Prescribed fire is a common land management tool used to reduce undesirable shrubs, improve forage quality, and enhance wildlife habitat for game species. However, it also has impacts on nongame species. We examined whether a prescribed fire would affect the abundance of lizards and invertebrates in central Texas. In February 2004, four sites were treated with low-intensity prescribed fires; four adjacent non-burned sites served as controls. Vegetation structure (litter depth, percent canopy cover, visual obstruction) and foliar cover were recorded prior to and seasonally following the burn. Lizards and potential invertebrate prey were collected from all plots between March and August 2004 (152 traps, 5908 trap nights). Lizard numbers were not significantly (P > 0.312) affected by the fire, nor were their potential prey or habitat greatly affected. Burning reduced numbers of Homoptera (P 0.25 for all measures); however, foliar cover of Texas wintergrass was lower in burned plots in March but recovered to non-burned levels by May. Our results suggest that small-scale, low-intensity fires have minimal impact on central Texas lizards, the vegetation structure of their habitat, or the invertebrates of their diet.


Tunable gating graphene oxide (GO) membranes with high water permeance and precise molecular separation remain highly desired in smart nanofiltration devices. Herein, bioinspired by the filtration function of the renal glomerulus, we report a smart and high-performance graphene oxide membrane constructed via introducing positively charged polyethylenimine-grafted GO (GO-PEI) to negatively charged GO nanosheets. It was found that the additional GO-PEI component changed the surface charge, improved the hydrophilicity, and enlarged the nanochannels. The glomerulus-inspired graphene oxide membrane (G-GOM) shows a water permeance up to 88.57 L m-2 h-1 bar-1, corresponding to a 4 times enhancement compared with that of a conventional GO membrane due to the enlarged confined nanochannels. Meanwhile, owing to the electrostatic interaction, it can selectively remove positively charged methylene blue at pH 12 and negatively charged methyl orange at pH 2, with a removal rate of over 96%. The high and cyclic water permeance and highly selective organic removal performance can be attributed to the synergic effect of controlled nanochannel size and tunable electrostatic interaction in responding to the environmental pH. This strategy provides insight into designing pH-responsive gating membranes with tunable selectivity, representing a great advancement in smart nanofiltration with a wide range of applications.


MicroRNAs are ~22 nucleotide RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding messenger RNA transcripts. miR-21 is described as an oncomiR whose steady-state levels are commonly increased in many malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods known as cross-linking and immunoprecipitation of RNA followed by sequencing (CLIP-seq) have enabled transcriptome-wide identification of miRNA interactomes. In our study, we use a publicly available Argonaute-CLIP dataset (GSE97061), which contains nine HCC cases with matched benign livers, to characterize the miR-21 interactome in HCC. Argonaute-CLIP identified 580 miR-21 bound target sites on coding transcripts, of which 332 were located in the coding sequences, 214 in the 3′-untranslated region, and 34 in the 5′-untranslated region, introns, or downstream sequences. We compared the expression of miR-21 targets in 377 patients with liver cancer from the data generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and found that mRNA levels of 402 miR-21 targets are altered in HCC. Expression of three novel predicted miR-21 targets (CAMSAP1, DDX1 and MARCKSL1) correlated with HCC patient survival. Analysis of RNA-seq data from SK-Hep1 cells treated with a miR-21 antisense oligonucleotide (GSE65892) identified RMND5A, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a strong miR-21 candidate target. Collectively, our analysis identified novel miR-21 targets that are likely to play a causal role in hepatocarcinogenesis.


Groups of normal (nonoperated), two-month-old and eight-month-old rats were subjected to a daily buzzer and electric shock stress program for five weeks. Blood sugardeterminations were made immediately before and after ninety-minute stress (experimental group) or rest periods (controls). There was a small but statistically highly significant increase in blood sugar after stress compared to the prestress values at both age periods. This increase was much bigger in the older than in the younger group of fasted normal rats. Groups of adrenalectomized animals subjected to the same stress program never showed any significant blood sugar increase after stress. Indeed the nonfasted, recently operated, two-month-old rats displayed a highly significant drop in blood sugar after stress. Recently hypophysectomized, two-month-old nonfasted rats showed a decrease in blood sugar after stress but their nonstressed controls showed a similar decrease. Fasting two-month-old, hypophysectomized rats were found to have an insignificant increase after stress which became significant only when compared to the drop in blood sugar of their nonstressed controls. In contrast eight- and ten-month-old hypophysectomized fasted rats showed a highly significant increase in blood sugar after stress. Moreover, the magnitude of this increase was much greater in those rats in which more than six months had elapsed sincethe operation compared to the recently hypophysectomized animals of approximately the same age. Thus the influence of both the time lapse since the operation and the age of the animals on the blood sugar response to stress is demonstrated in the hypophysectomized rats.


The growing use of social media like Facebook and Twitter is in the process of changing how news is produced, disseminated, and discussed. But so far, we have only a preliminary understanding of (1) how important social media are as sources of news relative to other media, (2) the extent to which people use them to find news, (3) how many use them to engage in more participatory forms of news use, and (4) whether these developments are similar within countries with otherwise comparable levels of technological development. Based on data from a cross-country online survey of news media use, we present a comparative analysis of the relative importance of social media for news in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, covering eight developed democracies with different media systems. We show that television remains both the most widely used and most important source of news in all these countries, and that even print newspapers are still more widely used and seen as more important sources of news than social media. We identify a set of similarities in terms of the growing importance of social media as part of people's cross-media news habits, but also important country-to-country differences, in particular in terms of how widespread the more active and participatory forms of media use are. Surprisingly, these differences do not correspond to differences in levels of internet use, suggesting that more than mere availability shapes the role of social media as parts of people's news habits.


Background: Human neural stem cells (hNSC) transplantation has been used for the treatment of neurological injury and neurodegenerative disease and has produced some desired effects, but the beneficial effects are limited and the long-term effects remain unknown because the best time for NSC transplantation after hypoxic-ischaemia (HI) is unclear. Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the changes in NSC after cerebral HI-damage, and to provide a theoretical reference for NSC' therapeutic benefits to the HI-damaged brain. Methods: 210 seven-day-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned into three groups: a HI group, a hypoxic group and a normal control group. They were subdivided into 7 time point groups: 3-hour, 6-hour, 1-day, 3-day, 7-day, 14-day and 21-day. Cells were stained for Nestin, a representative protein of NSC. The counts of immunoreactive cells were made under a light microscope, photographed at 400X magnification and counted in ten random different visual fields per section. Results: The results showed that: (1) In normal controls, hypoxic groups and HI groups, there was NSC organisation in SD rat brains at 3-hour, 6-hour or 1-, 3-, 7-, 14- and 21-day time points. (2) NSC were reduced at 2 weeks of life in the normal control group, and reduced to the lowest number at 3 weeks after birth, presenting a trend of NSC gradually reducing with age. (3) Hypoxia can improve NSC proliferation to some degree, but proliferation begins to decrease with development of the HI. Conclusions: The results provide reference value for selecting the best treatment time window of NSC transplantation for the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain damage.


We study the possibilities of building a non-autoregressive speech-to-text translation model using connectionist temporal classification (CTC), and use CTC-based automatic speech recognition as an auxiliary task to improve the performance. CTC's success on translation is counter-intuitive due to its monotonicity assumption, so we analyze its reordering capability. Kendall's tau distance is introduced as the quantitative metric, and gradient-based visualization provides an intuitive way to take a closer look into the model. Our analysis shows that transformer encoders have the ability to change the word order and points out the future research direction that worth being explored more on non-autoregressive speech translation.


The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects of an online-based entrepreneurship programme A randomised controlled trial has been performed in which 580 randomly selected pupils (aged 14-15) have been randomly assigned to participate in online programmes that focus either on entrepreneurship or on environmental issues The analysis builds on responses collected before, directly after, and one year after the intervention The short-term results show that the programme focusing on entrepreneurship had a significantly positive influence on the participants entrepreneurial intentions, venture creation self-efficacy, entrepreneurial attitudes and perceived knowledge about entrepreneurship One year after the intervention, the differences between the groups were smaller, but the pupils in the experiment group still had, relative to the control group, significantly higher perceived entrepreneurial knowledge, and significantly more positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship The influence which the pupils prior experience with entrepreneurship had on the programmes effectiveness was limited This implies that the programme has a significant influence on the participants which goes beyond just increasing their familiarity with the topic The online programme did not, however, significantly influence the participants self-efficacy concerning enterprising competences An analysis of how the participants perceived that the educational focus in their normal education had changed, with regard to teaching focusing on creativity and value creation, demonstrated that this type of education can be an efficient way to foster enterprising self-efficacy


Nowadays everyday life and its world, as well as all social practices (economics, politics, medical care, education, etc.) are shaped by science, itself a social practice. The relation between science and other practices is analyzed in several works of Bruno Latour. A philosophical analysis can, however, go further and penetrate the ontological structure of their interactions. In order to include Latour's concept of hybrids in my philosophical analysis I reformulate Heidegger's ontology and introduce the concept of hybrid being. It helps me to discuss the migration of beings from different spheres of social practice to science and from it back to everyday life, economics, education, medical care, etc.


An acoustic sensor technology has been developed to monitor a person's health and performance. The sensor consists of liquid or gel contained within a small, conformable, rubber bladder or pad that also includes a hydrophone. This enables the collection of high signal-to-noise ratio cardiac, respiratory, voice, and other physiological data. The pad also minimizes interference from ambient noise because it couples poorly with airborne noise. It is low cost and comfortable to wear for extended periods. Data is presented from a sensor pad in contact with a person's neck, providing continuous monitoring. These data can aid in the remote assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiac, respiratory, and sleep disorders, recovery from surgery, as well as provide continuous human stress and performance indicators. Parameters such as heart rate and variability, breath rate, volume, wheeze or cough content, blood pressure, voice, voice stress, and motion indicators can be monitored over extended periods. Data collected during a nights sleep give indications of heart and breath patterns, restfulness of sleep, snoring, and other useful indicators. Other data shows that a neck sensor picks up the wearer's voice in 105 dB C weighted noise with fidelity sufficient to be used for voice communications or commands.


In this study, the accumulation of lead in various tissues of Tilapia zilli was tested at varying concentrations of lead in the medium for different exposure times. Experimental animals were exposed to 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm lead over periods of 1, 7, 15 and 30 days and accumulation of lead in gill, liver, kidney and brain tissues was determined by atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry (AAS). In general, the accumulation of lead in tissues increased with increasing concentrations of lead in the experimental medium and with increasing time of experiment. The ratios of total lead in the tissues were 15.47, 6.10, 52.87 and 25.56% in the gill, liver, kidney and brain respectively (Kidney > Brain > Gill > Liver). The high level of lead accumulation in the kidney tissue may be explained by the fact that this tissue contains lead combaining proteins, and a high level of metal is disposed of with the aid of kidney tissue.


The effectiveness of tori-lines combined with double-weighted branch lines in reducing seabird bycatch was evaluated in a pelagic longline fishery.
Seabird bait attack behaviour, bycatch number, and sinking rate of baited hooks were examined on double-weighted and unweighted branch lines deployed on the same longline with a single tori-line. Comparisons were conducted from July to October in 2011 during two cruises on a chartered longline vessel in the eastern South Pacific Ocean outside the Chilean and Peruvian exclusive economic zones.
Cape petrels (Daption capense), white-chinned petrels (Procellaria aequinoctialis) and Westland petrels (Procellaria westlandica) were abundant during line setting. There were 275 primary bait-taking attacks by these species, but there were only eight primary attacks by albatrosses. Nevertheless, six albatrosses and six diving seabirds were incidentally caught as bycatch. Of the primary attacks by Cape petrels, white-chinned petrels and Westland petrels, 153 led to secondary attacks. These results suggest that off Chile and Peru there is frequent secondary bycatch of albatrosses as a result of their stealing bait from Cape petrels and diving seabirds.
Best-fit models for the number of primary attacks and of bycatch included the weighted branch line; the use of weighted branch lines resulted in a lower number of primary attacks. Hooks on unweighted branch lines did not reach any of the benchmark depths (3, 5, and 10 m) within the aerial extent of the tori-lines (the tori-line remaining above the water surface), hooks on weighted branch lines reached 5 m depth within the aerial extent. These results suggest that, for the pelagic longline fishery off Chile and Peru, combining double-weighted branch lines and tori-lines reduces the bycatch more effectively than tori-lines with unweighted branch lines.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


TRH not only functions as a thyrotropin releasing hormone but also acts as a neuropeptide in central circuits regulating food intake and energy expenditure. As one suggested mode of action, TRH expressed in the caudal brainstem influences vagal activity by activating TRH receptor 1 (TRH-R1). In order to evaluate the impact of a diminished medullary TRH signaling on ghrelin metabolism, we analyzed metabolic changes of TRH-R1 knockout (R1ko) mice in response to 24 hours of food deprivation. Because R1ko mice are hypothyroid, we also studied eu- and hypothyroid wild-type (wt) animals and R1ko mice rendered euthyroid by thyroid hormone treatment. Independent of their thyroidal state, R1ko mice displayed a higher body weight loss than wt animals and a delayed reduction in locomotor activity upon fasting. Ghrelin transcript levels in the stomach as well as total ghrelin levels in the circulation were equally high in fasted wt and R1ko mice. In contrast, only wt mice responded to fasting with a rise in ghrelin-O-acyltransferase mRNA expression and consequently an increase in serum levels of acylated ghrelin. Together, our data suggest that an up-regulation of medullary TRH expression and subsequently enhanced activation of TRH-R1 in the vagal system represents a critical step in the stimulation of ghrelin-O-acyltransferase expression upon starvation that in turn is important for adjusting the circulating levels of acylated ghrelin to the fasting condition.


The green supply chain is an innovation that extends traditional sustainability initiatives to environmental activities in the supply chain and aims to minimize a product's environmental impact throughout its life cycle. The adoption of a green supply chain involves a complex decision-making process characterized by multiple criteria. The goal of the current study is to construct a decision framework by identifying a comprehensive set of consideration factors and their causal relationships. The consideration factors are deliberately drawn from a variety of different, yet related, theories and are grouped into an extensive Technology-Organization -Environment (TOE) framework. In accordance with the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method, the decision framework was analyzed for appropriateness through surveys of selected experts in the semiconductor industry. Because the semiconductor industry has a long history of heavy resource usage and has proven an early advocate of green supply chains, results from this study can provide insights to other firms with similar operations and aims. The contributions of this research are twofold. First, its theoretical contribution consists of integrating previously separate strands of different theories into a holistic framework and exploring the causal relationships among decision factors. Second, its practical contribution lies in its establishment of a strategic path that provides firms a set of priorities when adopting green supply chains.


Powdery mildew of cucurbits, which include cantaloupe, honeydew and watermelon as well as cucumbers and squash, occurs every year in Arizona. Moderate temperatures and relative humidity, succulent plant growth and reduced light intensity are factors that favor the development of powdery mildew, which is caused by the pathogenic fungus Sphaerotheca fuliginea Potential new fungicides were evaluated and compared to existing chemicals for control of powdery mildew of cantaloupe in a field trial conducted in the spring of 1997 at the Yuma Agricultural Center. The top performer in this study for disease control as well as reduction in culled fruit was a combination of Topsin -M + Trilogy. Other effective materials included BAS 490, Quadris, Procure, Benlate, Microthiol Special and Rally. Bayleton significantly reduced the amount of culled fruit, but did not significantly reduce the severity of powdery mildew. Compared to nontreated plots, a gain of up to $973 per acre could have been realized due to the reduction in amount of culled fruit in plots treated with fungicides. The potential availability of new chemistries for management of powdery mildew of cantaloupe and other cucurbits could help in the implementation of fungicide resistance management strategies, which strive to minimize the risk of resistance development by the pathogen to these compounds.


Cancer stem cells (CSCs) constitute a small proportion of tumor cells and can drive tumor growth, metastasis and recurrence. Identification of CSCs in ovarian cancer has been reported. However, the mechanisms regulating ovarian cancer CSCs remain unknown. High lactate production and low glucose oxidation, despite oxygen availability, termed as the Warburg effect, are commonly found in cancers. Hexokinase 2 (HK2) converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, the first committed step in the Warburg effect. HK2 regulates tumorigenesis in different cancers. Yet, roles of HK2 and its underline mechanisms in ovarian cancer remain to be explored. In this study, we investigate the clinical significance, effects and mechanisms of HK2 on cell metastasis and CSCs regulation in ovarian cancer. HK2 was found to be up-regulated in ovarian cancer patients by immunohistochemistry when compared with benign ovarian cystadenomas. Significantly higher HK2 immunoreactivity was detected in metastatic foci than their corresponding primary tumors and associated with shorter disease-free survival. Decreased lactate production, impaired cell migration and invasion were detected in HK2 knockdown A2780CP cells using lactate assay, Transwell migration and invasion assays, respectively. Oppositely, ectopic expression of HK2 increased lactate production, cell migration and invasion in SKOV3 cells. We also found ectopic expression of HK2 in SKOV3 cells promoted anchorage-independent growth by soft agar assay. Then we further investigated the effect of HK2 on CSC load of ovarian cancer. Stable knockdown of HK2 in OVCAR3 cells led to impaired capacity to grow as multi-cellular spheroids in stem-condition culture system by sphere formation. Knockdown of HK2 in OVCAR3 cells down-regulated CD117 as measured by flow cytometry, which was accompanied by decreased mRNA/protein expression of Nanog, Bmi-1 and Klf-4, genes related to ovarian CSCs. Inversely, ectopic expression of HK2 in SKOV-3 cells promoted spheroids growth and increased CD117 proportion, which was accompanied by increased Nanog, Bmi-1 and Klf-4 mRNA/protein expression. Our data suggested that HK2 was associated with ovarian cancer progression, metastasis and stemness. HK2 could be a novel prognostic marker and potential therapeutic molecular target in ovarian cancer. Citation Format: Yuxin JIANG, Michelle KY Siu, Jingjing Wang, Thomas HY Leung, Annie NY Cheung, Hextan YS Ngan, Karen KL Chan. Hexokinase II (HK2) regulates stemness of ovarian cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-270. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-LB-270


Abstract The present contribution deals with the influence of tribological conditions on coating quality. Two types of coatings were selected for analysis WC-WB-CO and WC-FeCrAl, to advise that a new type of coating - carbide green. These coatings were applied to the base material AISI 316L of technology HVOF – High velocity oxygen fuel. The aim of the experimental study was to determine the quality coatings and its resistance to abrasive wear, depending on the number of thermal cycles. It was evaluated hardness, thickness, the resistance to abrasive wear in free abrasives and firmly bonded abrasives. Results of experiments showed a higher resistance of the coating WC-Co-WB.


The current IFC specifications include relations between objects and enable representation of complex structures in a building product model. However, several research projects have addressed the problem of one integrated model by pointing out the different content and structure of different design domains. The existing software products cannot support all features of the IFC specifications, and because of the structure of AEC industry there are no potential customers for applications which would cover all different information needs. We believe that there will be several instantiated models representing a building project, and these models share some parts of the information which must be linked between the models. However, IFC specifications do not enable links between objects in separate instantiated models. This paper will (1) discuss the reasons for the separation of instantiated models, (2) present the necessary extensions of the IFC specifications, (3) include examples of the links between the requirements model and architectural design model, and (4) discuss some possibilities how to implement this link in a model server environment.


A multicentric, open, prospective, observational and no-randomized clinical trial was carried out in Spain with 190 postmenopausal women receiving a soy preparation rich in isoflavones (PHYTO SOYA, capsules containing 17.5 mg isoflavones). The main object of the present study was to investigate its efficacy in alleviating the symptomatology derived from the lack of estrogen, mainly hot flushes, but also other symptoms such as sleep disorder, anxiety, depression, vaginal dryness, loss of libido and bone pain. Each patient received 35 mg isoflavones per day in two doses. During the four months' treatment, a statistically significant decrease in the number of hot flushes with PHYTO SOYA was experienced by 80.82% women; only 5,48% patients did not improve with the treatment. The average reduction was 47.8%, which is equivalent to 4 hot flushes. All the other studied parameters also showed a statistically significant decrease. No severe side-effects were reported and tolerance was excellent. Treatment with PHYTO SOYA resulted in a significant improvement of the symptomatology that accompanies the lack of estrogen during menopause.


The mean-reverting square root process is a stochastic differential equation (SDE) that has found considerable use as a model for volatility, interest rate, and other financial quantities. The equation has no general, explicit solution, although its transition density can be characterized. For valuing path-dependent options under this model, it is typically quicker and simpler to simulate the SDE directly than to compute with the exact transition density. Because the diffusion coefficient does not satisfy a global Lipschitz condition, there is currently a lack of theory to justify such simulations. We begin by showing that a natural Euler-Maruyama discretization provides qualitatively correct approximations to the first and second moments. We then derive explicitly computable bounds on the strong (pathwise) error over finite time intervals. These bounds imply strong convergence in the limit of the timestep tending to zero. The strong convergence result can be used to justify the method within Monte Carlo simulations that compute the expected payoff of financial products. We spell this out for a bond with interest rate given by the mean-reverting square root process, and for an up-and-out barrier option with asset price governed by the mean-reverting square root process. We also prove convergence for European and up-and-out barrier options under Heston's stochastic volatility model - here the mean-reverting square root process feeds into the asset price dynamics as the squared volatility.


An actuator is a device that converts electricity into another form of energy, typically physical movement. They are absolutely essential for any system that needs to impact or modify the physical world, and are used in millions of systems of all sizes, all over the world, from cars and spacecraft to factory control systems and critical infrastructure. An actuator is a "dumb device" that is entirely controlled by the surrounding electronics, e.g., a microcontroller, and thus cannot authenticate its control signals or do any other form of processing. The problem we look at in this paper is how the wires that connect an actuator to its control electronics can act like antennas, picking up electromagnetic signals from the environment. This makes it possible for a remote attacker to wirelessly inject signals (energy) into these wires to bypass the controller and directly control the actuator. To detect such attacks, we propose a novel detection method that allows the microcontroller to monitor the control signal and detect attacks as a deviation from the intended value. We have managed to do this without requiring the microcontroller to sample the signal at a high rate or run any signal processing. That makes our defense mechanism practical and easy to integrate into existing systems. Our method is general and applies to any type of actuator (provided a few basic assumptions are met), and can deal with adversaries with arbitrarily high transmission power. We implement our detection method on two different practical systems to show its generality, effectiveness, and robustness.


Even though climate scientists are nearly unanimous that climate change is real and manmade, about 40% of Americans reject the scientific consensus. Why? The largest contributing factor is partisanship; however, recent studies argue that underlying conspiracy thinking exerts a positive, linear effect on climate change denial. In this article, we reexamine the effect of conspiracy thinking on climate change attitudes by accounting for the various pathways that conspiracy thinking could drive denialism in a politically polarized environment. We find the effects of conspiracy thinking on climate change denial are not only larger than previously suggested, but also non-monotonic and conditional on individuals' party identification. Moreover, we find evidence suggesting conspiracy thinking affects independents' positions, and even their partisan leanings. These findings further explain why people reject the scientific consensus on climate change, and suggest that climate change denial is not merely the product of partisan polarization.


Background: Long non-coding RNA VIM-antisense 1 (VIM-AS1) has been reported that it is involved in the progression of several cancers. However, the aberrant expression profile, clinical significance, and biological function of VIM-AS1in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have not been fully described. We tend to perform a comprehensive analysis to identify the clinical prognostic value of VIM-AS1 for LUAD patients and explore its potential molecular mechanisms in LUAD development. Methods: The expression features of VIM-AS1 in LUAD were identified based on Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA) and genotypic tissue expression (GTEx). The LUAD patients' lung tissues were collected to testify above expression features. Survival analysis and COX regression analysis were performed to evaluate the prognostic value of VIM-AS1 in LUAD patients. Then Correlation analysis was performed to filter VIM-AS1 co-expression genes, and their molecular functions were constructed. Furtherly, we constructed the lung carcinoma A549 cell line with VIM-AS1 overexpression to test its effect on cell function. Results: VIM-AS1 expression levels were significantly downregulated in LUAD tissues. VIM-AS1 with low expression is significantly associated with short overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), progress free interval (PFI), late T pathological stage, and lymph node metastasis for LUAD patients. The low expression level of VIM-AS1 was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis for LUAD patients. The biological functions of co-expressed genes indicated that VIM-AS1 regulating the apoptosis process may be the potential mechanism for LUAD. Specifically, we testified VIM-AS1 can promote apoptosis in A549 cells. Conclusion: VIM-AS1 was significantly downregulated in LUAD tissues, and it can be a promising prognostic index for LUAD development. VIM-AS1 regulating apoptotic effects may play important roles in LUAD progression.


To improve the wear resistance of Titanium alloy, TiAl intermetallic claddings were fabricated on TC4 substrate using laser melting deposition technology. Optical microscope, scan electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction meter were applied to investigate the deposited TiAl layer and their interface with substrate. Using hardness tester and M-2000 wear testing machine, hardness, frictional coefficient and wear resistance of the TiAl layers and TC4 alloy were tested. It was indicated that the deposited TiAl layers were well integrated with TC4 substrate, γ-TiAl and Ti3Al dual phase microstructure was formed in the deposited layer. With higher hardness and lower friction coefficient, the deposited TiAl layer improved the wear resistance obviously comparing to TC4 titanium alloy substrate.


The research was conducted to investigate the cytotoxic activities of crude aqueous extracts of fruits and leaves of Grewia asiatica plant. In-vitro cytotoxic activity of Grewia asiatica was determined by using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay using cell lines HEK-293 (Epidermal Kidney Cancer cell line), NCI-H522 (Cell Lung cancer cell line), HELA (Cervical Cancer cell line), Hep – 2 (Laryngeal Cancer cell line), and MCF-7 (Breast cancer cell line). Grewia asiatica (G. asiatica), a shrub from the Malvaceae family, is commonly used among Native Americans and occasionally utilized to treat illnesses with cancer-like symptoms. The results found were quite promising. The statistically processed results support the conclusion, that the aqueous extracts of leaves and fruits showed significant anticancer activity against liver cancer and breast cancer.


Summary In this paper, we evaluate the use of artificial neural networks in order to predict the diagnosis of headaches. We intend to create an auxiliary tool for headache diagnosis to be used in primary level of Health Care System. It could enhance access of patients to headache diagnosis and treatment. Data were collected from a structured questionnaire which was applied to 2,177 patients with headache, in Neurological Clinic of Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil, from 2002 to 2006. Artificial neural networks were trained to reach the diagnosis performed by a single neurologist, who uses the criteria of the International Classification of Headaches Disorders. We tested them varying their activation function, initial weights and number of elements in input, hidden and output layers. We verified the feasibility of their use to predict the diagnosis of migraine without aura, migraine with aura, tension type headache and medicationoveruse headache. The best results were obtained using binary coordinates as input vectors (information of the questionnaire) and one single neuron the output (diagnosis). Sensitivity and specificity of artificial neural networks were respectively 0.93 and 0.91 for tension-type headache identification, 0.99 and 0.94 for migraine without aura, 1.0 and 0.98 for migraine with aura and 1.0 and 0.96 for medication-overuse headache. In this way, we conclude that artificial neural networks can be used as a tool to support the diagnosis of common forms of headache and can therefore cooperate for greater access to the health system.


One of the general purposes of Social Studies is to integrate individuals with the social life by providing accurate knowledge and skills about their environment and society. As well as the role of Social Studies in raising consciousness on EU relations, Social Studies teachers' views about EU membership and the sources of these views are important. By sharing their views, teachers can lead students to have similar views. In this study, it was aimed to identify pre-service Social Studies teachers' views about the EU, Turkey's EU membership process and the effects of this process on Turkey. In the research, descriptive scanning method was used. A hundred freshmen and 100 seniors, totally 200 students, studying at KTU Fatih Faculty of Education, Social Studies Teaching Department were randomly chosen for the study. A semi-structured interview form was used as a data collection tool. The analysis of the interviews was made according to the categories that emerged from the answers. The data, obtained from the research, indicated that most of the Social Studies pre-service teachers have inadequate information about Turkey's EU membership process. The most common information source is television and 60% of the pre-service teachers are not interested in this topic. Besides, it was found that most of the social studies pre-service teachers do not support Turkey's EU membership with the thought that EU will cause cultural erosion.

 Key words: Social Studies pre-service teacher, European Union, Turkey's EU membership.


Abstract : EG&G, Inc. has been selected to provide the Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standards ( RAFS) for the GPS Block IIR NAVSTAR satellites. These satellites will replenish and upgrade the space segment of the Global Positioning System in the mid 1990s. The EG&G GPS RAFS Rb clocks are the latest generation of the high-performance rubidium frequency standards described at this conference in 1981, 1983, 1985, and 1987. They offer an aging rate in the low pp10(14)/day range and a drift-corrected 1-day stability in the low pp10(14) range. The Block IIR version of these devices will have improved performances, higher reliability, smaller size, and greater radiation hardness. The GPS Block IIR atomic clocks have a "natural frequency" configuration whereby they output a frequency of about 13.4 MHz that is a submultiple of the atomic resonance of Rb (or Cs). The RAFS operates at a low, fixed C-field for increased stability. The unit has been repackaged into a smaller 4.6" x 8.5" x 5.8" outline, but is somewhat heavier (12 lbs.) because of additional radiation shielding. Elimination of the ground tuning logic and the secondary loop synthesizer (with its ovenized crystal oscillator) has reduced the RAFS complexity and improved its reliability to 0.80 for the 7.5-year mission. The RAFS power consumption is only 13 W at +20 deg. C in vacuum. This paper describes the GPS Block IIR RAFS design, including the changes and improvements made, and the test results obtained, since the last report at this conference in 1987.


Among many important advances in the management of transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and stroke are: the updated definition of TIA; risk stratification scores for TIA; the urgent diagnostic and treatment process for TIA; thrombectomy treatment for large vessel occlusive ischaemic stroke; cryptogenic stroke evaluation and treatment, including long-term monitoring for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; and strategies to improve outcomes for patients including mirror therapy for neglect and timing of mobilisation after stroke. Future research will focus on: antiplatelet strategies after TIA; selecting patients for treatment with recanalisation therapies in an extended time window; uncovering the cause of strokes previously defined as cryptogenic; and better defining the optimal timing and dose of mobilisation after stroke.


We present a number of contributions to bridging the gap between supervisory control theory and coordination of services in order to explore the frontiers between coordination and control systems. Firstly, we modify the classical synthesis algorithm from supervisory control theory for obtaining the so-called most permissive controller in order to synthesise orchestrations and choreographies of service contracts formalised as contract automata. The key ingredient to make this possible is a novel notion of controllability. Then, we present an abstract parametric synthesis algorithm and show that it generalises the classical synthesis as well as the orchestration and choreography syntheses. Finally, through the novel abstract synthesis, we show that the concrete syntheses are in a refinement order. A running example from the service domain illustrates our contributions.


Ornithomimids from the Upper Cretaceous Belly River Group are among the best known theropods from these deposits, but questions remain concerning the oldest definitive occurrence of these dinosaurs in Alberta, as well as the taxonomic diversity of the articulated material. A partial skeleton is described and removed from Struthiomimus altus as the holotype of a new taxon. At least three ornithomimid taxa were roughly contemporaneous in the lower Dinosaur Park Formation. A reevaluation of isolated elements rejects reports of this clade from the Santonian Milk River Formation. The oldest Albertan material definitively referable to Ornithomimidae is from the lower Oldman Formation, and it is proposed that derived ornithomimids migrated into Laramidia during the Campanian. Characters considered diagnostic of the Chinese taxon Qiupalong are reported in material from the Belly River Group, supporting a close relationship between Asian and Albertan ornithomimids, and possibly a more complex palaeobiogeographic history than previously hypothesized.


Hockey is one of the most popular sports for Canadian children and youth. While the health benefits of physical activity and sport participation are well recognized, there is increasing concern around the frequency and severity of hockey-related injuries, particularly concussion. Studies consistently identify bodychecking as the primary mechanism associated with youth hockey injuries, including concussion. Policy to delay bodychecking until bantam league play (when participants are 13 to 14 years of age) will reduce the risks of injury and concussion in young ice hockey players. Bodychecking should be eliminated from non-elite youth ice hockey. The age at which bodychecking is introduced in competitive hockey leagues must be reconsidered. Both initiatives require policy change in many provinces/territories, and must be re-evaluated prospectively in light of emerging research.


Tabla is a sophisticated, centuries-old percussion tradition from North India based on timbral sequences. We model these sequences in a predictive framework with variable-length Markov models (VLMMs). Using a database containing nearly 30,000 strokes in 35 compositions, we show that VLMMs have high predictive accuracy, with an average perplexity of 1.80, and median perplexity of 1.19, on a task with 42 distinct symbols. This basic framework is extended by the introduction of several new smoothing techniques that determine how to integrate predictions from the different order models. The model is then extended to include parallel representations of the sequence, a technique known as Multiple Viewpoint modeling. The work is then extended to the problem of recognizing strokes from audio. In this hidden context, the identity of the previous stroke is not revealed at each time step. A variable-length Hidden Markov model (VLHMM) is used to determine the next-symbol distribution that is used in computing the 2 perplexity. We detail how the forward probabilities can be efficiently computed for the VLHMM using by traversing a prediction suffix tree (PST) that is used to represent sequences. Using a VLHMM with a maximum order of 3, we obtain an average perplexity of 2.31, with a median of 1.16 on a 9 target task. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first use of variable-length Hidden Markov models for music modeling or prediction.


Abstract:This study of a Classical Attic votive relief found at Mondragone in northern Campania reaffirms the traditional interpretation of the deities depicted on it as members of the Eleusinian cult circle. Drawing on contemporary Eleusinian vase painting, the author argues that the relief depicts episodes from the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. The figure of Dionysos, leaning on the throne of Hades, indicates that this Attic relief was dedicated in a local or domestic sanctuary in Campania by Eleusinian initiates who may also have participated in the Dionysiac-Orphic Mysteries. Thus, the relief is a crucial piece of evidence for the diffusion of the Eleusinian cult abroad.


DataBase of Transcription Start Sites (DBTSS) is a database which contains precise positional information for transcription start sites (TSSs) of eukaryotic mRNAs. In this update, we included 330 million new tags generated by massively sequencing the 5′-end of oligo-cap selected cDNAs in humans and mice. The tags were collected from normal fetal or adult human tissues, including brain, thymus, liver, kidney and heart, from 6 human cell lines in 21 diverse growth conditions as well as from mouse NIH3T3 cell line: altogether 31 different cell types or culture conditions are represented. This unprecedented increase in depth of data now allows DBTSS to faithfully represent the dynamically changing landscape of TSSs in different cell types and conditions, during development and in the course of evolution. Differential usage of alternative 5′-ends across cell types and conditions can be viewed in a series of new interfaces. Promoter sequence information is now displayed in a comparative genomics viewer where evolutionary turnover of the TSSs can be evaluated. DBTSS can be accessed at http://dbtss.hgc.jp/.


This thesis discusses methodologies for the prediction of stable delamination development in fiber-reinforced composites in pure fracture modes using analytical and numerical methods. A new test method, named internal-notched-flexure (INF) test, has recently been proposed to quantify mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of fibre composites. Previous investigation has shown that unlike any of the existing test methods, the INF test generates unconditionally stable delamination growth. This thesis discusses a followup study that revises the analytical expressions for compliance (C) of INF specimen and its energy release rate for delamination (G). The main improvement in the current approach is to take into account load in the overhanging section of the specimen; while in the previous approach, the overhanging section was assumed to be load-free. Validation of the revised expressions is through comparison of the initial specimen stiffness with that from a finite element (FE) model of the INF specimen. The virtual INF specimen has cohesive elements in the interlaminar region to simulate the delamination growth, from which extent of damage in front of the crack tip can be quantified. Results from FE model suggest that an extensive damage exists at the crack tip before delamination growth commences. Therefore, the use of a physical crack length in the analytical expression for G may severely overestimate the interlaminar fracture toughness. Instead, an effective crack length should be used. Expression for G based on the effective crack length yields a value that is very close to the input critical energy release rate (Gc) for the cohesive elements. The study concludes that load in the overhanging section should be considered for deriving the analytical expressions for C and G of the INF specimen, and an effective crack length should be used to calculate the Gc value from the analytical expression. In addition to the above work, the study also touches on a finite element approach based on continuum solid elements with an elastic-plastic damage material property. The approach was proposed to simulate crack growth in the interlamianr region of FRP, but should also be applicable to other crack growth phenomena. In this approach, solid elements are used to simulate crack growth, based on criteria that are a combination of all stresses, in order to take into account the effect of in-plane normal stress on the damage initiation. The criterion for delamination propagation is defined based on critical strain energy. The approach was implemented in a finite element code and was applied to precracked composites to illustrate its feasibility to simulate the crack development.


We investigate the enhancement of spin polarization in a quantum wire in the presence of a constriction and a spin-orbit coupling segment. It is shown that the spin-filtering effect is significantly heightened in comparison with the configuration without the constriction. It is understood in the studies that the constriction structure plays a critical role in enhancing the spin filtering by means of confining the incident electrons to occupy one channel only while the outgoing electrons occupy two channels. The enhancement of spin filtering has also been analyzed within the perturbation theory. Because the spin polarization arises mainly from the scattering between the constriction and the segment with spin-orbit coupling, the subband mixing induced by spin-orbit interaction in the scattering process and the inferences result in higher spin-filtering effect.


This article considers the unwieldy state of UK environmental legislation in 2013, after 25 years of innovation, ad hoc reform and political change. It shows that an appraisal of UK environmental legislation requires consideration of much more than primary legislation emanating from Westminster – secondary legislation, devolved legislative instruments, policy documents and administrative norms all serve to constitute and inform the legislative picture. Through this wide analytical lens, the article considers various legal problems that characterise UK environmental legislation today, from its arguable undermining of the rule of law due to inaccessible complexity, to its occupying an awkward place in public law terms. A particular problem is the fragmentation of UK environmental legislation, and the article examines the case for integrating environmental legislation in a way that does not undermine the flexibility and institutional expertise that more particular and focused legislation allows. Overall, the article offers not only a method for analysing the current legislative landscape in UK environmental law and the legal problems to which it gives rise, but suggests routes for reform that might now be considered.


One may understand the significance of courtship and marriage practices in seventeenth and eighteenth-century America by examining the religious motivations drawn from Anglican and Puritan spirituality. Firsthand accounts, period literature, and scholarly works on early American culture work together to render images of religious experiences in Virginia and New England. The spiritual and material significance of marriage to an individual, that person's family, and the community made the attainment of marriage the fulfillment of duty. The need to preserve society, the skills acquired through education, the family context of courtship, and conduct of wedding ceremonies reflected the conviction that entering marriage was an act of Christian service.


Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are ligand-gated cation channels activated by extracellular protons. In periphery, they contribute to sensory transmission, including that of nociception and pain. Here we characterized ASIC-like currents in dorsal horn neurons of the rat spinal cord and their functional modulation in pathological conditions. Reverse transcriptase-nested PCR and Western blotting showed that three ASIC isoforms, ASIC1a, ASIC2a, and ASIC2b, are expressed at a high level in dorsal horn neurons. Electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of the proton-gated currents suggest that homomeric ASIC1a and/or heteromeric ASIC1a + 2b channels are responsible for the proton-induced currents in the majority of dorsal horn neurons. Acidification-induced action potentials in these neurons were compatible in a pH-dependent manner with the pH dependence of ASIC-like current. Furthermore, peripheral complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammation resulted in increased expression of both ASIC1a and ASIC2a in dorsal horn. These results support the idea that the ASICs of dorsal horn neurons participate in central sensory transmission/modulation under physiological conditions and may play important roles in inflammation-related persistent pain.


ABSTRACT Bulhoes, E.; Fernandez, G.; Oliveira Filho, S.R., Pereira, T.G., 2016. Coastal Impacts Induced by Storm Waves between Cape Frio and Cape Buzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In: Vila-Concejo, A.; Bruce, E.; Kennedy, D.M., and McCarroll, R.J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 1047 - 1051, Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The wave field in deep waters is notable for its variability and dictates the energy that will be directed towards the coast. Morphological impacts on coastal environments depend on the magnitude of the meteorological and oceanographic forcings and the beach capabilities of absorbing this energy. In the analysis between Cabo Frio and Cape Buzios, we considered the textural characteristics of the inner continental shelf from the analysis of 394 sediment samples, the volumetric variability of 438 surveys along 17 beach profiles and characteristics of 75 storms between 2003 and 2014. Results showed that sedimentation in the nearshore, through the mean grain size parameter, reflects the areas with higher or lower wave energy. The results also indicated the occurrence of a "storm waves season" between April and September, and this is the main element associated with erosion and volume variation of subaerial sand stock on beaches. A period with no occurrence of these storm waves (extended summer season) lead to the recovery of this subaereal sandy stock. The different segments of beaches show the greater or lesser magnitude of these effects, depending primarily on the orientation and exposure of each beach segment and also beach morphodynamics. Isolated storms with greater magnitude tend to promote severe erosion, especially if they occur at the beginning of this "season of storm waves".


Our understanding of Greek and Roman civilization is in considerable measure a product of the intelligence and literary skills of its historians. Writing at different times and from different vantage points, the surviving historians illustrate the influences to which the genre was subjected in the course of its development. After Herodotus had established history as an independent form of literature, Thucydides defined its purpose and set a high standard of scientific and literary skill. Xenophon introduced new and abiding characteristics and Polybius repudiated the influences of rhetoric and drama and introduced Hellenistic qualities and an new focus - Rome. Sallust, Caesar, Tacitus and Livy among others, commented on the affairs of the Roman Republic and Empire. This book provides a survey of the historians of the ancient Greek and Roman world, exporing their surviving work, style and influences.


This paper summarizes the structure, biological activities, signaling, and metabolic degradation of fungal beta-1,3-glucans. Fungal beta-glucans exist both soluble and particulate forms. Conformation of the soluble beta-glucan was classified into three groups: triple helix, single helix and random coil. Fungal beta-1,3-glucans exhibit a variety of biological and immuno-pharmacological activities, and the significance of these activities is dependent on the structure, such as solubility in water, molecular weight, degree of branching, and conformation. Many of the activities, such as nitrogen oxide synthesis of macrophage and limulus factor G activation, were dependent on the conformation, but some of the others were independent, such as interferon-gamma and colony stimulating factor syntheses. These activities are beneficial and pharmacologically useful, while some strongly related to allergic and inflammatory adverse reactions. It should be noted that the beta-glucans, once administered into the body, remain mainly in the liver and spleen for a very long period of time. The activity, at least in part, is maintained during these periods. The biochemical mechanisms of the beta-glucan, especially in soluble form, mediating biological activity was still not clearly demonstrated.


For decades sequential sampling models have successfully accounted for human and monkey decision-making, relying on the standard assumption that decision makers maintain a pre-set decision standard throughout the decision process. Based on the theoretical argument of reward rate maximization, some authors have recently suggested that decision makers become increasingly impatient as time passes and therefore lower their decision standard. Indeed, a number of studies show that computational models with an impatience component provide a good fit to human and monkey decision behavior. However, many of these studies lack quantitative model comparisons and systematic manipulations of rewards. Moreover, the often-cited evidence from single-cell recordings is not unequivocal and complimentary data from human sub-jects is largely missing. We conclude that, despite some enthusiastic calls for the abandonment of the standard model, the idea of an impatience component has yet to be fully established; we suggest a number of recently developed tools that will help bring the debate to a conclusive settlement.


This article contributes with a unique quantitative study of newspaper executives' perceptions on the interest and collaboration contained within digital media innovation among staff in the editorial, business and IT departments. Two research questions are explored: (1) Do newspaper executives perceive that there is diverging interest in digital media innovation across the editorial, business and IT departments of their organization? (2) Amid digital media innovation, and also in relation to the interest in such activities among departments, do newspaper executives' perceive that the collaboration between members of editorial, business and IT departments has increased? The empirical analysis draws upon two surveys of Norwegian newspaper executives conducted in April 2011 and April 2013. Results show that the various explorations of digital media are not perceived to have fostered increased collaboration between the actors in the three departments. However, there was a significant relationship related to the size of newspapers measured by circulation: larger newspapers had higher scores on intra-organizational collaboration. Media workers involved in production (editorial staff of the newsroom) and sales (business department) are perceived to be significantly less interested in digital innovation work compared to their colleagues in the IT department. Multivariate analysis revealed the technologists perceived interest in change to be a key predictor for perceived change in intra-organizational collaboration. This indicates the important role of the IT department, in relation to the newsroom and the business department, for innovation relating to the production and distribution of news.


This paper describes the concepts, implementation and context of Tectonic: Rodinia, for four realtime composerconductors and ensemble. In this work, an addition to the repertoire of the Decibel Scoreplayer, iPads are networked together using the bonjour protocol to manage connectivity over the network. Unlike previous Scoreplayer works, Rodinia combines "conductor view" control interfaces, "performer view" notation interfaces and an "audience view" overview interface, separately identified by manual connection and yet mutually interactive. Notation is communicated to an ensemble via scores independently generated in realtime in each "performer view" and amalgamated schematically in the "audience view" interface. Interaction in the work is enacted through a collision avoidant algorithm that modifies the choices of each conductor by deflecting the streams of notation according to evaluation of their "Mass" and proximity to other streams, reflecting the concept of shifting Tectonic plates that crush and reform each other's placement.


This paper focuses on developing a mechanistic understanding of the process of multiple nucleation bursts leading to the formation of multiple generations (or populations) with different size distributions, of γ' precipitates during the continuous cooling of a commercially used nickel base superalloy. This mechanistic understanding has been developed based on a number of critical experimental results; direct observation of the multiple nucleation bursts during in situ x-ray diffraction studies in the synchrotron, characterization of the size distributions associated with the different populations of γ' precipitates by coupling multiple imaging techniques at the appropriate length scale, and detailed compositional analysis of the γ'precipitates as well as the γ matrix using atom probe tomography. These analyses reveal that while local compositional equilibrium appears to have been achieved near the γ'/γ interface for the first-generation of precipitates, a non-equilibrium long range diffusion profile in the γ matrix is retained during the process of continuous cooling which is largely responsible for the subsequent nucleation bursts at larger undercooling (or lower temperatures) leading to the second and third generations of precipitates. Additionally, since these subsequent generations of precipitates are formed at larger undercoolings, they are highly refined, exhibit far-from equilibrium compositions, and also have very diffuse γ'/γ interfaces, indicating a nonclassical precipitation mechanism associated with their formation. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited


Polygynous red imported fire ant populations have the potential for greater economic and environmental damage than the monogyne form because polygyne mound and population densities are two to three times greater than monogyne mound and population densities (Lofgren & Williams 1984; Vinson & Sorensen 1986; Porter 1992; Macom & Porter 1996). In addition to polygyne mound diameters being slightly smaller than monogyne mounds (Porter 1992), polygynous workers are smaller, lighter in color, and less aggressive toward neighboring mounds. Polygyne queens lay fewer eggs, weigh less than monogyne queens (Greenberg et al. 1985), and produce fewer reproductives (Vinson & Sorensen 1986). Polygynous colonies reproduce both via mating flights and budding but reproduce primarily by budding (Vargo & Porter 1989). Polygynous colonies, due to their abundance and competitive pressure, have a greater capacity to eliminate arthropods, including native ant species (Porter & Savignano 1990), plants, and vertebrates (Porter et al. 1991). The purpose of this study is to document the overall presence of polygynous colonies of S. invicta in the state of South Carolina. This information may be used to improve the effectiveness of red imported fire ant management because polygyny may affect the type and duration of control needed and pesticide application rates (Porter et al. 1991). Seven counties across five edaphic regions of South Carolina (Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Southeastern Plains, Middle Atlantic Coastal Plains and Southern Coastal Plains) were evaluated during the fall of 1999 and spring of 2000 for the likelihood of possessing polygynous red imported fire ant colonies. S. invicta queens were collected from roadsides and pastures in five South Carolina counties (Pickens, Anderson, Aiken, Richland, and Beaufort) using high mound densities (200+ mounds/ha) as an indicator of polygyny. Horry and Colleton counties were also surveyed but mound densities were too low to suspect polygynous colonies were established there. Two to six colonies were sampled from each site suspected of polygyny. Queens were collected from the surface of overturned mounds or by excavating colonies. Excavated colonies were placed into 18.9-L buckets with a 7.6-cm Fluon® band at the top. The drip-flotation method was used to remove queens from the soil (Banks et al. 1981). All red imported fire ant queens were stored in 70% alcohol until they were dissected to confirm that each queen had mated and established within the colony. Dissection was completed using the technique of Glancey et al. (1973) to identify the presence of both an enlarged sperm-filled spermatheca and degenerated wing muscles. In colonies with multiple dealates, up to five randomly selected queens were dissected. This study shows polygynous red imported fire ants are present in South Carolina (Fig. 1). Beaufort was the only county sampled that did not have multiple inseminated queens. Out of the remaining fifteen colonies sampled from four counties, thirteen colonies from a total of four counties (Pickens, Anderson, Aiken and Richland) had multiple inseminated queens with degenerated


An automatic magnetic test system is presented that can measure hysteresis loops of Manganese-Zinc (MnZn) power ferrites up to their Curie temperatures, in the 10 kHz-1 MHz frequency range. Low-cost test fixtures are constructed that can withstand elevated temperatures as high as 250 /spl deg/C. The experimental procedures for the automated acquisition of dynamic hysteresis loops with constant and with variable peak flux density are presented. The usefulness of the test system is demonstrated by the experimental results from three commercial MnZn power ferrites.


Sir .—It is gratifying to see that the almost forgotten "virtues of emergency bone marrow infusions" 1 have been brought to the attention of younger physicians who may not know of a way to administer drugs and fluids if intravenous access is unavailable. 2 Since bone marrow instruments have not been stocked in large numbers of emergency rooms and pediatric wards during the past several decades, it is important for physicians to learn the technique of bone marrow infusion even when trephine instruments are not available. However, methods that do not rely on removal of particles of bone by the trephine technique may permit entry of cortical fragments into general circulation, producing pulmonary emboli. 3 If the sternal route is used in older children, an improper instrument or technique can perforate the heart, while the "safety features embodied in this [trephine] type of instrument obviate preventable deaths due to sternal


This paper presents an iterative maximum likelihood framework for motion segmentation. Our representation of the segmentation problem is based on a similarity matrix for the motion vectors for pairs of pixel blocks. By applying eigendecomposition to the similarity matrix, we develop a maximum likelihood method for grouping the pixel blocks into objects which share a common motion vector. We experiment with the resulting clustering method on a number of real-world motion sequences. Here ground truth data indicates that the method can result in motion classification errors as low as 3%.


In its second edition this book describes the concept or construct of institutional neurosis. The list of references is sizeable, but there is little detailed work showing how the construct is derived from the various works referred to. The effect of this is to produce a sort of "¿ identikit― picture of a bad mental hospital, derived from the bad features of many. The proposals for cure therefore have a certain air of being prescribed for an Aunt Sally. This is a pity, as many of the proposals are excellent, and there can be few hospitals which could not get ideas for useful improvements from this book. Some readers may not take kindly to the presentation of these ideas in a form reminiscent of the Manual of Infantrj Training. This may be useful in tackling the emergency present ed by a really bad hospital, but at a later stage has the disadvantage that the staff are habituated to doing the right thing by numbers rather than by thinking things out together. It is perhaps because of this manner of presentation that the section on changing staffattitudes is not very satisfactory. There is implicit condemnation of the tendency of the staff to seek status and prestige, but little discussion of the reasons why they seek it and how this situation can be resolved. In short, this book contains much excellent material, set out in a form useful to those who need tomake a quickimpacton a bad hospital. Itdoesnot, however,offermuch to thosewho may wish toen quire more deeply and apply more radical methods. Incidentally, an edition published in 1966 should not containa reference (p.56)tovisits by members ofthe Board of Control. A. B. Mo@o.


One of the most powerful political concepts in Europe, including Latvia, is the welfare state. Whether or not the Latvian language environment reveals hopes and expectations regarding the notion may be determined through a close study of the parliamentary discourse of the past five years, as well as the language user opinions regarding state. The goal of the research is to analyse the topical usage of the notion state and its connotations. As data collection tools, the study used language corpora which display the most frequent collocations and the related semantic fields of a given word. The data analysis was carried out via critical discourse analysis focusing on the dominant characteristics in the language use. The analysis found contradictory usage of the word state. Within the speeches of the members of the parliament, deviations from the definition of the state and new connotations attached to the notion were observed, implying a collective responsibility of the state instead of individual. Both language users and members of the parliament await a strict governmental management and wish to view it as an authority. The desire of a wealth-providing, generous state could signify a hope for a welfare state, albeit peculiarly interpreted.


Large Eddy Simulations of Jet Flow Interactions Within Rod Bundles. (May 2010) Nathaniel O. Salpeter, B.S., University of Florida Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Yassin A. Hassan The present work investigates the turbulent jet flow mixing of downward impinging jets within a staggered rod bundle based on previous experimental work. The two inlet jets had Reynold's numbers of 11,160 and 6,250 and were chosen to coincide with the available data. Steady state simulations were initially carried out on a semi-structured polyhedral mesh of roughly 13.2 million cells following a sensitivity study over six different discretized meshes. Very large eddy simulations were carried out over the most refined mesh and continuous 1D wavelet transforms were used to analyze the dominant instabilities and how they propagate through the system in an effort to provide some insight into potential problems relating to structural vibrations due to turbulent instabilities. The presence of strong standing horseshoe vorticies near the base of each cylinder adjacent to an inlet jet was noted and is of potential importance in the abrasion wear of the graphite support columns of the VHTR if sufficient wear particles are present in the gas flow.


Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO) have a wide range of applications, including high-density magnetic storage, catalytic and separation processes, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in vivo imaging of tumor progression. One advantage is that they are sufficiently inert to be injected to the human body without significant counter effects. For these reasons, SPIO are utilized as carriers to target tumor tissues with the aim to visualize the extension of the malignant affection and to cure it. A mimetic coating is needed to overcome the immune system and ensure a sufficient long life to allow SPIO to reach the tumor tissue. In addition, gold nanoparticles were functionalized and coated with the same mimetic film. Differently from iron oxide NPs, those based on gold may be utilized to perform Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) to obtain spatial and chemical information. In this work, we present preliminary results on iron oxide and gold-based NPs synthesized in our laboratories. A full characterization was performed by means of XPS to study both the chemical composition of the SPIO nanoparticles, of their mimetic coatings, and to get structural information.


A 100 m 3 h −1 pilot plant was built at West Bari (southern Italy) Wastewater Treatment Plant and operated from 1996 to 1998 to compare bacteria inactivation, parasite removal, disinfection by-products formation and cost effectiveness of advanced disinfection methods such as UV rays, peracetic acid and ozone, alone or in proper combination, on differently treated municipal effluents. This paper reports the bacteria inactivation effectiveness of UV disinfection of secondary (II), secondary-clarified (CL) or secondary-clarified-filtered (F) effluent for meeting the Italian microbial standard for unrestricted reuse of municipal wastewater in agriculture (2 CFU 100 ml-1 of total coliforms). Such a 5 log inactivation target was effectively met with F and CL effluents at a dose of 100 and 160 mWs cm −2 respectively, while it was only almost approached with effluent II at 430 mWs cm −2 dose. Significant removal of disinfection-resistant bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as full compliance with local agronomic regulation also was achieved for both CL and F disinfected effluents.


We Can End All Violence Against Women ('We Can') in South Asia is an extraordinary, viral campaign targetting violence against women, reaching millions of men and women across six countries and subsequently spreading to other countries in Africa, Europe and the Americas. What's different about 'We Can' (apart from its scale) is that it is not primarily concerned with changing policies, laws, constitutions or lobbying the authorities. Instead, it aims to go to scale, by changing attitudes and beliefs about gender roles at community level. The campaign also seeks to involve men as well as women, with remarkable success, and its origins lie in a South–South exchange with the 'We Can' methodology being developed from VAW community programmes in Uganda. This case study evaluates the 'We Can' campaign in order to explore how change happens and inform future programme design and ways of working. This publication forms part of a series of Active Citizenship Case Studies .


In the United Kingdom, many banks access payment systems via relationships with other banks. This introduces risks to financial stability which can be reduced by increasing direct participation. The Bank has worked with the payments industry to increase direct participation in CHAPS, as part of its broader work to reduce systemic risk in the United Kingdom. As a consequence, by 2015 a number of banks that are systemically important to the CHAPS system will become direct participants. This is a structural change which will significantly reduce interbank exposures, and hence will enhance UK financial stability.


We study primary ideals of the ring $mathcal{R}L$ of real-valued continuous functions on a completely regular frame $L$. We observe that prime ideals and primary ideals coincide in a $P$-frame. It is shown that every primary ideal in $mathcal{R}L$ is contained in a unique maximal ideal, and an ideal $Q$ in $mathcal{R}L$ is primary if and only if $Q capmathcal{R}^*L$ is a primary ideal in $mathcal{R}^*L$. We show that every pseudo-prime (primary) ideal in $mathcal{R}L$ is either an essential ideal or a maximal ideal which is at the same time a minimal prime ideal. Finally, we prove that if $L$ is a connected frame, then the zero ideal in $mathcal{R}L$ is decomposable if and only if $L={bf2}$.


As a record number of Americans join managed-care plans, the industry is showing signs of another round of consolidation. Enrollment in HMOs climbed 5% last year to 36.5 million, but the number of prepaid plans has dropped significantly since 1988. Experts forecast the continued expansion of managed healthcare, but they also expect continued shrinkage in the number of plans as healthier HMOs grow through acquisition of smaller, struggling competitors.


The authors report on the quantitative analysis phase in the development of the Healthcare Needs Scales for Patients with HIV/AIDS (Berk, Poe, & Bagis-Smith, 1992). The scales were administered to a cross-sectional sample of 386 patients from hospital, outpatient HIV clinic, homecare, and long-term care settings. The authors collected construct validity evidence based on a factor analysis and comprehensive item, subscale, and scale analyses, concurrent validity evidence of primary caretakers serving as proxies for hospital patients, and internal consistency reliability evidence. The results produced an instrument for diagnosing the psychosocial and physiological needs of the target population.


Gestation is a term which physiological, psychological and social changes are experienced in life and it is necessary to adapt to these changes. However, in every pregnancy, risky situations may occur which may have negative consequences for fetus and mother. Among these risky cases, in the first trimester are spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease, hyperemesis gravidarum. There were no studies on ectopic pregnancy and gestational trophoblastic disease when the literature was searched. It has been observed that most of your work was about nausea and vomiting seen in this period. However, it is observed that the results of these studies do not contain conclusive evidence. Bed rest, Chinese herbal medicines, acupuncture have been used in the prevention of miscarriages. In hyperemesis gravidarum, it has been observed that many complementary medical methods such as ginger, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, lemon oil inhalation, mint oil, chamomile, moxibustion, tactile massage, hypnosis, acupuncture, acupressure and social support are used. Many complementary methods are similar to nursing in that they centre on the concept of holism. Therefore, information on complementary therapies and their ares of use should be included in nursing curriculums, nurses should be updated on these therapies through in-service trainings. Keyword : Complementary Medicine, First Trimester, Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Nursing. DOI : 10.7176/JSTR/5-4-23


Earnings are a fundamental item on the financial statement which also serves as a yardstick for investors and other stakeholders in making an informed decision. It is very important for close attention to be paid to it as regards its management. Hence, the study examined the relationship corporate governance attributes have on earnings management using earnings persistence as a proxy for measuring earning management. The corporate governance attributes are in accordance with CBN code of governances which include ownership structure, audit committee independence and board size. This study made use of Eviews 2017 software to compute the data obtained from the annual reports and financial statement using 44 firms as the sample size of the study. The sample size, however, was derived using random sampling technique across the eleven (11) sectors listed on Nigerian Stock Exchange Market. Based on the findings, corporate governance attributes influences the level of earnings management practised in Nigeria.


Abnormal interaction between low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) and their ligands, apolipoprotein E and B, causes decreased catabolism of lipoproteins which carry these apolipoproteins (VLDL, IDL and/or LDL) and thereby increased plasma concentrations of these. In familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), abnormal interaction is due to mutations in the LDLR gene, and in type III hyperlipidemia due to mutations in the apo E gene. A few mutations in the apolipoprotein B (apo B) gene have been described, of which the apo B-3,500Arg-Gln seems by far the most frequent, that causes defective binding to normal LDLR. The metabolic disorder associated with these mutations has been named familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB). The frequency of the apo B-3,500Arg-Gln mutation is particularly high in Central Europe (Switzerland) with lower frequencies south of the Alpes, in Russia and in Scandinavia. We found an incidence of 1/1250 of the mutation in Denmark (III), employing a DNA based assay optimized to allow detection of the mutation in very small amounts of DNA (I). Since other mutations in the receptor binding domain of the apo B-100 have been described, we developed another DNA based assay, employing DGGE technique, to screen for other mutations in the region of amino acid 3,456 to 3,553 (II). However, no other mutations but the apo B-3,500Arg-Gln have so far been detected in Danish hypercholesterolemic patients. In a study of 5 Danish families with FDB (46 heterozygous FDB patients and 57 unaffected relatives) we found that FDB patients had significantly increased mean cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations, but with a wide range of variation and with approximately 30% having cholesterol concentrations below the 95th percentile for the general population (IV). This was confirmed in a compilation of data on 205 FDB patients from the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark (V). In this study we also compared the biochemical and clinical features of FDB with those of 101 Danish FH patients in whome FDB had been ruled out. Our data support, that the LDL cholesterol elevation is less pronounced in FDB than in FH and that the age-specific prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is lower in FDB than in FH. In the compiled study of 205 FDB heterozygotes (V), we found that age, gender and genetic variation in the LDLR gene explained a considerable part of the between-individual variation in total and LDL cholesterol. We conducted a prospective study of the lipid lowering effect of pravastatin and gemfibrozil in 30 Danish FDB patients (VI). Together with other, retrospective, studies, we conclude that the cholesterol lowering effect of HMG-coA-reductase inhibitors, anion binding resins and nicotinic acid is fully comparable to that observed when treating FH patients and type IIa hypercholesterolemic patients, without clinical signs of FH.


UNLABELLED
Expression patterns of proteins involved in serine and glycine metabolism, and correlations of these patterns with clinicopathologic factors in phyllodes tumor were investigated. Tissue microarrays were prepared from 203 phyllodes tumors (PT) and stained with antibodies specific for glycine decarboxylase (GLDC), phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1), phosphoserine phosphatase (PSPH), phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), and serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHMT1). These immunohistochemical results and clinicopathologic parameters were analyzed for correlation. Numbers of benign, borderline, and malignant tumors were 155, 32, and 16, respectively. Stromal expression of PHGDH, PSAT1, PSPH, SHMT1, and GLDC increased with increasing tumor grade, and epithelial expression of SHMT1 also increased with increasing tumor grade (p<0.001, and p=0.005, respectively). On univariate analysis, positive stainings for stromal PHGDH (p<0.001), stromal PSAT1 (p<0.001), stromal PSPH (p=0.003), epithelial SHMT1 (p=0.001), stromal SHMT1 (p=0.022), and stromal GLDC (p<0.001) were each associated with shorter disease-free survival. Stromal GLDC was associated with shorter overall survival (p<0.001). In conclusion, expression of proteins related to serine and glycine metabolism increased with increasing histologic grade in stromal components of phyllodes tumor.

KEYWORDS
glycine, tumor grade, metabolism, phyllodes tumor, serine.


Even when a breast cancer patient has only minimal lymph node involvement, additional therapy is needed. If women are not treated with adjuvant systemic therapy like chemotherapy and/or hormonal therapy, disease-free survival is reduced by 10% at 5-year follow-up. These are the main results from the MIRROR study, a Dutch cohort study in which all hospitals from The Netherlands have participated. The results were recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine (de Boer, 2009). The study was supported by a grant from the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (945-06-509).


Ricksep is a freely-available interactive viewer for multi-dimensional cubes, capable of simultaneous display of multiple data sets from different viewing angles, animation of movement through the data space, and selection of local regions for data processing and information extraction. Several new features are added to Ricksep to enhance the program's functionality. First, two new data-fusion algorithms synthesize a new data set from two source data sets, one with mostly high-frequency content, such as seismic data, and the other with mostly low-frequency content, such as velocity data. Previously separated high and low-frequency details can now be viewed together. Second, a new projection algorithm, integrated with Ricksep's point-picking capabilities, effectively displays arbitrary paths through the data space. The algorithm responds to path changes in real time, restores depth information lost through ordinary projection techniques, and supports the generation of multiple paths differentiated by point-picking symbols. Third, a viewing history list is maintained to enable Ricksep's users to edit and save a sequence of viewing states. The feature supports undoing and redoing of viewing commands and animation of viewing sequences, a generalization of the viewer's movie feature. A theoretical discussion and several examples using real seismic data show how the new features offer more convenient, accurate ways to manipulate multi-dimensional data sets.


The Connex: A New User-Interface Design for the Contacts of an Apple iPhone by Chelsea Lessnick Many social media websites including MySpace, AniRoleplay, and Tumblr give users the opportunity to express their personality by customizing the profile. The contact list of an Apple iPhone currently does not allow users to customize features. This project created a new user-interface design for the contact list of an Apple iPhone which draws inspiration from the Pokédex used in the popular Pokémon franchise. By rebranding this fictional device so the core functionality translates into the real world in a practical and original way, users can bring their personality and creative expression to other devices outside the internet. Many key components found within the different iterations of the Pokédex were investigated such as the layout style, color scheme, features, and prominent design elements. Understanding the successes and failures of basic informational features of each Pokédex design iteration was critical to the development of this project and served as the foundation of the Connex application. Taking the design characteristics and functional features of the Pokédex and merging them with the functional features of the Apple iPhone, users were given a new level of freedom, control, and flexibility never yet experienced on a mobile platform. Each user has the ability to change the layout, color scheme, typography, and elemental type classifications which can result in the possibility of no two Connex applications appearing identical. The final iteration of the Connex application meets three core elements. First, it contains a visually friendly user-interface due to the design choices of the developer. Second, it is user friendly due to the attention to detail which was incorporated into the user-interface. Third, it contains the ability for users to customize its features and incorporate their own personality.


Since the 1960s, Australian diets have changed considerably, influenced by a burgeoning multicultural cuisine, increase in urbanisation and food technology advances. This has been described as a 'nutrition transition', resulting in the adoption of a Western diet pattern, with a shift away from unrefined foods towards a diet higher in both plant-derived high PUFA and total fats and refined carbohydrates. Utilising the 1961–2009 annual food supply data from the UN FAO, the present study investigated changes in the intake of macronutrient and specific fatty acid in the Australian population, including that of the PUFA linoleic acid (LA), due to its hypothesised role in inflammation and risk for obesity. Cumulative change over time for the contribution of specific nutrients to total available energy (TAE) was calculated, as was linearity of change. Over the time period analysed, the cumulative change in TAE from carbohydrate was − 9·35 and +16·67 % from lipid. The cumulative change in TAE from LA was +120·48 %. Moreover, the cumulative change in the contribution of LA to total PUFA availability was +7·1 %. Utilising the average g/d per capita of LA from selected dietary sources, the change in the contribution of specific foodstuffs was assessed, with total plant oils having a cumulative change of +627·19 % to LA availability, equating to a cumulative change of +195·61 % in contribution to total LA availability. The results of the present study indicate that LA availability in Australia has increased over the previous five decades as a result of the availability of increased plant oils, as has total fat, possibly contributing to the increasing rates of obesity and obesity-associated co-morbidities.


Eric Hewitt was a plant physiologist, distinguished internationally for his research on the detection of deficiencies in trace elements in the mineral nutrition of plants and for elucidating the biochemical roles of some of these elements, particularly in the reduction of nitrate and nitrite ions. The research of his laboratory at Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol, was based on the meticulous applications of basic inorganic chemistry to techniques for sand–and–solution culture of experimental plants. Typically, trace elements are required by plants in concentrations of a few parts per million in the substrate in which they are grown. Consequently, to detect and measure effects of such nutrient elements on the growth of experimental plants, it is necessary to remove traces of these elements from the sand medium and from the plant nutrient solutions. His methods achieved astonishingly low levels of contaminating trace elements in plant growth media (Russell 1966, pp. 361–371). The element under study is then added to the test plant cultures at low concentration, and the growth and composition in test and control plants are compared. Hewitt's initial contribution was to devise techniques that could achieve such objectives. These techniques have been applied to solve problems of plant nutrition in agriculture and horticulture in many countries and they were the foundation on which his achievements in plant biochemistry were built.


BACKGROUND
In 2009, Flinders University established an urban, community-based, longitudinal integrated program providing medical students extended placements that offered continuities of patient care, clinical supervision and peer group.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this research was to analyse academic outcomes of the new placement program.

METHODS
The results of all students undertaking Year 3 exams from 2011 to 2014 were collected and analysed. The Years 1 and 2 exam results for students in the new program were also analysed.

RESULTS
Students in the new placement program achieved significantly higher grades than those who undertook the traditional rotations program, with aver-age scores of 69.05, compared with 66.45 (P = 0.03). Analysis of average class ranking for students who undertook the new program showed a statistically significant improvement from 59th in class to 48th in class (P = 0.03).

DISCUSSION
This evaluation shows that an urban, community-based, longitudinal integrated clerkship centred in general practice provides at least academically equivalent outcomes to traditional rotations-based programs.


Two patients with persistent obstructive jaundice secondary to chronic pancreatitis and one patient with this picture secondary to a periduodenal fibrosis are reported. The infrequent occurrence of obstructive jaundice in such inflammatory processes is noted and it is suggested that the presence of a circular muscle coat in the common bile duct protects it from inflammatory narrowing. The need for preoperative anatomic evaluation by radiographic techniques is discussed along with methods of therapy.


A study of the properties of N-hydrocinnamoyl- derivatives of 5,5-dimethyloxazolidin-2-one, 4,4-dimethyloxazolidin-2-one and oxazolidin-2-one upon hydride reduction with DIBAL-H demonstrates that the 5,5-dimethyl-group is essential for inhibition of endocyclic nucleophilic attack. For instance, treatment of N-hydrocinnamoyl-5,5-dimethyloxazolidin-2-one with DIBAL-H results in the selective formation of the stable N-1'-hydroxyalkyl derivative which may be regarded as a masked hydrocinnamaldehyde equivalent, as treatment under basic conditions affords the parent aldehyde in excellent yield. Treatment of N-hydrocinnamoyl-4,4-dimethyloxazolidin-2-one with DIBAL-H under identical conditions affords a complex mixture of products, including the formate ester product of endocyclic cleavage. As an alternate strategy, DIBAL-H reduction of straight chain and branched N-acyl-5,5-dimethyloxazolidin-2-one derivatives, followed by a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction affords alpha,beta-unsaturated esters in good yields. Branching alpha- to the exocyclic carbonyl in N-acyl-oxazolidinones inhibits DIBAL-H reduction, but this can be overcome by precomplexation with ZnCl2, with subsequent fragmentation generating either the corresponding aldehyde or alpha,beta-unsaturated esters. The addition of ZnCl2 has been shown to increase the diastereoselectivity observed in Wadsworth-Horner-Emmons reactions of lithiated phosphonates.


This article is a history of postwar discourse on an unequal world. This discourse was profoundly shaped by new influences: quantitative data and an expanding inequality research infrastructure, the "birth of development," decolonization, human rights, the global Cold War, and theories of the world as one integrated global system. Examining academic journal articles written in English, this article traces the emergence of global inequality in the aftermath of the World Food Crisis of 1972–1975. Originally, global inequality was as much about power as about income differentials, mainly referring to multiple inequalities between the so-called Third World and the First. However, even as the late 1960s and the 1970s saw an increased politicization of the discourse on an unequal world, global inequality did not become a key concept in the 1970s.