Abstract Corporate entrepreneurship (CE) is considered as an effective means to support the success of business in a competitive market. Although CE can be a solution for contractors to come up with the right corporate strategy, the concept of CE is very new and there is very little guidance. This paper is aimed at clarifying the CE concept for contractors and identifying key factors for CE in order to enable the implementation. To address this, firstly theoretical concepts and previous research on CE were explored, followed by 19 interviews with top managers of contractors in Indonesia. The data was analysed using thematic analysis to identify the key factors for successful CE in Indonesian contracting business. 21key factors of CE have been identified, which are discussed under five categories: autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, innovativeness, proactiveness and risk taking. All these key factors are found to be related to one another and hence have to be managed as a system for successful CE.


While product code VQ is an effective paradigm for reducing the encoding search and memory requirements of vector quantization, a significant limitation of this approach is the heuristic nature of bit allocation among the product code features. We propose an optimal bit allocation strategy for PCVQ through the explicit incorporation of an entropy constraint within the product code framework. Unrestricted entropy-constrained PCVQs require joint entropy codes over all features and concomitant encoding and memory storage complexity. To retain manageable complexity, we propose "product-based" entropy code structures, including independent and conditional feature entropy codes. We also propose an iterative, locally optimal encoding strategy to improve performance over greedy encoding at a small cost in complexity. This approach is applicable to a large class of product code schemes, allowing joint entropy coding of feature indices without exhaustive encoding. Simulations demonstrate performance gains for image coding based on the mean-gain-shape product code structure.<<ETX>>


Introduction: A persistent shortage of physicians and relatively high attrition (>10% over 7 years) have been longstanding challenges for Bhutan despite efforts at improvement. Little is known about physicians' job satisfaction. The study was done to assess level of job satisfaction amongst physicians in Bhutan and identify factors affecting it, thereby be able to better understand factors affecting physician retention.
Methods: A national, cross-sectional study on job satisfaction of all Bhutanese physicians was conducted in 2016. Physicians were defined as satisfied if they answered yes to >50% of general survey questions about job satisfaction and and associations between demographic or job characteristics (e.g., married vs. unmarried, clinical vs. non- clinical) and job satisfaction were examined. Physicians were also queried about specific elements of their jobs (e.g., pay, working conditions) and explored associations between demographic or job characteristics and job elements.
Results: Of 147 physicians who completed the job survey, 94 (64%) were classified as satisfied. There were significant differences in job satisfaction between married and unmarried physicians (72% vs 49%, p=0·01), specialists and generalists (73% vs 55%, p=0·04), nonclinical and clinical physicians (89% vs 61%, p=0·02), and physicians in referral and district hospitals (75% vs 48%, p <0·01). Across all demographic and job characteristics, salary satisfaction was low (11%). In multivariable analysis, non-clinicians had significantly greater satisfaction than clinicians with salary, annual leave, and work-family balance. Physicians in referral hospitals had significantly greater satisfaction than physicians in district facilities with work hours and working conditions.
Conclusion: Survey findings suggest that, although job satisfaction appeared high, improved physician retention may require increased pay, opportunities for promotion to desired settings and job categories, and improved staffing and work conditions in district healthcare facilities.


The high precision of the latest version of the planetary ephemeris EPM2011 enables one to explore more accurately a variety of small effects in the solar system. The processing of about 678 thousand of position observations of planets and spacecrafts for 1913--2011 with the predominance of modern radar measurements resulted in improving the PPN parameters, dynamic oblateness of the Sun, secular variation of the heliocentric gravitational constant $GM_{\odot}$, and variation range of the gravitational constant $G$. This processing made it possible to estimate the potential additional gravitational influence of dark matter on the motion of the solar system bodies. The density of dark matter ${\rho}_{dm}$, if any, turned out to be substantially below the accuracy achieved by the present determination of such parameters. At the distance of the orbit of Saturn the density ${\rho}_{dm}$ is estimated to be under $1.1\cdot10^{-20}$ g/cm$^3$, and the mass of dark matter in the area inside the orbit of Saturn is less than $7.9\cdot10^{-11}$ M$_{\odot}$ even taking into account its possible tendency to concentrate in the center.


Three individuals in whom lip pits and cleft lip and/or cleft palate were found in association with congenital heart disease are described. These individuals did not have the characteristics of previously delineated syndromes in which lip pits occur, including Vanderwoude syndrome, popliteal pterygium syndrome, and orodigitofacial dysostosis. Literature review failed to show any previously reported cases in which pits were observed in association with congenital heart disease.


Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Doxorubicin-based chemotherapeutic regimes have been the mainstay of systemic treatment for disseminated gastric cancer for numerous years. However, the efficacy of doxorubicin is severely limited due to chemoresistance. Chemoresistance is a tightly regulated process, under the control of numerous signal transduction pathways. Amongst these, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has received much attention. This study assessed whether the p38 MAPK pathway is involved in doxorubicin resistance in gastric cancer cells. Doxorubicin alone or combined with the p38 MAPK pathway inhibitor SB203580 was used to treat gastric cancer cells (SGC7901 and BGC823 lines). The effect of doxorubicin on the growth and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells in the presence or absence of SB203580 was investigated by western blot analysis, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Hoechst staining, Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry analysis, and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Next, the effects of doxorubicin and SB203580, on the sensitivity of BGC-823 cells were assessed in a tumor xenograft model. The results showed that the p38 MAPK inhibitor significantly increases gastric cancer cell sensitivity to doxorubicin. Doxorubicin in combination with SB203580 significantly reduced cell viability (P<0.01) and increased cell death (P<0.01), which may be associated with the inactivation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, followed by the induced expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and a concomitant decrease in Bcl-2 expression. These findings suggest that p38 MAPK is involved in gastric cancer cell survival, and that the inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling can reduce the tolerance of gastric cancer cells to doxorubicin treatment.


Caregivers find it difficult to interact with people with dementia who have lost the capacity for speech. Adaptive Interaction is a simplified approach that uses the nonverbal fundamentals of communication to connect with people who can no longer speak. Here we present Adaptive Interaction as a method for equipping caregivers with these nonverbal skills to increase communication with the people they care for. Six caregivers were each paired with one individual with dementia and trained in Adaptive Interaction. After receiving training in Adaptive Interaction, caregivers identified more communicative behaviours in their interactions partners and engaged in more frequent positive social behaviours and meaningful actions during interactions. These findings suggest that it is possible to equip staff to use simplified communication based on nonverbal fundamentals to connect with people with dementia who can no longer speak.


Using both in vitro and in vivo techniques, it has repeatedly been shown that endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDV) is impaired in different forms of experimental hypertension (SHR, Dahl salt-sensitive rat, DOCA-salt rat and renovascular hypertension). EDV has also been found to be impaired in primary, as well as in secondary forms of human hypertension. Although impaired EDV is a general finding in hypertension, the pathophysiological mechanisms might differ between different forms of hypertension and between different types of vessels and vascular beds. Impaired activity of nitric oxide synthase, increased release of endothelin-1, increased production of a prostanoid-derived contracting factor, decreased generation of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor/s and impairment caused by superoxide ions have all been shown to contribute to the impairment of EDV during different conditions. While most antihypertensive treatments improve EDV in experimental hypertension, no uniform picture has been seen in human hypertension, possibly because different antihypertensive drugs have different direct actions on EDV. This review shows that while impaired EDV has been found to be a general feature of hypertension, the mechanisms involved and the therapeutic opportunities have still to be established.


The main purpose of this paper is to introduce pairwise generalized b-Ro spaces in bitopological spaces with the help of generalized b-open sets in bitopological spaces and give several characterizations of this spaces. We also introduce generalized b-kernel of a set and investigate some properties of it and study the relationship between this space and other bitopological spaces.


The details of a density functional that includes van der Waals (vdW) interactions are presented. In particular we give some key steps of the transition from a form for fully planar systems to a procedure for realistic layered compounds that have planar symmetry only on large-distance scales, and which have strong covalent bonds within the layers. It is shown that the random-phase approximation of that original functional can be replaced by an approximation that is exact at large separation between vdW interacting fragments and seamless as the fragments merge. An approximation to the latter which renders the functional easily applicable and which preserves useful accuracy in both limits and in between is given. We report additional data from applications to forms of graphite, boron nitride, and molybdenum sulfide not reported in our previous communication.(C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Puralpha is a ubiquitous, sequence-specific DNA- and RNA-binding protein which is highly conserved in eukaryotic cells. Puralpha has been implicated in diverse cellular functions, including transcriptional activation and repression, translation and cell growth. Moreover, this protein has been shown to be involved in regulating several human viruses which replicate in the central nervous system (CNS), including human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) and JC virus (JCV). Puralpha exerts part of its activity by interacting with cellular proteins, including pRb, E2F, cyclin A, Sp1 and members of the Y-box family of proteins, including YB-1 and MSY1, as well as viral proteins such as polyomavirus large T-antigen and HIV-1 Tat. The ability of Puralpha to interact with its target DNA sequence and to associate with several viral and cellular proteins is modulated by RNA. Puralpha has also been shown to be involved in cell growth and proliferation. Its association with pRb, E2F and cyclin A coupled with its fluctuating levels throughout the cell cycle, position Puralpha as a crucial factor in the cell cycle. Moreover, microinjection studies demonstrate that Puralpha causes either a G(1) or G(2) arrest depending on the cell cycle time of injection. The gene encoding Puralpha has been localized to a human locus which is frequently deleted in myelogenous leukemias and other cancers and Puralpha gene deletions have been detected in many cases of lymphoid cancers. The following review details the structural characteristics of Puralpha, its family members and the involvement of this protein in regulating various cellular and viral genes, viral replication and cell growth.


Coastal blowouts are acknowledged as highly effective transport pathways on dune-fringed coasts. Their morphological form is indicative of aeolian transport and the propensity of their topography to modify airflow sufficiently to support transport has been extensively researched [1, 2]. As the evolution of sandy coastlines is governed by sediment exchanges between sub-units of the cross shore profile, blowouts located at the beach-dune interface may play a significant role in dune evolution through enhancing the landward transfer of sediment into the dune field. Although there is a growing number of studies detailing blowout transport, those which encompass synchronous measurement of flow and sediment exchange from the beach into the dune field are rare [3]. Detailed measurements of airflow and sediment transport dynamics at the beach-dune interface of a trough blowout were conducted at Sefton dunes, northwest England. An array of 3D sonic anemometers, co-located with transport sensors were deployed during an oblique onshore wind event. Instantaneous flow and transport dynamics were measured on the back beach, the adjacent upwind foredune and within the throat of the blowout. The resulting morphological response of the blowout surface was captured via pre-and post-event TLS surveys. The importance of alongshore deflected airflow in delivering sediment to the blowout throat area from the beach was highlighted by a linear trend of high magnitude transport intensity across the upwind foredune. Within the throat, levels of transport intensity displayed extremely high spatial and temporal variability across a relatively confined area. Multiple topographically-forced flow modifications were observed. Although incident wind speed remained relatively constant, a sharp 15° onshore directional shift during the experiment resulted in a step change (increase) in transport intensity within the blowout, providing insight into how sediment is first delivered to the throat area and then driven landwards through topographical funnelling (flow compression) of local winds.


Analog Integrated Circuits (ICs) are one of the top targets for counterfeiting. However, the security of analog Intellectual Property (IP) is not well investigated as its digital counterpart. In this paper, we explore the possibility of multi-threshold voltage (VTH) design to protect the analog IP from Reverse Engineering (RE)-based attacks. Analog circuits are sensitive to VTH as the operating region of a transistor can vary with VTH. Furthermore, the VTH of individual transistors cannot be identified during the RE process. The trial-and-error based technique to guess the VTH and validate with a golden IC will ramp up RE effort exponentially. Thus, by carefully including multi-VTH transistors, the designer can ensure that the properties of analog IP e.g., gain, bandwidth, and linearity are protected even though the physical dimensions of the transistors are revealed. We demonstrate this technique by using a case study on a wide-swing cascode amplifier. Simulations show that incorrect VTH inference can lead to substantially degraded performance like 98 dB drop in open-loop gain and up to 19% increase in total harmonic distortion. Based on VTH choice, the proposed technique can save ~ 3% area over conventional design. We show that the reverse engineering effort can be ~1013 years. We propose a technique like transistor splitting to increase the effort even more. Mismatch analysis shows that the proposed technique results in only 1% loss in mean robustness.


The physiological properties of the ovipositor hair sensilla of the desert locust and their responses to wind and to direct mechanical displacement are described. The hairs on the external surfaces of the ventral and dorsal ovipositor valves respond to wind stimulation, whereas the hairs on the inner surfaces of the dorsal valves are not wind-sensitive. All ovipositor hairs, however, respond to tactile displacement. Imposed tactile stimulation reveals two physiologically distinct types of ovipositor tactile hairs: the hairs on the inner surface of the dorsal valves are high-threshold hairs (threshold angular deflection of 2667 ° at 1 Hz) that respond phasically, whereas the hairs on the lateral and ventral areas of the ventral valves and the lateral areas of the dorsal valves are low-threshold hairs (threshold angular deflection of 620 ° at 1 Hz) that respond phasotonically. There is no apparent difference in the length of the two physiologically distinct types of hairs. Both high- and low-threshold hairs are directionally sensitive, with maximal responses to proximal deflection, towards the abdomen, and are also velocity-sensitive. High-threshold hairs have velocity thresholds of 4050 ° s-1 for some hairs and 110140 ° s-1 for others for a deflection angle of 35 °, whereas low-threshold hairs have lower velocity thresholds of less than 5 ° s-1 for the same deflection. High-threshold hairs adapt rapidly to repetitive stimulation after as few as four cycles of stimulation at 0.5 Hz. Low-threshold hairs continue to respond after 40 cycles of stimulation at 0.5 Hz and show little adaptation to repetitive stimulation at frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 5 Hz. Low-threshold hairs respond with bursts of spikes at frequencies that reflect both the velocity and the duration of the stimulus. Furthermore, low-threshold hairs show little adaptation after 30 min of stimulation that simulates oviposition digging. It is suggested (a) that low- and high-threshold ovipositor hairs detect phasic wind and/or tactile stimuli in non-ovipositing locusts and (b) that low-threshold hairs can also signal rhythmic tactile inputs during oviposition digging.


Summary 1. Growing interest in unifying the field of natural enemy ecology has revealed similarities between predation and parasitism. In parallel with predation, parasite infection – and even the threat of infection – can alter host traits and indirectly affect community interactions. Nonetheless, few studies have considered multiple mechanisms of natural enemy-induced behavioural alteration in parallel (e.g. effects before and after enemy contact) or the factors that drive variation in behavioural responses. 2. We first evaluated how the threat of infection by a virulent trematode (Ribeiroia ondatrae) compared to the well studied risk of predation in triggering inducible defences in amphibian hosts, prior to direct contact with either enemy. We then evaluated five separate factors that influenced the magnitude of parasite-induced behavioural changes after successful transmission. 3. In both the laboratory and an outdoor mesocosm experiment, we found no evidence that tadpoles of two species (Pseudacris regilla and Anaxyrus boreas) altered their activity levels in response to chemical cues from uninfected host snails, trematode-infected snails, or from conspecifics actively becoming infected. In contrast, tadpoles sharply reduced their activity in response to lethal predation risks posed by caged dragonfly larvae. 4. After infection, however, Ribeiroia caused strong decreases in host activity and escape distance that correlated positively with infection intensity and negatively with host size and developmental stage. Five days after infection with a one-time pulse exposure, hosts recovered to near-normal activity levels. Hosts exposed to a chronic daily exposure of equal intensity, however, continued to decrease activity. Unlike Ribeiroia, two less virulent trematodes had no detectable effects on host behaviour. 5. Our results highlight key distinctions between predation and parasitism. The contrasting effects prior to enemy contact may stem from the fact that unlike predation, the consequences of macroparasite infection are intensity-dependent and unpredictable. In contrast, the strong changes in host behaviour after infection are more similar to non-consumptive predator effects in terms of their potential influences on host fitness and community interactions.


The aim of this study was to reveal pre-service teachers' experiences in learning robotics design and programming. Data were collected from 15 pre-service teachers through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the content analysis method. Three themes were identified in this study: Course process, professional development and teaching children. The pre-service teachers indicated that they found opportunities to learn by doing and experience, enjoyed doing robotics activities and felt in flow in this process. They also expressed that the robotics programming course positively influenced their attitudes towards programming and improved their programming skills. They emphasized the importance of keeping their intrinsic motivation high by maintaining their individual efforts to solve problems. Moreover, they made various suggestions for teaching robotics to children. Implications are discussed in terms of practices for educational robotics in teacher training, and further research directions.


BACKGROUND
The frequency of BRCA1 germline mutations among Chinese women with triple-negative breast cancer is unclear, and the association between BRCA1 mutations and the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in women with triple-negative breast cancer has not been determined.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Nine hundred and fifty-six triple-negative breast cancer patients were treated at our institute between 2003 and 2012; we tested the BRCA1/2 mutations for 956 patients and 953 patients in this cohort, respectively. Among the 956 patients, 652 patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

RESULTS
In this cohort, 7.1% (68/956) and 2.3% (22/953) of patients carried a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, respectively. The BRCA1/2 mutation rates were 10.5% and 3.0% among the patients who were diagnosed at or before the age of 50 in this cohort, respectively. The pCR (pathologic complete response) rate was 31.6% in the 652 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. BRCA1 carriers had a significantly higher pCR rate than non-carriers (BRCA1 carriers versus non-carriers, 53.8% versus 29.7%, P < 0.001). Among women treated with anthracycline with or without taxane regimens, the pCR rate was 57.1% for BRCA1 carriers, 29.0% for non-carriers (P < 0.001); among women treated with taxane regimens, the pCR rate was 40.0% for BRCA1 carriers, 32.9% for non-carriers (P = 0.73). At a median follow-up of 43 months, the recurrence-free survival was similar between BRCA1 carriers and non-carriers among the 947 patients of this study (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.92; 95% confidence interval: 0.45-1.90; P = 0.82).

CONCLUSIONS
Chinese women with triple-negative breast cancer who are diagnosed at or before age of 50 are candidates for BRCA1 genetic testing. Among triple-negative breast cancer patients, BRCA1 carriers are more likely to respond to neoadjuvant anthracycline-based regimens than are non-carriers.


Recently, robotic surgical support systems are in clinical use for minimally invasive surgery. In order to improve the operability of the robotic surgical systems, development of haptic forceps teleoperation systems is required to help surgeon's dexterity. In addition, the motion scaling, which can adequately reduce or enlarge the movements and tactile senses of the operator and the robot, is necessary to assure safety of the surgery. On the other hand, communication time delay is inevitable in teleoperation systems, which may cause instability of the teleoperation systems. Therefore, stability of the system must be guaranteed in the presence of the communication time delay between master device and slave device. We have developed a multi-DOF robotic forceps manipulator using a novel omnidirectional bending mechanism, and for the developed robotic forceps manipulator, we proposed a passivity based bilateral control that enables motion scaling in both position tracking and force tracking, and guarantees the stability of the teleoperation system in the presence of constant time delay, so far. In this paper, the passivity based bilateral control is extended so as to guarantee the stability of the teleoperation system not only in the presence of the constant time delay but also in the presence of the time varying delay.


A novel series of new naproxen derivatives (S)-ethyl{[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-[(1-(6-methoxynaphtalen-2yl)ethyl)]-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl]sulphanyl}acetate (5), (S)-2-({5-[1-(6-methoxynaphtalen-1-yl)ethyl]-4-fluorophenyl-4H1,2,4-triazole-3-yl}sulphanyl)acetohydrazide (6), 2-{[5-[1-(6-methoxynaphtalen-2-yl)ethyl]-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4triazole-3-yl]sulphanyl}-N'-[(substituted)methylidene]acetohydrazides (7a-m) were synthesized, in this study. The structures of compounds 5, 6 and 7a-m were defined by spectral (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HR-MS and FT-IR) methods and their purity was proven by elemental analysis, thin layer chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography. These compounds were evaluated for in vitro anticancer activity by using MTS method against PC-3 and DU-143 (androgen-independent human prostate cancer cell lines) and LNCaP (androgen-sensitive human prostate adenocarcinoma) prostate cancer cell lines. Cisplatin was used as the positive sensitivity reference standard. Compounds (7a-m) exhibited anticancer activity with IC50 values of 87.2-400 μM against prostate cancer cell lines.


Innovation is crucial for development. Addressing twenty-first century developmental challenges requires innovative processes and products, which help in reducing and/or eliminating the gap between rich and poor in the society. Such innovations can meet basic needs of low- and middle-income groups in developing countries, providing them with capabilities to function. The aim of this paper is to answer the question of how inclusive (of people and places) innovation and development can be in the twenty-first century. The paper therefore reviews new models of innovation for development, including 'frugal' and 'grassroots' or 'below the radar' innovation models. The argument put forward is that their inclusiveness depends not only on their diffusion to the poor but also on their generation according to principles of participation and equity derived from contemporary theories of global justice. These are conditions with direct impact on meeting the poor's basic needs and increasing their capabilities to function.


Summary Farming systems in west Asia and north Africa have evolved to cope with the problems of highly variable and, frequently, chronically deficient rainfall. Cereals (mainly wheat and barley) are the dominant arable crops with food legumes (chickpea, lentil and faba bean) occupying only 5 to 10% of the area planted to cereals. Livestock is closely integrated into the farming system and crop production practices often reflect the importance of animals as a major source of income, particularly on the smaller farms. Soils of the region are predominantly calcareous, frequently phosphate deficient, and their depth and texture are important in determining the maximum amount of water that can be stored which, in turn, may determine the effective length of the growing season. Rain falls mainly during the winter months so that crops must often rely on stored soil moisture when they are growing most rapidly. Analysis of equations relating crop growth and water use shows that there are three ways in which the 'water use efficiency' of dry matter production can be increased. First, the amount of dry matter produced per unit of water transpired might be increased; second, if the water supply is limited, the amount of water transpired might be increased relative to evaporation from the soil surface; and third, the total amount of water used might be increased to produce extra growth provided that this results in increased transpiration rather than simply increasing evaporation from the soil surface. These three possible routes to increased crop growth are reviewed in relation to possible improvements in water management and crop genotypes in the Mediterranean environment. Scope for improving transpiration efficiency is limited although genotypic differences exist and may be useful in the future. More immediately, changes in crop management, such as applications of fertilizer, improved tillage and better weed control, will all increase the amount of water transpired. Application of mulches will also reduce evaporation from the soil surface but crop residues are usually eaten by livestock and are, therefore, often unavailable. The barley/livestock farming system of west Asia is used as a case study to illustrate how the Fanning Systems Programme of ICARDA has developed on-farm research programmes of direct relevance to current farming systems. Research on experimental sites directed at improving water use efficiency has been developed into on-farm trials and into collaborative trials with the Syrian Soils Directorate.


Normative dualism between descriptions of the mental and the physical is still a problem for many philosophers that provokes more and more attempts to justify it, or, on the contrary, to overcome it by means of reduction. The problem of a special normative status of mental states is usually considered in isolation from the concept of truth. Moreover, the definition of truth is often construed only as a part of the problem of normativity: in this case, truth is only a kind of norm, for example, a goal of scientific research. Donald Davidson, however, believed that truth is not the norm and that, on the contrary, norms are possible only through the use of the primitive and original concept of truth already available to us. In this paper, we propose that if one develops an idea of such a conceptual dependence between truth and norms in a certain way, then it will become possible to solve the problem of a normative gap between our descriptions of the mental and the physical. In other words, if the assimilation of the concept of truth precedes the learning of norms pertaining to the mental and the physical, then the solution for the problem of the gap between these norms can be directly related to conditions and differences in the use of the notion of truth.


This article discusses the current state of Dutch literary studies at Dutch universities, which is perceived as being in a critical state: the number of students has dropped dramatically, and the gap between teaching and research practices seems to be widening. Many initiatives are taken to turn the tide, for example strengthening the ties between secondary schools and universities. We argue that it remains important to stress the impact of literature in all its forms in society, and that our teaching should not focus on theoretical or methodological approaches only. Valorisation and popularisation play an equally important role in creating a positive image of our discipline, and in bridging the gap between teaching and research practices. We should join forces, in a wider international context, to make Dutch literary studies future-proof.


In this paper we propose new methods for solving huge-scale optimization problems. For problems of this size, even the simplest full-dimensional vector operations are very expensive. Hence, we propose to apply an optimization technique based on random partial update of decision variables. For these methods, we prove the global estimates for the rate of convergence. Surprisingly enough, for certain classes of objective functions, our results are better than the standard worst-case bounds for deterministic algorithms. We present constrained and unconstrained versions of the method, and its accelerated variant. Our numerical test confirms a high efficiency of this technique on problems of very big size.


Abstract Purpose: Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most frequent indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Around 20% of patients suffer early disease progression within 24 months (POD24) of diagnosis. This study examined the significance of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in predicting response to therapy and POD24 in patients with FL. Experimental Design: We collected 100 plasma samples, before and during the treatment, from 36 patients with FL prospectively enrolled in 8 Spanish hospitals. They were treated with a chemotherapy-rituximab regimen and followed up for a median of 3.43 years. We performed targeted deep sequencing in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and tumor genomic DNA from 31 diagnostic biopsy samples. Results: Of the alterations detected in the diagnostic tissue samples, 73% (300/411) were also identified in basal cfDNA. The mean numbers of alterations per basal cfDNA sample in patients who suffered progression of disease within 24 months (POD24-pos) or did not achieve complete response (non-CR) were significantly higher than in POD24-neg or CR patients (unpaired samples t test, P = 0.0001 and 0.001, respectively). Pretreatment ctDNA levels, as haploid genome equivalents per milliliter of plasma, were higher in patients without CR (P = 0.02) and in POD24-pos patients compared with POD24-neg patients (P < 0.001). Dynamic analysis showed that ctDNA levels decreased dramatically after treatment, although the reduction was more significant in patients with CR and POD24-neg patients. Conclusions: Basal ctDNA levels are associated with the risk of early progression and response to treatment in FL. cfDNA monitoring and genotyping during treatment and follow-up predict response to treatment and early progression.


Gravitational field in general relativity is a manifestation of spacetime curvature and (unlike the electromagnetic field) is not a force field. A body falling toward the Earth is represented by a geodesic worldline which means that no force is acting on it. If a body is on the Earth's surface, however, its worldline is no longer geodesic and it is subjected to a force. The nature of that force is an open question in general relativity. This paper pursues two aims to bring forward that question and to outline an approach toward resolving it which was initiated by Fermi in 1921. General relativity provides a consistent no-force explanation of gravitational interaction of bodies following geodesic paths. However, it is silent on the nature of the force acting upon a body deviated from its geodesic path. Here we shall show that a corollary of general relativity that the propagation of electromagnetic signals (for short light) in a gravitational field is anisotropic in conjunction with the classical electromagnetic mass theory [1]-[6] sheds some light on the nature of that force in the case of charged particles. Consider a classical [7] electron at rest in the non-inertial reference frame N of an observer supported in the Earth's gravitational field. Following Lorentz [4] and Abraham [5] we assume that the electron charge is uniformly distributed on a spherical shell. The repulsion of the charge elements of an electron in uniform motion in flat spacetime cancels out exactly and there is no net force acting on the electron. As we shall see bellow, however, the anisotropic velocity of light in N (i) gives rise to a self-force acting on an electron deviated from its geodesic path by disturbing the balance of the mutual repulsion of its charge elements, and (ii) makes a free electron fall in N with an acceleration g in order to balance the repulsion of its charge elements. No force is acting upon a falling electron (whose worldline is geodesic) but if it is prevented from falling (i.e. deviated from its geodesic path) the mutual repulsion of the elements of its charge becomes unbalanced which results in a self-force trying to force the electron to fall. This force turns out to be precisely equal to the gravitational force F = mg, where m = U/c represents the passive gravitational mass of the electron and U is the energy of its field. In 1921 Fermi [8] studied the nature of the force acting on a charge at rest in a gravitational field of strength g in the framework of the classical electromagnetic mass theory. The potential


The purpose of this work was to observe the internal structure of activated sludge flocs and the relationship between the different components. Activated sludge flocs from the municipal sewage treatment plant at Nancy (France) were physically stabilized and solidified in an epoxy resin. The flocs were sliced into 0.1 μm thick sections and stained for characterisation of components and exopolymers by transmission electron microscopy. One small floc (10 μm × 20 μm), embedded in resin, was chosen and studied using a laser scanning confocal microscope. The focal plane was incremented in steps of 2 μm along the z axis of the microaggregate. In order to extract quantitative data (number of cells, floc size) a numerical treatment of the images was applied.

A typical floc exhibits an unhomogeneous distribution of the mass of the exocellular polymer matrix (mainly polysaccharides). This matrix maintains the integrity of the floc and connects most of the components. These components are isolated bacteria, waste and debris inherited from the effluent and microcolonies. The structure of the microflocs is fractal with a fractal dimension Df ≈ 3. This large value implies that the growth of the small aggregates is possibly generated by cellular division and polymer production.


As courts and legislatures increasingly recognize that "digital is different" and attempt to limit government surveillance of private data, one group is conspicuously excluded from this new privacy-protective discourse: the five million people in the United States on probation, parole, or other forms of community supervision. This Article is the first to explore how warrantless electronic surveillance is dramatically transforming community supervision and, as a result, amplifying a growing privacy-protection disparity: those in the criminal legal system are increasingly losing privacy protections even while those not in the system are increasingly gaining privacy protections. The quickly expanding use of GPS-equipped ankle monitors, as well as other forms of electronic searches, reflects unprecedented government surveillance that has yet to be regulated, scrutinized, or limited in any meaningful way.

This Article explores this phenomenon in its own right but also contends that the expanding disparity in privacy protections is explained by two underappreciated but significant shifts in Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. First, on the theory that defendants "choose" surveillance in exchange for avoiding incarceration, courts increasingly invoke consent to justify otherwise unconstitutional surveillance of people on community supervision. While the debate over criminal justice bargaining is not new, the expanded reliance on consent in this context reveals blind spots in the existing debate. Second, courts also increasingly accept government arguments in favor of otherwise unconstitutional electronic monitoring under a general "reasonableness" standard, as opposed to the traditional "special needs" doctrine. This insidious shift toward "reasonableness" threatens to jeopardize the precise interests the Fourth Amendment was designed to protect. But even under a reasonableness standard, electronic surveillance of people on community supervision should be more circumscribed. Ultimately, this Article reveals how the significance of these two shifts extends beyond electronic surveillance and represents a new frontier of sanctioning warrantless searches without any level of suspicion or exception to the warrant requirement.


Exploiting at best every bit of memory on chip is a must for finding the best trade-off between cost and performance when designing Many-Core MPSoCs. In this paper, we propose a new memory hierarchy organization that maximizes the usage of the available memory at each cache level while avoiding data redundancy. We also aim to reduce data access time by avoiding data migration. Our scheme is based on Non-Uniform Cache Architectures (NUCA), and makes use of a novel NoC multicast messaging support. It requires to logically partition the network into imagined layers in which each layer is bound to one of the cache levels. We assess the efficiency of our proposal by evaluating performance metrics, using the Gem5 simulator and the Splash2 benchmark suite. Our results show an improvement of 24% in L2 miss rate over baseline S_NUCA organization and more than 25% in average network latency. We report a maximum improvement of 40% in execution time. Also, we show that our approach outperforms R_NUCA.


It has been suggested that a previous viral or bacterial pharyngitis may predispose to Lemierre's syndrome, an uncommon entity nowadays. A case of Lemierre's syndrome and co-infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae is described, association published before in only 2 other cases. A 16-year-old girl with trombophlebitis of the left jugular vein, Fusobacterium necrophorum bacteremia and septic emboli in the lung requiring mechanical ventilation due to severe respiratory insufficiency. Despite early treatment with penicillin G and clindamycin, fever and part of pulmonary affectation persisted until that an antibiotic agent active against M. pneumoniae was instaurated, after its serological confirmation. The physicians should be easily recognized this disease because of its characteristic clinical findings, and co-infection with other organisms including M. pneumoniae, should be considered.


: Suprascapular nerve entrapment occurs in the shoulder after a severe forward flexing injury (hyperprotraction) because of tethering of the nerve in the scapular notch. Unrelenting pain in this shoulder region is relieved by section of the transverse scapular ligament in most cases. Two patients, reported here, had temporary relief from simple transverse scapular ligament release and later lasting relief of pain from scapular notch resection. These observations suggest that primary wide notch resection may be the preferable procedure.


This article discusses how local governments, in three different countries, challenge higher levels of government's decision making that enables hydraulic fracturing, and it explores how these higher levels of government should respond. The article finds that in those countries where at the local level, authorities have regulatory powers in the field of planning and the environment, such as the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, these powers indeed can and are used to limit or completely ban high volume hydraulic fracturing. In these countries, however, higher levels of government are or have been putting legislation in place taking away or overruling local regulatory powers when these are used to target oil and gas extraction for reasons of national energy security. The article concludes that a) setting and applying effective environmental protection standards, b) involvement of local government, and c) meaningful participation of local communities are key to responsible decision-making on hydraulic fracturing.


Service oriented architecture ("SOA") has been viewed as a strategic approach to IT that provides increased flexibility. However, there is scant research evidence of SOA adoption leading to tangible performance benefits across a cross section of firms. We fill this research gap by empirically analyzing the impact of SOA adoption on the performance of electronic supply chains for a cross section of large US firms. We find that adoption of SOA does lead to better performance of the electronic supply chain. We also find that SOA moderates firm's ability to leverage electronically integrated customers to achieve better electronic supply chain performance. Further, we show that the impact of SOA adoption is fully mediated through its moderation effect on the firm's ability to leverage electronically integrated customers to achieve higher electronic supply chain performance. Lastly, the paper discusses how IT managers can make informed SOA adoption decisions


The development of nanofluids is extremely important for improving the thermal conductivity of the base fluids. One of the ways to improve the safety of nuclear power plants is related to improving their heat transfer capacity. The study of new fluids that improve the rate of removal of heat is fundamental to obtain greater efficiency of energy systems. Among the several factors that compromise the efficiency of energy systems, it is possible to highlight the thermophysical limitations of conventional fluids. These limitations inhibit, quite significantly, some industrial applications. This paper presents a work proposal to be carried out in the Thermo-Hydraulic Laboratory of the CDTN, whose objective is the study of the improvement of the heat transfer characteristics of the refrigerant, used in the primary circuit of nuclear reactors, through the addition of nanoparticles. Carbon nanotubes will be used mainly in light water, which is the most commonly used cooling fluid for nuclear reactors. As support to the work, an experimental workbench will be designed, assembled and calibrated in order to study the thermo-hydraulic behavior of these components.


ABSTRA C T We combine magnitude and photometric redshift data on galaxies in the Hubble Deep Fields with morphological classifications in order to separate out the distributions for early-type galaxies. The updated morphological galaxy number counts down to Ia 25 and the corresponding redshift distributions are used as joint constraints on cosmological models; in particular, on the values of the density parameter V0 and the normalized cosmological constant l 0. We find that an Einstein‐de Sitter universe with simple passive evolution gives an excellent fit to the counts and redshift data at all magnitudes. An open, low-V0 model with no net evolution (and conservation of the number of ellipticals), which fits the counts equally well, is somewhat less successful, predicting slightly lower mean redshifts and, more significantly, the lack of a high-z tail. A number-conserving model with a dominant contribution from l 0, on the other hand, is far less successful, predicting a much narrower distribution than is seen. More complex models are obviously possible, but we conclude that if large-scale transmutation between types does not occur, then the lambda-dominated models provide a very poor fit to the current data.


Gastric cancer remains the second most common cancer in the world, and is usually found in men, especially those over 50 years of age. The diagnosis is made by endoscopic biopsy. The high frequency of late diagnosis or advanced stages accounts for the overall poor prognosis for this tumor. Surgery is the most frequently employed modality for both cure and palliation. However, most patients present with advanced disease that is incurable. We reported a rare case of young female patient aged 23 years old with advanced gastric carcinoma. The main clinical features were epigastric discomfort, vomiting, and weight loss. An abdominal mass was palpable on physical examination. Endoscopy showed a giant tumor mass causing gastric outlet obstruction, nodular lesion, ulcerative and hemorrhagic. The histopathologic examination revealed mucinous gastric carcinoma. Palliative resection could not be performed because the tumor tightly adhered to adjacent structures. Jejunostomy was performed to allow enteral nutrition. Best supportive care is very important to improve the quality of life. Keywords : Gastric cancer, young patient


Background: Despite being the largest rotator cuff tendon of the shoulder, the function and clinical relevance of subscapularis pathology has been largely ignored in the literature. Although many studies have focused on subscapularis tears recently, majority of them reported techniques for open repair. The advent of arthroscopy and arthroscopic repair techniques has opened new frontiers in the diagnosis and repair of torn rotator cuff tendons, including the subscapularis. In this article, we review shortterm results of arthroscopic subscapularis repair. Method: Ten patients with subscapularis tendon tear of the rotator cuff were studied prospectively including 8 men and 2 women with an average age of 49.7±12.8 years and an average delay in treatment of 23.3 months. Clinical outcomes, including the UCLA score were assessed in all patients after 3 months of the surgery. Results: 6 patients were followed regularly for more than 6 months, while other 4 patients had a follow-up period of more than a year. The pain score improved from 1.75 to 9 and the UCLA score from 8.8 to 30.6. Conclusions: Arthroscopic repair of subscapularis tendon tear results in significant subjective and objective improvement and high levels of patient satisfaction.


The level of artificial electromagnetic field (EMF) has steadily increased with the development of human civilization. The developing chicken embryo has been considered a good model to study the effects of EMF on living organisms. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a 1800 MHz electromagnetic field during embryogenesis on the frequency of chick embryo malformations, morphometric parameters of the heart and liver and concentration of corticosterone in blood plasma, lipid and glycogen content in the liver of newly hatched chicks. A 1800 MHz EMF was found to shorten the duration of embryogenesis (earlier pipping and hatching of chicks) while having no effect on the quantity and quality of chicks and on increasing the incidence of embryo malformations. Exposure of chick embryos to EMF caused decreases in relative heart weight and right ventricle wall thickness. The pipping and hatching of chicks can be accelerated by stressful impact of EMF, which is confirmed by a significant increase in plasma corticosterone concentrations and decrease in fat and glycogen in the liver of chicks exposed during embryogenesis on the electromagnetic field with a frequency of 1800 MHz.


Social media is widely used for restaurant entrepreneurs to market their business due to its ease and low cost. One of such media is Instagram. This research is to determine the effect of Electronic Word of Mouth through Instagram in terms of Intensity dimensions, Valence of Opinion and Content and to find out whether E-Word of Mouth through Instagram has a joint influence on Purchasing Decisions at Twin House Coffee & Kitchen Restaurant, Cipete, South Jakarta. Quantitative research with a descriptive approach is employed. The population covers the customers of the restaurant for 6 months, as many as 20,255. Slovin formula is used to determine the sample size of 100 respondents. Nonprobability sampling technique is carried out by convenience sampling technique. The results indicate that partially electronic word of mouth, namely the intensity dimension has a positive and significant influence on purchasing decisions, the valence variable of opinion does not have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decision variables. Content variables have a positive effect on purchasing decision variables. Simultaneously Intensity (X1), Valence Opinion (X2), and Content (X3) variables have a significant effect jointly on the purchasing decision variable (Y) at Twin house Coffee & Kitchen, Cipete Restaurant in South Jakarta.


OBJECTIVE
To measure the association between primary healthcare (PHC) organizational types and patient coverage for clinical preventive services (CPS).

METHOD
Study conducted in Quebec (2005), including a population-based survey of patients' experience of care (N=4,417) and a survey of PHC clinics.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Patient-reported CPS delivery rates and CPS coverage scores. Multiple logistic regressions used to assess factors associated with higher probability of receiving CPS.

RESULTS
CPS delivery rates were higher among patients with a regular source of PHC. Higher CPS score was associated with having a public (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.35-2.37) or mixed (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.01-1.48) type of organization as source of PHC compared to a private one, and having had a high number of visits to the regular source of PHC in the past two years (≤6: OR 1.83; 95% CI 1.41-2.38) compared to a single visit.

CONCLUSION
Public and mixed PHC organizations seem to perform better. CPS delivery is strongly associated with having a regular source of care.


Approximately 2 μm thick CrN and CrAlN coatings were synthesized on silicon and spring steel substrate by multi-arc ion plating technology. The nanoindentation techniques, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and oxidation furnace were used to investigate the mechanical property, oxidation resistance and microstructure of the coatings. The XRD data showed that the CrN and CrAlN coatings exhibited B1 NaCl structure. Nanoindentation measurements showed that as-deposited CrN and CrAlN coatings exhibited a hardness of 19 and 30 GPa respectively. Compared with CrN coatings, the CrAlN composite coatings show much better oxidation resistance. And the oxidation resistance ability will enhance with increasing Al content, because A12O3 will form after oxidation in high temperature condition which could reduce the diffusivity ability of oxygen.


When Josiah Quincy adopted the word veritas (meaning truth) as Harvard's motto in the mid-nineteenth century, he saw the mission of the college as seeking new knowledge in order to come closer to God. It was a radical proposition. The imperatives of veritas are openness, freedom of thought, clash of opinions, resolution, truth-telling. In Veritas, Andrew Schlesinger traces some of the conflicts in Harvard's history between the forces of veritas and the inertial forces, the impediments to truth-sectarianism, statism, aristocracy, racism, sexism, ethnocentrism, the "shackles of ancient discipline." With this theme in mind, Mr. Schlesinger tells the fascinating story of Harvard College as an American institution. He examines the important actions and decisions of its leadership from Puritan times to the present, and provides lively details of its college life since 1636. There was no guarantee that Harvard would become a great university. But the commitment to veritas compelled the institution to change in the face of new knowledge or cease to be. Mr. Schlesinger's book is about how Harvard changed. The tale includes a great many familiar names: Cotton Mather, John Adams and John Quincy Adams, John Hancock, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Robert Gould Shaw, Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, Henry Adams, William James, Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Roosevelt, W. E. B. Du Bois, Ada Louise Comstock, James Conant, John Kennedy. Mr. Schlesinger punctuates his narrative with a great many marvelous anecdotes: George Burroughs, Class of 1670, condemned as a witch and hung on Gallows Hill; the "Butter Rebellion" of the undergraduates; President Willard receiving a sack of coins from the Charles River Bridge toll as his salary; Teddy Roosevelt getting tipsy at his Porcellian initiation; the l939 Communist cell that included the future Librarian of Congress. The men and women who shaped Harvard and were shaped by it were in many cases fine writers, speechmakers, preachers, journalists, historians, correspondents, diarists, and memoirists, providing a high tone to the proceedings. The history of Harvard is the story of the quintessential American university. With 32 black-and-white illustrations.


A critical challenge in genetic diagnostics is the computational assessment of candidate splice variants, specifically the interpretation of nucleotide changes located outside of the highly conserved dinucleotide sequences at the 5′ and 3′ ends of introns. To address this gap, we developed the Super Quick Informationcontent Random-forest Learning of Splice variants (SQUIRLS) algorithm. SQUIRLS generates a small set of interpretable features for machine learning by calculating the information-content (IC) of wildtype and variant sequences of canonical and cryptic splice sites, assessing changes in candidate splicing regulatory sequences, and incorporating characteristics of the sequence such as exon length, disruptions of the AG exclusion zone, and conservation. We curated a comprehensive collection of disease-associated splicealtering variants at positions outside of the highly conserved AG/GT dinucleotides at the termini of introns. SQUIRLS trains two random-forest classifiers for the donor and for the acceptor and combines their outputs by logistic regression to yield a final score. We show that SQUIRLS transcends previous state of the art accuracy in classifying splice variants as assessed by rank analysis in simulated exomes and is significantly faster than competing methods. SQUIRLS provides tabular output files for incorporation into diagnostic pipelines for exome and genome analysis, as well as visualizations that contextualize predicted effects of variants on splicing to make it easier to interpret splice variants in diagnostic settings


Abstract Choline is an essential nutrient for humans. Studies in rats and mice have shown that high choline intake during gestation or the perinatal period improves cognitive function in adulthood, prevents memory decline of old age, and protects the brain from damage and cognitive and neurological deterioration associated with epilepsy and hereditary conditions such as Down's and Rett syndromes. These behavioral changes are accompanied by modified patterns of expression of hundreds of cortical and hippocampal genes including those encoding proteins central for learning and memory processing. The effects of choline correlate with cerebral cortical changes in DNA and histone methylation, thus suggesting an epigenomic mechanism of action of perinatal choline.


The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of thermal treatment on the grinding behavior of manganese ore in the various size fractions of -1.7+1.18, -1.18+0.6, -0.6+0.3 and -0.3+ 0.15 mm. Breakage Function Determination Software (BFDS) is used to calculate the selection function of the experiment. The results of SEM analysis show the micro-cracks in the thermally treated manganese sample, and DTA/TG analysis show that heating at 750 °C leads to dehydroxylation of montmorillonite, and decomposition of calcite and decomposition of montmorillonite to silicate minerals occur at 850 °C. Montmorillonite mineral with a hardness of 2 is turned into silicate minerals with an average hardness of 7. Therefore, it can be seen that the thermal treatment leads to a decrease in the specific rate of breakage from 1.04 min-1 to 0.65 min-1 (approximately to 37%) for a size fraction of -0.300+ 0.15 mm. It; can be expressed that the thermally treated sample is broken more slowly than the untreated sample. Also, parameter "A" is the maximum Si value, decreasing for the heated sample from 4.36 min-1 to 4.28 min-1. The selection function results show that all size fractions of this material follow a first-order kinetics.


While the construction of timber houses had been promoted throughout the long history of Istanbul as a response to the fact that the city is situated on a seismic fault, wood as a construction material has been gradually abandoned due to the many disastrous fires the city has experienced. Even so, the timber residences and the urban fabric they once formed traditionally constituted one of the main distinguishing features of Istanbul. These houses are now greatly valued as an element of Turkey's cultural heritage. The districts of Zeyrek and Süleymaniye, two of the four areas of Istanbul that were included on UNESCO's World Heritage List in 1985, have urban fabrics predominantly consisting of timber houses. Despite this status, however, the timber houses in these areas could not be preserved with their original construction techniques and details. In this article Istanbul's traditional residential architecture is examined in terms of its value as a cultural heritage and a determination is made of the factors threatening these values. Two original examples that have been examined in detail, on the basis of their historical development and current features, are presented and the preservation problems encountered by timber houses in Istanbul are examined through these examples.


The objective of this research was to see what impact the group situation and closeness of group members have on the number and quality of produced ideas. 3 hypotheses were tested: 1. more ideas will be produced in group situation than in individual; 2. group in which their members know each other better will show a greater brainstorming effect; 3. ideas that are produced in group will have higher quality than the ideas produced in individual situation and there will be an interaction between production situation and a college year. Participants were psychology students (N=104) divided according to the college year (first year and higher years) and according the situation of idea production (individual and group situation). Their task was to produce ideas how to improve student activity on the college. They had 10 minutes for the production. Number of produced ideas in group and individual situation were compared and qualitative analysis was made. The results are showing that there is a brainstorming effect, but member closeness has not an effect on it. Qualitative analysis showed that, generally, better ideas are not produced in group situation, but students from a higher college year in group situation produce more original but less carried out ideas.


Few morphological mutations have been identified in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids), a vegetatively propagated grass with complex, polyploid genetics. The multiple-bud mutation may increase bud survival at planting and shoot production per unit area. The objectives of this study were to compare yield components and bud germination of single-bud (normal) cultivars and multiple-bud mutants, to determine the frequency of multiple buds in mutants, and to assess the sexual transmission of the multiple-bud trait. Seven multiple-bud mutants, lncluding one gall-forming mutant (US 94-12), were tested with two normal cultivars in plant cane crops for 2 yr in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Transmission was measured for 1 yr in progeny of 19 selfed or single-cross populations having at least one multiple-bud parent. Normal cultivars produced one shoot per node in the greenhouse. Most multiple-bud genotypes produced about two shoots per node, except that US 94-12 produced 4.5 shoots per node. In field tests, however, numbers of shoots, stalks, and stools of multiple-bud genotypes tended to be lower than cultivars. The multiple-bud trait was sexually transmitted to only 2.2% of progeny, lower than previously reported. This may have resulted from stricter screening or intermittent gene expression. Development of a multiple-bud cultivar will be hindered by the low rate of transmission and, therefore, the large population required for selection. Future studies should be directed toward the identification of commercially acceptable multiple-bud genotypes having the potential to give stands equal to cultivars at lower planting density, thereby reducing seed cane requirements.


Drawing on the mystical experiences of the author, this paper examines death. After making several observations about his own mystical experience, the author explores the implications of his experience for both theories of consciousness and the ultimate question of death. He concludes, based on the observable facts of his experiences, that not only is consciousness far more varied and complex than most might admit, but that in order to account for observations in his home laboratory, it must survive the death of the physical vehicle.


Given the fact that indigenous knowledge is vital and acknowledged in conservation of biodiversity, its potential has not been effectively utilised. This study was conducted in Uluguru Mountains to assess factors limiting indigenous knowledge systems in the conservation of biodiversity. Four villages adjacent to Uluguru Nature Reserve; Bunduki, Tchenzema, Langali and Kikeo were selected for this study. The focus was on the relationship between socio-economic factors such as sex, education, years of residence, farms size of the household and education. Mixed research design was used to meet the stipulated objectives. Information was collected using direct observations, interviews, administration of questionnaires and documentary literature reviews. The IBM SPSS was used to analyse data which were then summarized in frequencies and percentages and presented in tables for easy comparisons. The study found that there is strong relationship between socio-economic factors such as sex, education, years of residence, farms size of the household and education. The study suggests that the intervention measures include official recognition of the IKS champions, review of natural resources policies, rules and regulations to strengthen and support of the integration of the IKS into biodiversity conservation methods and practices by the relevant instruments. Training and sensitization on the significance of the IKS for all age groups particularly youth, would facilitate a wide use and application of the knowledge system and its integration into other knowledge systems. Conclusively, it is suggested that conservation planning decisions should consider the micro scale knowledge get incorporated equally in conservation planning.


This study has been carried out to understand the relationship between the sustainability of Kota Kinabalu city and its public transportation system and also to propose a reformation plan to enhance the current system as ineffective public transport system would retard the city from heading towards sustainable development. Through the study on the current service system, some negative factors influencing the development and effectiveness of the present public transportation system have been identified and also found that the ineffective management is the root of these negatives factors. To overcome these problems, a suggestion to implement centralized management and vertical supervision to the current public bus system has been put forward. The central idea of this proposal is for the government to take over fully the operation and work out the
contract for different routes; contractors have to proceed with a bidding process before they obtain the right and only one contractor can operate at the specific route. Through the reformation, the authorities would be able to supervise and manage the system easier. The proposal also introduces the step to implement the new system and the way to solve the negative effect after the reformation.


Latin America is the region with the greatest inequality in terms of incomes. Thus, during the last years, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has showed concern about the obstacle that inequality causes in the human development of this region. Given that higher economic growth does not necessarily lead to the achievement of further progress social, development beyond income will be one of the most important UNDP's messages for its upcoming report for this region to be launched early 2016. In this paper, we propose a new multidimensional approach to study inequality in welfare in terms of the components of the Human Development Index of the UNDP –health, education and income– in the period 1980-2014. For this purpose we use the multidimensional inequality indices proposed by Maasoumi (1986) that can be decomposable into the between- and within-group inequality components.


This paper analyzes transduction as an action of transposing information from one mode to another within the communication process and its implications in terms of meaning and coherence of a multimodal message. First, I discuss the multimodal method and its conjunction with some key concepts such as: sign, meaning, mode, transduction. Secondly, I approach transduction as an essential method of translating messages across the media variety, describing my interdisciplinary approach - that brings together semiotics and communications - and proposing a framework of explanation for transduction in the field of advertising. Drawing from a previous model (Culache 2015), I illustrate the way transduction takes place and identify its meaning-making issues while introducing the concept of 'dominant mode.'


An experimental study has been made of the physical conditions which occur during the impact of solids on liquid explosives. It is shown that the high impact sensitivity of liquid or gelatinous explosives is due to the entrapping of minute gas spaces during the impact. These tiny gas bubbles (the mass of bubble may be about 10-10 g. and its volume at atmospheric pressure about 10-7c. c.) are heated by adiabatic compression and initiate the explosion. Bubbles of this size are, of course, difficult to detect, and they are readily entrapped under many conditions of laboratory experiment and practical operation. Because of the effect of the entrapped gas spaces the sensitivity of liquid explosives is profoundly affected by the shape of the impacting surfaces or by the distribution of the explosive. If, for example, one of the surfaces contains a small pin-hole or cavity, nitroglycerine may be exploded when the potential energy of the fall hammer is as low as 20 g. cm. If the liquid explosive is initially distributed on the anvil in the form of droplets or as parallel strips which coalesce during the impact and entrap gas, the sensitivity is also very high. Even when a continuous film of the explosive is struck between flat surfaces small amounts of gas may be entrapped and may initiate the explosion. If precautions are taken to prevent the entrapping of gas, nitroglycerine is comparatively insensitive to initiation by impact between curved or flat surfaces, and impact energies of the order of 105-106 g. cm. may be necessary to cause explosion. The effect of the gas is mainly a physical one (adiabatic heating), but the chemical nature (oxidizing property) of the gas is also important.


Airborne wind energy is an emerging technology that uses tethered unmanned aerial vehicles for harvesting wind energy at altitudes higher than conventional towered wind turbines. To make the technology competitive to other renewable energy technologies an automatic control system is required that allows autonomously operating the system throughout all phases of flight. In this study a modular control system is presented, adapting the underlying kinematic and dynamic framework from conventional aerospace terminology and applying this to tethered crosswind flight with varying tether length. The high level control strategy in form of a state machine as well as the cascaded flight control structure consisting of path-following guidance and control, attitude and rate loop is presented along with the winch controller. The present work is a first step towards a methodology for the systematic development of reliable and high-performance control solutions for airborne wind energy systems. Models for the airborne system, ground station, as well as the tether connecting the ground system with the airframe will be presented. Results from a simulation study in a realistic wind field will be used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed concept and to identify particularly challenging situations in the operational envelope.


We present a spectral variability study of the XMM–Newton and Suzaku observations of one of the most extreme narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies, IRAS13224−3809. The X-ray spectrum is characterized by two main peculiar features: (i) a strong soft excess with a steep rise below about 1.3 keV and (ii) a deep drop in flux above 8.2 keV. Although absorption-based interpretations may be able to explain these features by a suitable combination of ionization, covering factors, column densities and outflowing velocities, we focus here on a reflectionbased interpretation which interprets both features, as well as the large soft excess, in terms of partially ionized reflection off the inner accretion disc. We show that the two peculiar spectral features mentioned above can be reproduced by two relativistic emission lines due to Fe K and Fe L. The lines are produced in the inner accretion disc and independently yield consistent disc parameters. We argue that the high L/K intensity ratio is broadly consistent with expectations from an ionized accretion disc reflection, indicating that they belong to a single ionized reflection component. The spectral shape, X-ray flux, and variability properties are very similar in the XMM–Newton and Suzaku observations, performed about 5 yr apart. The overall X-ray spectrum and variability can be described by a simple two-component model comprising a steep power-law continuum plus its ionized reflection off the inner accretion disc. In this model, a rapidly rotating Kerr black hole and a steep emissivity profile are required to describe the data. The simultaneous detection of broad relativistic Fe L and K lines in IRAS13224−3809 follows that in another extreme NLS1 galaxy, 1H0707−495. Although the data quality for IRAS13224−3809 does not allow us to rule out competing models as in 1H0707−495, we show here that our reflection-based interpretation describes in a selfconsistent manner the available data and points towards IRAS13224−3809 being a very close relative of 1H0707−495 in terms of both spectral and variability properties. These results, together with those based on pure broad Fe K detections, are starting to unveil the processes taking place in the immediate vicinity of accreting radiatively efficient black holes.


Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains a lethal disease, despite marked improvements in outcomes over the past decade with incorporation of novel androgen-receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSi), taxane-based chemotherapies, sipuleucel-T and radium-223 (1). However, treatment sequencing is still based on subjective clinical parameters and physician experience, which remains a major challenge. Moreover, despite the identification of several prognostic markers, prospectively validated biomarkers used for treatment selection (that may guide oncologists in choosing the right treatment option for their patients at the right time) are still lacking.


Since the founding of new China, the maize production pattern took on characteristic of "northern expansion and western movement": there were great changes in ranking of main producing provinces; southern planting area gradually shrank, while central and northern planting area gradually expanded; apart from traditional main producing regions such as northeastern, north China, and southwestern regions, Shanxi-Shaanxi region and northwest region are gradually forming. To further analyze factors promoting changes in maize production pattern, based on 1987-2013 panel data, we carried our empirical study and obtained five influencing factors: resource endowment, economic environment, market environment, technical conditions, and policies. Per capita farmland, multiple cropping index, water conservancy and irrigation, and benefit cost ratio, and traffic and transportation policies exert positive effect, non-agricultural employment level exerts negative effect, and the significance of natural disasters, market price, and science and technology are inadequate.


Abstract. The spectral response of long-period fiber gratings can be tailored by the cladding index perturbation (C-LPFGs) induced by written methods. Here, we investigate theoretically the effects of radial dependence and the magnitude of the cladding index modulation on the transmission spectra of C-LPFGs. Simple analytical expressions that describe the dispersion characteristics of the guided core mode and cladding modes are derived from a multilayer cylindrical waveguide. As the radial depth increases, we demonstrate that transition points exist for the resonances of lower cladding modes, i.e., LP06 and LP15 modes, by comparing the mode-coupling phase to the value π/2. In addition, we show that resonant wavelength shifts of all cladding modes follow the same trend. For the LPvj (v≠0) modes with two polarizations, the cross talk weakens the power exchanges between core mode LP01 and LPvj (v≠0) modes. Moreover, the coupling mechanism relating to cladding index modulation is explained by the presence of the interaction between the evanescent field of the core mode and cladding modes. This work is promising in terms of providing sufficient guidelines to understand and explore design and application of LPFGs.


In 1996-97, ANSP conducted a study of mercury levels in freshwater gamefish in New Jersey. A total of 258 fish samples from 30 water bodies were analyzed. These included single fillet samples of 58 largemouth bass, 58 chain pickerel and 109 large specimens of other commonly consumed species and 32 whole-body analysis of forage fish species. The results of this study are consistent with ANSP 1992-93 mercury in fish research in New Jersey. The highest mercury concentrations were in fish from the Pine Barrens region and marginal to the Pine Barrens. Mercury levels varied greatly in fish from industrial areas, northern and northwestern waterways and cold-water streams. Mercury concentrations typically increased with species trophic level, but among-species variation within each group was observed. Highest levels were typically found in piscivorous species (e.g., chain pickerel, largemouth bass), as well as in larger and older specimens of all species analyzed. Lower mercury concentrations were seen in a wide variety of commonly consumed species including perch, sunfish, crappie, catfish and bullhead. Mercury levels in samples of forage fish varied by species and location. Elevated mercury concentrations in chain pickerel were explained by models identifying a decreaseing gradient from low alkalinity, high DOC, low pH sites (e.g., Pine Barrens), to higher alkalinity, low DOC, high pH sites (e.g. some northern lakes). For chain pickerel, mercury concentrations were typically higher in fillets verses whole body, with median ratios of 1.3 times greater than the whole body. In addition, the results of the 1994-95 NJDEP 15 lake follow-up study (reported herein) are in agreement with the ANSP 1992-93 study and this investigation. Also reported herein is a review of the entire five-study database (1100 samples) showing that mercury is ubiquitous in New Jersey freshwater systems. Although regional differences exist (e.g., Pine Barrens), mercury has been found in freshwater fish from all geographical areas of the state. Mercury levels for the Pine Barrens and Non-Pine Barrens fish are consistent over the entire database. Elevated mercury levels are identified in top trophic level species, in individual specimens from each trophic level and in larger and/or older specimens of all species. While mercury concentrations were generally found to be less in lower and bottom trophic level species, mercury concentrations in some of these most commonly consumed species were greater than NJDEP thresholds that can trigger fish consumption advisories. Richard J. Horwitz, Ph.D., David J. Valinsky, Ph.D., Paul Overbeck, BS., Paul Kiry1 & Bruce E. Ruppel 2


This report presents the results of a graduation project for the completion of the Software Technology programme of the Stan Ackermans Institute of the Technical University of Eindhoven. The project was carried out in ASML, a company that designs, develops and produces photolithography machines. The project made an attempt to prove that the calibration sequence within an ASML machine can be automatically generated. The readers that are interested in the global overview of what has been developed can read the executive summary. The context, domain, problem and stakeholders information can be found in Chapter 1 to 3. For the readers interested in the requirements, considered approaches and design should read Chapter 4 to 6. The results, project management and a project retrospective can be found in Chapter 7 to 9. More detailed information about the implementation can be found in Appendix A and B.


This study described the variations seasonal and ontogenetic of Salminus hilarii diet. Samples were collected in the Sorocaba River, São Paulo, Brazil, one of the few rivers where individuals of the species still occur in a higher frequency. The preys consumed were analyzed by Importance Alimentary Index (AIi). To determine similarities between year seasons, the AIi data were analyzed by the Morisita-Horn index and reduced in cluster analysis, along with a statistical comparison made by one-way ANOSIM test (5%). The feeding activity was analyzed according to the stomach repletion index and compared among the year seasons using non parametric variance analysis Kruskal-Wallis test (5%). Comparison of prey consumed between immature and adult individuals was made by Spearman correlation (5%). A Pearson correlation (5%) was applied between the standard length of the fish and prey consumed, as well as between the mouth and prey heights. The analyzes of stomach contents showed that the diet of this species was exclusively piscivorous, with significant difference of prey consumption during the period, the same happening among adult and immature individuals. It was observed that these fishes use to swallow their prey whole and that significant correlations between size of predator and prey size can be observed. There is also correlation between the mouth height and the maximum prey depth. Salminus hilarii feeds on the available prey, and the species food composition and feeding activity depends on prey`s abundance, their size and morphology, as do the water temperatures.


We have developed the theory and practice of 3D supervirtual interferometry (SVI) for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of refraction arrivals in 3D data. Unlike 2D SVI, 3D SVI requires an extra integration along the inline direction to compute the stationary source-receiver pairs for enhanced stacking of the refraction events. The result is a significant increase in the S/N of first arrivals in the far-offset traces. We have evaluated 3D synthetic and field data examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. For the synthetic data tests, SVI has extended the source-receiver offset range of pickable traces from 11 to 15 km. In the field data example, SVI has extended the source-receiver offset of traces with pickable first-arrival traveltimes from 12 km to a maximum of 18 km, and the total number of reliable traveltime picks has increased by 12%, which contributes to a deeper velocity update in the traveltime tomogram.


Trust is a fundamental aspect of everyday life. Several authors define trust as the wish to depend on another entity and split the concept of trust into several interconnected components such as trusting beliefs (e.g., benevolence, competence, honesty, and predictability), trusting intentions, trusting behaviors, disposition to trust, and institution-based trust. According to McKnight, Cummings, and Chervany's (1998) model, beliefs yield behavioral intentions, which in turn are manifested in behavior. In the present research, we applied functional measurement to explain trust-related judgments in terms of information integration among different beliefs. Our results suggest that averaging models could help to describe the observed judgments in terms of beliefs and to comprehend the role and relevance of each belief in a variety of social contexts


All the available methods for treatment of lunate bone aseptic necrosis have been considered and their efficiency – analyzed in the review. Osteoplasty technique takes the leading positions in treatment of Kienbock's disease due to its greatest efficiency and surgeons' and patients' satisfaction with surgical outcomes. The best results appear to be achieved by the procedure of vascularized bone grafting. The anatomy of donor site blood supply has been described and illustrated in detail. Vascularized bone grafts by dorsal approach, obtained from distal radial epimetaphysis pedicled from the arteries passing in 4 or 5 channels of the hand extensor tendons, as well as from the distal and proximal epimetaphyses of 2-3 metacarpal bones pedicled from the second dorsal metacarpal artery, are considered to be the most easy to use and anatomically favorable.


In space-time adaptive processing (STAP), the clutter covariance matrix is routinely estimated from secondary ldquotarget-freerdquo data. Because this type of data is, more often than not, rather scarce, the so-obtained estimates of the clutter covariance matrix are typically rather poor. In knowledge-aided (KA) STAP, an a priori guess of the clutter covariance matrix (e.g., derived from knowledge of the terrain probed by the radar) is available. In this note, we describe a computationally simple and fully automatic method for combining this prior guess with secondary data to obtain a theoretically optimal (in the mean-squared error sense) estimate of the clutter covariance matrix. The authors apply the proposed method to the KASSPER data set to illustrate the type of achievable performance.


The prototype, described in Science Translational Medicine in March, is a 6-footlong open tube with 560 000 sensors. The sensors detect photons emitted as radioactive tracers injected into a patient decay. The new scanner collects 40 times more signal than current PET machines, an advantage that could be used for quicker, higherresolution, or lower-radiation-dose imaging, or a combination of all 3. It will image the full body in 30 to 45 seconds, while current machines take 20 to 30 minutes to produce a series of scans that cover the entire body. "The total-body scanner will allow PET scans to be performed much more quickly and produce better images that allow the extent of disease to be more accurately defined," project coleader Simon R. Cherry, PhD, a professor in the departments of biomedical engineering and radiology at the University of California, Davis (UC Davis), told JAMA. The tool could be useful for detecting small, low-density tumor deposits called micrometastases, for example. Cherry said the scanner will also give researchers a new way to study diseases that involve multiple organ systems, such as brain-gut conditions, metabolic syndrome, and links between neuropsychiatric disorders and the immune system. The prototype is being built in collaboration with United Imaging Healthcare using components from around the world, including scintillation crystals from Florida and light sensors from Ireland. Cherry's coprincipal investigator on the project is Ramsey D. Badawi, PhD, a professor in the department of radiology at UC Davis. Their work on the TB-PET prototype is funded through a Transformative Research Award from the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, both part of the National Institutes of Health.


Under current GAAP, initial bargain-purchase amounts, also known as negative goodwill (NGW) or the excess of the fair value of acquired net assets over the cost of an acquisition, are typically reduced or eliminated altogether by being allocated against the fair values of certain acquired assets such as property, plant and equipment and intangible assets. Any negative goodwill that is not offset against these assets is reported in the income statement as an extraordinary gain. However, in a joint effort with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has developed a replacement for current GAAP, which, among other things, requires that all NGW, without offset, is to be immediately recognized as a gain. This report outlines the current and proposed accounting treatment of negative goodwill and their impact upon financial statements as well as their implications for financial analysis. For a sample of companies, we find material increases in assets, shareholders' equity and net income under the proposed new treatment.


Background Culture is insensitive for detecting pharyngeal gonorrhoea but is critical for determining antimicrobial resistance. Sampling technique appears to be important for optimal isolation of pharyngeal gonorrhoea, however, there are no published studies on the specific anatomical areas within the pharynx that should be targeted. The aim of this study was to compare isolation rates of gonorrhoeafrom the tonsils and posterior oropharynx. Method Men who had sex with men attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre who screened positive for pharyngeal gonorrhoea using modified Thayer Martin medium were recalled and reswabbed prior to treatment. The repeat swabs consisted of careful swabbing from both tonsils followed by swabbing of the posterior oropharynx using a separate swab. These were plated onto separate media and cultured. Results To date 61 MSM who screened positive for pharyngeal gonorrhoea have been recalled for repeat swabbing. The median interval between the initial positive screening test and repeat swabbing was 7 days. The positivity rates from the repeat swabs of the tonsils and posterior oropharynx were 69% (n = 41) and 52% (n = 32) respectively. The repeat tonsillar and posterior oropharyngeal swabs were both positive in 51% (n = 31) of men and were both negative in 30% (n = 18) of men. Eleven men (18%) had positive tonsillar and negative oropharyngeal results while one man had positive oropharyngeal and negative tonsillar results (p < 0.01). The results of concurrent nucleic acid amplification testing will be presented. Conclusion These interim study results indicate that Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be cultured from the tonsils as well as the posterior oropharynx. While the positivity rate from tonsillar swabbing was higher than swabbing of the posterior oropharynx, sampling from only one of these sites had poor sensitivity. Many cases of pharyngeal gonorrhoea appear to be transient and self limiting.


A methodology for the optimal design of a FET based integrated active microstrip antennas is demonstrated; the electrical characteristics of the antenna are also discussed. The antenna consists of a rectangular microstrip patch peripherally loaded with a single GaAs MESFET. The microstrip patch acts as both the radiating element and the optimal FET drain load impedance required for oscillator synthesis. The active patch element operates as a series feedback oscillator and the microstrip patch is resonated in its fundamental mode. An NEC 71084 packaged FET is used as the active device in the patch element which itself is constructed on RT-Duroid 5880 material. The element has a free running frequency of 9.625 GHz (at 3 V) and exhibits excellent electrical characteristics. Experimental results are presented for the frequency pushing characteristics of the element which are nearly linear. The active element is capable of producing an output power level of 8mW with 10% efficiency at 2.3 V, and has an external Q factor of 32.


Undergraduate students often experience difficulty in understanding the basic principles of low level computer operations in introductory courses to computer architectures when these are taught using actual low level programming languages. This is not due to any inherent complexity of the concepts but rather a consequence of assembly language specific details and the need to introduce many concepts simultaneously, such as, for example, data representation, addressing modes and primitive I/O. This paper describes the Postroom Computer, a low level language simulator that not only provides a simple low level language, suitable as an introduction to assembly language programming, but also allows computer architecture concepts to be introduced in an incremental fashion.


B lymphocytes play a key role in type 1 diabetes (T1D) development by serving as a subset of APCs preferentially supporting the expansion of autoreactive pathogenic T cells. As a result of their pathogenic importance, B lymphocyte–targeted therapies have received considerable interest as potential T1D interventions. Unfortunately, the B lymphocyte–directed T1D interventions tested to date failed to halt β cell demise. IgG autoantibodies marking humans at future risk for T1D indicate that B lymphocytes producing them have undergone the affinity-maturation processes of class switch recombination and, possibly, somatic hypermutation. This study found that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ablation of the activation-induced cytidine deaminase gene required for class switch recombination/somatic hypermutation induction inhibits T1D development in the NOD mouse model. The activation-induced cytidine deaminase protein induces genome-wide DNA breaks that, if not repaired through RAD51-mediated homologous recombination, result in B lymphocyte death. Treatment with the RAD51 inhibitor 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2, 2′-disulfonic acid also strongly inhibited T1D development in NOD mice. The genetic and small molecule–targeting approaches expanded CD73+ B lymphocytes that exert regulatory activity suppressing diabetogenic T cell responses. Hence, an initial CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic modification approach has identified the AID/RAD51 axis as a target for a potentially clinically translatable pharmacological approach that can block T1D development by converting B lymphocytes to a disease-inhibitory CD73+ regulatory state.


Rarely a day goes by in Hawai'i without the media reporting on environmental issues stemming from public debate. Will the proposed housing development block my access to the beach? Is the rising sea level going to cause flooding where I live? How does overfishing damage the reef? Is the water clean where I surf? On the Shores of Paradise discusses the paradox of environmental loss under a management system considered by many to be one of the most stringent in the nation. It reviews a wide range of environmental concerns in Hawai'i with an eye toward resolution by focusing on "place-based" management, a theme consistent with--and borrowing from--the Hawaiian ahupua'a system. After describing a typical situation in Hawai'i where a sandy beach is lost because a seawall has been built to protect a poorly sited home, the author steps back in time to trace land-use practices before and after the arrival of Westerners and the increased tempo of destruction following the latter. He goes on to discuss volcanoes and the risk of placing homes in locations vulnerable to natural hazards and the potential dangers of earthquakes and tsunami to a complacent public. Water issues, including scarcity, flooding, and pollution, are surveyed, as well as climate change and the possible outcomes of projected sea rise for Hawai'i. The author explains coastal erosion and beach loss and the problems of overfishing and ocean acidification. Later chapters assess residents' risks to hurricanes, offering mitigation techniques, and provide a summary and some management conclusions. As tensions increase because of conflicting standards, misunderstandings, and contradictory ideals and actions, we put our economy and quality of life at risk. Sound decision-making begins with asking the right questions. This book addresses these questions within the context of sustainability and thus their influence on the future of Hawai'i.


Recently, some authors have used the Monte Carlo modelling using complete set of experimental data to get a better correlation between experimental observations and calculations concerning recrystallization process [1, 2]. Simulations using Monte Carlo technique have been performed these last years for IF-Ti steels in order to predict the microstructure and the texture evolution after high reduction amounts by cold rolling [3, 4]. On the contrary, in the present work, this evolution is simulated in an IF-Ti steel cold rolled after low deformation amount (reduction amount R = 40 %). Microstructure is characterized by Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction and introduced in the model. The quality index of the Kikuchi patterns (EBSD data) is used to qualitatively evaluate the stored energy for each grain. Different hypothesis of nucleation mechanisms have been introduced into the model. It has been shown that the better recrystallization texture correlation between experiment and simulation is obtained by taking into account the nucleation in the low stored energy sites and highly misorientation regions. Finally a simulation issue was compared with EBSD and TEM experimental results: microstructure, recrystallization kinetics and Avrami coefficients values.


In this article, the introduction to a special International Journal of Press/Politics (IJPP) issue on populism, we articulate and define populism as a communication phenomenon. We provide an overview of populist political communication research and its current foci. We offer a framework for ongoing research and set the boundary conditions for a new generation of research on populist political communication, with an aim to push the research agendas and design toward a more interactive, systematic, and in particular, comparative approach to the study of populist political communication.