In todayâ??s society engineer professionals play a crucial role in tackling challenges such as climate change or economic constraints, in order to promote economical development and increase of quality of life ensuring principles like sustainability or safety. It is fundamental to prepare the future engineers to these and future challenges. According to the literature, traditional engineering educational strategies used to prepare the future engineers (lectures, lab experiences and homework) have two main drawbacks. Firstly, they inadequately prepare engineering students to engage in collaborative partnerships (essential for the practicing engineer) and, secondly, they promote passive learning and contribute to a compartmentalized curriculum. As such, the traditional deductive learning may not adequately prepare students for their innovative and flexible role as future engineers. An alternative approach is the use of non-traditional learning strategies, as in the case study hereby presented. Active learning strategies, namely project-based learning, were used to contribute to enhancing problem solving and higher order thinking skills of the graduates in Civil Engineering program of University of Aveiro, Portugal. Seizing the opportunity created by the Bologna process, two complementary courses on Geotechnical subjects (Soil Mechanics I and II) have been redesigned. The non-traditional strategies implemented include project-based learning using cooperative and collaborative models, put into practice since 2007/2008. The learning strategies referred are described and discussed. Their contribution to the development of problem solving and high order thinking skills of students is pointed out. Several strategies used to promote acceptance by students are put forward. The models were assessed using three strategies: studentsâ?? feedback during the semester; academic performance; questionnaires at the end of the semester. The evolution of the studentsâ?? response to these models is discussed using data collected in the courses. The models have been adapted to overcome some of the difficulties faced during their implementation.


Abstract The flying geese model, a theory of industrial development in latecomer economies, was developed in the 1930s by the Japanese economist Akamatsu Kaname (1896–1974). While rarely known in western countries, it is highly prominent in Japan and seen as the main economic theory underlying Japan's economic assistance to developing countries. Akamatsu's original interpretation of the flying geese model differs fundamentally from theories of western origin, such as the neoclassical model and Raymond Vernon's product cycle theory. These differences include the roles of factors and linkages in economic development, the effects of demand and supply, as well as the dynamic and dialectical character of Akamatsu's thinking. Later reformulations of the flying geese model, pioneered by Kojima Kiyoshi, attempt to combine aspects of Akamatsu's theory with neoclassical thinking. This can be described as the "westernization" of the flying geese model. It is this reformulated interpretation that has become popular in Japan's political discourse, a process that might be explained by the change in Japan's perspective from that of a developing to that of an advanced economy. The position taken by Japan in its recent controversy with the World Bank, however, shows that many basic elements of Akamatsu's thinking are still highly influential within both Japan's academia and its government and are therefore relevant for understanding current debates on development theory.


Exchange rate flexibility has facilitated an impressively fast insertion of the Czech koruna and the Polish zloty into the global currency market. However, exchange rate volatility patterns differ: Lower volatility is observed for the koruna against the euro relative to the U.S. dollar, while the opposite is true for the zloty, apparently related to earlier financial integration of the Czech Republic with Europe and early dollarization in Poland as a result of initial higher inflation rates. By contrast, the currency options market shows enhanced information content of both currencies against the euro reflected in the behavior of their implied volatility.


Calibration of conceptual hydrological models is frequently limited by a lack of data about the area that is being studied. The result is that a broad range of parameter values can be identified that will give an equally good calibration to the available observations, usually of stream flow. The use of total stream flow can bias analyses towards interpretation of rapid runoff, whereas water quality issues are more frequently associated with low flow condition. This paper demonstrates how model distinctions between surface an sub-surface runoff can be used to define a likelihood measure based on the sub-surface (or baseflow) response. This helps to provide more information about the model behaviour, constrain the acceptable parameter sets and reduce uncertainty in streamflow prediction. A conceptual model, DIY, is applied to two contrasting catchments in Scotland, the Ythan and the Carron Valley. Parameter ranges and envelopes of prediction are identified using criteria based on total flow efficiency, baseflow efficiency and combined efficiencies. The individual parameter ranges derived using the combined efficiency measures still cover relatively wide bands, but are better constrained for the Carron than the Ythan. This reflects the fact that hydrological behaviour in the Carron is dominated by a much flashier surface response than in the Ythan. Hence, the total flow efficiency is more strongly controlled by surface runoff in the Carron and there is a greater contrast with the baseflow efficiency. Comparisons of the predictions using different efficiency measures for the Ythan also suggest that there is a danger of confusing parameter uncertainties with data and model error, if inadequate likelihood measures are defined.


Perfidy is the impersonation of civilians during armed conflict. It is generally outlawed by the laws of war such as the Geneva Conventions as its practice makes wars more dangerous for civilians. Cyber perfidy can be defined as malicious software or hardware masquerading as ordinary civilian software or hardware. We argue that it is also banned by the laws of war in cases where such cyber infrastructure is essential to normal civilian activity. This includes tampering with critical parts of operating systems and security software. We discuss possible targets of cyber perfidy, possible objections to the notion, and possible steps towards international agreements about it. This paper appeared in the Routledge Handbook of War and Ethics as chapter 29, ed. N. Evans, 2013.


Family business is the most contributing category in the economic development of all countries. Both Developed and Developing Countries and Less Developed Family Business plays an important role in reducing unemployment and is a catalyst for developing creative ideas and innovations in all business activities. In this paper we will address some of the characteristics of managers of this business category, such as their gender, age, and style of management, and their impact on the development and growth of these businesses' performance. The paper is part of the survey conducted by the survey of over 300 family businesses in Kosovo and was used by the author for the preparation of doctoral dissertation. This paper is fulfill from the survey which is realized with professors of Economic field in University of Prizren "Ukshin HOTI" in Prizren. From those finding results of research we give some modest recommendations and it's more raising awareness especially business management from female gender as an opportunity to duplicate the potential for a development and performance of those business. This is based on the fact that the more thought we have, the more ideas come about how we can manage a family business with contemporary style, without a gender or age complex, which can guarantee success not only in our country , but to become competitive and penetrate the markets of the most developed countries.Keywords: Family business, Gender, Age, Management style


In The Concept of Law, H.L.A. Hart argued that one of two 'minimum conditions necessary and sufficient for the existence of a legal system' was that 'its rules of recognition specifying the criteria of legal validity and its rules of change and adjudication must be effectively accepted as common public standards of official behaviour by its officials'. Those rules, his 'secondary rules', form a crucial part of Hart's theory that the way to understand law is as the union of primary and secondary rules. This paper sets out to test that claim as a matter of empirical fact. If one asks UK officials what they think the UK's rules of recognition, change and adjudication are, and whether they accept them as common public standards, what do they say?
Instead of interviewing judges, whose official views are readily accessible in their judgments, we concentrated on high non-judicial officials - senior civil servants, including former Cabinet Secretaries, military officers, including former Chiefs of the Defence Staff, chief constables and chief executives of local authorities. A series of recent examples of UK constitutional rules coming under stress were put to interviewees, in particular the request by Admiral Sir Michael Boyce at the cusp of the Second Iraq War for authoritative advice on the legality of the war. Interviewees discussed their understanding of how one identified legal rules, how legal rules changed and how they were settled if there was disagreement.
We found some consensus but also a great deal of divergence. We also found, at least in the Civil Service, a degree of willingness to defy the courts entirely incompatible with the existence of any straightforward Hartian 'internal point of view' towards the law, at least as the courts understand it.
But we also found evidence not so much for lawlessness within the UK government as for the existence of a separate legal system, centering on the figure of the Attorney-General. One way of interpreting our evidence is that there is not just one British constitution, but three, one built around the perspective of the courts, one around the perspective of the Government and around the perspective of Parliament.


ABSTRACT Within the course of a recent, extensive bryophyte survey across the whole country, eight moss taxa have been recorded for the first time in Croatia: Conardia compacta (Drumm. ex Müll. Hal.) H. Rob., Cynodontium tenellum (Schimp.) Limpr., Dichodontium flavescens (Dicks.) Lindb., Fissidens fontanus (Bach. Pyl.) Steud., Orthotrichum philibertii Venturi, Rhabdoweisia crispata (Dicks.) Lindb., Schistidium trichodon (Brid.) Poelt var. trichodon and Tortella fasciculata (Culm.) Culm.. In addition, new localities of five rare taxa are presented: Didymodon tophaceus subsp. sicculus (M.J. Cano, Ros, García-Zam. & J. Guerra) Jan Kučera, Ephemerum serratum (Hedw.) Hampe, Mannia triandra (Scop.) Grolle, Oxystegus tenuirostris (Hook. & Taylor) A.J.E. Sm. and Sphaerocarpos michelii Bellardi. Ecological and chorological data are provided for each of the reported taxa. Concluding, at the current state of knowledge, Croatian bryoflora includes 705 taxa, out of which 541 mosses, 162 liverworts and two hornworts.


It is well known that demonstratives are the cross-linguistically common source of third person pronouns due to the functional similarity between them. For this reason, they are morphologically related to or formally indistinguishable from one another in many languages. First and second person pronouns, on the other hand, typically have historical sources other than demonstratives. However, unlike the close relationship between demonstratives and third person pronouns, the fact that demonstratives and first/second person pronouns have a very tenuous diachronic relationship has not attracted much attention in previous studies. Based primarily on historical data from Japanese, the present study shows that there are at least three functional reasons why demonstratives do not usually give rise to first/second person pronouns. This study also discusses a limited context in which a demonstrative does develop into a second person pronoun.


We present a rare case of idiopathic calcinosis of scrotum. The patient presented with multiple scrotal swellings associated with on and off itching and without any other symptoms for 3 years. These swellings were clinically diagnosed as multiple sebaceous cysts of scrotum. Histopathological examination revealed calcinosis of the scrotum.


Date Presented 04/06/19
 OT students are faced with a variety of challenges in today's diverse healthcare system. Educators need to ensure there are placements that best prepare them for these demands. Role-emerging fieldwork offers a distinct opportunity to both meet curricular requirements and afford students the chance to develop skills unique to this type of placement. The purpose of this mixed-methods study is to examine the experiences of OT students who engaged in a role-emerging fieldwork.
 Primary Author and Speaker: Amy Mattila


The digital transformation of single companies and of entire service businesses is an omni¬-present topic – not only in the academic discourse but also in the current public debate. The topic is often approached phenomenologically. We invited a group of well-renown scholars from different academic fields to share with us personal observations and interpretations of the digital transformation in service management in the form of individual commentaries that go beyond. The commentaries we received are based on different theoretical perspectives. They include motivations of why digital transformation makes service management research (smr) more relevant, they depict implications for service companies, and they outline research needs. This article conflates the submitted commentaries, and it is the first SMR special research paper – a paper type that will be continued in future issues to explore topics in a similar fashion that are likely to have a significant influence on the development of smr.


This paper employs facial features to recognize emotions during a coding activity with 50 children. Extracting group-level emotional states via facial features, allows us to understand how emotions of a group affect collaboration. To do so, we captured joint emotional state using videos and collaborative experience using questionnaires, from collaborative coding sessions. We define groups' emotional state using a method inspired from dynamic systems, utilizing a measure called cross-recurrence. We also define a collaborative emotional profile using the different measurements from facial features of children. The results show that the emotional cross recurrence (coming from the videos) is positively related with the collaborative experience (coming from the surveys). We also show that the groups with better experience than the others showcase more positive and a consistent set of emotions during the coding activity. The results inform the design of an emotion-aware collaborative support system.


In order to evaluate quantitatively the preservation performance of polarimetric information for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) speckle filters, this letter presents correlation coefficients between the original and the filtered polarimetric data based on the theory of polarization synthesis. The copolarized and the cross-polarized correlation coefficients are furthermore discussed in cases whether the transmitting and receiving radar antennas are characterized by the same or orthogonal polarization state. To show how these coefficients can be exploited in evaluating the preservation of polarimetric information, they are demonstrated with a German Aerospace Center (DLR) Experimental Synthetic Aperture Radar L-band full-polarized image of the Oberpfaffenhofen Test Site Area (DE), Germany, which was obtained on September 30, 2000. Results make evident that the correlation coefficients are efficient to describe quantitatively the performance in preserving polarimetric information for PolSAR speckle filters.


Background: Vitamin D has received considerable interest from the medical community and the public because of recent evidence for the nonskeletal effects of vitamin D combined with the finding of widespread global deficiency. It has been estimated that almost 1 billion people worldwide suffer from vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. In addition, neurobiological and neuroendocrinological substrates have been identified that indicate a link between hypovitaminosis D and several psychiatric conditions, including depression.  Objectives: This study aimed to assess vitamin D level in patients with depressive disorders and to compare it with normal individuals.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional type of comparative study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi, in collaboration with the outpatient department of Psychiatry Rajshahi Medical College Hospital over 12 months from January 2019 to December 2019 among the Depressive patients and healthy individuals to find out and compare the vitamin D level between the two groups. Approval from the Ethical Review Committee (ERC) was obtained before the commencement of the study. A pA pre-designed, validated, structured questionnaire was used to gather information from 108 respondents by purposive sampling. Out of the 54 were newly diagnosed depressive patients, and 54 were healthy persons. In addition, a blood sample was collected to measure 25(OH)D level, and all values were analyzed statistically.
Results: The Result showed a significant difference in mean plasma 25(OH)D level between the patients with depressive disorder and the healthy individuals. Circulating 25(OH)D level was found to be significantly low in the group of patients with depression.
Conclusion: The present study demonstrated a significant correlation between hypovitaminosis D in patients with depressive disorders. It is suggested that possible factors such as hypovitaminosis D should be done as a routine investigation to reduce the incidence of depression. Furthermore, vitamin D supplementation might be a complementary treatment for depression.
TAJ 2022; 35: No-2: 159-168


Spirocyclic tin dialkoxides are unique initiators for the ring-expansion polymerization of lactones leading to complex, but well-defined macromolecular architectures. In a first example, epsilon-caprolactone (epsilon CL) was polymerized, followed by the resumption of polymerization of a mixture of epsilon CL and epsilon CL alpha-substituted by a chloride (alpha Cl epsilon CL), so leading to "living" eight-shaped chains. Upon hydrolysis of the alkoxides, a four-arm star-shaped copolyester was formed, whose each arm was grafted by conversion of the chloride units into azides, followed by the Huisgen's [3+2] cycloaddition of alkyne end-capped poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) onto the azide substituents. The complexity of this novel amphiphilic architecture was increased further by substituting the four-arm interconnecting PCL by an eight-shaped PCL. In a preliminary step, epsilon CL was polymerized followed by a few units of epsilon CL alpha-substituted by an acrylate. The intramolecular photo-crosslinking of the acrylates adjacent to the tin dialkoxides was effective in stabilizing the eight-shaped polyester while preserving the chain growth sites. This quite unusual tetrafunctional macroinitiator was used to copolymerize epsilon CL and alpha Cl epsilon CL, followed by hydrolysis of the alkoxides, conversion of the chloride units into azides and grafting of the four arms by PEO (see above). This architecture reported for the very first time is nothing but a symmetrical four-tail eight-shaped copolyester macromolecule.


Background There's no doubt that swimming with whale sharks is a fabulous experience. It's interesting, however, how our perception of sharks has changed and now swimming with the biggest shark can connect us to our oceans. Looking into the future, no one could have expected that this activity would contribute to local economies, like in La Paz Bay. In the late 90's you could see whale sharks around La Paz Bay on route to one of the popular islands in the area. By the 2000's some people started providing trips, offering the experience of swimming with the biggest fish on Earth. Problems occurred as a result of increased boat traffic coupled with a lack of guidelines to perform the activity. La Paz city is one of the most highly populated coastal areas in the Gulf of California and has the highest growth rate (2.6%) in the state. Whale shark tourism has also increased, from 26 authorized boats in 2006 to 109 in 2013. In contrast, the mean of the yearly abundance of sharks is 56, highlighting a capacity building issue. This is evidence that the whale sharks represent an important part of the economy of the city, and presents us with a challenge to protect it. Approach InLa Paz Bay we have maintained a whale shark monitoring program since 2004. Studies include abundance, fidelity, seasonality and injury analysis. Injury analysis from 2004–2008 showed that up to 54% (18 of 33) of sharks had been hit by boats. In 2006, with the collaboration of the Mexican government, a Code of Conduct was generated for whale shark tour operators. In order to enforce the management, each year since 2009 the tour operators are trained and a dissemination program is designed with the aim of communicating the code of conduct with a focus on private boats. The success of the management is measured by fresh injury analysis. Results Betweenseasons 2004/2005–2014/2015, 380 whale sharks were identified; of these, 49 (22.3%) returned between years. During the season, sharks spend periods of between 40–70 and up to 200 days in the area before leaving the Bay. Seasonality varied in some years but the common season runs from September to February. Without considering the extreme years, the abundance per year is estimated from 20 (95% CI =16–31) to 71 (95% CI= 65–85, 95% SS) sharks, with a mean of 56. Fresh injury analysis from 250 identified sharks, 135 (54%) had fresh injuries present. Of these, 60% were abrasions, 30% both abrasions and lacerations, and 9% had only lacerations. The trained personal from the tourism companies has increased from 33 in 2009 to 88 in 2014. From 2009–2012 careful monitoring of the whale shark population revealed that the affected sharks decreased by 26% (from 61 to 35%). Although these numbers increased again over the last two years, up to 64% (70 of 109 sharks) during the 2014/2015 season, this was perhaps because the sharks remained in the Bay for a longer period of time. Conclusions Morethan 10 years of monitoring have been key to establishing La Paz Bay as a critical habitat of the species, which needs to be protected. This study has been helping to measure the success of the management, which still needs to be enforced by the government and engaged by the community. The changes in abundance and seasonality need to be considered for a carrying capacity study. When tour operators and the community are engaged in promoting the rules it can reduce harm to whale sharks, as in 2009–2011. The increase in permits and lack of enforcement will increase negative effects on whale sharks.


Purpose The authors determined the anatomic and visual success rates of vitrectomy in patients who have failed previous macular hole surgery. Methods Standardized Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS)-style best-corrected visual acuity was measured in each patient pre-and postoperatively. Surgery was performed at two centers using a standardized protocol, as previously reported, using 1330 ng bovine-derived transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-β2) and 16% perfluoropropane internal gas tamponade. Endpoint analyses were conducted for anatomic closure of the hole, visual improvement of three or more ETDRS lines, and final visual acuity of ≥20/63 and ≥20/40. Results Forty-eight eyes failing previous macular hole surgery were reoperated. The anatomic results showed closure of the hole in 40 (83%) cases at the end of the mean follow-up interval of 7.4 months. The visual acuity improved in greater than or equal to three lines in 52%, was ≥20/63 in 54%, and was ≥20/40 in 25% of reoperated eyes. The only factor associated with a better final visual acuity was preoperative visual acuity better than 20/80. Nuclear sclerosis leading to cataract extraction was observed in 13 (30%) of 43 initially phakic eyes. Conclusion Macular hole closure was induced in this subset of reoperated patients. Visual improvement occurred often, although in a lower percentage than has been reported for primary surgical eyes. Repeat vitrectomy should be considered in patients with persistent macular hole after failure of primary surgery.


Intelligent green buildings are the latest development trend of Taiwan's building industry. This research focuses on how to control the components and equipments in a building in accordance with the variation of environment and needs of users. In the research, the equipments (heat recovery ventilation, HRV) and components (top windows of ventilation tower) were automatically driven by various environmental sensors installed outdoor and indoor for controlling environmental conditions in real time. Meanwhile, it was helpful to energy saving and indoor environmental health (IEH). S house located in Chiayi of Taiwan is the object of the research. The intelligent environ-control system of S house can be divided into three parts: small weather station monitoring system, intelligent window scenario control system, and indoor monitoring and control system. The points of this research mainly are to construct a overall structure of the intelligent environ-control system, the logic and mechanism of intelligent window scenario control system, essential fresh air calculation, and the judgment on activation and operation of indoor monitoring and control system.


All inquirers must have a grasp of implication and contradiction which they employ to structure their investigations. Logical ability is thus some kind of prerequisite for cognition. My dissertation scrutinizes this relationship and argues that different ways of understanding it underlie a deep debate about naturalism and the objectivity of our knowledge.

Frege's dismissal of logical aliens as mad exposes his conviction that logical ability is exhibited in our practice of demonstrative reasoning, and is a constitutive necessary condition for cognition. By denying the existence of an independent standard for objective truth that a codification of inferential principles must meet, Frege avoids logical "sociologism" (under which the validity of inferential principles is identified with their agreement with our practice).

Quine objects to ascribing a "pre-logical mentality" in radical translation, but only because doing so would represent one's interlocutor as affirming something one finds obviously false. Under his naturalism, the logician is guided by usefulness to ongoing empirical inquiry, not the search for the constitutive prerequisites of thinking. I argue that the properly-understood naturalist excises various skeptical attacks from epistemology.

Davidson recovers a privileged status for logic as central in the theories of truth that are necessary to interpret another as—and also to be—a cognizer. Under his humanism, it is only through interpreting others that one can grasp the objective/subjective contrast and acquire beliefs that are properly about the world. We do not exhibit our grasp of objective truth by engaging in a practice informed by logic, but by interpreting others who are engaged with, and through, us in such a practice.

Despite initial appearances, naturalism and humanism are not incompatible positions. After examining Quine's "sectarian" and Davidson's "ecumenical" attitude to the truth of empirically equivalent theories, I endorse ecumenism about their metaphilosophical disagreement. By renouncing a proprietary attitude to truth, this particular form of tolerance avoids the fragmentation of philosophy into distinct, yet totalizing, and hence warring, programs.


Future orientation is one of cognitive growth phenomenon occurred in adolescence. In this case, the meant adolescents are orphanage adolescents, who have many limited materials and facilities. The purpose of this research is to know the future orientation description of orphanage's adolescents. This research is descriptive qualitative research. It is conducted on July 22nd, July 29th and August 5th, 2007 with 31 orphanage adolescents as the subject. Using questionnaire of future orientation of orphanage adolescents collects data. Data analysis uses frequency tabulation. Data analysis result shows that the future orientation of orphanage adolescents is continue their education to the higher level (90,32%) with some reasons, such as: have larger knowledge, able to develop their knowledge, able to find out the right occupation for their own future and to be a
successful man. Further is working (83,87%) with some reasons, such as: they want to help and to repay their parents merit, to pay college cost and want to be autonomous. The desire of continuing education to the higher level and work begin to rise in orphanage adolescents at 16-18 years in ages, both male and female. While, the desire to marriage has the smallest percentages, 6,45% with the reasons that everybody will experience it definitely and married is the beginning of future time. The 18 years old and female adolescents are the one who have thought about marriage. When the orphanage adolescents have future orientation of continuing education to the higher level, they will get large obstruction, that is cost (80,65%) and the existence of a necessity to serve the orphanage for 1 year. While the obstruction for the orphanage adolescent with working orientation is the least experience in the work world (16,13%). To determine the future orientation of orphanage adolescent is supported by parents, mother, father, relative and friends in orphanage, their own self, orphanage caretaker, donors, uncle and aunt. The form of support is spirit to keep on learning, trying and praying and some advice to reach their aspirations.


This study examined feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of a computer-tailored intervention aimed at promoting HPV vaccination in Mexican-heritage adolescents aged 11-17. Among 46 Mexican-heritage parents who had one or more eligible children who had not received HPV vaccines, 91% (n = 42) completed the intervention and assessments via touchscreen tablet computers in a vaccine clinic. Mean knowledge scores increased significantly from preto postintervention. After the intervention, 95% (n = 40) of parents intended to get their children vaccinated; 50% (n = 21) of them consented to vaccination immediately, resulting in 24 adolescents being vaccinated at that time. All parents reported learning via tablets to be easy; two nurses reported that intervention delivery in the clinic was feasible. Mean acceptability rating was high (M = 3.56, range 1 4). This tailored intervention proved to be feasible and acceptable, and it showed preliminary shortterm effects on intent and getting the first HPV vaccine dose.


Detection and characterization of exoplanets by direct imaging requires a coronagraph designed to deliver high-contrast at small angular separation. To achieve this, an accurate control of low-order aberrations, such as pointing and focus errors, is essential to optimize coronagraphic rejection and avoid the possible confusion between exoplanet light and coronagraphic leaks in the science image. Simulations and laboratory prototyping have shown that a coronagraphic low-order wavefront sensor (CLOWFS), using a single defocused image of a reflective focal-plane ring, can be used to control tip-tilt to an accuracy of 10-3 λ/D. This article demonstrates that the data acquired by CLOWFS can also be used in postprocessing to calibrate residual coronagraphic leaks from the science image. Using both the CLOWFS camera and the science camera in the system, we quantify the accuracy of the method and its ability to successfully remove light due to low-order errors from the science image. We also report the implementation and performance of the CLOWFS on the Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme-AO (SCExAO) system and its expected on-sky performance. In the laboratory, with a level of disturbance similar to that encountered in a post-AO beam, CLOWFS postprocessing has achieved speckle calibration to 1/300 of the raw speckle level. This is about 40 times better than could be done with an idealized PSF subtraction that does not rely on CLOWFS.


This article examines accountability discourses in Alberta's legislative debates on child intervention during the years 2016–19. I demonstrate that the supposedly apolitical discourse of accountability functions as a form of neoliberal and settler-colonial governmentality that reaffirms the legitimacy of settler state intervention into the pathologized Indigenous family. Using the death of Serenity in Alberta's child intervention system in 2014, and the subsequent legislative debates surrounding her death and the lack of accountability in the child intervention system as a case study, I demonstrate that accountability as both a discourse and a mechanism moves between positioning Albertans-as-Victims, Albertans-as-Stakeholders, and, finally, Albertans-as-Responsible-Agents. Ultimately, I argue that shifting discourses of accountability, which move from governmental to societal to individual accountability, re-centre a relationship of settler possession in relation to the Indigenous Public Child, whose life and death become available for consumption by settler publics in exchange for governmental credibility and accountability.


This paper is devoted to the analysis of labour migration from Opole Silesia to Germany and Holland. The particuarity of these migrations, based on usage of ethnic origin and dual citizenship is demonstrated. The author discusses the outcomes of these migrations both for the migrants as well as the sending communities. She draws attention to the phenomenon of double marginalisation, taking place in the sending region as well as the receiving one. In the analysis, a number of complementary theoretical perspectives are applied: dual labour market theory, transnational social spaces theory, the theory of globalisation of migration and the periferies. A typology of migration, based on the strategies most often used by the migrants, is also drawn.


The problem of synchronizing transactions in a database system so that concurrent execution transforms the system from one consistent state to another is called the Concurrency Control Problem. Over the past 20 years, a property of concurrent execution called serializability has evolved as a universal paradign for colving the Concurrency Control Problem. Up until now, most work on serializability has been characterized by an emphasis on sequences of operations. Researchers studying programming logics and methodologies have developed a different approach to characterizing the semantics of concurrent programs. This approach is called assertional reasoning, and emphasizes the system state instead of sequences of operations. This dissertation describes the extension of the formalisms and tools of assertional reasoning to the Concurrency Control Problem. Proposed is a definition of serializability that generalizes previous definitions in many respects. Two methods are described by which this definition of serializability can be specified in an assertional programming logic using formulas called proof outlines. As a consequence of specifying serializability with proof outlines, it becomes possible to formally verify serializability. The use of an assertional programming logic eliminates the need to explicitly consider transaction interleavings, simplifying verfication. Another consequence of specifying serializability with proof outlines is the ability to derive synchronization protocols for serializability. This possibility is realized in the form of a method for deriving locking protocols from assertional specifications. The method is based on a novel view of locking, in which locks held by transactions reflect properties of the system state. Using this method, semantic information available during the derivation process can be used to obtain locking protocols permiting greater concurrency among transactions than locking protocols obtained by more traditional methods. Examples are given throughout the dissertation to illustrate the methods described.


Serrated polyposis (SPS) is a syndrome characterised by multiple serrated polyps (MSP) in the large bowel and an increased personal and familial risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). To date efforts to estimate the level of risk associated with SPS have been carried out in the setting of an arbitrary set of clinical criteria. A recent report has presented evidence that the boundary used for meeting these criteria may need to be reconsidered.


The study analyzed the economic cost of output losses as a result of death and injury occasioned by maritime piracy and armed robbery in the ocean trawler fishery sub-sector of Nigeria and the global maritime industry; as economic justification and catalyst for public-private-partnership in reversing the trend of frustration induced aggression of piracy, against the maritime industry in the Atlantic coast of West Africa and Nigeria, through investment in human capital development, youth employment, poverty eradication and community development programmes in the coastal communities of Nigeria. It employed historical design approach where secondary data was obtained and analyzed using the Gross Output Model and the empirical probability model to determine the output losses due to death and injuries to human capital occasioned by pirate attacks in the maritime industry. The empirical probabilities of risks of death, injury, kidnap for ransom, assault, missing of crew, hostage taking of crew and threats of death were also determined. An estimation model was developed to estimate output losses due to death, injury, etc; based on the relationship between the empirical probability coefficients of each risk type, the per capital output of the economy and the number of maritime workers exposed to pirate attacks over a given period in any economy. Public-private participation in development of coastal communities, youth employment, poverty eradication and youth entrepreneurial development programmes was recommended as a long-term solution to frustration induced violence of pirate attacks in Nigeria and the Atlantic coast of West Africa.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
The use of incentive compensation in academic family medicine has been a topic of interest for many years, yet little is known about the impact of these systems on individual faculty members. Better understanding is needed about the relationship of incentive compensation systems (ICSs) to ICS satisfaction, motivation, and retention among academic family medicine faculty.

METHODS
The Council of Academic Family Medicine (CAFM) Educational Research Alliance (CERA) conducted a nationwide survey of its members in 2013. This study reports the results of the incentive compensation question subset of the larger omnibus survey.

RESULTS
The overall response rate was 53%. The majority (70% [360/511]) of academic faculty reported that they are eligible for some type of incentive compensation. The faculty reported moderate satisfaction, with only 38% being satisfied or highly satisfied with their ICS. Overall mean motivation and intent to remain in their current position were similar. The percentage of total income available as an incentive explained less than 10% of the variance of those outcomes. Faculty perceptions of appropriateness of the measures, understanding of the measurement and reward systems, and perception of due process are all related to satisfaction with the ICS, motivation, and retention.

CONCLUSIONS
ICSs are common in academic family medicine, yet most faculty do not find them to motivate their choice of activities or promote staying in their current position. Design and implementation are both important in promoting faculty satisfaction with the ICS, motivation, and retention.


Images of humanitarian reporting often involve compelling accounts of distant human suffering, such as Michael Buerk's iconic coverage of the 1984 Ethiopian famine. Yet, for every major disaster there are personal tragedies by the score, or even by the thousand, and reporting these stories of individual bereavement is a form of humanitarian reporting many journalists are likely to come across. Whilst there are clearly significant differences in reporting humanitarian disasters and reporting personal bereavement there is also common ground. Behind every major tragedy and those images of distant suffering are individual families who have endured the loss of a loved one. Reporters often approach covering the bereaved, the vulnerable and the traumatised from an insufficiently informed position which creates a reliance on instinct, previous experience, and a variable application of regulatory systems and personal decision-making. This article suggests that a greater professional understanding of the conditions, involvements and responses to grief, loss and trauma would educate journalists – including those involved in the production process as well as in frontline news gathering – in the appropriateness of their treatment of a vulnerable person's story.


Article history: Received June 4, 2014 Accepted 29 October 2014 Available online November 1 2014 Nowadays, it is important to achieve and to sustain an organization's competitive advantage in complex environments. This paper evaluates different concepts that have led to such benefits. The study sheds light on resource based view (RBV) and its role to reach sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) within banking industry of Iran. A valid research instrument was utilized to conduct a survey of 150 topand middle-level managers from Mellat bank of Iran. With a response rate of 81.3 percent, 122 questionnaires were returned while a number of valid and usable questionnaires were 101. In order to determine validity of questionnaire, the content validity and Cronbach's alpha were used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire (RBV questionnaire 0.934, SCA questionnaire 0.843). The study utilized structural equation modelling, and a series of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and they tested the integrated model of MKM and SCA. Statistical support was found for the hypothesized relationships. Moreover it has been shown that RBV had the greatest effect on the market centered SCA, while it had the least influence on the financial centered. The findings offer valuable insights on the generalizability of MKM in a research setting. Structural equation modeling has been implemented and the study also used freedman test to rank the factors and the results show that tangible assets was the most important factor (0.71), followed by intangible assets (0.70), human resource capability (0.69), executive capability (0.64) and management capability (0.62) was the last important factor. Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 4 © 201 Resource based view Banking industry Sustainability capability Advantage


The Uganda business climate has continued to improve for the third successive quarter. The current (April - June 2014) index is 103.7 percentage points. The index has risen by 20 percentage points from 86.4 percent recorded in April – June 2013. The rise in the index is a good indicator of the continued favourable conditions of doing business in Uganda. The improvement in the business climate was sustained by a variety of factors including: stronger than expected consumer demand, stable macroeconomic environment characterized by easing inflation which dropped to an average of 5.7 percent in the current quarter from an 7.0 percent in the previous quarter, a 1.5 percent depreciation in the exchange rates, and lower interest rates (21.5 percent). Demand for Ugandan export products in both regional and international markets weakened at the end of the quarter owing to geopolitical risk such as the civil strife in South Sudan. Business perceptions and expectations for next quarter (July – September 2014) are upbeat. Overall the business climate has continued to improve but at a declining trend. However, there are elevated risks in the business environment. In particular, performance in the agricultural sector is well below potential.


The main aim of this paper is to illustrate a comparative analysis for the accounting reporting of "employee benefits†between the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and other accounting reporting standards. The empirical analysis is carried out in accordance with the Greek Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GGAAP), with IFRS, following the implementation of International Accounting Standard (IAS) 19 "Employee Benefits" and with the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards (USFAS) 87. The sample consists of the 20 biggest listed entities in the Athens Stock Exchange (FTSE 20 index of the ASE). The contribution of the paper is to review the accounting reporting between different accounting standards, to a great extent, in order to find out the appropriate adjustments that have to be made for the treatment and presentation of employee benefits in the financial statements. The conclusions of the paper would be contributed to debate for the recognition of employee benefits on entities' accounting statements in a more accurate way.


In this work we present the progress in the development of an algorithm for the simulation of thermal fluid–structural coupling in a tunnel fire. The coupling strategy is based on a Dirichlet/Neumann non‐overlapping domain decomposition of the problem, which is carried out by developing a master code that controls solvers dedicated to the fluid mechanics and to the solid mechanics simulation. The computational fluid dynamics formulation consists of a stabilized finite element approximation of the low Mach number equations based on the subgrid scale concept, that allows us to deal with convection‐dominated problems and to use equal order interpolation of velocity and pressure. The thermo‐structural model of the tunnel vault, that considers a multiphase porous material where pores are partly filled with liquid and partly by gas, is specially devised for the simulation of concrete at high temperatures and consists of balance equations for mass conservation of dry air, mass conservation of water species (both in the liquid and gaseous state), enthalpy conservation and linear momentum conservation taking phase changes into account. The developed algorithm is applied to the problem of the response of a tunnel to a fire. We consider the combustion process as a heat release which can vary usually from 1thinspaceMW for small car fires to 100 MW for catastrophic fires. The released heat is transferred to the concrete walls of the tunnel which could cause extensive and heavy damage of the structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Gene silencing by heterochromatin is a well-known phenomenon that, in Drosophila, is called position effect variegation (PEV). The long-held hypothesis that this gene silencing is associated with an altered chromatin structure received direct support only recently. Another gene-silencing phenomenon in Drosophila, although similar in its phenotype of variegation, has been shown to be associated with euchromatic sequences and is dependent on developmental regulators of the Polycomb group (Pc-G) of gene products. One model proposes that the Pc-G products may cause a local heterochromatinization that maintains a repressed state of transcription of their target genes. Here, we test these models by measuring the accessibility of white or miniwhite sequences, in different contexts, to the Escherichia coli dam DNA methyltransferase in vivo. We present evidence that PEV and Pc-G-mediated repression mechanisms, although based on different protein factors, may indeed involve similar higher-order chromatin structure.


OBJECTIVES
To investigate the current clinical applications and diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence (AI) in dental and maxillofacial radiology (DMFR).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Studies using applications related to DMFR to develop or implement AI models were sought by searching five electronic databases and four selected core journals in the field of DMFR. The customized assessment criteria based on QUADAS-2 were adapted for quality analysis of the studies included.

RESULTS
The initial electronic search yielded 1862 titles, and 50 studies were eventually included. Most studies focused on AI applications for an automated localization of cephalometric landmarks, diagnosis of osteoporosis, classification/segmentation of maxillofacial cysts and/or tumors, and identification of periodontitis/periapical disease. The performance of AI models varies among different algorithms.

CONCLUSION
The AI models proposed in the studies included exhibited wide clinical applications in DMFR. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to further verify the reliability and applicability of the AI models prior to transferring these models into clinical practice.


To identify proteins from uninduced murine erythroleukemia nuclear extracts which specifically bind to sequences from the DNase I-hypersensitive region within the mouse I-globin intervening sequence 2 (IVS2), a gel electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used. Two distinct sequence-specific binding proteins were detected. The specific binding sites for these factors were delineated by both DNase I protection footprinting and methylation interference. Factor Bl bound specifically to two homologous sites, B1-A and B1-B, approximately 100 base pairs apart within the IVS2 and on opposite strands. These two regions could interact with factor B1 independently. Factor B1 was limited to cells of hematopoietic lineages. Factor B2 bound to a site approximately 5 base pairs away from the B1-A site and was limited to cells of the erythroid lineage. The limited tissue distribution of these factors and the locations of their binding sites suggest that one or both of these factors may be involved in the formation of the tissue-specific DNase I-hypersensitive site in the IVS2 of the mouse I-globin gene. ,and


This article discusses the implementation of an innovative first year course at Golden Gate University School of Law entitled "Lawyering Skills: Ethics in Criminal Justice." The course, offered for the first time in the spring of 2011, was the product of curricular reform set in motion by the 2007 Carnegie Foundation Report, Educating Lawyers: Preparation for the Profession of Law. Golden Gate University has had a longtime focus both on practical legal education and ethical training. We devote a substantial portion of our resources to clinical programs and simulation courses. These opportunities, however, are generally only available to students in their second or third years. In assessing the import of the Carnegie Report, our faculty focused on the Report's critique of the traditional first year. In particular, we sought a "counterbalance" to help students bridge the gap between theory and practice early in their legal education. Thus the creation of a seminar style Lawyering elective, required in the first year. My course, Ethics in Criminal Justice, was one of twelve offered. These courses were designed with several overarching goals: an emphasis on skills and values, and the integration of ethics and professionalism. Beyond these general principles, I had personal goals of my own. As a longtime public defender, and former director of a law school innocence project, I wanted to dispel the myths and stereotypes about criminal practice generated by popular culture. Further, I wanted students considering a career in criminal justice to understand the complexities of the practice; to recognize the necessity of cultural literacy; and to comprehend the risk of miscarriages of justice inherent when prosecutors or defense attorneys make even "minor" compromises to their ethical obligations. In the end, although my goals of inspiring "best practices" of prosecutors and defense attorneys proved difficult to measure, I write this article to share aspects which were effective and the lessons I learned in how to make such a course more successful. This article begins with the process that led the law school to provide an elective for first year students and the faculty collaboration in developing the menu of elective courses. In the second section, I discuss my background in the criminal justice system and the goals which drove the design of this simulation based lawyering course with a focus on ethical criminal practice. Next the article examines how I implemented the course, and the challenges I encountered teaching the elective for the first time. Finally, the article concludes with lessons I learned from this experience as I prepare to teach the course for a second time. [1] @ Susan Rutberg 2011


This paper presents a receding horizon control design for a robot subject to stochastic uncertainty, moving in a constrained environment. Instead of minimizing the expectation of a cost functional while ensuring satisfaction of probabilistic state constraints, we propose a two-stage solution where the path that minimizes the cost functional is planned deterministically, and a local stochastic optimal controller with exit constraints ensures satisfaction of probabilistic state constraints while following the planned path. This control design strategy ensures boundedness of errors around the reference path and collision-free convergence to the goal with probability one under the assumption of unbounded inputs. We show that explicit expressions for the control law are possible for certain cases. We provide simulation results for a point robot moving in a constrained two-dimensional environment under Brownian noise. The method can be extended to systems with bounded inputs, if a small nonzero probability of failure can be accepted.


The increasing levels and more frequent use of alcohol among females, especially those in younger age groups, is a worldwide concern. An in-depth understanding of this phenomenon is, however, limited. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing alcohol use among female adolescent students as guided by the ecological systems theory of Bronfenbrenner. Data were collected from 25 female high school students in Grade 9 in the Western Cape, South Africa, using five individual semi-structured interviews and two focus group discussions with each group comprising 10 students. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings of the study indicated that participants begin drinking at an early age and due to low self-esteem, which makes them prone to peer influence. Female adolescents are also influenced by various factors residing within the microsystem (family members and peers), mesosystem (lack of parental attention, weak mother-to-daughter relationship, influence of peers and dating partners), exosystem (media advertisement and lifestyle of celebrities), macrosystem (change in societal roles), and chronosystem (transition to higher education). Interventions are needed in schools to help female adolescents resist peer pressure and cope with the changing environment of high school. Also, parents should be educated on the influence of their drinking behaviour on their children in order for them to be more cautious when drinking at home. Adolescent students will benefit from educational materials on the harmfulness of alcohol use.


The authority of governance in Papua Province through Act No. 21 of 2001 is very large, as stipulated in Article 4 paragraph (1), which covering all fields of government, except with regard to foreign affairs, defense and security, monetary and fiscal, religion, and justice, and except with regard to a particular field. In addition to the authority, the authority of Papua Province added with partial authority of the Government called a special authority as provided in paragraph (2) is the authority in the field of foreign policy, defense and security, monetary and fiscal, justice and religion. This authority, causing some people argues that leads to form a federal state and also may lead to the disintegration of nation. The assessment object with regard to the substance of Act No. 21 of 2001 that opposed to the concept of a unitary state, and designing a special autonomy of Papua in accordance with the principles of the Republic of Indonesia, by using juridical-normative. The result indicates that the special autonomy through Act No. 21 of 2001 does not conflict with the concept of a unitary state; it strengthens Papuan into the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Design of special autonomy in accordance with the principles of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia that gives special powers to the province of Papua in the form of delegation of authority is clear and explicit to the Province of Papua through the implementation of devolution theory and delegation of authority from the provincial to the district/cities through the implementation of real household teachings.


The water distribution between lipid bilayers is important in understanding the role of the hydration force at different steps of the membrane fusion pathway. In this study, we used grazing-angle neutron diffraction to map out the water distribution in lipid bilayers transiting from a lamellar structure to the hemifusion "stalk" structure in a rhombohedral phase. Under osmotic pressure exerted by different levels of relative humidity, the lipid membrane sample was maintained in equilibrium at different lattices suitable for neutron diffraction. The D2O used to hydrate the lipid membrane sample stood out from the lipid in the reconstructed structure because of its much higher coherent neutron scattering length density. The density map indicates that water dissociated from the headgroup in the lamellar phase. In the rhombohedral phase, water was significantly reduced and was squeezed into pockets around the stalk. This study complements earlier structural studies by grazing-angle X-ray diffraction, which is sensitive to only the parts of the structure with high electron density (such as phosphors). The experiment also demonstrated that the recently developed time-of-flight small-angle neutron scattering beamline at the Spallation Neutron Source is suitable for grazing-angle neutron diffraction to provide the structures of large unit cells on the order of a few nanometers, such as biomembrane structures.


Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and 5-10% of the PD cases are genetically inherited as familial PD (FPD). LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) was first reported in 2004 as a gene corresponding to PARK8, an autosomal gene whose dominant mutations cause familial PD. LRRK2 contains both active kinase and GTPase domains as well as protein-protein interaction motifs such as LRR (leucine-rich repeat) and WD40. Most pathogenic LRRK2 mutations are located in either the GTPase or kinase domain, implying important roles for the enzymatic activities in PD pathogenic mechanisms. In comparison to other PD causative genes such as parkin and PINK1, LRRK2 exhibits two important features. One is that LRRK2's mutations (especially the G2019S mutation) were observed in sporadic as well as familial PD patients. Another is that, among the various PDcausing genes, pathological characteristics observed in patients carrying LRRK2 mutations are the most similar to patients with sporadic PD. Because of these two observations, LRRK2 has been intensively investigated for its pathogenic mechanism (s) and as a target gene for PD therapeutics. In this review, the general biochemical and molecular features of LRRK2, the recent results of LRRK2 studies and LRRK2's therapeutic potential as a PD target gene will be discussed. [BMB reports 2010; 43(4): 233-244]


Tuning the luminescence properties of solid state materials by controlling the molecular packing in the crystal has played an important role in designing new functional materials. A series of five V-shaped oxydiphthalimides (ODPs) were synthesised. Side-chain engineering has been successfully utilized to systematically tune their luminescence properties in the crystalline state by introducing sterically bulky side-chains at the imidic nitrogen. Fluorescence spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray analyses disclose the effect of conformational twisting and bulkiness of imidic substituents on crystallisation-induced emission enhancement (CIEE). Detailed analysis revealed that the CIEE factor of ODPs shows a linear dependence on the percentage volume of the side-chain.


Every time a user conducts an electronic transaction over the Internet a wealth of personal information is revealed, either voluntarily or involuntarily. This causes serious breach of privacy for the user, in particular, if the personally identifying information is misused by the other users present in the network. Ideally, therefore, the user would like to have a considerable degree of control over what personal information to reveal and to whom. Researchers have proposed models to allow a user to determine what personal information to reveal while doing a transaction over the Internet. However, these models do not help the user in determining who to trust, how much to trust and why to trust them with the personal information. The models fail to address loss of privacy through the misuse of information. In this paper we propose a privacy enhancing trust model to measure the degree of confidence that a user can have in the context of preservation of her privacy during a transaction. The model considers several factor while computing trust which include a user's own experience and knowledge about the target user and feedback obtained from groups of peer users called 'trusted neighbors' and 'friends'. The proposed scheme provides a flexible and powerful approach for the secure handling of private data and offers a user considerable control over how she wishes to disseminate her personal data


The influence of manganese on the microstructure and kinetics of the austenization in the Fe-Mn-C ternary alloys, which contains four grades of Mn concentration, is studied under continuous heating. The transformation of the pearlite-austenite has been measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in temperatures that ranged from room temperature to 1373 K. Also, the microstructure of the as-cast and the completion of the DSC test is obtained using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The analysis of the microstructure indicates that the lamellar spacing of the initial pearlite is refined from 0.34 μm to 0.19 μm. It also indicates that austenite grain coarsening occurs as Mn concentration increases. The comparison of experimental kinetic curves and the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model (JMAK) shows that the start temperature of austenization is decreased from 1010.5 K to 999.28 K. and that the austenite formation rate is accelerated. Moreover, the activation energy of diffusion decreases from 192.88 kJ mol -1 to 178.47 kJ mol -1 , and the pre-exponential factor decreases from 5.32 × 10 -3 m 2 s -1 to 3.1 × 10 -3 m 2 s -1 . DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.23.2.18111


Nanocrystals are novel nanomaterials that have been used to label cells in vitro or tissues in vivo. Seeking novel multimodal therapeutics, we have demonstrated that a variety of nanocrystals and lipid components can self-assemble into nanoscale, lipid-nanocrystal vesicle hybrids which were successfully used to label cells in vitro and tumor xenografts in vivo. Moreover, we assessed the fate and interaction of the lipid-nanocrystal vesicle hybrids with the biological milieu in animal models after local and systemic administration. Tissue biodistribution, affinity and blood pharmacokinetic parameters were found to be dependent on multiple factors, primarily governed by the nanocrystal characteristics and the lipid coat components. By varying such parameters, we could develop and evaluate pharmacologically various lipid-nanocrystal vesicle hybrid systems of versatile features. The data obtained indicates that such lipid-nanocrystal hybrids can be considered as effective, biocompatible platforms for combinatory diagnostic and therapeutic biomedical applications.


On a daily basis, thousands of employees suffer from severe occupational accidents worldwide. These accidents not only lead to negative consequences for the physical and mental health of employees, but also to high costs for companies and the society as a whole. A large share of these accidents take place in warehouses. Prior research has demonstrated the critical role of leadership, and especially safety-specific transformational leadership (SSTL), in reducing warehouse accidents. Yet several important questions concerning SSTL remain: What effects does SSTL have on outcomes other than safety, and what determines whether leaders display SSTL behaviors? To answer these questions, this research studies the relationship between SSTL of warehouse managers and not only occupational accidents, but also quality and productivity. Moreover, it investigates the managers who are most likely to display SSTL. Data from 87 warehouse managers and 1233 employees were used to test the conceptual model. The results suggest that the dispositional prevention focus of the manager (one of two possible motivational strategies that people deploy) positively relates to SSTL, and that SSTL negatively relates to occupational accidents. Furthermore, SSTL and its identified negative relationship with occupational accidents does not appear to have detrimental impact on productivity or quality. These results extend existing models of SSTL and safety, and can help companies to reduce the number of accidents and the associated costs by selecting and developing safety-specific transformational leaders.


H arvard professor Matthew Meselson and others have been pressing for an international agreement that would, among other things, make the possession of chemical or biological weapons by individuals a crime under international law. This is certainly a laudable objective, but a significant constraint may already exist. Specifically, the ban on possession of biological weapons is now widely recognized and can be argued to have become part of customary international law, as has the Geneva Protocol prohibition against the use in war of chemical and biological weapons. As a result, an individual responsible for the maintenance of his or her government's biological weapon agents (particularly if they were intended for aggressive use) possibly could be prosecuted for war crimes, even if his or her nation is not a party to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), which prohibits the possession of biological weapons.

The Geneva Protocol was negotiated in 1925 and entered into force in 1928. Although it prohibits the use in war of chemical and biological weapons, many of the states that ratified the protocol in subsequent years did so with so-called "second use reservations." Pursuant to those reservations, a Geneva Protocol party that is attacked with chemical or biological weapons retains the right to respond in kind. Thus, the protocol came to be considered, in effect, a ban on the first use of chemical and biological weapons. The protocol now has 134 parties and has been in force for almost 75 years. Thus, its first-use prohibition is considered to be part of customary international law, which is binding on all states.

An international agreement merges with customary international law in general terms when the agreement has become widely accepted in the international community for a considerable period of time. As defined in the Statute of the International Court of Justice, this occurs once there is "evidence of a general practice accepted as law." This is regarded to have two elements: state practice, which refers to the general and consistent actions of states; and opinio juris , which refers to actions taken out of a perceived legal obligation, as demonstrated by national statements.

On 8 June 1943, President Roosevelt declared that the use of weapons covered by the Geneva Protocol had been "outlawed by the general opinion of civilized mankind" and that the United States would never be the first to use them. Although the United States would not ratify the Geneva Protocol until 1975, this statement was interpreted to mean that the United States believed as early as 1943 that the first-use prohibition against chemical and biological weapons established by the protocol had become part of international law. Moreover, by 1943, the Geneva Protocol had been in force for 15 years and had 42 parties—a sizable number considering that the world had far fewer countries then. Thus, the state practice and opinio juris standards had both been met with regard to the first use of chemical and biological weapons.

The same can be said for possession of biological weapons. Unlike chemical weapons (which were used extensively in World War I), biological weapons have never been used in war in modern times. The BWC has now existed for nearly 30 years and has been accepted by most of the world's nations (some 107 states). Moreover, since the United States unilaterally renounced its biological weapons program in 1969, no state has acknowledged a legitimate possession of biological weapons. Thus, on the basis of state practice, the possession of biological weapons could be considered to be prohibited by customary international law.

Once something can be so considered, violation of that rule in connection with an armed conflict could give rise to war crimes charges. The defendants in the Nuremberg trials were prosecuted in part on the argument that the prohibition against genocide had become accepted as customary international law. Similarly, it is possible that in a future conflict, if Iraq can be shown to possess biological weapons for aggressive use, Saddam Hussein and other senior members of his government could be in principle charged as war criminals on this ground.

If such a doctrine can find international acceptance, one more element of an international web of constraints enhancing international peace security will be in place.


Background: Radiosurgery is defined as the use of high-dose ionizing radiation for precise and total destruction of a chosen target, avoiding concomitant or delayed harm to adjacent tissues. The three types of radiations include gamma rays (GammaKnife) by Cobalt-60, X8 rays using linear accelerator (LINAC) system, and charged-particles generated from synchocyclotron. Recommendations: Based on current evidence, radiosurgery has proven benefits as the treatment of certain brain metastases, vestibular schwannomas, meningiomas, and some skull base tumors. Conclusion: This review describes the current recommendations for use of radiosurgery for intracranial pathologies. Radiosurgery is a relatively newer modality in the developing country of Pakistan. Much work is needed to increase awareness and promote its use as and when indicated.


In this note, we argue that the set of available EM investment options, both debt and equity, share a common risk factor that drives most of the EM-related risk and return. We demonstrate empirically that this common risk factor is best represented by EM currencies. This has an important implication for investors: while conventional wisdom argues against hedging currency exposure across the different EM investment choices based on the transaction costs involved in hedging such exposures, then the existence of a dominant common risk factor may be an argument for hedging to achieve diversification among different types of EM investments. We would argue that this should not be the case. Hedging EM currency exposure in any type of index leaves very little actual EM exposure in the investment. Rather, hedged EM equity indicies only provide (expensive) developed equity market exposure, while hedged EM fixed income exposure only provides (expensive) developed market fixed income exposure with, in both cases, little idiosyncratic EM risk. We would argue that embracing the common risk factor found in EM currencies is one of the strongest choices for investors seeking general "EM exposure" while simplifying market accessibility.


Within the oil industry there is a need to measure and predict the form of the multiphase liquid and gas flows that are present within oil production and processing pipelines. Knowledge of the flow regimes present allows the engineer to optimise the configuration of the pipeline and downstream processes to achieve the most, economic and reliable design. The applications of these technologies are collectively known as flow assurance. Within oil production systems, one component which has received little attention is the characterisation of the multiphase flow around bends under various process conditions. To predict the flow regimes in greater details requires the development of instrumentation that can measure and characterise the flow within the pipes.

To circumvent this challenge, two experimental investigations were carried out in two rigs available in the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Laboratories at the University of Nottingham. These are: (1) a 67 mm internal diameter pipe joined to a 90o bend, in which air/silicone oil flows were investigated using advanced instrumentation: Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT), Wire Mesh Sensor Tomography (WMS), and high-speed video. The first two provide time and cross-sectionally resolved data on void fraction. The ECT probes were mounted 10 diameters upstream of the bend whilst the WMS was positioned either immediately upstream or immediately downstream of the bend. The downstream pipe was maintained horizontal whilst the upstream pipe was mounted either vertically or horizontally. The bend (R/D = 2.3) was made of transparent acrylic resin. The superficial velocities of the air ranged from 0.05 to 4.73 ms-1 and for the silicone oil from 0.05 to 0.38 ms-1. (2) a 127 mm internal diameter riser joined to a vertical 180o bend, in which measurements of film fraction and liquid film thickness distribution for an air-water system were obtained using the electrical conductance technique. The former was measured using the ring conductance probes placed 17 and 21 diameters, respectively upstream and downstream of the bend, 45o, 90o and 135o within the bend. The latter were obtained using pin and parallel wire probes. The pin probes were used for thin films measurement whilst the parallel wire probes for thick films. The bend, made of transparent acrylic resin, has a curvature ratio (R/D = 3). The superficial velocities of the air ranged from 3.5 to 16.1 ms-1 and for the water from 0.02 to 0.2 ms-1.

The experimental results for the 90o bend study reveal that bubble/spherical cap bubble, slug, unstable slug and churn flows were observed before the bend for the vertical pipe and plug, slug, stratified wavy and annular flows when the pipe was horizontal. Bubble, stratified wavy, slug, semi-annular and annular flows are seen after the bend for the vertical 90o bend, the flow patterns remained the same as before the horizontal 90o bend. These results were confirmed by the high-speed videos taken around the bend. For the vertical 180o return bend, the average film fraction was identified to be higher in straight pipes than in bends. For low liquid and higher gas flow rates, due to the action of gravity drainage, film breakdown occurs at the 45o bend. A previously proposed criterion, to determine stratification after the 90o bend, based on a modified Froude number have been shown to be valid for a liquid different from that tested in the original paper. Similarly, for the 180o return bend, the condition for which the liquid goes either to the inside or outside of the bend are identified based on published material. Variations between average liquid film thickness and bend angles are reported for the vertical 180o bend. Contrary to the conclusions reached by Hills (1973) and Anderson and Hills (1974), the liquid film thickness becomes annular flow in the 180o bend at low liquid flow rates and stratified flow at higher liquid superficial velocities.

In addition, a CFD code has been used to successfully model the hydrodynamics of the slug flow pattern in a riser and vertical 90o bend, using the Volume of Fluid model based on the Eulerian approach, implemented in the commercial CFD package Star-CCM+. The modelling results are validated with the experiments and also provide more detailed information on the flow such as the velocity field.


Objective: This study was to determine the efficacy of CPP-ACP combined with propolis by evaluating the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies inthe enamel surfaces of children aged 7–9 years before and after the application of CPP-ACP containing propolis.Methods: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with purposive sampling was used in this study, which was conducted on 32 students aged7–9 years who were divided into two groups that were intervention and control groups. Two young dentists examined the students, and their resultswere calibrated by a kappa value of 0.82. The number of S. mutans colonies was evaluated at baseline, and after a CPP-ACP propolis paste was appliedto white spot surfaces in the intervention group and CPP-ACP without propolis was applied to white spot surfaces of students in the control group inevery day for 4 weeks.Results: There was a significant decrease in the proportion of S. mutans colonies both of the intervention group (28%) and the control group (26%)(p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the effect of CPP-ACP propolis combination compared to CPP-ACP without propolis indecreasing the number of S. mutans colonies (p>0.05).Conclusion: This study confirmed that CPP-ACP containing propolis is not better than CPP-ACP without propolis in decreasing the number of S. mutanscolonies; however, the CPP-ACP propolis combination has the potential to be used as an alternative material to prevent demineralization and improveremineralization of white spots in enamel surfaces.


Over the last decade, IT has been used in various ways and with different rationales in the teaching of many disciplines in tertiary education. Among them, the teaching of foreign languages has continuously been making use of these new and more and more complex technical means of pedagogic support, in spite of a certain degree of reluctance that might have characterized the teachers' attitude at the beginning. This is particularly more so if the trainees are, as the case is in the educational context taken into consideration in this study, engineering students - more precisely Computer Science bachelor level in a faculty having English as the medium of instruction. Therefore, the main aim of the paper is to draw the attention of the foreign language teaching community on the need to increase the students' awareness of the usefulness and versatility of IT for language teaching/learning and for learning in general. In the particular case presented in the study, namely a three-stage project entitled "I like IT" - inspired from a well-known TV programme in Romania - one interesting aspect is the fact that it is actually a combined IT focused activity. Thus, on the one hand, the topic of the project is making IT known via original TV show formats and, on the other hand, this is done by IT engineering students, using IT means in original combinations. The objectives of the proposal, which are at the same time the rationale for designing and teaching the activity, cover: developing the learners' communication skills in English similar to those they will most probably need in their career, by generating a quite authentic context and task for them to develop their own creativity, team spirit and competitiveness with fair play underlying it, as well as sensitizing the trainees on the importance of IT, their field of study and future work, as a crucible where pedagogical, linguistic, socio-affective components melt into a personality capable to face the expectations and requirements of today's knowledge society. A thorough description of the project stages is provided, with examples of the students' products and a discussion of the findings, with a view to submitting the approach to the arena of the (foreign language) teaching community debate.


Nursing education programs may face significant difficulty as they struggle to prepare sufficient numbers of advanced practice registered nurses to fulfill the vision of helping to design an improved US healthcare system as described in the Institute of Medicine's "Future of nursing" report. This paper describes specific challenges and provides strategies to improve advanced practice nursing clinical education in order to ensure that a sufficient number of APRNs are available to work in educational, practice, and research settings. Best practices are identified through a review of classic and current nursing literature. Strategies include intensive interprofessional collaborations and radical curriculum revisions such as increased use of simulation and domestic and international service work. Nurse educators must work with all stakeholders to create effective and lasting change.


Experiments were designed to determine 1) the mechanisms mediating metaboreflex-induced increases in systemic arterial pressure (SAP) in response to total vascular occlusion of hindlimb blood flow [e.g., increases in cardiac output (CO) vs. peripheral vasoconstriction] and 2) whether the individual mechanisms display differential latencies for the onset of the responses. Responses were observed in seven dogs performing steady-state treadmill exercise of mild and moderate workloads (3.2 km/h at 0% grade and 6.4 km/h at 10% grade). Differential latencies were exhibited among CO, nonischemic vascular conductance (NIVC; conductance to all nonischemic vascular beds), and renal vascular conductance (RVC), with peripheral vasoconstriction significantly preceding metaboreflex-mediated increases in CO. In addition, the latencies for SAP were not different from those for NIVC or RVC at either workload. During the lower workload there were small increases and then subsequent decreases in CO before the metaboreflex-induced increase in CO, which did contribute somewhat to the initial increases in SAP. However, the increases in CO mediated by the metaboreflex occurred significantly later than the initial increases in SAP. Therefore, we conclude that the substantial metaboreflex-mediated pressor responses that occur during the initial phase of total vascular occlusion during mild and moderate exercise are primarily caused by peripheral vasoconstriction.


The stochastic nature of renewables such as wind greatly complicates their integration into power systems. At small levels of penetration the effects of wind integration are hardly noticed. As the penetration grows, the impact is expected to be considerable. Changes will need to be made to the way in which traditional generators are used. Often those generators are forced to run under suboptimal conditions. This can increase cost and also carbon emissions, negating any benefits of renewable energy. This study demonstrates the benefits that can be derived from the use of spatial smoothing. Spatial smoothing involves connecting grids together into larger interconnects and sharing the renewable resources between different regions. It is demonstrated that through spatial smoothing significant decreases can be obtained in the additional costs and other issues associated with wind integration. Additionally, the same theory can be applied to any other intermittent, non-dispatchable renewable resource including solar.


Abstract Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a recalcitrant malignancy defined by subtypes on the basis of differential expression of the ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3 transcription factors. The MUC1-C protein is activated in pulmonary epithelial cells by exposure to environmental carcinogens and promotes oncogenesis; however, there is no known association between MUC1-C and SCLC. We report that MUC1-C is expressed in classic neuroendocrine (NE) SCLC-A, variant NE SCLC-N and non-NE SCLC-P cells and activates the MYC pathway in these subtypes. In SCLC cells characterized by NE differentiation and DNA replication stress, we show that MUC1-C activates the MYC pathway in association with induction of E2F target genes and dysregulation of mitotic progression. Our studies further demonstrate that the MUC1-C→MYC pathway is necessary for induction of (i) NOTCH2, a marker of pulmonary NE stem cells that are the proposed cell of SCLC origin, and (ii) ASCL1 and NEUROD1. We also show that the MUC1-C→MYC→NOTCH2 network is necessary for self-renewal capacity and tumorigenicity of NE and non-NE SCLC cells. Analyses of datasets from SCLC tumors confirmed that MUC1 expression in single SCLC cells significantly associates with activation of the MYC pathway. These findings demonstrate that SCLC cells are addicted to MUC1-C and identify a potential new target for SCLC treatment. Implications: This work uncovers addiction of SCLC cells to MUC1-C, which is a druggable target that could provide new opportunities for advancing SCLC treatment.


The authors wish to acknowledge the Research and Publication Committee of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library, which provided support for the completion of this research.


Modification of coolant chemistry by feedwater hydrogen addition in boiling water reactors (BWRs), generally called hydrogen water chemistry (HWC), is a viable option to mitigate the intergranular stress corrosion cracking problems for operating BWRs. Some fundamentals in HWC technologies as known today are reviewed. Several full-scale HWC test results are analyzed, and the roles that hydrogen plays in HWC technology are identified and quantitatively evaluated. Some deficiencies in water radiolysis modeling for BWR applications under HWC conditions and the impact of 16N radiation field increase in the main steam line are also discussed.


This paper synthesizes what economists have learned about human capital since Becker (1962) into four stylized facts. First, human capital explains at least one-third of the variation in labor earnings within countries and at least half of the variation across countries. Second, human capital investments have high economic returns throughout childhood and young adulthood. Third, we know how to build foundational skills such as literacy and numeracy, and resources are often the main constraint. Fourth, higher-order skills such as problem-solving and teamwork are increasingly valuable, and the technology for producing these skills is not well understood. We know that investment in education works and that skills matter for earnings, but we do not always know why.


At common law contributory negligence on the part of a plaintiff was a complete
bar to recovery. Courts attempted to mitigate the potential harshness of this rule by creating the so-called last clear chance rule. The rule however was 'capricious, unpredictable and often unfair in operation': In comparison, Quebec law authoritatively accepted faute commune in 1899 and since then Quebec has remained happily untroubled by either of the common law's difficult progeny-the contributory negligence bar or last clear chance.
All common law provinces and both territories have abrogated the contributory negligence bar to recovery by enacting apportionment legislation. However, only two provinces have similarly abrogated last clear chance. In some provinces and both territories, there is legislation specifically retaining last clear chance. In other
provinces, whether last clear chance survived the enactment of apportionment
legislation must be answered entirely at common law. Given that abrogating
legislation does not appear forthcoming in most provinces and territories, the author argues that judicial avoidance of the last clear chance rule, even in those jurisdictions with legislation specifically retaining it, is required.


Near-ultraviolet sunlight is absorbed by sulfur dioxide to produce electronically excited molecules, which react with n-butane in the presence of wet or dry air to produce an aerosol and eventually a liquid precipitate. The product is a heavily oxidized, sulfur-containing, organic strong acid. The possible role of these reactions in photochemical air pollution is discussed.


BACKGROUND: Computed tomography-colonography is a diagnostic modality that can be used when the colon is not completely intubated during colonoscopy. It may have the additional advantage that information on extracolonic lesions can be obtained. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the yield of CT-colonography of relevant intra- and extracolonic findings in patients after incomplete colonoscopy. DESIGN: This was an observational, retrospective study. DATA SOURCES: Data were be obtained from standardized radiology and endoscopy reports and electronic medical records. STUDY SELECTION: In total, 136 consecutive CT-colonographies performed after incomplete colonoscopy were evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All intra- and extracolonic findings on CT-colonography were recorded and interpreted for clinical relevance, and it was determined whether further diagnostic and/or therapeutic workup was indicated. RESULTS: Major indications for colonoscopy included iron-deficiency anemia (25.7%), hematochezia (20.6%), change in bowel habits (18.4%), and colorectal cancer screening or surveillance (11.0%). Major reasons for incomplete colonoscopy were a fixed colon (34.6%) and strong angulation of the sigmoid colon (17.6%). Introduction of the colonoscope was limited to the left-sided colon in 53.7% of cases. Incomplete colonoscopy detected colorectal cancer in 12 (8.8%) patients and adenomatous polyps in 27 (19.9%) patients. CT-colonography after incomplete colonoscopy additionally revealed 19 polyps in 15 (11.0%) and a nonsynchronous colorectal cancer in 4 (2.9%) patients. CT-colonography also detected extracolonic findings with clinical consequences in 8 (5.9%) patients, including fistulizing diverticulitis (n = 3), gastric tumor (n = 2), liver abscess (n = 1), osteomyelitis (n = 1), and an infected embolus in both renal arteries (n = 1). LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by the lack of confirmation of intraluminal CT-colonography findings in a subset of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Computed tomography-colonography can be of added value in patients with incomplete colonoscopy, because it revealed 27 relevant additional (both intra- and extracolonic) lesions in 19.1% of patients. In cases where CT-colonography detected colorectal cancer after incomplete colonoscopy, it can also be used for staging purposes.


We propose fast probabilistic algorithms with low (i.e., sublinear in the input size) communication volume to check the correctness of operations in Big Data processing frameworks and distributed databases. Our checkers cover many of the commonly used operations, including sum, average, median, and minimum aggregation, as well as sorting, union, merge, and zip. An experimental evaluation of our implementation in Thrill (Bingmann et al., 2016) confirms the low overhead and high failure detection rate predicted by theoretical analysis.


Eighteen minor or trace elelnents were detected and determined by emission spectroscopy. Direct d-c arc excitation of powdered samnples was used with three variations in the procedure. Thirteen lunar samples consisting of four finegrained igneous rocks, one medium-grained igneous rock, seven breccias, and one sample of fines were analyzed. The zinc and nickel concentrations in the breccias were approximately one order of magnitude greater than the concentrations of these elements in igneous rocks.


The selfconsistent high-density expansion for thermodynamic quantities of the quantum spin-polarized fermion lattice gas, derived in the preceding paper, is extended to higher orders. The (1/z)2 terms in the free energy are evaluated by summing two-loop diagrams and the corresponding equation for critical temperature in the classical limit is discussed. Ground state phase diagram of the system for arbitrary electron density is derived in the first and second order of the expansion. Properties of the half-filled, one-dimensional spinless fermion model at T = 0, obtained here in the first three orders in 1/z, are compared with the results of exact calculations and of other approximate methods. This provides a test for the unrenormalized high-density expansion method.


Advice Online presents a comprehensive study of advice-giving in one particular American Internet advice column, referred to as 'Lucy Answers'. The discursive practice investigated is part of a professional and educational health program managed by an American university. The study provides insights into the linguistic realization of both asking for and giving advice in a written form and thus adds to the literature on advice columns as a specific text genre, on advice in health care contexts, and on Internet communication. The book offers a comprehensive literature review of advice in health encounters and other contexts, and uses this knowledge as a basis for comparison. Advice Online demonstrates how qualitative and quantitative research methods can be successfully combined to arrive at a comprehensive analysis of a discursive practice. It provides essential information on advice-giving for researchers, academics and students in the fields of (Internet) communication, media studies, pragmatics, social psychology and counseling. Health educators who work for advice columns or use similar forms of communication will also benefit from the insights gained in this study.


Student transition into higher education has increased in importance in recent times, with the growing trend in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development nations towards universal higher education provision and the concomitant widening of participation to include previously under-represented groups. However, 'transition' as a concept is largely employed uncritically in the field. In making these transition assumptions explicit, this article argues that there are three distinct accounts in the research literature, which inevitably lead to different approaches to transition policy, research and practice in higher education. While the third – transition as 'becoming' – offers the most theoretically sophisticated and student-sympathetic account, it is the least prevalent and least well understood. The article further argues that future research in the field needs to foreground students' lived realities and to broaden its theoretical and empirical base if students' capabilities to navigate change are to be fully understood and resourced.


Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) with high solution, sensitivity and specificity, is widely used to study the population genetic structure of pathogen by amplification and sequencing of the housekeeping genes. MLST also provides more evidence and plays an important role in parasite research. This paper reviews the principle and method of MLST, and its application on population genetic structure analysis of parasites.


Purpose This thesis constructs academic nursing in Ireland as a sociological object of study and explicates the underlying principles that structure it. The implications of this structure for the current status and future trajectory of the discipline are explored.
Theoretical framework The research is located within a version of critical social science known as constructivist-structuralism. It is informed by the social and cultural reproduction theories of Bourdieu and Bernstein, and by Maton's theory of the legitimation device that builds on and extends their work. Maton's theory renders academic disciplines amenable to deep structural analysis by conceptualising them as structured and structuring fields of practice, populated by agents competing for power and control.
Methodology Stage one was a critical review of the literature on the entry of nursing education to the academy. Two discourses were identified: a discourse of opposition, comprising three interpretative repertoires: 'bedpans and brooms', 'veils, vows and virtue' and 'a discipline manque'; and a discourse of legitimation with two discursive threads: 'the singular of nursing science' and 'the region of nursing studies'. Stage two was a critical discourse analysis of the 'languages of legitimation' of sixteen dominant agents in Irish nursing education. The languages were elicited in an argumentative conversational context in which respondents were required to legitimate themselves as academics and/or nursing as an academic discipline. The context was created by foregrounding the discourse of opposition. Respondents' languages of legitimation were theoretically reconstituted and analysed in terms of four 'building tasks' of language (knowledge, politics, relationships and identity), and four underlying structuring 'legitimation principles' (autonomy, density, specialisation and temporality).
Findings In Ireland, the field of academic nursing is beset by problems relating to the lack of a distinctive theoretical discourse to articulate, first, an academic and professional identity; second, the form and content of education programmes that are distinctively nursing and recognisably higher; and, third, the proper focus and scope of nursing research. These problems are analysed and debated in terms of a series of relations: the field's external relations, its internal relations, the relations between its social and knowledge dimensions, and the temporal aspects of these relations. The analysis reveals a field with a weak academic infrastructure, prone to colonisation by a variety of other discourses.
Conclusions Academic nursing in Ireland must devise strategies to reconfigure its relationships with clinical nursing practice, increase its intellectual autonomy, enhance its internal coherence and cohesiveness, strengthen the epistemic power of its knowledge base and critically evaluate the ways in which past practices inform its present, and whether and to what extent they should shape its fixture.