given network into disjoint groups, such that individuals within the same group are connected by as many positive edges as possible, while individuals from different groups are mainly connected by negative edges. Through extensive numerical simulations, SPONGE was shown to achieve state-of-the-art empirical performance. On the theoretical front, [CDGT 2019] analyzed SPONGE and the popular Signed Laplacian method under the setting of a Signed Stochastic Block Model (SSBM), for $k=2$ equal-sized clusters, in the regime where the graph is moderately dense.
In this work, we build on the results in [CDGT 2019] on two fronts for the normalized versions of SPONGE and the Signed Laplacian. Firstly, for both algorithms, we extend the theoretical analysis in [CDGT 2019] to the general setting of $k \geq 2$ unequal-sized clusters in the moderately dense regime. Secondly, we introduce regularized versions of both methods to handle sparse graphs -- a regime where standard spectral methods underperform -- and provide theoretical guarantees under the same SSBM model. To the best of our knowledge, regularized spectral methods have so far not been considered in the setting of clustering signed graphs. We complement our theoretical results with an extensive set of numerical experiments on synthetic data.


Photovoltaic Hall effect ? the Hall effect induced by intense, circularly-polarized light in the absence of static magnetic fields ? has been proposed in Phys. Rev. B 79, 081406R (2009) for graphene where a massless Dirac dispersion is realized. The photovoltaic Berry curvature (a nonequilibrium extension of the standard Berry curvature) is the key quantity to understand this effect, which appears in the Kubo formula extended to Hall transport in the presence of strong AC field backgrounds. Here we elaborate the properties of the photovoltaic curvature such as the frequency and field strength dependence in the honeycomb lattice.


Vector state-scalar observation (VSSO) Kalman channel estimators for doubly-selective OFDM systems (DS-OFDM) result in complexity savings of 90% without any loss of performance, as compared to vector state-vector observation (VSVO) Kalman estimators. In this letter, we present the VSSO Kalman channel estimator for doubly-selective multiple-input multiple-output OFDM (DS-MIMO-OFDM) systems. Unlike the VSSO estimator in a DS-OFDM system, where all the pilot symbols had the same value, the pilot symbols need to be designed in a specific way to enable the feasibility of a VSSO estimator for a DS-MIMO-OFDM system. We derive a sufficient condition called as VSSO Kalman-filter condition (VSSO-KFC) that needs to be satisfied by the pilot-pattern design for the feasibility of the VSSO Kalman estimator. We comment, and compare, the proposed pilot pattern with that of Barhumi's and Dai's pilot pattern. A new scheme is introduced, based on the proposed pilot pattern and VSSO Kalman filter, that increases the spectral efficiency compared to a conventional system.


AIM
To examine the effect of a video-supported nurse-led advance care planning to frail geriatric patients on end-of-life decision-making outcomes in patients and their carers.

DESIGN
This is a double-blinded randomized controlled trial with parallel arms.

METHODS
The protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the participating hospital on 1 August 2018. Frail elders and their carer if any are enrolled during hospitalization, and undergo randomization after discharged. The intervention group receives a 2-week video-supported nurse-led advance care planning programme (N = 149) while the control group receives a 2-week health education program at home (N = 149). Follow-up surveys via telephone at 1 and 6 months measure outcomes regarding end-of-life decision-making from both the patients and the carers.

CONCLUSION
Advance care planning discussion is to understand patient's values, preferences and treatment for care on their anticipation of future deterioration. Treatment options for end-of-life care may not be well-received especially elders because in the discussion process, technical medical terms are presented in an abstract, hypothetical way that are hard to understand. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of a nurse-led advance care planning supplementing with a video showing end-of-life treatment options to promote end-of-life care decision-making among frail geriatric patients.

IMPACT
The results will help identify effective elements of advance care planning and inform the development of an evidence?based structured advance care planning intervention in response to the need for quality end-of-life care.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR-IOR-17012341.


Based on the high mining height of large cutting height workface in shallow thick coal seam and the few falling waste rock in goaf, the key roof can not be supported effectively, the facture mechanical model of key roof was established. The theoretical calculation formula of key stratum fracture step and working resistance of support were obtained by using fracture mechanics. The results show that the fracture step of key roof relate to not only the mechanical character of key roof and the load of overlaying rock seam, but also the working resistance of support and horizontal pressure in key roof. The reasonable working resistance of support and the step of roof fracture were analyzed in 1-2coalmine 51104 face of a mine in Dongsheng area. The theoretical results are well agreeable with the field measured results.


Various research communities have independently arrived at stream processing as a programming model for efficient and parallel computing. These communities include digital signal processing, databases, operating systems, and complex event processing. Since each community faces applications with challenging performance requirements, each of them has developed some of the same optimizations, but often with conflicting terminology and unstated assumptions. This article presents a survey of optimizations for stream processing. It is aimed both at users who need to understand and guide the system's optimizer and at implementers who need to make engineering tradeoffs. To consolidate terminology, this article is organized as a catalog, in a style similar to catalogs of design patterns or refactorings. To make assumptions explicit and help understand tradeoffs, each optimization is presented with its safety constraints (when does it preserve correctness?) and a profitability experiment (when does it improve performance?). We hope that this survey will help future streaming system builders to stand on the shoulders of giants from not just their own community.


Objective: Endogenous digoxin has been related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, autism and primary seizure disorder. The possibility of endogenous digoxin synthesis by actinide based primitive organism like archaea with a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism was considered.Methods: 10 cases each of schizophrenia, autism and primary seizure disorder before starting treatment and 10 age and sex matched healthy controls from general population were chosen for the study. Cholesterol substrate was added to the plasma of the patients and the generation of cytochrome F420, free RNA, free DNA, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, hydrogen peroxide, serotonin, pyruvate, ammonia, glutamate, cytochrome C, hexokinase, ATP synthase, HMG CoA redutase, digoxin and bile acids were studied. The changes with the addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient's plasma were also studied. The statistical analysis was done by ANOVA.Results: The parameters mentioned above were increased the patient's plasma with addition of cholesterol substrate. The addition of antibiotics to the patient's plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. Conclusion: An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids is described in schizophrenia, autism and primary seizure disorder contributing to their pathogenesis. Key words: Schizophrenia; Autism; Primary seizure disorder; Archaea; Viroids; Cholesterol; Actinide


Background: Although overlapping surgery is used to maximize efficiency, more empirical data are needed to guide patient safety. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the safety of overlapping inpatient orthopaedic surgery, as judged by the occurrence of perioperative complications. Methods: All inpatient orthopaedic surgical procedures performed at 5 academic institutions from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2015, were included. Overlapping surgery was defined as 2 skin incisions open simultaneously for 1 surgeon. In comparing patients who underwent overlapping surgery with those who underwent non-overlapping surgery, the primary outcome was the occurrence of a perioperative complication within 30 days of the surgical procedure, and secondary outcomes included all-cause 30-day readmission, length of stay, and mortality. To determine if there was an association between overlapping surgery and a perioperative complication, we tested for non-inferiority of overlapping surgery, assuming a null hypothesis of an increased risk of 50%. We used an inverse probability of treatment weighted regression model adjusted for institution, procedure type, demographic characteristics (age, sex, race, comorbidities), admission type, admission severity of illness, and clustering by surgeon. Results: Among 14,135 cases, the frequency of overlapping surgery was 40%. The frequencies of perioperative complications were 1% in the overlapping surgery group and 2% in the non-overlapping surgery group. The overlapping surgery group was non-inferior to the non-overlapping surgery group (odds ratio [OR], 0.61 [90% confidence interval (CI), 0.45 to 0.83]; p < 0.001), with reduced odds of perioperative complications (OR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.43 to 0.88]; p = 0.009). For secondary outcomes, there was a significantly lower chance of all-cause 30-day readmission in the overlapping surgery group (OR, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.52 to 0.87]; p = 0.003) and shorter length of stay (e&bgr;, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.89 to 0.99]; p = 0.012). There was no difference in mortality. Conclusions: Our results suggest that overlapping inpatient orthopaedic surgery does not introduce additional perioperative risk for the complications that we evaluated. The suitability of this practice should be determined by individual surgeons on a case-by-case basis with appropriate informed consent. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.


Unraveling the deformation pattern characterizing the transition from final oceanic subduction stages to early stages of deformation of a foreland continental margin is crucial for a better understanding of the geodynamic processes taking place at convergent plate boundaries. In particular, the combined role of internal wedge dynamics and continental-margin architecture in controlling the tectonic evolution of an accretionary complex during its final emplacement onto the foreland continent is discussed in this study. To this purpose, we conducted integrated structural, stratigraphic, and low-temperature thermochronometric analyses on the Ligurian accretionary complex units exposed in the Campania region (Italy) and on continental-margin successions located in their footwall, as well as on related foredeep and wedge-top basin deposits. Our results point out a series of late early Miocene (Burdigalian) shortening events, also involving buttressing of the accretionary wedge against the crustal ramp of the foreland continental margin. Emplacement of the overthickened accretionary complex onto the distal part of the continental margin was followed by horizontal extension and wedge thinning, aiding the development of wedge-top depocenters. Extension may have been either related to reduced subduction rates during the middle Miocene, or to a period of subduction erosion (known to have occurred in the Northern Apennines in the same time frame). Early Miocene NW-SE shortening recorded by Ligurian accretionary complex units was completely unrelated to later (late Miocene to Pleistocene) NE-directed thrusting in the Apennines, which was coeval with backarc extension in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Therefore, our results emphasize the occurrence of a major discontinuity in the Neogene geodynamic evolution of the Southern Apennines, the tectonic history of which may be clearly subdivided, from a kinematic point of view, into pre- and syn-Tyrrhenian backarc extension stages.


Abstract. The transport of air masses originating from the Asian monsoon anticyclone into the extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (Ex-UTLS) above potential temperatures Θ =  380 K was identified during the HALO aircraft mission TACTS in August and September 2012. In situ measurements of CO, O3 and N2O during TACTS flight 2 on 30 August 2012 show the irreversible mixing of aged stratospheric air masses with younger (recently transported from the troposphere) ones within the Ex-UTLS. Backward trajectories calculated with the trajectory module of CLaMS indicate that these tropospherically affected air masses originate from the Asian monsoon anticyclone. These air masses are subsequently transported above potential temperatures Θ =  380 K from the monsoon circulation region into the Ex-UTLS, where they subsequently mix with stratospheric air masses. The overall trace gas distribution measured during TACTS shows that this transport pathway had affected the chemical composition of the Ex-UTLS during boreal summer and autumn 2012. This leads to an intensification of the tropospheric influence on the extratropical lower stratosphere with PV  >  8 pvu within 3 weeks during the TACTS mission. During the same time period a weakening of the tropospheric influence on the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) is determined. The study shows that the transport of air masses originating from the Asian summer monsoon region within the lower stratosphere affects the change in the chemical composition of the Ex-UTLS over Europe and thus contributes to the flushing of the LMS during summer 2012.


Environment-behaviour studies are established as an academic discipline a worthwhile contribution to wake to design professions. There is still a need however for a coherent architectural theory which successfully embraces in reaching and practice, environment-behaviour concepts.The paper describes an environment-behaviour model which for some years has been used in teaching first year architecture students as the foundation of their architecture design work. The model is now finding it. way into public practice where its implications are shaping design attitudes and policies. The theoretical bases and assumptions of the model, and its practical outcomes are discussed.


The sweeping changes in Swedish society in the 1990s, with extensive decentralisation, privatisation and cutbacks in the public sector, implied quite new conditions for the realisation of the aim of pre-school and school as a meeting place for children from different backgrounds. This article discusses some of these changes and their implications, through a study of parent's choice of pre-school care facility in the city of Uppsala. The main data source is a survey study among 1584 mothers of children born in 1995. The results show that parents' use of the right to choose pre-school facility is economically, socially and culturally segregated; the patterns of choice are construed in relation to residential areas but are not a simple effect of housing segregation. The choice of pre-school facility in Uppsala is thus a practice that creates specific conditions--socially and culturally homogenous private pre-school facilities--that make it virtually impossible for them to achieve the goal of being meeting places.


The virtual synchrony model for group communication is a powerful paradigm for building distributed applications. Implementations of virtual synchrony usually use failure detectors and failure recovery protocols. In applications that require a large number of groups, significant performance gains can be attained if these groups share the resources required to provide virtual synchrony. A service that maps multiple user groups onto a small number of instances of a virtually synchronous implementation is called a light-weight group service. This paper describes a new design for the light-weight group protocols that enables such service to function transparently. We discuss how these protocols can be applied in dynamic environments, where group mappings cannot be defined a priori and may change over time. We show that it is possible to establish mappings that promote resource sharing and, at the same time, minimize interference. These mappings can be established in an automated manner, using heuristics applied locally at each node. Experiments using an implementation in the Horus system show that significant performance improvements can be achieved with this approach.


Immunocytochemistry techniques for the diagnosis of hematological neoplasias. We studied 22 patients with hematological neoplasias which included: 12 patients with a diagnosis of Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML) following the morphology and cytochemistry criteria established by FAB (French, American and British Committee), a Myeloblastic Leukemia secondary to MDS (Myelodysplastic Syndromes) and a biphenotypic acute leukemia where we established the relationship between the traditional peroxidase reaction with the anti-MPO by APAAP. We also carried out the nonspecific esterase reaction and determined the immunologic phenotype by FACS technology. The same procedure was used for the cellular analysis of the light chains κ (kappa) and λ (lambda) in 3 cases of hairy cell leukemia, one lymphoma and 4 cases of plasma cell neoplasia and reactive plasma cell disease. We conclude that immunocytochemical reactions must be used when morphology and traditional cytochemical reactions need to be confirmed in order to establish a correct diagnosis and this is specially important for B and T lymphomas. Their prognostic value is restricted and the results are useful as a complement to morphology, cytochemistry and immunological determinations.


Intracellular lipid amounts are regulated not only by metabolism but also by efflux. Yeast Rsb1 is the only known transporter/floppase of the sphingolipid components long-chain bases (LCBs). However, even fundamental knowledge about Rsb1, such as important amino acid residues for activity and substrate recognition, still remains unclear. Rsb1 belongs to the Rta1-like family. To date, it has not been determined whether all family members share a common ability to export LCBs. Here, we revealed that within the Rta1-like family, only Rsb1 suppressed the hypersensitivity of the mutant cells lacking LCB 1-phoshate-degrading enzymes, suggesting that LCB-exporting activity is specific to Rsb1. Rsb1 contains a characteristic region (loop 5), which does not exist in other proteins of the Rta1-like family. We found that deletion of this region caused loss of Rsb1 function. Further mutational analysis of loop 5 revealed that the charged amino acid residues E223, D225 and R236 were important for Rsb1 activity. In addition to LCBs, Rsb1 facilitated the export of 1-hexadecanol, but not palmitic acid, which suggests that Rsb1 recognizes the C1 hydroxyl group. Thus, our findings provide an important clue for understanding the molecular mechanism of LCB export.


This experiment manipulated elite endurance cyclists' implicit beliefs about the nature of decision-making ability and explored subsequent change in performance on a decision-making task under submaximal physiological load. In total, 54 elite-level endurance cyclists (10 women and 44 men) were manipulated to endorse a limited (susceptible to depletion) or nonlimited (unsusceptible to depletion) implicit belief about decision-making ability. Results showed that after the manipulation cyclists assigned to the limited resource condition had higher levels of limited beliefs and lower levels of nonlimited beliefs than those assigned to the nonlimited resource condition. Those in the limited resource condition also showed a decrease in decision-making performance, whereas those in the nonlimited resource condition showed an increase in decision-making performance. Findings suggest that implicit beliefs about decision-making ability can be manipulated in an elite sport sample and that such manipulation can alter performance on a decision-making task under submaximal physiological load.


Objective In October 2013, the South Korean government introduced an incentive programme to increase the availability of Saturday treatment at clinics, hoping to increase the role of primary care providers as gatekeepers to medical care. To the best of our knowledge, no one has yet investigated this programme's effect on overall outpatient care. Our study aims to analyse the change in Saturday outpatient volume and billings in clinics that adopted the Saturday incentive programme. Setting Our study used 3 types of data from the period October 2012 to March 2014: National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) claims data, hospital evaluation data and medical institution data. Participants These data consisted of 66 825 881 outpatient cases from 2837 clinics. Interventions Introducing the Saturday incentive programme. Outcome measure We performed a multilevel analysis that adjusted for clinic-level and outpatient-level variables to examine the difference in the percentage of Saturday outpatient volume and billings after introducing the Saturday incentive programme. Results The percentages of Saturday outpatient volume and billings were higher after introducing the programme (outpatient volume: β=2.065, p<0.001; outpatient billings: β=3.518, p<0.001). In addition, outpatient volume and billings on Friday and Saturday increased after introducing the programme, while those on weekdays, excluding Friday, decreased. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the Saturday incentive programme has affected clinic outpatient care and is a worthwhile health policy in terms of promoting primary care. Thus, it may improve healthcare accessibility and quality of care, and prevent inappropriate usage such as emergency room visits by providing patients with weekend clinic hours.


In response to the coronavirus pandemic, schools across the nation made an abrupt transition to teaching online as states instituted stay-at-home measures. This mixed methods study examines the attentiveness of adult learners in an online Doctorate of Education program. Three main findings emerged: 1) online courses where the students and instructor all are logged on to Zoom synchronously had higher average attentiveness compared to hybrid format courses where some students are physically in the classroom and some are on zoom; 2) average attentiveness was higher during the synchronous portion of classes with an asynchronous portion compared to fully synchronous online classes; and 3) average attentiveness was lower for class segments of over 30 minutes than class segments under 30 minutes.


The main goal of this research is to create a new ballistic helmet concept able to defeat high velocity rifle bullets, specifically the 7.62 x 39 M43 round. The current design consists of four layers, where the first layer is responsible for the deformation and breaking up of the projectile, the second layer for stopping the projectile, the third layer for reducing the back face deformation, and the fourth and last layer for absorbing the shock wave send into the helmet shell, next to the back face deflection of the latter. Whereas previous research gave possible solutions for the first three layers, this work focuses on the feasibility of the fourth, shock-absorbing layer. A finite element model approach was used to see the influence of the shock-absorbing layer on the risk on behind-helmet blunt trauma and to determine a suitable standoff based on a maximum force injury criterion.


Previous works on scene classification are mainly based on audio or visual signals, while humans perceive the environmental scenes through multiple senses. Recent studies on audio-visual scene classification separately fine-tune the large-scale audio and image pre-trained models on the target dataset, then either fuse the intermediate representations of the audio model and the visual model, or fuse the coarse-grained decision of both models at the clip level. Such methods ignore the detailed audio events and visual objects in audio-visual scenes (AVS), while humans often identify a scene through both audio events and visual objects within, and the congruence between them. To exploit the fine-grained information of audio events and visual objects in AVS, and coordinate the implicit relationship between audio events and visual objects, this paper proposes a multi-branch model equipped with contrastive event-object alignment (CEOA) and semantic-based fusion (SF) for AVSC. CEOA aims to align the learned embeddings of audio events and visual objects by comparing the difference between audio-visual event-object pairs. Then, visual objects associated with certain audio events and vice versa are accentuated by cross-attention and undergo SF for semantic-level fusion. Experiments show that: 1) the proposed AVSC model equipped with CEOA and SF outperforms the results of audio-only and visual-only models, i.e., the audio-visual results are better than the results from a single modality. 2) CEOA aligns the embeddings of audio events and related visual objects on a fine-grained level, and the SF effectively integrates both; 3) Compared with other large-scale integrated systems, the proposed model shows competitive performance, even without using additional datasets and data augmentation tricks.


This article focuses on the cross-asset-class properties of quality as a factor, particularly its joint behavior across equities and fixed income. The authors aim to provide further insight into quality, a relatively newer factor, and to shed light on the implications for portfolio allocation. Their results show that the correlation between quality variants in equities and fixed income is actually historically lower than that between equities and fixed-income core benchmarks. A 60/40 allocation to the quality cross-asset-class mix offers a statistically significant return, with lower tail risk reflecting the greater possible diversification benefits from factor allocations compared to traditional cap-weighted allocations.


The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of competitive strategies on the performance of Uber Online Taxi Firm in Nairobi, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were: to examine how leadership, differentiation, and focus strategies influence the performance of Uber. The study was very significant to the top management of uber, the government, the partners/drivers and other researchers. The study was anchored on the following theories: Porter's generic strategies model, resource-based view theory, and resource dependence theory. The study took a descriptive research design and the target population was composed of 130 operators; sampling size was the same as target population as a complete census was preferred. The study used a semi-structured questionnaire that was administered to each member of the population. Out of the 130 questionnaires administered only 91 questionnaires were filled by respondents. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Regression analysis was used to test the relationship between performance and the independent variables. Quantitative data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the quantitative data where descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages were used to describe the data. The variables used in the study included low cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy and focus strategy which significantly influenced the organizational performance of Uber Online Taxi Firm. The study recommended that Uber should embrace cost leadership, differentiation and focus strategies in their operations since they will enable the firm attain competitive advantage over their rivals such as Taxify and Little Cab.


mer. They inflated the resected lungs used in their study with 10% buffered formalin at a transpulmonary pressure of 25 cm H2O for a minimum of 24 hours. What technique did they use and how well were the lungs inflated? Satisfactory inflation via the bronchus of surgically resected lobes has been found unsatisfactory in two Vancouver hospitals. In one, expansion had to be achieved by inflation with fixative through the pleura using a large bore needle.' In another,2 using


In an unusual and interesting case, the 11th Circuit decision was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, the Supreme Court rendered a decision remanding the case with guidance, and upon remand, the 11th Circuit virtually ignored the Court's guidance and went its own way. The Supreme Court determined that the term "boy," when used in referring to an adult African American male, can, under certain circumstances, be evidence of race discrimination. Despite the evidence, the 11th Circuit on remand did not find such circumstances to be present in this case. The decision is not only peculiar in its decision to give only lip service to the Supreme Court's guidance, but also in its staunch refusal to recognize the vestiges of the stark historical realities of the three southern states within the circuit.


Industrial effluent containing heavy metals, on entering aquatic environment causes biochemical disturbances in the fish. The present study deals with the toxicity of Zinc as (ZnSO4), as a component of industrial waste and its effect on tissue glycogen and protein level at 24, 48, 72 & 96 hrs respectively .The estimated glycogen and protein concentration in the tissues- gills, liver, kidney, ovary and testis were found to be reduced during the exposure periods.


In this commentary, I explore two questions raised by Angelotta and Appelbaum's study. First, I offer an English legal perspective on the protection of children from their mothers, looking at both civil (family) and criminal law. Second, I discuss the idealization of motherhood that is implied by the prosecution of pregnant women; the denigration of those who fail this ideal; and the way that idealization and denigration contribute to injustice for women. I conclude by offering comments on the implications for those assessing women accused of harming their unborn child.


We develop a new model for studying the phenomenon of congestion in a transient environment, focusing on the problem of aircraft landings at a busy "hub" airport. Our model is based on a Markov/semi-Markov treatment of changes in the weather, the principal source of uncertainty governing service times, together with a treatment of the arrival stream as time-varying but deterministic. The model is employed to compute moments of queue length and waiting time via a recursive algorithm. To test the model, we conduct a case study using traffic and capacity data for Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport. Our results show that the model's estimates are reasonable, though substantial data difficulties make validation difficult. We explore, as examples of the model's potential usefulness, two policy questions: schedule interference between the two principal carriers, and the likely effects of demand smoothing policies on queueing delays.


Dr Ganesh G Raman's interests are in the areas of flow control and experimental aeroacoustics. His research in the fields of supersonic jet noise, screech, and high speed jet flows is widely recognized. Dr Raman has over 25 years of experience working with industry, academia, and the U.S. government. He is currently Assistant Vice-Chancellor for Research for the California State University system of 23 campuses. Prior to that he served as Deputy Vice-Provost for Research and Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology, USA, where he has also served as theAssociate Chair forAerospace Engineering. Before joining IIT, he spent 14 years at NASA Glenn Research Centre performing contract research, including work for NASA High Speed Civil Transport Program. Dr Raman has over 150 technical publications that appeared in leading journals and conference proceedings. He is a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and, a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society. He also served as the Chairman of theFluidMechanicsTechnical Committee ofASMEand theAeroacoustics TechnicalCommittee of AIAA. Dr Raman was awarded the ASME Lewis F Moody best paper award in 2002. In addition, he was cited in 2001 Boeing Special Invention Awards and received a NASACertificate of Recognition for a creative innovation. Dr Raman has a bachelor's degree from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, and a PhD from Case Western Reserve University, USA.


This paper examines issues in the current debate over coordination between fiscal and monetary policies. Section I1 uses the traditional targets-instruments approach to assess the potential gains from greater coordination. Since greater coordination is often equated with looser money and tighter fiscal policy, two econometric models of the economy are used to estimate the quantitative importance of the policy mix. Expectational effects that arise from the government budget constraint are also analyzed. Section III shows that our attitudes toward the non- coordination problem may be quite different depending on why policies were not coordinated to begin with, and argues that there are plausible circumstances under which it may be better to have uncoordinated policies. Section IV turns to the design of a coordination system. The game-theoretic aspects of having two independent authorities are stressed, and I offer a general reason to expect that uncoordinated behavior will result in tight money and loose fiscal policy even when both parties would prefer easy money and tight fiscal policy. Finally, Section V considers the old "rules versus discretion" debate from the particular perspective of this paper.


An excavation technology based upon melting of rock and soil has been extensively developed at the prototype hardware and conceptual design levels for terrestrial conditions. Laboratory and field tests of rock-melting penetration have conclusively indicated that this excavation method is insensitive to rock, soil types, and conditions. Especially significant is the ability to form in-place glass linings or casings on the walls of boreholes, tunnels, and shafts. These factors indicate the unique potential for in situ construction of primary lunar base facilities. Drilling and coring equipment for resource exploration on the moon can also be devised that are largely automated and remotely operated. It is also very likely that lunar melt-glasses will have changed mechanical properties when formed in anhydrous and hard vacuum conditions. Rock melting experiments and prototype hardware designs for lunar rock-melting excavation applications are suggested.


Soil cores (35 cm long, 7 cm diameter) from the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute's Sourhope Research Station in the Scottish Borders were kept and monitored at constant temperature (18± 1°C) for gas production using a 1.6 mm diameter stainless steel probe fitted with a membrane inlet and connected to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. This provided a novel method for on-line, real time monitoring of soil gas dynamics. In closed-system headspace experiments, O2 and CO2 (measured at m/z values 32 and 44, respectively) showed anti-phase diurnal fluctuations in low-intensity simulated daylight and under a light-dark (LD, 12:12 h) regime. O2 increased during periods of illumination and decreased in the dark. The inverse was true for CO2 production. Ar (m/z = 40) concentration and temperature (°C) remained constant throughout the experiments. The same phase-related oscillations, in CO2 and O2 concentrations, were observed at 2 and 5 cm depth in soil cores. The O2 concentration did not oscillate diurnally at 10 cm depth. In below-ground experiments, CH4 (m/z = 15) concentration showed diurnal cycles at 2, 5 and 10 cm depth. The CH4 production had the same diurnal phase cycle as CO2 but with lower amplitude. Evidence of below-ground diurnal oscillations in N2 (m/z = 28) concentration was provided at 5 cm depth. The scale of production and consumption of gases associated with soil-atmosphere interactions and below-ground processes, are shown to be a multifaceted output of several variables. These include light, circadian-controlled physiological rhythms of plants and microbes, and the interactions between these organisms.


The rapid implementation of large scale floating solar panels has consequences to water quality and local ecosystems. Environmental impacts depend on the dimensions, design and proportions of the system in relation to the size of the surface water, as well as the characteristics of the water system (currents, tidal effects) and climatic conditions. There is often no time (and budget) for thorough research into these effects on ecology and water quality. A few studies have addressed the potential impacts of floating solar panels, but often rely on models without validation with in situ data. In this work, water quality sensors continuously monitored key water quality parameters at two different locations: (i) underneath a floating solar park; (ii) at a reference location positioned in open water. An underwater drone was used to obtain vertical profiles of water quality and to collect underwater images. The results showed little differences in the measured key water quality parameters below the solar panels. The temperature at the upper layers of water was lower under the solar panels, and there were less detected temperature fluctuations. A biofouling layer on the floating structure was visible in the underwater images a few months after the construction of the park.


Although Mirabeau had apparently no musical education, he wrote, in 1777, a pamphlet in defence of Raimondi's Telemaque. This defense of instrumental music was unusual at the time, but his arguments appeal to the traditional theory of music as the universal language of feeling. What is new is his claim that instrumental music expresses more than vocal music and is therefore superior, even though the latter expresses better. Describing, at the end of the pamphlet, Raimondi's musical technique, he rejects his opponents' preference for seeing a story, in favour of hearing and feeling it. The emotion aroused by hearing is more personal, less reasoned, and therefore preferable. Mirabeau thus attempts a theoretical justification of instrumental music.


As more evidence indicates that a corporation is very much defined by its purchases and benefited by its close partnership with the suppliers, the sourcing decision becomes increasingly important in the firm's growth and profit. This paper synthesizes the available sourcing alternatives into four categories, namely multiple sourcing, single sourcing, single/dual hybrid or network sourcing, and global sourcing, and provides a comprehensive review of these purchasing methods based on extensive literature. Besides the discussion of the pros and cons, the paper focuses on the underlying factors that determine the preference and suitability of each sourcing option. In addition, with the note that numerous companies are switching to do business on a global basis, we attempt to use China as an example to examine global sourcing from the standpoints of both buyer and supplier.


Accident statistics indicate that every year a significant number of casualties and extensive property losses occur due to traffic accidents. Consequently, efforts are directed towards developing passive and active safety systems that help reduce the severity of crashes, or prevent vehicles from colliding with one another. To develop these systems, technologies such as sensor systems, computer vision and vehicular communication have been proposed. Safety vehicular communication is defined as the exchange of data between vehicles with the goal of providing in-vehicle safety systems with enough information to permit detection of traffic dangers. Inter-vehicle communication is a key safety technology, especially as a complement to other technologies such as radar, as the information it provides cannot be gathered in any other way. However, due to the specifics of the traffic environment, the design of efficient safety communication systems poses a series of major technical challenges. In this thesis we focus on the design and development of a safety communication system that provides support for active safety systems such as collision warning and collision avoidance. We begin by providing a method for designing the support system for active safety systems. Within our study, we investigate different safety aspects of traffic situations. For performing traffic investigations, we have developed ECAM, a temporal reasoning system for modeling and analyzing accident scenarios. Next, we focus on the communication system design. We investigate approaches that can be applied to implement safety vehicular communication, as well as design aspects of such systems, including networking techniques and transmission procedures. We then propose a new solution for vehicular communication in the form of a distributed communication protocol that allows the vehicles to organize themselves in virtual clusters according to their common interest in traffic safety. To disseminate the information used for organizing the network and for assessing dangers in traffic, we develop an anonymous context-based broadcast protocol. This protocol requires the receivers to determine whether they are the intended destination for sent messages based on knowledge about their current situation in traffic. This communication system is then augmented with a reactive operation mode, where warnings can be issued and forwarded by vehicles. A vehicular communication platform that provides an implementation framework for the communication system, and integrates it within a vehicle, is also proposed. Experiments have been conducted, under various conditions, to test communication performance and the system's ability to reduce accidents. The results indicate that that the proposed communication system can efficiently provide the exchange of safety information between vehicles.


Human beings are not just limited to moon today but are trying their level best to reach Mars and even beyond. Microgravity conditions can have various physiological implications on the astronaut's general as well as dental health. Aeronautical dentistry is a newly recognized dental specialty concerning the application of dentistry to aeronautical environment. This article highlights the physiological changes in human body exposed to microgravity and radiation as well as prevention, diagnosis and management of dental emergencies which can arise during space mission.

Keywords: Aeronautical, Barodontalgia, Dentistry, Microgravity.


The aim of pharmacoepidemiology is to estimate the effects of medications on clinical outcomes. It's therefore critical that exposures and outcomes are accurately captured in the data sources used for results to be valid. Electronic healthcare databases are increasingly being utilised, with UK primary care data being most widely used. However, these data are not collected for research purposes and only relate to health as observed, understood and documented in one section of the healthcare system. Therefore, researchers face potential misclassification bias, which traditional validation methods may not adequately identify or address. Linking multiple databases may offer new options for validation and potentially lead to reduced misclassification, but the benefits do not come without challenges. The thesis aimed to explore and demonstrate use of Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked data for capturing exposure and outcomes in pharmacoepidemiological research. The aims were to: (1) demonstrate challenges in interpretation when using external data sources to validate unlinked data, (2) evaluate agreement between primary care, secondary care, registry and mortality data in capturing cancer diagnoses, and explore determinants of non-concordance, (3) conduct case studies to demonstrate use of linked data for optimal outcome ascertainment, increased case ascertainment, and the added value of additional variables, and (4) conduct case studies to demonstrate use of linked data to describe and assess the impact of drug treatment patterns. In the discussion, researchers are recommended to consider whether a gold standard data source for their event of interest exists. Five questions are proposed for each available data source to guide the selection of a gold standard, or to select sources to compare and combine to increase case ascertainment. Considerations of the impact of linkage upon sample size, study period and resulting patient populations are raised. Practical issues of data access and reporting guidelines are discussed. Recommendations are made to data providers to support researchers considering use of linked data. Finally, policy makers are recommended to enable high quality research for the benefit of the population they serve when developing information and technology solutions. In conclusion, linked data offer opportunities to assess agreement in recording across sources, enabling misclassification to be identified and reduced. Identification of a gold standard is challenging and may not be possible. Investigating data provenance and determinants of non-concordance will guide ways in which data should be combined for a given study. Outcome ascertainment will be optimised when a gold standard exists but can also be improved through data linkage that increases case-mix. Additional variables made available through linkage can be used to internally validate exposures and outcomes, adjust investigated associations for a broader range of covariates, and extend research questions beyond those that can be addressed using a single data source. Given the benefits that linked data can offer, it is critical that policy makers, data providers, the research community and the public work together to ensure the success of national linked data initiatives. Only by each playing their part will the jigsaw puzzle be solved.


In the last decade, intravital microscopy of breast tumors in mice and rats at single-cell resolution1-4 has resulted in important insights into mechanisms of metastatic behavior such as migration, invasion and intravasation of tumor cells5, 6, angiogenesis3 and immune cells response7-9. We have recently reported a technique to image orthotopic mammary carcinomas over multiple intravital imaging sessions in living mice10. For this, we have developed a Mammary Imaging Window (MIW) and optimized imaging parameters for Dendra211 photoswitching and imaging in vivo. Here, we describe the protocol for the manufacturing of MIW, insertion of the MIW on top of a tumor and imaging of the Dendra2- labeled tumor cells using a custom built imaging box. This protocol can be used to image the metastatic behavior of tumor cells in distinct microenvironments in tumors and allows for long term imaging of blood vessels, tumor cells and host cells.


The eruption of permanent teeth represents a complex series of events, mostly genetically based, whereby eruptive movements of the tooth germ taking place at a predetermined time and route enable the tooth to find its antagonist at a predetermined occlusal plane. As the eruption process is so complex, it is not surprising that the problems related to aberrant eruption pattern may arise. When there is a clinical absence of one or several teeth, and the history indicates that they have not been extracted, then partial anodontia or tooth impaction should be considered. Most cases with the eruption disturbances of mandibular canines do not have any symptoms, and such canines are often discovered at the radiological examination before the orthodontic treatment. Identification of early warning signs of such disturbances shall greatly enhance the diagnosis and treatment planning for such cases. In this paper we have stressed upon the clinical relevance of these signs, so that not only for the orthodontist but also for the general dental practitioner, it becomes simpler to evaluate the tendency of mandibular canine ectopia and to take appropriate action.


In this paper I outline two kinds of functionalism, role and realizer functionalism, as general accounts of scientific composition. I then argue that realizer functionalism is unable to deliver an appropriate notion of scientific compositional explanation. I argue this point by explaining and diagnosing the distinctive problem with the dormative fallacy and by arguing that realizer functionalism shares this problem. To be more precise, I argue that the kinds of compositional explanations that obtain if realizer functionalism is correct share the same vice as the dormative fallacy. Since we ought to reject explanations that commit the dormative fallacy, we ought also to reject realizer functionalist compositional explanations, and by corollary, realizer functionalism itself. I conclude that these considerations give us a powerful reason to favor role functionalism over realizer functionalism.


OBJECT
The authors assessed the efficacy of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) in the treatment of patients with 10 or more simultaneous metastatic brain tumors.

METHODS
Gamma knife radiosurgery was performed for the treatment of 10 or more simultaneous metastatic brain tumors in 24 patients. The performance status before and after GKS was expressed using the Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS). The cumulative survival rate was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The level of satisfaction with the procedure was assessed by telephone interview. No patient has died due to brain metastasis-related symptoms, and all patients and/or their families were satisfied with the GKS. In 12 patients who had brain metastasis-related symptoms, five improved, six were unchanged, and one deteriorated, as reflected by the KPS scores. The cumulative survival rate calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method was 70.4%, 49.3%, and 12.3% at 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 36 weeks, respectively. The median survival time was 11 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS
Single-fraction GKS can achieve acceptable tumor control, low morbidity, and good quality of life in the treatment of multiple metastatic brain tumors even in cases with 10 or more simultaneous metastases.


Despite being identified as a crucial proactive behavior that contributes to organizational goal attainment particularly in uncertain environment, collaborative job crafting (CJC) has received only scant attention and there exists much ambiguous role of information technology in it. Grounded on the theories of mindful of job crafting and proactive behavior, we propose a conceptual model specific to the context of self-leading team, positing that CJC behavior can be predicted by three proactive motivational states, namely role-breadth self-efficacy, flexible role orientation and psychological engagement, that in turn will be influenced by technology characteristics and social work design characteristics. Overall, this study offers novel insights into the determinants of CJC. For practice, it serves to inform that organizations would make the landscape for CJC by offering specific IT characteristics and social work design characteristics.