ABSTRACT Interpretations of depositional environments from microfossils are based mainly on comparisons of fossil assemblages with the micro-organic remains in present day sea muds. Qualitative comparisons of species, genera, and families common to both shales and sea muds have provided two broad generalizations. First, benthonic organisms are the chief indicators of temperature, depth, amount of light, water composition, and other bottom conditions. Second, pelagic, planktonic, and nektonic organisms overlap into a variety of sedimentary environments indicating only broad latitudinal boundaries of temperature and salinity. Quantitative studies of micropopulations provide the best data from which to reconstruct the environments of deposition. Furthermore, quantitative data give promise of being new stratigraphic correlation tools, their importance ranking with lithologic and electrical logs. Five important basic principles apply to microfossils if they are employed to determine environmental conditions. First, microfossils are integral parts of the lithology of shales. Since the specimens are particles of sediments, then the fossils and the lithology should be considered a closely knit result of the whole environment. Second, specimens are derived simultaneously from the living (biocoenosis), the dead debris (thanatocoenosis), and agents of sedimentation (wave action, currents, turbidity currents, mud slides, and organisms). Third, in the processes of sedimentation, gravity moves micro-organic remains to deeper locations on the ocean floor. Consequently, the upper depth and temperature limits of living organisms are the keys to depth and temperature interpretations. Fourt , the use of biological ecology data for comparisons with microfossil suites brings in only the biocoenosic elements and omits the results of sedimentation. Fifth, geographic distribution and coordination of each microfossil suite to the paleogeographic setting are necessary to reconstruct the environment.


A 65-year-old woman who had been diagnosed as having Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTD) 8 years ago and was scheduled to undergo excision of a spinal tumor in the prone position. General anesthesia using propofol was selected as the anesthetic method in order to avoid possible occurrence of malignant hyperthermia due to inhalation anesthetics. The patient was given 80 mg of propofol for anesthetic induction, and then propofol was infused at a rate of 4-5 mg.kg-1.h-1 with intermittent administration of fentanyl (total dose of 0.25 mg) for anesthetic maintenance. Vecuronium 4 mg was injected for intratracheal intubation, and then vecuronium 1 mg was injected at 50 min intervals. The operation proceeded uneventfully. The necessary time for anesthesia was over 460 minutes. There was no delay in wakening, and the patient experienced no problems in the postoperative course. Intravenous anesthesia using propofol is thought to be a safe and effective method of anesthesia for patients with CMTD.


Insulin, besides its pivotal role in energy metabolism, may also modulate neuronal processes through acting on insulin receptors (InsRs) expressed by neurons of both the central and the peripheral nervous system. Recently, the distribution and functional significance of InsRs localized on a subset of multifunctional primary sensory neurons (PSNs) have been revealed. Systematic investigations into the cellular electrophysiology, neurochemistry and morphological traits of InsR-expressing PSNs indicated complex functional interactions among specific ion channels, proteins and neuropeptides localized in these neurons. Quantitative immunohistochemical studies have revealed disparate localization of the InsRs in somatic and visceral PSNs with a dominance of InsR-positive neurons innervating visceral organs. These findings suggested that visceral spinal PSNs involved in nociceptive and inflammatory processes are more prone to the modulatory effects of insulin than somatic PSNs. Co-localization of the InsR and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor with vasoactive neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P bears of crucial importance in the pathogenesis of inflammatory pathologies affecting visceral organs, such as the pancreas and the urinary bladder. Recent studies have also revealed significant novel aspects of the neurotrophic propensities of insulin with respect to axonal growth, development and regeneration.


More than a biography and ?bigger than boxing', The Complete Muhammad Ali is a fascinating portrait of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first. Ishmael Reed calls it The Complete Muhammad Ali because most of the hundred odd books about the Champion are ?either too adoring or make excessively negative assertions.? They also omit many voices that deserve to be heard.

Ishmael Reed charts Muhammad Ali's evolution from Black Nationalism to universalism, but gives due credit to the Nation's of Islam's and Black Nationalism's important influence on Ali's intellectual development. People who led these organizations are given a chance to speak up. Sam X, who introduced Ali to the Nation of Islam, said that without his mentor Elijah Muhammad, nobody would ever have heard of Ali. That remark cannot be ignored.

Reed, an accomplished poet, novelist, essayist and playwright, casts his inquisitive eye on a man who came to represent the aspirations of so many people worldwide and so many causes. He also brings to bear his own experience as an African American public figure, born in the South in the same period, as well as an encyclopaedic grasp of American history.

People interviewed include Marvin X, Harry Belafonte, Hugh Masakela, Jack Newfield, Ed Hughes, Emmanuel Steward, Amiri Baraka, Agieb Bilal, Emil Guillermo, Khalilah Ali, Quincy Troupe, Rahaman Ali, Melvin Van Peebles, Ray Robinson, Jr., Ed Hughes, Jesse Jackson, Martin Wyatt, Bennett Johnson, Stanley Crouch, Bobby Seale, and many more.

Reed also places the Muhammad Ali phenomenon in the history of boxing and boxers from before the times of Jack Johnson, through Joe Louis and Archie Moore to Floyd Mayweather. He also includes Canadian fights and fighters like Tommy Burns, George Chuvalo and Yvon Durelle.

?The Heavyweight Championship of the World,? wrote Reed in a 1976 Village Voice headline article shortly after third Ali-Norton fight, ?is a sex show, a fashion show, scene of intrigue between different religions, politics, classes; a gathering of stars, ex-stars, their hangers-on, and hangers-on assistants.?

The author of the much cited Writin' is Fightin' has now produced what will likely be known not only as The Complete Muhammad Ali but also ?the definitive Muhammad Ali.?


Security testing and security risk analysis are key issues and central to strengthening the ability of companies to face the new security challenges posed by the future internet. We present a conceptual framework clarifying the notions of security testing, security risk analysis, and related concepts, as well as defining the relations among them. The conceptual framework is built upon established concepts from state-of-the-art standards. We focus on model-based approaches for security testing and security risk analysis and distinguish between model-based security testing (MST) and model-based security risk analysis (MSR). In particular, we present the two possible combinations of MST and MSR, which are risk-driven model-based security testing (RMST) and test-driven model-based security risk analysis (TMSR). The conceptual framework offers a basis for future research by providing a common understanding of the central notions within security testing and security risk analysis.


The activity of L-tryptophan was studied on young male rats in depressive state caused by thyreoid hormone dysbalance. The immobilization time in the Porsolt forced swim test in thyreoidectomized rats was significantly increased in comparison to the intact control. The replacement therapy with triiodothyronin (T3) reduced the level of depressed behavior to the initial value. Chronic administration of L-tryptophan significantly decreased the total immobilization time in all the test groups, irrespective of the hormonal state. However, the effect of L-tryptophan was more pronounced in T3-treated rats.


ABSTRACT The "good-genes" hypothesis to explain female extra-pair mating states that females benefit from this behavior by acquiring better genes for their offspring. Despite extensive research, results are mixed, and the predictions of the good-genes hypothesis have been met in fewer than half of published papers. One possible explanation for this lack of consensus is that the benefits of extra-pair copulation are context-dependent. Here we use chick size, the probability of fledging, and telomeres, the protective caps of chromosomes, as markers for individual quality. Telomere length (TelL) integrates across many stressors and covaries with probability of survival and reproductive success. To test whether benefits to extra-pair (EP) matings are context-dependent we look at the telomere length of extra-pair and within-pair offspring (EPO and WPO, respectively) reared either in experimentally enlarged broods or in broods left at their natural size. We predicted that EPO would have longer telomeres than WPO, and that this difference would be more pronounced among nutritionally limited nestlings reared in enlarged broods. Contrary to our predictions, EP status did not predict chick size or TelL of nestlings reared in either treatment group. EPO from enlarged broods had a higher probability of fledging than similarly reared WPO, but this effect was only seen after a separate analysis per group and not in the full model. Even though these results give mixed support to the good-genes hypothesis they also highlight the difficulty in choosing the proper metric and context.


Daniel Dennett's Freedom Evolves is a rhetorically powerful but philosophically unconvincing attempt to show that a deterministic and ontologically reductionist, but epistemologically pluralist, outlook may peacefully coexist with a robust acceptance of human freedom and moral responsibility. The key to understanding the harmony rests in recognizing that freedom is not a metaphysical or physical condition but is instead a product of deeply embedded social practices. I argue that Dennett's project rests on an unargued and implausible deflationary stance toward basic metaphysics.


Sound Fellow, William Sears' "Community History" approach to understanding work, education, religion, and social life though the under-documented music making traditions in Knox, Whitley, Laurel, and McCreary Counties in Kentucky.


In topology-based localization, each node in a network computes its hop-count distance to a finite number of reference nodes, or "landmarks". This paper studies the impact of landmark placement on the accuracy of the resulting coordinate systems. The coordinates of each node are given by the hop-count distance to the landmarks. We show analytically that placing landmarks on the boundary of the topology yields more accurate coordinate systems than when landmarks are placed in the interior. Moreover, under some conditions, we show that uniform landmark deployment on the boundary is optimal. This work is also the first empirical study to consider not only uniform, synthetic topologies, but also nonuniform topologies resembling more concrete deployments. Our simulation results show that, in general, if enough landmarks are used, random landmark placement yields comparative performance to placing landmarks on the boundary randomly or equally spaced. This is an important result since boundary placement, especially at equal distances, may turn out to be infeasible and/or prohibitively expensive (in terms of communication, processing overhead, and power consumption) in networks of nodes with limited capabilities.


Abstract In the framework of ITER magnet R&D activities, a significant number of conductor short-samples or inserts were tested throughout the past decades, either for development on cable layouts or for industrial qualifications. On a certain number of them critical properties degradations were encountered, some of which were identified to be caused by current imbalance between the different strands bundles twisted inside the cable. In order to address the analyses of those samples as reliably as possible, CEA developed a dedicated home code named Coupled Algorithm Resistive Modelling Electrical Network (CARMEN) having basically two specific functionalities: -a first routine which is devoted to compute strand bundles trajectories, with bundles down to the individual strand scale. This point allows to obtain a realistic E(J) law over the full conductor length -a second routine which is devoted to model inter-bundle currents redistribution, taking into account the magnetic field map. It basically makes use of a relevant discrete electrical network with defined sections including E(J) law obtained from the above-mentioned subroutine As a result, the E-J or E-T curves can be calculated and compared to the experimental data, provided adapted inputs on sample features are considered, such as strand contact resistances in joints, inter-bundles resistances or cable geometry. In a first part, the paper describes the different hypotheses that built the code structure, and in a second part, the application to the ITER TFCI insert coil is presented, focusing particularly on the validation of the potential use of the code to stand as a diagnostic tool for currents imbalance probing.


Rehabilitation Training (ReTrain) is a group-based approach to functional training post stroke. ReTrain has recently been evaluated through a pilot randomised controlled trial. Objective This article reports on the acceptability of the intervention as described by trial participants. Design A qualitative approach was undertaken. Of the 45 participants recruited into the trial, 23 were randomised to receive ReTrain. Following a sampling strategy, 10 participants undertook 1:1 semistructured audio-recorded interviews. Transcripts were analysed following a modified Framework Approach. Results Six themes were developed including exploration of: the physical and psychological impacts of training,the perceived mechanisms of change, the interaction of the group and approach of the trainer. A further theme considered the reported longer term impact of participation. Overall, the results indicated the acceptability of the intervention, but also key areas for potential modification in the definitive trial. These include a need to consider potential impact on both physical and psychological function, careful consideration of dosing and fatigue and the interpersonal factors that facilitate appropriate level of delivery, the trainer to participant ratio, and enhancing features that support continuation of activity postintervention. Conclusion Overall, this study supports the acceptability of ReTrain and the development of a definitive trial evaluation of this intervention to full. Trial registration number NCT02429180.


The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between partitioning and isotopic fractionation of nitrogen (N) in sheep consuming diets with varying ratios of N to water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC). Six non-lactating sheep were offered a constant dry matter (DM) allowance with one of three ratios of dietary N/WSC, achieved by adding sucrose and urea to lucerne pellets. A replicated 3 dietary treatments (Low, Medium and High N/WSC) × 3 (collection periods) and a Latin square design was used, with two sheep assigned to each treatment in each period. Feed, faeces, urine, plasma, wool, muscle and liver samples were collected and analysed for ¹⁵N concentration. Nitrogen intake and outputs in faeces and urine were measured for each sheep using 6-day total collections. Blood urea N (BUN) and urinary excretion of purine derivative were also measured. Treatment effects were tested using general ANOVA; the relationships between measured variables were analysed by linear regression. BUN and N intake increased by 46% and 35%, respectively, when N/WSC increased 2.5-fold. However, no indication of change in microbial protein synthesis was detected. Results indicated effects of dietary treatments on urinary N/faecal N, faecal N/N intake and retained N/N intake. In addition, the linear relationships between plasma δ¹⁵N and urinary N/N intake and muscle δ¹⁵N and retained N/N intake based on individual measurements showed the potential of using N isotopic fractionation as an easy-to-use indicator of N partitioning when N supply exceeds that required to match energy supply in the diet.


In order to further develop in Europe robot technology, which constitutes a key factor in the development of new production techniques in industry as well as of advanced solutions in non-traditional areas such as space, agriculture, underwater, service and personal operations, large efforts are required both from a technological and a methodological point of view, with a particular emphasis on integration of different fields. Moreover, promoting people's mobility, particularly at the post-doctoral level, in the context of trans-national laboratory networks is a very effective way to offer to young researchers the best possible education in a stimulating environment. In particular for Europe, but not exclusively, this approach constitutes also a necessary platform on which international industrial competitiveness can be durably based. Such networking and mobility concepts appear to be particularly appropriate in robotics, where many different technologies and complementary methodologies, which are unlikely to be developed in only one center, have to be integrated. The ERNET (European Robotics Network) project was established by the European Union Commission based on these concepts. The network includes 28 laboratories from 10 European countries. The article briefly reviews the main activities of ERNET, gives some technical results, and outlines a perspective for exploiting the ERNET initiative.


The storage energy of high frequency reactive component for the switched mode power converter is a new factor to assess the performance. The instability of the switched-mode converter under the peak current control mode is examined for its storage energy. Bifurcation and chaos of the storage energy in the inductor and capacitor are observed based on the stroboscopic map. The boundary of maximum storage energy is given to be an alternative to study the instability of the system in this study. Zero energy is obtained in stable period 1 and the storage energy with the same value and opposite direction is obtained in period 2. The simulation results of bifurcation and chaos of energy are obtained under different parameters and verified by experiment. The boundary of instability of energy stored in the reactive component under various parameters is formulated and a single equation can be used to indicate the factors. These results can provide a new guideline to design a stable system and provide a new control algorithm for power electronic system.


The detection of high impedance faults has been an important research field for many years. The insignificant increase of the line current in case of such faults makes their detection a difficult task, although at the same time a crucial one for reasons of public safety. In this work, the influence of a high impedance fault on the line's overall input impedance is examined, for frequencies within both the CENELEC A Band and the typical high speed PLC range. The tested line configurations correspond to phase to phase and phase to ground signal injections. Also, the different effects of a high impedance fault according to the exact fault location and the line termination are investigated. Finally, a comparison among the results concerning the two selected frequency bands is conducted, in order to determine the one with the most desirable performance.


In Ayurvedic medicine Guduchi is considered to be one of the three Amrit plants. Amrit means nectar of gods; such are the qualities of this climber plant that in Sanskrit it is named as "Amritavalli". Botanical name of Guduchi is Tinospora cordifolia. Guduchi is a well-documented in Ayurveda literature. It is used in multiple drug formulations. Ayurvedic practice without this herb may not be possible. It is useful in the promotion and restoration of health and in the treatment and curing of many diseases and known as Panacea (remedy) for all the diseases and disorders. Scientific studies also evaluate and confirm the insight beneficial properties of this medicinal herb like cardio protective, hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, analgesic effect, confirms the Ayurvedic views of Guduchi as Rasayana and immunity booster. The present review involves the medicinal properties of Guduchi and its uses in Ayurveda.


Guardianship is a management by an adult of a child and his property. The guardianship of a child's property becomes an issue where the child acquires significant assets particularly through inheritance. The guardianship expires upon the child reaching the age of majority unless for reasons of insanity or other disability, the child remains unable to take care of himself or to manage his property.
The guardian is responsible for managing the child's property honestly and in his best interests, using it to pay for normal living expenses, health and education. A guardian is a fiduciary and is subject to a very high standard of care in exercising his powers. However, there are cases where the guardian fails to discharge his duties accordingly and wastes or mismanages the child's property causing financial loss to the latter's property.
Hence, this paper will focus on the guardianship of a child's property giving emphasis on the rights of a child to inheritance and the guardianship over his property throughout his minority. The administration of the property by the guardian will be highlighted to examine the scope of the guardian's duties and the extent of his responsibilities in managing the property. The rights of the child against the unlawful acts of the guardian will also be analyzed so that the child's rights are legally ascertained and protected.


This paper presents a method for the experimental determination of forming limit diagrams under non linear strain paths. The method consists in pre-forming the sheets under two different strain conditions: uniaxial and biaxial, and then stretching the samples, cut out of the preformed sheets, using a Nakajima testing setup. The optical deformation measurement system used for the process analysis (ARAMIS, Company GOM) allows to record and to analyze the strain distribution very precisely with respect to both time and space. As a reference also the FLDs of the investigated grades (the deep drawing steel DC04, the dual phase steel DP450 and the aluminum alloy AA5754) in as-received conditions were determined. The results show as expected an influence of the pre-forming conditions on the forming limit of the materials, with an increased formability in the case of biaxial stretching after uniaxial pre-forming and a reduced formability for uniaxial load after biaxial stretching if compared to the case of linear strain paths. These effects can be observed for all the investigated materials and can be also described in terms of a shifting of the FLD, which is related to the art and magnitude of the pre-deformation.


This article focuses on two ways in which smallholders—rural families, the peasantry—are responding to the contemporary neoliberal environment in Turkey by resisting commodification. This resistance, which takes place both by definition, insofar as smallholders refuse to enter, or properly conform to, the logic of capital, and in terms of its characteristics, values and practices of autonomy and sharing, is located in the context of two sites or structures of social commons. These comprise the maintenance of non-commodity circuits, along with the development of what may be identified as a new, dual-circuit articulation, one that involves financial inputs, particularly through engagement in labour relations, in combination with the non-commodity circuits. The latter emerges through manifold, variegated, and informal linkages structured around kin and community and enabled by mobility and migration. Thus, superseding the rural–urban division of space and going beyond capitalistic relations, these comprise a contemporary form of 'solidarity-network-based social commons'. Presented in this example from Turkey, therefore, are different ways in which smallholder farming operates as a locus of resilience for extended family and village/locality interconnectivity that offers a distance from markets, even as it utilizes them with novel forms of communally oriented autonomies in a more generalized re-spatialization that extends to the urban and goes beyond capital.


There is effect modification if the magnitude or stability of a treatment effect varies systematically with the level of an observed covariate. A larger or more stable treatment effect is typically less sensitive to bias from unmeasured covariates, so it is important to recognize effect modification when it is present. We illustrate a recent proposal for conducting a sensitivity analysis that empirically discovers effect modification by exploratory methods but controls the familywise error rate in discovered groups. The example concerns a study of mortality and use of intensive care units in 23715 matched pairs of two Medicare patients, one of whom underwent surgery at a hospital that had been identified for superior nursing; the other at a conventional hospital. The pairs were matched exactly for 130 four‐digit ninth international classification of diseases surgical procedure codes and balanced 172 observed covariates. The pairs were then split into five groups of pairs by the classification and regression trees method in its effort to locate effect modification. The evidence of a beneficial effect of magnet hospitals on mortality is least sensitive to unmeasured biases in a large group of patients undergoing quite serious surgical procedures, but in the absence of other life‐threatening conditions, such as a comorbidity of congestive heart failure or an emergency admission leading to surgery.


Testosterone production by the fetal testis depends on a functional relationship between hCG and the LH/chorionic gonadotrophin receptor (LHCGR). Failure of the receptor to correctly respond to its ligand leads to impaired sexual differentiation in males. A phenotypically-female patient with pubertal delay, had a 46,XY karyotype and was diagnosed with 46X,Y disorder of sex development (DSD). Novel compound heterozygous LHCGR mutations were found in the signal peptide: a duplication p.L10_Q17dup of maternal origin, and a deletion (p.K12_L15del) and a p.L16Q missense mutation of paternal origin. cAMP production was very low for both the deletion and duplication mutations and was halved for the missense mutant. The duplication and missense mutations were both expressed intracellularly, but at very low levels at the cell membrane; they were most likely retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. The deletion mutant had a very limited intracellular expression, indicating impaired biosynthesis. There was reduced expression of all three mutants, which was most marked for the deletion mutation. There was also decreased protein expression of all three mutant receptors. In the deletion mutation, the presence of a lower molecular weight band corresponding to LHCGR monomer, probably due to lack of glycosylation, and a lack of bands corresponding to dimers/oligomers suggests absent ER entry. This novel case of 46X,Y DSD illustrates how three different LHCGR signal peptide mutations led to complete receptor inactivation by separate mechanisms. The study underlines the importance of specific regions of signal peptides and expands the spectrum of LHCGR mutations.


The purpose of this study is to examine consumer values for mandatory carbon labels incorporating South Korean consumers' perceptions about climate change using conjoint analysis. In a face-to-face consumer survey, we asked about individuals' perceptions of the impact of climate change on their personal lives to measure its effect on consumer preference for carbon labels. The results of ordered logit and conditional logit regressions showed that a significant preference for mandatory carbon labels reflected Koreans' level of concern about climate change. As an increasing number of consumers feel the impact of climate change, the gap of willingness to pay between voluntary and mandatory low carbon labels is significant. Also, consumer perception of the impact of climate change on their personal lives was significantly influenced by the area in which the respondents' lived.


This paper argues that in the future the primary focus of policy research and global agreements should be the de-carbonization of economic development. Consequently, instead of treating climate stabilization and economic development as separate and equal, the strategy should be to re-integrate the two global policy goals, in part by separating responsibility (and funding) from action. This will require an approach that goes beyond Kyoto. The paper invokes the example of the Manhattan Project to argue for a massive, globally funded public investment program for the deployment of renewable energy technologies in developing countries.


The antioxidant activity of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) essential oil (LBEO) on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and its hypoglycaemic effect in db/db mice were investigated. LBEO scavenged 97 % of DPPH radicals at a 270-fold dilution. Mice administered LBEO (0.015 mg/d) for 6 weeks showed significantly reduced blood glucose (65 %; P < 0.05) and TAG concentrations, improved glucose tolerance, as assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test, and significantly higher serum insulin levels, compared with the control group. The hypoglycaemic mechanism of LBEO was further explored via gene and protein expression analyses using RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Among all glucose metabolism-related genes studied, hepatic glucokinase and GLUT4, as well as adipocyte GLUT4, PPAR-gamma, PPAR-alpha and SREBP-1c expression, were significantly up-regulated, whereas glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression was down-regulated in the livers of the LBEO group. The results further suggest that LBEO administered at low concentrations is an efficient hypoglycaemic agent, probably due to enhanced glucose uptake and metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue and the inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver.


Introduction: The use of ear ornaments is a multicultural practice. The lack of objective evaluations published in the national and international literature is surprising considering the high incidence of torn earlobe (TEL) worldwide. Objective: Evaluation of the results of torn earlobe repair with simple marginal excision and closure using a tissue adhesive. Methods: This was a prospective study in which TELs (36) were treated by simple excision of epithelialized edges and closure using cyanoacrylate as tissue adhesive. Results: TELs caused by earrings (91.7%) and trauma (8.3%) were treated. The following issues were found: flatness (14.8%), unsightly scar (13.9%), notching (11.1%), stretched earlobe (7.4%), and dehiscence (5.6%). No cases of necrosis or keloid scars occurred. Conclusions: The proposed treatment proved safe and had satisfactory cosmetic results in 92.6% of patients. ■ ABSTRACT


Large eddy simulations (LES) with the solver Meso-NH are performed to analyse a single wind turbine wake. In the first part of this work, four algorithms to determine the instantaneous wake centre (wake tracking) from the literature are compared. A data-processing method is also proposed to improve the results of these algorithms. In the second part, three different atmospheric conditions are simulated to assess the effect of inflow conditions on the wake. The focus is on the 2-dimensional wake width, the maximum deficit, the maximum added turbulence and the amount of wake meandering in the lateral and vertical directions. The three formers are computed in both the Moving and Fixed Frames of Reference (MFOR and FFOR). Results in the MFOR are shown to be sensitive to the wake tracking algorithm, in particular for turbulence. The flowfield in the MFOR is found to be independent of atmospheric conditions for the two cases with similar operating conditions and length scales larger than two diameters of the rotor. The third case with lower length scales and turbulence intensity behaves differently.


As part of an undergraduate programme in Environmental Science, students undertake modules relating to Wastewater Treatment as well as Environmental Analysis. Traditional teaching methods generally involve conducting each analytical method on one or two occasions, with samples either made up or sourced by technical support staff. Site visits to full-scale treatment systems help students visualise the issues involved in the design and operation of real systems but detailed on-site investigations are not possible or practical for many reasons (i.e. class size, costs, health and safety issues, access etc.)This study involves the establishment of teams of students repsonsible for the maintenance, operation and monitoring of bench-scale activated sludge wastewater treatment plants on a continuous basis over an academic semester. The students work in teams of four per bench-scale unit and conduct a series of analyses on at least four occasions over a two-week period. Students then rotate between duties until they have each completed the entire range of maintenance and analytical tasks. The analytical data generated over the duration of the trial is used to monitor the performance of the units. It enables students to collate the data in tabular and graphical form, and carry out statistical analyses. In addition, students are able to identify and explain the important inter-relationships between numerous factors relating to the design and operation of wastewater treatment systems which cannot be achieved using existing teaching methods. The students upload the monitoring results onto a website, as they become available, which is accessible by students from other courses including distance learners.Responses from the students and staff involved in this project were very positive and this has lead to implementing changes to the curriculum whereby a Project module has been removed and the learning outcomes integrated into the Wastewater Treatment module.This project has potential for transfer to similar programmes in other Institutions.


political scientist with wide-ranging interests and experience in comparative politics, public administration and international relations, has produced a very thoughtful, timely and innovative analysis of theory and practice on the expropriation of foreign-owned investments by developing countries. He identifies the causes and manifestations of nationalisation as a phenomenon of economic nationalism. His detailed and very thoroughly researched survey of the complex and divergent reactions of Third World countries towards expropriation strongly reinforces the view now widely held, even among the more traditionalist western international lawyers, that of the "existing" customary law relating to the protection of foreign investment, the principle of national treatment, the categorisation of expropriation as unlawful per se and sub modo, the duty to indemnify, and the promptness, adequacy and effectiveness of compensation rests upon precedents that have become fragmented and often irrelevant to modem industrial and commercial relationships between host nations and foreign-based corporations.


During recent years, climate change aspects have received increased attention in urban planning and infrastructure development. In order to effectively address impacts on climate change and measures towards energy efficiency, a strategic approach in the planning process is required. To enable an early appraisal of alternative climate change adaptation scenarios, SEA could provide a suitable framework. The application of SEA in urban planning and infrastructure development entail various challenges so as to address, e.g., cumulative impacts, transboundary and multi-scalar issues. The incorporation of strategic issues related to climate change, call for analytical tools and methodological approaches that facilitate the planning and decision-making process. In this study we focus on the development of prediction tools and decision support systems in order to assist a comprehensive comparison of alternative strategies and identify innovative energy efficient solutions for a climate resilient society.


TENEX is a new time sharing system implemented on a DEC PDP-10 augmented by special paging hardware developed at BBN. This report specifies a set of goals which are important for any time sharing system. It describes how the TENEX design and implementation achieve these goals. These include specifications for a powerful multiprocess large memory virtual machine, intimate terminal interaction, comprehensive uniform file and I/O capabilities, and clean flexible system structure. Although the implementation described here required some compromise to achieve a system operational within six months of hardware checkout, TENEX has met its major goals and provided reliable service at several sites and through the ARPA network.


Participants in public disability programs face the loss of benefits if they work and earn at substantial levels. Policy makers, researchers, and advocates have suggested that the prospect of benefit loss is, at least in part, an explanation for the low levels of earnings and work participation among disability program participants; however, research on the actual effects is very limited. The authors estimate the prospect of benefit loss effects on work participation and earnings of participants in four disability programs using a unique survey. The findings strongly suggest that the prospect of benefit loss decreases earnings and work participation among disability program participants. Unexpectedly, the authors found little variation in the size of the prospect of benefit loss effects across programs even though there is substantial cross-program variation in the actual benefit loss that occurs with work participation and increased earnings.


There are labour laws pertinent to health issues of garment workers in Bangladesh. The laws cover work hours, wages, sick leave, maternity leave and benefits, compensation and other working environment related issues. Because of the lack of implementation and/or violation of the laws, workers often suffer from health hazards both at work and at home. The problem is compounded by the fact that workers are unaware of many of the laws and the benefits they are entitled to because of lack of education and resources. The Bangladesh government, garment employers and different international and national NGOs have important roles to play in reducing the health hazards of workers. The paper discusses different types of illnesses and through narratives of women garment workers explores health hazards experienced by them. It also suggests solutions for policy-makers, NGO activists, employers and workers.


Background Paediatric heart failure (HF) has an import-ant economic and social impact in public health. Drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system are regarded as mainstay to lower the burden of HF for patients and families. A safe and efficient use especially in young chil-dren has been debated since several years and remains a challenge for physicians. We aimed to characterise the different therapeutic strategies for the management of paediatric HF that are currently practiced across Europe with special focus on the use of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE-I). Methods A Europe-wide web-based survey and a sub-sequent DELPHI questionnaire was developed in the con-text of EU's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement n°6 02 295 using standard recommendations for survey design. The questionnaire consisted of 23 ques-tions addressing different aspects of drug therapy for HF in children. Use patterns of ACE-I i.e. dosage by age group, effectiveness and toxicity assessment according to HF ae-tiology where investigated. Clinicians from 204 different hospitals of 39 European countries were invited via e-mail to participate. The subsequent DELPHI process discussed controversial responses within a selected expert panel in two rounds. Results The response rate of the survey had been 50%. The survey delivered valuable information about the current paediatric heart failure therapy, especially with regard to the pattern of ACE-I use. Enalapril seems to be already the ACE-inhibitor of choice for children and ad-olescents. A suitable formulation and knowledge about dosing as well as adverse events might offer Enalapril also for neonates and infants. Several controversial aspects which were identified within the survey and which are re-lated to paediatric heart failure therapy had been put up for discussion to the DELPHI expert panel. They showed a high degree of consensus in their professional criteria about most of the contents presented for discussion. Pos-sible starting points in the way towards a standardisation of paediatric heart failure therapy were identified. With re-gard to non-consensus statements, DELPHI experts pro-vided a better visibility to some aspects of clinical practice with greater disparity of opinio Diagnostic and therapeu-tic approachesns among physicians. Conclusion This survey and the subsequent DELPHI questionnaire provided an overview of the clinical treat-ment routine of paediatric HF across Europe. ACE-I seem to be a crucial part of the treatment strategies. Consensus but also still controversial aspects of clinical practice rou-tines for a safe and effective use of heart failure treatment for children in Europe were identified. The research leading to these results has received funding from the EU's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n°6 02 295 (LENA).


Objective: It has been suggested that oxidative processes may be increased in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), and that this is a possible factor contributing to the development of anemia and atherosclerosis, characteristic complications of CRF. The aim of this study was to investigate erythrocyte oxidant/antioxidant status in patients with CRF and to elucidate possible effects of hemodialysis on erythrocyte antioxidant system. Methods: Fasting blood samples were obtained from 33 patients with CRF and from 12 healthy controls. Of the patients, 17 subjects were under regular hemodialysis. Values of the activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and antioxidant potential, nonenzymatic superoxide radical scavenger activity (NSSA) and levels of thiobarbituric acid reagent substances (TBARS) were measured in the erythrocytes from both patients and controls. Results: Antioxidant potential and NSSA values were found to be significantly decreased, while TBARS levels were increased in the erythrocytes of patients. SOD activity was found to be unchanged, but GSH-Px and CAT activities were significantly lower in the patient group. Moreover, the erythrocyte TBARS level in the hemodialysis group was higher than in the controls and nonhemodialysis patients. Conclusion: The results suggest that antioxidant potential is reduced due to impaired antioxidant system in erythrocytes from patients with CRF and that oxidant stress causes significant peroxidation. Hemodialysis is determined to further increase oxidative reactions. These changes seem to contribute to the occurrence of some complications of CRF. Therefore, it has been suggested that antioxidant supplementation may give beneficial results for these patients.


Summary Current building product models explicitly represent components, attributes of components, and relationships between components. These designer-focused product models, however, do not represent many of the design conditions that are important for construction, such as component similarity, uniformity, and penetrations. Current design and construction tools offer limited support for detecting these construction-specific design conditions. This paper describes the ontology we developed using the manufacturing concept of features to represent the design conditions that are important for construction. The feature ontology provides the blueprint for the additions and changes needed to transform a standard product model into a construction-specific product model. The ontology formalizes three classes of features, defines the attributes and functions of each feature type, and represents the relationships between features explicitly. The descriptive semantics of the ontology allows practitioners to represent their varied preferences for naming features, specifying features that result from component intersections and the similarity of components, and grouping features that affect a specific construction domain. A software prototype that implements the ontology enables practitioners to transform designer-focused product models into feature-based product models that represent the construction perspective.


Sedimentary structures from the base of the Ringerike Formation are interpreted as having been formed by tidal currents because of their re semblance to structures found in modem tidal deposits. Fossils of undoubted marine origin have been transported into an estuary by tidal currents and are interbedded with unfossiliferous red mudstones. The estuary probably pro gressed from the N or NW towards the S or SE, and the border between stage 9 (marine Ludlow) and 10 (red beds) may be an anisochronous one.


"2015 W. Keats Sparrow Writing Award, Second Place Winner; As I was growing up, I still remember going to my grandparents' house every day after elementary school and eating orange sherbet, riding bikes around the neighborhood, and going to the library to get books to read. I saw my grandparents so much as a child that they basically helped to raise me alongside my parents. They were the only grandparents I knew, since my father's parents had passed long before I was brought into this world. I was their only granddaughter out of four grandchildren as well, so there was a special bond there that cannot even begin to be compared with anything else. Both of my grandparents were eventually diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. It affected both of their lives dramatically, as well everybody in my family's lives. The treatments and therapies for Alzheimer's disease are rapidly evolving, which is great news for future generations."


The structure of a series of lanthanide iron cobalt perovskite oxides, R(Fe0.5Co0.5)O3 (R = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd), have been investigated. The space group of these compounds was confirmed to be orthorhombic Pnma (No. 62), Z = 4. From Pr to Gd, the lattice parameter a varies from 5.466 35(13) Å to 5.507 10(13) Å, b from 7.7018(2) to 7.561 75(13) Å, c from 5.443 38(10) to 5.292 00(8) Å, and unit-cell volume V from 229.170(9) Å3 to 220.376(9) Å3, respectively. While the trend of V follows the trend of the lanthanide contraction, the lattice parameter "a" increases as the ionic radius r(R 3+) decreases. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy confirm that Fe and Co are disordered over the octahedral sites. The structure distortion of these compounds is evidenced in the tilt angles θ, ϕ, and ω, which represent rotations of an octahedron about the pseudocubic perovskite [110]p, [001]p, and [111]p axes. All three tilt angles increase across the lanthanide series (for R = Pr to R = Gd: θ increases from 12.3° to 15.2°, ϕ from 7.5° to 15.8°, and ω from 14.4° to 21.7°), indicating a greater octahedral distortion as r(R 3+) decreases. The bond valence sum for the sixfold (Fe/Co) site and the eightfold R site of R(Fe0.5Co0.5)O3 reveal no significant bond strain. Density Functional Theory calculations for Pr(Fe0.5Co0.5)O3 support the disorder of Fe and Co and suggest that this compound to be a narrow band gap semiconductor. XRD patterns of the R(Fe0.5Co0.5)O3 samples were submitted to the Powder Diffraction File.


BACKGROUND
Correct placement of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) requires confirmation to appreciate the adequacy of laryngeal seal and pulmonary ventilation.

OBJECTIVES
The present study was designed to assess the feasibility of ultrasound use for confirmation of correct placement of LMA and its correlation with fiberoptic laryngoscopy as a confirmation tool for LMA position.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
31 ASA I and II patients scheduled for same day surgery under general anesthesia underwent standard general anesthetic technique with AuraOnce or AuraFlex Disposable Laryngeal Mask Airways. The position of the LMA cuff was confirmed by transverse neck ultrasound (USG), and reconfirmed with intra-LMA fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FOL).

RESULTS
The ultrasound grade of LMA position strongly correlated positively with the fiberoptic grade of LMA position (r = 0.92; p < 0.0001). This correlation was obtained immediately after LMA placement, as well as just before LMA removal. The Bland-Altman scatter plot showed insignificant differences between the two grading systems with small and good limits of agreement (-0.63 to +0.57).

CONCLUSION
Ultrasound examination can replace fiberoptic examination for confirmation of the correct placement of an LMA. Additionally, non-invasive ultrasound examination can further give insight into the cause of airway/ventilation events that may be interfering with the LMA placement and ventilation.


One important motivation for creating cap-and-trade programs for carbon emissions is the expectation that they will stimulate much-needed low-carbon innovation. I construct a new panel of British firms to investigate this hypothesis, finding that the European carbon market has encouraged greater low-carbon patenting and R&D spending among regulated firms without necessarily driving short-term reductions in carbon intensity of output. This stands in contrast to past cap-and-trade programs, which have primarily spurred adoption of existing pollution control technologies, with little effect on innovation. I discuss how to reconcile these contrasting findings and implications for the future of carbon markets. (JEL D22, O32, O34, Q52, Q54, Q58)


OBJECTIVES To ascertain the opinions of practising Canadian physicians about their willingness to participate in legalized physician-assisted suicide; and to seek possible associations between willingness to practise legalized assisted suicide, and personal and medical professional determinants. DESIGN Cross-sectional, mailed survey of a random sample of Canadian physicians, stratified non-proportionally with respect to five geographic regions, and proportionally for type of practice (general practitioner or specialist). RESULTS Useable responses came from 2,010 (59 per cent) physicians (regional range 53 to 64 per cent), of whom 1,855 were in clinical practice. Respondents' gender and type of practice did not deviate from national reference data; 57 per cent were unwilling to practice legalized assisted suicide, but 40 per cent would wish it for themselves. Significantly different associations were found between opinions about willingness to practise legalized assisted suicide and the personal determinants of age, geographic regions, country of graduation, and religious activity, but not for gender, and type or experience in practice and terminal care. CONCLUSIONS The opinions of Canadian physicians about the practice of legalized physician-assisted suicide are more strongly influenced by personal determinants than by medical professional determinants. This reveals potential conflicts between physicians' professional and personal preferences. In this context, a plurality of Canadian physicians supports legislated change, but most would not practise legalized physician-assisted suicide at this time in Canada.


This thesis examines the use of an architectural design model in interaction design and provides a detailed and concrete account of bringing an interactive artefact, the Recipe Station, into being.The model of architectural design, with its view of the activity of design as envisioning and making incorporates a number of design traditions that allows architects to deal with novel challenges in an effective and efficient manner. It is argued that the prevalent model of architectural design can provide a more coherent and richer framework for the activity of interaction design than is currently the case.This model of architectural design is illuminated by the author's reflection on design research carried out in traditional design disciplines as well as his own experience in the professional practice of architecture. The model of architectural design, thus illuminated, is then evaluated by applying it to bring an interactive artefact, the Recipe Station, into being.This thesis demonstrates that the model of architectural design offers a number of advantages for interaction design activity.The account of bringing an interactive artefact discussed in this thesis illustrates a process or morphology of the activity of reflective design that can be applied to interaction design (Schon, 1983).The thesis also illuminates a number of design traditions associated with a architectural design practice, such as, study of design cases, a solution-focused approach to the process of problem formulation, and a 'design by drawing' approach, that can offer significant advantages for the activity of interaction design.This thesis, thus, introduces a way of thinking about the activity of design which is driven by the design skills of the designer and makes contributions to interaction design research.


This report documents the findings of a mixed-methods study focused on the advanced directives of 182 residents of three LTC facilities in southern Ontario, Canada. Although almost all had a completed advance directive within 3 months of death, most did not have a palliative designation or directive until a few days before they died. Each facility's written Progress Notes revealed staff members usually sought additional confirmation of care preferences from residents' substitute decision-makers within a few days of the death. It was thus common for advance directives to change from a more interventionist approach to the least interventionist approach near death. This change indicates that the meaning and significance of advance care planning and resulting advance directives must be considered in light of the processes and temporal factors involved in their completion and use within this distinct population. The relational nature of advance care planning and concern about ageism as a factor for withholding or withdrawing life support for LTC residents are considered as possible explanatory factors. These findings and their implications are described in relation to end-of-life care policies and practices in LTC facilities.


The Canterbury earthquake sequence (2010-2011) was the most devastating catastrophe in New Zealand's modern history. Fortunately, in 2011 New Zealand had a high insurance penetration ratio, with more than 95% of residences being insured for these earthquakes. This dissertation sheds light on the functions of disaster insurance schemes and their role in economic recovery post-earthquakes.  The first chapter describes the demand and supply for earthquake insurance and provides insights about different public-private partnership earthquake insurance schemes around the world.  In the second chapter, we concentrate on three public earthquake insurance schemes in California, Japan, and New Zealand. The chapter examines what would have been the outcome had the system of insurance in Christchurch been different in the aftermath of the Canterbury earthquake sequence (CES). We focus on the California Earthquake Authority insurance program, and the Japanese Earthquake Reinsurance scheme. Overall, the aggregate cost of the earthquake to the New Zealand public insurer (the Earthquake Commission) was USD 6.2 billion. If a similar-sized disaster event had occurred in Japan and California, homeowners would have received only around USD 1.6 billion and USD 0.7 billion from the Japanese and Californian schemes, respectively. We further describe the spatial and distributive aspects of these scenarios and discuss some of the policy questions that emerge from this comparison.  The third chapter measures the longer-term effect of the CES on the local economy, using night-time light intensity measured from space, and focus on the role of insurance payments for damaged residential property during the local recovery process. Uniquely for this event, more than 95% of residential housing units were covered by insurance and almost all incurred some damage. However, insurance payments were staggered over 5 years, enabling us to identify their local impact. We find that night-time luminosity can capture the process of recovery; and that insurance payments contributed significantly to the process of local economic recovery after the earthquake. Yet, delayed payments were less affective in assisting recovery and cash settlement of claims were more effective than insurance-managed repairs.  After the Christchurch earthquakes, the government declared about 8000 houses as Red Zoned, prohibiting further developments in these properties, and offering the owners to buy them out. The government provided two options for owners: the first was full payment for both land and dwelling at the 2007 property evaluation, the second was payment for land, and the rest to be paid by the owner's insurance. Most people chose the second option. Using data from LINZ combined with data from Stats NZ, the fourth chapter empirically investigates what led people to choose this second option, and how peer effect influenced the homeowners' choices.  Due to climate change, public disclosure of coastal hazard information through maps and property reports have been used more frequently by local government. This is expected to raise awareness about disaster risks in local community and help potential property owners to make informed locational decision. However, media outlets and business sector argue that public hazard disclosure will cause a negative effect on property value. Despite this opposition, some district councils in New Zealand have attempted to implement improved disclosure. Kapiti Coast district in the Wellington region serves as a case study for this research. In the fifth chapter, we utilize the residential property sale data and coastal hazard maps from the local district council. This study employs a difference-in-difference hedonic property price approach to examine the effect of hazard disclosure on coastal property values. We also apply spatial hedonic regression methods, controlling for coastal amenities, as our robustness check. Our findings suggest that hazard designation has a statistically and economically insignificant impact on property values. Overall, the risk perception about coastal hazards should be more emphasized in communities.


OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to explore diet patterns in children with tympanostomy tube placement (TTP) complicated by postoperative tympanostomy tube otorrhea.

STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional survey and retrospective cohort study.

METHODS
Caregivers of children (0-12 years old), at a tertiary-care pediatric hospital who underwent TTP within 6 months to 2 years prior to enrollment were included. Children with a history of Down syndrome, cleft palate, craniofacial syndromes, known immunodeficiency, or a non-English-speaking family were excluded. Our primary outcome variable was the number of otorrhea episodes. The primary predictor was diet patterns, particularly dessert intake, which was captured through a short food questionnaire.

RESULTS
A total of 286 participants were included in this study. The median age was 1.8 years (IQR, 1.3, 2.9). A total of 174 (61%) participants reported at least one episode of otorrhea. Children who consumed dessert at least two times per week had a higher risk of otorrhea compared to children who consumed one time per week or less (odds ratio [OR], 3.22, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.69, 6.12). The odds ratio increase continued when considering more stringent criteria for otorrhea (multiple episodes or one episode occurring 4 weeks after surgery), with a 2.33 (95% CI: 1.24, 4.39) higher odds of otorrhea in children with dessert intake at least 2 times per week.

CONCLUSIONS
Our pilot data suggest that episodes of otorrhea among children with TTP were associated with more frequent dessert intake. Future studies using prospectively administered diet questionnaires are necessary to confirm these findings.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
4 Laryngoscope, 2023.


To the Editor .—We have inserted seven peritoneovenous shunts in six patients, five of whom had umbilical hernias at the time of surgery. Three of these patients have had postoperative complications, an important incidence in this small series. The obvious reason for this is that, with the distended abdomen secondary to the massive ascites, the hernia ring is stretched so that the chances of incarceration are not great. However, as the abdomen becomes decompressed, the ring narrows down in size, increasing the likelihood of incarceration. Report of Cases .—Case1.—A 47-year-old man underwent insertion of a peritoneovenous shunt. He had a rapid 11.25-kg weight loss and a 20-cm loss of abdominal girth. Preoperatively, he had an umbilical hernia that easily admitted four fingers through the ring. About 1½ months postoperatively, he had a sudden onset of umbilical pain. He had an obviously incarcerated umbilical hernia. At the time of


In this article we reflect on data from two research projects in which inclusive practice in the educational system is at issue, in the light of wider field experience (our own and others') of school and teacher development. We question what we understand to be relatively common, implicit policy assumptions about how teachers develop, by examining the way in which teachers are portrayed and located in these projects. The examples discussed in this article draw on experience in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) and Bangladesh, critically exploring teachers' roles, position and agency in practice. Similarities and differences rooted in cultural, political and institutional contexts highlight in a productive way the significance and potential dangers of policy assumptions about teachers within the process of development. From Bangladesh, a success story is presented: the case of a group of primary and junior high schools with formal and non-formal characteristics facilitate the inclusion of young people who were previously outside the education system. In these schools, the institutional context for learning appears to sustain teachers' commitment and motivation. These data suggest the importance of the institutional context to teachers' practices, and raise questions about approaches to teacher development which omit consideration of that context by, for example, focusing inadvertently on features of individual teachers. We then consider teachers' responses to the movement for inclusive education in a primary school in the Lao PDR since 2004. Inclusion here was understood to require a significant shift in teacher identity and a movement away from authoritative pedagogy towards the facilitation of a pedagogy which aimed to encourage the active participation of all students. Through a longitudinal study of teachers in one school, the conditions for such change were identified and again cast doubt on some of the assumptions behind large-scale attempts at teacher development. Reflecting on these experiences and the evidence they provide, we suggest that teacher development programmes are more likely to be effective where teachers are considered not as individuals subject to training but as agents located in an influential institutional context.


This thesis considers the implementation of cooperative control on small, unmanned, multirotor systems. More specifically, the problem of distributed formation control is handled, as well as the necessary high precision navigation. The control of multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) has seen a lot of development in the last years, but most advanced implementations use central processing and rely on motion capture systems for precision navigation, or simply cope with the low accuracy of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). This thesis uses an established passivity-based framework to achieve decentralized formation control, and investigates the use of Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) to augment the accuracy of a GNSS to the centimetre level. The development of a suitable multirotor platform is presented, and control is implemented with the combination of the open-source APM:Copter platform on a commercial autopilot and the DUNE: Uniform Navigational Environment on a payload computer. The resulting distributed system of UAVs is capable of fulfilling a flexible group objective while sustaining a desired formation, which is demonstrated in both simulations and field experiments.


The aim of this research is to underline the language in Capuana's early novels. The study is divided in two main parts dealing with a theoretical aspects and with an exhaustive linguistic analysis.
In the first part an overview of Capuana as storyteller is given and the strong interest of the author in the Italian Linguistic Question is pointed out.
The second part is focused on a detailed linguistic analysis of eighteen tales written by Capuana between the 1867 and 1889. This period is taken in consideration because it represents the most producing moment for Capuana as writer and literary reviewer .The analysis involves every linguistic level (graphology, phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon) and it is carried out through a text rewriting process. According to this, making use of a comparative method is possible to highlight the variances between the different editions of the tales.
The results showed that the Sicilian writer's works are characterized by an uncertain writing that is typical in a transitional period marked out on a sense of literary confusion due to a lack of shared norms. In fact, a comparison allows to compare Capuana's doubts and uncertainties to the ones of the late 19th century writers.


The subject of employee involvement (El) has become much more central to debates about industrial relations and personnel management over the course of the last decade. Employers, confronted by increasingly competitive product markets and a greater emphasis on quality and customer care, have started to focus attention much more explicitly on attempts to develop and motivate employees, as well as aiming to draw more fully upon employee knowledge and talents. At the same time, developments within the EC — especially via the Social Charter — have caused British employers to think more carefully about how to involve employees at work. Amongst the academic community, the subject has also undergone a renaissance, with researchers questioning whether EI is really new, whether it is little more than a facade for u itarist management, or how it interrelates with human resource management or the "new industrial relations". It is within such a context that our study of employee involvement was commissioned by the Department of Employment and commenced in the summer of 1989.


Person detection and pose estimation is a key requirement to develop intelligent context-aware assistance systems. To foster the development of human pose estimation methods and their applications in the Operating Room (OR), we release the Multi-View Operating Room (MVOR) dataset, the first public dataset recorded during real clinical interventions. It consists of 732 synchronized multi-view frames recorded by three RGB-D cameras in a hybrid OR. It also includes the visual challenges present in such environments, such as occlusions and clutter. We provide camera calibration parameters, color and depth frames, human bounding boxes, and 2D/3D pose annotations. In this paper, we present the dataset, its annotations, as well as baseline results from several recent person detection and 2D/3D pose estimation methods. Since we need to blur some parts of the images to hide identity and nudity in the released dataset, we also present a comparative study of how the baselines have been impacted by the blurring. Results show a large margin for improvement and suggest that the MVOR dataset can be useful to compare the performance of the different methods.


Threat stimuli catch our attention when compared with neutral stimuli called attention bias, which includes facilitating attention engagement and difficult attention disengagement to threat. Acute stress influences our attention to threat. However, we do not know whether acute stress can enhance facilitating attention engagement or impair attention disengagement toward threat. Therefore, the present study investigated whether attention engagement to threat is enhanced or attention disengagement to threat is weakened when people are stressed. Thirty-six healthy male adults were randomly assigned to a stress group ( n = 18) and a control group ( n = 18). The stress group underwent socially evaluated cold pressor test (SECPT), whereas the control group underwent a warm water control protocol. The dot-probe task was used to measure the attention bias toward threat. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used in conjunction with reaction time measures to investigate the time course of attention to threat in the dot-probe task. The N2-posteior-contralateral (N2pc) component measured the initial shift of visual attention to the threatening stimulus, whereas the sustained posterior contralateral negativity (SPCN) component measured the maintenance of visual attention to the threatening stimulus. Reaction time, accuracy rate, and the electroencephalography data of the participants were recorded during the dot-probe task. The state anxiety questionnaire and saliva were acquired at five time points, such as 85 and 70 minutes before the SECPT, immediately before and after the dot-probe task, and 70 minutes after the SECPT. The SECPT successfully induced stress response. Participants in the stress group showed stronger state anxiety and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis response indicated by increased salivary cortisol concentration after the SECPT than the control group. In addition, no significant differences were found before the SECPT. At the behavioral level, the attention disengagement in the stress group was slower than in the control group. Regarding ERPs, we found a greater amplitude of SPCN (300~600 ms after cue) in the stress group than in the control group. However, no significant effect was found on the amplitude of N2pc between stress group and control group. These results indicate that attention disengagement toward threat is impaired under acute stress situations.


Enriched effluents of textile dye are considered highly complex and containing hazardous components. Their discharge to nearby drains without treatment has high risk to environmental and human health. The physico-chemical strategies under practice to treat these effluents have technical and economical restrictions. Comparatively, biological treatment methods like floating treatment wetlands are less expensive and eco-friendly. Blue reactive dye enriched textile water and prepared synthetically and added to an artificial Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) system vegetated with Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes aquatic plants along with Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis bacterial strains. Plant-microbe synergistic effect was studied by measuring the physico-chemical parameters i.e. pH, EC, TDS and TSS of dye enriched water after 0 (at the start of the experiment), 24, 48 and 72 h retention time. A substantial decrease in all these factors (11.34 %, 40.67 %, 64.37 %, 58.23 %, for pH, EC, TDS and TSS respectively) was noted for E. crassipes and B. cereus combination after 72 h retention time. This high lighted the fact that plant assisted microbial FTWs technique can be a unique approach to remediate the textile effluents.


Many distributed hash tables (DHTs) resolve lookups in O(\log n) hops, where n is the number of nodes. One-hop DHTs give lower lookup latencies and lower lookup failure rates. However, it is hard to maintain large, wide-area one-hop topologies. We contribute aecast, a new topology dissemination algorithm for one-hop DHTs. It avoids expensive repair mechanisms and critical points of failure in existing one-hop DHTs. When a node discovers by anti-entropy that it has missed a topology update, it initiates "controlled flooding,rdquo sending the update to nodes in the multicast tree that also missed the update. We compare aecast with a widely cited epidemic multicasting algorithm, pbcast, by analysis and simulation. Aecast gives at least fivefold fewer out-of-date nodes on average within one round of a topology update. We support it with a fault-tolerant topology agreement protocol, so that only legitimate topology changes propagate throughout the overlay. Consequently, we argue that one-hop DHTs deserve greater attention for Internet applications in which reasonably reliable nodes carry high lookup loads.


Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide numerous mechanisms for noticing and conducting party-depositions, but they are silent about location. Determining the proper location of party-depositions requires a foray into a confusing, and sometimes inconsistent, line of case law. For instance, some courts hold that the proper location to depose a corporate representative is the judicial district in which the corporation maintains its principal place of business, while others suggest that it is the district in which the suit is pending. This Article clarifies the law concerning the proper location of party-depositions and proposes a hard-and-fast rule for determining the appropriate location of all party-depositions. Section I examines the procedural guidelines to quash or modify a notice of deposition. Section II analyzes the cases attempting to delineate standards for ascertaining the proper location of party depositions. Lastly, Section III proposes an amendment to Rule 30 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure setting forth concrete standards for determining the proper location of party-depositions.


Neutrophilic dermatoses comprises of non-infective dermatoses which are
histopathologically characterized by neutrophil predominant infiltrate
and clinically, respond promptly to corticsteroids. Conditions
primarily with vasculitis though neutrophilic are excluded from this
group. In this article we intend to briefly outline the approach to
diagnose these conditions with histological perspective. The ambiguity
regarding few recent dermatosis viz., rheumatoid neutrophilic
dermatosis, bowel associated-dermatosis-arthritis syndrome etc. with
regard to their inclusion in this group has also been highlighted.


Foreword by Judith R. Blau. Preface. List of Tables. List of Illustrations. 1. Physical Space and Social Organization in Work Settings. 2. Work Setting at Midwest Survey: Physical Attributes and Social and Psychological Perceptions. 3. Midwest Survey: Adjacency, Tension and the Physical Setting. 4. Workspaces at Midwest Survey. 5. Status, Role, and the Physical Setting at Work. 6. Workspace, Social Interaction and Satisfaction. 7. Towards a Social Psychology of Space Use in Work Settings. Appendices. References.


The study aims at discussing tax effort determinants, in general, and estimating a tax effort index for Jordan for the period 1990-2013, in particular. An econometric analysis model is used to estimate the tax capacity considering a number of determinants where tax burden is regressed on several factors. The study uses the FGLS-SUR as a method for data analysis. Results reveal that tax effort is related positively to economic openness, and the contribution of services and manufacturing sectors to gross domestic products, while tax negatively to both the contribution of agriculture and mining sectors to gross domestic products. The values of the estimated tax effort show fluctuation during the period that can be attributed to the continuous amendments in tax laws and other legislations as part of the economic adjustment programs undertaken during the period of the study. The study recommends that no additional taxes should be enacted for the time being. A better policy to increase government revenues would be to enhance tax collection procedures, and minimize both tax avoidance and evasion.


Equivalence sales are used to adjust income by family size to obtain income distribution measures. Recently, the concept of equivalence scale elasticity has been introduced to characterize the effect that scales have on distribution measures. We produce utility-based equivalence scales that have the property of constant elasticity. By assuming a particular functional form for the scales and that the scales are independent of the base level of utility, we obtain unique equivalence scales. In contrast to previous estimates of utility-based scales, we do not restrict our sample to particular family types. We determine price-dependant scales by estimating a characteristic-dependent almost ideal demand system using quarterly expenditure data from the US Consumer Expenditure Survey and price indices from the US Consumer Price Index. We use our scales and those implicit in the US official poverty thresholds to adjust expenditures and show that these scales have similar effects on inequality measures.


Background and Purpose Patients with inflammatory spinal conditions related to spondyloarthritis are rarely seen by primary care practitioners. However, patients with a history of inflammatory bowel disease and chronic low back or buttock pain should be examined carefully for the presence of spondyloarthritis, as proper management may include referral to a rheumatologist and appropriate medical intervention. Case Description A 27-year-old woman with a 6-month history of posterior buttock pain was referred for physical therapy with a diagnosis of piriformis syndrome. During the second physical therapy visit, a nonmechanical source of lumbopelvic pain was suspected, and the patient was referred for medical consultation. The patient underwent evaluation by a rheumatologist and was eventually diagnosed with spondyloarthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Outcomes The patient initiated treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor medication to address the spondyloarthritis. Medical management resulted in significant improvement in all outcome measures. Discussion Clinical suspicion of spondyloarthritis is raised when specific historical, examination, and imaging findings are present. The posttest probability of spondyloarthritis is increased with the presence of inflammatory back pain and specific spondyloarthritic features, such as a positive history of inflammatory bowel disease, radiographic evidence of sacroiliitis, and improvement with anti-inflammatory medication. Referral of patients with these findings for a rheumatological evaluation is warranted, as these diseases are managed effectively with specific treatment.


This article examines the history of the operative management of pectus deformities, tracing the surgical innovations of such pioneers as Drs. Ochsner, Ravitch, Sanger, and Wada. Guidelines for the selection of patients for operative correction are also discussed.


A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of national phosphonic acid derivatives (FUK and FMK) and acyclic nucleoside, acycloguanosine (Acg), as well as interferon (INF) inducers, lafarin and ridostin, was carried out on the model of herpetic conjunctivitis in rabbits and guinea pigs. Upon therapeutic-prophylactic administration, lafarin reduced the intensity of eye symptoms 2-fold as compared with the controls (infected but untreated guinea-pigs). In rabbits with herpetic conjunctivitis, the therapeutic schedule of the use of FMK (FUK) and Acg shortened the duration of the disease by 7 and 11 days, respectively, as compared with the control. The combined use of chemical drugs and INF inducers, lafarin or ridostin, reduced the intensity of the disease manifestations 3-fold and shortened the duration of the disease by 8-11 days. The survival rate was 80%-100%. Use of the combination of the two chemical drugs gave an additive effect. The synergistic effect was observed with FMK used in combination with lafarin.


Sleep complaints are among the commonest in medical practice and can be simply categorised as: ▶disturbances of getting to sleep or staying asleep, or unrefreshing sleep, that is insomnia, ▶excessive daytime (or more properly wake-time) sleepiness, that is, hypersomnia; and ▶things that disturb the individual's sleep commonly said to be "things that go bump in the night", or parasomnias. Although insomnia and parasomnias are prevalent, the hypersomnias are considered more prominently because of the potential impact on the household and on society. Conditions that will produce excessive wake-time sleepiness are also relatively few, specifically ▶insufficient sleep, ▶interrupted sleep such as might be caused by Restless Legs with Periodic Limb Movements or breathing problems, and ▶intrinsic sleepiness or narcolepsy and its equivalents. Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) common with a general prevalence of 3–4%. It is a waking complaint easily diagnosed by history (discomfort usually in the legs, occurring at rest, relieved by movement and confined mostly to the evening), associated 80% of the time with periodic limb movements in and disturbing sleep which might result in sleep complaints such as insomnia or hypersomnia. RLS may be secondary to renal failure and occurs in pregnancy and is promoted by anti-dopaminergis medicines such as the antihistamines. RLS is highly heritable and the genetic associations have recently been identified. The diagnosis of periodic limb movements in sleep usually requires polysomnography, although we have recently reported pulse rate variability on oximetry to be very useful. Treatment of both with a licensed dopa-agonist is common and second line treatment with codeine derivatives or clonazepam possible. Breathing problems are ubiquitous, the common form being snoring with obstructive sleep apnoea which affects some 5% of the population. The hallmark symptoms are snoring, witnessed apnoeas and excessive sleepiness with resulting sleep related vehicle accidents. Medical consequences include cardiovascular disease particularly hypertension, atrial fibrillation, stroke, along with neurocognitive abnormalities such as poor concentration, depression. Diagnosis is by history supplemented by a sleep study, often oximetry. When associated with symptoms such as sleepiness treatment with continuous positive airway pressure is usually advised along with weight loss in the obese. An alternative therapy would be an oral appliance for mandibular advancement. Both are successful mechanical treatments aimed at making the collapsing pharyngeal airway more patent. Surgery is rarely used.


Objectives: We assessed endothelial dysfunction, a precursor finding of atherosclerosis, and its severity in relation with aminotransferase levels in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Study design: Fifty-two patients without chronic alcohol ingestion were found to have NAFLD on routine abdominal ultrasonographic examination. Aminotransferase enzyme levels were normal in 26 patients (mean age 47±10 years), and elevated in 26 patients (mean age 48±12 years). The brachial artery was examined with Doppler ultrasonography to determine endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation in response to reactive hyperemia. Nonendothelium-dependent vasodilation was assessed following sublingual nitroglycerine administration. The results were compared with those of a control group of 27 age- and sex-matched patients (mean age 52±11 years) without NAFLD. Results: Patients with NAFLD had significantly higher fasting plasma glucose, HDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol levels, but the two patient groups did not differ in this respect. Baseline brachial diameters were similar in all the groups. Flow-mediated dilatation in response to reactive hyperemia significantly decreased in both patient groups compared to controls, but this decrease was more prominent in patients with an elevated aminotransferase level (p=0.03). No significant differences were found between the three groups following nitroglycerine administration (p>0.05). Multivariate analysis showed NAFLD as an independent determinant of reduced endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation (beta= -0.574, p=0.000). Conclusion: Our data suggest that elevated aminotransferase enzyme levels in patients with NAFLD may predict endothelial dysfunction and the risk for cardiovascular


In this paper, we discuss an exact augumented Lagrangian functions for the non- linear programming problem with both equality and inequality constraints, which is the gen- eration of the augmented Lagrangian function in corresponding reference only for inequality constraints nonlinear programming problem. Under suitable hypotheses, we give the relation- ship between the local and global unconstrained minimizers of the augumented Lagrangian function and the local and global minimizers of the original constrained problem. From the theoretical point of view, the optimality solution of the nonlinear programming with both equality and inequality constraints and the values of the corresponding Lagrangian multipli- ers can be found by the well known method of multipliers which resort to the unconstrained minimization of the augumented Lagrangian function presented in this paper.


Historically, the traditional demarcation between government mapping and commercial mapping has been at the 1:24,000 scale topographic map. Larger scale mapping for commercial, city, county, and state purposes has traditionally been the responsibility of the commercial mapping firms. Recent advances in high altitude remote sensing and photography, together with the government mapping elements obtaining newer equipment with greater efficiencies and capabilities provides for a concern that the government will break from the traditional scale demarcation and provide urban mapping at scales from 1:1,000 to 1:10,000. This poses an even greater and more critical question of the future role of the commercial mapping firms. The writer foresees a rapidly growing demand for current and accurate mapping, and that budget and personnel limitations being placed on the government will result in increased use of commercial mapping firms to meet routine mapping requirements.


This study was carried out to analyze the analytic chemical composition and minerals content of yellow velvetleaf (Limnocharis flava L. Buchenau) edible parts collected from waterways at Sebauh, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia in early July 2008 using standard method of food analysis. The edible parts of L. flava high in total carbohydrate by difference (14.56±0.14%) and gross calorific value (343.26±9.75 kJ/100 g), but low in moisture (79.34±0.15%), ash (0.79±0.03%) and crude protein content (0.28±0.01%) in dry weight basis. However, the crude fat (1.22±0.01%) and crude fiber content (3.81±0.04%) were within the range of Malaysian leafy vegetables. The high concentration of K (4202.50±292.37 mg/100 g), Ca (770.87±105.26 mg/100 g, Cu (8.31±1.83 mg/100 g), Mg (228.10±15.26 mg/100 g) and Zn (0.66±0.05 mg/100 g) were found in edible parts of L. flava. The concentration of Na (107.72±17.15 mg/100 g) was much higher when compared to the recommended dietary allowances. Thus, the edible parts of L. flava provide good sources of minerals such as potassium, calcium, magnesium and copper. However, nutritive value analyzed should not be the exclusive criteria for judging the consumptive significance of the edible parts. Besides, others factors such as palatability should also be taken into consideration.


Over a century after Codman's description of Open rotator cuff repair and close to almost half a century after Neer enhanced the repair with a acromioplasty, we remain at crossroads on several aspects about rotator cuff repair. We still lack consensus and uniformity on issues ranging from acromioplasty, Single VS double row repairs, early or late rehab, Steroid injections utility before or after surgery, surgery for asymptomatic cuff tears, Surgery above 70 years age, Arthroscopy for partial cuff tears, grafts (either Xeno, allo or auto grafts) for irreparable cuff tears, Co-morbid factors such as smoking, obesity, Diabetes nor the use of sling, abduction pillow or brace or infusion catheters. Arthroscopic cuff repair is arguably the gold standard across the globe, with improved suture anchors, simplified instruments, better anesthesia, precision pumps and RF devices has led to a consistent, improved and lasting result.


This paper presents a novel method to placement of power quality monitors (PQMs) by using the multivariable regression (MVR) model, the Cp and Rp statistical indices. In this method initially, fault data in each bus is collected and then the correlation coefficient (CC) which show the relationship between buses during system disturbances are calculated to identify two or three buses with the highest CC values. These buses are considered as the most sensitive buses in the system. The identified bus voltages are then considered as independent variables in the developed MVR model to estimate the other bus voltages. After selecting two or three buses that have maximum and minimum frequency of the calculated CC, Cp and Rp, the appropriate number and placement of PQMs is then determined based on the lowest value of the Cp and a suitable value of the Rp. To validate the proposed PQM placement method, the IEEE 30 bus test system and the 69 bus test system are used.


The Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE) is a blind narrow-band Hα + [NII] imaging survey of the Virgo cluster carried out with MegaCam at the Canada-French-Hawaii telescope. We use a new set of data extracted from VESTIGE to study the impact of the hostile cluster environment on the star formation process down to the scale of HII regions (∼50 pc). Here, HII regions are identified and their parameters measured using the HIIPHOT code on a sample of 114 late-type galaxies spanning a wide range in morphological type (Sa-Sd, Im, BCD), stellar mass (106.5 ≤ Mstar ≤ 1011 M⊙), and star formation activity (10−3 ≤ SFR ≤ 10 M⊙ yr−1). Owing to the exquisite average resolution of the VESTIGE data (0.65 arcsec), we detect 11302 HII regions with an Hα luminosity L(Hα) ≥ 1037 erg s−1. We show that the typical number of HII regions in gas-stripped objects is significantly lower than in healthy late-types of similar stellar mass. We also show that in these gas-stripped galaxies the number of HII regions significantly drops outside the effective radius, suggesting that the quenching process occurs outside-in, in agreement with other multifrequency observations. These new results consistently confirm that the main mechanism responsible for the decrease of the star formation activity observed in cluster galaxies is ram pressure, allowing us to discard other milder processes such as starvation or strangulation, which are unable to reproduce the observed radially truncated profiles.


The essays in Transitions, Environments, Translations explore the varied meanings of feminism in different political, cultural, and historical contexts. They respond to the claim that feminism is Western in origin and universalist in theory, and to the assumption that feminist goals are self-evident and the same in all contexts. Rather than assume that there is a blueprint by which to measure the strength or success of feminism in different parts of the world, these essays consider feminism to be a site of local, national and international conflict. They ask: What is at stake in various political efforts by women in different parts of the world? What meanings have women given to their efforts? What has been their relationship to feminism--as a concept and as an international movement? What happens when feminist ideas are translated from one language, one political context, to another?


The ground-state and thermodynamic properties of quantum mixed-spin chains of 1/2-1/2-1-1 and 3/2-3/2-1-1 are investigated by a quantum Monte Carlo simulation with the loop-cluster algorithm. For 1/2-1/2-1-1 chain, we find it has two phases separated by an energy-gap vanishing point in the ground-state. For 3/2-3/2-1-1 chain, the numerical results show two energy-gap vanishing points isolated by different phases in its ground-state. Our calculations indicate that all these ground state phases can be understood by means of valence-bond-solid picture, and the thermodynamic behavior at finite temperatures is continuous as a function of parameter .


: Fixed partial dentures should be designed for function, esthetics, and easy maintenance. The gingivolingual embrasures between multiple adjacent pontics are unnecessary for function and esthetics and create crevices where food, plaque, and calculus can accumulate. These spaces make oral hygiene procedures more difficult for the patient and the dentist to accomplish. A hygienic design for multiple pontics is suggested that eliminates these unnecessary embrasures and still displays an anatomically realistic, cosmetically acceptable facade.


The layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte adsorption technique has been combined with the particle lithography technique to produce anisotropic polymer microcapsules each with a single nanoscale patch. The patch region covers roughly 5% of the capsule surface area, while the remaining 95% of the capsule surface is reinforced with a fluorescent nanoparticle shell. The nanoparticle shell maintains the capsule integrity and stability in suspension, while also providing a foundation for further ionic or covalent modification. The microcapsules are pH sensitive to loading and release, which we show by loading Rd6G red fluorescent dye, and they shrink and swell in response to solution pH. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirms that these dual-functionalized capsules have a single precisely-placed nanoscale red region (revealing the underlying fluorescence) on an otherwise green surface (due to the nanoparticle coating). Even after the capsules are dehydrated, they re-hydrate intact and assume their original spherical morphology, demonstrating a resilient "Lazarus behavior". The fabrication technique avoids organic solvents, is adaptable, and produces anisotropic microcapsules that are robust to many solution conditions.


The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of campylobacters in chicken at farms (close-house system and open-house system), slaughtering (conventional slaughterhouse and processing plant) and retail (wet market and supermarket). Campylobacter spp. was not found in cloacal swabs in chickens aged of 4 weeks in farms with close-house system. Campylobacter spp. was found in cloacal swabs (95.0%) in four weeks old chicken in farms with open-house systems. End-slaughtering samples from conventional slaughterhouse and processing plant were contaminated with Campylobacter spp. at 84.0% and 94.0%, respectively. Campylobacter contamination on wet market and supermarket samples with 78.0% and 92.0%, respectively. Close-house system at farm level was able to prevent or delay Campylobacter spp. colonization in chickens but contamination by Campylobacter spp. at retail level was still high. Therefore, monitoring of Campylobacter spp. in chicken products at retail level is crucial to reduce risk of human ingestion of Campylobacter spp. through chicken products.


Polymeric composites are used widely in modern industry. The prediction
of mechanical behaviour of these material under different loadings is therefore of vital importance in many applications. Mathematical modelling offers a robust and cost effective method to satisfy this
objective. In this project a comprehensive finite element model for
particulate and fibre reinforced composites is developed. The most significant features of this model are: The inclusion of slip boundary conditions: The inclusion of flux terms across the inter-phase boundaries to take the discontinuity of the material properties into account in the model: The use of penalty method in conjunction with Stokes flow equations
which allow the application of the developed model to solid elasticity
analysis as well as creeping viscous flows.
The predictions of this model are compared with available theoretical
models and experimental data. These comparisons show that the
developed model yields accurate and reliable data for composite
deformation.


Abstract The focus of this paper is on the deterrence of 'hard core' cartels through appropriate sanctions. The UK has the toughest provisions in the EU, with a dual system of administrative regulation and fines directed at firms and penalties, including criminal proceedings, targeted at the individuals involved. The paper considers experiences since the introduction of personal criminal sanctions for the UK's 'cartel offence' under the Enterprise Act 2002. Although an enforcement lag was to be expected, the threat of criminal sanctions against individuals to date has seemed more apparent than real. Problems in applying the policy are identified through an assessment in terms of the necessary prerequisites for the successful criminalisation of antitrust offences proposed by Wils (2005) and ongoing developments in the UK are discussed. The findings shed some light on the difficulties of introducing effective criminal sanctions on individual cartel behaviour at Member State level and suggest more general consideration be given to non criminal director disqualifications.