Any useful evolutionary theory of senescence must be able to explain variation within and among natural populations and species. This requires a careful characterization of age‐specific mortality rates in nature as well as the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence these rates. We perform this task for two populations of semelparous Pacific salmon. During the breeding season, estimated daily mortality rates increased from 0 to 0.2–0.5 (depending on the year) over the course of several weeks. Early‐arriving individuals had a later onset and/or a lower rate of senescence in each breeding season, consistent with adaptive expectations based on temporal variation in selection. Interannual variation in senescence was large, in part because of extrinsic factors (e.g., water temperature). Predation rates were higher in Pick Creek sockeye salmon (anadromous Oncorhynchus nerka) than in Meadow Creek kokanee (nonanadromous O. nerka), but in contrast to evolutionary theory, senescence was not more rapid in the former. Interannual variation may have obscured interpopulation divergence in senescence. Pacific salmon are a promising system for further studies on the physiological, evolutionary, and genetic bases of senescence. In particular, we encourage further research to disentangle the relative importance of adaptive and nonadaptive variation in senescence.


We have used a slice preparation of the infant rat midbrain to examine converging inputs onto neurons in the deeper multisensory layers of the superior colliculus (dSC). Electrical stimulation of the superficial visual layers (sSC) and of the auditory nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC) evoked robust monosynaptic responses in dSC cells. Furthermore, the inputs from the sSC were found to be topographically organized as early as the second postnatal week and thus before opening of the eyes and ear canals. This precocious topography was found to be sculpted by GABAA-mediated inhibition of a more widespread set of connections. Tracer injections in the nBIC, both in coronal slices as well as in hemisected brains, confirmed a robust projection originating in the nBIC with distinct terminals in the proximity of the cell bodies of dSC neurons. Combined stimulation of the sSC and nBIC sites revealed that the presumptive visual and auditory inputs are summed linearly. Finally, whereas either input on its own could manifest a significant degree of paired-pulse facilitation, temporally offset stimulation of the two sites revealed no synaptic interactions, indicating again that the two inputs function independently. Taken together, these data provide the first detailed intracellular analysis of convergent sensory inputs onto dSC neurons and form the basis for further exploration of multisensory integration and developmental plasticity.


Catalogue browsing is a well known activity in the library world. We are all familiar with the box of cards that is used by the librarian who browsed it over in order to find the card for the book we were searching for. The Catalogue Browsing Access Paradigm (CBAP) that is suggested in this paper aims at providing the users with the same feeling of the actual catalogue browsing activity while using the benefits of the digital world. In particular, relationships between the physical and the digital realms are investigated. We illustrate the CBAP concept using a prototype presentation of a speech-based mobile interface to a digital library (DL). A physical to digital relationship is examined when using vocal commands to control the search activity. A digital to physical relation is examined when using digital instructions from a positioning system in order to navigate in a physical library. We use agile software development and user centered design as the methodologies in the development of CBAP, and present user evaluation data that emerged from this process.


The AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSEUM, formerly the Afro-American Cultural & Historical Society Museum (est. 15 April 1953, inc. December 1960), located at 1765 Crawford Rd. in Cleveland, is a nonprofit cultural and educational museum which works "to eliminate the distorted portrayal of the images of black people" and to educate young people about the positive contributions of blacks to the cultures of the world. One man, Icabod Flewellen (b. 6 July 1916), instigated the museum's founding. Flewellen grew up in Williamson, WV, listening to his father, a railroad brakeman, describe African American inventors' contributions to RAILROADS. At age 13, he began gathering newspaper clippings and artifacts pertaining to black history, but an arson fire destroyed his collection. In 1953 Flewellen moved to Cleveland. His new collection of materials became the nucleus of the Afro-American Cultural & Historical Society Museum, located in Flewellen's home at 8716 Harkness Rd., from 1953 until March 1968, when it was moved to a classroom at St. Marian's School, 2212 Petrarca Rd. In May 1973, the collection (then more than 200,000 items) was moved to 1839 E. 81st St., where it was housed until February 1983, when the CLEVELAND PUBLIC LIBRARY leased Flewellen its Treasure House building on Crawford Rd. CPL turned over the management of the building to the museum in Sept. 1984. Flewellen worked other jobs to support this project: as a messenger for the Veteran's Administration for 21 years, then as a maintenance worker at CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV. during the 1970s. As interest in black history increased, he received grants for special projects, such as a $10,000 grant from the CLEVELAND FOUNDATION (1970) to catalog his collection. The Ohio Humanities Council and the National Endowment for the Humanities also provided support, and in 1983 the museum received a $50,000 community development block grant for lectures to schoolchildren and community groups. In 1992 the museum received grants from the Cleveland and Gund Foundations. The museum building was renamed for Flewellen in 1987, and in 1995 he was granted emeritus status by the museum's Board of Trustees. In 1993 Linda Cross was named director. See also LIBRARIES, ARCHIVES & HISTORICAL SOCIETIES.


Purpose of Project: The purpose of this quality improvement project was to reduce 30-day readmission rates to inpatient psychiatric hospitals by standardizing discharge processes by including scheduling outpatient psychiatric appointments for all patients at discharge and also to include the mailing postal reminders to prompt patients to attend their first outpatient mental health appointment following treatment. Primary Practice Setting: Inpatient psychiatric hospital. Methodology and Sample: The project design was an analysis of readmission data obtained both 3 months before and after implementation of the postal reminder letters. This project took place at a 50-bed inpatient psychiatric hospital in the southeastern United States that accepts male and female adult patients with mental health and substance abuse disorders. Results: The implementation of an appointment reminder letter resulted in a slight decrease in 30-day readmission rates. The average readmission rate 3 months prior to implementation was 10%. The average readmission rate 3 months postdischarge was 9%. December 2015 was included in the postimplementation data. December historically has higher rates of 30-day readmissions at this facility. If this month had been excluded, more dramatic decrease in 30-day readmission rates could be observed. Implications for Case Management Practice: Future implications for case management practice could include the usage of reminder prompts via telephone communication or text messaging in conjunction with postal reminders. The psychiatric population can be particularly challenging when considering increased risk for readmission within 30 days and also the impending pay-for-performance quality measures, which are soon to be implemented. Measures should be taken now to ensure that readmission rates decrease, not only to promote better patient outcomes, but also as a cost-saving measure. Although many variables may contribute to the risk for 30-day readmission rates including medication noncompliance, lack of proper follow-up, as well as seasonal trends, the postal appointment reminder letters may further decrease 30-day readmission rates. Other care management strategies combined with reminder letters may further address barriers that may exist to not only improve patient outcomes, but also to further reduce readmission rates. It is also important to mention that there are further implications that could be directly contributed to specific social determinants of health specific to the psychiatric population. For example, access to prescribed medications and transportation to appointments should be addressed to further reduce readmission rates for this vulnerable population.


Objective of this study is to help the basic standing position training to take its part among basic exercises of the visually impaired individuals, and to observe the effects of this training on walking and balance skills.Method: 8 visually impaired sedentary individuals with impairment levels of B1 and B2 and ages of 18 to 24 voluntarily participated in the study. After acknowledging the visually impaired individuals with audial information regarding the study, they were told to brisk walk for 15 steps against the audio signal and then to heel-to-toe walk for 15 steps. Their corresponding walking distances, walking durations, directional impairments and losses of balance were recorded. During the 8 week period following this test, 45 minute training sessions accompanied by trainers that included 4 basic standing positions and their combinations were applied once a week, where the trainer corrected the individuals verbally and physically. Abovementioned tests were repeated after these 8 weeks. Gender categorization was not made since the participants were few in number. Non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was applied and a significant increase for the pretest was observed at a 0.05 significance level, where the distances walked increased and walking durations along with losses of balance decreased.Result: It was observed that walking skills of visually impaired individuals that received verbal and physical assistance, and that effectively performed basic positions and their combinations were smoother and more confident; that their walking distances were increased, their losses of balance were decreased and that they encountered less deviations from the direction of movement while walking, compared to their pretest conditions. Starting from this point of view, it might be concluded that the basic standing positions were highly beneficial and applicable activities for walking training of visually impaired individuals.


Economic profitability of harvested softwood in Southwestern Europe is limited for low quality logs. Some social and environmental consequences of low incomes of rural activities are rural depopulation and accumulation of biomass in unmanaged forests. The energy efficiency of buildings could be improved as construction material employing local bioresources that are currently used to manufacture products of low added value. Here, the IMIP project (Innovative Eco-Construction System Based on Interlocking Modular Insulation Wood & Cork-Based Panels) aimed to support the change towards a low carbon economy using bioproducts (pinewood and cork) for smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth with a special focus on the public construction sector is presented. The main objective of the IMIP project is to design, validate and implement an innovative ecological construction system based on natural biological materials to improve energy efficiency in public buildings from the construction, use and demolition phases. The project also develops a tool to professionals from the construction sector (architects and engineers) and researchers to assess the carbon footprint of buildings. The products of the project have the ambition to improve the economic, social and environmental situation of rural areas of Southwestern Europe.


Abstract. Gaseous and particulate semi-volatile carbonyl compounds were determined every three hours in the atmosphere of Mount Tai (elevation, 1534 m) in the North China Plain during 2–5, 23–24 and 25 June 2006 under clear sky conditions. Using a two-step filter cartridge in a series, particulate carbonyls were first collected on a quartz filter and then gaseous carbonyls were collected on a quartz filter impregnated with O-benzylhydroxylamine (BHA). After the two-step derivatization with BHA and N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), carbonyl derivatives were measured using a gas chromatography. The gaseous concentrations were obtained as follow: glycolaldehyde (range 0–826 ng m−3, average 303 ng m−3), hydroxyacetone (0–579 ng m−3, 126 ng m−3), glyoxal (46–1200 ng m−3, 487 ng m−3), methylglyoxal (88–2690 ng m−3, 967 ng m−3), n-nonanal (0–500 ng m−3, 89 ng m−3), and n-decanal (0–230 ng m−3, 39 ng m−3). These concentrations are among the highest ever reported in the urban and forest atmosphere. We found that gaseous α-dicarbonyls (glyoxal and methylglyoxal) are more than 20 times more abundant than particulate carbonyls and that glycolaldehyde is one order of magnitude more abundant than in aerosol phase. In contrast, hydroxyacetone and normal aldehydes (nonanal and decanal) are equally present in both phases. Time-resolved variations of carbonyls did not show any a clear diurnal pattern, except for hydroxyacetone. We found that glyoxal, methylglyoxal and glycolaldehyde positively correlated with levoglucosan (a tracer of biomass burning), suggesting that a contribution from field burning of agricultural wastes (wheat crops) is significant for the bifunctional carbonyls in the atmosphere of Mt. Tai. Upward transport of the pollutants to the mountaintop from the low lands in the North China Plain is a major process to control the distributions of carbonyls in the upper atmosphere over Mt. Tai.


Now as before, Japanese architecture is very popular in Europe and the western world. This publication provides an overview of its many design concepts and cross-references. Using design examples and interviews, the book presents thirteen current positions.The publication focuses on young architects who take up extremely independent positions within Japanese architecture, as well as on Pritzker Prize winners Toyo Ito and Fumihiko Maki.

Six essays by European specialists on Japan provide supplementary insights into the aesthetics and space concepts of Japanese architecture, making cross-references to Japan's architectural history, and explaining current lines of development. The book thus combines a self-reflective approach with an outsider's analytical view.


This study evaluated Ghana's school health education programme, policy guidelines, curriculum topics and evaluation methods at the district level. A modified version of the Health Education District Questionnaire, a self-administered instrument developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was used to collect data from the country's 110 district school health education programme co-ordinators. The response rate was 80 per cent. Information was also gathered through in-depth interviews with the national co-ordinator and her staff and by reviewing programme documents. The results indicated that the programme is focused on building life skills by using participatory teaching methods. However, although the programme guidelines require the use of two strategies-the unit course approach and the integrated/infusion approach-fully to cover health topics within the curriculum, the extent of actual coverage of the topics as reported by the district co-ordinators varied (ranging from 52.3 per cent for consumer health to 98.9 per cent for personal hygiene). In addition, less than 40 per cent of the co-ordinators reported having conducted any formal or informal evaluation of key aspects of the programme at the district level. The findings of this study have implications for Ghana's school health education programme. These are discussed, along with some recommendations.
African Journal of Social Work Vol.18(2) 2003: 105-120


Many relational domains contain temporal information and dynamics that are important to model (e.g., social networks, protein networks). However, past work in relational learning has focused primarily on modeling static "snapshots" of the data and has largely ignored the temporal dimension of these data. In this work, we extend relational techniques to temporally-evolving domains and outline a representational framework that is capable of modeling both temporal and relational dependencies in the data. We develop efficient learning and inference techniques within the framework by considering a restricted set of temporal-relational dependencies and using parameter-tying methods to generalize across relationships and entities. More specifically, we model dynamic relational data with a two-phase process, first summarizing the temporal-relational information with kernel smoothing, and then moderating attribute dependencies with the summarized relational information. We develop a number of novel temporal-relational models using the framework and then show that the current approaches to modeling static relational data are special cases within the framework. We compare the new models to the competing static relational methods on three real-world datasets and show that the temporal-relational models consistently outperform the relational models that ignore temporal information - achieving significant reductions in error ranging from 15% to 70%.


Dynamic scheduling problem has been an attractive area for researches to investigate since a long time. Many techniques have been used to tackle such problems, but all of these techniques require high efforts to formulate the dynamic scheduling problems inorder to obtain optimal solution. Using Heuristic or dispatching rules to solve the dynamic scheduling problem is efficient and popular manner to reach an acceptable level of scheduling. In this paper hybrid techniques are used in the proposed developed model. First the switching of four dispatching rules (Earliest Due Date (EDD), Slack Time (SLACK), Slack / Remaining Operations (S/ROP) and Priority Index) with the aim of choosing minimum tardy jobs. Second, scheduling-rescheduling approach is used to tackle the dynamic environment of job-shop problem depending on three level algorithms. Third, proposing three level algorithms, these levels are resource level, process planning level to improve scheduling with the aim of minimizing tardy jobs and shorten "order-to-delivery", and job level to design rescheduling policy depending on identified factors of each job order. The developed model is applied to real data from the Heavy Engineering Equipment State Company/Baghdad, and considerable advantages are observed. Applying the proposed model lead to zero number of tardy jobs (NT) and zero mean tardiness (MT). It is obvious from the obtained results that by adopting such model, a better solution for job orders' due dates can be achieved; hence "order-to-delivery" time can be shortened.


This paper examines the potential for increased cross-border labour mobility within the EU-25 and considers the costs and benefits of any increase in labour mobility to both sending and receiving countries in the medium to long run. Evidence from previous EU enlargement experiences, academic studies, the existence of barriers to mobility within the EU and the economic determinants of migration all indicate a moderate potential for increased migrant flows. The magnitude of cross-border labour flow in the medium to long run will most likely be largely a function of the demand for migrants and the speed at which the EU-8 catches up economically with the EU-15. If broad-based economic growth and social development continues in the EU-8, labour migration will most likely decrease. In addition, faster population ageing in the EU-8 tends towards dampening migration flow from the new Member States in the medium term. In terms of costs and benefits, for the EU-8 countries labour migration, especially in the short run, may present a number of challenges. Emigration may tend to weigh disproportionally on the pool of young and educated workers, aggravating labour market bottlenecks in a number of EU-8 countries. For the EU-25 as a whole, cross-border labour mobility is likely to offer a number of advantages, by allowing a more efficient matching of workers' skills with job vacancies and facilitating the general upskilling of European workforces. The current restrictions on labour mobility from the EU-8 countries to the other EU member countries stand in contrast with one of the central principles of the EU – the free movement of labour. Furthermore, these restrictions may decrease the efficient use of labour resources in the face of demographic change and globalisation and hamper an important adjustment mechanism within EMU. Delaying the removal of these barriers may be costly for the EU-25 at a time when leaders are concerned about Europe's international competitiveness and may increase illegal work in a number of countries. Finally, it would not be beneficial for Europe to loose a significant part of the most agile and talented individuals from the new Member States to more traditional migration centres such as the US and Canada.


Copyright: © 2015 Eddouks M. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Postprandial hyperglycemia indicates the abnormality in glucose turnover leading to the onset of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, correction of postprandial hyperglycemia is crucial in the early stage of diabetes therapy. One of the most effective strategies to control postprandial hyperglycemia is medication combined with intake restriction and an exercise program. However, along with the prevalence of chronic diseases with multi-pathogenic factor, drugs with single chemical composition are usually not effective. In this view, phytotherapy has a promising future in the management of diabetes, considered to have less side effects as compared to synthetic drugs. The World Health Organization estimates that in developing countries about 80% of the population now still depend on herbal treatment. Olive (Olea europea) (OE) has been used in traditional remedies in Europe and Mediterranean countries as a food and medicine for over 5,000 years especially for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis , cancer and diabetes. In addition, olive is considered as the most important component of the Mediterranean diet with many health benefits. Several experimental studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of OE on diabetes. This effect has been demonstrated in the animal models such as streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, alloxaninduced diabetic rats and obese diabetic sand rats fed a hypercaloric diet. In these models olive extracts have been shown to exhibit a significant reduction on both blood glucose and insulin levels. Few randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the beneficial effect of olive and one study has shown that the subjects treated with olive leaf extract exhibited significantly lower Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma insulin levels. Another study performed in recent onset type 2 diabetic patients has revealed that OE leaves exhibited antidiabetic activity when it added as a mixture of extract of leaves of Juglans regia, Urtica dioica and Atriplex halimus. The underlying mechanism seems to be the improvement of glucose uptake and no side effect was reported while extracts from OE have been found to exhibit cytotoxic effects only at concentrations higher than 500 μg/ mL in cells from the liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and cells from the rat L6 muscle cell line. As far as the phytochemical analysis is concerned, it is now well-established that major fatty acid constituents and minor phenolic components in olives and olive oil exert important health benefits particularly for cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and inflammatory conditions. Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein are considered as major polyphenolic compounds in olive leaf. Oleuropeoside, a phenylethanoid isolated from OE demonstrated a significant hypoglycemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetes and the hypoglycemic activity of this compound may result from both the increased peripheral uptake of glucose and potentiation of glucose-induced insulin secretion. In addition, Maslinic acid (MA), a natural triterpene from OE with hypoglycemic activity is a wellknown inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase in diabetic rats without affecting hematological, histopathologic and biochemical variables, thus suggesting a sufficient margin of safety for its putative use as a nutraceutical. More recently a study has showed that MA exerts antidiabetic effects by increasing glycogen content and inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase activity in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, MA was shown to induce the phosphorylation level of insulin-receptor β-subunit, protein kinase B (Akt) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. MA treatment of mice fed with a high-fat diet reduced the model-associated adiposity, mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and then insulin resistance, and increased the accumulated hepatic glycogen. Finally, a recent clinical study has revealed that supplementation with olive leaf polyphenols significantly improved insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell secretory capacity in overweight middle-aged men at risk of developing the metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, OE has been and continue to represent a natural source of phytocompounds eliciting a beneficial effect in human health especially in the management of hyperglycemia [1-15].


As one of alternative sources of renewable energy, wind energy has an excellence prospect in Indonesia, particularly in coastal and hilly areas which have potential wind to generate electricity for residential uses. There is urgent need to locally develop low cost inverter of wind generator system for residential use. Recent developments in power electronic converters and embedded computing allow improvement of power electronic converter devices that enable integration of microcontrollers in its design. In this project, an inverter circuit with suitable control scheme design was developed. The circuit was to be used with a selected topology of Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) to convert electricity generated by a 500W direct-drive permanent magnet type wind generator which is typical for residential use. From single phase AC output of the generator, a rectifier circuit is designed to convert AC to DC voltage. Then a DC-DC boost converter is used to step up the voltage to a nominal DC voltage suitable for domestic use. The proposed inverter then will convert the DC voltage to sinusoidal AC. The duty cycle of sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulated (SPWM) signal controlling switches in the inverter was generated by a microcontroller. The lab-scale experimental rig involves simulation of wind generator by running a geared DC motor coupled with 500W wind generator where the prototype circuit was connected at the generator output. The experimental circuit produced single phase 240V sinusoidal AC voltage with frequency of 50Hz. Measured total harmonics distortion (THD) of the voltage across load was 4.0% which is within the limit of 5% as recommended by IEEE Standard 519-1992.


The simulation of thin film semiconductor devices is challenging, partly due to the unknown material and device parameters. In this contribution, we present two different approaches to determine the missing material and device parameters from measurements. They both have in common that they are based on machine learning (ML) and numerical models. First, a numerical model describing the experiment is used to generate synthetic data to train a machine learning model the underlying material parameters. After successful training, a measurement is presented to the ML model to predict the parameters. In a more recent physics-informed ML approach, we integrate the model into the ML method and thus reduce the training data set.


A complex between native, iron(II) soybean lipoxygenase 3 and 4-nitrocatechol, a known inhibitor of the enzyme, has been detected by isothermal titration calorimetry and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The compound moors in the central cavity of the protein close to the essential iron atom, but not in a bonding arrangement with it. The iron ligands experience a significant rearrangement upon formation of the complex relative to their positions in the native enzyme; a water molecule becomes bound to iron in the complex, and one histidine ligand moves away from the iron to become involved in a hydrogen bonding interaction with the catechol. These changes in position result in a trigonal pyramid coordination geometry for iron in the complex. Molecular modeling and force field calculations predict more than one stable complex between 4-nitrocatechol and the central cavity of lipoxygenase 3, but the interaction having the small molecule in the same orientation as the one found in the crystal structure was the most favorable. These observations reveal specific details of the interaction between lipoxygenase and a small molecule and raise the possibility that changes in the ligand environment of the iron atom could be a feature of the product activation reaction or the catalytic mechanism.


This article examines hegemonic norms of political and moral economy in Ukraine today acting at the level of the workplace. My research is based on fieldwork I conducted in a large industrial city in the east of Ukraine from January to June 2019. Using the general Gramsci-inspired theoretical framework and the insights of Hillel Ticktin, Simon Clarke and Michael Burawoy regarding Soviet and post-Soviet factory regimes, I analyse differences between the life-worlds of workers, relating them to the structurally different context in which they find themselves. All enterprises feature path-dependent informal bargaining and underinvestment as cornerstones of their factory regimes. However, they differ in the ways in which these traits combine in practice. These configurations, in turn, elicit different strategies and attitudes from the workers, each of them more typical at one enterprise than at others: an archaic manufactory attitude at a new window factory, exit in mines torn between owners, voice at the foreign-owned metalworking factory, and loyalty at a 'native' oligarchic holding. The general trend is not towards eliminating informality as a 'post-Soviet residue' but rather towards renegotiating it with different outcomes.


Purpose : To study the protective effect of histone and non-histone proteins on double-strand break (dsb) induction in replicating S-phase DNA as well as bulk DNA of plateau phase human tumour cells. Materials and methods : Induction of dsb was studied in two human adenocarcinoma cell lines: Colo320HSR and MCF-7. To assess the influence of chromatin structure on radiation-induced DNA dsb, different nuclear preparations of cells, either continuously labelled with 14 C or pulse labelled with 3 H, were assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results and conclusions : Stepwise removal of DNA-bound proteins from the chromatin increased the amount of radiation-induced dsb in both cell lines. However, the protective effect of DNA-associated proteins on dsb induction was significantly reduced in DNA of replicating S-phase cells compared with bulk DNA of plateau phase cells. These data show that proteins associated with the DNA have a different protective effect on radiation-induced dsb, rendering replicating DNA with open chromatin structure more sensitive to dsb induction by ionizing radiation.


The effects of KCNS and KI on thermal transition temperatures of calf skin collagen molecules in dilute acid solution and precipitated collagen fibrils from the same source were compared as a function of salt concentration and pH. The two salts produced qualitatively similar effects on each collagen form, but the response shown by single collagen molecules in dilute solution differed from that observed for molecular aggregates present in native-type fibrils.


Using data from a larger study investigating the effectiveness of a structured clinical protocol to manage individuals in residential facilities who experience behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), the current study investigated whether external clinical support in using the protocol with specific residents increased compliance in its use, over and above only providing a generic workshop about the protocol and management of BPSD. Results indicated that provision of the workshop, in addition to clinical support, was associated with significantly higher compliance. However, compliance was only found to be related to positive outcomes when staff received the generic workshop and not clinical support. When clinical support was provided, compliance was not related to outcomes or worse outcomes. These findings, when considered in the context of the results of the larger trial, suggest that the relationship among clinical support, compliance with BPSD protocols, and clinical outcomes for residents and staff is complex and needs further investigation.


Most naturalistic events are temporally and structurally complex in that they comprise a number of elements and that each element may have different onset and offset times within the event. This study examined temporal information processing of complex patterns of partially overlapping stimulus events by using 2 tasks of temporal processing. Specifically, participants observed a pantomime in which 5 actors appeared on the scene for different periods of time. At test, they estimated the duration each actor was present or reconstructed the temporal pattern of the pantomime by drawing a timeline for each actor. Participants made large errors in the time estimation task, but they provided relatively accurate responses by using the timeline as a retrieval support. These findings suggest that temporal processing of complex asynchronous events is a challenging cognitive task, but that reliance on visuo-spatial retrieval support, possibly in combination with other temporal heuristics, may produce functional approximations of complex temporal patterns.


The concept of effective spatial bandwidth (EBW) is introduced for periodic domains. The EBW is applied to the incident and scattered fields along the boundary of an infinite circular cylinder. The scattered field is formulated using the method of auxiliary sources (MAS). In MAS, monopoles on an auxiliary surface (AS) are used to model the scattered field. It is shown that the EBW of the incident field can provide some insight regarding the placement of poles for the MAS scattered field model. Example simulations are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of EBW with respect to monopole placement rules in MAS.


The extremely difficult intubation, as described in a patient with infertility by Callander and Thomas (Anaesthesia 1988; 43 7034), does indeed raise many problems, but to suggest to elective tracheostomy in late pregnancy with its accompanying psychological trauma and possible morbidity, appears horrendous. Surely, the answer to the airway problem lies in regional block, either epidural or spinal, and the avoidance of general anaesthesia? We found, before the widespread introduction of epidural block for Caesarean section, that in about 1% patients for Caesarean section the trachea could not be intubated. These patients, six or seven each year were informed of their airway problem and given an explanatory letter which recommended regional block for any future surgical intervention. None of these patients developed either ectopic pregnancy or antepartum haemorrhage (which worried the authors with their patient) but we have successfully managed such cases under epidural block on numerous occasions. Marked hypotension would be an obvious contraindication to regional block, but early diagnosis and treatment can usually avoid this problem. For instance, whilst the incidence of ectopic pregnancy is increased after tuba1 surgery, early laparoscopic and ultrasonic diagnosis followed by surgery can greatly reduce the occurrence of the dramatic 'ruptured ectopic'. Laparoscopy in a patient whose trachea cannot be intubated may be performed under epidural or spinal block, although pain referred to the shoulder may be a problem if the abdomen is over distended with the gas for insufflation. Anaesthesia for laparoscopy with a facemask and spontaneous ventilation seems to be gaining popularity in clinical practice and may be considered another alternative to intubation. One advantage of a regional technique is the ability to administer 100% oxygen under epidural or spinal block, without unplanned awareness. It is difficult to understand why the patient was subjected to I hour and 50 minutes of attempted awake intubation when her trachea was reported to be nonintubatable on two preceding occasions, and the operation could have been easily undertaken under epidural or spinal block, with (or without) sedation. The letter discusses 'an unusual dilemma of ethics related to anaesthetic practice'. Surely, in this case, no dilemma should exist, and regional block be offered on each occasion, not tracheostomy.


From the Publisher:

Creating graphics for Web sites is one of the most common uses of Photoshop and the addition of ImageReady to the application adds a whole new range of possibilities. Rollovers, animations, image slices, and optimization for the Web are now much easier and faster, and Photoshop's tools have been expanded to offer improved functionality for Web-focused work.
Beginning users and experienced Photoshop professionals alike will find that the practical guidance and complete exercises are a more efficient and effective way to learn Photoshop 6 and ImageReady 3 or just to get up to speed on the new features in these newest versions. The tips, notes, and sidebars are filled with expert advice and supplemental information and together with the chapter material provide the reader with an invaluable resource that they can return to time and again.
Not only will the reader learn the ins and outs of using the tools and interface of Photoshop and ImageReady but will also understand the artistic and creative reasons behind when and why to use those tools and features.


Introductions: Stigma and unfavorable view of people towards mental illness is prevailing in Nepal due to lack of awareness. Stigma among family members of people with mental illness has a serious impact on the outcome. This study aims to identify the level of perceived stigma by family members and association with selected demographical variables. Methods: A cross-sectional research design was used to assess the stigma perceived by family members of patients visiting psychiatry outpatient department of Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences during 12 August to Sep 7, 2018. Questionnaire on socio-demographic variables and self-stigma of mental illness scale was used to interview the family members to assess the level of perceived stigma. Chi-square was used to examine the association between demographic variables and stigma, p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 180 family interviewed 94 (52.2%) had perceived high level of stigma and 86 (47.8%) low level of stigma. There was significant association between age and perceived stigma (p value=0.030) at 95% of significance. Conclusions: More than half of the family members of psychiatric patients had perceived high level of stigma and was associated with the age.


Investigative journalism across national borders is well known for the large projects, initiated by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), with hundreds of reporters in many countries who collaborate to produce coverage such as the Panama Papers. However, there are also many examples in the field of global investigative journalism that are microcosms of their larger counterparts. These smaller or 'microcosm' cross-border collaborations are instigated and carried out by a small group of reporters, possibly including freelance reporters. Like their larger counterparts, 'microcosm investigations' can also lead to sociopolitical change and thus are deservedly classified as investigative journalism. Microcosm investigations can therefore be viewed as part of a suggested global fourth estate that is calling power to account. The purpose of the article is to examine the characteristics of 'microcosm'-oriented global investigative journalism and to demonstrate the similarities and differences compared with its larger and more visible counterpart. The empirical material consists of interviews with Australian journalists who were shortlisted as finalists and who won national journalism awards, sponsored by the Walkley Foundation. The findings indicate that new technologies that enable cross-border collaboration are enabling the emergence of a global fourth estate. In the concluding discussion it is argued that for the expansion and mainstreaming of global investigative journalism, the multiple small-scale projects undertaken should collectively be viewed as equally important, if not more important, than the fewer but larger and better-known collaborations. Microcosm collaborations offer opportunities for the proliferation of cross-border media coverage that can be accomplished even by relatively small media outlets.


Recently, unsupervised image segmentation has become increasingly popular. Starting from a superpixel segmentation, an edge-weighted region adjacency graph is constructed. Amongst all segmentations of the graph, the one which best conforms to the given image evidence, as measured by the sum of cut edge weights, is chosen. Since this problem is NP-hard, we propose a new approximate solver based on the move-making paradigm: first, the graph is recursively partitioned into small regions (cut phase). Then, for any two adjacent regions, we consider alternative cuts of these two regions defining possible moves (glue & cut phase). For planar problems, the optimal move can be found, whereas for non-planar problems, efficient approximations exist. We evaluate our algorithm on published and new benchmark datasets, which we make available here. The proposed algorithm finds segmentations that, as measured by a loss function, are as close to the ground-truth as the global optimum found by exact solvers. It does so significantly faster then existing approximate methods, which is important for large-scale problems.


The accepted design techniques for bulk solids handling equipment are frequently overlooked during the installation of industrial process plants. As a result, flow unreliability is often observed in silos in the form of flow stoppages, product bulk density variations, formation of rat-holes, flushing, flooding and product segregation. In most cases when these problems are detected in silos, they are the result of a discharge pattern known as core flow, where localised flow channels promote the preferential draw of material from certain zones of the silo, with the rest of the material remaining stagnant. Coal handling is not the exception and process equipment is not always designed to cope with the often variable characteristics of the coal, which is frequently processed in a large variety of forms, with particle sizes ranging from fine dust to a top size several inches and other parameter like moisture content varying from completely dry to dripping wet.

In order to solve the problems caused by core flow, the discharge behaviour of the silo needs to be modified to produce a uniform movement of all the material, to achieve a flow pattern known as mass flow. Static inserts have been proved to be an effective method of modifying the discharge patterns in silos, but their use and design procedures are not well understood or are well hidden behind patents and trade secrecy. This research project aims to produce practical guidelines for the design and positioning of static insert to improve flow in silos.

The work presented in this thesis follows an experimental approach where the performance of an insert is first evaluated at bench scale in a 3 litre model silo and then validated at semi-industrial scale in a 400 litre test rig. The bench scale model allows the evaluation of numerous changes in insert morphology and positioning at relatively low costs, facilitating the development of practical rules for their design. Following this approach a design procedure for inverted cone inserts is proposed as a modification of a method developed by J. Johanson [Johanson, 1965]. A performance comparison was undertaken both at bench and semi-industrial scales with inserts designed following Johanson's method and the modified method proposed by the author. The results showed that both inserts were capable of producing mass flow in an otherwise core flow silo, but the modified insert produced more consistent results, particularly with lower heights of powder bed.

This experimental approach was also followed to develop a novel type of insert called open double cone which maximizes the area of influence of the insert inside the silo facilitating flow. For this insert, three design procedures where proposed with each of them producing inserts capable of achieving mass flow in the bench scale model. The main difference between the inserts produced by the three procedures, was the size of the insert in relation to the volume of the silo hopper. In a similar way, two procedures were also proposed for the design of double cone inserts, with the resulting inserts capable of achieving mass flow in the bench scale silo. Then, a prototype of an inverted cone designed with the modified method, a prototype of the open double cone and a prototype of a double cone were tested in the semi-industrial scale test rig. The results at both scales showed that the open double cone and the double cone inserts outperformed the inverted coned, by producing more uniform velocity profiles across the silo and also producing more consistent flow rates. Although the performance between the open double cone and the double cone was very similar, the open double cone was more consistent in producing flatter velocity profiles and also the double cone was more prone to produce slightly off centre discharges.

The procedures proposed for insert design provide the tools needed to apply insert technology to industrial processes. This is demonstrated with the design of double cones which successfully eliminated rat-holing problems in conical silos from an industrial pneumatic conveying system. The bench scale methodology is also employed to try to solve flow unreliability issues experienced in an industrial coal silo. For this case, a bespoke type of insert was developed to respond to the complex geometry and mode of operation of the silo. The proposed insert produced very positive results at bench and semi-industrial scales, laying the bases for a solution for the full scale silo.


The power generated by solar photovoltaic (PV) is highly affected by the weather environment. Thin-Film solar module of cadmium telluride (CdTe) is one of the Semi-transparent PV (STPV) that can be employed in a wide application range as a means to sunlight permeability while supplying solar electrical energy with some shading which also preferable in hot areas. The system behavior and the forecast of a STPV harvested energy requires an accurate and reliable discribtion for the power pattern rate during the day time. This research presents a real-time daily measurements for CdTe PV modules that serve the system design, prediction, and modeling. Multilayer and single installation categories are configured to be experimentally tested at different weather conditions (temperature and irradiance). The measurements were conducted at UPM University, Serdang, Malaysia, where a 6 different modules are expreinced. A wireless monitoring system with high sampling frequency employed for this purose. The results show an efficiency of 2.51 as a maximum  in cloudy day conditions, while the harvested daily energy show that a multi-layer configuration may only be effective when the transparency is high. This new generation of PV module is similar to that for Silicon-based PV but it has threshold value to start power generating and promises for efficient sustainable building materials


This paper proposes a phase detection method for harmonics and unbalanced voltage conditions. The proposed method uses harmonics and unbalanced voltage compensation circuit in addition to basic PLL (Phase Locked Loop) circuit. In the harmonic compensation circuit, the harmonic voltage component are eliminated from the input voltages using specific harmonic detection method. Besides, frequency information of power system used in the specific harmonic detection method is estimated by an extended complex Kalman filter. In the unbalanced voltage compensation circuit, the input voltage is normalized after the calculated positive sequence component. By means of the proposed method, excellent phase detection performance can be achieved under harmonics and unbalanced voltage conditions. Moreover, detection of positive sequence voltage component becomes possible under voltage drop conditions due to faults in power systems. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation results.


This thesis considers two routing and scheduling problems. The first problem is task allocation and sequencing for multiple robots with differential motion constraints. Each task is defined as visiting a point in a subset of the robot configuration space – this definition captures a variety of tasks including inspection and servicing, as well as onein-a-set tasks. Our approach is to transform the problem into a multi-vehicle generalized traveling salesman problem (GTSP). We analyze the GTSP insertion methods presented in [1] and we provide bounds on the performance of the three insertion mechanisms. We then develop a combinatorial-auction-based distributed implementation of the allocation and sequencing algorithm. The number of the bids in a combinatorial auction, a crucial factor in the runtime, is shown to be linear in the size of the tasks. Finally, we present extensive benchmarking results to demonstrate the improvement over existing distributed task allocation methods. In the second part of this thesis, we address the problem of computing optimal paths through three consecutive points for the curvature-constrained forward moving Dubins vehicle. Given initial and final configurations of the Dubins vehicle, and a midpoint with an unconstrained heading, the objective is to compute the midpoint heading that minimizes the total Dubins path length. We provide a novel geometrical analysis of the optimal path, and establish new properties of the optimal Dubins' path through three points. We then show how our method can be used to quickly refine Dubins TSP tours produced using state-of-the-art techniques. We also provide extensive simulation results showing the improvement of the proposed approach in both runtime and solution quality over the conventional method of uniform discretization of the heading at the mid-point, followed by solving the minimum Dubins path for each discrete heading.


What was life like in the 1950s in small communities in Ontario? Lower-class and upper-class residents might have different memories of those days, but on one thing they would agree: it is a much different world in rural Ontario today. The old guard has lost most of its power, displaced partly by big brother in the form of bureaucracy, and new comers from the city in search of affordable housing even if it means commuting daily to work. Unlike their British-origin predecessors, the newcomers who have begun to appear in the countryside represent a wide range of ethnic and economic backgrounds.Paradise concentrates on the transformed class system of one community in rural Ontario. In a comparison of the decade following the First World War and the 1980s, Stanley R. Barrett analyses the changing face and structure of a town as it has had to adapt to modern social and economic realities. Particular attention is paid to the phenomenon of the commuter in search of affordable housing and the influx of immigrants of varied ethnic backgrounds, and the interaction between these newcomers and long-term residents. What is striking is just how massive the changes in small-town Ontario have been since the Second World War to the extent of almost obliterating long-assumed distinctions between rural and urban society."


The life cycle and reproductive patterns of Triatoma rubrofasciata were studied along with laboratory conditions for the establishment of a prolific colony. The insects were divided into four groups: two of them were maintained at room temperature (20.5 degrees C to 33 degrees C and 85% +/- 5% of relative humidity), the other two in a climatic chamber (CC) (temperature: 29 degrees C, humidity: 80% +/- 5%). The groups were fed weekly or fortnightly on Swiss mice. The females from the group kept in the CC and fed weekly had longer life span, as well as a higher number of eggs, fertile eggs and hatchings; the group kept in the CC and fed fortnightly had a shorter life span for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars and a lower mortality rate for all instars. It was concluded that a constant high temperature (CC at 29 degrees C) is the most suitable condition for the maintenance of a colony of T. rubrofasciata regardless of the interval between repasts.


: It is estimated that there are two billions people ever infected by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and there are around 350 milllions people suffering from chronic hepatitis B; 20-25% of them are going to develop chronic liver diorders and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Development in vaccination programs and therapy of hepatitis B infection might trigger the genom mutation in part of viral adaptation to stress (mutant HBV). The characteristic of mutant HBV cases is negative results of anti-HBs and HBsAg, meanwhile other infection markers showed the occurence of HBV infection. Antigenic determinant mostly used to detect this infection is determinant "a" of HbsAg located in the position of 124-127. Changes in that location will disturb detection of HbsAg caused by decreased reactivity against several comercial kits, therefore, the sensitivity will decrease and be undected. Mutant HBV causes difficulty in patient detection and evaluation of blood donor. Besides that, mutation will influence the result of vaccination or therapy due to uneffectiveness of several managements.


An automated method for the determination of plasma ceruloplasmin in bovine and ovine species is described. The analytic principle of Holmberg and Laurell (1951), based on protein oxidase activity, has been applied to a discrete computerized analyzer (Isamat, Isa Biologie, 94230 Cachan, France). Using this method a single operator can determine the oxidase activity of 500 plasma ceruloplasmin samples per day. The method is accurate (2.6% precision for mean values), linear over a range of 7-240 mcg/100 ml in copper equivalents and low in cost because small volumes of reagents can be used; it also correlates well with results from standard atomic absorption spectrophotometry and single radial immunodiffusion methods (correlation coefficients: 0.944 to 0.968). The conservation of oxidase activity is adequate and plasma ceruloplasmin oxidase activity determination can be used for assessing copper nutritional state and for screening inflammatory processes in bovine and ovine herds.


Report cards are widely used in health for drawing attention to performance indicators. We developed a state health report card with separate grades for health and health disparities to generate interest in and awareness of differences in health across different population subgroups and to identify opportunities to improve health. We established grading curves from data for all 50 states for 2 outcomes (mortality and unhealthy days) and 4 life stages (infants, children and young adults, working-age adults, and older adults). We assigned grades for health within each life stage by sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomics, and geography. We also assigned a health disparity grade to each life stage. Report cards can simplify complex information for lay audiences and garner media and policy maker attention. However, their development requires methodologic and value choices that may limit their interpretation.


Aim: Aim of the present study was to assess any signs of Ni-Ti alloy remnants in the root canal after preparation and investigate if this aspect may be influenced by the steam sterilization of the files.
Materials and Methods: 20 extracted upper first premolars with complete root formation and apical foramina and three kits of BioRace instruments (FKG, Le Chaux-of-Fonds, Switzerland) were used in the present study. The first BioRace kit was used to prepare 10 teeth (20 canals), without sterilization between the root canal preparations, while the second sample group was subjected to steam sterilization after each tooth (two canals) prepared. The third kit of instruments was used as a control group. Files were then analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) using magnifications between 500 and 4.000x. Images were taken on sections D1-D8 of each file. Files weight was measured using a precision weight scale with readability of 0,001g to quantify the possible alloy loss and file degradation occurred during their use. Teeth were then sectioned on their length and submitted to EDX analysis in search of possible alloy particles within the root canals, using magnifications between 30 and 300x. In the same manner, the irrigant used during the root shaping was collected and analyzed. Differences in weight were statistically analysed using the independent sample Student t-test (p<0.05).
Results: No file separation was registered in both groups analyzed. Weight measurements and SEM micrographs showed signs of higher degradation for samples from group 2. EDX analysis showed some Ni-Ti particles in roots prepared in group 2.
Conclusions: Metal strips, weight loss and micro-fractures appeared on the files subjected to steam sterilization between the uses. Ni-Ti particles detached from files, during their intra-canal use were found on the root canal walls.


ABSTRACT The research is a descriptive study intended to get an answer that how much realization influence of the banking loans that is investments loans, working capital loans, consumer loans on the level of economic growth in the province of West Kalimantan either partially or simultaneously and independent of all the variables are studied, which is the most dominant variable in affecting the rate of economic growth and after researched using SPSS (Statistical Package for Software social Sciense) ver. 17.0, it can be concluded that : In Partial variables of investment loans, working capital loans and investments significantly affect toward economic growth in the province of West Kalimantan and for working capital loans has the most dominant influence with coefficient of 16.8 % , investment loans coeffecient of 9.8 % and consumption loans coffecient of 9.1 %. Together (simultaneously) these variables also affect the economic growth , with a significant 0.000< α = 0.05 ( visible ) in Table 4.8. besides that in Table 4.7 known adjustment values r square of 975, or 97.5 %, this proves that economic growth of West Kalimantan Province was heavily influenced by those credit variables. Banks in West Kalimantan and the relevant government in the future to do synergize strategic to push and deceptive loans in the UMKM sector (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) productively , especially in the province of West Kalimantan. . Keywords : Banking Loans and Economic Growth


Monitoring is an essential component of measuring the performance of protected areas. This requirement led to the development of a biodiversity monitoring system for South African National Parks (SANParks). The system comprises of ten major programmes, each focusing on a core area of conservation biodiversity monitoring, with resource use being one of the focal areas. With the growing appreciation of the importance of natural resources for the socio-economic well-being of communities and other stakeholders, sustainable resource use is an important component of the management of natural areas and national parks. To gauge sustainability, a sound monitoring and research programme that fits within the context of the SANParks' adaptive management approach towards social-ecological system management is required. The purpose of this article was to define the context and scope in which consumptive resource use takes place within SANParks and to outline the criteria necessary for developing a sound monitoring programme to assess the sustainability of such use. The monitoring programme is structured in view of the fact that sustainable resource use is achievable only where all dimensions of sustainability (social, economic and ecological) are considered simultaneously. In terms of the social and economic dimensions of sustainability, the programme provides for assessing stakeholder needs, trends in resource use and the social and economic impacts of resource use. Monitoring that relates to the ecological dimension of sustainability of biological resource use deals with the rate of turnover and population dynamics of target species, as well as harvest impact. In terms of abiotic (non-renewable) resources, monitoring deals with sound management practices to minimise impact on the environment, and to optimise benefits through responsible use.Conservation implications: The resource use monitoring programme is intended to ensure that monitoring relating to the harvesting of natural resources from national parks is scientifically sound and conducted in a structured way, towards meeting the objective of sustainable use and compliance with national legislation. The article illustrates how SANParks meets its obligation to monitor biodiversity conservation while at the same time meeting the needs for the consumptive use of resources.


Abstract The 500-Myr average crater retention age for Venus has raised questions about the present-day level of tectonic activity. In this study we examine the relationship between the gravity and topography of four large volcanic swells, Beta, Atla, Bell, and Western Eistla Regiones, for clues about their stage of evolution. The Magellan line-of-sight gravity data are inverted using a point mass model of the anomalous mass to solve for the local vertical gravity field. Spectral admittance calculated from both the local gravity inversions and a spherical harmonic model is compared to three models of compensation: local compensation, a "flexural" model with local and regional compensation of surface and subsurface loads, and a "hotspot" model of compensation that includes top loading by volcanoes and subsurface loading due to a deep, low density mass anomaly. The coherence is also calculated in each region, but yields an elastic thickness estimate only at Bell Regio. In all models, the long wavelengths are compensated locally. The long-wavelength estimates of the deep compensation depth for Bell, Atla, Western Eistla, and Beta Regiones are 125, 175, 200, and 225 km, respectively, with an error of approximately ± 35 km. The flexural model is rejected primarily because it gives values of effective elastic thickness of approximately 100 km, which is at least a factor of two larger than estimates of effective elastic thickness obtained from the coherence spectra at Bell Regio and from other studies that model the topographic expression of flexure at Bell Regio and in other tectonic settings globally. Assuming a crustal thickness of 30 km, the fit to the hotspot model at Atla Regio gives an effective elastic thickness of 30 ± 5 km. Atla Regio is interpreted as an active hotspot because of the deep compensation depth and a strong subsurface loading signature. At Bell Regio, effective elastic thickness is 30 ± 5 km at short wavelengths and 50 ± 5 km at long wavelengths, using a crustal thickness of 10 km. The 30-km value is interpreted as the effective elastic thickness at the time when the volcanoes are emplaced; the 50-km value is believed to reflect the present-day effective elastic thickness. Bell Regio has a relatively shallow compensation depth, 125 km, and a weak bottom-to-top-loading ratio determined from the coherence spectra. These results may indicate a relatively old, possibly inactive plume. The data at Beta and Western Eistla Regiones are of relatively poor quality and do not permit detailed interpretations. These areas are interpreted as active hotspots because of their large compensation depths, greater than typical of the rest of the planet.


We are interested in optimizing the co-administration of two drugs for some acute myeloid leukemias (AML), and we are looking for in vitro protocols as a first step. This issue can be formulated as an optimal control problem. The dynamics of leukemic cell populations in culture is given by age-structured partial differential equations, which can be reduced to a system of delay differential equations, and where the controls represent the action of the drugs. The objective function relies on eigenelements of the uncontrolled model and on general relative entropy, with the idea to maximize the efficiency of the protocols. The constraints take into account the toxicity of the drugs. We present in this paper the modeling aspects, as well as theoretical and numerical results on the optimal control problem that we get.


LiDAR-based perception is a central component of autonomous driving, playing a key role in tasks such as vehicle localization and obstacle detection. Since the safety of LiDAR-based perceptual pipelines is critical to safe autonomous driving, a number of past efforts have investigated its vulnerability under adversarial perturbations of raw point cloud inputs. However, most such efforts have focused on investigating the impact of such perturbations on predictions (integrity), and little has been done to understand the impact on latency (availability), a critical concern for real-time cyber-physical systems. We present the first systematic investigation of the availability of LiDAR detection pipelines, and SlowLiDAR, an adversarial perturbation attack that maximizes LiDAR detection runtime. The attack overcomes the technical challenges posed by the non-differentiable parts of the LiDAR detection pipelines by using differentiable proxies and uses a novel loss function that effectively captures the impact of adversarial perturbations on the execution time of the pipeline. Extensive experimental results show that SlowLiDAR can significantly increase the latency of the six most popular LiDAR detection pipelines while maintaining imperceptibility 11Code is available at: https://github.com/WUSTL-CSPL/SlowLiDAR.


This paper analyses the strategies of four humanitarian agencies which have been engaged in humanitarian work in Sri Lanka since the start of the war in 1983 and explores the ways in which humanitarian agencies engage with the combatants in a 'complex political emergency'. The paper focuses on the challenges and dilemmas which these agencies have faced in relation to the two sets of combatants: the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Focusing the period from 1995 to 1998, the study draws on case data on two Norwegian non-governmental organisations Forut and Redd Barna, and two British NGOs Oxfam and Save the Children Fund (UK).


Collaborative Filtering (CF), a well-known approach in producing recommender systems, has achieved wide use and excellent performance not only in research but also in industry. However, problems related to cold start and data sparsity have caused CF to attract an increasing amount of attention in efforts to solve these problems. Traditional approaches adopt side information to extract effective latent factors but still have some room for growth. Due to the strong characteristic of feature extraction in deep learning, many researchers have employed it with CF to extract effective representations and to enhance its performance in rating prediction. Based on this previous work, we propose a probabilistic model that combines a stacked denoising autoencoder and a convolutional neural network together with auxiliary side information (i.e, both from users and items) to extract users and items' latent factors, respectively. Extensive experiments for four datasets demonstrate that our proposed model outperforms other traditional approaches and deep learning models making it state of the art.


Introduction: Coronary Heart Disease can result in impaired quality of life which can inhibit an early recovery with successful outcomes for cardiac patients. Objective: To investigate the effect of a structured cardiac education and early intervention cardiac rehabilitation program on quality of life in cardiac patients involving caregivers. Method: A quasi experimental study with a purposive sampling was carried out where 132 acute coronary syndrome patients hospitalized for treatment were recruited and allocated to the experiment and control group with and without caregivers. A structured educational intervention and cardiac rehabilitation was initiated for the experimental group with and without caregivers. The outcome was measured using the World Health Organization Quality Of LifeBREF (WHOQOL-BREF) instrument.Results: Data was measured with repeated measures ANOVA between baseline, discharge and follow-up between the intervention and control group with p<0.05 There was a statistically significant difference in QOL in both the groups with and without caregivers in the following domains: psychological health (F=3.784, p=0.002); social relationship (F=4.267, p=0.000) and environment (F=3.578, p=0.004). There was not a statistically significant difference between both the groups in the physical health domain (F=1.316, p=0.266).Conclusion: The results indicated that a structured cardiac educational intervention and cardiac rehabilitation with the involvement of the caregivers have significant effects on the quality of life of cardiac patients. The findings provide useful evidence to improve health outcomes of acute coronary syndrome patients involving the caregivers.


Asthmatic athletes (adults and junior) have competed successfully at the highest level for many years assisted by pre‐event medication with β2‐agonists. To examine the impact of (β2–agonists upon submaximal running economy (oxygen consumption at a given submaximal work load), we studied 10 nonasthmatic boys (age, 10.4 ± 0.48 years, mean ± SD). They each completed submaximal (speeds, 7.2, 8.0, and 8.8 km/hr) and peak treadmill running protocols preceded by treatment with β2‐agonist (terbutaline, 500 (μg via nebuhaler) or placebo in a randomized, crossover single‐blind study. No significant differences were found between running economy and heart rate during the submaximal exercise tests or between peak oxygen consumption (V02), peak respiratory exchange ratio, peak heart rate (HR), or total running time during the peak V02 test. Pretreatment with terbutaline did produce small but nonsignificant increases in aerobic fractional utilization (percent peak V02 on drug: 65.9%, 72.6%, and 76.7% vs. placebo: 65.1%, 70%, and 75.5%), at the three submaximal work loads. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) values were elevated throughout the submaximal tests (on drug: 0.94, 0.93, and 0.94 vs. placebo: 0.91, 0.92, and 0.91, P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between drug and placebo for minute ventilation (VE) and ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/V02), at both submaximal and peak exercise intensities. The significant increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (% predicted) found following submaximal (pre: 107 ± 13 vs. post: 111 ± 17, P < 0.001) and peak exercise (pre: 103 ± 10 vs. post: 106 ± 14, P < 0.001), both with drug and placebo, suggests an effect of exercise rather than of drug. These results indicate that therapeutic doses of an inhaled β2–agonist administered immediately pre‐exercise do not enhance the submaximal running economy or peak V02 of nonasthmatic children.


This study investigated the relationship between problem-solving ability and career maturity of secondary school students in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. 230 final year secondary school students completed self-report measures of problem solving and career maturity. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyse the data collected. The results showed that the three variables of problem solving ability when combined effectively predicted career maturity among the students. Personal control made the highest contribution to the prediction. It was followed by Approach-avoidance and Confidence in that order. Implications for the inclusion of problem-solving activities in the counsellors' programmes for fostering career maturity of students were discussed. IFE Psychologia Vol.12(2) 2004: 162-177


Purpose Revision surgery for adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) commonly requires exposing and removing the original fixation. To minimize trauma and to reduce the operation time and blood loss, we introduced a minimally invasive lumbar revision technique using cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screws assisted by three-dimensional (3D)-printed navigation templates. Methods From April 2017 to October 2019, 18 patients with ASD underwent revision surgery with CBT screws assisted by 3D-printed templates in our hospital. All surgical data, including the operation time, blood loss, and incision length, were recorded. We evaluated the clinical efficacy using the visual analog scale (VAS), the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score. X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scans were used to evaluate the stability of CBT screw fixation, the accuracy of screws, and the fusion rate. Results The mean follow-up was 22.4±4.7 months (12–31 months). The VAS, ODI, and JOA scores were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 and showed significant improvement at 2 weeks and the last follow-up compared with preoperative data (P<0.05). Seventy-six CBT screws were inserted with navigation templates; 2 screws were Grade B, and the other screws were Grade 0 or A. Changes in intervertebral height showed good stability of CBT screw fixation (P>0.05). All the patients exhibited satisfactory fusion results. Conclusion Revision surgery for ASD with CBT screws assisted by 3D-printed navigation templates has satisfactory clinical efficacy with the advantages of a short operation time, a small incision, and less blood loss.


Development of transgenic edible plants, to be used as production, storage and delivery systems for recombinant vaccine antigens, is a promising strategy to obtain cost effective vaccines against infectious diseases, not least for use in developing countries. Therefore, we used Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated gene transfer to introduce the p24 gag gene encoding the nucleocapsid protein from HIV‐1 subtype C into the Arabidopsis thaliana plant genome. Eighteen plant lines were confirmed positive for the p24 gene by PCR; four of these lines showed an apparent homozygous phenotype when grown on selective medium and these lines also showed transcription of the p24 gene into its corresponding mRNA. The mRNA in all four cases generated the p24 protein in plants, as verified by Western blot analysis. The plants were shown to contain between 0.2 μg and 0.5 μg p24 protein per g of fresh tissue. Analysis of the localisation of the p24 protein showed that stem tissue contained the largest amount of protein, more than twice as much as leaf tissue, whereas no p24 protein was detected in roots. By using Southern blotting, we found that 4, 2–3, 2 and 1 T‐DNA insertion events took place in the four lines 1, 2, 7, and 10, respectively. The genetic insertions of line 1 were stable from the T2 to the T5 generation and gave rise to the p24 protein in all cases, as verified by Western blotting. In mice fed with fresh transgenic A. thaliana (line 10), anti‐gag IgG was obtained in serum after a booster injection with recombinant p37Gag. No immune response was observed after equal booster injection of untreated mice or mice fed with A. thaliana WT plants.


Purpose

This paper studies how the concepts of efficiency, effectiveness and efficacy are used in project management literature. The concepts relate to the degree of success or failure of projects and the degree to which the results are achieved. The purpose of this paper is to review the use of the concepts of efficiency, efficacy and effectiveness in project management literature and among practitioners.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is based on an extensive literature review, initially from the International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. The first phase involved searching the words "efficiency", "effectiveness" and "efficacy" in all articles of the journal, and then quantifying the results. This was followed by a qualitative search of the same articles with the aim of understanding how the terms "project efficiency", "project efficacy" and "project effectiveness" are used. A further intensive literature review was then conducted in other literatures in the field of project management, including, but not limited to, International Journal of Project Management and Project Management Journal. Finally, the authors complemented the review by including theories from deep searches of Google Scholar and Google Books using the parameters "project efficiency", "project effectiveness" and "project efficacy" and checked how the three concepts are used in other fields.

Findings

This research reveals there is wide diversity in interpretations of the three concepts among research scholars and practitioners, which makes it challenging to apply these three concepts appropriately and clearly. As a consequence, the authors propose a model for describing these concepts.

Research limitations/implications

This research is based on an academic and non-academic literature review. It identifies a number of inconsistencies in existing literature regarding the three concepts.

Practical implications

This review enriches understanding of project management. Clarifying the understanding of project efficiency, project effectiveness and project efficacy will help and support organisational improvement. A clear and aligned view of these concepts can also be a basis for measurements based on possible developed indicators.

Originality/value

This paper highlights the gap in the literature concerning the practical use and interpretation of the concepts "project efficiency", "project effectiveness" and "project efficacy".


The developments in information technology and their applications to library and information services have given new dimension to the entire spectrum of information management. The information generated is usually stored in four physical media: paper, film, optical, and magnetic disks. The e-document be it a book, journal, technical report, conference proceedings is portable; has random access to its contents; and the document can also be a multimedia object, in that it may contain not only text, but also graphics, drawings, photographs or video. Now we have the emergence of publications over the electronic networks and the activity took off in a big way following the invention of the World Wide Web. The Open Access movement is becoming the order of the day. More than 3000 journals are free on net for anybody to access. A number of Institutional repositories and e-Prints archives have thrown challenge to the publishing industry. Consortium approach through different pricing, management and licensing models is enabling the libraries to provide access to thousands of e- journals, e-books and other kinds of e-documents. The Information center at NAL with its state-of-the-art library has progressed a good deal in this direction by acquiring different kind of documents especially e-form, cataloguing amp; processing them appropriately, storing and giving access to its patrons not only in library premises, but on to the desk tops spread in three different campuses through laboratory LAN and also extending selected services through Internet for the benefit of any body from any part of the world. 13; Created and maintained by ICAST the Portal x2018;AeroInfox2019; (www.aeroinfo.org.in) serves as one window information search facility for Web sources in aerospace science and technology. This virtual library facilitates multiple approach to information seekers as the web sources are indexed and organised using different schemes of classification including NASA subject categories. Care is taken to cover Indian aerospace sources exhaustively. The ICAST site (www.icast.org.in), apart from giving detailed information about library sources including books, journals, E-journals, databases and technical reports makes available different search tools for its users. Other details like working hours, library rules, staff details, contact persons, etc are provided. One can submit an online query and suggest documents for acquisition using online forms provided. The Library Database (OPAC) is probably is single largest in the country with more than 3.25 lakh bibliographic records of books, technical reports, patents, standards, journals, etc. ICAST users can search International databases like Aerospace Database, NTIS, J-Gate, Medline, etc through campus LAN. Users can access more than 2500 full text journals covering titles published by Elsevier (ScienceDirect), ASME, AIAA, Springer, John Wiley, OUP, CUP, AMS, World Scientific, few Annual Series, etc. Created by ICAST an e-journals gateway with browse and search (alphabetical and subject wise) facility for titles provides access to more than 700 journals available free on the net. The Centre provides a number of web/e-mail based innovative information services including Journal Contents Service, News Clipping Service, Monthly Documents Additions Lists covering both Books and Technical Reports, Web Alert Service and Union Catalogue of Journals -CSIR and Aerospace Libraries, etc.


Contemporary processes of globalization have had significant implica- tions for food systems around the world. The adoption of neo-liberal policies on a global scale, changing systems of governance in supply chains, and the develop- ment of new technologies have transformed how food is produced and consumed. Although the implications of these changes for the labour sustaining agri-food systems have received scant attention in the literature, research suggests they are profound. In this article, I seek to further our knowledge of how these processes are unfolding in a high income country context through a focus on Canada, ex- amining in particular how changes to immigration policy have rendered work in Northern agri-food industries more precarious. In so doing, I seek to contribute to theoretical debates on the role of the state in regulating work-place regimes and managing capitalist accumulation in agriculture.


The chicken (\(Gallus\) \(gallus\) \(domesticus\)) is the most abundant and widely distributed livestock animal with a global population of over 21 bill ion. A newly hatched broiler chick increases its body weight by 25% overnight and 50-fold over five weeks. The symbiotic, complex and variable community of the microbiome forms an important part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut). It is involved in gut development, biochemistry, immunology, physiology and non-specific resistance to infection. This study investigated the chicken gut microbiota using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing and culture-based techniques. There was specific interest in the proventriculus of which there is limited research currently in the literature and the caecum because it contains the highest density of bacterial cells in the gut at 10\(^1\)\(^1\) per gram. The results showed no significant difference in the first stages of the gut which shared a low-diversity microbiota dominated by a few \(Lactobacillus\) species. The microbiota becomes more diverse in the latter pa1ts of the small intestine where \(C/ostridiales\) and \(Enterobacteriaceae\) were present in higher numbers. The caecum was the most diverse organ with the majority of species belonging to Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and \(Alistipes\). A number of novel species were isolated from the chicken gut and six of these were whole-genome sequenced.


South Korean families have functioned as a highly effective receptacle for the country's highly compressed conditions of modernity and late modernity. It is as much due to the success of South Korean families as an engine of compressed modernity as due to their failure that they have become functionally overloaded and socially risk-ridden. Such familial burdens and risks are particularly onerous to South Korean women because of the fundamentally gender-based structure of family relations and duties that has in part been recycled from the Confucian past and in part manufactured under industrial capitalism. Under these complicated conditions, South Korean women have had to dramatically restructure their family relations and duties as well as their individual life choices. Furthermore, under the most recent condition of what Beck calls second modernity, other institutions of modernity, such as the state, industrial economy, firms, unions, schools, and welfare systems, have become increasingly ineffective in helping to alleviate such (gender-based) familial burdens and dilemmas. As a result South Korean women have experienced dramatic changes in marriage patterns, fertility, family relations, etc. South Korean women's individualization has thereby taken place primarily as a matter of practicality rather than ideational change. A brief analysis of the situation in the neighbouring societies of Japan and Taiwan reinforces the conclusion that individualization without individualism, particularly among women, is a region-wide phenomenon in East Asia.


Purpose of the paper: This paper aims to study how family firms manage their Global Value Chain (GVC). In particular, we investigate how family firms are able to keep control over operations outsourced to foreign partners. Prior research focused on understanding how firms control their GVC has mainly concentrated on large multinational enterprises. However, while large multinational enterprises can overcome transaction cost complexities by exploiting their superior legitimacy and power control over weaker firms, family SMEs often do not have that amount of power due to financial and managerial constrains. In this study, we thus conceptually examine a unique characteristic that can help family SMEs to overcome resource limits and gain control over the GVC: their distinctive social capital. Methodology: Conceptual Findings: Family SMEs can exploit their superior social capital in order to build long-term relationships based on trust with foreign partners, thereby being able to control their GVC without legally owning it. Research limits: The study is conceptual, future research should test the model and empirically examine the theorized mechanisms. Social capital is only grasped according to its positive side and in relation to cohesion, future research should examine the negative side of social capital and the role of conflict in our model. Finally, family firm heterogeneity is currently neglected. Practical implications: Our study offers insightful managerial suggestions to family firm executives and their foreign partners in terms of design and governance of their GVC. Originality of the paper: Our study offers theoretical and managerial contributions to the current understanding of family firm internationalization beyond exports.


Context A tertiary neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Involved were the unit doctors, and advanced nurse practitioners (ANPs). Problem Cranial ultrasound scanning (CrUSS) is a useful diagnostic tool used for assessment of brain structure, identification of pathology, and for monitoring. The doctors and ANPs scan inpatients on the NICU. There was no formal guidance as to when these ought to be done, on whom, and how to documented findings. I identified a need for clarity and formalisation of the scanning process and documentation. Assessment of problem and analysis of its causes I undertook an audit of inpatient notes looking at when scans were done, why they were done, and what had been documented. I asked the consultants to formalise when they would expect a baby to be scanned, what documentation they expected, and what scanning schedule they anticipated would be required. The standard for the audit was that uniformly agreed by the consultants. We found that all who should be scanned were (preterm, had required ventilation, had suffered Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy, or had another reason e.g risk factor for brain injury/anatomical variation detected antenatally), however there were varying time frames in-between scans, with little guidance for the junior scanning team as to when the next scan should be scheduled. Essential documentation including the date/ time of the scan, gestation of the baby, and a legible name of the scanning doctor was poor. Intervention I created a unit guideline formalising scanning procedure, schedules, expected views and a template for documentation. The template provides a section separate from other radiological reports for ease of clarity reviewing when scans have been done, what the findings were, and when the next scan is due (Figure 1). Abstract G588(P) Figure 1 Strategy for change The findings of the initial audit were presented to the NICU in February 2014. I created the guideline and documentation template in agreement with the consultant body over the next nine months. A poster summarising the guideline and demonstrating the new documentation template was placed in the doctors office and on our "one minute wonder education board" for all staff to read. The documentation template was emailed to the medical team by the consultant in charge of clinical governance, and printed copies placed ready for use in our documentation trolley. The guideline is available in our unit guidelines folder. Measurement of improvement The guideline, documentation template and poster have been implemented from November 28th 2014. After 8 weeks I will reaudit inpatient notes on the NICU, and have the findings ready to present at our unit Audit Presentation meeting on February 4th 2015, and at the RCPCH annual conference 2015. Effects of changes We anticipate this project will help us optimise patient care by providing accessible reports, guiding the team as to when the next scan is due so that we provide a scanning schedule appropriate to each baby. Medicolegally the template provides clear evidence as to who undertook the scan, when it was done, what was found, and if a consultant reviewed it. Lessons learnt Creating a unit guideline and template for documentation required agreement from all the Consultants. This takes time to arrange. The motivating factor is the knowledge that you are improving the quality of care you give to patients. Message for others It is important that there is a structured approach in a unit where junior team members change every 6 months, rotating gives us the opportunity to provide insight into areas that could be improved and to implement change.


Questions: Does the influence of forest edges on plant species richness and composition depend on forest management? Do forest specialists and generalists show contrasting patterns?

Location: Mesic, deciduous forests across Europe.

Methods: Vegetation surveys were performed in forests with three management types (unthinned, thinned 5–10 years ago and recently thinned) along a macroclimatic gradient from Italy to Norway. In each of 45 forests, we established five vegetation plots along a south‐facing edge‐to‐interior gradient (n = 225). Forest specialist, generalist and total species richness, as well as evenness and proportion of specialists, were tested as a function of the management type and distance to the edge while accounting for several environmental variables (e.g. landscape composition and soil characteristics). Magnitude and distance of edge influence were estimated for species richness per management type.

Results: Greatest total species richness was found in thinned forests. Edge influence on generalist plant species richness was contingent on the management type, with the smallest decrease in species richness from the edge‐to‐interior in unthinned forests. In addition, generalist richness increased with the proportion of forests in the surrounding landscape and decreased in forests dominated by tree species that cast more shade. Forest specialist species richness, however, was not affected by management type or distance to the edge, and only increased with pH and increasing proportion of forests in the landscape.

Conclusions: Forest thinning affects the plant community composition along edge‐to‐interior transects of European forests, with richness of forest specialists and generalists responding differently. Therefore, future studies should take the forest management into account when interpreting edge‐to‐interior because both modify the microclimate, soil processes and deposition of polluting aerosols. This interaction is key to predict the effects of global change on forest plants in landscapes characterized by the mosaic of forest patches and agricultural land that is typical for Europe.


Objective: Social sports is an emerging major, its teaching works in various aspects just start and so need teacher and students to make further improvement and perfection in new problems of the major. Among them, cultivation of social adaptability in teaching process becomes more important. Research methods: Literature consultation and questionnaire survey are applied to investigation and analyze practice of students in our schools' physical education major in Grade 2011 and 2012. Result shows: With the presently rapid development of Chinese social sports industry and people's increasing demands on fitness, there emerged more sports job vacancy in society. However, social sports major are still in the preliminary stage, students of the major came across many problems in teaching practice process. We should carry out market-oriented talents' cultivation, adjust practical work duration, optimize curriculum setting, discriminate practice base, reinforce supervising link, promote comprehensive quality to provide effective evidence and guarantee for formulating reasonable practical work link in social sports major and strive to improve practical quality of students major in social sports.


Author(s): Palegar, Neha Ravindranath | Advisor(s): Ghosh, Kaustabh | Abstract: Retinal vascular inflammation is a common characteristic of diabetes. It is marked by upregulation of a major retinal endothelial cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1 that promotes leukocyte-endothelial adhesion. The adherent leukocytes subsequently release cytotoxic, hyperpermeability and pro-inflammatory factors to cause extensive vascular damage in the retina that often lead to diabetic retinopathy (DR), a vision-threatening condition that affects nearly 40% of all people with diabetes. Past studies have identified retinal endothelial ICAM-1 expression as a rate-limiting step in DR pathogenesis because inhibiting it blocked DR progression in vivo. A common anti-ICAM-1 therapy for DR involves the use of salicylates that block activation of NF-KB, a major transcription factor required for ICAM-1 upregulation. However, the clinically-used high levels of salicylates cause severe adverse off-target effects in the body. To address this major limitation, thiswork describes the use of biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs) that selectively deliver salicylate to ICAM-1-expressing retinal endothelial cells (ECs) and blocks leukocyte-EC adhesion. Specifically, these biomimetic NPs are derived from red blood cell membranes, surface modified with an ICAM-1-targeting single chain variable fragment (scFv), and loaded with sodium salicylate. Detailed physicochemical characterization revealed that these NPs are ~16035 nm in diameter, successfully conjugate anti-ICAM-1 scFv on their surface, and exhibit ~45% drug incorporation. Importantly, in vitro studies show that these drug-loaded NPs undergo preferential (~2-fold greater) uptake in ICAM-1-expressing retinal ECs and, crucially, exhibit a remarkable 700-fold greater efficacy of sodium salicylate in blocking leukocyte-EC adhesion. These promising findings lay the foundation for more detailed assessment of this anti-inflammatory nanotherapeutic as a new and improved treatment strategy for DR.


Does trade within a country affect welfare and productivity? What are the magnitude and consequences of costs to such trade? To answer these questions, we exploit unique Canadian data to measure internal trade costs in a variety of waysthey are large and vary across sectors and provinces. To quantify their consequences for welfare and productivity, we use a recent multi-sector trade model featuring rich inputoutput relationships. We find interprovincial trade is an important contributor to Canada's GDP and welfare, though there are significant costs to such trade. Reducing interprovincial trade costs by 10% yields aggregate gains of 0.9%; eliminating our preferred estimates of costs, gains average between 3% and 7%equivalent to real GDP gains between $50 billion and $130 billion. Finally, as policy reforms are often sector specific, we liberalize sectors one at a time and find gains are largest in highly interconnected industries.