Experiments with the Rocky 7 rover were performed in the Mojave Desert to better understand how to conduct rover-based, long-distance (kilometers) geological traverses on Mars. The rover was equipped with stereo imaging systems for remote sensing science and hazard avoidance and 57Fe Mossbauer and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers for in situ determination of mineralogy of unprepared rock and soil surfaces. Laboratory data were also obtained using the spectrometers and an X ray diffraction (XRD)/XRF instrument for unprepared samples collected from the rover sites. Simulated orbital and descent image data assembled for the test sites were found to be critical for assessing the geologic setting, formulating hypotheses to be tested with rover observations, planning traverses, locating the rover, and providing a regional context for interpretation of rover-based observations. Analyses of remote sensing and in situ observations acquired by the rover confirmed inferences made from orbital and simulated descent images that the Sunshine Volcanic Field is composed of basalt flows. Rover data confirmed the idea that Lavic Lake is a recharge playa and that an alluvial fan composed of sediments with felsic compositions has prograded onto the playa. Rover-based discoveries include the inference that the basalt flows are mantled with aeolian sediment and covered with a dense pavement of varnished basalt cobbles. Results demonstrate that the combination of rover remote sensing and in situ analytical observations will significantly increase our understanding of Mars and provide key connecting links between orbital and descent data and analyses of returned samples.


This study investigates the accuracy of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models to predict heat transfer in turbulent separated flows at low Reynolds numbers. This article will focus on flow in a staggered tube bank, while its companion articular will focus on a square prism (cylinder) in cross flow. Experimental data for both local heat transfer and velocity profiles are available for these cases and have been used extensively in the literature to evaluate various CFD methods. Six unsteady models were used and the results show that the unsteady shear stress transport (SST) model provided good overall accuracy relative to the mean Nusselt number for both cases. However, the SST model failed to accurately predict local variations. The partially averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) variant of the SST model did show a marked improvement over the baseline SST model. The dynamic Smagorinsky large eddy simulation (LES) showed a much-improved fidelity to the local Nusselt number but unpredicted the actual values. The computational cost for the LES model was significant and it was found that the computationally expensive models with higher degrees of resolved turbulence did not necessarily return better results. Finally, the pressure drop results for the six models were scaled to predict the mean Nusselt number with the generalized Leveque method and were found to be very accurate. This method should prove useful to predict heat transfer performance with computationally less expensive cold flow results.


Chemical dormancy breakers are often used to manipulate floral bud break in sweet cherry production, and their use is increasing due to unpredictable climate effects. The role of plant hormones in regulating the critical transition of floral buds from dormant to opening in deciduous trees is now emerging. By monitoring changes in endogenous hormone levels within floral buds that are undergoing the transition from dormant to the growing state in response to various cues (environmental and/or chemical inducers), we can begin to distinguish the plant hormones that are the drivers of this process. This study sought to identify key hormonal regulators of floral bud break using sweet cherry as a model and modifying timing of bud break through the application of two chemical dormancy breakers, hydrogen cyanamide (HC, Dormex®) and emulsified vegetable oil compound (EVOC, Waiken®), and to determine the effect of these chemicals on fruit growth and quality. Treatments were applied at label rates 35–40 days before estimated bud break. We found that HC-treated tree buds broke earlier, and this was associated with a significant early elevation of the cytokinins dihydrozeatin and dihydrozeatin riboside compared to the control and EVOC-treated tree buds. In contrast, changes in auxin and abscisic acid content did not appear to explain the hastened bud burst induced by hydrogen cyanamide. While HC-treated trees resulted in larger fruit, there was a higher incidence of cracked fruit and the pack-out of A-grade fruit was reduced. The increase in fruit size was attributed to the earlier flowering and hence longer growing period. Harvest assessment of fruit quality showed no treatment effect on most quality parameters, including fruit dry matter content, total soluble solids or malic acid content, but a reduction in fruit compression firmness and stem pull force in EVOC-treated trees was observed. However, all fruit still met the Australian industry fruit quality export market standards. This study offers important insights into bud hormonal activities underpinning the action of these chemical regulators; understanding bud responses is critically important to ensuring consistent and sustainable fruit tree production systems into the future. It also demonstrates that the dormancy-breaking agents HC and EVOC have no detrimental impact on fruit quality at harvest or following storage, however growers need to be aware of the potential for increased fruit cracking when earlier bud break results in a longer growing season which has the potential to increase fruit size. Further studies are required to determine the role of gibberellin in hastening bud break by dormancy breakers.


Chronic and extensive exposure of ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation causes human skin sunburn, inflammation, or photoaging, which is associated with downregulated collagen synthesis. This study investigated the effects of fermented blackberry (Rubus fruticosus B., FBB) by Lactobacillus plantarum JBMI F5 (LP) on UVB-induced photoaging in human foreskin fibroblast (Hs68) as well as in SKH-1 hairless mice. FBB pretreatment inhibited UVB-mediated type-1 procollagen degradation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-2 protein expression, and suppressed nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in Hs68. In addition, FBB administration diminished the wrinkle formation in dorsal skin and epidermal thickening in UVB-irradiated hairless mice. Moreover, UVB-induced Type-1 procollagen reduction and antioxidant enzyme inactivation were reversed by FBB administration. These results suggest that FBB may have antiphotoaging effects on UVB-induced wrinkle formation by maintaining the extracellular matrix density in the dermis, which occurs via regulation of reactive oxygen species and related MAPK and NF-κB signaling. Therefore, FBB can be a potential candidate for protecting skin aging against UV irradiation.


Abstract Background: Discussions of gambling have traditionally focused on ideas of "problem" and "responsible" gambling. However, few studies have examined how Institutions attempt to exert social control over gamblers in order to promote so-called "responsible" behaviour. In this study, we examine the way "problem" and "responsible" gambling are discussed by Australian governments and the gambling industry, using a theoretical framework based on the work of Foucault. Method: We conducted a thematic analysis of discourses surrounding problem and responsible gambling in government and gambling industry websites, television campaigns and responsible gambling materials. Results: Documents distinguished between gambling, which was positive for the community, and problem gambling, which was portrayed as harmful and requiring medical intervention. The need for responsible gambling was emphasised in many of the documents, and reinforced by mechanisms including self-monitoring, self-control and surveillance of gamblers. Conclusions: Government and industry expect gamblers to behave "responsibly", and are heavily influenced by neoliberal ideas of rational, controlled subjects in their conceptualisation of what constitutes "responsible behaviour". As a consequence, problem gamblers become constructed as a deviant group. This may have significant consequences for problem gamblers, such as the creation of stigma.


It is a common knowledge that illegal fishing which includes use of wrong gears, explosives, excessive exploitation of choice stocks, enhancement and stocking of water body and pollution has devastating effects on the critical biomass of fish biodiversity and livelihood activities associated with fishing. Efforts worldwide to arrest these menace are significant because it has been found that illegal fishing has made fishing non sustainable, resulted in poor fishermen catches, and exacerbated the use of illegal gears in an effort to a must catch. Conflict between fisher folk and policies has continued to generate different strategies in the control of illegal fishing. Some of these strategies at regional and National levels include creation and implementation of fisheries laws, fishing edicts, code of conduct for responsible fisheries, policing of inland water bodies, capacity building and capability through training of fishermen, creating necessary awareness, arrest and punishment of offenders. There are also other initiative on conservation and management of freshwater ecosystems which have interrelation with illegal fishing. This paper examines efforts in promoting and boosting the fisheries of Lake Kainji, through creating necessary awareness, campaign visits, radio programmes, gear control, reward systems, integration and diversification of livelihood activities, community based management and policing. It further analyses what is working, problems, and prospect of fisheries laws, the need to integrate factors of political policies, other global initiative on water management for people and nature. Recommendations on strategies including protection of fishing grounds, establishment of catch data base, integration of other intervention as alternative source of income to enhance livelihood, reduce fishing pressure, and capacity building of fisher folks, development of rules and regulations that is community based are highlighted.


Mukundpura is a carbonaceous chondrite (CM2) recently fell in Rajasthan, India (June 6, 2017). A typical fine– grained, clast–dominant matrix contains a few isolated forsterite and FeO–rich olivine grains. In this study, forsterite–rich olivines were investigated using color cathodoluminescence (CL) and Raman spectroscopy in order to explain the primitive stages of asteroidal aqueous alteration. Isolated forsterite (Fo99) in Mukundpura emits bright CL of varying color and shows CL zonation in different patterns accounting the structural defects and chemical inhomogeneity. Blue luminescence (also distinguished by enriched CaO and TiO2) is common in cores of the relict forsterite attributing refractory nature of the olivine. Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) line scan across the CL–active forsterite grains shows minor elements zonation especially for activator elements and thus provides a correlation of color of the emitted luminescence with diffusible ions. The red CL zonation (also characterized by enriched FeO, Cr2O3, and MnO content) is common along the majority of forsterite rims suggesting aqueous activity in the parent asteroid. The strongest doublet Raman peaks corresponding to 821 and 854 cm−1 are due to SiO4 tetrahedral vibrational modes, and other peaks are often related to infer pure crystalline state of the forsterite. Thus, a combination of CL imaging and Raman spectroscopy is useful to explain the chemical–structural properties of luminescent pure forsterite and also helps in understanding the aqueous alteration of CM chondrite.


Abstract A data set derived from the United States Historical Climate Network has been compared to two global land-based temperature data sets that have been commonly cited in connection with the detection of the greenhouse effect and in other studies of climate change. Results indicate that in the United States the two global land-based temperature data sets have an urban bias between +6.1°C and +0.4°C over the twentieth century (1901–84). This bias is as large or larger than the overall temperature trend in the United States during this time period, +0.16°C/84 yr. Temperature trends indicate an increasing temperature from the turn of the century to the 1930s but a decrease thereafter. By comparison, the global temperature trends during the same period are between +0.4°C/84 yr and +0.6°C/84 yr. At this time, we can only speculate on the magnitude of the urban bias in the global land-based data sets for other parts of the globe, but the magnitude of the bias in the United States compared to the overall te...


Coastal configuration depends upon the equilibrium between available sediment budget and prevailing nearshore wave and current conditions. Human activities often disturb this natural equilibrium by altering the sources of beach material and littoral drift pattern. In the coastal zone of NW Peloponnese, an essentially tideless environment, the oblique approach of wind-induced waves implies an overall longshore drift from east to west. On an annual basis, the potential longshore sediment transport rates at the different sections of the study area (Kato Achaia) is estimated to vary between 0.02 10-3 m3/s and 5 103 m3/s and to fluctuate seasonally. The construction of a port and the extraction of aggregates from the R. Peiros have changed significantly the pattern of sediment transport inducing dramatic changes on coastline configuration; thus, the part of the coastline west to the port had retreated as much as 70 m eliminating a touristic beach, while the entrance of the port was silted inhibiting navigation. Coastal engineering measures, such as modification of port-breakwaters and construction of groins have had only minimal contribution in beach recovery. Hence, coastal management plans should consider this dynamic equilibrium and protect the natural coastal system from the arbitrary human activities.


We describe a new system and method for collecting coordinated occultation observations of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). Occultations by objects in the outer solar system are more difficult to predict due to their large distance and limited span of the astrometric data used to determine their orbits and positions. This project brings together the research and educational community into a unique citizen-science partnership to overcome the difficulties of observing these distant objects. The goal of the project is to get sizes and shapes for TNOs with diameters larger than 100 km. As a result of the system design it will also serve as a probe for binary systems with spatial separations as small as contact systems. Traditional occultation efforts strive to get a prediction sufficiently good to place mobile ground stations in the shadow track. Our system takes a new approach of setting up a large number of fixed observing stations and letting the shadows come to the network. The nominal spacing of the stations is 50 km so that we ensure two chords at our limiting size. The spread of the network is roughly 2000 km along a roughly north–south line in the western United States. The network contains 56 stations that are committed to the project and we get additional ad hoc support from International Occultation Timing Association members. At our minimum size, two stations will record an event while the other stations will be probing the inner regions for secondary events. Larger objects will get more chords and will allow determination of shape profiles. The stations are almost exclusively sited and associated with schools, usually at the 9–12 grade level. We present a full description of the system we have developed for the continued exploration of the Kuiper Belt.


ABSTRACT In the low-G+C-content Gram-positive bacteria, resistance to antimicrobial peptides is often mediated by so-called resistance modules. These consist of a two-component system and an ATP-binding cassette transporter and are characterized by an unusual mode of signal transduction where the transporter acts as a sensor of antimicrobial peptides, because the histidine kinase alone cannot detect the substrates directly. Thus, the transporters fulfill a dual function as sensors and detoxification systems to confer resistance, but the mechanistic details of these processes are unknown. The paradigm and best-understood example for this is the BceRS-BceAB module of Bacillus subtilis, which mediates resistance to bacitracin, mersacidin, and actagardine. Using a random mutagenesis approach, we here show that mutations that affect specific functions of the transporter BceAB are primarily found in the C-terminal region of the permease, BceB, particularly in the eighth transmembrane helix. Further, we show that while signaling and resistance are functionally interconnected, several mutations could be identified that strongly affected one activity of the transporter but had only minor effects on the other. Thus, a partial genetic separation of the two properties could be achieved by single amino acid replacements, providing first insights into the signaling mechanism of these unusual modules.


Diabetes milieu is a complex metabolic disease that has been known to associate with high risk of various neurological disorders. Hyperglycemia in diabetes could dramatically increase neuronal glucose levels which leads to neuronal damage, a phenomenon referred to as glucose neurotoxicity. On the other hand, the impact of hyperglycemia on astrocytes has been less explored. Astrocytes play important roles in brain energy metabolism through neuron-astrocyte coupling. As the component of blood brain barrier, glucose might be primarily transported into astrocytes, hence, impose direct impact on astrocyte metabolism and function. In the present study, we determined the effect of high glucose on the energy metabolism and function of primary astrocytes. Hyperglycemia level glucose (25 mM) induced cell cycle arrest and inhibited proliferation and migration of primary astrocytes. Consistently, high glucose decreased cyclin D1 and D3 expression. High glucose enhanced glycolytic metabolism, increased ATP and glycogen content in primary astrocytes. In addition, high glucose activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway in astrocytes. In summary, our in vitro study indicated that hyperglycemia might impact astrocyte energy metabolism and function phenotype. Our study provides a potential mechanism which may underlie the diabetic cerebral neuropathy and warrant further in vivo study to determine the effect of hyperglycemia on astrocyte metabolism and function.


We present a novel technique for encoding and decoding constant weight binary vectors that uses a geometric interpretation of the codebook. Our technique is based on embedding the codebook in a Euclidean space of dimension equal to the weight of the code. The encoder and decoder mappings are then interpreted as a bijection between a certain hyper-rectangle and a polytope in this Euclidean space. An inductive dissection algorithm is developed for constructing such a bijection. We prove that the algorithm is correct and then analyze its complexity. The complexity depends on the weight of the vector, rather than on the block length as in other algorithms. This approach is advantageous when the weight is smaller than the square root of the block length.


Benzoxazine resin, a new type of phenolic resin, has many advantages such as strong molecular design, no small With the continuous development of social information and modernization, the deepening of medical technology in the social status and role is also more and more important. The digitization and visualization of medical science and technology provide great convenience for the reading and access of clinical information. At the same time, it also improves the efficiency and accuracy of information reading and access. In addition, as China's population continues to proliferate, various traffic accidents are appalling, and serious consequences such as chest trauma and head trauma are also common in hospital emergency cases. Patients with pulmonary laceration need CT timely diagnosis and repair of the pulmonary pleural rupture, if not timely and accurate judgments will seriously endanger the safety of patients. To explore the performance of multi-slice spiral CT in pulmonary laceration and its application value, aim to improve the accuracy of CT dynamic observation of disease changes, improve the medical diagnosis technology and reduce the mortality rate of patients. For patients with pulmonary laceration, the diagnosis of rapid and effective, review, you can avoid missed or misdiagnosed, rest assured. And multi-slice spiral CT in the early diagnosis, multi-slice spiral CT used in clinical examination or diagnosis, the effect of great reference value, it is worth promoting the use.


Equilibrium segregation of sulfur to the free surface of single crystalline titanium from 560°C to 800°C was investigated using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) measurements. To describe the concentration evolution in the sulfur overlayer, Fick's first law was modified by adding a local function dx x df / ) ( to the concentration gradient to drive the segregation starting from an initially homogeneous distribution. The diffusion equation thus derived was solved for the case ) / exp( ) ( s s d x a x f − = . It was found that the solution leads to an AES intensity evolution for segregants, ) ) ( 1 ( ) ( α erfc e I t I S S − = ∞ , 2 / s d Dt = α , which fits the experimental results extremely well. An exponentially decaying distribution of sulfur beneath the titanium surface at equilibrium was revealed by sputter depth profiling, which in turn justifies our modification to the Fick's first law. Without referring to the detailed kinetics, an activation energy atom meV Ea / 718 = was determined by comparing the sulfur concentration evolution at different temperatures.


Studies on religion in philosophy and the human sciences have been focusing increasingly on the relationship between religion and media. In much of this work, a key concern has been to understand what constitutes mediation and, concomitantly, the lure of immediacy that drives some types of religiosity. In this essay, I link Alain Badiou's philosophy to this concern, examining in particular how his approach to number and appreciation for Saint Paul are fueled by a similar lure of immediacy. To illustrate this claim, I juxtapose Badiou's work to the ways in which nineteenth-century British evangelicals (who had their own, distinct reverence for Paul) used numbers and statistics to imagine what we might understand today as a "global Christianity."


Abstract While the public nature of investment treaty arbitration has been increasingly recognized, its procedures are modelled on those of international commercial arbitration. This creates a gap between (public) substance and (private) procedure in investment treaty arbitration. Against this background, this article examines the increasing acceptance of amicus curiae submissions in investment treaty arbitration. It argues that investment treaty arbitration tribunals should make effective use of amicus curiae submissions in order to include neglected perspectives of the issues raised in arbitration, which may bridge this public/private gap.


Preparing all youth for the transition to adult-oriented care, adulthood itself, and a greater responsibility for their own health and health-care is an essential part of pediatric care. This process, typically described as health-care transition, can occur throughout ongoing pediatric health-care to prepare patients for transfer to an adult clinician and integration into adult care. Gaps remain in practice and in outcomes research regarding health-care transition. This review discusses recent literature, details best practices, and recommends guidance and tools to assist pediatric clinicians in providing a smooth transition process and a successful transfer to adult care for youth with and without special health-care needs.


Decentralized, cooperative and large-scale distributed storage systems that consist of a cluster of storage nodes attached with local disks can deliver high resource utilization, high availability and easy scalability. Therefore they become a cost-effective solution. High availability with node failures, strong data consistency, flexible expandability and high I/O throughput are still important challenges in the face of the system design. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a LAN-based decentralized storage cluster built upon off-the-shelf commodity components. It employs replication and erasure-codes to provide high reliability and automatic failure recovery, adapts versioning to achieve single-file serializability and replicas consistency, supports data migration scheme to balance I/O workload and storage utilization, and provides global unified content cache to optimize memory-to-disk policy. We also present the experiment results to demonstrate the features and performance of our design


As a response to real or imagined subordination, popular culture reflects the everyday experience of ordinary people and has the capacity to subvert the hegemonic order. Drawing on central theoretical approaches in the field of critical disability studies, this book examines disability across a number of internationally recognised texts and objects from popular culture, including film, television, magazines and advertising campaigns, children's toys, music videos, sport and online spaces, to attend to the social and cultural construction of disability. While acknowledging that disability features in popular culture in ways that reinforce stereotypes and stigmatise, Disability and Popular Culture celebrates and complicates the increasing visibility of disability in popular culture, showing how popular culture can focus passion, create community and express defiance in the context of disability and social change. Covering a broad range of concerns that lie at the intersection of disability and cultural studies, including media representation, identity, the beauty myth, aesthetics, ableism, new media and sport, this book will appeal to scholars and students interested in the critical analysis of popular culture, across disciplines such as disability studies, sociology and cultural and media studies.


Parents often utter verbs when their referents are not co-present. We therefore ask whether toddlers can discover a verb's meaning from its argument structure alone. Toddlers (21-months) heard a novel verb in either transitive or intransitive sentences. They then viewed two test scenes, a causative and a synchronous event, and heard, "Find dacking!" Within 2.5s of the novel verb's onset, toddlers who had heard transitive sentences reliably preferred the causative scene. The results (1) indicate that 21-month-olds discover verb meaning using argument structure cues, even absent a co-occurring event, and (2) establish the time-course with which 21-month-olds process novel verbs.


In recent decades, the usages of robots in variety of industries have been increased. Self-directed robots have appeared in human lives, specifically, in the areas related to the lives of elderly. The population of old people is significantly growing worldwide. Therefore, there the demand for personal care robots is increasing. The aim of this demand is to enhance the opportunity of mobility and promote independence. In the future, robots care will be in very near contact with people lives. But, what caring roles will robots have at home in the future before old persons? It depends not only on the kinds of robots but also those facets of ageing which are discussed in the paper. This article probes the part and function of robots care in the lifecycle of older adults. It contemplates on the advantages and disadvantages of robots application in human life.


In this work, we focus on the uplink (UL) of a single-cell large-scale multi-user MIMO system where $K$ mono-antenna users communicate with a BS equipped with 𝒩 antennas. This latter estimates the Ricean correlated channels based on training symbols and uses maximum-ratio- combining or linear-minimum-mean-square-error receivers for signal processing. Assuming a fixed number of users with an asymptotic antenna regime, we derive closed-form approximations of the achievable UL rates as a function of the system's parameters, the Ricean factors and the training sequence's length. Accordingly, these expressions are instructive in how the aforementioned parameters impact the performances. Plus, a different processing approach using only the statistics of the channels is investigated and found to be a judicious choice when the Ricean factor is high enough. Although our analytical results are based on a large antenna-limit, we show by simulations that they provide very accurate approximations even for finite system dimensions.


Early life adversity increases the risk of mental disorders later in life. Chronic early life stress may alter neurotrophic factor gene expression including those for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) that are important in neuronal growth, survival, and maintenance. Maternal separation was used in this study to model early life stress. Following unilateral injection of a mild dose of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), we measured corticosterone (CORT) in the blood and striatum of stressed and nonstressed rats; we also measured DNA methylation and BDNF and GDNF gene expression in the striatum using real time PCR. In the presence of stress, we found that there was increased corticosterone concentration in both blood and striatal tissue. Further to this, we found higher DNA methylation and decreased neurotrophic factor gene expression. 6-OHDA lesion increased neurotrophic factor gene expression in both stressed and nonstressed rats but this increase was higher in the nonstressed rats. Our results suggest that exposure to early postnatal stress increases corticosterone concentration which leads to increased DNA methylation. This effect results in decreased BDNF and GDNF gene expression in the striatum leading to decreased protection against subsequent insults later in life.


Combining data from several sources, we build a database of home values, the cost of housing structures, and residential land values for 46 large US metropolitan areas from 1984 to 2004. Our analysis of these new data reveal that since the mid-1980s residential land values have appreciated over a much wider range of cities than is commonly believed. And, since 1998, almost all large US cities have seen significant increases in real residential land prices. Averaging across the cities in our sample, by year-end 2004, the value of residential land accounted for about 50 percent of the total market value of housing, up from 32 percent in 1984. An implication of our results is that housing is much more land intensive than it used to be, meaning that the future course of home prices--the average rate of appreciation and volatility--is likely to be determined even more by demand factors than was the case even ten or twenty years ago.


Why do people choose the careers they do? What factors cause people to be satisfied with their work? No single work did more to make concepts like motive, goal incentive, and attitude part of the workplace vocabulary. This landmark work, originally published in 1964, integrates the work of hundreds of researchers in individual workplace behavior to explain choice of work, job satisfaction, and job performance. Includes an extensive new introduction that highlights and updates his model for current organization behavior educators and students, as well as professionals who must extract the highest levels of productivity from today's downsized workforces.


AIM
This paper is a report of a study examining the experience of adults with cystic fibrosis in adapting to the diagnosis of diabetes, a second chronic illness.

BACKGROUND
Diabetes is a common complication of cystic fibrosis; the onset signifies the development of a second chronic illness. Both cystic fibrosis and diabetes are complex conditions, which require daily treatment schedules as part of their management. However, it is unclear how people already living with cystic fibrosis respond to the diagnosis of diabetes.

METHOD
A qualitative method was chosen to obtain an 'insider' experience of adjusting to a second chronic illness. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2004 with 22 adults with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. The data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.

FINDINGS
Four recurring themes were identified: emotional response to diagnosis of diabetes, looking for an understanding, learning to live with diabetes, and limiting the impact of diagnosis. Having cystic fibrosis appeared helpful in limiting the impact of the diagnosis of diabetes. Juggling conflicting dietary demands of cystic fibrosis and diabetes coupled with the lack of practical professional advice available was seen as one of the biggest challenges in adapting to diabetes.

CONCLUSION
Healthcare professionals need increased awareness of diabetes amongst adults with cystic fibrosis and provide adequate support and structured evidence-based education throughout the course of the illness, particularly in relation to diet. Nevertheless, patients' familiarity with regular daily routines and problem-solving attitudes, already developed in the context of cystic fibrosis, may be drawn on to limit the impact of diabetes.


The mean sliding friction factor was derived in the mixed elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication state, which contains the complete elasto-hydrodynamic and boundary lubrication synchronously. Based on the geometry and load contact characteristics of spiral bevel gears, the power loss from sliding friction of each point on the long axis of the instantaneous contact ellipse was calculated. Meanwhile, the function of sliding friction power loss in a mesh cycle was established. The meshing efficiency was obtained by integrating the above function. In addition, the meshing efficiency was increased through optimizing the contact parameters. The validity and superiority of the algorithm was demonstrated with analyzing an example.


This dissertation is on Cemal Pasha's Governorate in Syria during WWI. The aim is to explore the military, social and political reasons behind his existence in Syria. The outbreak of the WWI signified a new period in the history of Ottoman Syria and gave an occasion to the Ottoman Government to save themselves from all kinds of foreign influences and to assert state authority over Ottoman citizens in Greater Syria. With this motivation, the third man of the ruling party, the CUP, was sent to Syria to establish the state's authority there, and to organize an expedition against Egypt to liberate it from the ''British yoke''. This dissertation elaborates Cemal's preparations for an expedition against Egypt and his activities to remove all the intermediaries between state and its citizens in Syria, examining all the influential groups such as the Arabists, the Zionists and the Christians.


Agricultural development through settlement schemes on desert lands has always raised acute debates, especially over environmental issues due to cultivation based on intensive additions of water and fertilizers. However, nutrient cycling approaches at the farm level are generally based on apparent N flows, i.e., purchased inputs and sold products, without considering nutrient flows driven by mobile herds crossing the arable lands of sedentary farmers. Through a territory level approach, the present study aimed to assess the contribution of mobile pastoral herds located in the newly reclaimed land on the western desert edge of the Nile Delta on the supply of the manure for local sedentary farms. Based on a survey of 175 farmers, we calculated the partial farm nitrogen balances. Supplemental interviews were conducted with the pastoral community to assess the additional manure coming from grazing practices in the research area. The results show that the sedentary mixed crop-livestock systems based on the planting of Trifolium alexandrinum and a manure supply make a useful contribution toward converting poor, marginal soil into fertile soil. Moreover, grazing of crop residue by pastoral herds on the reclaimed land contributes to social sustainability by maintaining social links between the first occupants, the Bedouins, and the new settlers. Grazing accounts for 9% to 34% of farm-level N input and 25% to 64% of farm-level N output depending on the village and the cropping system. This contribution calls for different rural policies that consider the complementarity between pastoral herders and sedentary farmers that supports both systems' social and environmental sustainability.


Many of our daily behaviors and social interactions revolve around seeking and obtaining food. While adaptive ingestive behaviors not only support our physical health, consuming our favorite meals has the added benefit of being highly enjoyable, and ensures that we will devote our attention to obtaining preferred foods in the future. Feeding behaviors are highly complex as they not only rely on a distributed network of neurons to orchestrate these important processes, but they also require satiety signaling hormones from the periphery which act within the brain on discrete populations of cells to regulate neuronal activity that initiates and controls food intake (Figlewicz & Sipols, 2010). These neuronal circuits, many of which are composed of neurons within limbic brain regions such as the hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area, act in concert to promote and reinforce food seeking (Kenny, 2011). Furthermore, understanding how satiety signals alter neuronal function is of high clinical importance given the growing obesity epidemic throughout the world (James et al., 2001). In this issue of EJN, Mebel and colleagues demonstrate that one critical satiety signal, insulin, directly suppresses ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurotransmission – a key component in reward processing. Insulin, which is released from the pancreas in response to food intake, enters the bloodstream and through active transport reaches the brain (Woods et al., 2003). VTA dopamine neurons express insulin receptors (Figlewicz et al., 2003) that may act to regulate dopamine neuronal activity and subsequent release, although functional data linking insulin signaling in the VTA to alterations in neurotransmission have been lacking. In the current study, the authors used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to monitor somato-dendritic dopamine release from VTA neurons in response to exogenous insulin in live brain slices. Insulin dose-dependently reduced evoked dopamine release, which was dependent on phosphoinositol 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. Importantly, when these experiments where conducted in mice lacking the dopamine transporter (DAT) or in the presence of a DAT inhibitor, insulin failed to reduce dopamine release, suggesting that insulin-mediated signaling may increase the expression or activity of DAT, which would lead to enhanced clearance of released dopamine. To complement the slice physiology experiments and to provide validity of this mechanism of insulin to suppress dopamine signaling, the authors also demonstrated that intra-VTA insulin administration could reduce food intake of a palatable high-fat food in sated animals. These data provide a compelling mechanism by which satiety signaling hormones such as insulin can regulate brain reward circuitry. By directly regulating the activity of neuronal circuits involved in reward processing, satiety-signaling hormones are probably providing important feedback to regulate motivated behaviors directed at obtaining food. Given the high costs that eating disorders and obesity exact on society, further investigation of the neural mechanism by which satiety signals can regulate reward-related behaviors is of critical importance.


Several conventional methods for treatment of soil are available for engineers. The most widely used method includes solution/grout, but they alter the ground pH level and could be toxic. In order to avoid the potential environmental harms and make use of naturally occurring microorganisms, biological methods to improve the engineering properties of soils have been intensely studied. This article presents the results of a research project in which Sporosarcina pasteurii (formerly known as Bacillus pasteurii) was used to induce biological cementation in loose sand medium. The bacteria was injected into sand, which led to the development of cementation (calcium carbonate crystal) between sand grains. The calcification was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).


Introduction The eukaryotic cell contains membrane-bound organelles with distinct functionality and composition. Preservation of organelle identity depends on the highly selective transfer of proteins and lipids between compartments. Central to this are transport carriers called vesicles. Mechanisms are required not only for the selective incorporation of specific cargos into vesicles as they bud off a donor organelle, but also for the correct delivery to an acceptor organelle. SNARE proteins on the vesicle and destination organelle drive membrane fusion after arrival and have been implicated in contributing to specificity in choice of organelle. However, upstream of the fusion step, a process called tethering is thought to initially attach the vesicle to the destination organelle and then bring it close to allow the SNARE proteins on opposite membranes to interact. The importance of tethering in conferring specificity to membrane traffic is currently unclear. Golgins are sufficient to capture specific classes of vesicle. We hypothesized that if the golgins tether vesicles destined for the Golgi, then their relocation to mitochondria should result in ectopic capture of specific classes of vesicle. Immunofluorescence demonstrates that the presence of a single golgin on mitochondria results in the ectopic capture of a specific cargo. Electron microscopy reveals that vesicle s accumulate around these mitochondria. Rationale To study the contribution of tethering to specificity in membrane trafficking, we focused on the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi complex is a multicompartment organelle at the intersection of secretory and endocytic trafficking pathways and so receives vesicles from a range of destinations. A family of well-conserved large coiled-coil proteins on the Golgi, the golgins, have been suggested to function as vesicle tethers at the Golgi. However, mild phenotypes of golgin mutants have presented a challenge for elucidating their in vivo roles. We thus used a relocation strategy to test for their sufficiency rather than necessity in vesicle tethering. Ten mammalian golgins that are conserved outside of vertebrates and found on different regions of the Golgi were ectopically expressed at the mitochondria through attachment to a mitochondrial transmembrane domain in place of their C-terminal Golgi targeting domain. We then used the distribution of cargo-laden vesicles originating from different locations as a readout for the golgins' tethering activity. Results We demonstrate that subsets of golgins are capable of redirecting particular endogenous or exogenous cargo destined for the Golgi to an ectopic site, the mitochondria. Specifically, golgin-97, golgin-245, and GCC88 were able to capture endosome-to- Golgi cargos; GM130 and GMAP210 were able to capture endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–to-Golgi cargos; and golgin-84, TMF, and GMAP210 were able to capture Golgi resident proteins. Furthermore, electron microscopy yielded ultrastructural evidence for the accumulation of vesicular membranes around mitochondria decorated with specific golgins. These data suggest that not only do the golgins capture vesicles, but they also exhibit specificity toward vesicles of different origins—from the endosomes, from the ER, or from within the Golgi itself. Conclusion We have been able to demonstrate that relocation of specific golgins is sufficient to reroute specific classes of transport vesicles to an ectopic site. Thus, most golgins are sufficient to nucleate a specific tethering process, and hence they are likely to make a major contribution to the specificity of vesicle traffic arriving at the Golgi. In addition, this relocation system may be a useful tool for isolating specific transport vesicles that are normally short-lived, hence providing a route to further understanding of specificity in membrane traffic. You've got to pick a Golgi tether or two The inside of the cell contains a large variety of different membrane transport vesicles, each of which needs to find and fuse with its correct target destination. The detailed mechanism specifying which vesicle can fuse with which target membrane has been the subject of an enormous amount of research. An additional layer of specificity in intracellular membrane trafficking across the Golgi complex is thought to involve particular membrane "tethers." However, the importance of these tethers has been unclear. Wong and Munro used a clever trick to reveal how specific tethers can indeed ensure correct vesicle destination. Tether proteins experimentally expressed on mitochondria hijacked different transport vesicles and diverted them from their normal destination to the mitochondria. Science, this issue 10.1126/science.1256898 Specific proteins can tether and distinguish between specific intracellular transport vesicles in vivo. The Golgi apparatus is a multicompartment central sorting station at the intersection of secretory and endocytic vesicular traffic. The mechanisms that permit cargo-loaded transport vesicles from different origins to selectively access different Golgi compartments are incompletely understood. We developed a rerouting and capture assay to investigate systematically the vesicle-tethering activities of 10 widely conserved golgin coiled-coil proteins. We find that subsets of golgins with distinct localizations on the Golgi surface have capture activities toward vesicles of different origins. These findings demonstrate that golgins act as tethers in vivo, and hence the specificity we find to be encoded in this tethering is likely to make a major contribution to the organization of membrane traffic at the Golgi apparatus.


This paper suggests that we need to change the management strategy of territory to prevent harmful event and natural disasters. We need to move from an "emergency management" to a "preventive management" that tends to preserve the characteristics and potential of the areas. The paper shows in concrete several examples and schemes of the best practices of Sustainable Management and Promotion of Territory–SMPT which can drive toward a Green Virtuous Territory Circuit necessary to guarantee the fruitful and innovative concrete perspective for the future of Rural Tourism and Agritourism in 21th Century.


This study aims at providing an understanding of the economic structure and structural changes in private investment in the Indian economy. The overarching problem addressed in this study is whether or not identifiable structural transformation has occurred due to economic reforms in India. What were the trends in private investment in India? Structural transformation is confined to the shifting or movement of resources from one sector to another within the private economy. This study utilised descriptive statistics like annual average growth rate, share and Z test statistics to find out the sectoral and sub-sectoral contributions to the growth of private investment in India as well as to verify the structural changes. The research questions addressed were: What were the short term and long term trends in private investment at the aggregate, sectoral and sub-sectoral levels? What was the contribution of the sectors and their sub-sectors to the growth of private investment in India before and after the reforms? Did an identifiable structural transformation occur in the Indian economy? The National Accounts Statistics (NAS) was used for the data on private investment for the analysis of this study. The analysis revealed that the rate of capital formation had increased in the private sector and decreased in the public sector after economic reforms. Further, the industrial sector had been ranked one in terms of its contribution to the growth of private investment followed by the service and agricultural sectors in India in the short term as well as long term. However, the growth of private investment in the service sector was considerably higher in the post reform period than the pre-reform period. Further, the annual average of growth of private investment in the service sector was almost equal to the industrial secto in the post-reform period. Therefore, the service sector played a very important role in attracting private investment during the economic reforms period. The service sector comprises, among others, consumer and producer services. Further, it was found that the contribution of producer services, which includes real estate, ownership of dwellings and business services, and others, contributed to the growth of private investment in the service sector in India. In this context it is very important to study whether or not identifiable structural transformations in terms of private investment occurred in India.


The conformance testing of a protocol implementation, may be logically divided into, the specification of the abstract test suite (ATS) from a formal descnption of the protocol, and the subsequent derivation of the executable test suite (ETS) from the ATS specification. Our concern here is with the latter step, in particular, the automatic derivation of an ATS expressed in the Tree and Tabular Combined Notation (TTCN) to an executable C language equivalent. This process is currently a manual one, and as a consequence is error prone, time consuming, often repetitive and not necessarily consistent. To overcome these problems, there exists the real need for a computer aided, and if possible, fully automatic solution.

This study descnbes the design and implementation of a fully working TTCN subset to C language translator, which takes a TTCN ATS and produces an equivalent ETS, with a minimal amount of manual intervention. The methodology used is logically divided into three stages direct TTCN to C language mappings, implementation issues, including the generation of additional code to drive the above mappings, and test system implementation issues. The system was tested using parts of an ETSI ISDN LAPD ATS and the results showed considerable time savings against a similar manual implementation.

In conclusion, suggestions are provided to the further development of the TTCN to C translator system, and discussion is given to the apphcation of this tool to a complete conformance testing system.


The theory of a glazed transpired collector solar air heater in natural convection mode has been developed. This was aimed at generating a framework for the experimental study of the performance of the collector. The theory involved the definition of some of the collector's main geometries, the formulation of the energy balance on the collector and the driving forces within the collector. Dimensional analysis was then applied to the formulations to obtain relationships between important dimensionless groups. The theory of the glazed transpired collector in natural convection mode provides a basis for the development of the collector for application in the areas of space heating and crop drying. This type of collector provides a solution to the challenge of space heating and crop drying at locations where electricity is not available and photovoltaic power is not affordable. It could also contribute to energy savings since it requires no electricity to work.


SUMMARY Little is known about the influence of Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC) isoforms on the contractile properties of single muscle fibres in large animals. We have studied MHC isoform composition and contractile properties of single muscle fibres from the pig. Masseter, diaphragm, longissimus, semitendinosus, rectractor bulbi and rectus lateralis were sampled in female pigs (aged 6 months, mass 160 kg). RT-PCR, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and gel electrophoresis were combined to identify and separate four MHC isoforms: MHC-slow and three fast MHC (2A, 2X, 2B). Maximum shortening velocity (Vo) and isometric tension (Po) were measured in single muscle fibres with known MHC isoform composition. Six groups of fibres (pure: slow, 2A, 2X and 2B, and hybrid: 2A-2X and 2X-2B) with large differences in Vo and Po were identified. Slow fibres had mean Vo=0.17±0.01 length s-1 and Po=25.1±3.3 mN mm-2. For fast fibres 2A, 2X and 2B, mean Vo values were 1.86±0.18, 2.55±0.19 and 4.06±0.33 length s-1 and mean Po values 74.93±8.36, 66.85±7.58 and 32.96±7.47 mN mm-2, respectively. An in vitro motility assay confirmed that Vo strictly reflected the functional properties of the myosin isoforms. We conclude that pig muscles express high proportions of fast MHC isoforms, including MHC-2B, and that Vo values are higher than expected on the basis of the scaling relationship between contractile parameters and body size.


Sequential minimal optimization (SMO) algorithm is one of the simplest decomposition methods for learning of support vector machines (SVMs). Keerthi and Gilbert have recently studied the convergence property of SMO algorithm and given a proof that SMO algorithm always stops within a finite number of iterations. In this letter, we point out the incompleteness of their proof and give a more rigorous proof.


Quorum sensing (QS) is an intercellular communication system by which some bacterial cells are capable of indirectly monitoring their own population density through exchange of signal molecules. The expression of virulence factors is kept low until the population density (signal molecule concentration) reaches a threshold value, after which the host system is surprised by a stealth attack. The focus of this study is on the Quorum Sensing regulatory system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa called the Las system. In this thesis, two distinct methods to obtain information about the system are considered. First, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) is applied to the signal molecule known as N -dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone. To the best of our knowledge we here for the first time demonstrate SERS to detect a QS signal molecule below 1 nM concentration in both ultrapure water and under physiological conditions. Based on our results, SERS shows promise as a highly suitable tool for in situ measurements of low Acyl-Homoserine Lactone (AHL) concentrations in biofilms containing QS bacteria. Secondly, a conventional fluorescent monitor system is used to follow the response to signal molecules. A kinetic model is applied in order to extract knowledge about the interaction between signal molecule and regulator. In the model, the regulator monomer is decaying rapidly due to proteases while all dimerized regulators are protected against proteases. Moreover, the LasR regulator can fold into its stable dimer conformation in the absence of its cognate signal. In the presence of signal the dimer is activated through cooperative binding of the two signal molecules.


From the Publisher:
communications. This powerful and flexible language efficiently describes the appearance of text, sampled images, and graphics on a printed page or display. PostScript language interpreters have been incorporated into some of today's most innovative printers, typesetters, film records, and computer display environments.

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The PostScript Language Reference Manual, contains the complete semantics of every PostScript language operator, the Display PostScript System, PostScript Level 1 (the original PostScript language), and PostScript Level 2, the first major revision to the language since its release in 1985. PostScript Level 2 incorporates recent extensions to the language and many new features including:

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Objective: This study investigated the expression of 4 receptors in breast cancer tissues in Sudanese patients. Material and methods: Total 81 cancerous breast tissues and 50 normal breast tissues were obtained from the Radiation and Isotope Center in Khartoum (RICK). The expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) was investigated in the normal and cancerous breast tissues using the immunohistochemistry technique. The statistical correlation between the expression of the different proteins and the age and grade was also investigated. Results: The expression of ER and PR was positive in all the normal breast tissues while they were positive in 41(50.6%) and 28 (34.6%) of the cancerous tissues respectively. The staining of the HER-2 and VEGF was negative in all the normal breast tissues and they were positive in 57 (70.4%) and 32 (39.5%) of the cancerous tissues respectively. Most of the positive HER-2, VEGF, ER and PR samples are distributed between grade II and grade III with significant negative correlations. The majority of the positive cases for all the studied proteins were less than 64 years of age. There was an insignificant negative or positive correlation between the different studied proteins and the tumor grade. Conclusion: This study registered that HER-2 was positive in 70.4% of breast cancer tissues from Sudanese patients.


Background: Management of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) in children needs to improve to reduce the transition from MAM to severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Objective: This study aimed to assess barriers to management of MAM among children aged 6 to 59 months in Damot Pulassa, Wolaita, South Ethiopia. Method: This descriptive phenomenological design used 6 focus group discussions with mothers or caregivers of children aged 6 to 59 months and 10 in-depth interviews with health service providers. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's descriptive phenomenological method. Result: Six themes were identified: Possible reasons for MAM; identification of a child with MAM; management services of MAM; maternal-level barriers; service provider-level barriers; and suggestions to improve the service. Shortage of food and money, selling out of self-produced food without having sufficient reserves at home, large household size, shame from having children with malnutrition, occasional house-to-house screening for MAM, family-initiated screening, leaving the management responsibility of children with MAM to the family, no provision of supplementary food, and lack of repeated follow-up visits were the main obstacles for managing MAM. Conclusion: Maternal-level barriers and service provider-level barriers affect the management of MAM negatively in Damot Pulassa, Wolaita. Children with MAM living in the area ineligible for food supplementation could deteriorate to SAM. The provision of nutrition counseling to the mothers of children with MAM without food supplementation placed children with MAM at increased risk of negative outcomes. Thus, the government should give more attention and facilitation in promoting supplementary food into the existing management of MAM.


In 1992, the USAID Population Assistance Program turned 25 years old. The program is noteworthy for being the largest of all national government programs with a current annual budget of $300 million, having wide support from the US congress and public, developing a wide variety of experts in many areas of family planning (FP), and developing and relying upon a strong infrastructure of private sector agencies. The agency has been instrumental in injecting competition into government service, using market methods, providing for choice among service providers, and investing and not just spending money. The important lessons learned over the years are identified. 1) Products, services, and information can be generated through the private sector, which was supported by USAID. The International Planned Parenthood Federation was one of the 1st to receive grants. 2) The commitment of the private sector to FP is shown in its achievement of goals, not on rules and budgets. The willingness of staff to work for low pay levels exemplifies the depth of commitment. 3) The private sector sometimes can be and often has been a source of innovation and experiment. Examples of this creativity are evident in the development of Norplant by the Population Council and RAPID computerized illustration of the impact of future population growth by the Futures Group. 4) Healthy competition and expansion of government resources can be generated through the contribution of expertise and specialization in the private sector. Grants have been distributed to private groups for delivery of FP services, management skills, training, survey research, operations research, contraceptive development an clinical testing, communication, and evaluation. 5) Use of the private sector, particularly the commercial sector, in providing services has meant a shared cost for services and less cost for taxpayers. 6) USAID has funded projects for FP services through place of employment or union, which has proven to be cost effective. The basic objective of the USAID program is to provide assurances that informed decisions and FP choices to satisfy personal needs are possible for all individuals and families in the developing world. Government policies and the efforts of private agencies to inform, service, and supply largely determine the success in FP adoption. With fewer government resources, the role of the private sector becomes very important.


This study evaluated the physiological potential of soybean seeds harvested during two seasons, on different maturation stages and subjected to different drying temperatures. The seeds were harvested at the maturations stages R7, R7 + 2, R7 + 3, R7 + 5, R7 + 6, R7 + 7, R7 + 10 and R7 + 12 days (55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, and 20% of moisture content). For each maturation stage, seeds were divided into three samples: one sample was used to directly evaluate the physiological potential, and the others were dried at 40 °C and 50 °C, until reaching the moisture content of 11.5%. The physiological potential was evaluated through germination test, first germination count of germination, accelerated aging, modified cold, electrical conductivity and seedling emergence. The maximum physiological potential of seeds is achieved at the moisture content of 55%, the point that the dry matter is maximum. The seeds became tolerant to artificial drying approximately at the stage R7 + 7 days (30% of moisture content). Germination and vigor of the soybean seeds reduce as the drying temperature is increased from 40 °C to 50 °C, and this effect is enhanced when the seeds show moisture contents above 30%.


This study centres on tourists' satisfaction level; with specific attention given to their experience and expectation of 20 holiday attributes during their visits to Penang. The study adapts the model of Holiday Satisfaction (HOLSAT) to measure the difference between experience and expectation of holiday attributes. The attributes employed are categorised into four groups, namely accessibility, accommodation, tourist amenities and food/meals. Results are drawn from a questionnaire survey of 4170 domestic and international tourists who visited Penang in 2014. The data is analysed quantitatively using matrices that show the mean score of expectation, plotted against the mean score of experience on a two-dimensional axis. The significance of the results is determined using a paired t-test at a scale of 1:1000. A similar pattern of satisfaction and dissatisfaction level was detected for international and domestic tourists. Overall, the study observed similar satisfaction and dissatisfaction patterns for all attribute groups, for both international and domestic groups. Despite a slight difference in p values, both accessibility and accommodation attributes performed excellently, except for attribute [3] 'availability of information for tourists at entry points' as perceived by the domestic group. However, the results for food/meals and tourist amenities should be of interest to tourism service providers as these are the attributes that need to be significantly improved upon and enhanced in order to increase tourists' positive experience; especially for the domestic group. Specific attention should be directed towards conserving the ocean and beaches, as they house many of the main tourism developments and activities. Keywords: expectation, experience, holiday attributes, holiday satisfaction, HOLSAT model, Penang


In the medical domain, experts usually look at specific anatomical structures to identify the cause of a pathology, and therefore they can largely benefit from automated tools that retrieve relevant slices(s) from a patient's image volume in diagnosis. Accordingly, this paper introduces a novel search and retrieval work for finding relevant slices in brain MR (magnetic resonance) volumes. As intensity is non-standard in MR we explore performance of two complementary intensity invariant features, local binary patterns and Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi feature points, their extended versions with spatial context, and a simple edge descriptor with spatial context. Experiments on real and simulated data showed that the local binary patterns with spatial context is fast, highly accurate, and robust to geometric deformations and intensity variations.


Optical burst switching (OBS) control architecture considers two different models for the management of the offset time in the network. The conventional OBS (C-OBS) introduces the offset time in soft-way by delaying the transmission of the burst relative to its control packet in the edge node. Another idea for an OBS architecture (E-OBS) comes from optical packet switching world and it intends to emulate offset time by means of an additional fiber delay unit introduced in the data path at the input port of the nodes. Although C-OBS has attracted lots of attention, in this paper we highlight that it possesses many difficulties that can be entirely removed in E-OBS. Issues such as unfairness in resource reservation, efficiency and complexity of burst scheduling, difficulty with alternative and backup routing, and quality of service (QoS) provisioning are studied. Moreover, E-OBS facilitates the application of several enhanced mechanisms. As an example, in this paper we analyze a QoS application based on a preemption window mechanism, which expands look-ahead processing window technique to the burst preemption context. Results show that this mechanism can achieve the performance of the conventional preemption scheme while avoiding the well-known problem of phantom burst generation.


In this paper, fourteen MT stations along a profile perpendicular to the main geological structure were used in order to identify the geology of Sabalan geothermal field including the extension of the surface cap-rock and clay-cap layers. The MT data collected between 1-8192 Hz is of useful quality and provides good control on the surface layers in many areas. It means that reliable modeling should be possible to a depth of 1000 m depending on resistivity distribution. TE and TM-mode data and skew parameter show that the earth dimensionality differs from site to site, so we examined the 1D and 2D modeling along the profile. To have the best possible interpretation we used determinant data for 1D modeling and joint TE and TM-mode data in 2D modeling. The data was processed and modeled using an improved modeling method. One-dimensional modeling was performed using a forward operator based on reflection coefficient of the layers (Zhadanov and Keller 1998) and the two-dimensional inversion has been done by using a code from Siripunvaraporn and Egbert (2000).The resulting 1D and 2D models show a high–very low–low resistivity sequence with depth. The high resistive layer at the surface was assigned to basalt, andesitic and old trachyandesitic flows and other impermeable rocks that have thermal conduction and act as the cap-rock of the system. The role of the caprock is very important in sustainability of the system, because it prevents the reservoir from cooling by mixing with surface water. The second layer is a very conductive layer and is interpreted as the reservoir that has thermal convection and hot fluids contained in its fractures and pores. The resistive basement is a hot and solid magmatic intrusion and is interpreted as a heat source that produces a conductive heat flow towards the reservoir. As a result, the shallow resistivity model of the Sabalan area is in a good correlation with the geological features. It shows the common conceptual resistivity model which has been presented for the geothermal reservoirs.


Criminal law does not hold individuals responsible for involuntary actions, where there is not the necessary actus reus. The uniting principle behind this limitation, however, is not in itself very philosophically illuminating. This article addresses exactly in what this lack of control consists and how it differs from the lack of control over consequences which one failed, nonnegligently, to foresee, which may count as a part of a voluntary act. It concludes that when an act is involuntary, when it is explained by causal reference to factors which eliminate normal capacities, the agent drops out. For example, if a defendant was having a seizure, our temptation will be to cite his seizure and not him as the cause, but yet we cannot hold seizures criminally liable. Our ordinary notions of responsibility thus rest upon agent causation. When the causation is not agent causation, the ordinary notions have no application.


Amazon's Mechanical Turk is widely used for data collection; however, data quality may be declining due to the use of virtual private servers to fraudulently gain access to studies. Unfortunately, we know little about the scale and consequence of this fraud, and tools for social scientists to detect and prevent this fraud are underdeveloped. We first analyze 38 studies and show that this fraud is not new, but has increased recently. We then show that these fraudulent respondents provide particularly low-quality data and can weaken treatment effects. Finally, we provide two solutions: an easy-to-use application for identifying fraud in the existing datasets and a method for blocking fraudulent respondents in Qualtrics surveys.


Information has power – to inspire, to transform, and to harm. Recent technological advancements have enabled the creation of products that offer consumers direct access to a level of personal health information unprecedented in history. But how are we to balance the promise of health and wellness information with its risks? Two agencies are tasked with protecting consumers from false claims of health products: the FDA and the FTC. This Article investigates if they are up to the task. In part a study of agency policymaking choices, and in part a prescription for more thoughtful and focused regulation, this Article compares both intra-agency and inter-agency regulation of informational health and wellness products. Certain procedural and substantive characteristics of FDA regulation are unsuited to informational health and wellness products, rendering comprehensive regulation by the FDA unrealistic. This gap creates an opportunity for the FTC to use its distinct and well-tailored enforcement tools to police harmful product claims that escape the FDA's purview. I posit that by tailoring the FDA's responsibility and sustaining the FTC's engagement with health claims, the agencies can dovetail into a cohesive and comprehensive regulatory regime.


The question of the nature of space around us has occupied thinkers since the dawn of humanity, with scientists and philosophers today implicitly assuming that space is something that exists objectively. Here we show that this does not have to be the case: the notion of space could emerge when biological organisms seek an economic representation of their sensorimotor flow. The emergence of spatial notions does not necessitate the existence of real physical space, but only requires the presence of sensorimotor invariants called `compensable' sensory changes. We show mathematically and then in simulations that na\"ive agents making no assumptions about the existence of space are able to learn these invariants and to build the abstract notion that physicists call rigid displacement, which is independent of what is being displaced. Rigid displacements may underly perception of space as an unchanging medium within which objects are described by their relative positions. Our findings suggest that the question of the nature of space, currently exclusive to philosophy and physics, should also be addressed from the standpoint of neuroscience and artificial intelligence.


Coxa saltans or snapping hip, in its internal and external varieties, is a well-known syndrome in the coxofemoral orthopedic pathology. The internal variety is less frequent and is rather unusual after a total hip arthroplasty (THA). This disorder is often times mistaken with chronic groin pain after a THA. This paper describes a typical case of snapping hip in the setting of THA and helps recognize the clinical differences between both entities, with a description of the signs and symptoms that characterize them. In order to support the etiology and pathogenesis, the diagnosis and treatment, we include anatomical considerations concerning the variants of the iliopsoas musculo-tendinous complex attachment, its relations with the articular capsule and the iliopectineal bursa. The role of implant malpositioning in this entity is reviewed and the usefulness of various diagnostic and treatment methods is discussed.


Controlled mechanical ventilation is characterized by a fixed breathing frequency and tidal volume. Physiological and mathematical models have demonstrated the beneficial effects of varying tidal volume and/or inspiratory pressure during positive-pressure ventilation. The addition of noise (random changes) to a monotonous nonlinear biological system, such as the lung, induces stochastic resonance that contributes to the recruitment of collapsed alveoli and atelectatic lung segments. In this article, we review the mechanism of physiological pulmonary variability, the principles of noise and stochastic resonance, and the emerging understanding that there are beneficial effects of variability during mechanical ventilation.


Delivery of dissolved chemicals to bioremediate oil from the Exxon Valdez oil spill was investigated at Beach EL056C of Eleanor Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska. The delivery technique was high pressure injection (HPI) of an inert tracer, lithium, at the approximate depth of 1.0 m into the beach near the mid‐tide line. The results revealed that the maximum injection flow rate was 3.0 L/min and the associated pressure was around 196 kPa. Therefore, exceeding any of these values would probably cause failure of the injection system. The injected tracer was monitored at multiple depths of four surrounding observation wells, and the results showed that the tracer plume occupied an area of 12 m2 within 24 h. The tracer plume traveled at the average speeds of 10 m/d in the seaward direction and 1.7 m/d in other directions. The rapid movement under HPI and the large diameter of influence (3.0 m) indicated that bioremediation of the Exxon Valdez oil on this beach via injection of chemicals is logistically feasible.


The in vitro addition of plant growth regulators (i.e. phytohormones) to Agrobacterium transformed hairy root cultures affects morphological and biochemical changes, resulting in altered growth and secondary metabolite accumulation rates in root tissues. Significant increases in both growth and secondary product accumulation have been observed, upon incubation with phytohormones, in some species. Consequently, the use of phytohormones in vitro has received increasing attention as a potential means for increasing those plant secondary products notoriously produced in small quantities. However, currently little is known about the specific effects of phytohormones on growth and secondary metabolism. The Chinese herb Artemisia annua L. produces artemisinin, an effective antimalarial therapeutic. Efforts to increase the amount of artemisinin via chemical synthesis or fieldgrown crops have met with huge costs and disappointingly low yields, respectively. Agrobacterium transformed hairy root cultures of A. annua (Clone YUT16) produce artemisinin and undergo rapid growth compared to non-transformed, making them a good model system to study secondary metabolite production. Demonstrated herein is the first definitive evidence, by any hairy root species, of a favorable response to exogenous combinatorial hormone application as well as the development of a two-stage culture system alluding to optimal growth and artemisinin production conditions in A. annua hairy roots. Furthermore, analysis of artemisinin and biomass accumulation in A. annua hairy roots in the presence of phytohormones has revealed effective individual as well as combinatorial phytohormone concentrations suitable for increasing single and bulk root growth, and artemisinin production. The effectiveness of an


In order to investigate the effects of salinity on the early seedling growth of chickpea, four chickpea cultivars, Jam, Hashem (kabuli type: large seeded genotypes with light salmon colour), Kaka and Pirooz (desi type: small seeded genotypes with different colours), were grown in pots containing soils with 0.9 (control), 2.6 and 4.9 dSm-1 salinity. The shoot/root ratio of Pirooz was consistently reduced by increasing salinity at all sampling stages. Under saline conditions, the reduction in seedling growth, shoot water content, root and shoot K+ concentration and the increase in root and shoot Na+ concentration were more severe in the kabuli type than in desi type cultivars. Considering path coefficients, increasing seedling K+ concentration and uptake of water from the soil favoured salt-stressed seedling growth. Increasing K+ content alleviated the deleterious effects of root Na+ to a greater extent than that of shoot Na+. On the other hand, a higher percentage of the decrease in seedling growth as the ...


This work focuses on improving the fluorescence intensity of cerium oxide (ceria) nanoparticles (NPs) through added plasmonic nanostructures. Ceria nanoparticles are fluorescent nanostructures which can emit visible fluorescence emissions under violet excitation. Here, we investigated different added plasmonic nanostructures, such as gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and Cadmium sulfide/selenide quantum dots (CdS/CdSe QDs), to check the enhancement of fluorescence intensity emissions caused by ceria NPs. Different plasmonic resonances of both aforementioned nanostructures have been selected to develop optical coupling with both fluorescence excitation and emission wavelengths of ceria. In addition, different additions whether in-situ or post-synthesis have been investigated. We found that in-situ Au NPs of a 530 nm plasmonic resonance wavelength provides the highest fluorescence emissions of ceria NPs compared to other embedded plasmonic structures. In addition to the optical coupling between plasmonic resonance of Au with the visible emissions fluorescence spectrum of ceria nanoparticles, the 530 nm in-situ Au NPs were found to reduce the bandgap of ceria NPs. We suggest that the formation of more tri-valent cerium ions traps energy levels along with more associated oxygen vacancies, which is responsible for increasing the fluorescence visible emissions intensity caused by ceria. As an application, the gold-ceria NPs is shown to optically detect the varied concentration of iron tiny particles in aqueous medium based on a fluorescence quenching mechanism. This work is promising in different applications such as biomarkers, cancer treatments, and environmental pollution monitoring.


Although demand for composite structures rapidly increase due to the advantages in weight, there are few effective assessment techniques to enable the quality control and guarantee the durability. In particular, an invisible microscopic damage detection technology is highly required because damages such as transverse cracks, debondings, or delaminations can lead to the critical failure of the structures. Among many non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods for composite structures, fiber optic sensors are especially attractive due to the high sensitivity, the lightweight, and the small size. In the current trend of the structural health monitoring technology, fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) sensors are frequently used as strain or temperature sensors, and Brillouin scattering sensors are also often used for a long distance distributed measurement. The Brillouin distributed sensors can measure strain over a distance of 10km while a spatial resolution was limited to 1m. Some novel sensing method is proposed to improve the spatial resolution. The pulse-prepump Brillouin optical time domain analysis (PPP-BOTDA) is one of the latest distributed sensing applications with a cm-order high spatial resolution. The PPP-BOTDA commercial product has the spatial resolution of 10cm, and can measure the strain with a precision of ±25og. This precision, however, can be achieved by using conventional single-mode optical fibers. In our research, small-diameter optical fibers with a cladding diameter of 40om were embedded in the CFRP laminate to avoid the deterioration of the CFRP mechanical properties. Thus, in order to verify the performance of PPP-BOTDA, the distributed strain measurement was conducted with the small-diameter optical fibers embedded in the CFRP laminate.


The analysis of F2 progeny and derived F3 families of Lactuca sativa segregating for resistance to corky root rot caused by Rhizomonas suberifaciens permitted the identification of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers linked to the recessive resistance gene cor. PCR-based markers were identified by bulked segregant analysis (BSA). Allele-specific primers were generally designed with the 3 terminal base coinciding with an SNP, matching one of the alleles and mismatching the other, and with an additional subterminal 3 base mismatching both alleles. Codominant, robust, and inexpensive molecular markers were obtained that used standardized PCR conditions. Some of the markers could be analyzed in multiple Lactuca mapping populations that did not segregate for disease resistance allowing the cor locus to be located on several maps. The consistent low density of markers around cor in these maps suggests that cor may be in an area with an elevated rate of recombination. Evaluation of these markers in a large sample of cultivars and landraces identified pairs of flanking polymorphic markers that can be used for marker-assisted selection of corky root resistance.


Grassroots movements – the activisms associated with the greening of the cities, reclaiming wastelands, establishing community gardens, improving the quality of life in industrialized places through minor nature-based interventions, as well as protection and safeguarding of the scraps of nature within cities – are what in this article I call green guerilla. I want to demonstrate how these small-scale grassroots movements grow; how their actions lead to official solutions; how they become institutionalized and, sometimes, commercialized. However, above all, by linking them with the environmental and participatory aesthetic trends, I wish to indicate their aesthetic aspects and the fact that they frequently bear the hallmarks of art.


The correlations between the anatomical shape of brain subsystems and brain diseases have been widely researched in order to diagnose and prevent the diseases. In order to study the anatomical and the metabolic correlations, a correct image registration between the anatomical image and the metabolic image is required. In this study, we present a multi-modality image registration based on surface distance and curvature information. The proposed scheme enhances the stability and accuracy of registration results. In the first step, we extract the surface voxels and object-centered coordinate systems from reference and test volume data sets, respectively. In order to guarantee a stable registration result that is independent of the initial position or direction of the test object, two object-centered coordinate systems are overlapped before the fine registration process. In the fine registration step, we minimize the cost function to be defined by the surface distance and surface curvature difference between reference and test objects. The proposed cost function enhanced registration accuracy, which was verified through the registration error ratio and 2D/3D visual inspection of the registration results. Furthermore, we suggest a reconstruction of a hybrid hippocampus model that includes anatomical and functional information using a multi-modality image registration result.


In order to evaluate energy and momentum components associated with two different black hole models, e.g. the electric and magnetic black holes, we use the Moller energy-momentum prescriptions both in Einstein's theory of general relativity and the teleparallel gravity. We obtain the same energy and momentum distributions in both of these different gravitation theories. The energy distribution of the electric black hole depends on the mass M and the magnetic black hole energy distribution depends on the mass M and charge Q. In the process, we notice that (a) the energy obtained in teleparallel gravity is also independent of the teleparallel dimensionless coupling parameter, which means that it is valid not only in teleparallel equivalent of general relativity but also in any teleparallel model, (b) our results also sustains the importance of the energymomentum definitions in the evaluation of the energy distribution of a given spacetime, and (c) the results obtained support the viewpoint of Lessner that the Moller energymomentum complex is a powerful concept of energy and momentum.


Empirical evidence has shown that several factors influence whether a compound is represented as several independent components or as a configuration. However, most of the previous research focused on data-driven factors (e.g., modality of the stimuli presented in the experimental task). in one experiment, i analyzed the influence of people's knowledge about causal mechanisms on compound processing in a causality judgment task. Specifically, via the experimental instructions participants' knowledge about the causal mechanism through which several potential causes could bring about an effect was manipulated. in the configural causal model condition, the potential causes acted through the same causal mechanism; in the elemental causal model condition, these causes acted through different causal mechanisms; in the neutral causal model condition, the causal mechanisms were not specified. Results showed that participants spontaneously and when they were induced a configural causal model via instructions processed compounds as configurations. in contrast, they processed compounds as several independent components when they were induced via instructions an elemental causal model. i interpret these results as being in line with the predictions of current learning models about compound processing.


The Creignish Hills and North Mountain areas of southwestern Cape Breton Island consist mostly of Neoproterozoic rocks typical of the Ganderian Bras d'Or terrane. U-Pb ages presented here for detrital zircon in the Blues Brook Formation of the Creignish Hills confirm a depositional age no greater than about 600 Ma. Although it is possible that some components of the formation are much older, similarities in rock types and field relations suggest that this is not the case. It is likely that the equivalent Malagawatch Formation of the North Mountain area, as well as high-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Melford Formation and Chuggin Road complex in the Creignish Hills and Lime Hill gneiss complex in the North Mountain area, represent the same or stratigraphically equivalent units as the Blues Brook Formation. The minimum ages of all of these units are constrained by cross-cutting syn- and post-tectonic plutons with ages mostly between 565 and 550 Ma, indicating that sediments were deposited, regionally metamorphosed, deformed, and intruded by plutons in less than 40–50 million years. The assemblage of pelitic, psammitic, and carbonate rocks indicates that a passive margin in a tropical climate was quickly changed to an active Andean-type continental margin in which voluminous calcalkaline dioritic to granitic plutons were emplaced. This sedimentary and tectonic history is characteristic of the Bras d'Or terrane and is shared by its likely correlative, the Brookville terrane in southern New Brunswick.


Abstract Background: Plenty of evidence has suggested that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have played a vital part may act as prognostic biomarkers in a variety of cancers. The aim of this study was to screen survival-related lncRNAs and to construct a lncRNA-based prognostic model in patients with cutaneous melanoma (CM). Methods: We obtained lncRNAs expression profiles and clinicopathological data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases. A lncRNA-based prognostic model was established in training set. The established prognostic model was evaluated, and validated in the validation set. Then, a prognostic nomogram combining the lncRNA-based risk score and clinicopathological characteristics was developed in training set, and assessed in the validation set. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by the discrimination and calibration plots. Results: A total of 212 lncRNAs were identified to be differentially expressed in CM. After univariate analysis, LASSO penalized regression analysis, and multivariate analysis, 3 lncRNAs were used to construct risk score model. The proposed risk score model could divide patients into high-risk and low-risk groups with significantly different survival in both training set and validation set. The ROC curve showed good performance in survival prediction in both sets. Furthermore, the nomogram for predicting 3-, 5-, and 10-year OS was established based on lncRNA-based risk score and clinicopathologic factors. The prognostic accuracy of the risk model was confirmed by the discrimination and calibration plots in both training set and validation set. Conclusions: We established a novel three lncRNA-based risk score model and nomogram to predict overall survival of CM. The proposed nomogram may provide information for individualized treatment in CM patients.


The affinity of Tullimonstrum gregarium, a pincer-mouthed, soft bodied bilaterian, has been subject to debate since its recovery from Carboniferous coal deposits at Mazon Creek, Illinois. After decades of impasse focused on mollusc, arthropod and annelid attributes, two recent, yet conflicting, high-profile studies concluded that the 'Tully Monster' is a vertebrate, a relative of lampreys or jawed fishes. Here, we find that structures described as supporting vertebrate – particularly crown vertebrate – affinity face significant challenges from biological, functional and taphonomic perspectives. Problems with comparator choice, interpretation of taphonomic processes at Mazon Creek, and estimation of convergence within the bilaterian tree may have misled these recent studies, leading to conclusions which do not accommodate current understanding of the vertebrate record. For example, the absence of taphonomically-expected synapomorphies in Tullimonstrum (e.g. otic capsules, body pigment) calls into question vertebrate identity and implies that convergence or deeper origins are responsible for vertebrate-like traits. Further, phylogenetic placement within vertebrates is only made possible by the constraints of a chordate-only dataset with limited outgroups and use of selective characters. Long-discussed alternative placements among molluscs (e.g. heteropod gastropods), arthropods (e.g. anomalocarids), or elsewhere within non-vertebrate deuterostomes are more congruent. Indeed, many of these lineages independently evolved vertebrate-like traits, including complex eyes and 'teeth'. Thus, given the totality of evidence, Tullimonstrum should be excluded from the vertebrate crown. Potential assignments for aberrant bilaterians, common throughout the


Providing accurate and automated input-modeling support is one of the challenging problems in the application of computer simulation. The models incorporated in current input-modeling software packages often fall short of what is needed because they emphasize independent ana identically distributed processes, while dependent time-series processes occur naturally in the simulation of many real-life systems. This paper introduces a statistical methodology for fitting stochastic models to dependent time-series input processes. Specifically, an automated and statistically valid algorithm is presented to fit ARTA (autoregressive-to-anything) processes with marginal distributions from the Johnson translation system to stationary univariate time-series data. The use of this algorithm is illustrated via a real-life example.


This study aimed to evaluate the effects of silage additives on the fermentation qualities and residual mono- and di-saccharides composition of silages. Forage Oats (Avena saliva L.) and Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were ensiled with glucose, sorbic acid and pre-fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) treatments for 30 days. In both species grass silages, although the respective controls had higher contents of butyric acid (20.86, 33.45g kg - 1 DM) and ammonia-N/total nitrogen (100.07, 114.91 g kg - 1 ) as compared with other treated silages in forage oats and Italian ryegrass, the fermentation was clearly dominated by lactic acid bacteria. This was well indicated by the low pH value (4.27, 4.38), and high lactic acid/acetic acid (6.53, 5.58) and lactic acid content (61.67, 46.85 g kg - 1 DM). Glucose addition increased significantly (p<0.05) lactic acid/acetic acid, and significantly (p<0.05) decreased the values of pH and ammonia-N/total nitrogen, and the contents of butyric acid and volatile fatty acids as compared with control, however, there was a slightly but significantly (p<0.05) higher butyric acid and lower residual mono- and di-saccharides as compared with sorbic acid and FJLB additions. Sorbic acid addition showed the lowest ethanol, acetic acid and ammonia-N/total nitrogen, and highest contents of residual fructose, total mono- and di-saccharides and dry matter as well as high lactic acid/acetic acid and lactic acid content. FJLB addition had the lowest pH value and the highest lactic acid content, the most intensive lactic acid fermentation occurring in FJLB treated silages. This resulted in the faster accumulation of lactic acid and faster pH reduction. Sorbic acid and FJLB additions depressed clostridia or other undesirable bacterial fermentation, thus this decreased the water-soluble carbohydrates loss and saved the fermentable substrate for lactic acid fermentation.


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The 9.9 kb monopartite ssRNA genome of parsnip yellow fleck virus (PYFV) encodes a polyprotein from which the functional proteins are assumed to arise by proteolytic cleavage. The 22.5K, 26K and 31K particle proteins were mapped in the polyprotein by determining their N-terminal amino acid sequences, and were found to begin at amino acid positions 395, 589 and 811, respectively. There could be polypeptide(s) of up to 43K on the N-terminal side of the particle protein sequences. A region within the 26K particle protein has sequence similarity to the VP3 particle protein of picornaviruses. Three other regions in the PYFV polyprotein have sequence similarity to regions thought to have RNA polymerase, NTP-binding and protease functions in the polyproteins of picornaviruses, comoviruses and nepoviruses. Despite these similarities in sequence and in genome organization to viruses in the picorna-like supergroup, PYFV is distinct from all other plant and animal viruses described. This justifies placing it in a separate plant virus genus for which the name 'sequivirus' has been proposed.