Taxonomically, the Mollusca of the southern end of South America are moderately well known, but the literature is scattered, there is little information on their habitats, and distributional records are scarce for the Chilean archipelago lying between Chiloé Island (42° S) and Tierra del Fuego (55° S). Although much is known about the biology and ecology of of some species of Nacellidae, the taxonomy of the group have been partially neglected, particularly in remote areas of the world such as the Chilean fjords. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the nomenclatural status, and establish the morphological characteristics and distribution of the Chilean Nacellidae. Especially, the following three objectives are pursued: (i) to clarify the correct identity of existing species; (ii) to describe of morphological details, highlighting the clear diagnostic characters of each species, and (iii) to delimitate and discuss their geographical range in Chile. The examination of the Nacellidae of the Chilean fiords has resulted in the recognition of one species of Nacella (Nacella) and seven species of Nacella (Patinigera), wherein the principal specific differences are in the shell (shape, thickness and color) and in radular teeth morphology. The genus Nacella and its subgenus Patinigera are cold-water limpets, and are exclusively inhabitants of Subantarctic and Antarctic waters. The greater part of their range being subantarctic, but extending to the Antarctic by way of the Scotia Arc, and also ranging northward up the Chilean coast to at least Valparaiso at 33° S (only N. (P.) clypeater). They apparently have their centre of distribution in the Magellanic Province of southern South America, corresponding to an area with a high degree of diversification (N. (N.) mytilina, N. (P.) chiloensis, N. (P.) deaurata, N. (P.) delicatissima, N. (P.) flammea, N. (P.) magellanica, N. (P.) venosa), wherefrom the species tends to spread eastward, with a larval transport probably assisted to a considerable extent by the prevailing West Wind Drift which strongly operates in the Subantarctic Zone.


Aim: The aim of our study was to compare clinical outcomes and examined the effect of simple decompression without additional fusion in patients with preoperative degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) versus patients without preoperative degenerative spondylolisthesis (non-DS) on one or two adjacent levels. Methods: For this retrospective analysis we did use data from the Lumbar Stenosis Outcome Study (LSOS). The LSOS is conducted as a prospective cohort study at eight medical centers in Switzerland. The main outcomes of this study were change in SSM symptoms, SSM function, and EQ-5D-EL sum score over time. These outcomes were measured at baseline, six, and 12-month follow-up. To obtain an unbiased effect of DS versus non-DS we chose matching techniques relying on propensity scores. Results: For this study, 853 potentially eligible patients agreed to participate between December 2010 and December 2015. Of these, 350 patients underwent decompression alone surgery within the first six months after baseline. Out of these, 133 patients met the inclusion criteria, with accompanying DS (n = 32) or without DS (n = 101). The estimated effects of DS versus non-DS for change in SSM symptoms from baseline to 6 and 12 months were 0.08 (95% CI −0.34 to 0.49) and 0.16 (−0.23 to 0.55), respectively. For change in SSM function, the estimated effects were −0.01 (−0.39 to 0.37), and 0.08 (−0.33 to 0.50). Changes in between group difference of EQ-5D-EL sum score were estimated to be −7.19 (−15.24 to 0.86) and −4.88 (−13.29 to 3.54) from baseline to 6 and 12 months. None of the group differences between the non-DS and the DS group were statistically significant. All matched patients improved over time in all secondary outcomes. Conclusion: Among the patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis our study demonstrates that in the two groups, degenerative spondylolisthesis and non-degenerative spondylolisthesis, patients distinctively take advantage of simple decompression without fusion. Our results indicate that the presents of a preoperative degenerative spondylolisthesis does not worsen outcome in comparison to non-olisthesis cases when treated by simple decompression. Conversely, our results could indicate that adding fusion in preoperative olisthesis cases might only be reserved for certain patients.


Corporate purpose and business sustainability appear to be intrinsically related ideas, and yet there is little research on the nature of this relationship. The chapter begins with a discussion of purpose and two parallel treatments of the topic. The "corporate purpose" treatment, rooted in early 20th century institutionalism, views purpose as a (or, possibly, the) primary differentiator of firms over markets. The "purpose of the corporation" treatment, rooted in a near century-long debate in law and finance on the role of corporations in society, considers purpose as the appropriate objective for corporations. At the confluence of these two treatments lies important implications for the firm: how purpose is determined, how it influences behavior at both the organizational and employee level, and the associated role of leadership. The chapter then considers how these implications intersect with business sustainability. I suggest mechanisms by which purpose and sustainability might be mutually reinforcing, and the conditions under which this might occur. Each of the sections of this chapter concludes with topics for future research.


Abstract Nitrogen and carbon dynamics in paddy and upland soils for rice cultivation and in upland soil for corn cultivation was investigated by using 13C and 15N dual-labeled cattle manure compost (CMC). In a soil with low fertility, paddy and upland rice took up carbon and nitrogen from the CMC at rates ranging from 0.685 to 1.051% of C and 17.6–34.6% of N applied. The 13C concentration was much higher in the roots than in the plant top, whereas the 15N concentration differed slightly between them, indicating that organic carbon taken up preferentially accumulated in roots. The 13C recovery in the plant top tended to be higher in upland soil than in paddy soil, whereas 15N applied was recovered at the same level in both paddy and upland soils. In the experiment with organic farming soil, paddy rice took up C and N from the CMC along with plant growth and the final recovery rates of 13C and 15N were 2.16 and 17.2% of C and N applied. In the corn experiment, a very large amount of carbon from the CMC was absorbed, accounting for at least 7 times value for rice. The final uptake rates of 13C and 15N reached about 13 and 10% of C and N applied, respectively. Carbon emission from the CMC sharply increased by 2 weeks after transplanting and the nitrogen emission was very low. It is concluded that rice and corn can take up an appreciable level of carbon and nitrogen from the CMC through roots.


Virtual music festivals, online adaptions of in-person music festivals, have increased in popularity since the COVID-19 pandemic began due to social gathering restrictions cancelling in-person music festivals at this time. These events have received little attention in the literature which focuses on alcohol and/or drug (AOD) use, and it is largely unknown how AOD consumption presents in this context. The new heights of popularity and immersivity these events experienced during the pandemic means they may be a new context for AOD use – one that currently lacks a specific framework for reducing harm. This study aimed to explore experiences of virtual festival attendees using AODs, to find if these attendees consider harm reduction practices, and to highlight any utilised strategies. Informed by a phenomenological perspective, this study involved interviewing six New Zealanders aged between 24 and 50 (3 females, 2 males, 1 non-binary) who attended these events since the pandemic began to learn about these experiences. A thematic analysis of interview transcripts identified three themes. 'Experiencing Festivals from Home' encapsulated how participants felt the home setting brought changes to ways they used AODs compared to inperson festivals, with AOD use being generally determined by how social their experience was. 'Enhancing the Experience with AODs' captured how participants would use AODs to enhance various aspects of the festival, including enhancement of their physical and virtual spaces, music from specific artists, and how AODs were used to enjoy their psychoactive effects. The final theme, 'Reducing Harm', covered how participants were largely aware of the general risks that come with AOD use, with many describing how their utilisation of 'basic' harm reduction strategies helped them reduce risk and maintain control of their use. These findings contribute to the literature as little research exists on this topic, providing groundwork for future studies in this area while highlighting the need for harm reduction information to be available for those attending virtual festivals.


Mathematics environments such as GeoGebra or Maple or Web resources, some of them mixed with MATLAB, can be used to improve the understanding of many mathematical topics, such as osculating plane attached to a particle journeying on 3D curve, limit cycle in Dynamic System, and even more basic topic as discover the behavior of the primitive function from the own derivate graphic. We will show a selection of this kind of applications in the classroom. But not only CAS could be useful for achieving mathematical performance of several functions and its dynamic behavior. We, also, will show how a simple spreadsheet allows us to get the bifurcations diagram for the logistic function.


Shear modulus imaging, often called elastography, enables detection and characterization of tissue abnormalities. In this paper the data are two displacement components obtained from successive MR or ultrasound data sets acquired while the tissue is excited mechanically. A 2D plane strain elastic model is assumed to govern the 2D displacement, u. The shear modulus, μ, is unknown and whether or not the first Lamé parameter, λ, is known the pressure p = λ∇ ⋅ u which is present in the plane strain model cannot be measured and is unreliably computed from measured data and can be shown to be an order one quantity in the units kPa. So here we present a 2D log-elastographic inverse algorithm that (1) simultaneously reconstructs the shear modulus, μ, and p, which together satisfy a first-order partial differential equation system, with the goal of imaging μ; (2) controls potential exponential growth in the numerical error and (3) reliably reconstructs the quantity p in the inverse algorithm as compared to the same quantity computed with a forward algorithm. This work generalizes the log-elastographic algorithm in Lin et al (2009 Inverse Problems 25) which uses one displacement component, is derived assuming that the component satisfies the wave equation and is tested on synthetic data computed with the wave equation model. The 2D log-elastographic algorithm is tested on 2D synthetic data and 2D in vivo data from Mayo Clinic. We also exhibit examples to show that the 2D log-elastographic algorithm improves the quality of the recovered images as compared to the log-elastographic and direct inversion algorithms.


In this paper a parametric beamformer, which can handle all imaging modalities including synthetic aperture imaging, is presented. The image lines and apodization coefficients are specified parametrically, and the lines can have arbitrary orientation and starting point in 3D coordinates. The beamformer consists of a number of identical beamforming blocks, each processing data from several channels and producing part of the image. A number of these blocks can be accommodated in a modern field-programmable gate array device (FPGA), and a whole synthetic aperture system can be implemented using several FPGAs. For the current implementation, the input data is sampled at 4 times the center frequency of the excitation pulse and is match-filtered in the frequency domain. In-phase and quadrature data are beamformed with a sub-sample precision of the focusing delays of l/16th of the sampling period. Each line is completely specified by 3 input parameters. The focusing delays are calculated iteratively in a 8-stage deep pipeline, and focusing information for 8 different lines is interleaved to produce delays at every clock cycle. The apodization is specified using piecewise linear approximation with 255 levels. A beamforming block uses input data from 4 elements and produces a set of 10 lines. Linear interpolation is used to implement sub-sample delays. The VHDL code for the beamformer has been synthesized for a Xilinx V4FX100 speed grade 11 FPGA, where it can operate at a maximum clock frequency of 167.8 MHz. Each beamformation block requires 12 multipliers, 5 buffers for parameters, 8 buffers for input data and 32 buffers for output data (I and Q). Furthermore double-buffering is used for the input data, thus simplifying the synchronization. Up to six beamforming blocks can fit in one FPGA. Clocked at 150 MHz they produce 900 times 106 I and Q samples/second. Assuming a pulse repetition frequency of 5000 Hz, these blocks can be configured to beamform in real time 256 B-mode lines of synthetic aperture data from 4 transducer elements, or 64 lines from 16 elements


Heart Disease
Blood tests for heart disease risk measure cholesterol and fat molecules called triglycerides. Interest in triglycerides recently intensified with the discovery that people who carry mutations that disrupt the function of a glycoprotein called APOC3 (apolipoprotein C-III) have lower plasma triglyceride levels and a reduced risk of heart disease. Scientists thought APOC3 inhibited lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme catalyzing triglyceride breakdown. Gaudet et al. now reveal a more complicated mechanism. They found that three patients who had extremely high triglyceride levels because of a genetic deficiency in lipoprotein lipase nonetheless benefited from a drug that inhibits APOC3 synthesis. Clearly, APOC3 still has secrets to reveal.

N. Engl. J. Med. 371 , 2200 (2014).


In recent years there have been tremendous advances in the fields of chemistry, physics and biology which have a direct impact on advances in biomaterials science. Many areas of healthcare depend upon the development of novel biomaterials. This book contains contribution from scientists who have made numerous innovative and exciting advances in the field of biomedical materials. The latest advances in the field are covered including studies of cell interactions with biomaterials. The assessment of the potential applications for the development of new biomaterials, tissue engineering and future medical devices are discussed. It will also provide an opportunity to discuss the latest developments in the field and the vision for the future. The book clearly illustrates how basic and applied research are being combined to produce novel biomaterials.


Abstract This article focuses on child speech sequences which diverge from their corresponding adult counterparts in terms of the order of their constituents. Adult Catalan does not allow neutral preverbal objects whereas early Catalan seems to allow objects preceding verbs in the very early stages. We analyse the OV sequences found in our data and show how these only show up co-occuring with a certain type of verbs, namely, 'telic' verbs. In line with this observation we propose that aspect is a crucial feature of these sequences projecting whenever one of these verbs is selected and providing a landing site for object movement. Another part of the analysis of the OV constructions implies noticing that the morphological make-up of the verbal elements is not always non-finite. The alternation that we observe between VO-OV constructions seems to be determined by the verb type but it is only fully accounted for if we allow for a framework in which the AGR parameter is not yet set. This possibility follows from the bilingualism proposal in Roeper (1999) where child language permits different grammars to co-exist in a particular stage. In the case under consideration the AGR feature would be allowed to have two values and thus the verb would not raise obligatorily.


In contrast to many small, mountainous watersheds in temperate coastal regions, where fl uvial discharge and wave energy commonly coincide, deposition and reworking of tropical fl ood sediment can be seasonally decoupled, and this has important implications for coral-reef ecosystems. An understanding of the interaction between tropical fl ood sedimentation and wave climate is essential to identifying and mitigating effects of watershed changes on coral reefs as urbanization and climate change proceed. Sedimentary facies and isotopic properties of sediment in Hanalei Bay, on the island of Kaua'i, Hawai'i, USA, were used to assess deposition and reworking of fldeposits from the Hanalei River in a case study demonstrating the potential ecosystem effects of runoff from a steep, tropical watershed. In Hanalei Bay, the youngest and thickest terrigenous sediment was consistently present near the river mouth and in a bathymetric depression that acted as at least a temporary sediment sink. During this 2 yr study, the largest fl ood events occurred in late winter and spring 2006; substantial terrestrial sediment delivered by those fl oods still remained in the bay as of June 2006 because oceanic conditions were not suffi ciently energetic to transport all of the sediment offshore. Additional sediment was deposited in the bay by a summer 2006 fl ood that coincided with seasonal low wave energy. In most years, fl ood sediment accumulating in the bay and on its fringing reefs would be remobilized and advected out of the bay during winter, when the wave climate is energetic. Turbidity and sedimentation on corals resulting from late spring and summer fl oods during low wave energy could have a greater impact on coral-reef ecosystems than fl oods in other seasons, an effect that could be exacerbated if the incidence and sediment load of tropical summer fl oods increase due to urbanization and climate change.


Abstract. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a measure of the amount of photosynthetic leaves and governs the canopy conductance to water vapor and carbon dioxide. Four different estimates of LAI were compared over France: two LAI products derived from satellite remote sensing, and two LAI simulations derived from land surface modelling. The simulated LAI was produced by the ISBA-A-gs model and by the ORCHIDEE model (developed by CNRM-GAME and by IPSL, respectively), for the 1994–2007 period. The two models were driven by the same atmospheric variables and used the same land cover map (SAFRAN and ECOCLIMAP-II, respectively). The MODIS and CYCLOPES satellite LAI products were used. Both products were available from 2000 to 2007 and this relatively long period allowed to investigate the interannual and the seasonal variability of monthly LAI values. In particular the impact of the 2003 and 2005 droughts were analyzed. The two models presented contrasting results, with a difference of one month between the average leaf onset dates simulated by the two models, and a maximum interannual variability of LAI simulated at springtime by ORCHIDEE and at summertime by ISBA-A-gs. The comparison with the satellite LAI products showed that, in general, the seasonality was better represented by ORCHIDEE, while ISBA-A-gs tended to better represent the interannual variability, especially for grasslands. While the two models presented comparable values of net carbon fluxes, ORCHIDEE simulated much higher photosynthesis rates than ISBA-A-gs (+70%), while providing lower transpiration estimates (−8%).


The thorax of the human body may periodically be exposed to undue trauma as the result of working conditions, automobile travel, or acts of violence. The contents of the thorax are unusually well protected by the ribs, sternum, and vertebral column. However, in spite of this protection, injury to the tracheobronchial tree occurs. Injuries to the trachea and major bronchi are infrequent and, therefore, no surgeon has extensive experience in this field.18The early diagnosis and treatment of these lesions may be related to this lack of experience. However, it is fortunate that surgery of the bronchus and trachea has kept pace with the increasing frequency of this type of injury so that a damaged tracheobronchial tree can be restored to normal function. We have been fortunate in treating nine cases of closed traumatic injuries of the tracheobronchial tree and offer this experience to guide the surgical management of


An economic theory of politics is applied to the question of why there are large differences in effective rates of assistance to Australia's rural industries. It is suggested that a major part of the explanation is the different incentives faced by industry lobby groups to demand assistance and by the government to supply assistance. Various determinants of the incentives to demand and supply assistance are hypothesized, and these hypotheses are tested against the existing pattern of rural assistance. The evidence generally supports the hypotheses, and suggests some policy changes to reduce existing government distortions.


When isolated apical membrane vesicles prepared from cultured A6 epithelia were incubated in vitro with the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine, the control rate of amiloride-inhibitable sodium transport was doubled. The methylation inhibitors 3-deazaadenosine and S-adenosyl homocysteine returned the S-adenosyl-methionine-stimulated sodium transport to control levels. Neither these agents nor adenosine affected sodium transport into control vesicles. In vesicles incubated with S-adenosyl-[3H-methyl]methionine, both membrane phospholipids and proteins were labeled, and this labeling was inhibited by deazaadenosine. In vesicles prepared from A6 cells treated with aldosterone, sodium transport was twice the control value and S-adenosylmethionine did not cause any further stimulation of transport. In those vesicles, both lipid and protein methylation were increased. These results suggest that methylation, which increases the rate of amiloride-sensitive sodium transport is involved in the action of aldosterone at the apical membrane level in epithelia.


and the proportion of trip sheets specifically documenting Viagra use. Data were considered significantly different if p, 0.05. Results: There was a significant increase in the number of subjects receiving aspirin over time (pre = 52.3%, post1 = 65.8%, post2 = 82.8%). No changes were noted in the documentation of Viagra use (pre = 18.2%, post1 = 15.2%, post2 = 15.4%). Additionally, no changes were noted in the rate of oxygen administration, establishing intravenous access, cardiac monitoring, or 12-lead ECG. Conclusions: A simple prehospital intervention in the form a printed reminder placed on the nitroglycerin bottle increased the rate of aspirin administration for cardiac chest pain for three months. The documentation of Viagra use did not improve during the same period of time, although we cannot determine from trip sheet analysis if subjects were asked about Viagra use without subsequent documentation.


The use of multiple gated cardiac imaging in the diagnosis of left ventricular pseudo-aneurysm is reported and the clinical and therapeutic implications are discussed. Complemented with myocardial perfusion imaging, it is the method of choice for screening patients following infarction or chest trauma who may develop this potentially treatable complication of myocardial necrosis.


OBJECTIVE
To generate normative data for the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations.

METHOD
The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the M-WCST as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Number of categories, perseverative errors, and total error scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2, sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses.

RESULTS
The final multiple linear regression models indicated main effects for age on all scores, such that the number of categories correct increased and total number of perseverative errors and total number of errors decrease linearly as a function of age. Age2 had a significant effect in Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, and Spain for numbers of categories; a significant effect for number of perseverative errors in Chile, Cuba, Mexico, and Spain; and a significant effect for number of total errors in Chile, Cuba, Peru, and Spain. Models showed an effect for MLPE in Cuba (total errors), Ecuador (categories and total errors), Mexico (all scores), Paraguay (perseverative errors and total error), and Spain (categories and total errors). Sex affected number of total errors for Ecuador.

CONCLUSIONS
This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate way to interpret the M-WCST with pediatric populations.


Abstract Vitamin utility is a scientific/medical topic that appears to be pursued as ardently by the lay public as by scientists and medical practitioners. A group of epidemiologists evaluates the effects on health of vitamin intake in the natural diet and by supplementation. The role in ocular disease, cancer of the breast or colon, and cardiovascular disease are a few of the concerns. The results and recommendations concerning dietary vitamin intake will likely continue to change. However, the processes by which dietary vitamins are delivered from intestinal chyme to the blood are more certain. The concept of homeostasis might apply to various of the vitamins as it does to minerals, water, etc. This review will discuss some common methods used to study vitamin absorption and the proposed mechanisms of absorption, and will conclude with a section about dietary regulation.


Computer and communications technologies have permeated all areas of modern life, including business, education, government, science and entertainment. These developments are all underpinned by micro-electronics that, for half a century, has been driven by Moore's law. Named after Gordon Moore, one of the founders of Intel, the 'law' describes the exponential growth in the complexity of integrated circuits year on year, driven by the search for profit. This rapid progress has delivered astonishing levels of functionality and cost-effectiveness, as epitomized by the boom in sophisticated digital consumer electronics products. However, this exponential growth in complexity cannot continue forever, and there is increasing evidence that, as transistor geometries shrink towards atomic scales, the limits to Moore's law may be reached over the next decade or two. As the physical limits are approached, other factors, such as design costs, manufacturing economics and device reliability, all conspire to make progress through device scaling alone ever more challenging, and alternative ways forward must be sought.

Microelectronics therefore seeks to develop in new ways, not only to continue to deliver better performance in traditional markets, but also to grow into new markets based on devising new, non-electronic, functions on integrated circuits. Microelectronics relies on complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the backbone of the electronics industry. Beyond Moore's law, it is foreseen that microelectronics will be a platform to support optical, chemical and biotechnology to deliver a step change beyond electronics-only integration.

Research is now heavily engaged in the integration of non-electronic devices and systems using CMOS as a cheap platform. Building upon electronics, it is increasingly possible to create highly heterogeneous systems using a great variety of technologies. New and revolutionary technologies such as 'post-light' genome sequencing are now rising to dominance in the market place. It is now clear that heterogeneous integration will make an impact in the relatively integration-poor fields of biomedical, sensing and healthcare technologies.

However, this is not the only important strand of 'beyond Moore's law' technology that we explore in this Discussion Meeting Issue. While new applications for CMOS will be discovered, there is also a pressing need to continue to develop computer and communication technologies yet more. Integrated optics and, more specifically, silicon photonics represent a major pathway that is being vigorously explored. The objective is to increase information bandwidth dramatically in low-cost technologies to deliver high-bandwidth communications.

The research and funding landscape is now changing to acknowledge and support this potential for scientific and technological advance. As the field develops scientifically, new opportunities are emerging that will use low-cost electronics, and exploit the added value of design and manufacture for integration. To achieve this, a multidisciplinary approach is essential: traditional physics and engineering research must now work closely alongside biological, chemical and medical science to develop new applications and acquire new capabilities. At the Discussion Meeting and satellite meetings that were held in May 2013, we were able to explore this diverse and complex landscape with internationally leading speakers in the field. This Discussion Meeting Issue offers a glimpse into the topic and the excitement that is felt by many scientists and engineers as they prepare to tackle new challenges in the coming years.


This publication focuses on public finance, development economics, and the Chinese economy. The government will focus on the public good aspects of education and training-compulsory education and some aspects of higher education and training. The publication encourages seven reforms including raising government expenditure on education to four percent of gross domestic product (GDP), and ensuring that all children actually receive nine years of basic education. Improving and widening access to medical care, especially for the rural population. The target is to extend the cooperative medical scheme to 80 percent of the rural population from the current coverage rate of just over 20 percent. China has sufficient fiscal resources to afford the level and type of spending commensurate with a harmonious society. This reallocation of resources can be done only gradually. It must go hand in hand with a better specification of roles and functions of the various levels of China and stronger mechanisms for accountability, to ensure that poorer local governments use the resources given to them.


This essay fills an important gap in the national discussion now taking place with regard to collateral consequences, the broad array of non-penal disabilities attaching to criminal convictions. In the wake of the Supreme Court's landmark 2010 decision in Padilla v. Kentucky, efforts are now underway to inventory collateral consequences imposed by state, local, and federal law. Only when the full gamut of such consequences is known, law reformers urge, can criminal defendants understand the actual impact of their decision to plead guilty. The increased concern over collateral consequences, while surely welcome and important, has however been lacking in a key respect: it has ignored the many adverse social, medical and economic consequences of conviction, experienced by individuals independent of formal operation of law. This essay augments the consciousness-raising effort now under way and makes the case that informal, and not just formal collateral consequences of conviction, should figure in post-Padilla policy efforts to achieve a fairer and more transparent criminal justice system.


Context. Magnesium is an element of significant astrophysical importance, often traced in late-type stars using lines of neutral magnesium, which is expected to be subject to departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The importance of Mg, together with the unique range of spectral features in late-type stars probing different parts of the atom, as well as its relative simplicity from an atomic physics point of view, makes it a prime target and test bed for detailed ab initio non-LTE modelling in stellar atmospheres. Previous non-LTE modelling of spectral line formation has, however, been subject to uncertainties due to lack of accurate data for inelastic collisions with electrons and hydrogen atoms. Aims. In this paper we build and test a Mg model atom for spectral line formation in late-type stars with new or recent inelastic collision data and no associated free parameters. We aim to reduce these uncertainties and thereby improve the accuracy of Mg non-LTE modelling in late-type stars. Methods. For the low-lying states of Mg i, electron collision data were calculated using the R-matrix method. Hydrogen collision data, including charge transfer processes, were taken from recent calculations by some of us. Calculations for collisional broadening by neutral hydrogen were also performed where data were missing. These calculations, together with data from the literature, were used to build a model atom. This model was then employed in the context of standard non-LTE modelling in 1D (including average 3D) model atmospheres in a small set of stellar atmosphere models. First, the modelling was tested by comparisons with observed spectra of benchmark stars with well-known parameters. Second, the spectral line behaviour and uncertainties were explored by extensive experiments in which sets of collisional data were changed or removed. Results. The modelled spectra agree well with observed spectra from benchmark stars, showing much better agreement with line profile shapes than with LTE modelling. The line-to-line scatter in the derived abundances shows some improvements compared to LTE (where the cores of strong lines must often be ignored), particularly when coupled with averaged 3D models. The observed Mg emission features at 7 and 12 μm in the spectra of the Sun and Arcturus, which are sensitive to the collision data, are reasonably well reproduced. Charge transfer with H is generally important as a thermalising mechanism in dwarfs, but less so in giants. Excitation due to collisions with H is found to be quite important in both giants and dwarfs. The R-matrix calculations for electron collisions also lead to significant differences compared to when approximate formulas are employed. The modelling predicts non-LTE abundance corrections ΔA(Mg) NLTE−LTE in dwarfs, both solar metallicity and metal-poor, to be very small (of order 0.01 dex), even smaller than found in previous studies. In giants, corrections vary greatly between lines, but can be as large as 0.4 dex. Conclusions. Our results emphasise the need for accurate data of Mg collisions with both electrons and H atoms for precise non-LTE predictions of stellar spectra, but demonstrate that such data can be calculated and that ab initio non-LTE modelling without resort to free parameters is possible. In contrast to Li and Na, where only the introduction of charge transfer processes has led to differences with respect to earlier non-LTE modelling, the more complex case of Mg finds changes due to improvements in the data for collisional excitation by electrons and hydrogen atoms, as well as due to the charge transfer processes. Grids of departure coefficients and abundance corrections for a range of stellar parameters are planned for a forthcoming paper.


In this paper new families of test-statistics are introduced and studied for the problem of comparing two treatments in terms of the likelihood ratio order. The considered families are based on φ-divergence measures and arise as natural extensions of the classical likelihood ratio test and Pearson test-statistics. It is proven that their asymptotic distribution is a common chi-bar random variable. An illustrative example is presented and the performance of these statistics is analysed through a simulation study. Through a simulation study it is shown that, for most of the proposed scenarios adjusted to be small or moderate, some members of this new family of test-statistic display clearly better performance with respect to the power in comparison to the classical likelihood ratio and the Pearson's chi-square test while the exact size remains closed to the nominal size. In view of the exact powers and significance levels, the study also shows that the Wilcoxon test-statistic is not as good as the two classical test-statistics.


Dose escalated radiotherapy improves outcomes for men with prostate cancer. A plateau for benefit from dose escalation using EBRT may not have been reached for some patients with higher risk disease. The use of increasingly conformal techniques, such as step and shoot IMRT or more recently VMAT, has allowed treatment intensification to be achieved while minimizing associated increases in toxicity to surrounding normal structures. To support further safe dose escalation, the uncertainties in the treatment target position will need be minimised using optimal planning and image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). In particular the increasing usage of profoundly hypo-fractionated stereotactic therapy is predicated on the ability to confidently direct treatment precisely to the intended target for the duration of each treatment. This article reviews published studies on the influences of varies types of motion on daily prostate position and how these may be mitigated to improve IGRT in future. In particular the role that MRI has played in the generation of data is discussed and the potential role of the MR-linac in nextgeneration IGRT is discussed. MRI-guided prostate adaptive radiotherapy – a review A consensus statement from the MR-linac consortium.


Microspheres consisting of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHAp) nanoparticles and poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) have been fabricated for use in the construction of osetoconductive bone tissue engineering scaffolds by selective laser sintering (SLS). In SLS, PLLA polymer melts and crystallizes. It is therefore necessary to study the crystallization kinetics of PLLA/CHAp nanocomposites. The effects of 10 wt% CHAp nanoparticles on the isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization behavior of PLLA matrix were studied, using neat PLLA for comparisons. The Avrami equation was successfully applied for the analysis of isothermal crystallization kinetics. Using the Lauritzen-Hoffman theory, the transition temperature from crystallization Regime II to Regime III was found to be around 120°C for both neat PLLA and PLLA/CHAp nanocomposite. The combined Avrami-Ozawa equation was used to analyze the nonisothermal crystallization process, and it was found that the Ozawa exponent was equal to the Avrami exponent for neat PLLA and PLLA/CHAp nanocomposite, respectively. The effective activation energy as a function of the relative crystallinity and temperature for neat PLLA and PLLA/CHAp nanocomposite under the nonisothermal crystallization condition was obtained by using the Friedman differential isoconversion method. The Lauritzen-Hoffman parameters were also determined from the nonisothermal crystallization data by using the Vyazovkin-Sbirrazzuoli equation. CHAp nanoparticles in the composite acted as an efficient nucleating agent, enhancing the nucleation rate but at the same time reducing the spherulite growth rate. This investigation has provided significant insights into the crystallization behavior of PLLA/CHAp nanocomposites, and the results obtained are very useful for making good quality PLLA/CHAp scaffolds through SLS. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009


Assessments of students in primary and secondary education are debated among practitioners, policy-makers, and parents. In some countries, assessment scores serve a criterion for passage between levels of education, for example, from secondary school to post-secondary education. Those practices are often traditions and while they come under criticism, they are a long-accepted part of the educational practices within a country. In those countries, the students' assessment and examination scores are posted in public places or published in local news media. In other countries, assessments are used for the periodic checks on individual student progress. The results of assessments may be used for rating schools, and in some cases, they are used for evaluating the performance of teachers. Assessments are used less often to analyze student performance and make judgments regarding the performance of the curriculum. Even less often, assessments serve to critically establish strategies for the improvement of student learning and educational practices. The ends on the continuum of the assessment debate often focus on the opportunities that assessments present to improve education on one end. The other end is that assessments serve as a major distraction from the important work of teachers by removing classroom room time from instruction. The debate on those issues continues.


: Some neurones in the torus semicircularis of paralyzed lake frogs (Rana ridibunda) exhibited strong response habituation to tonal bursts following with interstimuli intervals of 1 to 5 sec. The habituation became less evident with a devrease of the repetition rate or increase of the stimulus intensity. These units revealed the phenomenon of "postzero" habituation. The frequency selectivity of the units exhibited by their responses to the first stimulus presentation was very poor. Usually the habituation occurred within a wide frequency band, although there were some exceptions. Afther the habituation was completed, the unit's response could be elicited by tones of a different frequency. The more distant on the frequency scale the tones were, the more vigorous was the reaction. Some properties of these "novelty" units can be explained by assuming that they are multipolar neurones located in the nucleus magnocellularis of the torus.


Cancer is a life-changing condition for many American seniors, and a growing body of literature is assessing the mental health implications of living with the disease. This article builds from the well-known buffering hypothesis with insights from recent cancer research to investigate whether social networks moderate the association between cancer and mental health for older men and women. Analyses use two waves of survey data (2005-2006 and 2011) from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (N = 1,367), enabling us to track new diagnoses of cancer and network dynamics over time. Consistent with a stress-buffering pattern, larger and growing networks were associated with lower rates of depressive symptomology among women survivors relative to those with small and shrinking networks. There was little evidence that emotional closeness to network members or density moderated the mental health consequences of cancer among men or women.


Abstract The first fabrication and heating test of a large-scale carbon-fiber-composite (CFC) monoblock divertor mock-up using an annular flow concept has been performed to demonstrate its manufacturability and thermomechanical performance. This mock-up is based on the design of the lower part of the vertical target of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) divertor adapted for the annular flow concept. The annular cooling tube consists of two concentric tubes: an outer tube made of CuCrZr and an inner stainless steel tube with a twisted external fin. Prior to the fabrication of the mock-up, brazed joint tests between the CFC monoblock and the CuCrZr tube have been carried out to find the suitable heat treatment mitigating loss of the high mechanical strength of the CuCrZr material. A basic mechanical examination of CuCrZr undergoing the brazing heat treatment and finite element method analyses are also performed to support the design of the mock-up. High heat flux tests on the large-scale divertor mock-up have been performed in an ion beam facility. The mock-up has successfully withstood more than 1000 thermal cycles of 20 MW/m2 for 15 s and 3000 cycles of >10 MW/m2 for 15 s, which simulates the heat load condition of the ITER divertor. No degradation of the thermal performance of the mock-up has been observed throughout the thermal cycle test although in the tile with exposure to the heat flux of 20 MW/m2, the erosion depth has been measured as 5.8 and 8.8 mm at the 300th and 500th cycles.


This paper was aimed at researching the use of English as a lingua franca (ELF) in a business context by the use of linguistic ethnography (LE). Previous research has been primarily either survey- or interview-based or strictly qualitative in its investigation. Using shadowing observations of three employees at a Swedish multinational company and subsequently interviewing the participants about their use of Business English as a lingua franca (BELF), the present study set out to investigate for what kinds of functions and how often these employees use English on an everyday basis. English was shown to be the default language of the multinational company and the findings suggest that employees' use of language is not only determined by the nature of their work and the business setting, but also by their personal backgrounds. Their education, upbringing, and social experiences since moving to Sweden have come to shape their language use at work and in everyday life. Moreover, there could be subsequent implications for them not only in work-related functions and activities at the company but also in their integration and immersion in Swedish society. Using LE to investigate language choice and use in a corporate setting allows for a more nuanced collection of data, providing a context to linguistic research.


Purpose

There is a growing academic interest in the examination and exploration of work intensification in a wide range of healthcare settings. The purpose of this paper is to explore the differing staff perceptions in emergency ambulance services in the UK. It provides evidence on the challenges for the paramedic professionalisation agenda and managing operational demands and work intensity in emotionally challenging circumstances, with significant implications for patient safety.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on the evidence from an empirical study in a large National Health Service ambulance trust in England, this paper examines the challenges and differing staff perceptions of the changing scope and practice of ambulance personnel in the UK. Amidst the progress on the professionalisation of the paramedic agenda, individual trusts are facing challenges in form of staff attitudes towards meeting performance targets, coupled with rising demand, fear of loss of contracts and private competition.

Findings

Research findings highlight differing perceptions from various sub-cultural groups and lack of clarity over the core values which are reinforced by cultural and management differences. Need for greater management to explore the relationship between high sickness levels and implications for patient safety including the need for policy and research attention follows from this study. The implications of work intensity on gender equality within the ambulance settings are also discussed.

Research limitations/implications

Ambulance services around the world are witnessing a strain on their operational budgets with increasing demand for their services. Study evidence support inconclusive evidence for patent safety despite the growing specialist paramedic roles. Organisational implications of high staff sickness rates have been largely overlooked in the management literature. This study makes an original contribution while building upon the earlier conceptions of work intensification.

Practical implications

The study findings have significant implications for the ambulance services for better understanding of the staff perceptions on work intensity and implications for patient safety, high sickness absence rates amidst increasing ambulance demand. Study findings will help prepare the organisational policies and design appropriate response.

Social implications

Societal understanding about the organisational implications of the work intensity in an important emergency response service will encourage further debate and discussion.

Originality/value

This study makes an original contribution by providing insights into the intra-organisational dynamics in an unusual organisational setting of the emergency ambulance services. Study findings have implications for further research inquiry into staff illness, patient safety and gender issues in ambulance services. Evidence cited in the paper has further relevance to ambulance services globally.


Ubiquitous computing is revolutionizing the way applications, users, resources, and physical spaces interact. Securing cyber infrastructures for ubiquitous computing environments, such as smart buildings and campuses, can be challenging. A critical cyber infrastructure is necessary that can combine networks, processors, and devices with mechanisms, protocols, and services to offer reliable, fault-tolerant, available, and secure operations. Existing CCI implementations create statically configured, confined networked subsystems that are isolated from the public Internet and are context insensitive. This leads to multiple, incompatible subsystems incapable of interoperating, thus making operations, management, and trust difficult. The Heterogeneous Survivable Trusted Information-Assurance Architecture addresses the problem of securing critical information services in large-scale ubiquitous computing environments. Hestia is a programmable middleware solution implemented as a network of middleboxes. These middleboxes form protective layers that isolate CCI services and mediate authorized access to Hestia's services. They also provide a programmable, distributed, object-oriented framework that enables the integration of security, privacy, and reliability mechanisms in service-access interfaces and implementations.


VQ demodulation is a common and useful RF signal processing technique used in charged-particle accelerators. When implemented with conventional analog RF components, a number of inherent errors can dt:grade the VQ Demodulator performance, including gain balance, quadrature-phase balance, DC offsets, impedance match, and carrier leakage. Recent advances in high-speed analog-to-digital converters allow the VQ demodulator to be implemented digitally, greatly reducing these systematic errors. This paper describes the design of a digital I/Q demodulator that will be applied to the PEP-I1 B factory.


Abstract
The service sector is a major segment of the economy and contributes to the gross national product in a significant manner. It complements the manufacturing sector as organizations become global in nature. Sources of raw material may be quite dispersed from the manufacturing site. Further, not all manufacturing may take place in one particular location. Based on the availability of expertise and the required operations to produce the product, components, subassemblies, or assemblies could be produced in different geographical locations. This creates the necessity to transport raw material, components, or assemblies in a timely manner from one location to another based on the needs of the supply chain. All customers prefer not only an efficient delivery system but also one that is damage-free. In this chapter, we consider a model whereby service organizations offer a contract for damage protection based on product value. The objective is to determine the premium to be charged by the service organization so as to at least break even or accomplish a desired profit margin.


Almost every sector in business, applied or social science, etc. is involved in one way or the other with the creation, distribution, processing and/or use of information. Information and information technology is becoming so important to the success of organizations that managers of all organizations now feel the responsibility for managing the use of information and information  technology like other resources, such as people, capital, facilities etc. However lack of common vision for the role of information, information technology and information systems may result into disasters and frustration in many organizations. In this paper we investigate the impact of this problem of lack of Information policy in organizations. The scope of our study was limited to the of Dar es salaam, which we believe was a good representative for the analysis of the situation in general, in developing countries.  It iS established that there are no clear strategies and policies at the University and, in Tanzania regarding information and information technology. thus underscoring  the need  to have one.


Striatin family proteins are key regulators in signalling pathways in fungi and animals. These scaffold proteins contain four conserved domains: a caveolin-binding domain, a coiled-coil motif and a calmodulin-binding domain at the N-terminus, and a WD-repeat domain at the C-terminus. Fungal striatin orthologues are associated with sexual development, hyphal growth and plant pathogenesis. In Fusarium verticillioides, the striatin orthologue Fsr1 promotes virulence in the maize stalk. The relationship between fungal striatins and pathogenicity remains largely unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that the Colletotrichum graminicola striatin orthologue Str1 is required for full stalk rot and leaf blight virulence in maize. Pathogenicity assays show that the striatin mutant strain (Δstr1) produces functional appressoria, but infection and colonization are attenuated. Additional phenotypes of the Δstr1 mutant include reduced radial growth and compromised hyphal fusion. In comparison with the wild-type, Δstr1 also shows a defect in sexual development and produces fewer and shorter conidia. Together with the fact that F. verticillioides fsr1 can complement Δstr1, our results indicate that C. graminicola Str1 shares five phenotypes with striatin orthologues in other fungal species: hyphal growth, hyphal fusion, conidiation, sexual development and virulence. We propose that fungal striatins, like mammalian striatins, act as scaffolding molecules that cross-link multiple signal transduction pathways.


To investigate age-related alterations in human humoral immunity, we analyzed the quantity and quality of peripheral B cell subsets, CD27-negative (CD27(-)) and CD27-positive (CD27(+)) B cells, by flow cytometry analysis in 54 aged individuals (mean age +/- SE, 74.6 +/- 0.7 years) and 30 young individuals (mean age +/- SE, 26.1 +/- 0.5 years). CD27(-) and CD27(+) B cells are regarded as naive and memory B cells, respectively. CD38, Ki-67, CD95 and bcl-2 were used as activation, proliferation and apoptotic markers. Susceptibility to apoptosis was evaluated by cell size and annexin-V binding in culture cells. The percentage of CD27(+) B cells was significantly lower in aged (mean, 19.2%) individuals than that in young individuals (mean, 28.2%). The opposite was true for CD27(-) B cells (mean, 80.8% in aged and 71.8% in young) (P < 0.01). The absolute number of CD27(+) B cells in aged individuals was significantly less than the number of CD27(-) B cells. The CD27(+) B cells from aged individuals showed little susceptibility to apoptosis, although CD95 expression on the CD27(+) B cells was significantly higher in the aged individuals than in the young individuals (P < 0.05). The CD38 and bcl-2 expression on the CD27(-) B cells was significantly higher in the aged individuals than in the young individuals (P < 0.05). In addition, the CD27(-) B cells from the aged individuals showed a decreased susceptibility to apoptosis compared with that of the young individuals. These findings suggested that human aging leads to both quantitative and qualitative alterations in the peripheral B cell developmental system, including memory and naive B cell balance and their surface phenotypes.


Gutman's article examines the attempts by the Ottoman state under Sultan Abdulhamid II to prevent large-scale Armenian migration to North America. It reveals how these efforts were hampered in practice by contradictions inherent within the state's attempts to control and surveil the mobility of its subjects, internecine feuding within its provincial bureaucracy, and numerous and often conflicting social and political dynamics on the ground. This article contributes to our understanding of issues of state making, social control, and labor discipline in the last decades of the Ottoman Empire and the various social forces that both shaped and resisted these processes. What emerges is a nuanced view of the post-Tanzimat Ottoman state's ability to exercise its will on the ground. Finally, it provides crucial and much needed insight into the relationship between the central Ottoman state and its Armenian population in the years prior to the 1915 Armenian genocide.


A double-blind stratified trial was carried out on 85 patients to assess the efficacy of topical therapy with 1% chlortetracycline eye ointment in comparison with 1% rifampicin eye ointment in the treatment of chlamydial ocular infection of sexually transmitted origin (paratrachoma). Patients included were selected on the basis of positive culture for Chlamydia trachomatis. A 6-week course of treatment with chlortetracycline or rifampicin 3 times daily gave a clinical cure rate of 80% and 75% and a microbiological cure rate of 93% and 86% respectively. In patients who were not cured the intensity of inflammatory responses was considerably reduced.


Ambiguity and vagueness in clinical practice guidelines reduce the likelihood of clinician adherence. They lead to inconsistent interpretation and, in turn, to inappropriate practice variation and medical errors. Resolving ambiguity and vagueness is an essential step in the computerized implementation of clinical practice guidelines. Successful resolution of ambiguity and vagueness requires an understanding of their characteristics, yet ambiguity and vagueness have not been differentiated, classified and described in medical context. In this paper, we propose a tri-axial model to describe ambiguity and vagueness in clinical practice guidelines: differentiation of true ambiguity from vagueness, classification of ambiguity and vagueness, intentionality and components involved. Our goals in introducing this model are: (a) to provide guidance to guideline authors to enable them to reduce inadvertent use of ambiguous or vague language, (b) to improve transparency when vague language is used deliberately and (c) to create a framework for the development of tools to apply the model during authoring and implementation of clinical practice guidelines.


This article focuses on the decline of the Russian Orthodox Church landscape during the period 1917-1941 in one of the key Russian provincial cities — Ekaterinburg (named Sverdlovsk in 1924). It was during this period that the Soviet state carried out the most comprehensive attacks on religion, closing churches, destroying religious organizations and their buildings as well as persecuting religious leaders. We use the "religious landscape" concept to analyze the evolution of the religious situation in the city. However, we studied not only the main markers of religion in Ekaterinburg, but also the number of parishioners and the frequency of everyday religious rites. The study is based on documents extracted from the local archives and statistical aggregates. This allowed us to reconstruct the decline of the Orthodox landscape and its main features in three different periods between 1917 and 1941. We argue that the Bolsheviks' anti-religious measures in the 1920s should be considered as part of the general European secularization, which started before 1917. The data obtained give grounds to put forward a hypothesis about the weak effect of the Bolsheviks' measures regarding the Orthodox Church nucleus — its active parishioners, for about 25% of the city's population kept practicing the main religious rites until the mid-1930s.


Statement of Problems: Incomplete therapy of periodontal diseases treated with scalling and root planning (SRP) has been resulted in improvement of host- modulated therapy (HMT) as a new method. Purpuse: Introducing an adjunctive therapy in addition to SRP in managing of destructive preiodontal therapy was the main purpose of this study. Materials and Method: Fifteen patients suffered from chronic periodontitis were randomly assigned to test and control groups. Treatment consisted of: SRP+ placebo (control group), SRP+ low dose doxycycline (LDD) twice daily for six months (continous LDD), and SRP+LDD twice daily for first and third two months after completion of phase I (cyclic LDD). Gingival indices including: probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), modified gingival index (MGI), and O'leary plaque index were measured and recorded at baseline and at one and six months after the completion of therapy. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: Probing depth reduction in both of LDD groups were significantly greater than control group (p<0.01). However, this reduction happened between baseline and follow-up oppointments. In other word, the differences between the 1-and 6-month evaluation were not significant (p=0.25). Continous LDD regimen showed an additional PD reduction (from 5.40 to 2.06mm) for pockets greater than 5mm in comparison to the other groups. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, the results showed that adjunctive continous and cyclic regimen of low-dose doxycycline can improve the clinical efficacy of conventional therapy, even in patients with less than favorable plaque control. Key words: Chronic periodontitis, Antibiotic, Doxycycline, Adjunctive therapy.


Largely because of the recent trend toward portable computing and wireless communication systems, estimating power consumption has become a major concern in today's VLSI circuit and system design. Moreover, the dramatic decrease in feature size, combined with the corresponding increase in the number of devices on a chip, makes the power density larger. To be practical, a portable system should be able to operate for an extended period without requiring a batter recharge or replacement. Achieving this objective means minimizing power consumption. Fast and accurate probabilistic and statistical techniques for estimating circuit activity in CMOS digital circuits offer an alternative to circuit simulation. The techniques use statistics of input signals to determine accurate switching information.


Biglar Permo-Triassic bauxite deposit is located in ~15 km northwest of Abgarm, southwest of Ghazvin province, west of central Iran. It consists of 8 stratiform and discontinuous bauxite lenses lying along the contact of Ruteh (Permian) and Elika (Triassic) carbonate formations. Petrographically, the bauxite ores exhibit collomorphic-fluidal, pseudo-breccia, pseudo-porphyritic, panidiomorphic-granular, nodular, and skeletal textures indicative of authigenic origin. Weathering of andesitic parent rocks led to the formation of Ferruginous laterite, bauxitic clay, and siliceous bauxite. Mass change calculations of elements indicate that Si, and Ba were depleted during bauxitization and Al, Ti, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ga, U, Th, V, and Cr were enriched. However, Fe, Y, Rb, Sr, Co, Ni, LREEs, and HREEs experienced leaching-fixation mechanism during the development of the residual system. Based upon obtained data, the available organic matters, pH variations in weathering solutions, adsorption process, functioning of carbonate bedrock as a geochemical barrier, existing in resistant minerals, and fixation in the neomorphic phases have been shown to play significant role in distribution of trace and rare earth elements. Further geochemical considerations indicate that minerals such as monazite, rhabdophane, belovite, churchite, and xenotime are the potential hosts for rare earth elements in Biglar bauxite deposit.


Purpose
Sponsorship is a major contributor to income in the South African sports arena, and is a critical component allowing sports unions to remain financially viable and sustainable. Sports sponsoring companies, however, have long questioned the financial returns generated from these ventures. The purpose of this paper is to understand whether financial returns of companies with sports sponsorship in South Africa are significantly different to those without. This research was conducted on Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) listed companies that sponsored sport consistently between 2000 and 2015 for a period of two years. A quantitative methodology was employed whereby share price, revenue and earnings growth were analysed, comparing firms that did not adopt strategies involving sports sponsorships to those that did.

Design/methodology/approach
A quantitative methodology was employed, whereby share price, revenue and earnings growth were analysed, comparing firms that did not adopt strategies involving sports sponsorships to those that did. South Africa is an emerging market and a member of the BRICS Forum ranked 14th in the sport sponsorship market globally (Sport Marketing Frontiers, 2011), becoming increasingly dominant in the global sports industry (Goldman, 2011). The population consisted of JSE-listed Main Board and alternative exchange companies that participated in any form of consistent sports sponsorship in the given time frame: 2000-2015, where the company's share price, revenue and earnings per share (EPS) data for the period were available from the INET BFA database. The JSE is ranked 17th in terms of market capitalisation (over $1 trillion) in the world, being the largest stock exchange on the African continent with over $30bn being traded on average monthly. Multiple journals today publish research done on the JSE, for example the International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, Investment Analysts Journal and the South African Journal of Accounting Research. This stock exchange is 125 years old and has over 400 listed companies of which 358 are domestic (Kruger et al., 2014).

Findings
Results show that companies involved in sports sponsorship during the period analysed did not experience enhanced share price or revenue growth in excess of those companies not involved in sports sponsorship. As a whole, sports sponsoring companies did however experience greater income growth (EPS) than those companies not involved in sports sponsorship. Enhanced revenue growth was found in the consumer services sector, indicating that sport sponsorship in this sector drives brand image and recall resulting in enhanced revenues. These results though indicate that a multitude of differing objectives may exist for companies engaging with sports sponsorship, with increased sales not the singular objective. In general it is concluded that sports sponsorship is considered to achieve a broad spectrum of outcomes that are likely to contribute to increased profitability.

Research limitations/implications
The relatively small size of 40 firms on the JSE in the South African sports sponsorship market is a limitation for this research. The purely quantitative approach limited the ability to gain the required level of insight into those sectors with small samples, which a qualitative study would reveal. SABMiller as example could not be analysed against its sector peers, given that it is one of the most prominent and consistent sports sponsors in South Africa across all major sporting codes. The telecommunications sector was represented entirely by companies that were involved in sports sponsorship and, hence, no in-depth comparison could be conducted within this sector. Vodacom, a major sponsor of sport in South Africa, could not be compared with its peers utilising purely financial and statistical methods. Cell C is one of the most prominent sponsors of rugby in South Africa, through its title sponsorship of the Cell C Sharks, and was not included in this study as it is not listed on the JSE. It is suggested that such companies should be included in a qualitative study approach.

Practical implications
The results of the Mann-Whitney U test for the consumer services and financial sectors confirm no significant difference in EPS growth for companies utilising consistent sports sponsorship as part of their marketing mix to those that do not. The consumer services sector has seen above-average revenue growth from sports sponsorship compared with its sector peers; however, the sector was unable to convert this increased revenue growth into increased profits, suggesting that the cost of sponsoring, as well as the operating costs associated with sports sponsorship, counteract any growth in revenue.

Social implications
The sample of sports-sponsoring companies experienced a larger annual mean EPS growth rate of 30.6 per cent compared to the remaining JSE Main Board companies which grew EPS annually at 27.4 per cent. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test confirm a significant difference in EPS growth for companies utilising consistent sports sponsorship as part of their marketing mix. From a practical interpretive perspective, this result reveals that those companies in South Africa involved in sports sponsorship consistently attain greater than market-related profit growth. This poses some interesting points for discussion, given that revenue growth was not statistically different, which suggests that many sponsors are utilising the sponsorships for purposes other than sales growths that result in a profitable outcome. The potential range of options is large but would likely comprise the creation of stronger supplier relationships, resulting in optimised business inputs. Sponsors might be utilising sponsorships to improve corporate social status, which assists them in creating regulatory compliance, in some instances. Additionally, these sponsorships may be utilised to maintain key client relationships that provide the highest levels of profitability, and whilst this might not grow revenue through new business acquisition, it may result in higher profitability as a result of a loyal and stable customer base.

Originality/value
Much of the available research focusses on the sponsorship of specific sporting events and the share price impact thereof at specific occasions like the announcement, renewal and termination. Where research is conducted across a multitude of sporting events and codes, this predominantly focusses on share price performance only, with varying and somewhat inconclusive results. There is little research focussing on wider, more comprehensive sets of sponsored events and sporting codes, and that seeks to provide an understanding of financial returns for sponsoring properties. In a study of more than 50 US-based corporations it was found that, as a group, corporations which consistently invested in sports sponsorships outperformed market averages, and that those with higher sponsorship spend achieved higher returns (Jensen and Hsu, 2011). The study utilised descriptive statistics. More analysis, utilising detailed statistical analysis, is required to better understand the effects of sponsorship on the wider set of variables analysed. In this case, a five-year compound annual growth rate was calculated for stock price appreciation, total revenue, net income and EPS, and analysed descriptively with only means and standard deviation. Measurement of such variables assists with an understanding of the materialized results of sponsorship as opposed to much of the work in this field, which analyses market reactions to sponsorship announcements.


This piece of work focused on women lack access to financial resources to run their businesses, poor marketing system and lack of appropriate knowledge on pottery processing skills. In Kiembesamaki village various methodologies and methods were used in this work. The details of information revealed through individual interviews, observation focus group discussion, Questionnaire, documentary review which are skillfully collected, analyzed and presented. Random sampling technique used in selecting respondents in order to ensure the availability of correct data. In Kiembesamaki District pottery production is among the potential enterprises accommodate most famers and small scale producers it is one of the potential and reasonably sub sector s which can generate income for the poor household. That potential notwithstanding, the sub sector is facing several production constraints that have limited its potentials for contributing to poverty reduction. The findings show that women at Kiembesamaki lack access to financial resources due to lack of knowledge, support from the government, difficulties of conditions of the financial institutions particularly banks and lack of collateral. Despite the mentioned constraints of pottery it is found that majority of women at Kiembesamaki Zanzibar, entrepreneurial skills required for producing pots and pottery production a reliable source for income generation, through capacity building and supply of improved pottery processing and equipment and develop pottery producers attitude, knowledge and skills for developing the Group as an economic enterprise.


_________________________________ Abstract - This study is to introduce the development of a new alerting system for parents about children exposure to risk related to heat stroke. The smart heat stroke detector was created with the intention of measuring the internal temperature of the human body, which is closely linked to cases of heat stroke. Heat stroke is caused by the body overheating, which usually occurs as a result of being exposed to or exerting physical effort in high temperatures. Usually, the foremost genuine of warm damage and warm stroke and can happen in case the body temperature rises to 40  C (104 F) or higher. The methodology adopted for this sub project is implementing the Internet of Things (IoT) system and embedding the interface hardware into smartphone system software. This device connects to the network provider to display information the device gathers from the environment through sensors. A gateway enables cloud services to be accessed by devices that are not directly linked to the Internet. The results obtained undeniably implicit that the body temperature increased significantly when children too expose to the environment. Thus, the importance of this device evaluated through lecturers, parents and students perspectives was 90% respectively. The resulting system was also low in power and cost, non - invasive, and provided real time monitoring. It is also easy to use and provides accurate measurements. In conclusion, the study of this proposal will assist in the reduction of heatstroke among potential children in the near future in Malaysia.


was published, about 1858, I proposed the term Rheumatoid Arthritis, by which name I wish to imply an inflammatory affection of the joints, not unlike rheumatism in some of its characters, but differing materially from it in its pathology." As was clearly stated in a comparative table in Garrod's book, rheumatism thus referred to the condition that is now known as rheumatic fever. Therefore, rheumatoid arthritis was then introduced as a


INTRODUCTION
Even with the ultimate medical management, more than one-third of diabetic patients develop diabetic nephropathy. To our knowledge, there is no study that has examined the effect of probiotic soy milk on kidney function in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. This clinical trial aimed to assess the effects of consumption of probiotic soy milk, compared with conventional soy milk, on kidney-related indexes in patients with diabetic nephropathy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial, 44 patients were randomly assigned to receive 200 mL/d of either soy milk containing Lactobacillus plantarum A7 or conventional soy milk for 8 weeks. Primary endpoints included urinary albumin excretion, estimated glomerular filtration rate, interlukin-18, serum sialic acid, and serum creatinine. Fasting blood samples and morning fasting spot urine samples were collected at the beginning and after 8 weeks for evaluation of biochemical parameters.

RESULTS
Forty patients completed the study. Administration of probiotic soymilk resulted in a significant reduction in albuminuria (P = .03), serum creatinine (P < .001), serum interleukin-18 (P = .002), and serum sialic acid (P = .001) compared with conventional soy milk. Probiotic soymilk supplementation also led to a significant improvement in estimated glomerular filtration rate (15.9 ± 10.8 mL/min versus 3.2 ± 8.4 mL/min, P < .001) compared with the control group.

CONCLUSIONS
Probiotic soy milk was safe and well-tolerated by patients with diabetic nephropathy for 8 weeks. Probiotic soy milk also improved indexes of kidney function in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.


The Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to solve problems like solid deformation and heat diffusion in domains with complex geometries. This kind of geometries requires discretization with millions of elements; this is equivalent to solve systems of equations with sparse matrices and tens or hundreds of millions of variables. The aim is to use computer clusters to solve these systems. The solution method used is Schur substructuration. Using it is possible to divide a large system of equations into many small ones to solve them more efficiently. This method allows parallelization. MPI (Message Passing Interface) is used to distribute the systems of equations to solve each one in a computer of a cluster. Each system of equations is solved using a solver implemented to use OpenMP as a local parallelization method.


Since obtaining hospital privileges is a lengthy and detailed procedure, the best time to begin applying is as soon as you have chosen a location for your practice. This month's installment in our How to Establish a Private Practice series supplies answers to your questions about this often complicated and time-consuming process.


ABSTRACT Studies of Pleistocene low-magnesium calcite analogs of Recent carbonate sediments indicate that the initial distribution of high-magnesium calcite in aragonitic sediments may play a critical role in the preservation of sedimentary texture and fabric during freshwater diagenesis. Thus the distribution of high-magnesium calcite in Recent sediments provides a basis for speculation concerning potential diagenetic fabrics in analogous materials from older stratigraphic sequences. That portion of the Great Bahama Bank which lies to the west of Andros Island is commonly cited as a vast area of accumulation of aragonitic sediments. The objective of this study was to estimate the amount and distribution of calcite within the various sediment types of this area. It is concluded that significant amounts of high-magneisum calcite are ubiquitous in the sediments. Furthermore, the so called "aragonite needle lime muds" of this area are shown in fact to be richer in high-magnesium calcite than their associated coarse sediment fractions. The abundance of calcite nuclei in ancient lime muds is suggested to be a significant factor leading to the preservation of the texture of such sediments. It is unlikely that loss of mass or textural obliteration in muddy carbonates in the stratigraphic record can be ascribed to the absence of original calcite nuclei in sediments from environments similar to that of the modern Great Bahama Bank.


Breast engorgement is one of the main reasons why women throughout the world stop or reduce the duration of breast feeding. The objective of the study, was to determine the efficacy of non-thermal ultrasound in the management of breast engorgement. Fifty-two postpartum women with breast engorgement were included in the study and were randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group of 26 participants each. Pain and breast engorgement were assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the six-point engorgement scale (SPES), pre- and post-intervention in both groups. The experimental group received non-thermal therapeutic ultrasound therapy along with conventional treatment interventions for two days while the control group only received conventional treatment for two days. The control group received massage, advice on proper latching technique and the use of bra. Results indicate a significant (P<0.05) difference in symptoms of breast engorgement between pre-intervention and post-intervention in both groups, with greater reduction in symptoms in the experimental group. Also, a maximum of two days was found to be effective in the management of breast engorgement in the experimental group. The use of therapeutic non-thermal ultrasound for 3 treatment sessions in two successive days was effective in the management of breast engorgement and is recommended for use in physiotherapy clinical settings. KEY WORDS : breast engorgement, non-thermal ultrasound, postpartum, pain


Abstract:  This study provides experimental evidence confirming the significance of microbial mat presence in controlling the spatial and temporal development of chemical microenvironments which become established inside and outside decaying fish carcasses. Dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH profiles were monitored over 1,000 days with microelectrodes positioned inside and adjacent to carcasses. In the vicinity of fish, the DO varied from an oxygenated green upper layer to an anoxic bottom stratum and the pH was alkaline. Inside the fish, the DO and the pH were decoupled during the first week, in that anoxia remained constant and the pH decreased and became acidic. Once covered by the mat, the fish carcass turned oxic and pH returned to alkaline levels. This novel second phase occurred from day 90 to three years and would likely remain after this time. Based on the fish soft tissue quality at the end of the experiment, we discuss whether oxic-alkaline microenvironmental conditions could promote organic preservation and long-term mineralization.


The Babcock and Wilcox Owners Group (B&WOG) is sponsoring an on-going study to develop an understanding of radiation embrittlement of Linde 80 reactor vessel welds from a micro-mechanical viewpoint. Previous work that focused on characterizing the large microstructural features indicated that a large portion of the bulk copper content is in precipitate/inclusion/carbide form. This result indicates that copper in solid solution is considerably less than the bulk composition. Field-ion microscope atom probe investigations on unirradiated weld metals with bulk copper contents ranging from 0.22 to 0.38 wt%, also indicate significant amount of copper are tied up in precipitate/inclusion/carbide form. This results is significant since the bulk copper content (which includes both copper in solid solution and copper contained in precipitates, inclusions, and carbides) is used in Regulatory Guide 1.99, Revision 2 to determine radiation damage. This paper reviews these results. Existing radiation embrittlement models superpose the changes in yield strength due to defect clusters and copper-rich precipitates induced by neutron irradiation. Low-copper Linde 80 welds display little or no increase in the 41 joule (30 ft-lb) transition temperature as a result of neutron irradiation which indicates that precipitation is the dominant component of radiation embrittlement for Linde 80 welds. Future work will include further microstructural characterizations of Linde 80 reactor vessel welds and applying the existing radiation embrittlement models to Linde 80 welds. This paper describes the detailed plans for future work.


The imagination of human beings and the exploration of novel ideas have always contributed to developments in science. These developments lead us to re-examine the existing structures in our environment and society so that they can be further improved. The review of literature regarding science fiction and its place in education also highlights the need for novel topics in design education. Thus, integrating a course in the curriculum of design education that aims to explore futuristic and visionary oriented environments like Mars Colonies, Orbital Space Colonies or Orbital Space Hotels would seem crucial. Such topics would probably not only stimulate the students in their design process, but also develop their imagination, as they require research and synectic thinking. As to whether stimulating imagination should be among the priorities in teaching, in fact, it is the dreams, imagination and creativity that has shaped and will shape human development and social-cultural contexts.


"How to Tell a Flatterer from a Friend" is the title of one of Plutarch's most famous Moralia, but the phrase could just as easily be the subtitle of Shakespeare's Othello. Flattery and false friendship were topics that preoccupied many people during the Renaissance, a period in which private connections were even more important than today in determining a person's economic success, social status, and even his deeper sense of self-worth. We pride ourselves, in the present era, on objective measurements of merit, including impartial testing, "blind" reviews, and the detached assessments of disinterested peers. Of course, establishing personal connections--winning friends and influencing people--is hardly unimportant even now, but in the early modern period the process of achieving (and maintaining) social status and social security depended crucially on earning the trust and respect of others. (1) Plutarch's essay was designed to address a crucial problem: how could one determine whether a person who seemed a friend was really a friend in fact? This dilemma was much more puzzling than it might at first appear, since Plutarch (and many others) insisted that the most skillful and dangerous flatterers were also the least obvious, and were extremely difficult to distinguish from true comrades. Spotting an obvious flatterer was easy, but discerning a clever one was a much harder task. Shakespeare's Iago, of course, is one of the cleverest false friends of all time, and indeed Marvin Rosenberg has argued that it is only Othello's friendship with Iago that can explain the abruptness and depth of the Moor's transformation from a noble and respected commander to the tragic killer of a deeply loving wife. "What," Rosenberg asks, "could subvert such nobility? And betray it into murder? Only ... betrayal by a friend so close, so trusted, that Othello has no choice but to listen to him." (2) In this essay I plan to focus in close detail on one of the most crucial scenes of such betrayal in the play--act 4, scene 1. I hope to show, with some precision, how that scene depicts Iago acting successfully as exactly the kind of false friend with whom Plutarch and so many others were so much concerned. Finally, I hope that this detailed discussion of Othello and Iago will help complicate our sense of the characterizations Shakespeare offers of each figure. Othello is less a foolish dupe who falls victim to the connivings of a satanic Machiavel (as some critics have alleged) than a basically (if flawed) good man betrayed by an apparently good friend. (3) I Before proceeding to a close discussion of the opening scene of act 4, it may be worth asking a few simple questions that seem not to have been very fully addressed: could Shakespeare have read Plutarch's famous essay? Might a reading of that essay have helped influence his depiction of Iago? We know that Shakespeare was enormously influenced by Plutarch's other writings in crafting many of his other plays; is it possible that Plutarch also influenced Othello? Asking these questions is simple enough, but answering them is not. Fortunately, though, one hardly needs to prove that Shakespeare could have read Plutarch's essay in order to show that ideas similar to Plutarch's could easily have influenced his thinking. In fact, part of my purpose here is to itemize (apparently for the first time) some of the texts Shakespeare might have known that may have influenced not only his thinking but also the thoughts of his audience as they contemplated the problem of how to tell a flatterer from a friend. Plutarch's essay would have been easily available to Shakespeare in the edition of the Moralia translated by Philemon Holland and published in London in 1603. Shakespeare, by that year, had already demonstrated a profound interest in Plutarch's historical work, the parallel Lives, in the edition translated by Sir Thomas North from the French of Jacques Amyot. …


Ion channels are critical for all aspects of cardiac function, including rhythmicity and contractility. Consequently, ion channels are key targets for therapeutics aimed at cardiac pathophysiologies such as atrial fibrillation or angina. At the same time, off-target interactions of drugs with cardiac ion channels can be the cause of unwanted side effects. This manuscript aims to review the physiology and pharmacology of key cardiac ion channels. The intent is to highlight recent developments for therapeutic development, as well as elucidate potential mechanisms for drug-induced cardiac side effects, rather than present an in-depth review of each channel subtype.


A simple, efficient and reproducible Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for simultaneous estimation of Ambroxol hydrochloride, Cetirizine hydrochloride, Methylparaben and Propylparaben in combined liquid pharmaceutical formulation has been developed. The separation was carried out on Hypersil BDS C18 (200x 4.6mm i.d., 5μm) column using acetonitrile: 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (adjusted to pH 3.5 with ortho phosphoric acid) in the ratio of 33:67 v/v as eluent. The flow rate was 1 ml/min and effluent was detected at 230 nm. The retention times of ambroxol hydrochloride, cetirizine hydrochloride, methylparaben and propylparaben were 3.97 min, 15.30 min, 5.74 min, and 17.54 min, respectively. The percentage recovery was within the range between 98.36% and 99.96% for ambroxol hydrochloride, 100.00% and 101.49% for cetirizine hydrochloride, 99.58% and 100.40% for methylparaben and 100.00% and 101.82% for propylparaben. The linear ranges were found to be 192-288μg/ml (r2 = 0.9970) for ambroxol hydrochloride, 16- 24μg/ml (r2 = 0.9957) for cetirizine hydrochloride, 64-96μg/ml (r2 = 0.9961) for methylparaben and 6.4-9.6μg/ml (r2 = 0.9915) for propylparaben. The percentage relative standard deviation for accuracy and precision were found to be less than 2%. Hence, the method could be successfully applied for routine analysis of ambroxol hydrochloride, cetirizine hydrochloride, methylparaben and propylparaben in combined liquid dosage form.


The modern interpretation of functional disorders classifies them as somatoform autonomic functional disorders that are associated with the vegetative nervous system. This places them within the responsibility of psychosomatic, psychotherapeutic medicine or psychiatry. In consequence, other forms of treatment with an impact on the vegetative system are being underestimated, such as hydrotherapy and thermotherapy, the efficacy of which depends on the fact that thermoregulation predominates over the regulation of numerous other organ systems. In the present article, the effectiveness of this therapeutic approach is discussed.


With the momentous discovery in the 1980's that a bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, can cause peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, antibiotic therapies and prophylactic measures have been successful, only in part, in reducing the global burden of these diseases. To date, ~700,000 deaths worldwide are still attributable annually to gastric cancer alone. Here, we review H. pylori's contribution to the epidemiology and histopathology of both gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease. Furthermore, we examine the host-pathogen relationship and H. pylori biology in context of these diseases, focusing on strain differences, virulence factors (CagA and VacA), immune activation and the challenges posed by resistance to existing therapies. We consider also the important role of host-genetic variants, for example, in inflammatory response genes, in determining infection outcome and the role of H. pylori in other pathologies—some accepted, for example, MALT lymphoma, and others more controversial, for example, idiopathic thrombocytic purpura. More recently, intriguing suggestions that H. pylori has protective effects in GERD and autoimmune diseases, such as asthma, have gained momentum. Therefore, we consider the basis for these suggestions and discuss the potential impact for future therapeutic rationales.


While people need to know tomorrow's weather to decide suitable activities and precautions, so do the "intelligent" building management systems. The accuracy of the short-term prediction of the ambient conditions is particularly import for the development of predictive control strategies. Although the shortterm prediction methods for outside air temperature have been extensively studied, reliable prediction methods for solar radiation are yet to be established. This paper discusses the possibility of using meteorological forecast data with local observation data for short-term prediction of the ambient conditions. Based on the analysis of the collected data, a new method has been developed for temperature and solar radiation prediction. It is found that a linear combination of the observation and the forecast data can effectively improve the accuracy of short-term (24 hours) prediction. The method is also suitable for the prediction of humidity and wind speed/direction.


In energy production based on combustion of fossil fuels, particularly the lowgrade ones (lignite, sulphur-rich coal, oil shale etc.), huge amounts of alkaline wastewater are formed. This situation is characteristic for the Republic of Estonia where 59% of the need in primary energy was covered by local oil shale in 2006. Due to the calcareous origin of the mineral part of oil shale, its combustion yields lime-containing ashes (5–6 million tons annually, containing 10–25% of lime as free CaO) as well as enhanced amounts of CO2 (up to 29.1 t C per TJ energy produced) as compared to coal combustion. To transport the ash into wet open-air deposits, a hydraulic system is used. As a result tens of millions of cubic meters of alkaline water (pH level 12-13) saturated by Caions is recycling between the plant and sedimentation ponds. Before directing excessive water to nature it should be neutralized to a pH level accepted by environmental regulations (< 9). Related to this, the current work was targeted to develop possibilities for neutralizing wastewater with CO2-containing flue gases, leading to reduction of CO2 emissions. Intensification of respective heterogeneous gas–liquid reactions and characterization of calcium carbonate (PCC) forming were other objectives of the study. A cycle of laboratory-scale neutralization experiments using industrial wastewater samples and a model gas of flue gas composition has been carried out. Two different reactors – barboter-type columns and a dispergator-type phase mixer – have been comparatively examined. Sedimentation of PCC particles of rhombohedral crystallic structure has been shown and their main characteristics have been determined. A neutralization method having up to fifty times higher specific intensity has been proposed. According to calculations 970–1010 tons of CO2 can be trapped and 2200–2300 tons of PCC per million cubic meters of water can be obtained.


Data is a critical element in any discovery process. In the last decades, we observed exponential growth in the volume of available data and the technology to manipulate it. However, data is only practical when one can structure it for a well-defined task. For instance, we need a corpus of text broken into sentences to train a natural language machine-learning model. In this work, we will use the token \textit{dataset} to designate a structured set of data built to perform a well-defined task. Moreover, the dataset will be used in most cases as a blueprint of an entity that at any moment can be stored as a table. Specifically, in science, each area has unique forms to organize, gather and handle its datasets. We believe that datasets must be a first-class entity in any knowledge-intensive process, and all workflows should have exceptional attention to datasets' lifecycle, from their gathering to uses and evolution. We advocate that science and engineering discovery processes are extreme instances of the need for such organization on datasets, claiming for new approaches and tooling. Furthermore, these requirements are more evident when the discovery workflow uses artificial intelligence methods to empower the subject-matter expert. In this work, we discuss an approach to bringing datasets as a critical entity in the discovery process in science. We illustrate some concepts using material discovery as a use case. We chose this domain because it leverages many significant problems that can be generalized to other science fields.


This article critically reviews the literature concerning psychiatric disorder in children with speech and language retardation. The data indicate that speech- and language-disordered children are at risk for psychiatric disorder, that there is some correlation between the presence of psychiatric disorder and the type of speech and language disturbance, and that there is a likely correlation between certain types of speech and language problems and the type of psychiatric difficulty. Firm conclusions in this area are hampered by many methodological difficulties. Finally, a review of the nature of the association between psychiatric disorder and speech and language retardation reveals that except in rare instances psychiatric disorder does not cause speech and language retardation, and that in most cases psychiatric disorder is indirectly caused by speech and language retardation.