Ipteks for Society (IbM) Waste Management purposes is to adapt the technology of organic waste management through the help of army flies as an alternative to decomposition of organic waste, the community is empowered in terms of utilization of organic raw material sources and their functions, and to training and mentoring to be able to make fish feed pellets by utilizing the army fly larvae. Science and Technology for Society (IbM) is targeting the first stage in the form of bio-conversion training of organic waste into a live media of the army flies against the change, that is to Brother Made Kusuma Jaya as the Chairman of the "Asri Mandala" Waste Management Group (partner 1) who in daily activities wrestling in the field of waste management, in rural areas of Baturiti Subdistrict, waste sorting work space, waste separation training for children, and garbage bank services. Even this environmental awareness activity has been carried out by involving network performance with farmer groups and other waste management. The second phase of Science and Technology for Society (IbM) with partner 1 will provide training for fish feed pellets by utilizing troop fly larvae to all group members. Organic waste that can only be used as compost, it can also be used as a living medium of the black soldier flies larva which is still often seen as not useful and mediate the disease. Increasing the capacity of non-governmental group of waste management in the form not only works based on the volume of waste managed, but can also produce additional economic effects in the form of efficient utilization of technology in degrading organic waste and utilization black soldier flies as feed raw material of fish pellet.


ABSTRACT This study investigates the site of intersection between legacy and social media, whereby it asks how local legacy media (St Louis Post-Dispatch and Richmond Times-Dispatch) invoked social media (Facebook and Twitter) discourse within their coverage of the Ferguson (2014) and Charlottesville (2017) events. It thus explores how gatekeeping is manifested and, consequently, how the protest paradigm emerged in a news landscape of proliferating social media. Thematic textual analysis indicates that coverage of Charlottesville and Ferguson clearly relied on indulging the social media sphere in important ways. Common themes of social media as multipurpose platforms, as interfacing with law and order, and as reconciling material and digital modes culminating in social activism were revealed. The study shows that the protest paradigm that has long characterized legacy media's coverage of social protest is not as "pure" as it may once have been, since a social media component is helping define the contours and content of legacy media's landscape.


Two different experimental models were used to test if a temporal relationship exists between the rhythm of adrenal steroid secretion and the vulnerability of the hamster reproductive system to short photoperiod exposure or to the daily afternoon injection of melatonin. In the first experiment adrenalectomized hamsters were implanted with a cortisol pellet to provide a sustained, rather than rhythmic, level of the hormone. The animals were either placed in short photoperiod or given a daily afternoon melatonin injection. In both cases the gonads underwent atrophy. In the second experiment adrenalectomized hamsters were given a cortisol injection either in the morning (approx. 8 hr before the subsequent afternoon injection of melatonin) or in the afternoon (approx. 1 hr before the subsequent melatonin injection). Measurements of testicular and accessory organ weights 7 weeks later indicated regression of the reproductive system in both the groups when compared with their appropriate controls. Depressed levels of plasma LH, PRL, testosterone and thyroxine (T4) in these animals confirmed the melatonin induced gonadal collapse. The results suggest that apparently there is no temporal correlation between the rhythm of secretion of the adrenal steroids and the responsiveness of the reproductive system to late afternoon injection of melatonin. Interestingly, all the adrenalectomized cortisol injected control animals (not receiving melatonin) had depressed plasma LH and PRL while the testicular weights and plasma testosterone titers remain unaffected.


The diagnosis of inherited neuropathies can be challenging in several ways. First, a hereditary neuropathy must be suspected. Although some family histories are clear with multiple members affected, other families require directed inquiry. Second, even when a hereditary neuropathy is clear, it can be difficult to make a genetic characterization. The field of genotyping is expanding so rapidly, it is difficult to know what tests to order. The authors share their guidelines for the diagnosis of inherited neuropathies.


Though formidable problems in providing an ideal EQAS for hormone assays still remain, the UK EQASs are continually developing and adapting to perceived needs. Participants may derive some comfort from the fact that the UK is fortunate in having one of the most comprehensive national systems of external quality assessment, organised by their professional colleagues," o G Bullock, F Mackenzie J G Ratcliffe UK EQAS for Thyroid-related Hormones, Clinical Chemistry Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK


Background— Pulmonary arterial hypertension is characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance caused by endothelial dysfunction, inward vascular remodeling, and severe loss of precapillary pulmonary vessel cross-sectional area. Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and its metabolizing enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) play important roles in endothelial dysfunction. We investigated whether combined phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3 and 4 inhibition ameliorates endothelial function by regulating the ADMA-DDAH axis. Methods and Results— We investigated the effects of the PDE3/4 inhibitor tolafentrine in vitro on endothelial cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis. Effects of tolafentrine on the endothelial nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide pathway, DDAH expression, DDAH promoter activity, and cytokine release from endothelial cells and their subsequent influence on DDAH expression were investigated. In monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats, the effects of inhaled tolafentrine on DDAH expression and activity were investigated. Real-time-polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, and PDE activity assays suggested high expression of PDE3 and PDE4 isoforms in endothelial cells. Treatment of endothelial cells with PDE3/4 inhibitor significantly decreased ADMA-induced apoptosis via a cAMP/PKA-dependent pathway by induction of DDAH2. Chronic nebulization of PDE3/4 inhibitor significantly attenuated monocrotaline-induced hemodynamic, gas exchange abnormalities, vascular remodeling, and right heart hypertrophy. Interestingly, PDE3/4 inhibitor treatment reduced ADMA and elevated nitric oxide/cGMP levels. Mechanistically, this could be attributed to direct modulatory effects of cAMP on the promoter region of DDAH2, which was consequently found to be increased in expression and activity. Furthermore, PDE3/4 inhibitor suppressed apoptosis in endothelial cells and increased vascularization in the lung. Conclusion— Combined inhibition of PDE3 and 4 regresses development of pulmonary hypertension and promotes endothelial regeneration by modulating the ADMA-DDAH axis.


Health and fitness are two controversial and not easily defined topics that affect people in our modern society every day. We believe that we can find a link between individualism, globalization and the stress concerning weight and appearance ideals. Our bodies have turned into a popular subject for the media, and there is no indication that the interest will decline. As the world gets more artificial, "natural" ideals are getting more attention, such as the concept of a strong and healthy body. But there is also a downside, for example with health issues such as cardiovascular disease increasing following the birth of high-fat diets. The potential risks with these ideals and diets may be great and even be counterproductive. In this essay, we seek out to learn how newspaper and periodicals Aftonbladet, Tara and Iform defines the concept of health and in which way it is described. Our results indicate that health to a large extent is described in terms of sickness and disease, rather than ideals. The results contradicts our hypothesis and we discuss why this might be the case.


Background Research collaborations with patient and professional groups can ensure health research funders are aware of what matters to patients, carers and clinicians. Increasing service user involvement in research improves research quality, accountability and provision of patient-centred services. There is little evidence about involving service users in trials or pre-hospital emergency care research. Most research involving service users concerns a condition or treatment rather than service delivery or point of entry to the healthcare system. The SAFER 2 trial evaluates a complex intervention enabling paramedics to assess older people who fall and call 999 and, where appropriate, refer them to a community care pathway. Objective To describe a model for involving service users in a multi-centred trial in emergency care. Method A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for including service users was developed by the clinical trials unit West Wales Organisation for Rigorous Trials in Health (WWORTH). This recommends involvement processes and supportive working practices, based on evidence and good practice. We adapted this SOP to develop a model to involve service users in our trial of a complex intervention in pre-hospital care. Results We included service users at three different decision levels of involvement: Strategic level: Data Monitoring and Ethics Committee, Trial Steering Committee, Trial Management Group and Trial Development Group. These are the standard bodies that manage and oversee the trial. Local level: management committees. These take decisions about running the trial in each study site. Service user reference groups: these groups of patients and carers meet with the site researcher to discuss issues affecting patients likely to be recruited into the study. Conclusion The principles and processes of the SOP provided a model that could be replicated across each trial site. We found it necessary to tailor and adapt.


The JNK signaling pathway is implicated in the regulation of the AP1 transcription factor and cell proliferation. Here, we examine the role of JNK by using conditional and chemical genetic alleles of the ubiquitously expressed murine genes that encode the isoforms JNK1 and JNK2. Our analysis demonstrates that JNK is not essential for proliferation. However, JNK is required for expression of the cJun and JunD components of the AP1 transcription factor, and JNK-deficient cells exhibit early p53-dependent senescence. These data demonstrate that JNK can act as a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor.


South Africa as a developing country faces the challenges of providing a better life for
all its citizens. The South African society is of two extremes, a small population of the
wealthy and a large portion of the poor. In a growing economy there is an increase in
the gap between rich and poor. The rich work to keep their wealth and the poor work
but struggle to provide the bare necessities for their families. The challenges facing
South Africa are of alleviating poverty, through providing adequate shelter, jobs,
education and health for all South Africans. These are essential elements that are
needed to create better communities and functional families. The solutions to these
problems are sometimes not thought through and integrated with other sectors of
society. This leads to quick fix solutions to deep routed problems which are isolated
to the countries' developments.
South Africa has a deep history rooted in apartheid. Living within a post apartheid
society South Africans have inherited a built environment that was aimed for specific
segregated population groups. In a democratic society people have an opportunity of
"equal sharing" within the economy. This leaves a large portion of the population
struggling to rid themselves of poverty. These are the major issues which lead to
committing crime and consequently imprisonment. This research study specifically
deals with the correctional services institutions built form, rehabilitation and
reintegration processes for the ex-prisoner. The built forms role in society can be far
reaching and shape the life form of its inhabitants. It can facilitate a positive role in
deterring the social ills of society. Presently the built environments cannot
accommodate the growing and integrated population groups.
The role of the correctional facilities is important in providing safe communities by
removing those individuals harmful to society. A thorough approach to imprisonment,
rehabilitation and social reintegration of ex-prisoners will assist in keeping safe
communities. The understanding of prisons, their environment and the role of the built
form with regards to social reintegration processes is important. This will assist in
lessening the amount of recidivism of ex-prisoners once released. This research seeks
to establish the role in which the built form can support rehabilitation for ex-prisoners
in the view of reintegrating them back into society.


This paper presents a technique for rapid site-selective control of the quantum state of particles in a large array using the combination of a fast deflector (e.g., an acousto-optic deflector) and a relatively slow spatial light modulator (SLM). The use of SLMs for site-selective quantum state manipulation has been limited due to slow transition times that prevent rapid, consecutive quantum gates. By partitioning the SLM into multiple segments and using a fast deflector to transition between them, it is possible to substantially reduce the average time increment between scanner transitions by increasing the number of gates that can be performed for a single SLM full-frame setting. We analyzed the performance of this device in two different configurations: In configuration 1, each SLM segment addresses the full qubit array; in configuration 2, each SLM segment addresses a subarray and an additional fast deflector positions that subarray with respect to the full qubit array. With these hybrid scanners, we calculated qubit addressing rates that are tens to hundreds of times faster than using an SLM alone.


This study measured changes in adult performance following prolonged exposure (90 minutes) to nitrous oxide at psychosedative levels. Using a repeated-measures randomized blind design, experimenters exposed 12 subjects to four treatment combinations. These included: room air for 90 minutes (baseline); 100% oxygen for 90 minutes; nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation for 90 minutes followed by 100% oxygen for 2 minutes; and 90 minutes of nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation followed by 10 minutes of 100% oxygen. Following each treatment, participants were asked to perform six standard neuropsychological tests together with a rating scale measurement where subjects self-evaluated their respective levels of alertness. The tests were: digit span; digit symbol; paced auditory serial addition; controlled word association; letter cancellation; and grooved pegboard. Two-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences between mean scores for treatments on only two tests, grooved pegboard (P less than 0.05) and controlled word association (P less than 0.05). There was also a significant difference in mean scores obtained for the rating scale (P less than 0.001). These findings indicate that psychomotor performance and verbal fluency were affected by prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide even after recovery periods. No impairment of vigilance, immediate memory, or mental tracking could be detected as measured by the other tests. Subjective reports by the subjects accurately reflected their underlying impaired status.


Engraftment of allogeneic bone marrow (BM) has been shown to induce tolerance to organs genotypically matched with the BM donor. Immune reconstitution after BM transplantation therefore involves re-establishment of a T cell pool tolerant to antigens present on both donor and host tissues. However, how hematopoietic grafts exert their influence over the regenerating immune system is not completely understood. Prior studies suggest that education of the newly arising T cell pool involves distinct contributions from donor and host stromal elements. Specifically, negative selection is thought to be mediated primarily by donor BM-derived antigen-presenting cells, whereas positive selection is dictated by radio-resistant host-derived thymic stromal cells. In this report we studied the effect of highly purified allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) on organ transplantation tolerance induction and immune reconstitution. In contrast to engraftment of BM that results in near-complete donor T cell chimerism, HSC engraftment results in mixed T cell chimerism. Nonetheless we observed that HSC grafts induce tolerance to donor-matched neonatal heart grafts, and one way the HSC grafts alter host immune responses is via deletion of newly arising donor as well as radiation-resistant host T cells. Furthermore, using an in vivo assay of graft rejection to study positive selection we made the unexpected observation that T cells in chimeric mice rejected grafts only in the context of the donor MHC type. These latter findings conflict with the conventionally held view that radio-resistant host elements primarily dictate positive selection.


Reticulocytes release small membrane vesicles termed exosomes during their maturation into erythrocytes. It has been suggested that reticulocytes remodel the plasma membrane of the immature red cell during erythropoiesis by specifically eliminating various proteins. We report here that exosome release is associated with a physiologic cascade induced by the expression of a 15-lipoxygenase at the reticulocyte stage. We found that the phospholipase iPLA2 specifically associated with the endosomal and exosomal membranes could be activated by reactive oxygen species (ROSs) produced during mitochondria degeneration induced by 15-lipoxygenase. Since iPLA2 has recently been demonstrated to participate in the clearance of apoptotic cells, we investigated its role in vesicle removal. We found that exosomes isolated directly from the blood of an anemic rat or released during in vitro maturation of rat reticulocytes bind IgM antibodies on their surface, in contrast to immature and mature red cells. These natural IgM antibodies recognize lysophosphatidylcholine and are able to specifically bind to apoptotic cells. Finally, evidence of C3 deposition on the exosome surface leads us to hypothesize that this cascade may favor the clearance of exosomes by cells once released into the bloodstream, via a mechanism similar to that involved in the elimination of apoptotic cells.


In today's tumultuous corporate setting, it is of paramount importance to charter the intangible domain of customer value and thereby measure the impact of marketing on holistic growth, profit, and shareholder's wealth. Archetypally, non-marketing executives still perceive that marketing exists solely with the object of facilitating sales, or that it is less of a science and more of an art that throws parties and churns out colour brochures. Marketing activities are deemed as black holes, which apparently do not seem to proffer any systematic method of fund allocation, thereby enabling the tracking of returns from marketing investment leading to thriving business performance. The concept of marketing performance measurement indicators (MPMIs) is nothing but a response to cope with this crisis of credibility, thus enabling the successful returns from marketing initiatives. Soft marketing metrics like brand awareness, GRP, impressions, organic search rankings and reach are indubitably relevant, but only to the extent that they quantifiably connect to hard metrics like pipeline, revenue, and profit. We shall in this critique, identify five stages which highlight the impact of marketing investment metrics on sales potential. We also propose the use of a Consolidated Marketing Scorecard (CMS), akin to the concept of a balanced scorecard, as used in other functional domains such as operations and manufacturing. This consolidated marketing scorecard furnishes a measurement apparatus, with a comprehensive view of data tracked among decentralised, multi-channel marketing programmes. It would involve a harmonious concoction of the metrics to stimulate business efficiency. We have also developed a conceptual framework that correlates the impact of MPMIs on organisational upshots. Once the marketing metrics deliver results, the key lies in how the top management capitalizes on them and formulates versatile strategic decisions for organisational performance, profitability and credibility.


This research develops an innovative free-form surface scanning system using laser triangulation for 3D dental data required for crown reconstruction. This novel design employs double laser diodes to produce two 45° structured-light lines projecting onto the plaster tooth models and three CCD cameras to capture deformed fringes to achieve fast and accurate 3D surface measurement of plaster tooth models. Effective strategies were implemented to overcome problems such as potential measurement occlusion and data registration inaccuracy, commonly encountered by other data scanning methods. The developed system has distinctive features such as laser projecting angles for complete surface measurement coverage, digitizing accuracy, and compact scanner volume for potential applications on 3D surface digitization of tiny industrial components. Experimental results verified that the proposed system achieves a 20µm digitizing accuracy and possesses fast scanning capability. Maximum one minute is used for a single-tooth model and 30 minutes are used for scanning the whole jaw.


________________________ 1 The Regional Information Report Series was established in 1987 to provide an information access system for all unpublished divisional reports. These reports frequently serve diverse ad hoc informational purposes or archive basic uninterpreted data. To accommodate timely reporting of recently collected information, reports in this series undergo only limited internal review and may contain preliminary data; this information may be subsequently finalized and published in the formal literature. Consequently, these reports should not be cited without prior approval of the author or the Division of Commercial Fisheries.


Objective To investigate enteral nutrition's effect on serum inflammatory factors and the cardiac function of malnourished elderly patients with heart failure. Patients and methods A total of 105 elderly patients with heart failure were randomly divided into 3 groups: Treatment Group A, Treatment Group B, and the Control Group (Group C), each group having 35 patients and being administered conventional heart failure treatment. Group A was treated with 500 mL·d−1 of enteral nutrition for 1 month. Group B was given the same dose of enteral nutrition for 3 months. The Control Group was given free diet. Nutritional risk screening 2002 was used to assess the nutritional status before and after the treatment for each group. New York Heart Association status was recorded as were left ventricular ejection fraction, plasma B-type natriuretic peptide, inteleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Results After the treatment, the body mass index, skinfold thickness of upper arm triceps, muscle circumference of the upper arm, upper arm muscle circumference, total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, and left ventricular ejection fraction in the treatment groups all increased, with relatively obvious relief of symptoms of heart failure. The levels of B-type natriuretic peptide, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein all rose to different extents (P<0.05) and Treatment Group B showed more obvious improvement (P<0.01). Differences shown by the Control Group in each nutrition indicator, serum levels of inflammatory factors, and cardiac function had no statistical significance (P>0.05). Conclusion The use of enteral nutrition in conventional treatment of elderly patients with heart failure could improve not only patients' nutritional status and cardiac function, but also their immune function, thus reducing the levels of inflammatory factors. The longer the treatment period is, the more obvious the improvement in patients' cardiac function and inflammatory factors will be observed.


To establish a sound traceability system of agricultural products, guarantee security of agricultural products, an algorithm is proposed to encrypt trace code of agricultural products. Original trace code consists of 34 digits indicating such information as place of origin, name of product, date of production and authentication. Area code is used to indicate enterprise information, the encrypted algorithm is designed because of the increasing code length, such coding algorithms as system conversion and section division are applied for the encrypted conversion of code of origin place and production date code, moreover, section identification code and authentication code are permutated and combined to produce check code. Through the multiple encryption and code length compression, 34 digits are compressed to 20 on the basis of ensuring complete coding information, shorter code length and better encryption enable the public to know information about agricultural products without consulting professional database.


This is a universally accepted fact that the economic growth of the country and strength of any nation is mainly dependent on knowledge and skills based human resources. Looking to the rapidly increasing demand-supply gap and global competition, it is very important for the organizations to ensure an adequate supply of skills manpower and their optimize use. At the same time, the world's population is ageing fast and it will reach to 1.3 billion by 2040 above 65 years of age. The world market may suffer with the labor shortage due to ageing population in several countries like Germany, France and US etc. India has the advantage as compared to other countries because India has youngest populations in the world, with a median age of 25 in 2010, whereas the median age for US, China and japan are 27, 34 and 45 respectively. India is one of the labor surplus countries as India is expected to have one of the largest working age group (15-64 years). This is an asset, which need to be capitalized on and transform India into a prominent exporter of skilled resources to the other pat of the world. The mobility of human resources is the long-term solution for sustaining the growth rates of countries and enabling them to surmount issues including demographic asymmetry and globalization of economies. India's strength as a source of a large young and mobile workforce is globally acknowledged. Today's the world is looking at India with very high expectations to cater the need of skilled manpower as the India is in demographic dividend phase. Government of India has initiated Skill Development mission to train 500 million people by 2022 in different field. The mission of the skill development initiative is to Upgrade skills to international standards through significant industry involvement and develop necessary frameworks for standards, curriculum and quality assurance, Enhance, support and coordinate private sector initiatives for skill development through appropriate Public-Private Partnership (PPP) models. The adoption of a much more robust approach is essential for putting in place a quality skill education and training framework in the country. To achieve the target of skill development mission, we arrive at conclusion that the existing policy should be modified in accordance with the need of the industry, restructure of existing system. Development of curriculum with focus on IT, Linkage with School, Linkage with Industry, Promotion of PPP model for infrastructure development. Focus on non-technical training, Design industry based curriculum, Transfer of credit, Restructuring of skill development mission, establishment of skill development University.


The results of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies in 100 patients in a community hospital were compared with those of surgically placed gastrostomies in 50 patients. The morbidity rate for the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy group was 4%, compared with 30% for the patients with surgically placed gastrostomies. The procedure-related mortality for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was 1%, compared with 16% for surgically placed gastrostomies. Patients admitted to the hospital for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy stayed an average of 4 days compared with 10 days for the surgical patients; 14 patients had the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy performed as an outpatient procedure. There were no complications in this group, suggesting that percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy can be safely performed as an outpatient. In this community hospital, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was both substantially safer and far less expensive than surgically placed gastrostomy.


(i) I regret to find that in my efforts at compression I attached my subsidiary (Sept. 967) to my main note (Agam. 1426-30) by a link which is not only defective as such but involves a false statement: the words 'Why specify the heart as the seat of madness? Parallels are to seek; see below.' The phrase ^pip nalverai is in itself unexceptionable ; cf., e.g., Iliad, viii. 413, xxiv. 114, Aesch. Sept. 484, 781, Eur. Med. 432, and <f>pevotiavijs at Agam. ir4O. It is, to be sure, inconsistent here with the current text (ircptypova); but it would have been, to that extent, consistent with mine (irapd^povd) if this phrase (in the form fpijv in \iaivtTai) could have been accommodated to the general sense at all. What is, however, still more inapplicable is the MS. reading, 4>PW empaCvtrat. (ii) p. 11, line 12, for 'trochaic' read (of course) 'iambic'. (iii) A friend very properly draws my attention to the apparent oddity of describing 967 as 'demonstrably' unmetrical when its metre is prima facie supported by the antistrophic line 978, and he suggests that I might with advantage 'make my position clearer'. Gladly; but the complex issue thus raised necessitates, I fear, a note to itself.


This paper presents a novel LED drive system based on matrix rectifier. Matrix rectifier is applied to the LED drive system for the first time as to our knowledge. The novel LED drive system is composed of two stages. The first stage is the matrix rectifier, and the second stage is the multi-port two-transistor forward converters (TTFC) that share a leg. The space vector modulation strategy of matrix rectifier and the modulation strategy of multi-port TTFC matched with rectifier stage are fully studied. In order to maintain the stability of output current, current PI closed-loop control is adopted for LED strings. Both simulation and experiment are carried out to verify the topology and modulation strategy of the proposed LED drive system.


Workflows are becoming an increasingly more common paradigm to manage and control scientific applications. They are an effective technology to define composition of different pieces of knowledge, both in the application domain and in the scientific context. However, workflows are addressed in a number of different perspectives and little consensus has been reached yet on the specification, languages, modelling and systems to adopt in advanced contexts like Grids or semantic web. In this paper, we describe a tool for supporting users in specifying their functional workflows using a top level description, close to the application domain, and further authoring workflows running on Grids. Our tool is the semantic component of a workflow management platform targeted at scientific applications and is able to automatically generate BPEL processes based on the information extracted from a given ontology. The component has been successfully tested on image processing workflows, using Active BPEL engine as a deployment environment and OWL for ontology design. The functionality provided by the semantic component has been made available through a web interface.


A promising trend in storage management for big data frameworks, such as Hadoop and Spark, is the emergence of heterogeneous and hybrid storage systems that employ different types of storage devices, e.g. SSDs, RAMDisks, etc., alongside traditional HDDs. However, scheduling data accesses or requests to an appropriate storage device is non-trivial and depends on several factors such as data locality, device performance, and application compute and storage resources utilization. To this end, we present DUX, an application-attuned dynamic data management system for data processing frameworks, which aims to improve overall application I/O throughput by efficiently using SSDs only for workloads that are expected to benefit from them rather than the extant approach of storing a fraction of the overall workloads in SSDs. The novelty of DUX lies in profiling application performance on SSDs and HDDs, analyzing the resulting I/O behavior, and considering the available SSDs at runtime to dynamically place data in an appropriate storage tier. Evaluation of DUX with trace-driven simulations using synthetic Facebook workloads shows that even when using 5.5× fewer SSDs compared to a SSD-only solution, DUX incurs only a small (5%) performance overhead, and thus offers an affordable and efficient storage tier management.


The pro bono activity of the private legal profession in a given society can best be understood as part of a partnership between the profession and government. The purpose of that partnership is for the profession, together with government, to take responsibility to try to ensure that, in theory, all citizens are equal before the law. The precise nature of that partnership varies widely between societies. Regan examines recent pro bono developments in Sweden and China. In the former country pro bono work by the profession had, until recently, disappeared but recent restrictions upon legal aid prompted the profession to re-establish a basic scheme. In China the recently established national legal aid scheme relies heavily upon the pro bono efforts of the emerging private profession.


Dengue viral infections are one of the most important mosquito borne diseases in the world. The dengue virus is a single stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. There are four serotypes (DEN 1–4) classified according to biological and immunological criteria. Patients may be asymptomatic or their condition may give rise to undifferentiated fever, dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), or dengue shock syndrome. Annually, 100 million cases of dengue fever and half a million cases of DHF occur worldwide and 2.5 billion people are at risk. At present, dengue is endemic in 112 countries. Early recognition and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment are vital if disease related morbidity and mortality are to be limited. We present an interesting case of dengue fever with headache, skin rash and abnormal behaviour who had a massive intracranial haemorrhage with fatal outcome.


Purpose Research in acute care faces many challenges, including enrolment challenges, legal limitations in data sharing, limited funding and lack of singular ownership of the domain of acute care. To overcome these challenges, the Center of Acute Care of the University Medical Center Groningen in the Netherlands, has established a de novo data, image and biobank named 'Acutelines'. Participants Clinical data, imaging data and biomaterials (ie, blood, urine, faeces, hair) are collected from patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with a broad range of acute disease presentations. A deferred consent procedure (by proxy) is in place to allow collecting data and biomaterials prior to obtaining written consent. The digital infrastructure used ensures automated capturing of all bed-side monitoring data (ie, vital parameters, electrophysiological waveforms) and securely importing data from other sources, such as the electronic health records of the hospital, ambulance and general practitioner, municipal registration and pharmacy. Data are collected from all included participants during the first 72 hours of their hospitalisation, while follow-up data are collected at 3 months, 1 year, 2 years and 5 years after their ED visit. Findings to date Enrolment of the first participant occurred on 1 September 2020. During the first month, 653 participants were screened for eligibility, of which 180 were approached as potential participants. In total, 151 (84%) provided consent for participation of which 89 participants fulfilled criteria for collection of biomaterials. Future plans The main aim of Acutelines is to facilitate research in acute medicine by providing the framework for novel studies and issuing data, images and biomaterials for future research. The protocol will be extended by connecting with central registries to obtain long-term follow-up data, for which we already request permission from the participant. Trial registration number NCT04615065.


In this article we compare the strain distribution observed in 3C-SiC/Si (100) cantilevers, using the shift of the transverse optical (TO) mode in micro-Raman maps, with the values predicted using a recent analytic theory []. By taking advantage of an under etching of the microstructures during the fabrication processes, that removes a thin layer of highly defective SiC close to the film/substrate interface near the edges of the microstructures, we show that the variation of the experimental measured strain can be ascribed to a non-linearity of the strain field along the 3C-SiC film thickness.


Abstract. Water column data of carbon and carbon relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 188 previously non-publicly available cruises in the Arctic, Atlantic, and Southern Ocean have been retrieved and merged into a new database: CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic). The data have been subject to rigorous quality control (QC) in order to ensure highest possible quality and consistency. The data for most of the parameters included were examined in order to quantify systematic biases in the reported values, i.e. secondary quality control. Significant biases have been corrected for in the data products, i.e. the three merged files with measured, calculated and interpolated values for each of the three CARINA regions; the Arctic Mediterranean Seas (AMS), the Atlantic (ATL) and the Southern Ocean (SO). With the adjustments the CARINA database is consistent both internally as well as with GLODAP (Key et al., 2004) and is suitable for accurate assessments of, for example, oceanic carbon inventories and uptake rates and for model validation. The Arctic Mediterranean Seas includes the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas, and the quality control was carried out separately in these two areas. This contribution presents an account of the quality control of the total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) data from the Nordic Seas in CARINA. Out of the 35 cruises from the Nordic Seas included in CARINA, 25 had TCO2 data. The data from 7 of these were found to be of low quality and should not be used, thus the final CARINA data product contains TCO2 data from 18 cruises from the Nordic Seas. These data appear consistent to at least 4 μmol kg−1.


This work reports the study of ZnO-based anodes for the photoelectrochemical regeneration of the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). The latter is the most important coenzyme for dehydrogenases. However, the high costs of NAD+ limit the use of such enzymes at the industrial level. The influence of the ZnO morphologies (flower-like, porous film, and nanowires), showing different surface area and crystallinity, was studied. The detection of diluted solutions (0.1 mM) of the reduced form of the coenzyme (NADH) was accomplished by the flower-like and the porous films, whereas concentrations greater than 20 mM were needed for the detection of NADH with nanowire-shaped ZnO-based electrodes. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO was reduced at increasing concentrations of NAD+ because part of the ultraviolet irradiation was absorbed by the coenzyme, reducing the photons available for the ZnO material. The higher electrochemical surface area of the flower-like film makes it suitable for the regeneration reaction. The illumination of the electrodes led to a significant increase on the NAD+ regeneration with respect to both the electrochemical oxidation in dark and the only photochemical reaction. The tests with formate dehydrogenase demonstrated that 94% of the regenerated NAD+ was enzymatically active.


Optimization algorithms are rarely mentioned in the discrete choice literature. One reason may be that classic Newton-Raphson methods have been rather successful in estimating discrete choice parameters on available data sets of limited size. However, thanks to recent advances in data collection, abundant data about choice situations become more and more available, and state-of-the-art algorithms can be computationally burdensome on these massive datasets. In this paper, inspired by the good practices from the machine learning field, we introduce a Stochastic Newton Method (SNM) for the estimation of discrete choice models parameters. Our preliminary results indicate that our method outperforms (stochastic) first-order and quasi-newton methods.


Much HIV prevention research ignores the underlying reasons why drug-using men who have sex with men (DU-MSM) use substances during sex. The present study explores DU-MSM descriptions of the relationships among substance use, sex, and risky sex practices. Twenty-seven in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with sexually active DU-MSM. The research findings illustrate six roles of substances within the sexual lives of DU-MSM: Enhancing the sexual experience, increasing sexual arousal, facilitating sexual encounters, increasing the capacity for sexual behaviours, prolonging sexual experiences, and increasing the capacity to "turn a trick." While acknowledging experiences of substance use leading to risky sex practices, participants expressed scepticism of any reductive causal relationship. The findings question recurrent assumptions that underpin HIV prevention initiatives and redirect research efforts in ways that may better inform HIV prevention.


'Who left the gate open?' asks Chris Wallace-Crabbe early in his lively chapter on 'Autobiography' in The Penguin New Literary History of Australia (1988), 'How did autobiography disguise itself? Or were the rules of the game changed for some clutch of reasons?' He is observing that autobiographies have begun to receive a great deal more critical consideration, at a time when 'the construction of all literary canons has become subject to radical questioning'. Such questioning (not least of the assumed categorical distinction between 'imaginative' and 'non-fictional' prose) has led to the admission of autobiography into the class of 'serious literature', even though the genre he is surveying seems to be a 'parody, or at least a black-and-white caricature' of other literary genres. For while autobiography also claims to refer to life, 'it does so a good deal more crassly', thus raising what he calls 'all those coarse, nagging questions about whether it is art ... or merely documentation.'


Harnessing cell-to-cell variations to probe bacterial structure and biophysics Julie A. Cass Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Paul Wiggins Physics Department Advances in microscopy and biotechnology have given us novel insights into cellular biology and physics. While bacteria were long considered to be relatively unstructured, the development of fluorescence microscopy techniques, and spatially and temporally resolved high-throughput quantitative studies, have uncovered that the bacterial cell is highly organized, and its structure rigorously maintained. In this thesis I will describe our gateTool software, designed to harness cell-to-cell variations to probe bacterial structure, and discuss two exciting aspects of structure that we have employed gateTool to investigate: (i)chromosome organization and the cellular mechanisms for controlling DNA dynamics, and (ii) the study of cell wall synthesis, and how the genes in the synthesis pathway impact cellular shape. In the first project, we develop a spatial and temporal mapping of cell-cycle-dependent chromosomal organization, and use this quantitative map to discover that chromosomal loci segregate from midcell with universal dynamics. In the second project, I describe preliminary timelapse and snapshot imaging analysis suggesting phentoypical coherence across peptidoglycan synthesis pathways.


This PhD thesis is about communication concerning nature in the Netherlands. The purpose of this exploratory study is to take both a theoretical and an empirical look at whether (implicit) religious elements play a role in this communication about nature in the Netherlands. In this PhD thesis it is argued that the role of communication practitioners is to signal, articulate, and interpret normative elements in the discourse. In other words, to make (non-) congruent frames explicit and clarifying the associated world views in the discourse, including that of the government itself. The government has to be impartial as possible in its communications, but the communications about nature shows that there are questions to be asked about this neutrality. Although not explicit, but through the communications of NGOs, who operate as delegated executors of the Dutch nature policy in the context of this PhD thesis, certain images, i.e., frames regarding nature are communicated. However, the question is raised to what extent the government, based on its alleged neutrality, should condition the communication of NGOs. Here, tension can be observed. If nature conservation NGOs (explicitly) communicate a specific vision about nature, using 'religious subtexts', the government appears to support these 'subtexts'. For nature conservation NGOs, it is appropriate to put forth a certain opinion to raise support for their actions among the public. However, in this PhD thesis it is argued that it is not the responsibility of the government to promote a specific religiously phrased view of nature and nature policy. Hence, this PhD thesis reveals a necessity for reflection on the relationship between government and NGOs regarding their communication, i.e., awareness of distinction and a need for mutual adjustment in the case of close cooperation. The results of this PhD thesis are placed in a broader cultural context with respect to nature development. A paradox is highlighted: creating nature 'according to our view of nature' and, simultaneously, wanting to experience wilderness-nature, preferably without too much human influence. This paradox appears to form a cultural basis for many new nature development projects. In other words, nature development is no longer just driven by ecological interests. In today's 'wilderness desire', a certain form of anthropocentric thinking also manifests, because it focuses on the human experience of nature. In addition, because (new) nature projects can be places to have meaningful experiences, in this PhD thesis it is concluded that (new) nature projects, such as Tiengemeten, not only have ecological value, but societal value as well. It is also argued that in a secular society, we should not lose sight of the mediating role of creating and maintaining nature parks. Designing or maintaining natural areas in a certain way can create conditions for certain meaningful experiences. With our designing vision and communication, we can reap 'benefits' from nature. With this conclusion, this PhD thesis shines a different light on the concept of nature development and, indirectly, on the Dutch nature policy. Finally, this PhD thesis shows that religious elements play a role in the communication about nature. These are linked to meaningful experiences that people can have in nature. A religious depth dimension can be discovered in meaningful experiences. This religious depth dimension is the reason that there are 'religious subtexts' in the communication about nature. However, the word 'subtext' is crucial. The communication about nature is 'religionised' to some extent, but there is no mentioning of a personal God or other reference to a supernatural reality. This PhD thesis also shows that the religious depth dimension does not explicitly come to the fore in what visitors are saying. This means that this PhD thesis, in addition to questioning the appropriateness of 'religious subtexts' in the communication about nature, also doubts whether those 'subtexts' are convincing from visitors' perspective.


This paper is discus about silicon nitride ceramics in application to ball bearing. Silicon nitride (Si3N4) have advance properties such as consistent at temperature operation up to 1000°C, greater thermal shock resistance, lower density and low thermal expansion. This properties gives some benefit for ball bearing material such as higher running speed, reduce vibration of the shaft, will improve the life time and maintenance cost, lower heat generated, less energy consumption, lower wear rate, reducing noise level and reduce of using lubricant. The sintering methods are used to produce ball bearing from silicon nitride. Some techniques can be applied to increase ceramics strength which are reduce porosity, reduce grain size, reduce surface flaw and proof stressing. The surface finishing of the ceramic bearing is very important because silicon nitride as a brittle material, its strength is limited to the flaw sizes especially the flaw at the surface.


An unforeseen event may be defined as something that happens suddenly and unexpectedly. Such events are seldom the result of an organisation's operational planning, but they can be side-effects of such planning. An unforeseen event may have either positive or negative consequences. This chapter aims to discuss if it is possi ble to prevent unforeseen events. The major focus is on analysis and prevention of unforeseen events with negative consequences, such as accidents, catastrophes and acts of terror. Such events often take place in complex systems, and failures of appropriate organisational interaction and communication among participants with complementary competence in such systems may contribute to unforeseen events. Risk-analysis methods and tools based on energy-barrier models, causal sequence and process models, as well as information-processing models are presented and their applicability to the prevention of unforeseen events is discussed. This also includes the Bow-tie approach, as well as other approaches which take into consideration organisational factors and social interaction (samhandling). The conclusion is that unforeseen events can be prevented. However, in the aftermath of the implementation of safety and security measures, it is not possible to know which events they prevented, or to obtain knowledge about their efficiency. An additional strategy for prevention of unforeseen events with negative consequences is proposed.


This study aims at describing and explaining: (1) the caharacteristics of competitive and entrepreneurial-based school; (2) the characteristics of entrepreneurial leadership exercised by school principals; (3) the strategy used by school principals in practicing entrepreneurial leadership; and (4) the relationship between school and stakeholders in strengthening the practice of entrepreneurial leadership exercised by school principals. This study uses a qualitative approach under a multiple case study design. The results of the study show that: (1) competitive and entrepreneurial-based vocational schools have certain excellence compared to other vocational schools; (2) entrepreneurial leadership exercised by school principals is characterized by the entrepreneurial values; (3) in practicing entrepreneurial leadership, school principals use some strategies, such as making some innovations related to curriculum and learning methods, guiding the students, and empowering school staff and teachers in order to create competent graduates; the school principals also help graduate students to find job and to enter labor market, and to make the school to keep in touch with these graduates; and (4) these entrepreneurial-minded school principals are able to improve and maintain good relationship between school and both internal and external stakeholders.


Attributes of a species' spatial distribution, such as the number of occurrences and the spatial distribution of those occurrences, can affect extinction risk. Extinction risk, however, is scale dependent, and it is unclear how scale dependency affects linkages between species' distributions and extinction risk. Here, we evaluate the relationships between number of occurrences, distributional fragmentation, and extinction risk for a diverse assemblage of desert fishes across multiple spatial scales. We used the SONFISHES biodiversity database, which details occurrence patterns of 25 native fishes to contrast the species' historical distributions with their much-reduced modern distributions. Defining occurrences (and losses to extinction) at each of five scales (5, 25, 100, 500, and 2500 km of stream reach), we found that range fragmentation was a stronger predictor of extinction risk than the number of occurrences for all scales of analysis. Furthermore, we detected scale dependence in the strength of the predictive relationship between fragmentation and extinction, with loss of occurrences at intermediate scales (∼100 km of stream reach) being most closely tied to range fragmentation. Importantly, our results proved insensitive to our definition of the historical and modern periods. These findings highlight the value of multiscale analyses to investigations of extinction in species assemblages.


Objectives: To explore in which contexts ratings of multiple dimensions of fatigue are useful in fibromyalgia, and to compare multidimensional fatigue between women with fibromyalgia and healthy women. Design: A cross-sectional study. Subjects and methods: The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20), comprising 5 subscales of fatigue, was compared with the 1-dimensional subscale of fatigue from the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) in 133 women with fibromyalgia (mean age 46 years; standard deviation 8.6), in association with socio-demographic and health-related aspects and analyses of explanatory variables of severe fatigue. The patients were also compared with 158 healthy women (mean age 45 years; standard deviation 9.1) for scores on MFI-20 and FIQ fatigue. Results: The MFI-20 was associated with employment, physical activity and walking capacity (r s = –0.27 to –0.36), while FIQ fatigue was not. MFI-20 and FIQ fatigue were equally associated with pain, sleep, depression and anxiety (r s = 0.32– 0.63). Regression analyses showed that the MFI-20 increased the explained variance (R 2 ) for the models of pain intensity, sleep, depression and anxiety, by between 7 and 29 percentage points, compared with if FIQ fatigue alone was included in the models. Women with fibromyalgia rated their fatigue higher than healthy women for all subscales of the MFI-20 and the FIQ fatigue (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Dimensions of fatigue, assessed by the MFI-20, appear to be valuable in studies of employment, pain intensity, sleep, distress and physical function in women with fibromyalgia. The patients reported higher levels on all fatigue dimensions in comparison with healthy women.


Purpose: Students enrolled in courses that focus on patient contact participate in practical laboratories to learn clinical skills but this can be challenging in a pre-clinical environment. A simulated case based format using role play in small groups is commonly undertaken. Students may find it difficult to actively engage in learning and effective role playing without prior clinical experience. The aim of this study was to discover what type of experiences facilitated student learning in practical laboratory sessions. Method: Design: Action research study. Participants: Thirty two undergraduate second year physiotherapy students who were engaging in practical laboratories. Data collection and analysis: Teacher observations, minute papers and semistructured interviews were conducted over a nine week teaching period to gain the student perspective on what facilitated their learning. Data from these three sources were categorised and coded.1 A concept mapping technique2 was then used to represent the construct of learning facilitators identified, from which the final survey was developed. Results: Learning facilitators identified by students were categorised under three key units: those provided by the teacher, those initiated by the students themselves and material resources. Concept mapping revealed three emergent themes: provide multiple opportunities for learning that address all learning styles, formative learning support and resources to consolidate learning. Students rated timely feedback from the teacher while they practiced the required skills and behaviours as the highest valued learning facilitator (strongly agreed 78.6%, agreed 21.4%) followed by watching the teacher modelling the skill or behaviour required (strongly agreed 67.9%, agreed 25.0%). Students also reported that using a peer feedback checklist constructed by the teacher clarified their expectations of engaging in observation and feedback (strongly agreed 32.1%, agreed 50.0%) and guided their performance in the skills and behaviours expected (strongly agreed 35.7%, agreed 53.6%).Conclusions: Students at a pre-clinical level can identify which experiences facilitate their learning in practical laboratories, if given the opportunity. While these students place the highest value on teacher feedback they can actively engage in peer learning if given constructive guidance on the skills and behaviours required. Discovering what students identify as facilitating their learning in practical laboratories can guide successful evaluation of laboratory teaching plans to modify and create new learning opportunities and resources. This has the potential to improve student satisfaction and achievement of intended learning outcomes.


Objective: The present study aimed to determine the sociodemographic profiles, the injury circumstances, the clinical data, and the immediate management of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in children and adolescents attending the only public dental emergency service in Casablanca. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among children and adolescents, aged between 6 months and 15 years, who consulted the Casablanca dental emergency department between January and April 2019. The data obtained from questionnaires by a calibrated interviewer were collected and analyzed by using SPSS IBM. Results: The results showed a prevalence of 18.1% of TDI with a sex ratio of 2.5 in favor of boys, a mean age of the participants was 10.1±2.9 years. The 9to 12-year-old group was the most affected (41.2%). The street was the main place where the trauma occurred (47.3%). Meanwhile, accidental falls were the predominant reported etiology (59.5%). The percentage of patients who consulted on the day of the trauma was 36.6%, and 40.4% of children consulted the dental emergency service as a second line. The prevalence of permanent teeth affected was 75.9%. In the primary dentition, the most frequent type of trauma was avulsion, while in permanent dentition, uncomplicated crown fractures were predominant. Concerning the management of trauma, 6 out of 11 avulsed teeth were re-implanted, and only 9 out of 77 coronal fragments were picked up at the site of the trauma. Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of 18.1% of TDI in children and the high percentage of falls and traffic accidents as common causes, the level of social awareness and knowledge of the importance of emergency intervention immediately following dental trauma should be increased.


Background: cochlear implant (CI) in children. Aim: 1) to delineate a profile of receptive and expressive verbal language of children who have been using cochlear implant for five years and five years and eleven months; 2) to verify the influence of time of auditory sensorial privation in the receptive and expressive verbal language of these children. Method: 19 children users of CI with auditory deficiency acquired before language development, who have been using CI for 5y 5y11m and who have an average time of sensorial privation of 3y (standard deviation of 1 year). These children were assessed using the Reynell Developmental Scales (RDLS) (Reynell e Gruber, 1990) which is composed of: Comprehension Scale (C), Expression Scale (E) and its Structure Sub-Scales (Es), Vocabulary (Ev) and Content (Ec). Results: the median values and the values found for quartile 75 and quartile 25 were:.44, 57 and 54 for C; 48, 60 and 55 for E; 20, 21 and 20 for Es; 15, 19 and 17 for Ev; 15, 22 and 18 for Ec; 96, 116 and 108 for the total score. A statistical correlation between the time of sensorial privation and the score obtained for C (p= 0.62; R= 0.0044) and Ec (p= 0.48; R = 0.0348) was observed. Therefore the time of sensorial privation had an influence on the overall score (p= 0.53; R = 0.0174). Conclusion: the language profile of children who use CI for five years is devious and similar to that of five year old hearing children regarding Expression and to that of four year old hearing regarding Comprehension; time of sensorial privation was statistically significant for the score obtained in C receptive language and for the score obtained in the E section (Ec) expressive language, as well as in the overall score of RDLS.


The aim of this paper is to discuss the difficulties that the University of Ilorin Library encountered in its digitization project and how these difficulties were handled to ensure a robust digitization outfit. The idea is to alert Nigerian Libraries which are yet to embark on digitization on some of the problems or challenges that they are likely to encounter in planning and implementing a digitization project. Admittedly, some of the problems may be unique to University of Ilorin Library but it can be said with a fair degree of accuracy that some of the problems the University of Ilorin Library encountered are general at the planning and the implementation stages. In this paper, the conception, the planning and the implementation stages of the project will be discussed. Problems will be highlighted and suggestions will be made for an effective and efficient digital service delivery.


This essay argues for a renewed commitment to impartiality and neutrality in scholarly research. These values are understood as the accomplishment of non-alignment in the interest of understanding the social world. This ethnographic study of the role of engineering in Hurricane Katrina provides an overview of two pivotal events in the public analysis of the disaster: the sheet pile pull at the 17th Street Canal and litigation in federal district court over environmental damage caused by the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet. After Hurricane Katrina, three teams of engineers and scientists were formed to investigate the flooding of New Orleans. The author's inclusion in engineering events after the storm was facilitated through membership in a team, but continued access required his resignation. This form of non-alignment became a struggle during the ensuing years, in which litigation drove forensic engineering, and the achievement of impartiality, in the wider sense, required re-alignment during the course of the trial. My argument is that these negotiations over neutrality are necessary for an understanding of engineering in the field and courtroom. Both engineers and attorneys succeeded far better than science and technology studies in contributing their collective efforts to understanding the disaster.


Typically, the subjective pleasantness of an odor decreases after it has been repeatedly smelled. This study investigates how the pleasantness ("liking") and the wish to be further exposed to the same odor ("wanting") are affected by variety on a longer time scale, and how they relate to actual food intake. Twenty-five participants rated a coconut odor presented 120 times for its liking and wanting before being offered coconut sweets. The amount eaten was assessed. Individual patterns of change were described by fitting 3 different models to the ratings. To study effects of variety on odor evaluation, the ratings were compared with a previous study where coconut was 1 of 3 odors presented in an alternating way. Initially, both liking and wanting the odors were high, but decreased over repetitions in 75% of the subjects. About 40% of all subjects showed an exponential change of ratings, 40% a step-like change, and 20% a linear change. Food intake was not related to the pattern of change in the ratings. Moreover, decreased olfactory pleasure did not seem to affect eating behavior. However, participants who rated the coconut odor higher at the beginning ate twice as many sweets as the others. Odor variety did not affect the experienced pleasure of smelling (liking), but did affect the motivation to experience the same smell again (wanting). This has not been reported for food or touch stimulation and may be specific for the perception of odors.


How comfortable was the life of the average settler in the Dutch Cape Colony of the eighteenth century? The generally accepted view is of a poor, subsistence economy, with little progress being made in the 143 years of Dutch rule (1652–1795). This article shows that new evidence from probate inventory and auction roll records contradicts earlier historical accounts. These documents bear witness to a relatively affluent settler society, comparable to some of the most prosperous regions of eighteenth‐century England and Holland. This detailed picture of the material wealth of the Colony should inspire a revision of the standard accounts. The causes and consequences of this prosperity are also considered briefly.


Although governments try to create strict policies and regulations to prevent abuses, use of excessive force is still a problem for almost every country including Turkey. This study is intended to help Turkish National Police administrators to understand and prevent police use of excessive force. Studies on police brutality categorize three factors that explain why police officers use excessive force; these are individual, situational and organizational. In addition to brutality theories, job satisfaction literature is examined in this study to understand the use of excessive force. Job satisfaction is found to be related with burnout, turnover, stress, commitment, and performance. The impact of officers' attitude toward the criminal justice system and/or laws has not been tested widely. Police officers attitudes toward human rights laws are examined in this study to measure its impact on attitude toward use of excessive force. A secondary data collected in Turkey are analyzed by structural equation modeling which provides confirmatory factor analysis, path analysis, and causal relationships between variables. It is found that police officers' attitude toward human rights laws is a significant predictor of their attitudes toward use of excessive force. Job satisfaction and education level are the other significant variables affecting attitude toward use of excessive force. Based on the analyses of findings, educational and policy implications are posed for Turkish police administrators to better understand and prevent police use of excessive force.


Introduction: Within the current mental health policy in Ireland, Vision for Change (HSE, 2006), people with intellectual disabilities (I.D.) (target population) should have access to high quality mental health services, including an I.D. specific multi-disciplinary community mental health team. Historically mental health services for this population were poorly developed, without a clear policy or implementation strategy. Services that did exist were often embedded within social care services, with unclear pathways and models of care. Resources are being allocated to Mental Health of Intellectual Disability (MHID) services on an ongoing basis. Therefore the requirement to develop a clear strategy of implementing Vision for Change (HSE, 2006) for MHID was clear. Aim: To develop a clear programme of development of MHID services for children and adults, for full national implementation across mental health and social care services (key stakeholders). The timeline for the programme is 2 years beginning July 2016. The programme involves a number of key stages including: Scoping and mapping of existing resources Defining a clear pathway to care Developing clear governance arrangements Developing clinical activity metrics Key initial results from this programme will be presented including key service mapping data, as well as planned governance and care pathway arrangements.  As this is a national programme, it is envisaged that there will be full be transferability of services achieved through collaboration and partnership across the relevant key divisions, organisations, disciplines and with Service Users and their families.  Given the inclusive nature of the design of the programme, it's sustainability potential is strong Developing a complex programme of service development involving existing and new resources across different service divisions requires services to be planned in an integrated manner. The intended impact of this programme is to improve the quality of mental health care and service experience.


Acute myocardial infarction is a major cause of hospitalization and mortality in China, where ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is more severe and has a higher mortality rate. Accurate and interpretable prediction of in-hospital mortality is critical for STEMI patient clinical decision making. In this study, we used interpretable machine learning approaches to build in-hospital mortality prediction models for STEMI patients from Chinese Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) registry data. We first performed cohort construction and feature engineering on CAMI data to generate an available dataset and identify potential predictors. Then several supervised learning methods with good interpretability, including generalized linear models, decision tree models, and Bayes models, were applied to build prediction models. The experimental results show that our models achieve higher prediction performance (AUC = 0.80~0.85) than the previous in-hospital mortality prediction STEMI models and are also easily interpretable for clinical decision support.


Abstract: We documented patterns of microhabitat use, relative species abundance, and acoustic characteristics of a Puerto Rican native anuran assemblage from a palustrine herbaceous wetland. We found significant interspecific differences in the spatial distribution of calling males among microhabitat types, which differed in percent cover, height, and physical structure. The spectrogram revealed no acoustic interspecific overlap of calls above 3.0 kHz and a significant inverse relationship between body size and frequency of call. Most calls were between 4.0 kHz and 8.5 kHz range, indicative of a small-sized species assemblage. Diel calling activity patterns showed considerable interspecific overlap with most calling activity starting at approximately 16:30 hrs and decreasing after 23:30 hrs. In general, acoustic communication seems enhanced by interactions between abiotic (e.g., microhabitat/vegetation type used for calling) and biotic factors (e.g., calling behavior) that reduce acoustic attenuation in this wetland environment even though calling males can be within interspecific hearing range. Key Words: acoustic partitioning, anurans, Caribbean, Coqui Llanero, Eleutherodactylus, herbaceous wetland, Leptodactylus


For decades, intranuclear inclusions in many normal and neoplastic cells have been considered to be mere invaginations of cytoplasm into the nucleus without any notable function or influence on disease. We investigated such inclusions in 75 specimens of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this context we demonstrate that these inclusions are true inclusions, completely closed and delimited by the nuclear membrane, containing degenerate cell organelles and lysosomal proteins. Moreover, their occurrence was positively associated with patient survival but not with tumour grade or stage. In a standardised area a mean of 124 inclusions per specimen was present in the tumorous liver tissue in contrast to 5 inclusions in the non‐tumorous adjacent section and 89% of all scrutinised HCC showed at least one membrane‐bound nuclear inclusion. Ultrastructural characterisation by transmission electron microscopy revealed degenerative materials such as residues of lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus within the inclusions. Due to the fact that the content of the inclusions appears to be more condensed than cytoplasm and contains fewer intact cell organelles, we assume that they are not mere invaginations of cytoplasm. Three dimensional (3D) reconstruction of isolated and immunofluorescence stained nuclei showed that the inclusions are completely located within the nucleus without any connection to the cytoplasm. The limiting membrane of the inclusions contained lamin B suggesting nuclear membrane origin. The content of the inclusions stained for the autophagy‐associated proteins p62, ubiquitin, LC3B, cathepsin B and cathepsin D. Triple immunofluorescence staining followed by 3D reconstruction revealed co‐localisation of p62, ubiquitin and LC3B in the same inclusion. Our observations uncover that these inclusions are real inclusions completely surrounded by the nucleus. We propose that the presence of autophagy‐associated proteins and proteases within the inclusions contribute to beneficial survival.


The purpose of this study was to examine the differential myocardial signal responses due to the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) effect in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) under differing conditions of myocardial oxygen supply and demand. The signal response was measured when myocardial blood flow was increased in excess of oxygen demand or when flow was increased in response to increased myocardial oxygen demand. Normal volunteers were studied using a segmented, interleaved, double‐echo, gradient‐echo sequence at baseline conditions and during pharmacological stress with either dipyridamole (n = 5) or dobutamine (n = 6). Changes in T2* in the myocardium during stress were calculated. Peak coronary flow velocity was measured at rest and during stress using a breath‐hold phase contrast technique. Administration of dipyridamole induced a 124 ± 27% increase in coronary blood flow which resulted in a 46 ± 22% increase in T2*, consistent with a decrease in myocardial venous deoxyhemoglobin concentration as myocardial oxygen supply exceeds demand. In contrast, the administration of dobutamine resulted in a 41 ± 25% increase in coronary blood flow but no significant change in T2* (−5 ± 19%), consistent with a lack of change in myocardial venous deoxyhemoglobin concentration and balanced oxygen supply and demand. Thus, alterations in the relationship between myocardial oxygen supply and demand appear to be detectable using BOLD MRI.


This proposal seeks to understand how the local industry perceives and practices cloud computing in the UAE (United Arab Emirates) context. Despite global interest of cloud computing, no empirical study has yet examined this growing phenomenon in the UAE. Drawing from an institutional perspective, the proposal argues that the emergence of cloud computing will create isomorphic pressures and eventually urge, if not force, the local industry to reshape its IT service model. A mixed research methodology is proposed to first gain an in-depth understanding of issues faced by local companies and next survey collective perception and practice of cloud computing in the UAE as a whole. Potential implications for practitioners and researchers are discussed.


Human nervous system is capable of modifying motor commands in response to alterations in walking conditions. Previous research has shown that external perturbations that induce gait asymmetry can lead to adaptation in gait parameters. Such strategies have also been shown to temporarily restore gait symmetry in subjects with post stroke hemiparesis. This work aims to develop an experimental paradigm to induce gait asymmetry in human subjects by applying external asymmetric forces on the pelvis through the Tethered Pelvic Assist Device (TPAD). These external forces on the pelvis have the potential to influence the swing and the stance phases of both legs. Eight healthy subjects participated in the experiment where a higher resistive force was applied on the pelvis during the swing phase of the left leg as compared to the right leg. We hypothesized that such asymmetrically applied forces on the pelvis will lead to asymmetric adaptation in the human walking.


This article illustrates a variety of direct current and pulsed glow discharges obtained either in ambient or preheated (2000 K) air or nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. The images presented show that stable and diffuse discharges, with electron densities as high as 10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/, can be obtained at atmospheric pressure with no filamentation or constriction. Spectroscopic measurements confirm that these discharges are of the glow type.


Primairy Succession on coastal barrier islands was investigated using Chronosequences. During 200 years on Schiermonnikoog (The Netherlands), 65 years on Terschelling (The Netherlands) and 100 years on Skallingen (Denmark) vegetation changes were related to the N pool size in the top soil. The work which was done by 01ff (1992), was used in order to generalise the succession found on Schiermonnikoog for other coastal barrier islands. More than 7000 recordings of the plantspecies were taken. Only 144 soil samples for the N pool size •were possible, due to time constraints.
Therefore, the N poo1 size was related to the thickness of the clay layer, which could be measured much faster. This gives a linear relationship. The N pool size increases with increasing clay thickness. In order to explain variation in clay thickness, a response surface of the clay thickness dependent on the age of the marsh and the watercolumn was made. The total watercolumn above the ground (since the development of the salt marsh) was calculated by multiplying the watercolumn with the age of the salt marsh. It appeared, that the clay thickness showed a linear relationship with the total watercolumn.
On Terschelling the clay accumulation was more than twice as fast as on Schiermonnikoog and Skallingen. This could not be explained. Response surfaces of the different plant species were made, dependent on age and watercolumn. The use of dominance and the use of presence of plantspecies was compared.
There appeared to be no real difference between the two methods. With the use of presence, more species could be used, but with this method, it was less clear whether the abundance of species increased or decreased. Therefore the probability of dominance is also useful to describe succession.
Finally, it was difficult to generalise the response surfaces of schiermonnikoog for other coastal barrier islands. It became clear that the species distribution on Skallingen and Terschelling was comparable with the species distribution on Schiermonnikoog, but to generalise the succession on Schiermonnikoog, more data are necessary.


Palynological investigations aimed at reconstructing the vegetation history of the Grevena Province, northwestern Greece were conducted in association with an archaeological research project. Fossil pollen, spores, microscopic charcoal particles, and sediment stratigraphies of radiocarbon-dated sediment cores from three sites in pine, beech, and oak woodland zones provide evidence of climatic changes, land use, and erosion during the last 3500 years. Identification of pollen and spores was aided by an extensive reference collection of local species and construction of a pollen key modelled on that of Faegri & Iversen (1989). Extant vegetation units are characterized by their contemporary pollen assemblages. Surface samples collected along an elevational transect show that a fairly direct relationship exists between the major vegetation zones and pollen deposition: pine, beech, and oak pollen predominate in their respective zones. Over-representation of pine pollen is notable. The sequence from Gomara site in the pine wood-pasture zone at 1750 m asl covers the time span c. 1340 BC to 700 AD. A local open pine wood was gradually replaced by beech after c. 890 BC, perhaps through reduced disturbance and/or increased precipitation. A herbaceous pollen spike at c. 80 BC resulted from deposition of volcanic ash. Pine wood replaced beech at c. 330 AD. Two periods of accelerated erosion coincide with the pine wood phases and with anthropogenic burning and grazing. These periods are separated by a period of abandonment when the climate was probably wetter. The sequence from Anelia site in the beech wood zone at 1440 m asl spans c. 1560-1989 AD. The site was surrounded by beech wood for the duration of the sequence. Regional and local burning of vegetation is indicated by an abundance of microscopic charcoal particles from c. 1560 until c. 1730 AD, when it ceased. Periods of erosion occurred during this period. After c. 1730 AD a homogeneous peat formed on the wetland, suggesting a period of greater landscape stability. From pollen evidence, a variety of land-use practices such as cereal cultivation, grazing, coppicing, and lumbering were carried out in the vicinity of the site especially before c. 1730 AD, but these diminished after 1920 AD. The lower part of the sequence from Kellia site in the oak wood-steppe zone at 580 m asl is insecurely dated, but the upper part spans c. 1230-1989 AD. The lowlands were covered with deciduous/semi-evergreen oak woods for the duration of the sequence. Since c. 1230 AD land close to the site was intensively cultivated with a variety of cereals. Burning occurred frequently throughout the period. The ratio of deciduous to semi-evergreen oak pollen is correlated with temperature and indicates a decline from c. 1230-1680 AD, after which temperature increased, a pattern similar to that of the Little Ice Age. Frontispiece The cultural landscape of Grevena Province looking NE towards the Vourinos Mountains on the eastern border of Grevena, from a prominent hill about 1 1/4 km NW of the modern village of Itea. In the foreground is the stubble of a wheat field. Beyond is an 18th century church dedicated to Aghia Panaghia. The middle ground is the steppe oak wood pasture of Grevena plains. Recent erosion on the sides of gullies can be seen here, even though they appear to be well vegetated. Frescoes in the church are shown in the enlargement. It stands on a registered archaeological site, Grevena Project 108 (21 degrees 36.18' E, 40 degrees 04.29' N, 640 m asl) that covers more than 10,000 m2. Archaeological evidence dating to Early Iron Age, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, Early Medieval and Ottoman periods has been recorded.


We examine the wake of innovations in architecture and construction propelled by the adoption of digital three-dimensional (3D) representations. We examine IT induced innovations and their consequences as a path creation process within a network of professional communities involved in architect Frank Gehry's projects. We report the results of a retrospective case study of 3D representationenabled innovation during the design and construction of the Peter B. Lewis Building at Case Western Reserve University. Our analysis suggests that the consequences of a complex information technology innovation like the use of digital 3D representations cannot be adequately understood as a singular adoption event. Instead, a more holistic and integrated view of the innovation process is required. One that views innovation as a continuous path creation by multiple actors sharing practices and feedback across professional communities while they appropriate 3D representations. Information technology innovation involves multiple agents' mindful deviations from established paths of practices and resource use. We observe that the use of 3D representations breaks down the traditional loosely coupled system in construction that relied on two-dimensional (2D) representations to share information between different contractors. These representations essentially black-boxed and hid most information about how to build the building or how different parts of design interrelate with one another. To effectively adopt and appropriate the potential of 3D representations requires that traditionally isolated actors during design and construction need to be brought together in a tightly coupled system. This system is arranged around rich and complex boundary objects enabled by the digital 3D representations and their transformations.


Abstract Objectives To characterise the incidence and nature of medication errors during paediatric resuscitations. Design A prospective observational study of simulated emergencies. Setting Emergency department of a tertiary paediatric hospital. Participants Teams that included a clinician who commonly leads "real" resuscitations, at least two assisting physicians, and two or three paediatric nurses. Interventions The teams conducted eight mock resuscitations, including ordering medications. Exercises were videotaped and drugs ordered and administered during the resuscitation were recorded. Syringes and drugs prepared during the resuscitation were collected and analysed for concentrations and actual amounts. Main outcome measures Number and type of drug errors. Results Participants gave 125 orders for medications. In 21 (17%) of the orders the exact dose was not specified. Nine dosing errors occurred during the ordering phase. Of these errors, five were intercepted before the drug reached the patient. Four 10-fold errors were identified. In nine (16%) out of 58 syringes analysed, measured drug concentrations showed a deviation of at least 20% from the ordered dose. A large deviation (at least 50%) from the expected dose was found in four (7%) cases. Conclusions Medication errors commonly occur during all stages of paediatric resuscitation. Many errors could be detected only by analysing syringe content, suggesting that such errors may be a major source of morbidity and mortality in resuscitated children.


Previous studies have revealed significant changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) microstates in neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia, depression, and dementia. To explore the resting-state EEG microstate with amputation, we collected the EEG datasets from 15 patients with lower limb amputation and 20 healthy controls. Then, we analyzed the parameters of four classical EEG microstates (A-D) between the two groups. Specifically, the parameters were statistically analyzed, including duration, occurrence rate, time coverage, and transition rate. According to the results, the duration of microstate C (t = 2.95, p = 0.005) in the lower limb amputation group was significantly smaller compared with the control group, while the occurrence rate of microstate B (t = -2.22, p = 0.03) and D (t = -3.35, p = 0.002) were significantly larger in the lower limb amputation group. In addition, the transition rate of microstate differed significantly in AC, CA, DB between the two groups. Our results implied: (1) amputation has changed the resting-state EEG microstate; (2) EEG microstate analysis can be an approach to explore the alteration of cortical function.


Different techniques used to produce semi-solid alloys can result in different structures in the material and, therefore, in distinct rheological behaviours which determine its thixo-forming ability. Suitable raw materials to be used for SSM forming must present non-dendritic, very fine or fragmented structure in order to globularize without excessive agglomeration when re-heated to the semi-solid state. This work analyses the influence of raw material production route on the rheological behaviour of semi-solid A356 alloy. Techniques used were: electromagnetic stirring (EMS) and chemical ultra-refining (UR). Samples were re-heated to 580oC (~ 0.45 solid fraction) and hold for 0, 90 and 210s to allow the observation of the structure evolution. After structures characterization, the samples were submitted to compression tests, at δH/δt = 10mm/s, in the same temperature/holding time conditions. Viscosity of the differently prepared raw material was related to the grain size, primary particle size, geometrical factor (roundness shape factor and contiguity).


: The marketing/promotion concept for radiology services is a new and exciting challenge. Few departments have had the foresight to focus on the demand for change with this approach. The personal dialogue with physicians and the increased emphasis on the needs of the patient has resulted in more than 2,300 additional outpatient visits, since implementation in 1986, and will continue to reflect the excellence of Good Samaritan Hospital tradition.


Different metal complexes of the azole-based ligands have been synthesized and characterized based on the solubility, percentage yield, melting points and conductivity a well as the antimicrobial evaluations on the selected fungi species of plant pathogens. The studies revealed that solid metal complexes were soluble in 80% water and 20% (DMSO) dimethylsulphuroxide and the percentage yields were of appreciable high while the conductivity results showed that metal complexes were non-electrolytes. The solid complexes were also screened against the fungi species: Rhizoctonia solani,Pythium aphaindermatum,Rhizoctonia cerealis,Sclerotium rofisil ,Phyphotoria palmivora (causative agent of black pod diseases) and Benlate a commercial anti fungi agent (as control).The  results of the present studies confirmed that metal complexes had good inhibitory actions on the growth of the fungi species and metal complexes appeared to be more proactive on the tested organisms than the free ligands. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i4.9176 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 1(4): 258-265


The so-called 'traditional terms' have long been seen as problematic and argument continues about what precisely they might refer to. This article finds that there are essentially two different perspectives such that the notion of a 'part of speech' represents either a mental or a grammatical distinction, Accordingly, the problem with the traditional terms can be said to have arisen out of a conflation of these two perspectives. If we assume that the 'parts of speech' represent grammatical distinctions then the traditional terms are effectively meaningless, because from a grammatical perspective, the 'ports of speech' are not universal concepts. However, if we assume they represent mental distinctions then they would be best understood as notions that represent aspects of the world-view of people using them.


FLUTE, a new linac based test facility and THz source, is currently under construction at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in collaboration with DESY and PSI. With a repetition rate of 10 Hz, electron bunches with charges from 1 pC to 3 nC will be accelerated up to 40-50 MeV and then compressed longitudinally in a magnetic chicane to generate intense coherent THz radiation. Since the stability and repeatability of longitudinal bunch profiles are essential for optimum compression and THz radiation properties, simulation-based start-to-end error studies using the tracking code ASTRA have been performed to determine the influence of the machine elements on the bunches. Thus, critical parameters are identified and their respective tolerance ranges defined. In this contribution a summary of the error studies will be given.


Abstract This paper contests the traditional division of labor that confines theories of punishment to the domain of moral, or at the most, legal, theories, as if punishment did not pose a challenge to political theories as well. It is thus also an attempt to clarify the relationship between moral and political theory. After pointing out that despite the recent surge in interest in different aspects of deliberative democracy, its theorists have been silent on the question of punishment, the paper argues, concretely, that this is a silence that does not serve them well, and that can be made up by establishing links between a deliberative theory of democracy and a modified expressionist theory of punishment.


Fatigue life is often a design driver for the foundations of offshore wind turbines. A continuously monitored fatigue life can thus serve an important role in deciding over wind farm inspections, repowering or lifetime extension. As such it should be an integral part of any structural health monitoring system on offshore wind turbines' foundations. This paper introduces the OWI-lab fatigue monitoring strategy and uses data from three turbines, equipped with (optical) strain gauges, off the Belgian coast to illustrate the impact of environmental and operational conditions on the consumption of fatigue life. The final goal of the research to achieve a farm-wide fatigue assessment using a limited number of instrumented turbines. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/348


Introduction: The aim of current study was to compare on the effects of regular aerobic training intensities on PGC1- (cid:31) - dependent myokine serum changes and to evaluate lipid profile changes in sedentary obese men. Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine obese men with BMI > 27 were selected and were divided into three groups; group I carried out exercise training with 50-60% of maximum heart rate (Low intensity), group II with 70-80% of maximum heart rate (High intensity), and group III do not carried out exercise training (control group). All training groups carried out exercise training for 30 continuous sessions (3 sessions/per-week for 30 to 45 min per session). After initial assessments anthropometrical, VO2max and blood sampling), followed by 10 weeks of exercise training, post-intervention assessments were completed 24 hours after the last training session. Results: Findings were clarified that Irisin was significantly increased in the low intensity group (p=0.005), and increased by twenty-seven percent in high intensity group, difference however not statistically significant (p=0.08). Also, HDL-cholesterol significantly increased significantly in both groups (p<0.05), LDL to HDL-cholesterol ratio decreased significantly (p<0.05). In addition, there were significant relationships between some of the lipid and anthropometrical indices with Irisin (p<0.05). Conclusion: Both of the training interventions had a good effect on of Irisin changes and improvement of lipid profiles in obese subjects. Nevertheless, compared to other intensities, the effectiveness of low intensity training in these subjects was better. In addition, it seems that exercise training can ameliorate Irisin resistance.


+)-Sesamin is a major furofran-class lignan in sesame seeds and harbors characteristic two methylenedioxy bridges (MDB) that are sequentially formed from (+)-pinoresinol via (+)-piperitol by a Sesamum indicum P450, CYP81Q1. However, the molecular basis for this unique catalytic activity of CYP81Q1 has been poorly understood. To elucidate MDB formation, we tested various natural and non-natural metabolites as substrates for CYP81Q1. A synthetic (+)-SC1mr and a naturally occurring (+)-kobusin showed inhibitory effect on the production of (+)-sesamin by CYP81Q1 unlike (+)-epipinoresinol and (−)-pinoresinol, indicating the strict diastereomer and enantiomer selectivity. Homology modeling followed by site-directed mutagenesis of CYP81Q1 showed that an amino acid residue crucial for MDB formation is a unique Ala residue (A308), located in I-helix proximal to the substrate pocket, responsible to the conserved distal-Thr residue. MDB by CYP81Q1 is produced possibly through the formation of a substrate-participated hydrogen-bonding network, since single replacement of the Ala by Thr severely and specifically lowered the MDB forming activity. This hypothesis is supported by a newly identified MDB-forming enzyme CYP81Q38 from Phryma leptostachya harboring an Ala responsible to Ala308 in CYP81Q1. An evolutional perspective of CYP81Q1 is discussed in relation to another MDBforming CYP719As functionally conserved in Ranunculales.


Abstract The Bantimala Complex of South Sulawesi, Indonesia is an assemblage of northeast-dipping tectonically stacked slices. The slices consist mainly of high pressure metamorphic rocks, radiolarian chert, breccia, sandstone and shale, and melange. In order to understand the tectonic evolution of the Bantimala Complex, we have investigated the lithology, age, stratigraphy, structure and relationships of the components. The K-Ar ages of high P-low T metamorphic rocks suggest that an oceanic plate subducted beneath the Sundaland continent during the Late Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous. The subduction ceased during the Albian, and the high pressure schists were exhumed and eroded at the surface before and during the deposition of middle Cretaceous radiolarian chert. The exhumation of the schists was related to the collision of microcontinents derived from Gondwanaland. The Jurassic shallow marine sedimentary rocks in the Bantimala Complex are possibly remnant fragments of the collided microcontinent. Tectonic stacking of the Bantimala Complex was caused by Neogene subduction and collision of another continental fragment further to the east.