Talofa lava, Malo e lelei, Kia orana, Fakalofa lahi atu, Nisa bula vinaka, Taloha ni... Warm greetings to you all. When I agreed to accept the invitation to do this keynote address, I did so for two main reasons. First, because Linitā had asked me to do it and I always find it difficult to say no to Linitā. 1 As many of you know, champions like Linitā must be supported where possible. My second reason was because I am always keen to share with people of like minds, to engage in an open and meaningful conversation about what it is that we are doing in universities as Pasifika educators and scholars, and to focus in on what Pasifika education might be exactly and where it could go. In attempting to prepare for this talanoa session, if I may call it that, I went back to the invitation letter and conference correspondence sent to me by Linitā and the organising committee to make sure I address what is expected of me. 2 In reading these I realised that there is an emphasis on teaching. I am neither by formal training nor by natural inclination (I am told) a teacher. I have been a student of law and sociology and have attempted to try my hand at what the university calls 'lecturing' (which for some is distinguished from'teaching'). I have some field experience as a social researcher in Pacific health and a keen interest in Pacific research methodologies. 3 If anything, I guess I would lean more towards the enterprise of research than that of teaching. The two are, however, not mutually exclusive.


-Clinicians are faced with the challenge of making informed decisions amidst heated debates over the most effective treatment approaches for young children with autism. This article provides a more specific focus to this debate by considering the practice of enhancing spontaneous language and related social-communicative abilities of young children with autism/pervasive developmental disorder (PPD). First, a historical perspective of the evolution of different approaches for enhancing communication and related abilities is presented, followed by a description of characteristics of the approaches. The approaches are described along a continuum from massed discrete trial, traditional behavioral to social-pragmatic, developmental. The current state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of early services for children with autism/PDD is examined and conclusions are presented with consideration of the need for more meaningful outcome measures than are currently used for the next generation of outcome research.


Mobile ad hoc network is a collection of wireless nodes that can dynamically be set up anywhere and anytime to exchange information without using any pre-existing network infrastructure. It is a self organized and self configurable network where the mobile nodes move randomly. In MANET mobile nodes can receive and forward packets as a router and each node operates not only as an end system, but also as a router to forward packets. The nodes are free to move i.e. the nodes are mobile. These nodes change position frequently. So there is no fixed infrastructure, which results in addition and exclusion of any number of nodes from the network for relatively small networks routing protocols may be sufficient. However, in larger networks either hierarchical or geographic routing protocols are needed. In this Thesis three routing protocols AODV (Ad- Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing Protocol) and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing Protocol) are compared. Most of the previous research on MANET routing protocols have focused on simulation study by varying various parameters, such as network size, pause times etc. The performance of these routing protocols is analyzed with Scalability for HTTP in terms of their Network Load and their results are shown in graphical forms. The comparison analysis will be carrying out about these protocols and in the last the conclusion will be presented, that which routing protocol is the best one for mobile ad -hoc networks. General Terms


Purpose: The study concentrated on the process of evaluation of public programs currently implemented with the support of European Union funds in Poland. The aim was to show how the evaluation practice was adopted in the regional administration within programming and implementation of Regional Operational Programs 2007–2013 (ROP). The author analysed what types of decisions are primarily supported by evaluation and what functions evaluation serves. Methodology: The quantitative analysis was based on data drawn from documentation of the full population of ROP evaluations completed in 2007 to 2012, which was acquired from 16 ROP evaluation units. Findings: The practice of evaluation was well adopted in regional administration and has grown rapidly in recent years. 236 studies, costing more than 16 million PLN, were completed by the end of 2012. However, most studies were of limited value as they concentrated on the implementation process, not on the effects and justi fi - cation of intervention. Implications: This study focused on quantitative aspects of the knowledge production process (evaluation reports). It omitted the question of actual evaluation use, which together with evaluation process quality and development of evaluation culture should be a subject of further investigation. Originality: This study was the fi rst review of ROP evaluations in Poland. It went far beyond the scope of data collected previously by the Ministry of Regional Development and proposed novel categorizations of evaluation subjects that may be useful for other than ROP evaluations.


Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) exacerbations caused by bacterial infections account for more than 50% of all exacerbation episodes, with Haemophilus influenzae as the most frequently isolated pathogen. The role of antibiotics in treating COPD bacterial exacerbations remains unclear. Objective: The current analysis evaluates the interaction of H. influenzae with other pathogens while controlling for the use of antibiotics. Methods: Data were from a longitudinal study of COPD patients conducted at a VA medical center from 1994-2010. Analysis was restricted to sputum samples collected over the course of one year in a total of 130 patients. Presence of Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and antibiotic use within the past 21 days were examined to predict the colonization by H. influenzae using repeated measures logistic regression. Results: The cohort was primarily male (96.9), white (89.9%), with an average age of 66.7 (SD 9.6) years and with moderate to severe airway obstruction. H. influenzae was detected 20% at any given time in the 130 patients. There was a trend for the presence of S. aureus and use of antimicrobial therapy in the past 21 days to be associated with decreasing the likelihood of colonization by H. influenzae. Conclusion: Future research of the underlying mechanisms of these complex polymicrobial interactions will require further investigation of the environment of the lung microbiome, the host immune response and the impact of the medication on these host-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions. Management of COPD and prevention of exacerbations of COPD would reduce both the rapid decline in lung function associated with bacterial infections, and the associated healthcare costs.


In announcing government support for the new city of Dholera, the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, observed that unlike cities of the past, which have been constructed on riverbanks and along highways, cities of the future will be built around digital infrastructure. When complete, Dholera will join other 'smart cities', like Songdo in South Korea and Masdar near Abu Dhabi. These are programmable spaces, with digital sensors embedded in the entire urban environment, enabling a form of civic management based on real-time data processing. Here, in a cybernetic acceleration of Britain's garden city movement, and Le Corbusier's Ville Radieuse, the city becomes a network of sustainability and equilibrium. Naturally, this utopian rhetoric is not exclusive to 'developing' nations – European governments are also eager to 'reboot' inefficient industrial cities with smart technology.

Yet the smart city is not a governmental space – it is intensely neoliberal, a space in which power is a matter of 'extrastatecraft' (Easterling, 2014), and where the real potential of data unconsciously generated by the population is secured and exploited by global corporations. In Richard Grusin's (2010) terms, smart cities will be 'premediated' zones, post-political ghettos in which future citizenship is controlled and managed invisibly in the present. This paper will argue that speculations about how we might live in smart cities alert us to broader dangers concerning emergent forms of power. Specifically, these issues return us to Fredric Jameson's (1988) aesthetic of 'cognitive mapping' and its basis in urban experience, where the inability of individuals and collectives to figure their place in a capitalist system is understood to be politically neutralizing. The threat of smart power demands that we explore a form of 'elemental' politics that, in contrast to Jameson, does not strive to figure or represent a system, but attunes itself affectively to the various agencies and relations immanent to such a system, and to the instability of these relations.


There are two predominant types of noise that contaminate the electrocardiogram (EGG) acquired during a stress test: the baseline wander noise (BW) and electrode motion artifact, and electromyogram-induced noise (EMG). BW noise is at a lower frequency, caused by respiration and motion of the subject or the leads. The frequency components of BW noise are usually below 0.5 Hz, and extend into the frequency range of the ST segment during a stress test. EMG noise, on the other hand, is predominantly at higher frequencies, caused by increased muscle activity and by mechanical forces acting on the electrodes. The frequency spectrum of the EMG noise overlaps that of the ECG signal and extends even higher in the frequency domain. In this article, the authors review some of the published ECG enhancing techniques to overcome the noise problems, and compare their performance on stress ECG signals under adverse noise scenarios. They also describe the filter bank-based ECG enhancing algorithm.


Although it is generally accepted that massive galaxies form in a two-phased fashion, beginning with a rapid mass buildup through intense starburst activities followed by primarily dry mergers that mainly deposit stellar mass at outskirts, the late time stellar mass growth of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs), the most massive galaxies in the universe, is still not well understood. Several independent measurements have indicated a slower mass growth rate than predictions from theoretical models. We attempt to resolve the discrepancy by measuring the frequency of BCGs with multiple cores, which serve as a proxy of the merger rates in the central region and facilitate a more direct comparison with theoretical predictions. Using 79 BCGs at z = 0.06–0.15 with integral field spectroscopic data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) project, we obtain a multiple-core fraction of 0.11 ± 0.04 at z ≈ 0.1 within an 18 kpc radius from the center, which is comparable to the value of 0.08 ± 0.04 derived from mock observations of 218 simulated BCGs from the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation IllustrisTNG. We find that most cores that appear close to the BCGs from imaging data turn out to be physically associated systems. Anchoring on the similarity in the multiple-core frequency between the MaNGA and IllustrisTNG, we discuss the mass growth rate of BCGs over the past 4.5 Gyr.


Background: Autologous free fat graft outcomes are not always predictable, and variables that can potentially influence fat graft retention are still not well understood or investigated. The purposes of this study were to assess fat graft retention in the management of craniofacial contour deformities and to identify possible predictive factors of this retention. Methods: A prospective analysis was conducted using consecutive patients with unilateral craniofacial contour deformities who underwent autologous free fat grafting between 2012 and 2015. Standardized ultrasonographic craniofacial soft-tissue thickness measurements were adopted to determine the fat graft retention. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of 12-month postoperative fat graft retention. Results: One hundred forty-two patients were enrolled. There was significant (all p < 0.05) and progressive reduction in fat graft retention within the first 3 postoperative months, and the retained fat graft was maintained (all p > 0.05) from 3 to 12 months postoperatively, with a 12-month fat graft retention rate of 67.7 percent. Age, Parry-Romberg syndrome, previous craniofacial bone surgery, grafted volume, and forehead unit were independently negative (all p < 0.05) predictors of fat graft retention, whereas cheek unit was an independently positive (all p < 0.05) predictor of retention. Conclusion: Craniofacial fat graft retention is achievable but remains somewhat unpredictable, with age, Parry-Romberg syndrome, previous bone surgical intervention, grafted volume, and recipient sites affecting retention. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Risk, III.


This chapter examines the state of contemporary urban environments in the Gulf, and aims to explore the phenomenon of global flows and their impact on regional urbanism and architecture. The key characteristics of contemporary urbanism are identified through a critical analysis of three main aspects. These include the development of "bespoke" infrastructure to accommodate "global flows;" the decentralizing of urban governance and decision-making to entice investment in the urban environment; and the resulting chaotic but emotionally detached urban scene characterized by exclusive development projects, high-rise agglomerations, and social segregation. As architectural innovation is an integral component of the urban landscape of emerging cities in the Gulf, I classify contemporary endeavors into two categories: the overt and subliminal agenda to construct an iconic and cultural architectural identity coupled with the resultant evolution of "multiple modernities" as reflected in a strikingly vibrant plurality of trends. Case examples demonstrate the rush to brand art and culture into a comprehensive and admired identity supported by a rigid agenda to encourage and sustain educational and environmental awareness. Based on the results of in-depth discussion and analysis of these issues the chapter concludes with key challenges relevant to the competitive nature of various emerging cities in the Persian Gulf.


Abstract. Action cameras can operate in outdoor conditions, such as outside a car, and provide good quality imagery that can be exploited to collect geospatial data by photogrammetric means. Recent models include GPS, which can deliver position and time of individual images and video frames. That is the case of the very popular camera, Gopro Hero 5. This paper describes the implementation of a mobile mapping system, based on a GoPro Hero 5 camera mounted on the side rearview mirror of a car. Although the system can be dependent on the camera GPS positions only, it was developed to include a GNSS dual frequency receiver, carried inside the car, on the dashboard. Within good observation conditions, without tall buildings, differential positioning (either RTK or PPK) provides the trajectory with accuracy of a few centimetres. The precise time of individual frames is obtained from the camera GPS and positions are interpolated from the GNSS receiver. Assuming the car moves in a horizontal plane and the camera has no significant tilts, the system is treated in planimetric terms, with camera axis azimuth derived from the vehicle trajectory. Positions of observed objects, such as traffic signs, are derived from consecutive frames. Tests carried out in a sparse urban environment have shown planimetric accuracy better than 40 cm, appropriate for large scale mapping, such as 1 : 2000. The system can be improved in several forms, through processing techniques, such as structure from motion, but without the incorporation of additional hardware.


Following the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) was faced with the issue of maritime security against terrorist incidents. Accordingly, it adopted the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) in December 2002 as part of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS 1974- as amended) in order to increase maritime security through fulfilling its regulations by Contracting Governments. This Code, entered into force on 1 July 2004, provides a set of regulations for ship and port facility security. The first part of this paper focuses on the introduction and analysis of the key regulations of the ISPS Code. The second part of this paper focuses on the successful practices of two Contracting Governments, namely Malaysia and South Korea. Accordingly, this paper evaluates the enforcement of the regulations of the ISPS Code by concentrating on these two countries in East Asia in order to measure the effectiveness of the Code in enhancing maritime security of these two countries. This paper concludes that to achieve the objectives of the ISPS Code, all Contracting Countries should fully implement its regulations and for achieving a higher standards in maintaining maritime security they are advised to take advantage of the experiences and practices of such successful countries as Malaysia and South Korea in fulfilling the regulations of the ISPS Code. The research method applied in this paper is based on the descriptive - analytical method.


BACKGROUND
Studies have reported that plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels and CD4+ lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected patients improved after treatment with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).

METHODS
In AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 5041, 116 patients were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 16 weeks of 250 microg of GM-CSF administered subcutaneously 3 times/week, followed by open-label treatment for an additional 32 weeks. Patients had stable baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA levels of > or =1500 copies/mL and received constant antiretroviral regimens through at least the first 16 weeks of the study.

RESULTS
After 16 weeks, the GM-CSF group tended to have greater, though clinically insignificant, increases in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, compared with the placebo group (median change, +0.048 vs. -0.103 log copies/mL; P=.036, in a post hoc analysis). There were trends toward progressive modest increases in CD4+ lymphocyte counts with GM-CSF treatment at 16 weeks (median change, +14 vs. -6 cells/mm3; P=.06) and beyond.

CONCLUSIONS
GM-CSF does not have an antiviral effect in patients with ongoing HIV replication but may increase CD4+ lymphocyte counts.


Motivated by the use of thin conducting textiles in absorbers, the interaction of electromagnetic waves with a rough resistive sheet is examined. Expressions for the fields above and below the sheet are derived in terms of an equivalent current using Gaussian beam illumination. These field expressions are then used with equations derived from the conservation of energy to find the distribution of scattered, transmitted, and absorbed power using an exact numerical solution and the Kirchhoff approximation. As a consequence of the lack of refraction, the Kirchhoff single scattering solution produces strong coherent transmitted intensities at the forward angles with an attendant minimum in the incoherent intensity. A second minimum in the incoherent intensity is observed in the antispecular direction. Fields arising from multiple scattering interactions are observed independent of the Kirchhoff single scatter contributions at these angles for surfaces of large root-mean-square slope. An increase in the absorption in the sheet is also observed as surface roughness is increased. The increase in absorption is believed due to multiple scattering interactions on the surface.


In considering the empirical importance of the exchange rate on exporters' price competitiveness and producer profits in specific industries, the industry-specific real effective exchange rate (REER) is far more useful than the aggregate REER published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). The novelty of this study is to construct a new dataset of the industry-specific REER of the yen on a daily basis from 2005 to the present to provide a better indicator for the international price competitiveness of Japanese exporters. By conducting simulation analysis, we show whether recent fluctuations of the REER have been driven by various factors such as domestic and foreign price changes. By running a near-vector autoregression (VAR) estimation with block exogeneity, we demonstrate that Japanese exports of major machinery industries are affected not by the nominal exchange rate shock but by the world output fluctuations and the domestic price changes in Japan.


The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between parent and family demographic, psychosocial, and involvement factors and the progress of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Intensive Behavioural Intervention (IBI). Children's cognitive rates of development and parents' perceptions of children's progress were used to measure children's progress in IBI. Demographic (socioeconomic status, marital status, maternal employment, and having other children with disabilities), psychosocial (parent distress, and coping), and involvement (parent involvement in IBI, and self-efficacy surrounding involvement) factors were related to children's progress in various ways. Specifically, maternal employment, and parental involvement in IBI were predictors of increased cognitive rates of development, and coping was a predictor of increased parental perceptions of children's progress. Clinical implications include empirical evidence for encouraging parents to be involved in their children's treatment, along with evidence supporting maternal employment.


The VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) supports the hierarchical design, documentation, and simulation of a wide range of digital system abstractions. VHDL, however, is often cited as difficult to use and inefficient for simulating designs below the gate level. The authors present the mixed-mode simulation facilities of a VHDL system that overcome this limitation by effectively merging gate and switch primitive evaluation routines with VHDL processes. A high-performance mixed-mode simulation capability is achieved through integrated approaches to interface compilation, data structuring, and implementation of the simulation cycle. Several experimental results serve as preliminary justification for this methodology.<<ETX>>


The performance of a thermodiode panel (TDP) is investigated thoroughly. A phase change material (PCM) layer is integrated into the TDP. A TDP can transfer solar thermal energy into the building. Adding a PCM layer to the TDP adds capacity of storing solar energy into the TDP, and releases the stored energy when the sun goes down. The TDP is composed of dense foam, which is sandwiched between two aluminium sheets, and a thermosyphon passes through the foam layer. PCM layer is added to the condenser section of the TDP that is connected into the building envelope.

PCM thermal properties and their effects on energy demand and indoor temperature are investigated on a typical building. The best melting point for the PCM was found to be a temperature in the middle of the set points (upper and lower). Quantitative indices are introduced to evaluate the effects of PCM on indoor air temperature fluctuations. PCM reduces the indoor air temperature fluctuations. Increasing thermal conductivity of PCM by an order of magnitude reduces about 2% annual energy demand of a building. Regarding convention heat transfer coefficient, by increasing the convective heat transfer coefficient at interior wall surface, the cooling demand slightly increases in summer. In winter, energy demand is sensitive to h-value with a positive correlation.

Matlab codes developed using genetic algorithm to optimize the TDP sizes, i.e., thicknesses of three aluminium sheets, copper tube diameter and its thickness that makes the structure of thermosyphon. The optimum sizes found to be: plate thicknesses of 1.5 mm, 2.5 mm, and 2 mm and thermosyphon diameter and thickness of 32 mm and 9 mm, respectively, provide the maximum objective function (the best performance of the TDP). Thermal bridging of a TDP can be reduced 76 times by adding a piece of Teflon in the thermosyphon assembly. The integration can do both store and collect/gain solar thermal energy, which makes this panel a novel alternative for south walls. It is also shown that thermosyphon angle from the horizon shall be between 30 and 45 degree to have the best performance of the TDP.


Hit‐and‐Run is a well‐known class of Markov chain algorithms for sampling from essentially arbitrary distributions over bounded regions of the Euclidean space. We present a class of Small World network models constructed using Hit‐and‐Run in a Euclidean ball. We prove that there is a unique scale invariant model in this class that admits efficient search by a decentralized algorithm. This research links two seemingly unrelated areas: Markov chain sampling techniques and scale invariant Small World networks, and may have interesting implications for stochastic search methods for continuous optimization. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009


The mountains in the film Avatar are shown to naturally float in the air unaided by mechanical flight, this paper discuses whether this phenomenon could be created by the mountains containing superconducting materials and floating on the planets earth like magnetic field. The results show that a much larger field would be needed to float any material of a substantial size so the effect is not caused by this method.


Polish independence following the end of World War I marked a new era for a nation which had endured centuries of foreign partition. But the spirit of Polish nationalism - forged during this long period of external domination - has been frequently at odds with the modernising drives of democracy and communism. How can the ideals of nationalism survive in a modern nation-state? Anita Pra'mowska traces this conflict from the emergence of an independent Poland in 1918; through World War II, communism and the democratic victories of Solidarity; to the present day, when Polish membership of the EU is changing perceptions both within Poland and in the wider world. "Poland: A Modern History" presents a vivid and accessible portrait of Poland's tumultuous history over the past century. It is a clear and concise introduction to a nation which, often at the epicentre of European political history, has nevertheless sometimes struggled to define its national identity.


Significant damage to surface water is caused by cattle husbandry. Only one global approach of water management and farming techniques (breeding management and cultivation methods) will ensure significant results. A pilot study run in the west of France proved that water quality can easily be improved by renovating the cattle buildings. It also showed that manure used as a fertilizer covers cultivation needs, which allows substantial savings for the farmers.


High concentrations of sediments is a serious problem for hydropower stations in the Himalayas and the Andes Mountains. For run-of-river power plants sediment causes heavy erosion even with settling basins. This leads to reduced operating hours and high maintenance cost. In addition, the original design experienced problem with heavy cavitation. The objective of this master thesis is to carry out new hydraulic design of the runner and guide vanes of the existing Francis turbines in La Higuera Power Plant with reduced velocity components. To achieve this the cause of the heavy cavitation, which made the turbine fail, has to be established. Results from numerical simulations indicates a low pressure zone causing heavy leading edge cavitation is the reason for the turbine failure. The off-design operation has made the cavitation even worse. To carry out a new design, the in-house design software Khoj was used. Some new parameters, like blade leaning, were included in the program. Blade leaning is an important tool for pressure balancing the runner blade. Further, a parameter study was carried out to investigate the effect of blade leaning, blade angle distribution and blade length. The numerical simulation indicates proper pressure balancing could have avoided the cavitation problems and a new design should have an X-blade shape. Because the power plant is already built, the number of variables is limited. The rotational speed, inlet and outlet diameter remained constant. This made it impossible to significantly reduce the relative velocities. Therefore, coating of all wet surfaces is proposed to reduce the effect of erosion. The main objective for this thesis has been to identify the cause of the turbine failure and develop a new design to fit in the existing power plant. Complete 3D-drawings of the design, including runner and guide vanes, has not been made due to lack of time.


Thirty-six patellae were used to geometrically assess anatomically based patellar resection criteria for total knee arthroplasty. The plane of resection was defined in the coronal plane by three distinct anatomic landmarks on the undersurface of the patella: the medial and lateral edges of the quadriceps tendon insertion and the lateral edge of the patellar ligament insertion. The depth of the resection plane is defined by the anatomic landmark points approximately 1 mm posterior to the posterior aspect of the superior and inferior ligament insertions. Following resection, the resected patellae were geometrically characterized using two dimensional rectangular Cartesian coordinate system. The anatomically based patellar resection yielded a simple, consistent, and reliable method for patellar resection for total knee arthroplasty. The proportionate geometric characteristics of both the remaining anterior piece and the resected posterior piece were remarkably uniform. Following resection, the remaining patellar thickness was 65.6+/-5.3% (mean+/-SD) of the original thickness. The maximum width to height ratio of the resected surface was approximately 1:1. The thickness to diameter ratio of the resected portion of the patella was approximately 1:5. The apex of the patella was slightly off to the medial-distal quadrant from the geometric center of the resected surface. The results of this study indicate that anatomically based patellar resection criteria may help reduce the surgical variations associated with patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasties with dome-shaped prostheses.


Introduction: Health literacy on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects people's capability to ascertain their health and health care quality during the pandemic. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of health literacy about COVID-19 vaccines and vaccinations (Vaccines and Vaccinations literacy-VL) in the Indonesian adult general population, assessing the perceptions of the respondents about current adult immunization and beliefs about vaccinations in general, and analyzing correlations of these variables with the VL levels. Methods: A cross-sectional study using a rapid survey was administered via the Internet. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics; the internal consistency of the VL scales was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient; the inter-correlation between the functional and interactive-critical VL questions, the underlying components (factors) and each question's load on the components were identified using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). An alpha level lesser than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Responses to functional- and interactive/ critical- VL questions were acceptable and showed internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.817 and 0.699, respectively), lowest values observed were 0.806 for functional scale and 0.640 for the interactive-critical scale. The PCA demonstrated that there were two components accounting for 52.45% of the total variability. Approximately 60% of respondents were females (n=686). Almost all respondents used the internet to seek information regarding COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccinations. Many used at least one social media actively with 74.4% of respondents sometimes believing the validity of this information. Conclusions: High scores were observed in both functional- and interactive/ critical-VL, and were quite in a balance between sexes in the prior VL and higher in females for the latter; these were also closely related to the educational level and age group. It is crucial to increase public health literacy in managing the pandemic.


: Background: Emotional Intelligence (EI) is considered as a new topic in the field of health. Studies conducted in this field have explained the role of EI in various aspects of life (e.g social relations). The present study was carried out to assess the correlation between the emotional intelligence and accident among the motorcycle riders in Kashan (Isfahan, Iran). Materials and Methods: The sampling was done using the convenience method from the motorcycle riders referred to Beheshti Hospital in Kashan during 2014. Data were collected using two EI (demographic and Bar–on) questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square, independent t and the logistic regression for assessing the relationship between the emotional intelligence components and other variables with accident. Results: The Mean EI and 9 subscales from the total 15 scales were significant between two groups. There was a significant difference between motorcycle riding with and without an accident in the Mean overall EI, so that the Mean was higher in motorcycle riders without an accident ( P <0.05). Conclusion: Our findings confirmed the important role of EI in extending the skills of emotional intelligence in the prevention of accidents and the importance of early prevention among the high risk groups. Moreover, the importance of the underlying educational programming for improving EI in such groups is considered a necessity.


METABOLISM OF L I P I D S . RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY LIPIDS A N D BLOOD LIPIDS . E A R L Y W O R K . I N F L U E N C E O F D I E T A R Y CHOLESTEROL . D I E T A R Y S A T U R A T E D A N D P O L Y U N S A T U R A T E D FATTY A C I D S . M O N O U N S A T U R A T E D F A T T Y A C I D S . I N F L U E N C E OF T R I A C Y L G L Y C E R O L S T R U C T U R E . EXPERIMENTAL D E S I G N A N D PROBLEMS OF I N T E R P R E T A T I O N . P R A C T I C A L AS D I S T I N C T FROM EXPERIMENTAL DIETS . Habitual diet and blood lipoprotein concentrations Influence of modifying dietary fat on blood lipoprotein concentrations . . . CONCLUSION . REFERENCES . 63 64 64 65 67 67 67 69 12 75 75 18 78 19 80 81


REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY
Recognising the presence of a necrotising component of the gastrointestinal disease may be clinically useful in ill equine neonates.

OBJECTIVES
To study the importance of abdominal sonograms in neonatal foals suffering from gastrointestinal conditions and to describe the clinical features of necrotising gastrointestinal disease.

HYPOTHESIS
There is a subgroup of neonates with sonographically detectable pneumatosis intestinalis (PI), reflecting a necrotising disease.

METHODS
Records of foals aged < or = 7 days hospitalised from 2005 to 2009 with signs of gastrointestinal disease were evaluated (n = 89). The association of sonographic, clinical and clinicopathological signs with necrotising gastrointestinal disease and outcome was determined.

RESULTS
PI was imaged in 19 foals. Twenty-seven foals were classified as having necrotising gastrointestinal disease based on the presence of gastrointestinal signs (colic, diarrhoea, gastric reflux or abdominal distension) and sonographic PI (n = 19), surgical (n = 2) or pathological (n = 6) evidence of gastrointestinal necrosis. There was a difference between survival rate in foals with and without necrotising disease (33.3 and 69.4%, respectively, P = 0.005) or foals with and without PI detected sonographically (36.8 and 72.1%, respectively, P = 0.023). PI was the only sonographic finding associated with outcome. Prematurity, the presence of blood in the faeces, gastric reflux, abdominal distension, abnormal echogenicity of the colon and the lowest white blood cell count during hospitalisation were associated with necrotising gastrointestinal disease (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE
Abdominal sonograms have prognostic value in neonatal gastrointestinal disease. PI and the presence of necrotising gastrointestinal disease were common and associated with a poor prognosis.


This book demonstrates that because the United States is enmeshed in a complexity of regulations, government debt, bureaucracy, and taxes does not mean that these policies cannot be reversed. They have been before. Rabushka describes an earlier reversal of mercantilist claims by a growing group of influential politicians influenced by Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations." It is Rabushka's contention that Adam Smith's principles of sound money, taxes, minimal governmental regulation, and free trade have led to prosperity.


In hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drivetrains an electrical generator is coupled onto the shaft of an internal-combustion engine (ICE) in order to process either the entire or a given fraction of the traction power required by the vehicle wheels. As such an ICE-driven generator is being confined within the vehicle hood and is exposed to heating resulting from ICE operation, high compactness, totally enclosed construction, and suitable machine cooling arrangement become challenging targets the generator design must deal with. Due to unique characteristics such as higher torque per volume and higher efficiency compared to other machine topologies, the axial-field permanent-magnet machine topology was selected for a 15-kW-at-4500-r/min-rated generator prototype that would be utilized in a demonstrator of an HEV drive train. This paper describes the original solutions adopted for the design of such an HEV generator and reports experimental results taken from the prototype machine.


Better understanding of how research participants with a known condition ascribe meaning to individual genetic results is important to help researchers and institutional review boards evaluate the potential benefits and harms of disclosing results in the context of genotype-driven research recruitment. Based on 29 in-depth interviews with epilepsy patients participating in a genetic study, we found that this population of research subjects anticipated that genetic research results would provide answers to a range of questions about the research process and their condition. Their multi-layered interpretations underscore the need for clear communication about the nature and limitations of results if individual or aggregate genetic results are returned in the process of recruitment for additional research.


This work describes a new guidance algorithm against maneuvering decelerating target based on the concept of information sets (IS). As an example of guidance problem, a model of defense scenario against reentering ballistic missile is considered. In this scenario, a maneuverable decelerating target is to be destroyed by a hit-to-kill interceptor outfitted with an infrared (IR) array seeker and lateral impulse thrusters. The key element of the proposed approach is a description of the "interceptor-target" system state by means of IS. The results of Monte Carlo (MC) tests of the developed algorithm are presented.


In earlier work, the Abstract State Machine Thesis -- that arbitrary
algorithms are behaviorally equivalent to abstract state machines -- was
established for several classes of algorithms, including ordinary, interactive,
small-step algorithms. This was accomplished on the basis of axiomatizations of
these classes of algorithms. In Part I (Interactive Small-Step Algorithms I:
Axiomatization), the axiomatization was extended to cover interactive
small-step algorithms that are not necessarily ordinary. This means that the
algorithms (1) can complete a step without necessarily waiting for replies to
all queries from that step and (2) can use not only the environment's replies
but also the order in which the replies were received. In order to prove the
thesis for algorithms of this generality, we extend here the definition of
abstract state machines to incorporate explicit attention to the relative
timing of replies and to the possible absence of replies. We prove the
characterization theorem for extended abstract state machines with respect to
general algorithms as axiomatized in Part I.


Aim: to determine the level and clinical significance of β-defensin-1 in the saliva in patients with Candida stomatitis after a previous coronavirus infection. The object of the study was 67 patients with Candida stomatitis (of which 31 patients had a PCR-confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus infection) and 23 patients of the control group without candidal stomatitis. Research methods: taking smears from the oral mucosa to confirm the diagnosis with a microbiological method, ELISA to assess the level of β-defensin 1 in the saliva. Аccording to the results of the study, in the group of patients with oral candidiasis (ОС) after COVID-19 (n=31), the most frequent was the chronic hyperplastic form of candidiasis (64,5%), in terms of localization – Candida glossitis (77,4%, p<0,05). It was found that the primary ОС in the group of patients after COVID-19 (n=31) was 74,2% of cases (p<0,05), and in the group of patients with ОС without a history of COVID-19 (n=36) this indicator amounted to 41,7%. Moreover, in patients in the group with ОС after COVID-19, the level of β-defensin-1 strongly positively correlated with the incidence of primary episodes of ОС (RSpearman=0,76, p<0,001). It was also found that the lowest β-defensin-1 level in saliva was in patients with ОС after COVID-19 (2,1±0,8 ng/ml, p<0,001). It was significantly lower (p<0,001) than in the group of patients with ОС and the control group. It was found that in patients with ОС after COVID-19, the level of β-defensin-1 in the saliva was negatively correlated with the duration of the COVID-19 (RSpearman=- 0,78, p<0,001), which can be interpreted as an objective indicator of the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on epithelial cells of the oral mucosa.


Gentrification of George Town has begun since 1997 after the revoked of Rent Control Act 1966. The inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008 has unfortunately exacerbated the pace of gentrification in George Town (Lim et al., 2014). With the influx of new capital and investment in housing stock, as well as tourists, gentrification could induce displacement of long-term residents, causing erosion of local culture.

Nonetheless, culture is a powerful driver of local social and economic transition, which could open up many new opportunities. Cultural and creative district has been an important tool in fostering the development of urban centres and revitalising neighbourhoods in decline (Landry, 2000; Scott, 2000), making cities attractive both for entrepreneurs and employers, as well as tourists. For instance, George Town has 3177 businesses, where 660 are new establishments, ranging from hotels and restaurants to arts, fashion, culture and craft businesses in 2013 (Think City, 2014).

We propose that the interaction between local residents in George Town, predominantly overseas Chinese, and tourists, would nurtures creative ideas leading to innovation and entrepreneurial activities. This will enable self-gentrification (Chan et al., 2016a) supporting a broader socio-economic transition of local residents.


In this note, the problem of observer design for linear descriptor systems with faults and unknown inputs is considered. First, it is considered that the fault vector function f is s~ times piecewise continuously differentiable. If the s~th time derivative of f is null, then s~ integral actions are included into a Luenberger observer, which is designed such that it estimates simultaneously the state, the fault, and its finite derivatives face to unknown inputs. Second, when the fault is not time piecewise continuously differentiable but bounded (like actuator noise) or s~th time derivative of fault is not null but bounded too, a high gain observer is derived to attenuate the fault impact in estimation errors. The considered faults may be unbounded, may not be determinist, and faults and unknown inputs may affect the state dynamic and plant outputs. Sufficient conditions for the existence of such observer are given. Results are illustrated with a differential algebraic power system.


Changes in the relationship of paid work, care and welfare have most impact on women, particularly those who are affected by welfare-to-work policies. A study of care in relation to transitions to the labour market made by women with dependent children in Glasgow suggests that women in low-income households face additional difficulties in achieving a balance of work and care. They may have more care responsibilities than other families but fewer material and social resources with which to carry them out. Neither the male-breadwinner model of family arrangements for the care and costs of children nor the adult-worker model that is replacing it in policy logic, takes into account their social and economic circumstances or the need for both formal and informal care to support successful transitions to further education and employment. Care is neither as straightforward to organise, nor as readily substituted for, as employment and welfare policies, in their limited attention to it, imply. The practices and meanings of care must be considered in depth if it is to be adequately understood and not further marginalised.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Severe respiratory distress in patients with COVID-19 has been associated with higher rate of neurologic manifestations. Our aim was to investigate whether the severity of chest imaging findings among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) correlates with the risk of acute neuroimaging findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included all patients with COVID-19 who received care at our hospital between March 3, 2020, and May 6, 2020, and underwent chest imaging within 10 days of neuroimaging. Chest radiographs were assessed using a previously validated automated neural network algorithm for COVID-19 (Pulmonary X-ray Severity score). Chest CTs were graded using a Chest CT Severity scoring system based on involvement of each lobe. Associations between chest imaging severity scores and acute neuroimaging findings were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Twenty-four of 93 patients (26%) included in the study had positive acute neuroimaging findings, including intracranial hemorrhage (n = 7), infarction (n = 7), leukoencephalopathy (n = 6), or a combination of findings (n = 4). The average length of hospitalization, prevalence of intensive care unit admission, and proportion of patients requiring intubation were significantly greater in patients with acute neuroimaging findings than in patients without them (P < .05 for all). Compared with patients without acute neuroimaging findings, patients with acute neuroimaging findings had significantly higher mean Pulmonary X-ray Severity scores (5.0 [SD, 2.9] versus 9.2 [SD, 3.4], P < .001) and mean Chest CT Severity scores (9.0 [SD, 5.1] versus 12.1 [SD, 5.0], P = .041). The pulmonary x-ray severity score was a significant predictor of acute neuroimaging findings in patients with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COVID-19 and acute neuroimaging findings had more severe findings on chest imaging on both radiographs and CT compared with patients with COVID-19 without acute neuroimaging findings. The severity of findings on chest radiography was a strong predictor of acute neuroimaging findings in patients with COVID-19.


Optical proximity correction OPC is a mandatory resolution enhancement technique RET to ensure the printability of layout fea- tures in silicon. The most prominent OPC method, model-based OPC, alters the layout data for the photomask that enables drawn layout fea- tures to be accurately reproduced by lithography and etch processes onto the wafer. This technique in various forms has now become stan- dard in integrated circuit IC manufacturing at 0.18 m and below. How- ever, model-based OPC is computationally expensive and its runtime increases with technology scaling. The cell-based OPC approach im- proves runtime by performing OPC once per cell definition, as opposed to once per cell instantiation in the layout. However, cell-based OPC does not comprehend intercell optical interactions that affect feature printability in a layout context. This leads to printability, and conse- quently, performance and leakage, degradation. In this work, we propose auxiliary pattern-enabled cell-based OPC to improve printability of cell- based OPC, while retaining its runtime advantage. Auxiliary patterns AP are nonfunctional poly features that are added around a standard cell to "shield" it from optical proximity effects. We present the AP-based OPC approach and demonstrate its advantages over cell-based and model-based OPC in terms of printability as well as timing and leakage variabilities. AP-based OPC improves the edge placement error over cell-based OPC by 68%. To enable effective insertion of AP in cell in- stances at a full-chip layout level, we propose a dynamic programming DP-based method for perturbation of detailed placement. Our approach modifies the detailed placement to allow opportunistic insertion of AP around cell instances in the design layout. By perturbing placement, we achieve 100% AP applicability in designs with placement utilization less than 70%. AP-based OPC also reduces leakage and timing variability compared to conventional cell-based OPC. We further demonstrate that AP insertion achieves timing and leakage variability comparable to that of model-based OPC. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.


Background: Little information is available about public knowledge of TIA and prevalence of a TIA diagnosis. Methods: The National Stroke Association sponsored a telephone survey by single-stage random-digit dialing of noninstitutionalized US residents ≥18 years old, which was conducted in 1999. Demographic characteristics of participants were compared to the US population to produce weights for projections. Independent predictors of knowledge and diagnosis of TIA were determined by including all demographic characteristics in logistic regression models. Results: Among 10,112 participants, 2.3% reported having been told by a physician that they had a TIA. Older age, lower income, and fewer years of education were independently associated with a diagnosis of TIA. Of those with TIA, only 64% saw a physician within 24 hours of the event. A physician diagnosis of stroke was reported by 2.3% of participants, of whom 19% recalled having had a TIA before the stroke. An additional 3.2% of participants recalled symptoms consistent with TIA but did not seek medical attention. Only 8.2% correctly related the definition of TIA and 8.6% could identify a typical symptom. Men, nonwhites, and those with lower income and fewer years of education were less likely to be knowledgeable about TIA. Conclusions: An estimated 4.9 million people in the US report a diagnosis of TIA, and many more recall symptoms consistent with TIA but do not seek medical attention. Reducing stroke risk after TIA could have substantial impact on public health but will require public education about the importance of having stroke symptoms evaluated, even if they resolve.


This paper employs the collective case studies approach in an examination of four awardwinning public relations campaigns conducted across a variety of social media platforms in order to determine the best practices of, and near term trends, in the effective use of social media for public relations. In their examination of these campaigns the authors discern the following trends in best practices: social media campaigns employ digital storytelling techniques that are both immersive and emotive, and that promote various forms of content sharing; these stories involve members of the target audience in at least one form of open-ended offline engagement that involves sharing behaviors; the content is optimized for mobile displays and controls; and, finally, the content is timely. The authors conclude that, although marketers think of social media in terms of brand awareness and reputation management, the effective use of social media in Public Relations campaigns can generate conversion, facilitate brand positioning, and maintain continued brand sustenance. The authors conclude that the effective use of social media is disrupting the PR campaign cycle: the role of campaign events to generate publicity in service to a PR campaign may, in the future, be displaced by social media campaign tactics which belong to an entirely different ecosystem where the act of sharing social media content generates publicity in lieu of a


Holography is an important non-destructive testing method for its unique idea of recording the complete wave field, i.e. both the amplitude and the phase of the light wave scattered by the object. In digital holography (DH), hologram is recorded digitally by CCD and then numerically reconstructed in the computer. The biggest limitation for digital holography is the constraint of the resolution of the CCD camera and the recording distance is very important for DH. This article presents the principles of recording and reconstruction in digital holography. The experimental results and conclusion are also provided in this paper.


Latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) is one of only two viral proteins expressed during latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections in human peripheral B cells. LMP2A blocks B-cell receptor (BCR) signal transduction in vitro by modulation of the Syk and Lyn protein tyrosine kinases. Five genetically unique LMP2A transgenic mouse lines (EmLMP2A) with B-cell lineage expression of LMP2A were generated in this study to analyze the importance of LMP2A expression in vivo. These animals can be grouped into EmLMP2A (TgB, Tg6, and TgC) and EmLMP2A (Tg7 and TgE) lines based on B-cell phenotype. LMP2A expression in bone marrow cells of EmLMP2A lines was associated with a bypass of normal B-lymphocyte developmental checkpoints inasmuch as immunoglobulin light-chain gene rearrangement occurred in the absence of complete immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangement. The resulting BCR-negative B cells were able to exit the bone marrow and colonize peripheral lymphoid organs. LMP2A expression in EmLMP2A lines was not associated with altered B-cell development in a genetically wild-type background. When crossed into a recombinase activating null (RAG) genetic background, LMP2A expression in either RAG EmLMP2A or RAG EmLMP2A animals was able to provide a survival signal to BCR-negative splenic B cells. Additionally, bone marrow cells from all EmLMP2A animals were able to proliferate in response to interleukin7-dependent developmental signals in vitro. These studies illustrate that LMP2A can provide a survival signal to BCR-negative B cells in two different groups of EmLMP2A transgenic mice.


The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of 0.9% NaCl and other solutions suitable for peritoneal lavage on in vitro viability and fibrinolytic activity of human peritoneal mesothelial cells. Material and methods. Mesothelial cells were isolated from the intra-operatively collected greater omentum specimens and then cultured. Subsequently, eight cultures (n=8) were incubated for six hours with M199 culture medium (control group) or culture medium with the addition of 0.9% NaCl, PD fluid Gambrosol-Trio 10 or Hanks' solution. Immediately after exposure to the studied solutions, the amount of LDH released by the cultured cells was determined. Then, cultured cells were incubated for the next 24 hours; after this period their metabolism and fibrinolytic activity were determined by means of IL-6, t-PA and PAI-1 levels. Levels of these substances were compared to the amount of total cellular protein that was determined simultaneously. Results. Hanks' solution showed no significant influence on cellular culture architecture and mesothelium metabolism. PD fluid Gambrosol-Trio 10 damaged mesothelial cell structure and function as manifested by an increased release of LDH and enhanced t-PA synthesis, as well as decreased production of IL-6 and PAI-1. Exposure to 0.9% NaCl solution was found to cause a disturbance in cellular adhesion without significant structural damage (marked changes in cellular morphology without increased LDH release) and significant metabolism impairment as presented by reduced production of t-PA, IL-6 and PAI-1. Conclusions. Saline solution and PD fluids should not be used for peritoneal lavage. Further investigations are required to identify the least harmful solution for mesothelial cells suitable for application in intra-operative peritoneal lavage.


Introduction In my former paper, "Glacial lakes of western New York,"* the glacial lake phenomena of western New York were treated in an introductory way, of necessity incomplete and somewhat theoretical. In subsequent papers† special features and restricted areas were described. So much of value and interest has since been learned concerning the lacustrine history of the area that it seems desirable to publish the present results as a review of the subject to date. There still remain unstudied the extreme eastern and western limits of the area—that is, the valleys west of Tonawanda creek and those east of Butternut creek—and even within the studied area many points should be determined with more precision. Perhaps the most interesting matter relates to the history of the broader waters—the Newberry, Warren, and hyper-Iroquois lakes. Unfortunately the topographical sheets of but a small part of the area have been published. . . .


Element-interpolation DPCA (Displaced Phase Center Antenna) employs a fractional delay filter to get good GMTI(Ground Moving Target Indication) performance while conventional DPCA conditions cannot be met. Its GMTI performance seriously depends on the adopted filter. This paper evaluates 4 fractional delay filters in element-interpolation DPCA, and provides guidelines for choosing an appropriate filter to get best GMTI performance (ICCCAS'07).


This paper presents a shunt active filter for non-linear loads and unbalanced non-linear loads designed to minimize the harmonics present in the three phase three wire system. Due to the large proliferation of power electronic control systems in our day to day life, the switching of these power electronic circuits induces harmonics in the source which causes undesirable effects on the electrical components. Shunt active filter is a harmonic mitigating device comprising of voltage source inverter fed through a DC capacitor. The control strategy is based on extraction of harmonics using synchronous reference frame theory. The extracted harmonics are used to generate PWM signals using the Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) for the voltage source inverter (VSI) which has reduced losses. The proposed method has been modeled and simulated using Matlab / Simulink and the output shows that the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the supply has been reduced at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC).


Background: Breast cancer is a major global health problem in women from both developing and developed countries. As the leading cause of death among women, breast cancer has contributed 19.5% to the mortality rate among women in Nigeria. This study investigated the trend of breast cancer among women who attended Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria. Methods: This retrospective study examined the trend of breast cancer over a period of eight years and determined the most affected age group. Participants consisted of patients registered in the cancer registry who had histologically confirmed breast cancer. Data of 362 patients were examined between March and April 2016. Data were analyzed and presented using descriptive (frequency, charts, and percentages) and inferential statistics (Fisher's exact) for hypothesis testing. Results: Findings of this study revealed that the mean age of the participants was 45.04±16.94 years and all patients involved were females. The age group 20-39 years was most affected by breast cancer with a proportion of 41.7%. This study revealed a relationship between breast cancer classification and age of patients (P=0.011). Almost all (94.3%) cases seen within this time period were malignant. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals should place more emphasis on prevention of breast cancer across all age groups, especially young adults. These young adults constitute the larger percentage of the adult population. An increase in mortality rate in this age group will reduce the labor force and affect the nation's economy.


Thus far, the twentieth-first century has brought about three critical developments: the explosion of media technologies, heated debates about immigration, and an economic crisis. While the confluence of these developments is not historically unique, today the US population has savvy media consumers who are engaged in a globalized world. An economic crisis in one nation has global implications. Market instabilities create waves of people fleeing their homes for political and economic reasons. As some people in the United States-particularly residents of Arizona, Alabama, and Florida-made a case for limiting access to US borders through legislation, others responded against these measures. Both sides plead their case to the public through various media outlets. This essay suggests that through its depictions of members of immigrant groups and their countries of origin, media exceeds its mandate to report on immigration legislation and actively participates in the national debate.Cubans and Haitians constitute two of the fastest growing immigrant groups in the United States. In 2009, an estimated 830,000 people of Haitian ancestry were living in the United States, with two thirds of that population concentrated in Florida and New York.1 By 2010, the Cuban population grew to 1.8 million.2 The changing demographics of the US population remain a topic of conversation and at times of heated debate in the media, making the study of representations of immigrants necessary. Now, more than ever, in the aftermath of the Arizona Immigration Law SB1070, the visible anti-immigration fervor, and the rapid and ongoing changes in demographics, it is important to understand the different groups that make up the United States.Studying media representations of Cubans and Haitians is an opportunity to analyze their struggle for scarce resources. Of the nontangible resources, the most noticeable are space, permission to be in the United States, and favorable public opinion in the discourses around immigration. During an October 2002 protest of the immigration policy toward Haitians, an unidentified man proclaimed differential policies from the US government toward the two groups:In 1992, a Haitian boat came in and rescued some Cubans who were drowning. INS came in and took the Cubans and said, "thank you for the Cubans," and took the Haitians back to Haiti.3While this statement is an oversimplification of a complex issue, it signals the need to further interrogate the stratification that often characterizes representations, and perhaps actual differential treatment, of Haitian and Cuban immigration to the United States.This incident reignited the debate over differing treatment of immigrants from Haiti versus those from Cuba (HH). The protest came the day after US Border Patrol picked up twenty people, including a pregnant woman, as approximately 200 Haitians swam ashore after traveling more than 700 miles on the open ocean (HH):Under US policy, most illegal immigrants are detained on arrival, but a small number can avoid detention as they seek asylum based on the judgment of immigration officials. For the most part, immigrants from Cuba are not held in custody, and qualify for special provisions in immigration law. And most Cuban immigrants eventually receive asylum in the US; most Haitians do not. (HH)Journalist Kwame Holman's story highlights the struggle for resources within many immigrant communities; specifically, his is a salient account of two highly visible immigrant groups' struggle in the United States. Cuba's and Haiti's physical locations put them within the US sphere of influence. Both are countries of origin of a significant number of immigrants to the United States. Thus, the US government has substantial interest in the political governance of each country. Additionally, Haiti and Cuba have complex and interwoven histories with the United States, with contemporary iterations of these relationships reflected in the US media, notably, the US responses to the resignation of Fidel Castro (2011) and catastrophic earthquake in Haiti (2010). …


Current research in space systems engineering has highlighted the requirement for increasingly autonomous spacecraft and planetary rovers to meet the stringent needs of future missions. The purpose of this thesis is to present a new approach in the concept and implementation of single and clustered micro-spacecraft. The one true "artificial agent" approach to autonomy requires the micro-spacecraft to interact in a direct manner with the environment through the use of sensors and actuators. As such, there is little computational effort required to implement such an approach, which is clearly of great benefit for limited micro-satellites. Rather than using complex world models, which have to be updated, the agent is allowed to exploit the dynamics of its environment for cues as to appropriate actions to take to achieve mission goals. The particular artificial agent implementation used here has been borrowed from studies of biological systems, where it has been used successfully to provide models of motivation and opportunistic behaviour. The so called "cue- deficit" action selection algorithm considers the micro-spacecraft to be a non linear dynamical system with a number of observable states. Using optimal control theory, rules are derived which determine which of a finite repertoire of behaviours the satellite should select and perform. The principal benefits of this approach is that the micro-spacecraft is endowed with self-sufficiency, defined here to be the ability to achieve mission goals, while never placing itself in an irrecoverable position.


This thesis explores how sovereignty is performed through appeals to the concepts of civilisation and savagery. In the discipline of International Relations (IR), most scholars still consider sovereignty as a largely unproblematic (if now socially constructed) concept. Following post-colonial scholars this thesis argues that a compelling understanding of the concept requires a questioning of its universality and objectivity. Sovereignty needs to be re-connected to the cultural context and to the civilisational values that contribute to its emergence.

Although they have rightly pointed at the Western origin of the concept of sovereignty post-colonial scholars have rarely engaged with how the civilised and sovereign identity of Western states is produced. In order to provincialise European sovereignty, they have focused their research primarily on the external side of the construction of civilised sovereignty. In other words, their interest has lain in the relations between the Western sovereign states and the 'uncivilised' Rest that was denied sovereignty. References to the contemporaneous internal construction of Western civilisation and sovereignty have been scarce and underdeveloped. What is missing is an explanation of how the Europeans dealt with their own civilisational doubts and how they constructed their own civilised sovereignty at the same time as they were denying it to others. Indeed, this specific focus has engendered a disconnection between the analysis of the 'domestic' task of statecraft and the 'international' affirmation of sovereignty.

This thesis offers a non-Eurocentric approach to sovereignty that captures both the internal and international dimensions of 'writing civilised sovereignty'. It reveals the inherent ambiguities and unexpected similarities of the process of statecraft in both spheres. Such a re-integration of the domestic 'colonial encounter' of the West with its own Others is important for our understanding of sovereignty. First, it shows how sovereignty must be seen as a site of political struggle irrespective of where (or upon whom) it is claimed. In particular, the construction of sovereignty is attached to the differentiation of the civilised with the savage. As such, sovereignty is inextricably and as much bound to savagery as it is to civilisation: actors claiming sovereignty require the presence of a savage that can in turn threaten their very claim and from whom they must differentiate themselves. Second, considering the 'internal' side along the 'external' one enables the identification and comparison of two colonial frontiers, i.e. two demarcations between the civilised and the savage. One is performed 'inside' the sovereign state and one 'outside' of it. These two frontiers function in similar ways and have the same purpose: allocating an indisputable sovereignty to the representatives of the Western state. Because they separate the civilised from the savage, these frontiers are crucial political tools in the legitimation of claims to sovereignty. Finally, and interlinked with the above, juxtaposing the 'internal' and 'international' processes of statecraft reinforces the critique of the image of the sovereign state as unitary and culturally uniform (an image that mainstream IR strives to preserve).

This thesis thus questions the usual and common-sense association between sovereignty and independence and argues that sovereignty promotes (at best) the independence of the sovereign elite adhering to the values considered as civilised in the West. Through the analysis of more than 300 archival sources, I demonstrate how the sovereign agency of the West and the task of statecraft require an appeal to civilisational superiority that can only be established through the identification of familiar (yet degenerated or underdeveloped) similarities between the civilised West and the savage non-West. The discourses of sovereignty in fact represent a resolution of civilisational ambiguities in order to (re)produce the illusion of a unified, civilised and sovereign Self. The theoretical conclusions of this thesis are informed by an extensive exploration of claims to sovereignty in 16th century France. This focus is justified for two reasons: the Age of Discovery is usually taken as the beginning of the modern practice of colonialism (and thus the extension of European sovereignties to new territories) and in Europe claims to sovereignty strengthened and were more often successful during that period.

 In essence, then, this thesis provides a richer understanding of sovereignty and of its role in the creation and management of 'difference' in international relations. Through its interrogation of sovereignty this thesis also possesses a broader resonance for some key concepts of international relations and IR as a discipline. As shown in the review of the literature on sovereignty, the role of culture is overwhelmingly silenced by IR scholars through different strategies despite the fact that international relations are essentially intercultural relations. As such, the way cultures perceive each other (as different) is crucial to the functioning of our international 'society'. Looking at sovereignty and at its links with civilisation also highlights the importance of colonial frontiers in international relations. These frontiers correspond to the differentiation established and constantly reproduced between the civilised and the savage. Such frontiers are both internal and external to the sovereign state, which means that the internal Other is never far from the external one. These civilisational hierarchies are not only relevant for sovereignty: they also shape other international practices such as war or state-building. All these areas are informed by these colonial logics of differentiation and hierarchical ordering. But all are equally troubled by the lack of stability and permanence of these colonial frontiers between civilised and savage. More generally, these international practices seem to create the very problem that they are designed to solve or reduce: difference. This is ironic since difference is also the source of the dangers and problems that these practices are designed to deal with. Finally, this thesis contributes to the literature on encounters and the Age of Discovery and expands upon some of their conclusions, thus building a stronger link between History and International Relations.


Biotic and abiotic factors have been proposed to explain patterns of reproductive character displacement, but which factor is most important to character displacement of acoustic signals is not clear. Male vocalizations of the frog Pseudacris feriarum are known to undergo reproductive character displacement in areas of sympatry with P. brimleyi and P. nigrita. Despite evidence for reinforcement as an important mechanism, local adaptation via sensory drive might explain this pattern because Pseudacris breed in different habitat types and mating signals are exposed to a variety of environments. We tested the sensory drive hypothesis by playing synthesized vocalizations representing the spectrum of variation in P. feriarum at 12 different study sites. If sensory drive has occurred, then vocalizations should transmit better in the site of origin or at ecologically similar sites. We found that variation in acoustic signals did not produce better transmission in particular sites, the effect of site was uniform, and acoustic signals often transmitted better in habitats external to their origin. Ecological variation among habitats did not explain signal degradation. Our playback experiments, ecological analyses, and comparisons of different habitat types provide no support for sensory drive as a process promoting reproductive character displacement in this system. Reinforcement is the more likely primary mechanism.


The geological mapping of the Cajamar-Jordanesia region (Sao Paulo State) is outlined in five lithological units belonging to the Sao Roque Group (Upper Proterozoic). Geological, structural, and stratigraphical features support the setting. The structural trend of those units is ENE, with increasing metamorphic grade southwards . Slate and meta-arenite occur at the northern portion of the area and schists at the southern. The basal units are composed by micaschists and some porfiroblastic staurolite schists. The micaschists are in gradual contact with phyllites. Small bodies of amphibolites are found in the metapelites. The intermediate level of the lithological column is constituted by a carbonatic layer with few metapelitic inclusions. The top level is formed by metapsamit es with frequent metapelitic intercalations . Three generations of folds have been recognized. The second one is impressive in any scale of analysis. It is also associated to a zonal crenulation cleavage on metapelites and responsible for the general structure outline of rocks bodies at regional scale. This paper makes reference to the soil collapses which took place in August 1986, in Cajamar town. Those collapses were related to the karstic evolution of the studied area.


Structural changes related to current stakeholder pressures and expectations for a more sustainable and sustained developments indicate the need to incorporate social and environmental variables in business management. Accordingly, the Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility (CSER) emerges as a response to social expectations and, when aligned to strategic management, can improve business competitiveness in a given industry. This is possible among other alternatives by the adoption of an integrated management system of certification standards, focused on product quality, reduced impacts on the environment, health and occupational safety and social responsibility. In this context the objective of the study is to analyze the role of the integrated management system in the strategic approach to Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility. Based on an exploratory and descriptive search, JBR Engenharia Ltda. is used as a case study, considering the actions and practices of the enterprise. Results demonstrate concern with social issues from the founding of the enterprise since their social and environmental strategies were gradually incorporated into the activities and business by means of strategic management of CSER to bring benefits to the stakeholders and improve competitiveness.


Model intercomparison experiments are widely used to investigate and improve hydrological model performances. However, a study based only on runoff simulation is not sufficient to discriminate different model structures. Hence, there is a need to improve hydrological models for specific signatures of streamflow (e.g. low and high flow) and multivariable predictions (e.g. soil moisture, snow and groundwater). This study assesses the impact of model structure on flow simulation and hydrological realism using three versions of an hydrological model called MORDOR: the historical lumped structure and a revisited formulation inflected for lumped and semi-distributed structures. In particular, the main goal of this paper is to investigate the relative impact of model equations and spatial discretization on flow simulation, snowpack representation and evapotranspiration estimate. The models comparison is based on an extensive dataset composed of 50 catchments located in French mountainous regions. The evaluation framework is founded on a multi-criteria split sample strategy. All models were calibrated using an automatic optimization method based on an efficient genetic algorithm. The evaluation framework is enriched by the assessment of snow and evapotranspiration modeling against in-situ and satellite data. The results showed that the new model formulations perform significantly better than the initial one in terms of the various streamflow signatures, snow and evapotranspiration predictions. The semi-distributed approach provides better calibration-validation performances for snow cover area, snow water equivalent and runoff simulation especially for nival catchments.


Most of the previous studies on constructive effects of noise in spatially extended systems have focused on static media, e.g., of the reaction–diffusion type. Because many active chemical or biological processes occur in a fluid environment with mixing, we investigate here the interplay among noise, excitability, mixing and external forcing in excitable media advected by a chaotic flow, in a two-dimensional FitzHugh–Nagumo model described by a set of reaction–advection–diffusion equations. In the absence of external forcing, noise may generate sustained coherent oscillations of the media in a range of noise intensities and stirring rates. We find that these noise-sustained oscillations can be synchronized by external periodic signals much smaller than the threshold. Analysis of the locking regions in the parameter space of the signal period, stirring rate and noise intensity reveals that the mechanism underlying the synchronization behaviour is a matching between the time scales of the forcing signal and the noise-sustained oscillations. The results demonstrate that, in the presence of a suitable level of noise, the stirred excitable media act as self-sustained oscillatory systems and become much easier to be entrained by weak external forcing. Our results may be verified in experiments and are useful to understand the synchronization of population dynamics of oceanic ecological systems by annual cycles.


Simulation and optimization of traffic flows in a city or province allow the implementation of correct developing strategies and help the decision making process when using and distributing resources such as mass transit. This estimation can be modeled as a bifurcated multi-commodity network flow problem, where the general flow distribution is dictated by Wardrop's principles. In this paper two different Ant Colony Optimization algorithms are presented for solving this problem. The proposed algorithms are tested with real-life traffic demand in the Havana city. The obtained results are compared to those provided by classical algorithms, showing that the new ant colony algorithms provide good results as well as low running times.


With growing interest in food system solutions to address poor health outcomes related to preventable chronic diseases, organizations and researchers are examining the value of community gardens as interventions to promote individual and community health. Research suggests that participation in community gardens improves access to fresh, healthy foods and increases fruit and vegetable consumption. In addition to these physical benefits, research also documents a variety of social and communal benefits, by expanding social capital, stabilizing neighborhoods, and cultivating relationships. Unfortunately, most of these studies focus on a specific case, cross case, or intervention studies within a geographically specific locale. Learning lessons from successful community garden programs can be difficult because community gardens often rely on the synergy of a complex network of support agencies that assist in various technical and educational capacities. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the use of a framework for program development and evaluation that stakeholders, including extension, can adopt to show program outcomes. The framework used a Delphi approach with a diverse panel of community garden stakeholders to reach consensus about program outcomes. The study demonstrated that the panel could reach consensus on a variety of short-, medium-, and long-term outcomes.


Grape pomace is a by-product obtained from the technological processing of grapes
and represents on average 20% of the total amount of grapes taken for winemaking.
Due to the medical, food and cosmetic interest in the valorisation of grape pomace,
the present study presents the percentage of pomace resulting, the yield of must and
the sugar content of must obtained for 25 grapevine cultivars, hybrids and clones for
white and red wines, cultivated in the SCDVV Blaj vineyards from Blaj, Crăciunelu de
Jos and Ciumbrud. In the climatic conditions of the year 2020 with heavy rains in June
and cold nights in September, the highest amounts of GP are obtained from the white
cultivar Hibernal (GP yield33.43% and sugar concentration in must 205 g/L) and
from the white cultivar Pinot gris 18-5 (GP yield34.09% and sugar concentration in
must 210 g/L). The lowest percentage of GP was obtained in the case of Pinot gris 34
Bl clone, (GP yield18.09% and sugar concentration in must 236 g/L). Our data show
that the harvesting time and the terroir influence the GP yield.


This article explores the ethico-political justifications for hearing the prisoner voice from an abolitionist perspective. It starts by locating the interpretation of prisoner narratives within the specific moral context of the prison place and moves on to consider whether discourse ethics can effectively safeguard the voice of the prisoner. After identifying the strengths and weaknesses of discourse ethics and their application in liberal penologies, the discussion turns to the alternative critical theory of liberation ethics. Enrique Dussel (2013) has argued that we have an ethico- political responsibility to not only ensure material conditions are in place to facilitate voice but also to adopt the worldview of the powerless. Whilst such a position cannot be uncritically accepted, an argument is made for the selective adoption of the prisoner voice which is consistent with an abolitionist normative framework promoting emancipatory politics and praxis. The article draws to a conclusion by considering normative principles that can guide abolitionists when the prisoner voice is silenced.


IT HAS often been said that the Ear, Nose, and Throat resident learns only enough about tuning fork tests to satisfy his professors and to pass the board examination, that the older otolaryngologist dwells upon these test mainly because they are pleasant reminders of the past, and that in the middle there is a large group who do not use the tests at all. And yet, often the first question asked at Thursday night chart dis cussions at the Otologic Medical Group is, "What did the fork test show?" What About The Audiogram? Tuning Forks to Audiometers and Back Again —is the title of a recent article by an PhD audiologist: "This title was a deliberate. Its purpose is to suggest to you that even though we have extremely accurate quantitative test devices, the simple tuning fork tests are still excellent clinical tools and should be a part of every


In international literature, teacher communication style (TCS) is defined as the teacher's ability to effectively communicate, verbally and nonverbally, with his/her students in order to improve their academic performance and manage their behavior. Surveys in educational environments show that each teacher may display a primary communication style during classroom teaching with recurring other styles of communication, which can change according to the audience and the situations he/she has to deal with. This combination of communication styles enables individuals not to feel confined to the way they communicate, but to become flexible and capable of choosing communication strategies according to the variety of situations they are faced with. Within this framework, the present study deals with the phenomenon of human communication and focuses on the communication style of teachers. More specifically, the study explores the communication style of primary school teachers during teaching process, utilizing modern Greek and international typology and teachers' communication strategies according to Jay Lemke and behaviors related to verbal and nonverbal immediacy during teaching. Those communication styles shaping the school climate and contribute in interpersonal relationship development among teachers, students and parents.


American industry, the major purchaser of medical services, is beginning to use its buying power to intervene in the healthcare system. Management committees hav been established to develop cost analysis and containment approaches to the utilization of medical services. With innovations by corporate industry, does the hospital CEO see an advocate or yet another adversary in addition to government regulation? Specifically, what preparation do master's degree graduates have, prior to their subsequent job experience, to make an informed contribution in financial decision making? Research was conducted to obtain data from health administration graduate programs in the United States and Canada to help find answers to these questions. This study addresses the strengths and weaknesses of the two major inputs to health financial management education--the proper mix and delivery of course presentations, and the student's motivation, maturity, and academic background. In some respects, both have been found wanting--not only from the findings of this investigation, but also by the AUPHA Task Force on Financial Management in the curriculum. About one-fourth of the entrants to master's degree programs have a business school background which includes courses in accounting, economics, and finance. However, the remaining 75% have other academic backgrounds, which suggests that teaching financially oriented courses to these graduate students is a major problem. The question of whether a health administration graduate with some finance training or a pure finance graduate is more desirable remains unanswered. This is especially true in meshing the immediate needs of the healthcare marketplace for financial management personnel and the long-range career goals of the graduate. This article presents the survey results and seven recommendations for action.


Efforts to sniff out untapped potential and immature markets have led private equity groups, both American and European, to the fertile fields of Latin America, Asia, and Europe. The present examination focuses on private equity and leveraged buyout activity in Europe, considering the current factors and trends that influence the ripening of that market. European buyout groups are learning much from their more experienced and highly competitive U.S. counterparts. Some are shifting their strategies to take advantage of avenues to capital growth not before explored.


Background and Aim: Infectious bronchitis (IB) is still a major problem among poultry industry in Indonesia, IB outbreaks continue to happen even in vaccinated flocks. The emergence of new IB virus (IBV) variants might lead to mismatching between vaccine virus strain and circulating virus strain, this may be a reason of vaccination failure. Information about circulating IBV in a region is important to decide which IB vaccine should be used. However, information about recent IBV strains which circulated in Indonesia and their genetic characters were limited; therefore, the aim of our research was to determine the genetic characterization of S1 gene of IBV isolated from commercial poultry flocks in West Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 47 viral isolate samples collected from chickens with clinical sign and reduced in egg production. Six IB live vaccines were used as control, the reference vaccines represent IBV strains including H120, H52, 4/91, CR88, 233A, and 1-96. Primers XCe2+ and XCe2- were used to amplify S1 gene partially. Results: Twenty-six of 47 samples showed positive result to S1 gene of IBV by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Three IBV isolates, Indonesia/K233A31/18, Indonesia/K4A9/17, and Indonesia/P3/17, were selected for nucleotide sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of 352 nucleotides of the partial S1 gene shows that isolates Indonesia/K4A9/17 and Indonesia/K233A31/18 have 100% homology with IBV vaccine strain 4/91, while isolate Indonesia/P3/17 has 100% homology with IBV vaccine strain 233A. Conclusion: Our result indicates that at least two IBV strains were circulating among poultry in West Java, Indonesia, which is IBV close to vaccine strain 4/91 and 233A. The present study provides updates on the circulating IBV in commercial poultry flocks in West Java, Indonesia, and might use as guidance on selecting a proper IB vaccine strain to improve IB vaccination efficacy in certain region.


Navya-Nyāya (NN) school of philosophy, an offshoot of Nyāya school of philosophy, apart from philosophical contributions, has contributed a scientific methodology and terminology to express the philosophical thoughts and debates in an unambiguous way. This scientific terminology and methodology leads to linguistic expressions which are typically hard to comprehend due to their linear structure, long compounds and extensive usage of derivational suffixes (Taddhitas). In order to make the comprehension easy, we have built a semi-automatic computational tool. This tool has four components viz. a segmenter, compound parser, type identifier and a graph renderer. In this paper we describe the compound type identifier.


Context
The 20th century has been marked by dramatic changes in land-use, disturbance regimes, and climate, which have interacted to affect global ecological patterns and dynamics, including changes in the extent, composition, and structure of forest cover. Although much research has highlighted dramatic, short-term ecological change, ongoing trends of land-use change and climate change began more than a century ago. Consequently, quantifying and understanding long-term (e.g., centennial) ecological change is critical to contextualizing recent patterns and processes. Here we document changes in the extent, position, and composition of subalpine forests over the past century in eastern Switzerland.

Methods
Position of treeline, forest cover, and forest composition were evaluated using a unique combination of Object-Based Image Classification of an historical (1909) map, recent (2009) aerial photography, and repeat terrestrial photography to minimize the inherent bias of each data source, while providing the most robust representation of long-term ecological change.

Results
Over the past century total forest cover expanded by 64.6% and the position of subalpine treeline increased on all aspects. Total forest cover also increased at the highest and lowest elevations on all aspects. Dominance of European larch increased at the highest elevations, but decreased at the lowest elevations, where it was replaced by Norway spruce. These patterns suggest land-use has been the most important driver of forest change over the past century.

Conclusions
Major changes in the extent, structure, and dynamics of subalpine forests in the Alps initiated earlier than previously documented and most change occurred prior to the middle of the 20th century. Furthermore, these changes were likely driven primarily by changes in land-use, rather than by changes in climate. A combination of data sources and methodological approaches, such as those of the current study, provides a clearer view of long-term changes and minimizes the biases associated with any single data source or methodology.

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For the detection of the broken-bar fault of rotor in motors, a traditional method is frequency spectrum analysis for the stator current. However, the frequency components representative of the rotor fault can be easily submerged by the fundamental frequency, so that the detections results are inaccurate. In this paper, the stator current will be decomposed and reconstructed, after that the fast Fourier transform can be applied to the frequency spectrum analysis. It eliminates the influence that the fault characteristic components are flooded by the basic frequency components. The experiment result shows that the existence of a slight fault in rotor can be detected. The method has a good theoretical and engineering application.


Targeted membrane addition is a hallmark of many cellular functions. In the nervous system, modification of synaptic membrane size has a major impact on synaptic function. However, because of the complex shape of neurons and the need to target membrane addition to very small and polarized synaptic compartments, this process is poorly understood. Here, we show that Gtaxin (GTX), a Drosophila t-SNARE (target-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor), is required for expansion of postsynaptic membranes during new synapse formation. Mutations in gtx lead to drastic reductions in postsynaptic membrane surface, whereas gtx upregulation results in the formation of complex membrane structures at ectopic sites. Postsynaptic GTX activity depends on its direct interaction with Discs-Large (DLG), a multidomain scaffolding protein of the PSD-95 (postsynaptic density protein-95) family with key roles in cell polarity and formation of cellular junctions as well as synaptic protein anchoring and trafficking. We show that DLG selectively determines the postsynaptic distribution of GTX to type I, but not to type II or type III boutons on the same cell, thereby defining sites of membrane addition to this unique set of glutamatergic synapses. We provide a mechanistic explanation for selective targeted membrane expansion at specific synaptic junctions.


The age-adjusted prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in the US population has been estimated to approach 12%. The clinical consequences of occlusive peripheral arterial disease include pain on walking (claudication), pain at rest, and loss of tissue integrity in the distal limbs; the latter may ultimately lead to amputation of a portion of the lower extremity. Surgical bypass techniques and percutaneous catheter-based interventions may successfully reperfuse the limbs of certain patients with peripheral arterial disease. In many patients, however, the anatomic extent and distribution of arterial occlusion is too severe to permit relief of pain and healing of ischemic ulcers. No effective medical therapy is available for the treatment of such patients, for many of whom amputation represents the only hope for alleviation of symptoms. The ultimate failure of medical treatment and procedural revascularization in significant numbers of patients has led to attempts to develop alternative therapies for ischemic disease. These strategies include administration of angiogenic cytokines, either as recombinant protein or as gene therapy, and more recently, to investigations of stem/progenitor cell therapy. The purpose of this review is to provide an outline of the preclinical basis for angiogenic and stem cell therapies, review the clinical research that has been done, summarize the lessons learned, identify gaps in knowledge, and suggest a course toward successfully addressing an unmet medical need in a large and growing patient population.