Expectation enables preparation for an upcoming event and supports performance if the anticipated situation occurs, as manifested in behavioral effects (e.g., decreased RT). However, demonstrating coincidence between expectation and preparation is not sufficient for attributing a causal role to the former. The content of explicit expectation may simply reflect the present preparation state. We targeted this issue by experimentally teasing apart demands for preparation and explicit expectations. Expectations often originate from our experience: we expect that events occurring with a high frequency in the past are more likely to occur again. In addition to expectation, other task demands can feed into action preparation. In four experiments, frequency-based expectation was pitted against a selective response deadline. In a three-choice reaction time task, participants responded to stimuli that appeared with varying frequency (60, 30, 10%). Trial-by-trial stimulus expectations were either captured via verbal predictions or induced by visual cues. Predictions as well as response times quickly conformed to the variation in stimulus frequency. After two (of five) experimental blocks we forced participants by selective time pressure to respond faster to a less frequent stimulus. Therefore, participants had to prepare for one stimulus (medium frequency) while often explicitly expecting a different one (high frequency). Response times for the less frequent stimulus decreased immediately, while explicit expectations continued to indicate the (unchanged) presentation frequencies. Explicit expectations were thus not just reflecting preparation. In fact, participants responded faster when the stimulus matched the trial-wise expectations, even when task demands discouraged their use. In conclusion, we argue that explicit expectation feeds into preparatory processes instead of being a mere by-product.


Active research on a wide range of political contexts centers on ethnicity's role in collective action. Many theories posit that information flows more easily in ethnically homogeneous areas, facilitating collective action, because social networks among coethnics are denser. Although this characterization is ubiquitous, little empirical work assesses it. Through a novel field experiment in a matched pair of villages in rural Uganda, this article directly examines word-of-mouth information spread and its relationship to ethnic diversity and networks. As expected, information spread more widely in the homogeneous village. However, unexpectedly, the more diverse village's network is significantly denser. Using unusually detailed network data, we offer an explanation for why network density may hamper information dissemination in heterogeneous areas, showing why even slight hesitation to share information with people from other groups can have large


The LDL receptor and the LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) mediate the removal of chylomicron remnants. The LRP pathway involves sequestration of particles in the space of Disse. It has been proposed that either alone or in combination with other factors, such as apolipoprotein E and proteoglycans, hepatic lipase (HL) may contribute to the sequestration of chylomicron remnants. To test this hypothesis, we generated two lines of transgenic mice producing rat HL as a native or as a membrane-anchored form. These animals express HL at levels similar to normal rat. Chylomicron remnants were perfused in a single nonrecirculating pass into the livers of the rat HL transgenic, HL-deficient, and wild-type (WT) mice for 20 min, and the rate of chylomicron remnant removal was measured. Chylomicron remnants were removed at a rate of ∼50% per pass in WT mice. It was slightly increased in both transgenic mice and reduced in HL-deficient mice compared with the WT mice. Confocal microscopy of liver sections showed that a modest amount of HL colocalized with chylomicron remnant clusters in the transgenic mice, suggesting that HL is a component of the LRP-proteoglycan clusters. These data suggest that HL helps to direct cholesterol to the tissues in which it is localized by a nonenzymatic mechanism.


Abstract Purpose: The clinical utility of race and ethnicity has been debated. It is important to understand if and how race and ethnicity are communicated and collected in clinical settings. We investigated physicians' self-reported methods of collecting a patient's race and ethnicity in the clinical encounter, their comfort with collecting race and ethnicity, and associations with use of race in clinical decision-making. Methods: A national cross-sectional study of 787 clinically active general internists in the United States. Physicians' self-reported comfort with collecting patient race and ethnicity, their collection practices, and use of race in clinical care were assessed. Bivariate and multivariable regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between comfort, collection practices, and use of race. Results: Most physicians asked patients to self-report their race or ethnicity (26.5%) on an intake form or collected this information directly from patients (26.2%). Most physicians were comfortable collecting patient race and ethnicity (84.3%). Physicians who were more comfortable collecting patient race and ethnicity (β=1.65; [95% confidence interval; CI 0.03–3.28]) or who directly collected patients' race and ethnicity (β=1.24 [95% CI 0.07–2.41]) were more likely to use race in clinical decision-making than physicians who were uncomfortable. Conclusions: This study documents variation in physician comfort level and practice patterns regarding patient race and ethnicity data collection. As the U.S. population becomes more diverse, future work should examine how physicians speak about race and ethnicity with patients and their use of race and ethnicity data impact patient–physician relationships, clinical decision-making, and patient outcomes.


This article seeks to reconcile the apparent disparate treatment of downward departures under the United States Sentencing Guidelines based on American and non-American cultural ties. Courts have widely approved of downward departures in cases where a defendant's assimilation to the United States motivated his illegal reentry ("American assimilation departures"). Yet, courts have disfavored departures in cases where a defendant's non-American cultural ties motivated his commission of the crime ("non-American cultural departures"). My article will show how these cases can be read consistently without privileging one culture over another. After examining the relevant case law, I will argue that American assimilation departures represent a tacit recognition that the Government (or, more generally, America) is partially culpable for the illegal reentry. The Government created a situation (through its laws, institutions, customs, mores) by which a defendant has assimilated into America, and it was this assimilation that motivated their illegal return. With non-American cultural departures, America by definition is not in any way responsible for causing the defendant to commit the crime. In reaching this conclusion, I will rely on analogous entrapment jurisprudence (something scholars have not done). I will show that there is nothing new about the Government shouldering some of the blame for an offense and that entrapment law supports the idea of apportioning culpability between the defendant and the Government. This apportionment (as opposed to any cultural bias) explains the apparent disparate treatment of these two cultural departures.


Instead of searching for alternative indicators, this study accepts the official nominal GDP statistics at face value and reassesses real growth by investigating the underlying price effect that is intrinsic to and coherent with the national accounts. Based on reconstructed national input-output tables in time series, we address two major biases that may have significantly distorted the official growth estimates of China, i.e., a single-deflation bias caused by discrepancies between input and output prices and an aggregation bias that is caused by a constant-price value aggregation problem. Compared to the smooth official growth rates, our procedures have exposed more volatile movements of, and greater impacts of external shocks on the Chinese economy. We estimate an annual growth rate at 8.3 percent for the entire reform period 1978-2018, which is 1.2 percentage points below the officially claimed rate of 9.5 percent. In real terms, this downward adjustment means that until 2018, China's accumulated national income over the past forty years could be 36 percent smaller than that suggested by the official data.


Drawing on Hans J. Morgenthau, this article argues that a key contributor to the unpeacefulness of the post–Cold War unipolar order was the irrationality of US foreign policy. Post–Cold War US foreign policy was irrational in that it failed to base its strategy on the prudent evaluation of the empirical facts in the social and political context in which it was formulated. Instead, it reinterpreted reality in terms of a simplistic picture of the world as accepted by US policymakers a priori, and sought the use of military force as the sole national security strategy to impose the inviolability of the ideals entailed in this picture. This turned post–Cold War US foreign policy into a self-contradictory endeavour as far as the results were concerned: not only did it confuse desirable for essential interests in standardising the enemy – whether Milosevic, Saddam or Qaddafi – to fit the a priori categorisation, but it also opened a gap between the desirable and the possible. For one thing such an irrational post–Cold War US foreign policy failed to accommodate or annul was the empirical reality of conflicting interests in the social and political contexts upon which it sought to impose its a priori picture. This resulted in consequences that were untenable from the standpoint of US objectives and international peace and security, contributing, overall, to the unpeacefulness of the post–Cold War unipolar order.


Gravity segregation in thick reservoirs, in particular, affects the distribution of hydrocarbon components in a fluid column. Given sufficient time, heavy molecules will migrate towards the bottom of the hydrocarbon column to form a mat of viscous oil. Compositional grading can be in the origin of miscalculation of reserves. In fields producing volatile oils with heavy ends, in particular, the oil formation volume factor (FVF) can vary significantly with depth. That can lead to overestimation or underestimation of the reserves depending upon fluid sampling depth. For that reason, subsurface sampling depth is critical and fluid sampling from different depths only can be considered as representative sampling. In this paper, assessment of compositional grading was explored using variation of reservoir fluid properties with depth. Different hydrocarbon column thickness have been tested to prove that grading will be enhanced for reservoir thickness exceeding 164 feet.


In estuaries suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is one of the most important contributors to turbidity, which influences habitat conditions and ecological functions of the system. Sediment dynamics differs depending on sediment supply and hydrodynamic forcing conditions that vary over space and over time. A robust sediment transport model is a first step in developing a chain of models enabling simulations of contaminants, phytoplankton and habitat conditions. This works aims to determine turbidity levels in the complex-geometry delta of the San Francisco estuary using a process-based approach (Delft3D Flexible Mesh software). Our approach includes a detailed calibration against measured SSC levels, a sensitivity analysis on model parameters and the determination of a yearly sediment budget as well as an assessment of model results in terms of turbidity levels for a single year, water year (WY) 2011. Model results show that our process-based approach is a valuable tool in assessing sediment dynamics and their related ecological parameters over a range of spatial and temporal scales. The model may act as the base model for a chain of ecological models assessing the impact of climate change and management scenarios. Here we present a modeling approach that, with limited data, produces reliable predictions and can be useful for estuaries without a large amount of processes data.


Date Presented 4/19/2018
 This qualitative study examined parent perspectives about a program for families of children with sensory needs at a local museum. The study's reiterative nature used an action research approach to promote ongoing program improvement and the value of occupational therapy in emerging practice.
 Primary Author and Speaker: Andrea Tyszka
 Additional Authors and Speakers: Fern Silverman


Researchers in the UK are taking on new roles and responsibilities to meet the requirements of an expanded agenda for generating and evidencing social and economic impacts from research. Within this wider context, culture change programmes have identified learning as an important driver of change. Here we outline a professional development programme designed to train postgraduate researchers studying environmental sciences in core engagement, influence and impact, governance and organization skills for research. We argue that training is an important step in further catalysing progressive culture change. However, our research- and experience-informed critical reflections in supporting researchers suggest that there is still significant work to be done: (1) to offer consistent messages to researchers at all grades about social impacts from research and (2) to ensure that engagement is seen as an aspirational activity, embedded within research.


: Filaments 5 nm thick, located throughout the cytoplasm mainly along the surface, are observed in intact lymphocytes. In the control glycerinized lymphocytes, besides the above filaments aggregations of filaments nearly 3 nm in diameter were found. After the treatment of cells by antimurine serum or ferritin-conjugated concanavalin A, some fibrillar structures are observed mainly in the cap region in the form of filaments 5-6 nm of thickness, radially directed towards the plasma membrane. After glycerinization, three types of filaments are observed being, respectively, near 3, 5-6 and almost 8 nm in diameter. Two latter types of filaments are decorated by S1-myosine fragments which indicates their actine nature. Differences in the character and distribution of myofibrils in the cytoplasm of intact cells and cells with caps may witness in favour of their involvement in the processes associated with redistribution of surface receptors.


With the advancements of neural networks, customized accelerators are increasingly adopted in massive AI applications. To gain higher energy efficiency or performance, many hardware design optimizations such as near-threshold logic or overclocking can be utilized. In these cases, computing errors may happen and the computing errors are difficult to be captured by conventional training on general purposed processors (GPPs). Applying the offline trained neural network models to the accelerators with errors directly may lead to considerable prediction accuracy loss. To address this problem, we explore the resilience of neural network models and relax the accelerator design constraints to enable aggressive design options. First of all, we propose to train the neural network models using the accelerators' forward computing results such that the models can learn both the data and the computing errors. In addition, we observe that some of the neural network layers are more sensitive to the computing errors. With this observation, we schedule the most sensitive layer to the attached GPP to reduce the negative influence of the computing errors. According to the experiments, the neural network models obtained from the proposed training outperform the original models significantly when the CNN accelerators are affected by computing errors.


Introduction : Even with international consensus that carers play a crucial role in supporting high-needs populations and contribute to formal health system sustainability, the academic and policy literature offers inconclusive evidence to guide how to support carers to ensure their resilience. Theory and Methods : This research used a convergent mixed model parallel design consisting of three main research phases. The theory of social capital was used to explore the extent to which combinations of interventions (self-directed community care, psychosocial supports, financial supports, skill development), may strengthen bonds between individuals (care recipients, carers, and front-line providers) and their communities (organizations, community agencies) thereby improving access to resources resulting in benefits for carers, families, and formal health systems. The use of social capital presents a novel conceptual advance in research on carer resilience, the relationship between networks and system sustainability, and the benefits that can derive from the multidimensional aspects of social capital. Results : The results suggest cultivating broader frameworks of support to identify, assess, and address the 'caregiver problem'. The findings substantiate both the social capital and resilience literature by identifying the role that network ties can play in improving access to resources. The results indicate that heterogeneous, mainly bridging and linking ties, might be more effective than bonding ties in improving a carer's resilience. Additionally, improved access to personal resources (a common focus for current policy interventions), is necessary, but on its own insufficient. Discussion : There has been increased recognition for supporting people and their carers. Yet, this focus remains largely at the individual level, and carer burden and burnout continues to be assessed and measured solely as a by-product of the complex (mainly medical) needs of the care recipient. Conclusions : This research identified the important role that healthcare systems plays in supporting an informal networks access to resources (personal, social, and societal) and resilience. Lessons Learned : The findings stress that the 'caregiver problem' is a complex phenomenon that requires a larger policy framework extending beyond one-off initiatives that are arbitrarily implemented. There is evidence to suggest the importance of conceptually understanding care networks from a broader perspective, acknowledging that carer resilience may be an individual-level phenomenon but can be supported or hindered by broader social- and societal-level impacts. Limitations : The sample of carers were identified through a 'gatekeeper' approach. Those who responded are likely to be a politically active population who have a potentially unique (yet context-sensitive) perspective. As such, this research may have neglected to identify more isolated, marginalized carers who may have perceived different or additional factors as crucial to support their resilience. Suggestions for future research : For the first time in 2015, persons aged 65+ exceeded the number of persons 0-14 in Ontario, Canada. There is value in engaging in comparative work with regions who have already experienced a precipitous decline in social networks to identify lessons learned as it relates to engaging beyond traditional avenues of carers – to explore the role of networks of care.


This paper examines the influence of mobile technologies on financial inclusion, and the matter of whether mobile technologies and financial inclusion have an impact on the income of individuals in East Indonesia, considering the data from the Survey on Financial Inclusion and Access (SOFIA) in 2017. A seemingly unrelated probit model and an ordinary least-squares model are used to compare both determinants of formal and informal financial services, as well as simple and smart mobile technologies. The study finds that mobile technologies and access to finance significantly increase the likelihood of higher incomes. Smart technologies and formal finance have higher effects on incomes compared to the effects of simple devices or semi-formal and informal finance. Significant gaps in financial access exist between individuals in accordance with gender, income, education, and location. Technologies account for a small difference in the broader access to financial services.


Perusal of over a thousand years of the fasti of the Romans' eponymous magistracy is sufficient to demonstrate that Roman onomastic practice did not stand still. Why, then, is there a tendency to see the system of three names (tria nomina, i.e. praenomen, nomen gentilicium, and cognomen) as the perfection and culmination of the Roman naming system rather than as a transitory stage in an evolutionary process? The simple answer is probably that usage of the tria nomina happens to be typical of the best documented class in one of the best documented, and certainly most studied, eras of Roman history — the late Republic and early Empire. This perspective tends to pervade discussion of post-classical developments, the basic outline of which is clear from a glancing comparison of the Prosopographia Imperii Romani, which catalogues eminent persons of the first to third centuries A.D., with the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, covering the fourth to seventh. The difference in their very organizational structure betrays the change since, while the entries in PIR are classified alphabetically by nomen, those of PLRE are arranged by last name, usually cognomen. The major problem requiring explanation is why the nomen gentilicium, the central element of the classical tria nomina, should have been displaced by the cognomen as the one most consistently attested element.


Adders, as one of the major components of digital computing systems, have a strong influence on their performance. There are various types of adders, each of which uses a different algorithm to do addition with a certain delay. In addition to low computational delay, minimizing power consumption is also a main priority in adder circuit design. In this paper, the proposed adder is divided into several sub-blocks and the circuit of each sub-block is designed based on multiplexers and NOR gates to calculate the output carry or input carry of the next sub-block. This method reduces critical path delay (CPD) and therefore increases the speed of the adder. Simulation and synthesis of the proposed adder is done for cases of 8, 16, 32, and 64 bits and the results are compared with those of other fast adders. Synthesis results show that the proposed 16 and 32-bit adders have the lowest computation delay and also the best power delay product (PDP) among all recent popular adders.


Breath analysis is a young field of research with great clinical potential. As a result of this interest, researchers have developed new analytical techniques that permit real-time analysis of exhaled breath with breath-to-breath resolution in addition to the conventional central laboratory methods using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Breath tests are based on endogenously produced volatiles, metabolites of ingested precursors, metabolites produced by bacteria in the gut or the airways, or volatiles appearing after environmental exposure. The composition of exhaled breath may contain valuable information for patients presenting with asthma, renal and liver diseases, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammatory lung disease, or metabolic disorders. In addition, oxidative stress status may be monitored via volatile products of lipid peroxidation. Measurement of enzyme activity provides phenotypic information important in personalized medicine, whereas breath measurements provide insight into perturbations of the human exposome and can be interpreted as preclinical signals of adverse outcome pathways.


This project presents a concept plan and vision for Kennedy Mobility Hub in Toronto, Ontario. The concept plan seeks to achieve six project goals, which are informed by a literature review, policy review, and context review. The goals are: to increase residential and employment density; achieve a more complete mix of transit-supportive land uses; replace all surface parking currently on developable public lands; improve the pedestrian and cyclist experience; expand greenspace; and ensure seamless transit mobility. The concept plan proposes extensive changes to the project area including mid-and high-rise development on all publicly owned surface parking lands. A number of new and extended roads are proposed to increase the area's permeability and facilitate development. Residential and employment densities for hypothetical development sites are calculated and discussed. The project highlights some of the pragmatic planning challenges, and potential solutions, associated with retrofitting commuter parking nodes to become transit-and pedestrian-oriented urban environments.


Zydzi w Polsce Odrodzonej (Jews in the Restored Poland), ed. Ignacy Schiper, Arieh Tartakower, and Aleksander Hafftka, Vol. 1-2. Warsaw, 1932-1933. "Glos Gminy Zydowskiej" ("The Voice of the Jewish Community"), No. 10-11 (1938). Poland regained its independence in November 1918 after over 100 years' absence from the map of Europe. The process of forming and setting the boundaries of the Polish State took several years more; however, at the end of 1918 the provisional structures of the state authorities already existed. In January 1919 the first democratic parliamentary election took place on part of its territory. In June 1919, simultaneously with the signing of the Versailles Treaty, the independence of Poland was recognized in the international arena, as well as its western boundaries. On the controversial territories of Upper Silesia and Warmia, a referendum was announced which would determine their future national status. After the end of the Polish-Soviet war in February 1921 the border with the Soviet Russia was set. The incorporation of the Vilnius region in early 1922 and the recognition of Eastern Galicia as a part of Poland in 1923 completed the process of shaping the borders of the Polish State. There were three million Jews in the newly established Polish State. The Jewish community had been deteriorating and losing its mutual links throughout the nineteenth century. In 1918, in the newly unified Poland, the Jews who up to then had been living in the separate areas of the Kingdom of Poland, the Polish Eastern Borderline, Galicia, and Great Poland met for the first time since before the partitions. Because the invaders - Russia, Prussia, and Austria - had different policies towards the Jews who lived in the separate areas, each Jewish community had experienced its own fate, had specific distinctive features, and functioned in a different legal system. The twenty inter-war years of the Second Republic of Poland contributed to the abolition of those dissimilarities only to a degree, through migration, the unifying policy of the Polish State, and mutual coexistence. The Jewish community showed a positive attitude towards the rebirth of the Polish State in the belief and expectation that the future Poland would prove to be a democratic state free from the persecution of Jews. Secular circles demanded that Jews be granted the rights that would enable them to preserve their tradition and language. The battle for minority rights was finally fought in two spots: at the Versailles Conference in the spring of 1919 and in the Polish Parliament in fall 1920. Whereas the Jewish representatives at the Constitutive Parliament and the Jewish delegates at the Versaille Conference urgently requested collective common rights for Jews in the form of national cultural autonomy, both the Polish parliamentary majority and the leaders of the superpowers in Paris were ready to consider individual rights at most. The idea of national rights granted individually finally triumphed - rights for individuals as the members of the minority group, not for the entire minority group as a community. That seemingly small difference resulted in very grave consequences. Collective rights would have allowed the body to represent the minority towards the state authorities and autonomously control the rights of the minority, first of all national education and its financing from the public purse. The system of rights for individuals could not provide such practices. Although the idea of national cultural autonomy was not accomplished, in the Second Republic of Poland die autonomous network of Jewish institutions and organizations functioned in practice. They were active in all fields of religious, economic, social, cultural and educational life as financed from private sources. Part of it was a continuation of the existing associations; others emerged as the result of the changing conditions of living in the Diaspora as well as modern transformations and social movements. …


Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is a popular technique for classification that is built on the assumption that data follow a Gaussian mixture model with a common covariance matrix. A major challenge towards the use of LDA in practice is that the classifier depends on the mean parameters and the inverse of covariance matrix of the Gaussian mixture model that need to be estimated from training data. Several estimators for the inverse of the covariance matrix can be used. The most common ones are estimators based on the regularization approach, giving the name regularized LDA (R-LDA) to the corresponding classifier. The main advantage of such estimators is their resilience to the sampling noise, making them suitable to high dimensional settings. In this paper, we propose a new estimator that is shown to yield better classification performance than the classical R-LDA. The main principle of our proposed method is the design of an optimized inverse covariance matrix estimator based on the assumption that the true covariance matrix is a low-rank perturbation of a scaled identity matrix. We show that not only the proposed classifier is easier to implement but also, as evidenced by numerical experiments, it outperforms the LDA and R-LDA classifiers for both real and synthetic data.


OBJECTIVE
Second-generation antipsychotics make up one of the fastest growing segments of the rapidly growing pharmaceutical sector. Given limited health care resources, assessment of the value for the cost of second-generation antipsychotics relative to first-generation antipsychotics is critical for resource-allocation decisions.

METHOD
With a MEDLINE search, the authors identified eight studies (based on six randomized clinical trials) that analyzed the cost-effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics relative to first-generation antipsychotics in individuals with schizophrenia disorders. The authors reviewed appropriate methods of measurement, analysis, and design of cost-effectiveness studies in randomized clinical trials and evaluated the validity of economic results derived from the studies in light of appropriate methods.

RESULTS
The eight randomized clinical trial-based cost-effectiveness studies of antipsychotic medications faced a variety of threats to validity related to 1) measurement of costs, 2) measurement of effectiveness, 3) analysis of costs, 4) measurement of sampling uncertainty, 5) analysis of incomplete cost data, 6) minimizing loss to follow-up, and 7) threats to external validity.

CONCLUSIONS
Economic claims made by the authors of a number of trial-based economic evaluations have generally been favorable to second-generation antipsychotics. However, the methodological issues the authors of the current study identified suggest that there is no clear evidence that atypical antipsychotics generate cost savings or are cost-effective in general use among all schizophrenia patients. Psychiatrists, researchers, and administrators should consider the methodological issues highlighted in interpreting study results. These issues should be addressed in future trial designs.


Bacterial cellulose (BC) with its high crystallinity, tensile strength, degree of polymerisation, and water holding capacity (98%) becomes increasingly attractive as 3D nanofibrillar material for biomedical applications. Such multi-scale fibrillary BC networks can be potentially functionalised with electrically conductive moieties to facilitate the conductive properties required for various smart biomedical devices, in particular, in the construction of bioelectronic neural interfaces.
In this thesis, BC fibres are chemically modified with poly(4-vinylaniline) (PVAN) interlayer for further enhancement of electrical conductivity and cell viability of subsequent polyaniline (PANI) coatings as a bilayer grafted BC nanocomposite. This functional poly(4-vinylaniline)/polyaniline (PVAN/PANI) bilayer can be efficiently anchored onto BC fibrils through successive surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerisation and in situ chemical oxidative polymerisation. PVAN is found to have promoted the formation of a uniform PANI layer with 1D nanofiber- and nanorod-like supramolecular structures, with an overall augmentation of PANI yield, hence further improved electrical performance. Compositional and microstructural analysis reveals such a PVAN/PANI bilayer with a thickness up to ~2 µm on BC formed through a significant growth of PANI with rough surface morphology due to the insertion of PVAN, which has improved the functional properties of the BC nanocomposites. Successful impregnation of both layers onto BC fibrils was corroborated with systematic microstructural and chemical analysis. The solid-state electrical conductivity of such synthesised BC nanocomposites with PVAN interlayer reaches as high as (4.5±2.8)×10-2 S.cm-1 subject to the amounts of PVAN chemically embraced. Electrochemical examination evinces the switching in the electrochemical behaviour of BC/PVAN/PANI nanocomposites at -0.70/0.74 V (at 100 mV.s-1 scan rate) due to the existence of PANI, where the maximal electrical performance can be achieved at charge transfer resistance of as low as 21 Ω and capacitance of as high as 39 μF. Both electrochemical and mechanical properties can be tailored onto an incomplete BC dehydration, where a mathematical model is herein developed to predict BC water loss accordingly. BC/PVAN/PANI nanocomposites are thermally stable up to 200 oC.
Furthermore, further improvement of the electrical conductivity has been achieved through grafting Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs) into the BC/PVAN/PANI nanocomposites, where the interactions between PANI and CNTs present new electrochemical characteristics with enhanced capacity. PANI/CNTs coatings with a nanorod-like morphology can promote the efficient ions diffusion and charge transfer, resulting in the increased electrical conductivity up to (1.0±0.3)×10-1 S.cm-1. An escalating amplification of the double charge capacity to ~54 mF of the CNTs grafted BC nanocomposites was also detected through electrochemical analysis. In addition, the thermal stability of CNTs grafted BC/PVAN/PANI nanocomposites are improved, and they become stable up to 234 oC.
Cytocompatibility tests conducted using two neuronal cell linages show non-cytotoxic effects for PC-12 Adh cells and SVZ neural stem cells, confirming cell viability that can be over 80 % and neuronal differentiation capability of the electrically functionalised BC-based nanocomposite membranes, which can induce neurites outgrowth up to 115±24 μm long. These voltage-sensible nanocomposites can hence interact with neural cells, thereby significantly stimulate specialised response. These findings pave the path to the new tissue engineered neural interfaces which embraces electronic functions into the tissue regeneration, to enable full functional neural tissue recovery.


This study used 231 small industrial companies located in Jayapura city as the samples. The method used in this study is descriptive analysis and multiple regression statistic SPSS program version 10.0. In this study, the writer found that the four hypotheses have positive and significant effects simultaneously among the capability variables, human resources, the ability of work capital, production capability, marketing capability, corporate finance work culture both ROA and ROE approaches. Based on the findings of the study, he suggests to the government to do a directed realignment of the system for providing the assistance to small businesses, the improvement of the more professional human resource capabilities in his field and a strong work culture, especially in implanting entrepreneurship culture and improving administrative culture so small industrial companies become sustainable growth and competitive.


h heightmeasuredfrom thetankbottom Experimentshavebeenconductedtoinvestigatehe hfg latentheatofcondensation effect of axial jet-induced mixing on the pressure reducJa liquid Jakob number, Cp(T 8 Tb)/hfg tion of a thermally stratified liquid hydrogen tank. The L tank height tank was nearly cylindrical, having a volume of about 0.144 m3 with 0.559 m in diameter and 0.711 m long. A mc average mass condensation rate at the mixer/pump unit, which had a jet nozzle outlet of liquid-vapor interface 0.0221 m in diameter was located 0.178 m from the tank P tank pressusre bottom and was installed inside the tank to generate the axial jet mixing and tank fluid circulation. The liquid Pr Prandtl number of bulk liquid fill and jet flow rate ranged from 42 to 85 percent (by Qj jet volume flow rate volume} and 0.409 to 2.43 m3/hr, respectively. Mixing tests began with the tank pressure ranging from 187.5 to Ri Richardson number evaluated at the be238.5 kPa at which the thermal stratification results in ginning of each test, g/3(T B Tj} i Hj/uj 2 4.9 to 6.2 K liquid subcooling. The mixing time and Rej jet Reynolds number, uj d/v transient vapor condensation rate at the llquid-vapor interface are determined. Two mixing time correlations, Stc average condensation Stanton number debased on the thermal equilibrium and pressure equilibfined in Eq. (8) rium, are developed. Both mixing time correlations are Tb,Tj, bulk liquid temperature, jet temperature, expressed as functions of system and buoyancy paramTa,Tdome interaee temperature, and dome eters and compared well with other experimental data. temperature The steady state condensation rate correlation of Sonin et al. based on steam-water data is modified and ex(T s Tj) i initial jet subcooling of each test pressed as a function of jet subcooling. The limited liqtin,t* mixing time, dimensionless mixing time uid hydrogen data of the present study shows that the modified steady state condensation rate correlation may (tm)th,(tm) p mixing time based on the thermal and be used to predict the transient condensation rate in a pressure equilibrium, respectively taxing process if the instantaneous values of the jet subjet velocity cooling and the turbulence intensity at the interface are uj employed. V! liquid volume Nomenclature Va average rms turbulent velocity (or turbulence intensity} at the liquid-vapor interface • Am liquid-vapor interface area Greek Symbols Cp specific heat of liquid D tank diameter /3 thermal expansion of liquid d jet nozzle diameter /_1,_2 constants defined in Eq. (10) v kinetic viscosity of liquid g gravitational acceleration H liquid height from the tank bottom P liquid density Hj jet submergence depth or the distance between nozzle outlet and liquid surface Introduction Okitaand Oyama 3 Fluid mixing such as axial jet-induced mixing is a / \/ kft preferred me o. o,od°e / " r (3) ph_e system in a closed container in which the fluid is tm = 5.5/D2 it H_'S for Rej > 5000 thermally stratified. 1 A typical example is the thermal _u-_.dJ(DJ t destratiffcation and the pressure reduction of a cryogenic storage tank by axial jet-induced mixing. As the tank is Wollen 4 subjected toexternal heating, thefluidisthermally straD 2 tiffed and the tank pressure increases with a rate usually t m 3.46 m (4) higherthanitshomogeneouspressure rise rate.By using ujd a mixer,thetankfluidiscirculated and thesubcooled * • 3 jetcan be directedtowardstheliquid-vapor interface.Forcomparmonpurpose,OkltaandOyama recalculated The mixingofthetankfluidinducedby thejetcan dethe data of Fox and Gex2 and obtainedthe followztroy the temperaturestratification and inducethe ingcorrelation which isindependentofjet Reynolds vapor condensationat the interface, resulting in the number: reduction oftankpressure. Once theliquidtemperature stratification seliminated, thebulkliquidtemperature isnearlysaturated. Consequently,the continuation of r__,_ ,n[D __._UH_.S for Rej > 7000 (5} mixing will not further reduce the tank pressure. Intm = .2.6 stead,themixerpower input,which may be significant fora cryogenicstoragesystem,wil[eventually become heatand increase theboiloff losses. Therefore, themixFrom the above correlations, it is found that for ingprocess, which involves themixingtimeand thevaH/D closeto one the dimensionless mixing time,tm por condensation rateattheinterface, needstobewell = tmUjd/D 2,rangedfrom 2.6to9.Sinceallthe above understoodsuchthatthepressure control systemcanbe testsusedthedye oracid-base method,themixingtime properlydesignedand operated, resultswere based on the concentrationequilibrium which may be comparabletothethermalequilibrium. Fluidmixingprocesshas beenextensively investigatedand numerous correlations to predicthemixing Poth and Van Hooks conducteda mixing testby timehave beenproposed.However,theconcepttoforusingliquidhydrogenstoredintheNuclearPropulsion mulatethemixingtimedatadiffer fromonetoanother. Module (NPM) Mars BrakingStage.The mixingtime Most ofthetestswere conductedwithcylindrical tanks forthetank pressureto reachitsequilibrium valueis usingwaterasthetestfluidwitha uniformtemperature about and injected dye ofequaldensitytoeliminate thebuoyancy force. Some of the previous studies on mixing time D2 are as follows: t m -2.1 m (6) ujd Fossett and Prosser 1 Similar experiments were conducted by Meserole et al.6 using Freon 11 at various jet diameters and liquid °'l: t m 8 9 for Rej > 4500 (1) heights. They concluded that the mixing time deter(Q,-_I/2j,jj mined from the pressure decay is essentially equal to that based on the equalization of temperatures throughout the bulk liquid. Also, the mixing time only varies slightly with fill levels. It seems that their data may be Fox and Gex 2 correlated as


Faulty radiographs have poor diagnostic quality, and repetition of such poor-quality radiographs leads to increased patient exposure to radiation. Since digital panoramic radiography has replaced manual radiography, the only hindrance in producing good-quality radiographs is the positioning errors. Objectives: Our study aims to determine the various positioning errors and their relative frequency and to identify those errors directly responsible for diagnostically inadequate images. Materials and Methods: Five hundred panoramic radiographs taken serially (from the year 2007) were retrospectively assessed for the positioning errors by three oral and maxillofacial radiology specialists using a performa enlisting the errors. The three specialists had different duration of clinical experience and they evaluated the orthopantograms as diagnostically acceptable or unacceptable. They also observed the relative frequency of all the positioning errors. Statistical Analysis: The kappa value for intraobserver agreement was calculated, which suggested that the agreement among the observers was fair. Results: Of the 500 panoramic radiographs viewed by the three observers, 25 (5%) had no errors, while 475 (95%) showed one or more positioning errors. The most common error in our study was found to be head turned to one side (33.8%) and the least common error was patient movement during exposure (1.8%). Conclusion: Positioning errors are very common in digital panoramic radiography, and they lead to production of poor-quality radiographs. The operator should take this fact into consideration and spend more time in patient positioning, thereby reducing the repetition of radiographs and unwanted patient exposure.


Background Use of three-dimensional (3D) color volume-rendered (VR) images has been reported to be more time-efficient compared to that of cross-sectional computed tomography (CT) images for the diagnosis of peroneal tendon dislocation. However, the diagnostic performance of this technique has not been studied. Purpose To test diagnostic accuracy of 3D color VR CT images of ankle for peroneal tendon dislocation in patients with acute calcaneal fractures. Material and Methods The study consisted of 121 ankle CT studies from 105 consecutive patients (85 men, 20 women; mean age, 42 years; age range, 16–75 years) with acute calcaneal fractures. Peroneal tendon dislocation was diagnosed on multiplanar CT images by consensus of two experienced musculoskeletal radiologists, which served as the reference standard. Three other musculoskeletal radiologists independently reviewed 3D images alone on a workstation. The readers determined whether or not there was peroneal tendon dislocation using three degrees of certainty (definite, probable, and possible). Diagnostic performance of 3D images for peroneal tendon dislocation was evaluated by calculating the sensitivities, specificities, and area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results Forty-eight (40%) out of 121 studies showed peroneal tendon dislocation based on the expert readings using multiplanar reformatted images. Sensitivities/specificities of 3D images measured 0.92/0.81, 0.88/0.90, and 0.81/0.92 for three readers, respectively. The area under the proper binormal ROC curve based on all three readers (0.93, 0.94, and 0.92) measured 0.93 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.89–0.98. Conclusion Diagnostic accuracy of 3D images is comparable to, but not as good as that of MPR images for the diagnosis of peroneal tendon dislocation in patients with acute calcaneal fractures.


PBDEs were found in the raw sinter mix (RSM) used in iron ore sintering. Mass balance calculations after measurement of output samples (ESP dust, sinter product and stack emissions) revealed net reduction of PBDEs during sintering. After PBDD/Fs were detected in stack emissions, PBDEs and PBDD/Fs were investigated using a sinter pot (SP) - a laboratory scale version of the sintering process - under various conditions. Results suggested de novo synthesis of PBDD/Fs occurs within the process, but this was not caused by the PBDE content of RSM. The results from the SP ruled out PBDE formation within the sintering process.

Measurement of PBDEs in UK air and soil demonstrated that whilst PBDEs appeared to have decreased since legislative use restrictions, their persistence is highlighted by their continued detection. PBDEs decreased in air and soil with distance from Birmingham City Centre, highlighting the higher density of PBDE sources in urban areas.

Australian soils were less contaminated with PBDEs than the UK. Similar spatial patterns were found in both countries, with industry and urbanisation causing increased likelihood of elevated ∑PBDE concentrations primarily from Penta-BDE. Agricultural soil showed an influence of OctaBDE congeners.

Sediment cores from Port Jackson, Australia demonstrated that PBDEs were still rising at the end of the 20th Century. Industry was highlighted as a source as cores from the industrialised western side of the harbour were more contaminated than that from the urban north-east.


The city of Amritsar today is facing the scarcity of water resources due to change in urbanization and other external externalities. Drinking water supply of city is entirely dependant on ground water resources, and the latter has been increasingly exploited at a rate that exceeds its natural replenishment. Besides this, major portion of water is being lost in the process of distribution due to poor infrastructure and faulty operation and maintenance. The over-exploitation of groundwater along with the problems in the distribution system is making the situation worse. The focus of this paper is to analyse the water supply situation of Amritsar city by assessing the present situation of production and consumption and developing the performance indicators. The entire analysis brings forth findings such as poor level of performance of the water distribution network in the city, accounting for high water losses when compared to international norms.


Although the brain is a target site of steroid hormones supplied by peripheral steroidogenic glands, it is now established that the brain itself also synthesizes steroids de novo from cholesterol in a variety of vertebrates. Such steroids synthesized in the brain are called neurosteroids. Because certain structures in vertebrate brains have the capacity to produce neurosteroids, the identification of neurosteroidogenic cells in the brain is essential to understand the physiological role of neurosteroids in brain functions. In the brain, glial cells are considered to play a major role in neurosteroid formation and metabolism. Both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are the primary site for neurosteroidogenesis. However, the concept of neurosteroidogenesis in neurons in the brain has long been unclear. Recently, we demonstrated neurosteroidogenesis in the Purkinje cell, a typical cerebellar neuron, in mammals and other vertebrates. Pregnenolone sulfate, one of neurosteroids synthesized in the cerebellar Purkinje cell, may contribute to some important events in the cerebellum by modulating neurotransmission. Progesterone, produced as other neurosteroid in this neuron only during neonatal life, may be involved in the promotion of neuronal and glial growth and neuronal synaptic contact in the cerebellum. This review summarizes the advances made in our understanding of neurosteroids, produced in the Purkinje neuron, and their actions.


Camcorder piracy refers to the process of using a camcorder to record a screen that displays copyrighted content. In contrast to the previous works that aimed at detecting the occurrence of camcorder piracy, this paper conducts an in-depth study of the luminance flicker that is naturally present in camcorded videos due to the interplay between a liquid-crystal-display (LCD) screen and a camcorder. We first model the flicker signal and show that its parameters are tied to such internal characteristics of the pirate devices as the back-light frequency of the LCD screen and the read-out time of the camcorder. We then present new estimation techniques to recover these hidden parameters directly from camcorded videos and demonstrate that such forensic cues could provide intelligence on the pirate devices. We also discuss how to recover the shape of the low-power flicker signal itself and show that it could be used to infer which back-light technology employed in the pirate LCD screen.


This work investigates the modelization and simulation of liquid-vapor phase change in compressible flows. Each phase is modeled as a compressible fluid equipped with its own Equation of State (EOS). We suppose that inter-phase equilibrium processes in the medium operate at a short timescale compared to the other physical phenomena such as convection or thermal diffusion. This assumption provides an implicit definition of an equilibrium EOS for the two-phase medium. Within this framework, mass transfer is the result of local and instantaneous equilibria between both phases. The overall model is strictly hyperbolic. We examine properties of the equilibrium EOS and we propose a discretization strategy based on a Finite-Volume relaxation method. This method allows to cope with the implicit definition of the equilibrium EOS, even when the model involves complex EOSs for the pure phases, including tabulated ones. We present two-dimensional numerical simulations that shows that the model is able to reproduce mechanism such as nucleation.


We thank Borges et al for their interest in our article. We agree that fornical involvement represents 1 of the unusual findings in Wernicke encephalopathy (WE). The involvement of other anatomic substrates of memory like the thalami and the mamillary bodies represent typical MR imaging findings of WE, being present in 80% and 45% of patients, respectively. In our article, we did not find involvement of the fornix in any of the 56 patients. In our review of the literature (written before our article), we found only 2 of 53 patients showing fornical involvement. WE is an acute neurologic disorder characterized by changes in consciousness, ocular dysfunction, and gait disturbances. The memory deficits are characteristics of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS), which, in most cases, is the inevitable outcome of WE. The fornix projects mainly to the mamillary body and also to the septal region. Thus, the fornix is likely linked, to some extent, to the memory impairment observed in WKS. However, on the basis of the higher incidence of signal-intensity alterations in the thalami and mamillary bodies in patients with WE, we believe that these regions are responsible for most of the memory deficits of WKS.


Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease have a reduced capacity for exercise, the exact causes of which are poorly understood. This thesis investigated alternative testing procedures that aim to provide a more complete and precise description of the exercise capacities of these patients. Furthermore, the potential roles of gastrocnemius muscle fibre morphometry, capillary supply and glycogen stores in the exercise tolerance of PAD patients were studied.

Study one aimed to determine the effect of test repetition on maximal exercise performance and test-to-test variability in PAD patients using an incremental treadmill walking test (T) (n=5), an incremental cycle test (C) (n=5), and incremental endurance (PF-endurance) and maximal strength (PF-strength) plantar flexion tests (n=5). Tests were conducted once per week for eight weeks. Performance was stable on the T (~530 s) and C (~500 s) tests across the eight weeks. Test-to-test variance on T decreased from 16%CV (CV: coefficient of variation) to 6%CV (p=.21,NS), and from ~8%CV to 2%CV on C (p<.05) over the eight week period. Variance of peak gas exchange variables tended to decrease with performance variance on both tests; however, other physiological variables, and the associated variance levels, were stable throughout the study. PF strength (635-712N) gradually increased over the initial 2-3 weeks (p<.05) which was accompanied by a reduction in variance from ~8%CV to ~3%CV (p<.05). Similarly, PF endurance increased over the first two weeks (~32,000 to 41500 N.s-1) while variance of this measure fell from ~21%CV to ~10%CV (p<.05) over the study duration. It is concluded that the implementation of familiarisation sessions leads to a reduction in whole body and local calf muscular performance variance in patients with PAD.

Using a randomised crossover design, study two aimed to compare performance and the physiological and symptomatic responses between a T test and a C test in 16 patients with PAD. Peak exercise time on C (690 s) was greater than that on T (495 s); however the two were significantly correlated (n=16, r=.69, p 10mmHg. Performance on both the T and C tests was closely related to the onset of leg symptoms; however the site of pain during C was much more variable than during T. Incremental cycle testing would overcome some of the limitations of treadmill testing (e.g. measurement of mechanical work), and it appears to be an acceptable alternative for measuring the exercise capacity and physiological exercise responses in known claudicants. Use of cycle ergometry for the diagnosis of PAD requires testing in the general population.

Study three aimed to compare whole body (T test and C test) and local calf muscular (PF strength and endurance) exercise performance between 16 PAD patients (age: 63 ± 2; BMI: 25.9 ± 1.1) and 13 healthy, sedentary control (CON) subjects (age: 62 ± 1; BMI: 25.9 ± 0.4), and to describe relationships between the whole body and local calf muscular exercise capacities within the two groups. Furthermore, this study aimed to compare several histochemical characteristics of the medial gastrocnemius muscle fibres between PAD and CON, and to establish whether these factors were related to the exercise capacities of both groups. Maximal performance on T was 59% lower in the PAD group compared with the CON group, as was performance on C (50%), PF strength (25%), and PF endurance (58%). Compared with CON, PAD patients had a lower estimated calf muscle mass and a slight reduction (10%) in muscle fibre size (p=.14, NS). They also had a lower proportion of type I fibres (PAD: 49%; CON: 62%) that was offset by a greater proportion of type IIA fibres (PAD: 27%; CON: 16%), and a reduction in the capillary contacts per muscle fibre (PAD: 1.63; CON: 2.12) compared with CON. When expressed relative to fibre area there were no differences in capillarisation between PAD and CON; however this index was significantly related to resting and post exercise ABI in the PAD patients. There were no differences in the mixed muscle [glycogen], nor the optical density of glycogen in the individual fibres, between the two groups. PF endurance was poorly predictive of walking performance, and did not correlate with any of the morphological variables in both groups. Calf muscle mass correlated with PF strength (r=.59 - .62), and strength was correlated with T performance (r= .61 - .63) in both groups. In the PAD patients, T performance was correlated with the cross sectional area (n=12, r=.72, p<.05), capillary contacts (n=10, r=.81, p<.05) and glycogen density (n=9, r=.81, p<.05) of type I fibres. This study confirms that a reduction in calf strength, which appears to be mediated through muscle atrophy, plays some role in the reduced exercise capacity of claudicants. While both fibre area and capillary supply seem to be of relevance to the exercise capacity of PAD patients, these two factors are closely linked and further research is required to establish the determinants, and relative importance of both. An important, and possibly limiting role of carbohydrate oxidisation in PAD patients is supported by the strong relationship between type I glycogen stores and whole body exercise capacity.


I tested the possibility that positive affect would promote the design of effective interpersonal communication. Participants were 44 male and 96 female undergraduates at a mid-sized university in the Southeastern United States, who were induced to experience positive or neutral affect and were then asked to design communications relating to 15 abstract stimuli. Results indicated that, compared with the participants who had experienced neutral affect, those in a positive mood constructed messages that contained greater detail and more literal information for another person (vs. messages intended for their own use at a later time). This suggests that those experiencing positive affect made adjustments to account for the perspective of the recipient. That effect was not observed for participants experiencing a neutral mood. My findings suggest that effective interpersonal communication depends, in part, on the affective state of the communicator.


While at the present time an exact definition of the preinfarction syndrome or impending myocardial infarction is imprecise, there are certain guide lines which enable the physician to recognize that his patient is on a collision course with a serious and life-threatening event. Hurst and Logue have provided working definitions for the preinfarction syndrome clinically. They feel that patients experiencing increasing anginal episodes at rest, both in frequency and severity, or angina of long duration poorly responsive to medication, along with the onset of angina for the first time, comprise a group in the spectrum of coronary artery disease entitled the "preinfarction syndrome" or an "impending infarction." This definition is somewhat liberal and imprecise. An attempt to make this more precise and to more clearly define the preinfarction syndrome might, in our opinion, be best considered if one can establish three groups of criteria. The criteria just mentioned would establish


Aircraft can hold large numbers of persons in close proximity for long periods, which can increase the risk for transmission of infectious disease.* Current CDC guidelines recommend against travel for persons who have not been vaccinated against COVID-19, and a January 2021 CDC order requires masking for all persons while on airplanes.†,§ Research suggests that seating proximity on aircraft is associated with increased risk for infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 (1,2). However, studies quantifying the benefit of specific distancing strategies to prevent transmission, such as keeping aircraft cabin middle seats vacant, are limited. Using bacteriophage MS2 virus as a surrogate for airborne SARS-CoV-2, CDC and Kansas State University (KSU) modeled the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 exposure and aircraft seating proximity, including full occupancy and vacant middle seat occupancy scenarios. Compared with exposures in full occupancy scenarios, relative exposure in vacant middle seat scenarios was reduced by 23% to 57% depending upon the modeling approach. A 23% exposure reduction was observed for a single passenger who was in the same row and two seats away from the SARS-COV-2 source, rather than in an adjacent middle seat. When quantifying exposure reduction to a full 120-passenger cabin rather than to a single person, exposure reductions ranging from 35.0% to 39.4% were predicted. A 57% exposure reduction was observed under the vacant middle seat condition in a scenario involving a three-row section that contained a mix of SARS-CoV-2 sources and other passengers. Based on this laboratory model, a vacant middle seat reduces risk for exposure to SARS-CoV-2 from nearby passengers. These data suggest that increasing physical distance between passengers and lowering passenger density could help reduce potential COVID-19 exposures during air travel. Physical distancing of airplane passengers, including through policies such as middle seat vacancy, could provide additional reductions in SARS-CoV-2 exposure risk.


We propose several methods to address the tasks of appearance representation, variation modelling, landmark detection, pathology classification and evidence pinpointing in medical image analysis.

Object class representation is one of the key steps in various medical image understanding techniques. We propose a part-based parametric appearance model built on Gaussian pyramids we refer to as a Deformable Appearance Model (DAP). A DAP models the variability within a population with local translations of multiscale parts and linear appearance variations of the assembly of the parts. The fitting process uses a two-step iterative strategy: local landmark searching followed by shape regularisation. We present a simultaneous local feature searching and appearance fitting algorithm based on the weighted Lucas-Kanade (LK) method. A shape regulariser is derived to calculate the maximum likelihood shape with respect to the prior and multiple landmark candidates from multi-scale parts, with a compact closed-form solution. We apply the DAP for the tasks of variation modelling and landmark detection.

To reduce the redundancy in the representation, we further propose to replace the Gaussian pyramids with wavelet pyramids in the DAPs. The new appearance model is referred to as a Wavelet Appearance Pyramid (WAP). Logarithmic wavelets are adopted to decompose the images into pyramidal complementary channels, each of which represents the image with simple textures at a given scale. The complementary property of the wavelets allows the reconstruction of the object appearance from the image channels. The Supervised Descent Method (SDM) is adopted to model implicitly the prior knowledge and fit the model to new instances. We apply the WAPs for the tasks of landmark detection and pathology classification.

To learn on large scale datasets annotated with only class labels and no landmarks, we propose a weakly-supervised method utilising the theories of sparse learning and stochastic optimisation. We pay attention to identifying which specific regions and features of images contribute to a certain classification. In the medical imaging scenario, these can be the evidence regions where abnormalities are most likely to appear, and the discriminative features of these regions supporting the pathology classification. The learning is weakly-supervised requiring only the pathological labelling of the data by clinicians and no other prior knowledge. It can also be applied to learn the salient description of an anatomy discriminative from background, in order to localise the anatomy before a classification step. We formulate evidence pinpointing as a sparse descriptor learning problem. Because of the large computational complexity, the objective function is composed in a stochastic way and is optimised by the Regularised Dual Averaging (RDA) algorithm. We apply the evidence pinpointing method for the tasks of anatomy localisation and pathology classification.

We test our object representation and evidence pinpointing methods on the problem of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis (LSS). We validate the performance of DAPs and WAPs on around 200 studies consisting of routine axial and sagittal MRI scans. Intervertebral sagittal and parasagittal cross-sections are typically inspected for the diagnosis of LSS, we therefore build the appearance models on L3/4, L4/5 and L5/S1 axial cross-sections and parasagittal slices. For the task of landmark detection, experiments validate the performance of the DAPs as promising in terms of convergence range, robustness to local minima and segmentation precision compared with conventional shape and appearance models. A further improvement using WAPs is observed in landmark detection and pathology classification. We validate the evidence pinpointing method on three weakly annotated datasets on 600 axial images. Experiments show that compared with supervised methods trained with labels and landmarks, our method gives favourable results trained on larger scale data with only class labels, which demonstrates the learning ability of our method under weak-supervision.


In this study, the feasibility of predicting surface integrity and residual stresses by using elasto-viscoplastic finite element simulations and temperature-dependent flow softening constitutive material modeling is investigated. A friction determination method is proposed to identify friction coefficients in presence of tool flank wear. Serrated and cyclical chip formation has been simulated for using tools with and without flank wear. The predicted residual stresses and surface integrity is compared against experimental results from literature. Effect of friction on the residual stress profiles is also investigated. These results are highly essential in predicting machining induced microstructure alterations that are detrimental to fatigue life of nickel and titanium alloy components.


PURPOSE
To assess the presence of alteration of bone structure and bone marrow metabolism in adult patients who were suspected of having advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia (ACLL) by using a computational prognostic model that was based on computational analysis of positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) images.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this retrospective study, all patients signed written informed consent as a requisite to undergo PET/CT examination. However, due to its observational nature, approval from the ethical committee was not deemed necessary. Twenty-two previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients underwent PET/CT for disease progression. PET/CT images were analyzed by using dedicated software, capable of recognizing an external 2-pixel bone ring whose Hounsfield coefficient served as cutoff to recognize trabecular and compact bone. PET/CT data from 22 age- and sex-matched control subjects were used as comparison. All data are reported as means ± standard deviations. The Student t test, log-rank, or Cox proportional hazards model were used as appropriate, considering a difference with a P value of less than .05 as significant.

RESULTS
Trabecular bone was expanded in ACLL patients and occupied a larger fraction of the skeleton with respect to control subjects (mean, 39% ± 5 [standard deviation] vs 31% ± 7; ie, 32 of 81 mL/kg of ideal body weight vs 27 of 86 mL/kg of ideal body weight, respectively; P < .001). After stratification according to median value, patients with a ratio of trabecular to skeletal bone volume of more than 37.3% showed an actuarial 2-year survival of 18%, compared with 82% for those with a ratio of less than 37.3% (P < .001), independent from age, sex, biological markers, and disease duration.

CONCLUSION
These data suggest that computational assessment of skeletal alterations might represent a new window for prediction of the clinical course of the disease.


We present recent advances in numerical implementations of hybrid functionals and the GW approximation within the full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave (FLAPW) method. The former is an approximation for the exchange–correlation contribution to the total energy functional in density-functional theory, and the latter is an approximation for the electronic self-energy in the framework of many-body perturbation theory. All implementations employ the mixed product basis, which has evolved into a versatile basis for the products of wave functions, describing the incoming and outgoing states of an electron that is scattered by interacting with another electron. It can thus be used for representing the nonlocal potential in hybrid functionals as well as the screened interaction and related quantities in GW calculations. In particular, the six-dimensional space integrals of the Hamiltonian exchange matrix elements (and exchange self-energy) decompose into sums over vector–matrix–vector products, which can be evaluated easily. The correlation part of the GW self-energy, which contains a time or frequency dependence, is calculated on the imaginary frequency axis with a subsequent analytic continuation to the real axis or, alternatively, by a direct frequency convolution of the Green function G and the dynamically screened Coulomb interaction W along a contour integration path that avoids the poles of the Green function. Hybrid-functional and GW calculations are notoriously computationally expensive. We present a number of tricks that reduce the computational cost considerably, including the use of spatial and time-reversal symmetries, modifications of the mixed product basis with the aim to optimize it for the correlation self-energy and another modification that makes the Coulomb matrix sparse, analytic expansions of the interaction potentials around the point of divergence at k = 0, and a nested density and density-matrix convergence scheme for hybrid-functional calculations. We show CPU timings for prototype semiconductors and illustrative results for GdN and ZnO.


The hardware architecture of a modular redundant and reconfigurable RISC- (reduced-instruction-set-computer) based fault-tolerant computer system that meets the high availability requirements of real-time applications is presented. A range of redundancy levels is available, and these levels can be defined by the user during the initial or any subsequent system configuration process. Fail-operational capabilities are provided for processor, memory, internal bus, I/O, and power source subsystem failures, and an optional uninterruptible power supply is available. The system protects both stored and output data from corruption upon failures, and the system's fault tolerance and redundancy are transparent to the user. Overall, the fault-tolerance functions are closely integrated with diagnostic software to facilitate system maintenance and repair.<<ETX>>


Quality can determine a software product's success or failure in today's competitive market. Among the many characteristics of quality, some aspects deal directly with the functional correctness or the conformance to specifications, while others deal with usability, portability, and so on. Correctness - that is, how well software conforms to requirements and specifications - is typically the most important aspect of quality, particularly when crucial operations depend on the software. Even for market segments in which new features and usability take priority, such as software for personal use in the mass market, correctness is still a fundamental part of the users' expectations. We compare and classify quality-evaluation models, particularly those evaluating the correctness aspect of quality, and examine their data requirements to provide practical guidance for selecting appropriate models and measurements.


Evaluating User Experience (UX) is not a trivial task, and UX specialists have used a variety of tools to ana- lyze data collected from user tests, which causes difficulty in synchronizing the data. This paper presents UXmood, a tool that condenses multiple distinct data types (audio, video, text, and eye-tracking) in a dashboard of coordinated visualizations to ease the analysis process and allow to manage several projects where each project has several logs of user interaction. The tool replays sessions of tests and uses a combination of different sentiment analysis techniques to present a suggestion of user sentiment at any given time during the tasks. The visualizations support brushing and details-on-demand interactions and are synchronized with a temporal slider, allowing analysts to see specific moments of the tests freely. Also, the uses of the sentiment analysis in the collected data may improved the qualitative analysis of UX.


Background/Aims: We compared the numbers of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in umbilical cord blood in severe preeclampsia and normal pregnancy, along with the cord blood plasma levels of free VEGF and sVEGFR-1. Methods: Umbilical cord blood EPC counts in severe preeclampsia (n = 15) and gestationally matched normal pregnant women (n = 30) were retrospectively analyzed. Cord plasma free VEGF and sVEGFR-1 levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Results: Significantly higher systolic blood pressure, lower birth weight, and higher rate of small for gestational age were noted in the severe preeclampsia group. Circulating EPCs in cord blood and umbilical cord plasma free VEGF were significantly decreased in severe preeclampsia compared to the control group (p = 0.009 and 0.04, respectively). Conclusion: In severe preeclampsia, cord blood EPCs were reduced markedly and this was accompanied by a significant decrease in cord plasma free VEGF which is known to play a role in EPC mobilization.


Build a Government, in fact is to give serving for society. Government is not built to serve themselves, but to serve society and to fulfill the basic fight of society, such us security, welfare, healthy, education. In Indonesia, the obligation is mandate in constitution UUD 1945 section 28-
34 by explicitly, so nothing other word for government exception, try to make real by maximally with use all the resource. With other word, government have to be able realize justice, independent society and government have to be able give public serve by quality for society also.
Society every time always claim public service which with quality from bureaucrat, though the demand often disagree with expectation because empirically public service that happened in this time still distinguish: twisting, tardy, tiring and costly. Tendency like this happened because
society still positioned as party side which "serving" not served. Therefore, basically required reform public service by returning and sitting " steward" and which "served" to congeniality truthfully. Service which ought to be addressed to public society sometime at the opposite of
becoming service of society to state, though state stand up in fact importance of society founding. Its meaning, real bureaucrat shall give best service of him to society.
Everyday, society always demand good quality public serve from bureaucrat, although the demand often is not compatible with willingness because empirically serve public is came have today still have characteristic : twist in and out, latest, expensive and tiring. Tendency as that,
because society still have contradiction as "a server" and is not "who is served". In spite of, in the basic is needed public serve reformation by doing back meaning to pure "serve" and "who served is". Actually served is served to common society, sometime is contradiction become society serve to state, although state is independent actually is society interest building. In the other word, actually bureaucrat has to give serving to society.
That statement have grown in society about public serve, so peep out one of ways in public serve, such as: with realizing quality management system ISO 9001: 2000 in public serve management. ISO 9001: 2000 is international standard to quality management system. ISO 9001:
2000 specify conditions and recommendation to make picture and assessment from one quality management system, which the goal for guarantee that organization giving serving fulfill condition that have been mandated. Conditions have been mandated can become specific necessities from all the costumer or society.
That research has been done in service unit IGD in hajj common hospital Surabaya. Is east java government"s hospital, have realized management system ISO 9001: 2000. The goal from the research is for knowing serve management IGD in hajj common hospital Surabaya after get equivalence from ISO is international standard in management public serve. The way of encode for processing is done with observation, interview, and documentation. In other hand method who is used is descriptive with qualitative analysis.
The result of the research is got conclusion that there is difference serve quality before ISO and after ISO. The difference is in serve procedure, serve respond time, serving quality/product, serving system also. Serve management IGD after realize ISO can be increase, in medium, physic, serve quality. So, can make increase society to coming. From the result of interview about patient satisfaction and patient"s family who get serving in IGD, they give assessment which enough satisfaction for all that is given, such as : source procedure serve timing, serve expense, serve quality or produce, serve medium, compete interest of serve giving also. But in other hand, there is several of patient and his family who still complained about serving who have been good.
With there is ISO equivalence public can control functionary doing in serve unit. ISO equivalence is giving condition half to have quality standard to all functionary and the leader.
They doing will evaluate periodically everything years. That evaluation for decide what the serve unit still fulfill ISO standard or no. If already not fulfill and nothing increasing as conditioned, equivalent will be lost. With ISO equivalent lost, functionary doing in serve unit badly then functionary in the past. Because of that, ISO equivalent can become tool for doing bureaucracy reform. Of course the end of gold is public serve quality increasing.


Talent is a global issue on which higher education must increase its focus. The purpose of this study was to understand talent management in American public colleges and universities. The chief learning officer of Premier Education System (PES) led an action research (AR) team consisting of five chief human resources officers in a two-year study engaging thirteen incumbent chief business officers and eight of their key talent as research participants. The three questions that guided the research were: (a) What are the challenges and benefits of designing and beginning to implement a talent management strategy in Higher Education? (b) How do Chief Business Officers in public colleges and universities perceive their leadership role? and (c) What can be learned from the experience of CBOs and identified potential successors as they pilot the initial phases of a talent development process? The chief business officer, a critical position in higher education, was the focus of this study. Qualitative data were generated using seven methods: semi-structured interviews, casual conversations, incidental observations, email correspondence, meeting notes, personal journal notes, and organizational documents. The data were analyzed inductively using the Constant Comparative Method (Ruona, 2005). The AR team followed Coghlin and Brannick's (2010) AR cycle consisting of four basic steps for conducting research: constructing, planning action, taking action, and evaluating action. In AR cycle one, the team designed and began to implement strategic talent management. In cycle two, the team developed a job performance model. Lastly, in cycle three, the team designed and piloted talent review methodology. The study shows that a strategic talent management approach using the Talent Stewardship Model (Avedon & Scholes, 2010) is effective, yet the model omits critical elements of effective talent management strategy. The Talent Growth Model extends the Talent Stewardship Model (Avedon & Scholes, 2010) to include establishing a talent management catalyst, securing executive commitment, obtaining adequate resources, designing a job performance model, and executing a communication strategy. The study further found that the collaborative and consultative nature of higher education mandated the need for a group talent review to involve other leaders in selecting key talent.


Uric acid has been linked with increased risk of chronic disease such as cardiovascular disease and this association has been attributed to a pro-inflammatory effect. Indeed, observational studies have shown that high uric acid is associated with high level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the blood. However, whether high uric acid directly affects inflammation or rather represents a parallel defensive antioxidant mechanism in response to pathology that causes inflammation is unknown. To determine whether acute increase or decrease uric acid levels affects inflammation in healthy individuals, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind clinical study of uric acid or rasburicase with 20 healthy volunteers in each treatment-placebo group was conducted at the National Institute on Aging (NIA) Clinical Research Unit (CRU) at Harbor Hospital in Baltimore, MD. Change in inflammatory response was assessed by administering an oral lipid tolerance before and after the treatment of uric acid, rasburicase and placebo. Following uric acid administration, there was an accentuated increase in IL-6 during the oral lipid tolerance test (P<0.001). No significant differences were observed after lowering of uric acid with rasburicase. No side effects were reported throughout the trial. In health individuals, acute increase in uric acid results in an increased IL-6 response when challenged with lipid load. Such effect of amplification of inflammatory response may explain the higher risk of chronic diseases observed in subclinical hyperuricemia in observational studies. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01323335


Aimed at the tremendous challenge of attribute reduction for big data mining and knowledge discovery, we propose a new attribute equilibrium dominance reduction accelerator (DCCAEDR) based on the distributed coevolutionary cloud model. First, the framework of N-populations distributed coevolutionary MapReduce model is designed to divide the entire population into N subpopulations, sharing the reward of different subpopulations' solutions under a MapReduce cloud mechanism. Because the adaptive balancing between exploration and exploitation can be achieved in a better way, the reduction performance is guaranteed to be the same as those using the whole independent data set. Second, a novel Nash equilibrium dominance strategy of elitists under the N bounded rationality regions is adopted to assist the subpopulations necessary to attain the stable status of Nash equilibrium dominance. This further enhances the accelerator's robustness against complex noise on big data. Third, the approximation parallelism mechanism based on MapReduce is constructed to implement rule reduction by accelerating the computation of attribute equivalence classes. Consequently, the entire attribute reduction set with the equilibrium dominance solution can be achieved. Extensive simulation results have been used to illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed DCCAEDR accelerator for attribute reduction on big data. Furthermore, the DCCAEDR is applied to solve attribute reduction for traditional Chinese medical records and to segment cortical surfaces of the neonatal brain 3-D-MRI records, and the DCCAEDR shows the superior competitive results, when compared with the representative algorithms.


There are three main problems in Indonesia toll road financing model. First, it is the lack of state budget and delayed funding distribution for land acquisition. The second problem is the lack of financial ability of the winning company which leads to financial closing failure. The third problem is related to the land acquisition process that a special purpose company has to obtain for 100% before it can propose a loan from a bank. Therefore, it is essential to develop a new financial modeling to be implemented in Indonesian toll road development. Seven financial models were identified as having been implemented successfully and effectively. These models are earmarked tax revenue, deep discount bonds, take out financing, tax increment financing, land leases, deferred debt, and private donation. However, these models have never been utilized for toll road projects in Indonesia. Therefore, this research aims to explore those seven financial models and determine the most suitable one to be implemented in Indonesia. Literature review and in-depth interview with the key stakeholders were conducted to collect the data. The results subsequently show that there are four models that have never been implemented in Indonesia. However, the combination of deep discount bond and land leases is the most suitable financing model for Indonesian toll road industry.


The tumor microenvironment profoundly influences the behavior of recruited leukocytes and tissue-resident immune cells. These immune cells, which inherently have environmentally driven plasticity necessary for their roles in tissue homeostasis, dynamically interact with tumor cells and the tumor stroma and play critical roles in determining the course of disease. Among these immune cells, neutrophils were once considered much more static within the tumor microenvironment; however, some of these earlier assumptions were the product of the notorious difficulty in manipulating neutrophils in vitro. Technological advances that allow us to study neutrophils in context are now revealing the true roles of neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment. Here we discuss recent data generated by some of these tools and how these data might be synthesized into more elegant ways of targeting these powerful and abundant effector immune cells in the clinic.


At sites 390 and 392 (Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 44) on the Blake nose, thoroughly lithified Lower Cretaceous limestone more than 250 m thick is abruptly overlain by a condensed sequence of Barremian to Eocene pelagic carbonate ooze. The Lower Cretaceous sediments consist of three units: limestone with moldic porosity (base), oolitic limestone, and fenestral limestone. Subaerial diagenesis of the limestone section is recorded by (1) caverns with vertical dimensions of up to 10 m, (2) stalactitic intergranular cement, and (3) meniscus sediment (or cement). Compatible with these subaerial features are mud cracks, fenestral fabrics, intraclasts, and cryptalgal structures. Inasmuch as these shallow-water and tidal-flat deposits are now beneath 2,607 m of sea water (plus 99 m of younger sediments), they serve to dramatize the apparent degree of Barremian and later subsidence of this part of the Atlantic outer continental shelf. Porosity and permeability are high in vuggy samples, which are common in the skelmoldic limestone. Cementation has destroyed most of the extensive primary porosity of the two younger units.


New vulnerabilities discovered in a web browser put millions of users at risk, requiring urgent attention from developers to address these vulnerabilities. This paper presents a quantitative characterization of browser vulnerabilities which can be used to project the number of vulnerabilities to plan, test and development resources more efficiently. Vulnerability discovery data for the three major browsers, Internet Explore, Firefox and Mozilla, are examined and fitted to a vulnerability discovery model, and the goodness of fit is statistically examined. The results show that the datasets fit the model well, suggesting that this model can be used for making future projections. When the vulnerabilities are partitioned into categories based on their type, the data of individual categories also fit the model separately. When the vulnerabilities are partitioned into three severity levels, the model is found to be applicable to vulnerabilities with high and low severities. It is observed that the popularity of a browser itself leads to a higher discovery rate.


Use of green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) to mitigate urban runoff impacts has grown substantially in recent decades, but municipalities often lack an integrated approach to prioritize areas for implementation, demonstrate compelling evidence of catchment-scale improvements, and communicate stormwater program effectiveness. We present a method for quantifying runoff reduction benefits associated with distributed GSI that is designed to align with the spatial scale of information required by urban stormwater implementation. The model was driven by a probabilistic representation of rainfall events to estimate annual runoff and reductions associated with distributed GSI for various design storm levels. Raster-based calculations provide estimates on a 30-m grid, preserving unique combinations of drainage factors that drive runoff production, hydrologic storage, and infiltration benefits of GSI. The model showed strong correspondence with aggregated continuous runoff data from a set of urbanized catchments in Salinas, California, USA, over a three-year monitoring period and output sensitivity to the storm drain network inputs. Because the model runs through a web browser and the parameterization is based on readily available spatial data, it is suitable for nonmodeling experts to rapidly update GSI features, compare alternative implementation scenarios, track progress toward urban runoff reduction goals, and demonstrate regulatory compliance.


Background: In view of the increasing popularity of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), it is imperative that medical students, the health professionals of tomorrow, possess adequate knowledge on the topic. Objectives: This is a descriptive study designed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and behavior of medical students about CAM and to capture their perceptions and opinions about its integration into the medical curriculum. Methods: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was done on 198 medical students selected randomly from a Pakistani medical college. Associations between different variables were tested using the χ2-test of significance. Results: Among the 198 participants, a majority believed that some of the CAM modalities are useful; they lacked knowledge, however, about their safety and efficacy. Most of the students believed that it should be used in conjunction with conventional medicine and that, if given adequate training, they would incorporate it in their future medical practice. One-third of the respondents voted in favor of incorporation of CAM into the medical curriculum. Conclusion: Despite being aware of the usefulness of CAM only a few medical students had pursued further knowledge. In order to prepare the medical students of today to better fulfill their duties as tomorrow's physicians, consideration should be given to incorporating CAM in the medical curriculum.


Nowadays many data mining algorithms focus on clustering methods. There are also a lot of approaches designed for outlier detection. We observe that, in many situations, clusters and outliers are concepts whose meanings are inseparable to each other, especially for those data sets with noise. Thus, it is necessary to treat clusters and outliers as concepts of the same importance in data analysis. In this paper, we present a cluster-outlier iterative detection algorithm, tending to detect the clusters and outliers in another perspective for noisy data sets. In this algorithm, clusters are detected and adjusted according to the intra-relationship within clusters and the inter-relationship between clusters and outliers, and vice versa. The adjustment and modification of the clusters and outliers are performed iteratively until a certain termination condition is reached. This data processing algorithm can be applied in many fields such as pattern recognition, data clustering and signal processing. Experimental results demonstrate the advantages of our approach.


Abstract. Preserving historical archival heritage involves not only physical measures to safeguard these valuable texts but also providing for their digital preservation. However, merely digitising manuscripts and codexes is not enough. A further step is needed: the digitalisation of their content, i.e. the verbatim transcription of scanned texts. This process enables the accurate preservation of their textual content, making it easier to search for information and conduct further analyses. With the help of artificial intelligence, particularly Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), automatic handwriting recognition can be performed. In this study, we employed a Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN), an established type of DNN, to determine the minimum amount of labelled data required to automatically transcribe five different historical datasets that vary in language and time period. The results show that a Character Error Rate (CER) lower than 10% can be achieved with just a few hundred labelled text lines in almost all cases.


Feline Sarcoptic Infestation is a mange caused by both of Sarcoptidae family mites, Sarcoptes scabiei var. cati and Notoedres cati. The aims of the research were to know the rate of prevalence of Feline Sarcoptic Infestation of Cat Skin Diseases and its predispositional factoral influence in Veterinary Teaching Hospital Airlangga University in 2012. The research was done by observing and recording the cases from the daily veterinary medical records, and was checked the ambulatoirs for validation. The result showed the number of Feline Sarcoptic Infestation cases were 29 cases of 128 skin diseases through 2012. The result also showed Feline Sarcoptic Infestation in Veterinary Teaching Hospital Airlangga University in 2012 attacked mostly in young long haired cats in wet season, and the highest numbers of correlational factors cases were adult cats at dry season, long haired cats below one year old, and long haired cats in wet season.


This paper presents survey and interview findings from 21 Senior IT and business executives in 15 organizations including several Fortune 500 and 1000 firms. Survey, interviews, and field observational techniques were used to characterize organizations as operational, strategic resource, or strategic weapon profiles based on level of business/IT strategy alignment. Results indicate that strategic alignment occurs most frequently across industries and organizations at functional and team levels, followed by the business unit, and enterprise levels. Our findings confirm studies that argue the continuing difficulty organizations experience in achieving enterprise alignment of IT and business strategy. Our results also showed that knowledge management capabilities were the least used integrating enablers. Project management skills were identified as the most frequently used alignment resources, followed by change management, negotiation, political, innovation, and entrepreneurial capabilities. Reasons offered for these findings include: limited level of know-how by professionals, organizational structural and cultural barriers, and production pressures to use existing technologies. Future research and practical suggestions for alignment are offered.