Changing the scale of observation or averaging has a significant, but poorly understood, impact on the apparent variability of hydrological quantities. The representative elementary area (REA) concept is used as a motivation for measuring inter-storm streamflow and calculating wetness index distributions for the subcatchments of two small study areas in New Zealand. Small subcatchments are combined to provide larger scale samples, and then the variance of specific discharge between similar sized subcatchments is calculated. For small subcatchments (area less than ∼1 km 2 ) this variance is found to decrease with area more quickly than might be expected if the catchments were random samples. Such behaviour is tentatively interpreted as evidence supporting the concept of'organization'. At larger scales, variance between catchments decreases in a way that is consistent with sampling from a stationary random field. The results from the streamflow data are reinforced by an analysis of topographic data for the two study areas, although some questions remain open. Both the flow and topographic data support the idea that it is possible to find an averaging scale where the variability between catchments is sufficiently small for a 'distribution function' approach to be used in distributed rainfall-runoff modelling. Consistent estimates of the scale at which the study areas become stationary (0.5 km 2 for Little Akaloa, 2 km 2 for Lewis) are obtained using both flow and topographic data. The data support a pragmatic REA concept which allows meaningful averages to be formed: this may be a useful base for further conceptual developments, but it is not appropriate for a classical continuum approach. Further conceptual development combined with field measurement and computer simulation are still required for the REA to have operational impacts. In particular, it is not clear which models are appropriate for use at the REA scale.


Urinary secretion is a mechanical process during which water and solutes are filtered from the blood through the glomerular membranes, while the plasma proteins are retained. Proteins in the urine in abnormal amounts are plasma proteins which have passed through permeable glomeruli; only insignificant amounts originate in the tubules. The mechanical process of glomerular filtration is further evidenced by the fact that protein molecules below a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 (that of hemoglobin) readily escape through the glomeruli, whereas larger protein molecules are usually retained; in other words, the larger the molecular size of the urinary protein, the greater is the glomerular lesion. The albumins, being the smallest of plasma proteins, should appear earliest and in greatest amounts in the urine under abnormal renal conditions. The globulins, which are much larger, should appear only when more severe lesions are present and in lesser amounts than the albumins. Fibrinogen, the


This study examines whether CEO equity incentives have an impact on audit pricing. Prior studies investigate whether CEO equity incentives motivate executives to manage earnings for personal financial gains. Our focus is on whether auditors perceive CEO equity incentives to be associated with greater earnings manipulation risk and incorporate such risk in their pricing decisions. We find that CEO equity portfolio vega is positively related to audit fees after controlling for other determinants of audit fees, while equity portfolio delta is not significantly related to audit fees. This result holds after we account for potential endogeneity. The evidence suggests that auditors are concerned about CEOs' incentives to manage earnings because equity holdings tie CEOs' wealth to risk and cause CEOs to be less risk-averse. The findings in our study improve our understanding of how executive compensation affects auditors' pricing decisions.


In December 2017, Kristen Roupenian's short story, Cat Person, went viral. Published at the height of the #MeToo movement, it depicted a 'toxic date' and a disturbing sexual encounter between Margot, a college student, and Robert, an older man she meets at work. The story was widely viewed as a relatable denunciation of women's powerlessness and routine victimization. In this paper, I push against this common reading. I propose an alternative feminist interpretation through the lens of Simone de Beauvoir's notion of narcissism: a form of alienation that consists in making oneself both the subject and the ultimate project of one's life. Framing Margot as a narcissist casts her as engaging, not in subtly coerced, undesired sex, but rather in sex that is desired in a tragically alienated way. I argue that Beauvoir's notion of narcissism is an important tool for feminists today—well beyond the interpretation of Cat Person. It presses us to see systematic subordination not just as something done to women, but also as something women do to themselves. This in turn highlights the neglected role of self-transformation as a key aspect of feminist political resistance.


With the advancement of nanotechnology, thermal science and thermal engineering, it
is a high interest to develop the new generation of heat transfer fluids called nanofluid.
Nanofluid as a new kind engineering material consisting of nanometer-sized additives and
base fluids, offered compactness and high surface to volume ratio compared with
conventional flow system. It has attracted great attention of researcher for its superior thermal
properties and many potential applications. The superior thermal properties of nanofluids is
the advantage to improve the thermal properties of base fluids used in many diverse
industries including chemical engineering, electronics, transportation, microelectronics,
aerospace and manufacturing.
Second law of thermodynamic states that processes occur in a certain direction.
During the energy convert from one form to another form, there is often degradation of the
supplied energy into a less useful form. Entropy is refer to the less useful form of energy. The
entropy generation or another term is irreversibility caused by factors friction, mixing of two
fluids, unrestrained expansion, heat transfer across a finite temperature difference, electric
resistance, inelastic deformation of solids and chemical reaction.
Overview of the thesis is the analysis of entropy generation ratio and entropy
generated by nanofluids caused by heat transfer and fluid friction flow in constant diameter of
circular tube channel. The analysis conducted under the influences of volume fraction
nanoparticles inside the nanofluids Cu-H2O, Al2O3-H2O, Cu-EG and Al2O3-EG. Also the
analysis conducted under the influences of diameter size of circular tube channel. Entropy
generation ratio decrease with increasing volume fraction nano particles in base fluids.
Entropy generation ratio is decrease due to thermo-physical properties of nanofluids such as
thermal conductivity, viscosity and density increase as volume fraction nano particles increase in base fluids. Entropy generation rate by heat transfer and fluid friction of
nanofluids decrease as the volume fraction nano particles in the base fluids increase and
decrease as the circular micro-mini channel diameter increase. Nano particles copper and
alumina both effective according to the suitability with the thermo physical properties and
size diameter of tube channels. Journal on the entropy generation due to heat transfer and
flow have the findings which supported the thesis.
However further research is required for better understanding of nanofluids. The
thermo physical properties of nanofluids can be a function of parameters such as particle
shape, particle agglomeration and particle polydispersity.In order to clarify these variables, a
number of experiments will be necessary to be conducted. Due to the limitations of
production preparation of nanofluids is a challenge to enhance the knowledge about
nanofluids.


The vaccinia virus E3L gene product, pE3, is a dsRNA binding protein that prevents activation of the interferon-induced, dsRNA-activated protein kinase, PKR. Activation of PKR, which results in phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor, eIF2alpha, leads to the inhibition of protein synthesis, a process involved in defense against virus infection. The E3L gene product has a conserved dsRNA binding domain (DRBD) in its carboxyl-terminal region and has been shown to function in vitro by sequestration of dsRNA. We have utilized in vitro binding assays and the yeast two-hybrid system to demonstrate direct interactions of pE3 with PKR. By these methods, we demonstrate that pE3 interacts with two distinct regions in PKR, the amino-terminal (amino acids 1-99) located in the regulatory domain and the carboxyl-terminal (amino acids 367-523) located in the catalytic domain. The amino-terminal region of PKR that interacts with pE3 contains a conserved DRBD, suggesting that PKR can form nonfunctional heterodimers with pE3, analogous to those seen with other dsRNA binding proteins. Interaction of pE3 with the amino-terminal region of PKR is enhanced by dsRNA. In contrast, dsRNA reduces the interaction of pE3 with the carboxyl-terminal region of PKR. Competition experiments demonstrate that the carboxyl-terminal region of PKR, to which pE3 binds, overlaps the region with which eIF2alpha and the pseudosubstrate pK3 interact, suggesting that pE3 may also prevent PKR activation by masking the substrate binding domain. Like pE3, the amino-terminal region of PKR also interacts with the carboxyl-terminal domain of PKR. These interactions increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which pE3 downregulates PKR. In addition, the PKR-PKR interactions observed leads us to suggest a novel autoregulatory mechanism for activation of PKR in which dsRNA binding to the DRBD(s) induces a conformational change that results in release of the amino terminal region from the substrate binding domain, allowing access to eIF2alpha and its subsequent phosphorylation.


Background – Physical activity (PA) has been shown to have numerous physical (e.g., reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes and obesity) and psychological (e.g., improved mental well-being, and reduction in levels of stress and depression) benefits for childhood health. Despite the known benefits, childhood PA levels are low in Scotland, where less than 20% of children achieve the recommended daily guidelines. Evidence suggests that time spent outside is positively associated with achieving higher PA levels. Understanding what might encourage children to spend time outside in their neighbourhood could inform the development of interventions aimed at encouraging children to be more active. Children from different socio-spatial neighbourhoods may perceive and utilise their neighbourhood differently, influencing how they spend their free time. This PhD thesis examines how children from diverse settings perceive their neighbourhood in relation to their outdoor activity behaviours.
Methods – This thesis takes a qualitative, multi-methodological approach, towards understanding 10-11 year old children's perceptions of their environment in relation to their time spent outside through the lens of Gibson's theory of affordances. A pilot study (n=15, 5 boys, 10 girls) was conducted to test the feasibility of the methods. For the main study, the children (n=25, 12 boys, 13 girls) were from different levels of area deprivation and from varying levels of urbanicity. Data collection methods included photo voice, drawings, focus groups or interviews. The participants were asked to document features within their environment (via photographs and drawings) that they felt influenced their time outside. They were then asked to participate in either a focus group or a one-to-one interview. The data collection process took place between May and September 2015. Findings – Children's perceptions of their neighbourhood environments are complex, and numerous differences were found to be dependent on area of residence. Children from rural areas appeared to be influenced more by physical affordances whereas children living in urban settings were influenced more by social affordances, specifically their friends. Children living in more deprived neighbourhoods spoke of needing more PA opportunities in their neighbourhood compared to children living in more affluent neighbourhoods, suggesting that inequalities may still exist between higher and lower area deprivation. Many of the children considered current play equipment too boring, and lacked challenge or risk. The children desired equipment that better suited their perceived capabilities. This thesis found that children were more likely to spend time outside for psychological reasons, such as relaxation.
Conclusion – Through the use of novel methodology in this subject area, this thesis adds an original contribution to the literature by exploring children's environmental perceptions in relation to PA, and by looking at how setting might influence these perceptions. This thesis found that children perceive their environment differently dependent on the context of their lives, suggesting that initiatives to increase childhood PA could differ depending on residential setting. Additionally, policy may emphasize the psychological benefits to children as opposed to the physical benefits. Highlighting benefits such as relaxation, happiness and excitement may be more conducive to increasing PA among this age group than focusing on benefits such as weight management and cardiovascular health.


Using the services of traditional birth attendants (TBA) in childbirth is considered as one of the maternal mortality determinants in Indonesia. Researchers reported that mothers preferred to have the help of TBAs in childbirth because TBAs have such powers as prayers and mantras that help the delivery process. However, very little is actually known about the factors shaping their preference. This research investigates the role of social capital as to maternal preference for having TBAs in childbirth. A cross sectional data of Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) 2007 was used. Social capital was measured by social cohesion and community trust. Maternal demographic factors were measured by marital status, employment status, and education. Chi-Square test was used to analyze statistical association. Finally, logistic regression was used to gauge their effects on the use of TBAs. The result showed that the existence of social cohesion and trust made a significant impact on the preference for choosing TBAs. In demographic factors, a comparable finding was found only at the educational level. The factors of having childbirth with the help of a traditional birth attendant are complex. An understanding of social context should be taken into consideration in making a serious effort to reduce the maternal mortality rate.


The welds joining the liner and shell of a fluid catalytic cracking unit failed. The shell was made of ASTM A515 carbon steel welded with E7018 filler metal. The liner was made of type 405 stainless steel and was plug welded to the shell using ER309 and ER310 stainless steel filler metal. Fine cracks starting inside the weld zone and spreading outward through the weld and toward the surface were observed during examination. Decarburization and graphitization of the carbon steel at the interface was noted. The high carbon level was found to allow martensite to form eventually. The structure was found to be austenitic in the area where the grain-boundary precipitates appeared heaviest. The composition of the precipitates was analyzed using an electron microprobe to reveal presence of sulfur. Microstructural changes in the weld alloy at the interface were interpreted to be caused by dilution of the alloy and the presence of sulfur caused hot shortness. The necessary internal stress to produce extensive cracking was produced by the differential thermal expansion of the carbon and stainless steels. Periodic careful gouging of the affected areas followed by repair welding was recommended.


Like other vascular tumors, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is multifocal in approximately 50% of cases, and it is unclear whether the separate lesions represent multifocal disease or metastases.
We hypothesized that the identification of an identical WWTR1-CAMTA1 rearrangement in different EHEs from the same patient supports the monoclonal origin of EHE. To test our hypothesis, we undertook a molecular analysis of two multicentric EHEs of the liver, including separate tumor samples from each patient.
Matherial and Methods:
We retrieved two cases of EHE with available tissue for molecular analysis. In both cases, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed to identify the presence of the WWTR1-CAMTA1 rearrangement to confirm the histologic diagnosis of EHE, as previously described. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products were analyzed by electrophoresis and the RT-PCR–amplified products were sequenced using the Sanger method.
Results:
FISH analysis revealed signal abnormalities in both WWTR1 and CAMTA1. Combined results confirmed the presence of the t(1;3)(1p36.23;3q25.1) translocation in both cases of EHE. Using RT-PCR analysis, we found that the size of the rearranged bands was identical in the different tumors from each patient. The sequence of the fusion gene confirmed a different WWTR1-CAMTA1 rearrangement in each patient, but an identical WWTR1-CAMTA1 rearrangement in the different lesions from each patient.
Discussion:
Because of its generally indolent clinical course, EHE is commonly classified as a multifocal, rather than metastatic, disease. In this study, we examined two cases of multifocal liver EHE and found an identical WWTR1-CAMTA1 rearrangement in each lesion from the same patient, but not between the two patients. These findings suggest that multifocal EHE arises from metastasis of the same neoplastic clone rather than from the simultaneous formation of multiple neoplastic clones, which supports the monoclonal origin of multifocal EHE.


Legal English, also known as Language of the Law (Mellinkoff, 2004), is an dispensible factor contributing to the development of legal field. At Hanoi Law University, Legal English is a compulsory subject in the syllabus of legal English majors and International Trade Law majors. The question that what obstacles students face when dealing with legal English, however, has not been fully answered at this institution. This present research,which makes use of survey questionnaires as the main method, aims to study the challenges of learning legal English from the students' perspective. The results indicate notable difficulties arising from the distinctive characteristics of legal English, differences in legal systems between jurisdictions and insufficient background knowledge of the laws. It is expected that these findings propose a number of practical recommendations in order to improve the effectiveness of the process of learning and teaching legal English.


The thesis deals with the study of how virtual multi-character scenarios (primarily crowds) can be synthesized with specific behaviors, so as to induce a negative affect in the user. Virtual crowds are inclined towards being a passive world building factor, rather than a gameplay affecting factor. The study focuses on one main research question: "Is it possible to synthesize a multi-character experience that induce a certain amount of negative affect to participants?" Through the study, the emphasis lies on being able to drive emotions in an effective way, when creating multi-character scenes that need to give off a specific mood or emotion and provide an insight into how the behavior of the collective is able to affect a user's mindset. The pipeline's development involved developing a dataset of behaviors to be assigned to the virtual characters. Next an annotation phase assigned the affective scores to the virtual behaviors (34 in total), which (along with several design parameters) were then considered for the total cost of a scenario with a multi-character setup. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique known as Simulated Annealing, the scenes were optimized towards target values of negative affect (namely low, medium, and high target affects). Finally, through the implementation of a user study, the algorithm was validated on synthesizing these targeted affect-driven multi-character virtual reality experiences. The results indicated that the three synthesized experiences (low, medium, and high negative affects) were perceived as expected by participants. Thus, the study concluded by stating that affect-driven multi-character virtual reality experiences can be automatically synthesized in such a way that impacts a user's affect levels in the way that is expected.


: In the last two decades, the research in nuclear chemistry has experienced a regular as well as voluminous structural changes and has grown notably with interaction from other fields in terms of theory building, methodology, and applications. This study focus a quantitative assessment of the scientific literature for mapping the intellectual structure of nuclear chemistry research and its scientific development over a 11-year period from 2008 till 2018. A total of 109281 publications were subjected to examination in order to draw statistics and depict dynamic changes to shed new light upon the growth, dispersion and structure of the studied domain. In general this work characterizes the papers, in terms of growth, institution, document type, prominent authors and institutions, and geographical distribution.


Low oxygen concentrations in lakes and reservoirs are an ongoing environmental concern, particularly in light of increasing anthropogenic activity and climate change. Oxygen depletion processes in lakes are still not completely understood and a variety of models have been proposed based on limited field observations. Here, we present field measurements of oxygen depletion processes in a deep lake, Lake Geneva (Switzerland). The aim of this study was to quantify three basic processes controlling hypolimnetic oxygen depletion and their relative contribution to the total oxygen depletion (TOD) rate. Sediment oxygen uptake (SOU) and the flux of reduced substances were estimated based on oxygen microprofile measurements and sediment core data of reduced substances. Acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements and hydrodynamic modeling were used to ensure that SOU was measured under typical hydrodynamic conditions. Comparison with long‐term monitoring data allowed for an estimate of the relative importance of SOU and water column mineralization (WCM). Results show a decrease in both SOU and WCM down to mid‐depth which could not be explained by changes in hydrodynamic conditions or temperature. Below mid‐depth, TOD increased due to an enhanced sediment area to water volume ratio (α). This vertical pattern of oxygen depletion is driven by (1) lake morphometry paired with increasing α, and (2) decreasing organic matter mineralization in the water column with depth. The findings are explained by a model which separates the oxygen depletion into an exponentially decreasing component, representing the fast‐decaying fraction of the organic matter, and a constant background component.


Froth flotation is a common unit operation used in mineral processing. It serves to separate valuable mineral particles from worthless gangue particles in finely ground ores. The valuable mineral particles are hydrophobic and attach to bubbles of air injected into the pulp. This creates bubble-particle aggregates that rise to the top of the flotation column where they accumulate to a froth or foam layer that is removed through a launder for further processing. At the same time, the hydrophilic gangue particles settle and are removed continuously. The drainage of liquid due to capillarity is essential for the formation of a stable froth layer. This effect is included into a previously formulated hyperbolic system of partial differential equations that models the volume fractions of floating aggregates and settling hydrophilic solids [R. B\"{u}rger, S. Diehl and M.C. Mart\'i, {\it IMA J. Appl. Math.} {\bf 84} (2019) 930--973]. The construction of desired steady-state solutions with a froth layer is detailed and feasibility conditions on the feed volume fractions and the volumetric flows of feed, underflow and wash water are visualized in so-called operating charts. A monotone numerical scheme is derived and employed to simulate the dynamic behaviour of a flotation column. It is also proven that, under a suitable Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition, the approximate volume fractions are bounded between zero and one when the initial data are.


Although majority of strokes occur at age over 65, nearly one-fourth of strokes occur in people under age of 65. In 30% of these patients, the cause of stroke remains undetermined and therefore there is a need for discovering rare risk factors like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The incidence of stroke in young adults lacks the traditional risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes, but HIV-infected patients can manifest with stroke at younger age. Pathogenesis of ischemic stroke in HIV infection is unclear but is postulated to be caused by several possible mechanisms, including opportunistic infection, vasculopathy, cardioembolism, coagulopathy and combination antiretroviral therapies, and so on. Secondary hypolipidemia is common in the setting of chronic infection like HIV and anemia. Low serum cholesterol is a known cause for intracerebral hemorrhage. Hypolipidemia causing ischemic stroke is unknown.  We report a unique case of ischemic stroke in young severely immunocompromised patient in the setting of hypolipidemia. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc1513w


Efforts have been made in the last few decades to provide new urban transport alternatives. One of these is carsharing, which involves a fleet of vehicles scattered around a city for the use of a group of members. At first, part of the research effort was put into setting up real life experiments with vehicle fleets and observing the performance of major private operators. In the meantime, with the growth of this alternative and the need to better plan its deployment, researchers started to create more advanced methods to study carsharing systems' planning issues. In this paper, we review those methods, identifying gaps and suggesting how to bridge them in the future. Based on that review we concluded that carsharing demand is difficult to model due to the fact that the availability of vehicles is intrinsically dependent on the number of trips and vice versa. Moreover, despite the existence of carsharing simulation models that offer very detailed mobility representations, no model is able to characterise accurately the supply side, thus hindering the cost-benefit assessment that is fundamental to justify investment in this transport alternative, in particular those that are being endorsed by the European Union. More complex, however, is the operation of the emerging one-way carsharing systems, where a vehicle may be dropped off at any station, which adds uncertainty as to the location where vehicles can be picked up. Several optimisation approaches have been proposed to mitigate this problem but they are always limited in scope and leave other aspects out for model simplification purposes. Some simulation models have also been developed to study the performance of this type of carsharing system, but they have not included ways of balancing the vehicle stocks.


The Virtual Software Corporation (VSC) represents an organisational structure addressing the needs of distributed software development. Research indicates that Software Configuration Management (SCM) is one of the most important challenges faced by VSCs, requiring support and continued improvement. The real influences of the VSC structure on the SCM process are, however, not fully known yet. The aim of this paper is to present an approach to make the SCM process more visible within the VSCs.


An aggregate of insulin, molecular weight about 70,000, was formed when it was incubated with GSH. The aggregate product converted to a low molecular weight product, presumably the insulin A- and B-chains, on addition of urea to mixtures. This conversion requires sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange as a sulfhydryl reagent inhibited it, in part. The aggregate does not form with EDTA in mixtures, but as before, a product of lower molecular weight than insulin was formed. These results support the previously held view that the disulfide bonds formed by insulin are influenced by its structure.


Coagulation is initiated by the binding of factor VIIa to tissue factor, with resultant limited factor IX and X activation and thrombin production. Owing to the feedback inhibition of the factor VIIa/tissue factor complex by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), additional factor X activation and thrombin generation must proceed through a pathway involving factors VIII, IX, and XI. Experiments designed to elucidate the requirement for amplified factor Xa and thrombin generation in normal hemostasis show that the resistance of plasma clots to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)- and urokinase-induced fibrinolysis is related to the extent of thrombin generation. Inhibition of fibrinolysis is mediated in part by plasma carboxypeptidase-U ([CPU] carboxypeptidase-R, procarboxypeptidase-B, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor), a proenzyme that is proteolytically activated by thrombin in a process enhanced dramatically by the cofactor thrombomodulin. A clot induced in factor IX-deficient plasma with limited amounts of tissue factor in the presence of urokinase (100 U/mL) lyses prematurely, and this defect is corrected by supplementation of the deficient plasma with factor IX (5 micrograms/mL) or thrombomodulin (20 ng/mL). These additions enhance the rate and extent of CPU activation: in the case of factor IX, presumably by permitting amplified generation of factor Xa and thrombin, and in the case of thrombomodulin, presumably by increasing the degree of CPU activation produced by the low levels of thrombin generated in the absence of factor IX. Pretreatment of the factor IX-deficient plasma with specific anti-CPU antibodies prevents the increased resistance to fibrinolysis produced by addition of factor IX and thrombomodulin. Likewise, when coagulation is induced by thrombin (2 U/mL) in the presence of tPA (60 U/mL), clots formed from plasmas deficient in factors VIII, IX, X, or XI lyse prematurely unless the missing factor is replaced or thrombomodulin (20 ng/mL) is added.


Introduction: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has gained interest for improving diagnosis, treatment planning and facilitating better patient's management in various dental fields. This study is part of the quality assurance programme in Dental Faculty, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). This center offers dental radiography service not only for internal clinics but also act as a referral center for the eastern areas, Pahang, Malaysia. Aims: The aims of this study were; 1) to assess referral pattern for CBCT scans at the Dental Faculty, IIUM, Kuantan, and 2) to evaluate the completeness of the current referral form used by clinicians (for both internal and external referrals). Methods: An audit looking at both the external and internal referral CBCT forms of a four year period of examination (2010-2013) at the Radiology Unit, Dental Faculty, IIUM. Source of referrals, indications for CBCT and the referral forms were examined and analysed. Results: Total CBCT scans taken within the four-year period were 171, in which 96 were referred from internal sources whilst 75 were external referrals. External referrals were mainly from Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic clinics (59%), while other referrals were from implant clinic (20%), Paediatrics and Special Needs clinic (15%), Oral MaxilloFacial Surgery clinic (4%) and Periodontic clinic (1%) and Oral Medicine Oral Pathology (OMOP) clinics (1%). All forms from external sources are completely filled. In the Internal referral form, 41% of them came with no indication of why CBCT need to be taken. Out of 59% of cases with indications, 33% came from Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic department, followed by Oral Surgery department (10%). Implant treatment planning accounted for 7% of cases, Periodontics 4%, Temporo-Mandibular Joint assessment 2% and 1% for Conservative dentistry and Prosthodontic cases respectively and 1% cleft cases. Further analysis of the internal referral forms revealed that only 14% of the forms were filled with complete patients' details, 40% specified pregnancy status and 67% clearly stated patients' medical status. Area of interest was not specified in 69% of cases and clinicians' names were not stated in 94% of the cases. Majority of the forms were completed with clinicians' signature (99%) and also radiographers' details (97%). Conclusions: This study indicated that the majority of IIUM CBCT referrals were from internal sources. However, most of the referral forms were not completely filled. The internal form used, therefore, need to be improved and a much firmer referral framework should be in place.


Metrizamide computed tomography (CT) myelography is clinically useful in the detection of syringohydromyelia. The mechanism by which intrathecally injected metrizamide migrates into the intramedullary cavity is unknown, although reflux into the central canal of the cord via the obex has been postulated. Since intrathecally injected metrizamide has been shown to penetrate normal brain, similar penetrance of the spinal cord might be expected. Five anesthetized mongrel dogs were examined with sequential CT scanning of the cervical spine for 24 hr after intrathecal introduction of metrizamide. The attenuation values of the specified subarachnoid space and the spinal cord at the level of the atlantoaxial joint were recorded. A significant and reproducible increase with time in attenuation values within the cervical spinal cord accompanied by a progressive decrease in attenuation values of the subarachnoid space was observed. The proposed mechanism of cord enhancement, the implication for cord imaging, and the analysis of patients with syringohydromyelia are discussed.


Rail transportation plays an important role in today's economy by delivering a large quantity of goods and passengers to various locations throughout North America in an economic and efficient manner. Bearing failure is one of the leading causes of derailments that result in significant capital loss and in extreme cases tragic human loss. The two widely used bearing health monitoring systems are the Trackside Acoustic Detection System (TADS™) and the wayside Hot-Box Detector (HBD). These systems are reactive in nature and only give alerts when the bearings are nearing failure. To supplant that, a prototype wireless onboard condition monitoring system was developed by researchers at the University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS). This onboard wireless system can detect bearing defects at their early stages of initiation so that proactive maintenance actions can be taken by the railroads and railcar owners. Due to the wireless nature of this system, a constant power supply is needed to ensure its continued operation.
 Currently, the prototype wireless system utilizes low-power circuitry that is powered by a rechargeable AA battery that can provide up to two years of operation depending on usage. Implementation of a suitable energy harvesting device can significantly increase the longevity of the batteries used in the wireless module, and in ideal operating conditions, generate consistent energy rendering the battery as a temporary energy storage device. The proposed energy harvesting device consists of thermoelectric generators, aluminum heat sinks, a switching boost convertor, and a battery management chip. This device was tested on a dynamic bearing test rig to assess the performance of the thermoelectric generators. To best simulate field operation conditions, the thermoelectric generators were placed on opposite sides of the bearing adapter; one exposed to direct forced convection while the other side is shielded by the adapter and experiences minimal convection. Thermoelectric generators were found to be an effective solution due to their ability to convert a temperature gradient into a usable voltage sufficient to charge the battery. The buck booster converter increases the voltage from the thermoelectric generators to 5-volts so that the battery management chip can regulate the voltage and efficiently charge the battery. This paper summarizes the performance of the thermoelectric modules under different operating conditions. The main goal of this project is to devise an energy harvesting device that allows the wireless module to be self-powered utilizing the heat generated from the bearing and the charge held by the battery as a hybrid power source.


Multi-phase machines have some features such as reduced power electronic components rating, reduced torque ripple, and increased reliability that make them a favorable option in some applications, for instance in the area of high-power drive systems. A combined motor drive and battery charger based on a split-phase interior permanent magnet synchronous motor and dual inverters is proposed and explained in this paper. By connecting the two motor winding star points to a single-phase ac supply, it is possible to charge the battery through the inverters from a commonly available single-phase outlet. In this way, a separate battery charger is not needed. A double dq model of the motor is presented and based upon a maximum torque per ampere control strategy is used for the traction mode. To eliminate the look up table to obtain the reference value of the current q component from the torque error, a linearized version of the controller is used that is explained. The system operation in the charging mode including the equivalent circuit and inverter control is also explained. Moreover, simulation results are provided to verify the proper operation of the proposed system.


We investigate theoretically and empirically the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the product innovation activity of Chinese firms. We extend the existing literature by examining a new type of spillover benefit, as well as new mechanisms by which knowledge spillovers occur. Theoretically, we extend the existing FDI spillover literature that mainly focuses on industry-level spillover effects on productivity by examining FDI spillovers at both firm and location levels, and their impact on product innovations. Using the knowledge-based view of firms we argue that knowledge spillover is likely to occur when foreign firms form joint ventures with local firms and/or when local firms are located in cities with concentrated foreign activities. Empirically, we utilize product innovation information for nearly 40,000 Chinese firms in high technology industries over the period 2000-2005. We find conditional support for our theory. Specifically, we find that in locations with strong clustering of innovative foreign invested firms, local firms benefit from knowledge spillovers and are themselves more likely to introduce product innovations. However, in locations where foreign concentration is measured not by innovations, but by employment or capital local firms do not benefit from foreign knowledge spillovers. These contrasting results suggest that only when foreign invested firms conduct innovative activities can they generate positive locational spillovers. We also find conditional support for knowledge spillover through joint ventures. This spillover benefit becomes weaker if we control for the locational spillover of foreign innovations. These results suggest that relative to location, joint ventures may represent a weaker knowledge spillover mechanism. We discuss the implications of these results for firm strategy and government policy.


This paper surveys a series of model selection approaches and presents a novel predictive information criterion (PIC) for hidden Markov model (HMM) selection. The approximate Bayesian using Viterbi approach is applied for PIC selection of the best HMMs providing the largest prediction information for generalization of future data. When the perturbation of HMM parameters is expressed by a product of conjugate prior densities, the segmental prediction information is derived at the frame level without Laplacian integral approximation. In particular, a multivariate t distribution is attained to characterize the prediction information corresponding to HMM mean vector and precision matrix. When performing model selection in tree structure HMMs, we develop a top-down prior/posterior propagation algorithm for estimation of structural hyperparameters. The prediction information is determined so as to choose the best HMM tree model. Different from maximum likelihood (ML) and minimum description length (MDL) selection criteria, the parameters of PIC chosen HMMs are computed via maximum a posteriori estimation. In the evaluation of continuous speech recognition using decision tree HMMs, the PIC criterion outperforms ML and MDL criteria in building a compact tree structure with moderate tree size and higher recognition rate.


Neural Networks and Random Forests: two popular techniques for supervised learning that are seemingly disconnected in their formulation and optimization method, have recently been linked in a single construct. The connection pivots on assembling an artificial Neural Network with nodes that allow for a gate-like function to mimic a tree split, optimized using the standard approach of recursively applying the chain rule to update its parameters. Yet two main challenges have impeded wide use of this hybrid approach: (a) the inability of global gradient descent techniques to optimize hierarchical parameters (as introduced by the gate function); and (b) the construction of the tree structure, which has relied on standard decision tree algorithms to learn the network topology or incrementally (and heuristically) searching the space at random. We propose a probabilistic construct that exploits the idea of a node's unexplained potential (the total error channeled through the node) in order to decide where to expand further, mimicking the standard tree construction in a Neural Network setting, alongside a modified gradient descent that first locally optimizes an expanded node before a global optimization. The probabilistic approach allows us to evaluate each new split as a ratio of likelihoods that balance the statistical improvement in explaining the evidence against the additional model complexity — thus providing a natural stopping condition. The result is a novel classification and regression technique that leverages the strength of both: a tree-structure that grows naturally and is simple to interpret with the plasticity of Neural Networks that allow for soft margins and slanted boundaries. 1 ar X iv :1 91 2. 05 90 1v 1 [ st at .M L ] 1 2 D ec 2 01 9


Mooring of floating wave energy converters is an important topic in renewable research since it highly influences the overall cost of the wave energy converter and thereby the cost of energy. In addition, several wave energy converter failures have been observed due to insufficient mooring systems. When designing these systems, it is necessary to ensure the applicability of the design tool and to establish an understanding of the error between model and prototype. The present paper presents the outcome of an experimental test campaign and construction of a numerical model using the open-source boundary element method code NEMOH and the commercial time-domain mooring analysis tool OrcaFlex. The work used the wind/wave energy converter Floating Power Plant as a case study, which is defined as a large floating structure with a passive mooring system. The investigated mooring consists of a three-legged turret system with synthetic lines, and it was tested for both operational and extreme events. In order to understand the difference between the model and experimental results, no tuning of the model was done, besides adding drag elements with values found from a simplified methodology. This resembles initial design cases where no experimental data are available. Generally good agreement was found for the tensions in the lines when the drag element was applied, with some overestimation of the motions. The main cause of difference was found to be underestimation of linear damping. A model was tested with additional linear damping, and it illustrated that a final analysis needs to use experimental data to achieve the best results. However, the analyses showed that the investigated model can be used without tuning in initial investigations of mooring systems, and it is expected that this approach can be applied to other similar systems.


The dihedral energy function is the most influential parameter in molecular mechanics (MM) force field parameter optimization. A selective enhanced sampling of dihedral energy could effectively reflect the influence of dihedral energy settings on protein secondary structure representation, which in turn testifies the availability of the force field in folding simulation. Here, a Dihedral-based Selective Integrated-Tempering-Sampling Molecular Dynamics (D-SITSMD) simulation method is shown to provide a selective enhanced sampling of dihedral energy without introducing large energetic noise. Its capabilities of searching for protein natively folded structure and providing the underlying folding pathway are evaluated through the folding tests of three peptides (chignolin, TC5b, and HP35) with multiple AMBER force fields (FF14SBonlysc, FF99SBildn, or FF03) and the comparison to presented experimental data and REMD simulations. Both above-mentioned capabilities are improved, displaying the potential of D-SITSMD in the studies of in silico protein folding and structure refinement. Additionally, it is commonly observed among the test simulation systems that their folding processes are thermodynamically favorable for non-bonded vdW and electrostatic energies but unfavorable for dihedral energy, such that the folding barrier height correlated with the dihedral energy increase from the unfolded to folded state whereas the unfolding free energy barrier correlated with the combined increase of vdW and electrostatic energies in the unfolding process. It is speculated that the influence of a force field on the folding barrier of a protein is fulfilled mainly through regulating the contribution of dihedral energy to determine the secondary structure formation in the global folding process.


OBJECTIVE
To study the effect of ephedrine on neural plasticity after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) in neonatal rats.

METHOD
Sixty SD rats, aged 7 days, were made as HIBD model, which were randomly divided into following 4 groups, an ephedrine group, a D-amphetamine (D-AMPH) group, a cytodine triphosphate-2Na (CTP) group and a ganglioside (GMI) group. Changes in the expression of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and synaptophysin (SYP) in the hippocampal area CA3 were detected with immunohistochemical method. Four weeks after the operation, learning and memory test in Morris water maze was performed for 5 days.

RESULT
(1) The GAP-43 and SYP expression levels in hippocampal area CA3 in the ephedrine group were higher than those in the spontaneous recovery group (P < 0.05), with no significantly different from those the CTP group and the D-AMPH group. (2) The average escape latency in the ephedrine group, the D-AMPH group and the CTP group were significantly shorter than that in the spontaneous recovery group (P < 0.05), and the frequency passing the original platform in the 3 treatment groups were significantly more than those in the spontaneous recovery group (P < 0.01). The escape latency was longer and the frequency passing the original platform was less in the ephedrine group than that in the GM1 group, with no significant differences as compared with the CTP group and the D-AMPH group.

CONCLUSION
Ephedrine can enhance spatial orientation and learning and memory abilities of HIBD rats in later life. This protective effect is associated with decrease of neuronal loss after HIBD, and promotion of the expression of GAP43 and SYP. Ephedrine can exert the same protection against HIBD as D-AMPH and CTP do, but the amelioration of spatial orientation and learning and memory abilities by ephedrine in later life in rats after HIBD is slightly weaker than that by GM1, which is possibly related with the dose of ephedrine.


Background Problem gambling is a serious public health concern at an international level where population prevalence rates average 2% or more and occurs more frequently in younger populations. The most empirically established treatments until now are combinations of cognitive and behavioural techniques labelled cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). However, there is a paucity of high quality evidence for the comparative efficacy of core CBT interventions in treating problem gamblers. This study aims to isolate and compare cognitive and behavioural (exposure-based) techniques to determine their relative efficacy. Methods A sample of 130 treatment-seeking problem gamblers will be allocated to either cognitive or exposure therapy in a two-group randomised, parallel design. Repeated measures will be conducted at baseline, mid and end of treatment (12 sessions intervention period), and at 3, 6 and 12 months (maintenance effects). The primary outcome measure is improvement in problem gambling severity symptoms using the Victorian Gambling Screen (VGS) harm to self-subscale. VGS measures gambling severity on an extensive continuum, thereby enhancing sensitivity to change within and between individuals over time. Discussion This article describes the research methods, treatments and outcome measures used to evaluate gambling behaviours, problems caused by gambling and mechanisms of change. This study will be the first randomised, parallel trial to compare cognitive and exposure therapies in this population. Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by the Southern Adelaide Health Service/Flinders University Human Research Ethics Committee. Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN 12610000828022.


In this paper, a new method for multi criteria decision making is represented whichspecifies a trajectory satisfying desired criteria including minimization of time. A rescue robot is defined to perform certain tasks before the arrival of rescue team, including evaluation of the probability of explosion in the area, detecting human-beings, and providing preliminary aidsin case of identifying signs of life, so that the security of the surroundings will have enhanced significantly for the individuals inside the disaster zone as well as the rescue team. The main idea behind our technique is using the Program Evaluation and Review Technique analysis along with Critical Path Method and use the Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method to decidewhich set of activities must be performed first. Since the disastrous event in one area may be well contagious to others, it is one of the robot's priorities to evaluate the relative adversity of the situation, using the above methods and prioritize its mission. Keywords—PERT, CPM, MCDM.


Chalcogenide-based phase-change materials play a prominent role in information technology. In spite of decades of research, the details of electrical transport in these materials are still debated. In this article, we present a unified model based on multiple-trapping transport together with 3D Poole–Frenkel emission from a two-center Coulomb potential. With this model, we are able to explain electrical transport both in as-deposited phase-change material thin films, similar to experimental conditions in early work dating back to the 1970s, and in melt-quenched phase-change materials in nanometer-scale phase-change memory devices typically used in recent studies. Experimental measurements on two widely different device platforms show remarkable agreement with the proposed mechanism over a wide range of temperatures and electric fields. In addition, the proposed model is able to seamlessly capture the temporal evolution of the transport properties of the melt-quenched phase upon structural relaxation.


Follow this and additional works at: http://ecommons.udayton.edu/chm_fac_pub Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons, Biochemical Phenomena, Metabolism, and Nutrition Commons, Chemical and Pharmacologic Phenomena Commons, Environmental Chemistry Commons, Inorganic Chemistry Commons, Materials Chemistry Commons, Medical Biochemistry Commons, Medicinal-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Commons, Organic Chemistry Commons, Other Chemistry Commons, and the Physical Chemistry Commons


The long-slit spectra obtained along the minor axis, offset major axis, and diagonal axis are presented for 12 E and S0 galaxies of the Coma Cluster drawn from a magnitude-limited sample studied before. The rotation curves, velocity dispersion profiles, and the H3 and H4 coefficients of the Hermite decomposition of the line-of-sight velocity distribution are derived. The radial profiles of the Hβ, Mg, and Fe line strength indices are measured too. In addition, the surface photometry of the central regions of a subsample of four galaxies recently obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope is presented. The data will be used to construct dynamical models of the galaxies and study their stellar populations.


As computing has become an integral part of our world, demand for teaching computational thinking in K-12 has increased. One of its basic competences is programming, often taught by learning activities without a predefined solution using block-based visual programming languages. Automatic assessment tools can support teachers with their assessment and grading as well as guide students throughout their learning process. Although being already widely used in higher education, it remains unclear if such approaches exist for K-12 computing education. Thus, in order to obtain an overview, we performed a systematic mapping study. We identified 14 approaches, focusing on the analysis of the code created by the students inferring computational thinking competencies related to algorithms and programming. However, an evident lack of consensus on the assessment criteria and instructional feedback indicates the need for further research to support a wide application of computing education in K-12 schools.


The end to end encryption of connections over the internet have evolved from SSL to TLS 1.3 over the years. Attacks have exposed vulnerabilities on each upgraded version of the cryptographic protocols used to secure connections over the internet. Organisations have to keep updating their web based applications to use the latest cryptographic protocol to ensure users are protected and feel comfortable using their web applications. But, the problem is that, web applications are not always standalone systems, there is usually a maze of systems that are integrated to provide services to the end user. The interactions between these systems happens within the controlled internal private network environment of the organisation. While only the front ending web application is visible to the end user. It is not often feasible to upgrade all internal systems to use the latest cryptographic protocol for internal interfaces/integration due to prohibitive cost of redevelopment and upgrades to infra and systems. Here we define an algorithm to setup internal & external firewalls to downgrade to a lower version of the cryptographic protocol (SSL) within the internal network for the integration/interfacing connections of internal systems while mandating the latest cryptographic protocol (TLS 1.x) for end user connections to the web application.


In order to predicate machined shape of electrochemical machining (ECM), a machined shape prediction method by using numerical simulation is presented in this paper. For the simulation, the mathematical model based on electric field and flow field theories firstly is built. Then the time discretization method and the finite element method (FEM) are employed to solve the mathematical model. The simulation software is developed to perform the simulation of the ECM process and predict the machined shape. Finally the method is applied in the ECM processes of the blade and the cavity. The application results show that the machined surface with high accuracy can be achieved and less test times is needed by the simulation.


Current situation derived from space object density is a concern in the Low Earth Orbit and Geosynchronous Orbital regimes. The large number of active and inactive objects in these regions has led to the creation of space debris mitigation guidelines, which attempt to limit the future growth of the population by defining the procedures that should be followed when decommissioning spacecraft. In the LEO regime, re-entry disposal strategies are often applied, ensuring that objects remain in orbit less than 25 years once the operational lifetime is finished. On the contrary, GEO objects are normally put in the socalled graveyard orbit, out of the GEO band, ensuring they will not enter into the GEO protected region in the medium term. The current situation in the Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) has not yet required defining mitigation measures. But with the increase in the number of objects in this regime, coming from the deployment of several constellations devoted for global navigation systems, an increasing interest exists in analysing the need of disposal strategies and the identification of the most appropriate disposal approach. The MEO region will be populated with four complete navigation systems, all of them in relatively close orbital altitudes: The American GPS, Russian GLONASS, European Galileo and Chinese BeiDou. Considering these constellation satellites, the mission related objects derived from their launches and the de-commissioned satellites, disposal approaches shall be defined in order to avoid jeopardizing the altitude band suitable for such constellations. Because of their distances to Earth, ordinary disposal manoeuvres leading to a direct or delayed re-entry due to atmospheric drag are not feasible, as they require unrealistic fuel budgets. The dynamics of MEO orbigs suggest two feasible approaches for such disposal activities: disposal to stable graveyard orbits, or disposal to eccentricity build-up orbits. For the first case, a minimum safe distance to the active constellation altitude is desired to be kept for 200 years after the disposal, and thus very stable orbits need to be achieved. The eccentricity build-up strategy makes use of resonance effects between the Earth's geopotential, the Sun and the Moon. Depending on the orbit's initial conditions, a large eccentricity build-up takes place, which can lead to a re-entry of the satellite on the long term. This paper summarises the results from simulating the commissioning and maintenance of the four aforementioned constellations, and the complete space debris population over 200 years. Three different disposal strategies were simulated for the four constellations: One businessas-usual scenario, in which the disposal is performed as currently envisaged, one graveyard disposal scenario, and one eccentricity disposal scenario. The Delta-V cost of the disposal manoeuvres is computed for all the simulated navigation satellites. The results are assessed in terms of spatial density increases as well as collision risk and to-be expected manoeuvre rates for both navigation satellites and typical satellites missions in LEO and GEO. The results of these simulations show that the lowest risk for the constellation satellites can be achieved by disposing to stable orbits. Nevertheless, the overall collision risk from disposed navigation satellites and upper stages in these orbits is very low compared to typical LEO and GEO risks in all simulated scenarios. Similar, in the time frame considered, the effect of disposed navigation satellites in LEO and GEO is almost negligible.


Information on export restrictive measures was collected from 16 countries for the period 2007 to 2011 or 2012 depending on the country. The data indicate that export measures were applied across the whole spectrum of agricultural and food products, but grains, oilseeds and vegetable oils were particularly targeted. A variety of measures were employed at least one time on at least on product. Export bans were used by most (13) of the countries in the inventory while nine countries used export duties and export quotas were used by eight. The various measures were often used sequentially or concurrently. The data indicate that in most years, world trade of the commodities of interest rose suggesting that when restrictive measures lowered exports from intervening countries, competitors were able to compensate. For the world rice market, however, export restrictions significantly lowered exports of interfering countries, but other rice suppliers filled the gap as total imports were not affected.


A broad frequency band of a seismic signal may be generated by a high frequency vibrator, a shotgun or some kind of a weight drop source with a small mass. However, a small mass generates only low signal amplitudes, so high fold stacking is necessary. A multi-impulse source generating many impulses during the recording time could overcome this need for high fold stacking. An example of a random multi-impulse source in combination with a special recording system is the Mini-Socie (Barbier et al., 1976). More recently a swept impact seismic technique (SIST) using standard enginering seismographs was presented by Park et al. (1996). Furthermore there are several relatively cheap apparatus or components commercially available which can be adapted as multi-impulse sources. This situation is encouraging to again investigate the performance of a multi-impulse source in combination with a standard engineering seismograph.


Nasal immunization is an effective way to induce both mucosal and systemic immune responses. In this study, we assessed a cDNA vector for Flt3 ligand (FL) for its potential to enhance mucosal immunity or tolerance. Interestingly, tolerance was avoided and elevated levels of OVA-specific Ab responses were induced in nasal washes, fecal extracts, and saliva as well as in plasma when compared with mice given nasal OVA plus DNA plasmid without the FL gene. In addition, significant levels of OVA-specific CD4 (cid:1) T cell proliferative responses and OVA-induced IL-4 and IL-2 production were noted in spleen and cervical lymph nodes. Further, marked increases in FL protein occurred in the nasal lamina propria and submandibular glands and the frequencies of CD11c (cid:1) CD8 (cid:1) dendritic cells (DCs) significantly increased in the mucosal tissues. Moreover, these DCs expressed high levels of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class II molecules. Nasal delivery of plasmid FL with OVA resulted in FL expression in both mucosal inductive and effector sites and resulted in expanded activated lymphoid DCs. Thus, nasal plasmid FL prevents mucosal tolerance and enhances active immunity when given by a mucosal route. The Journal of Immunology, 2004, 172: 3612–3619.


Purpose –Recent studies have highlighted the importance of adopting a contingency approach to configuring omnichannel warehouses. Nonetheless, research on how various contextual factors influence the selection of warehouse configuration is scarce. This study fills this knowledge gap by exploring how and why certain configurations fit in different omnichannel contexts. Design/methodology/approach – A case study is conducted with six leading Swedish omnichannel retailers. Focusing on outbound warehouse configurations, data are collected through interviews, on-site observations, and secondary sources. A multistep analysis is made, including both pattern matching and explanation building. Findings –The qualitative analysis reveals 16 contextual factors, ofwhich assortment range, requested online order fulfillment times, goods size and total transactions are the most influential. The study shows how contextual factors create different challenges, thereby influencing the choice of the configurations. In addition to market dynamics and task complexity, the study describes four categories of the factors and related challenges that are particularly important in omnichannels: speed, space, economies of scale and tied-up capital. Research limitations/implications –The findings highlight the importance of understanding context and imply that multiple challenges may require trade-offs when selecting configurations, for example, regarding what storage, processes and resources to integrate or separate. To confirm, extend, challenge and further operationalize the ideas and observations put forward in this paper, an agenda with future research issues is given for this accelerating, contemporary phenomenon. Practical implications –Managers could leverage the frameworks proposed for the contextual profiling of their current and future positions. The frameworks provide support for understanding the important challenges and potential trade-offs and developing aligned configurations. Originality/value – This study is original in the way it provides in-depth, case study findings about contextual factors and their influence on omnichannel warehouse configuration.


The theme of this year's World Press Freedom Day is interestingly convoluted. The reason is that it invites us to, at once examine some important issues, and in great depth. It talks about critical minds, then critical times, and then moves on to the role of the media in the evolution of a peaceful, just and inclusive society. The subject matter therefore envisages some structural or dialectical connections and interconnections between all the variables in evidence. And these variables are critical mind, critical time, the media, and then a society that is peaceful, just and inclusive. There is a delicate relationship between all these variables.  It is important, therefore, that we appreciate their differences and similarities, through their definitions, so we can effectively link their collective relevance, or irrelevance, to contemporary media times, and even to our overall everyday life. First, distinguished ladies and gentlemen, what do we mean by a critical mind? How do we differentiate between a mind that is critical and the one that is uncritical? Why the adjective critical should be deployed to describe the mind? The mind in itself is that part of us that helps us to think. The mind is the faculty of thought, which harbours our senses, and permits us to differentiate between right and wrong. The mind is our guide, our conscience, and the residence of our knowledge. The mind develops through multiple socialization processes, through space and time, while its quality is also determined by the context, and contents of exposures. The mind can be flat, when it is less rigorous in thoughts.  The mind is sophisticated when the quality of thought is elevated, urbane and comparatively advanced. The mind may be critical, or uncritical depending on how the content is applied. A mind is critical if thoughts are situated between all the necessary scales of judgement. That is to say, the critical mind should not be mono-directional, unilineal, or parochial. The critical mind should be disparate in dimensions, versed in perspectives, and logical in approach. The critical mind should look at the good, the bad and the ugly. It should look at the micro, the mezzo, and the macro, and even into positions in-between. The critical mind is, therefore, the objective mind, which figures issues from the thesis, anti-thesis, and then synthesis viewpoint. But remember that the critical mind is probably being mentioned as an utopian concept. The reason is that the human mind is patently self- indulged. The tendency often, is to see things from the self-serving point of view. Service to self, which remains the first temptation of the human being, is unfortunately less gracious. It is unsalutary, often unpopular, and might even be seen as ungodly in many circles. Grace therefore comes when matters are ideally distanced from the self, when matters are not subjectivised, and when matters are viewed from the lenses of dispassion. The essence of a critical mind is for contextual thinking, for balancing, and ultimately for the situation of solutions to problems. But how then does critical mind relate with the critical time? I'll turn to this next. Critical times can mean different things. The word critical can parade synonyms like serious, crucial, deadly, important, difficult, dangerous, delicate, and tortuous, amongst others, when related to time. But in this context however, I understand our reference to critical time to mean unusual times. It can mean difficult, strange, or unpredictable times. It can be the time of some revolution, of some fast paced changes, which is redefining our life, how we relate, and how we interact with each other, especially as it concerns media. Critical times now, therefore, are our present times where changes are frenetic, and where changes are taking place almost by the hour, on a planetary basis, and now at speed, even greater than the speed of light.


This thesis makes a case for education policies in Pakistan that take into account the diverse needs of its populace with regard to girls' education across different locales and contexts within provinces. Using the Gender and Development (GAD) framework, it assesses whether education policies in Pakistan address the barriers to girls' education, as expressed by communities in a customized and gender-sensitive manner. It found that provincial governments are addressing community expressed barriers to girls' education in an incomplete and inconsistent manner. While they have displayed an understanding of these issues, there remains much scope for improvement and a deeper and long-term commitment to girls' education is required to achieve gender parity at the primary level of schooling.


We study how social proximity between the sender and the receiver of information shapes the effectiveness of preventive health behaviour campaigns and the persistence of misinformation. We implement a field experiment among a representative sample of slum residents in two major Indian cities characterized by HinduMuslim tensions. We show that informative messages are effective at improving evidence-based behavior, but not non-evidence-based behavior. These findings do not differ by social proximity, signalled by religion. However, when sender and receiver share the same religion, the intervention significantly reduces misinformation carrying in-group salience, highlighting the role of social proximity in fighting misinformation. (JEL codes: C93; D91; I12; I15; O12)


Iodide uptake in the thyroid and breast is mediated by the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS). NIS activation is used for radioiodide imaging and therapeutic ablation of thyroid carcinoma. NIS is expressed in >70% of breast cancers but at a level insufficient for radioiodine treatment. All-trans retinoic acid (tRA) induces NIS gene expression and functional iodide uptake in human breast cancer cell lines and mouse breast cancer models. tRA usually regulates gene expression by direct interaction of RA receptor (RAR) with a target gene, but it can also act through nongenomic pathways. We report a direct influence of tRA treatment on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signal transduction pathway that mediates tRA-induced NIS expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cells express all three RAR isoforms, A, B, and ;, and RXRA. We previously identified RARB and RXRA as important for NIS induction by tRA. Treatment with LY294002, the PI3K inhibitor, or p85A knockdown with siRNA abolished tRAinduced NIS expression. Immunoprecipitation experiments and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay showed a direct interaction between RARB2, RXRA, and p85A. RA also induced rapid activation of Akt in MCF-7 cells. Treatment with an Akt inhibitor or Akt knockdown with siRNA reduced NIS expression. These findings indicate that RA induction of NIS in MCF7 cells is mediated by rapid activation of the PI3K pathway and involves direct interaction with RAR and retinoid X receptor. Defining these mechanisms should lead to methods to further enhance NIS expression, as well as retinoid targets that influence growth and differentiation of breast cancer. [Cancer Res 2009;69(8):3443–50]


The interaction of gas-rich galaxies with the intracluster medium (ICM) of galaxy clusters has a remarkable impact on their evolution, mainly due to the gas loss associated with this process. In this work, we use an idealized, high-resolution simulation of a Virgo-like cluster, run with ramses and with dynamics reproducing that of a zoom cosmological simulation, to investigate the interaction of infalling galaxies with the ICM. We find that the tails of ram pressure stripped galaxies give rise to a population of up to more than a hundred clumps of molecular gas lurking in the cluster. The number count of those clumps varies a lot overtime – they are preferably generated when a large galaxy crosses the cluster (M200c > 1012 M⊙), and their lifetime (≲ 300 Myr) is small compared to the age of the cluster. We compute the intracluster luminosity associated with the star formation that takes place within those clumps, finding that the stars formed in all of the galaxy tails combined amount to an irrelevant contribution to the intracluster light. Surprisingly, we also find in our simulation that the ICM gas significantly changes the composition of the gaseous discs of the galaxies: after crossing the cluster once, typically 20 per cent of the cold gas still in those discs comes from the ICM.


The determination of soil water content by time domain reflectometry (TDR) involves two steps: the measurement of the propagation velocity of an electromagnetic pulse along a transmission line and the conversion of this measurement to an estimate of soil water content. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify errors associated with propagation velocity measurements. We developed new TDR techniques, involving the use of remotely switched diodes and differential wave form detection, that can be used to quantify and minimize propagation velocity errors. These errors are presented in terms of time interval errors. We show that the dominant time interval error term relates to the transition time of reflected pulses and that absolute time interval errors cannot be assumed to be 2 ns, the time interval error caused by transition time effects can be estimated as the root mean square sum of the basic 200-ps error and an error equal to 10% of the transition time. We show that although instrument time base errors are the main source of precision errors, they are less important in determining the absolute accuracy of propagation velocity measurements. We show that system costs can be reduced without compromising accuracy by using 75 Ω coaxial cable, which is not only inexpensive but is superior to standard 50 Ω cable


Polarization division multiplexed (PDM) quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) coherent optical systems employ blind adaptive linear electronic equalizers for polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) compensation. In this paper, we compute the performance of various adaptive, fractionally spaced, feed-forward electronic equalizers, using the outage probability as a criterion. A parallel programming implementation of the multicanonical Monte Carlo method is developed, which automatically performs concurrent loop computation on multicore processors, for the estimation of the tails of the outage probability distribution. The constant modulus algorithm (CMA), the decision-directed least mean squares (DD-LMS), and their combination are applied for the adaptation of electronic equalizer filter coefficients. In the exclusive presence of PMD, we demonstrate that half-symbol-period-spaced CMA-based adaptive electronic equalizers perform slightly better than their DD-LMS counterparts, at links with strong PMD, whereas the opposite holds true at the weak PMD regime. It is shown that the successive application of CMA and DD-LMS with 20 complex, half-symbol-period-spaced taps per finite impulse response filter is adequate to reduce the outage probability of coherent PDM QPSK systems to less than 10-5, for a mean differential group delay of more than twice the symbol period.


During the Second Special Observing Period of May and June 1979, the Global Weather Experiment reached a peak. At this time the largest concentration of resources ever assembled was deployed to meet the challenge of observing the atmosphere and oceans to an unprecedented degree. This article outlines this effort and highlights the various observing systems involved in this effort—in particular the quantity of observations gathered from each major system.


One of the important issues of urban studies is Urban Landscape impact on mental, perceptual, and behavioral aspects of citizens. Urban Landscape, as a result of the interaction of the factor formation of city and urban community, reflects the characteristics such as the development of civil society and citizens, and their social maturity, the values and norms, economic conditions, tastes and aesthetic criteria and more. One of the most important discussions in the in the theory of Environment and Landscapes, is the role of landscapes in forming human behaviors. Human behavior is under the influence of ecological powers all over the world. When one pays attention to carefully designed landscapes, and when people cooperate with us, it is possible to create active, various and fresh landscapes based on the citizens' needs and motivations. If the sense of belonging disappears in human being, he becomes indifferent to any possible damages to environment, the opposite is also possible: keeping and caring the environment will increase both the residents' willingness towards their living environment and also the sense of belonging.In this paper, in order to understand the urban landscape impact of mental image of citizens and to study their behavioral characteristics, we selected Julfa & Zainabiayeh districts of Isfahan, and had distributed a number of questionnaires among the inhabitants. 100 citizens were randomly selected from the population of Julfa and Zeinabiyeh districts. Their age-range was between "20-60." They were required to respond a 11-item questionnaire on their attitudes towards Urban Landscape in the region. Comparative studies have been conducted on the collected data and finally some strategies have been provided to enable and organize these two districts .The results of comparative analysis from these districts show that both districts of Zeinabiyeh and Julfh have the potentiality to absorb social capital. Julfa has performed this process well and has been a successful economic capital. Julfa reminds of order, a sense of peacefulness, dynamism, wealth, readability, modernity and a representative of minority of Armenians. On the other hand, Zeinabiyeh, is losing its native residents. Zeinabiyeh's residents' sense of belonging is decreasing due to its texture weariness and its inappropriate skeleton. This district reminds us of an old texture, crowdedness, disorder, disregarding collective memories, ruined areas, poor people and lower social class. The main reason why people are highly interested to live in Julfa can be summarized in Julfa's readability, i.e. the mental image that people have from Julfa's location, its uses, its valuable and historical buildings. However, municipal strategies and plans play an important role in this success.


Today the concept of globality is widely used to describe a condition characterized by the presence a single sociopolitical space on a planetary scale. Yet international relations theory has been either unwilling or unable to understand the global realm in sui generis terms. This paper argues that if we want to make coherent sense of the global realm and its relationship to the international system, we must account for how globality has been constructed as a social fact. The paper then tries to provide some of the foundations of such an account by analyzing how a distinctively global space was forged out of changing cosmological beliefs about the makeup of the terrestrial surface during the Renaissance, and how these new beliefs in turned conditioned the possibility of modern practices of territorial demarcation and national identity construction. If valid, this interpretation implies that the order of analytical priority between the international system of states and the global realm ought to be reversed, and hence also that a sui generis account of globality must be built on the recognition that the world was global well before it became international in any recognizably modern sense of this latter term.


THURSDAY November 19, 2015 9 a.m. COMMITTEE ON INSTRUCTION - Room 1-100 Members: Sue Melton-Malone, Chair; Geraldine Miller, Vice Chair; Barbara Cargill; Tom Maynard; Marisa B. Perez. A quorum of the State Board of Education may attend the committee meeting and discuss items on the committee agenda. Publ


In today's business environment, inter-firm alliances of simultaneous cooperation and competition (IASCC) have become very important for enhancement of internal resources as well as market shares of firms. Evidence suggests that majority of the alliances today occur between competitors or within the same industry. Given the increasing importance and complexity of IASCC, issues of stakeholder management and governance structures in such alliances need to be more clearly understood. Using primary data collected from Indian firms in different sectors, this paper explores the antecedents of governance mechanisms in IASCC from a stakeholder perspective by viewing alliance partners as stakeholders. It is argued that alliance capabilities are important determinants of governance structures. Moreover, the role of these capabilities is moderated by the strategic context of the IASCC in determining the nature of governance structures.


Multicharged cyclodextrin (CD) supramolecular assemblies, including those based on positively/negatively charged modified mono-6-deoxy-CDs, per-6-deoxy-CDs, and random 2,3,6-deoxy-CDs, as well as parent CDs binding positively/negatively charged guests, have been extensively applied in chemistry, materials science, medicine, biological science, catalysis, and other fields. In this review, we primarily focus on summarizing the recent advances in positively/negatively charged CDs and parent CDs encapsulating positively/negatively charged guests, especially the construction process of supramolecular assemblies and their applications. Compared with uncharged CDs, multicharged CDs display remarkably high antiviral and antibacterial activity as well as efficient protein fibrosis inhibition. Meanwhile, charged CDs can interact with oppositely charged dyes, drugs, polymers, and biomacromolecules to achieve effective encapsulation and aggregation. Consequently, multicharged CD supramolecular assemblies show great advantages in improving drug-delivery efficiency, the luminescence properties of materials, molecular recognition and imaging, and the toughness of supramolecular hydrogels, in addition to enabling the construction of multistimuli-responsive assemblies. These features are anticipated to not only promote the development of CD-based supramolecular chemistry but also contribute to the rapid exploitation of these assemblies in diverse interdisciplinary applications.


In an experimental study we explored the role of word frequency and orthographic constraints in the reading of Dutch bisyllabic words. Although Dutch orthography is highly regular, several deviations from a one-to-one correspondence occur. In polysyllabic words, the grapheme E may represent three different vowels: /e /, /e/, or /œ /. In the experiment, skilled adult readers were presented lists of bisyllabic words containing the vowel E in the initial syllable and the same grapheme or another vowel in the second syllable. We expected word frequency to be related to word latency scores. On the basis of general word frequency data, we also expected the interpretation of the initial syllable as a stressed /e/ to be facilitated as compared to the interpretation of an unstressed /œ /. We found a strong negative correlation between word frequency and latency scores. Moreover, for words with E in either syllable we found a preference for a stressed /e/ interpretation, indicating a lexical frequency effect. The results are discussed with reference to a parallel dual-route model of word decoding.


Hemagglutination assay of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the urine of patients suspected of having ectopic pregnancies has proved to be a highly sensitive method of detecting the condition. Moreover, the technique is simple and inexpensive. Hemagglutination assays were used in 167 patients with a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and in screening 415 patients in whom there was a possibility of ectopic pregnancy. In the former group, hCG titers in urine of more than 500 IU/liter were detected in 136 patients: among the remaining 31, the pregnancies were clinically old and resolving in 22. Low hCG titers were associated with a significantly shorter period of amenorrhea and a protracted clinical course. In the second group, a false-positive rate of 1.7% occurred when the sensitivity of the assay was limited. Increasing the sensitivity of the assay to avoid false-negative results, though also increasing the false-positive rate, would help to reduce the number of cases in which more complex isotope assays are required.


Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. is reported for the first time from Turkey. This new record is confined to Cinar in Diyarbakir. The diagnostic morphological characters of S. spinosa L. are discussed. Notes are presented on its ecology and phenology. A distribution map of this new record is also given.


BACKGROUND
Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 4 (SFRP4) is a glycoprotein that acts as a competitor of both canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways. SFRP4 is mostly expressed in ovary and plays a significant role as a target molecule to cure ovarian carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE
Multiple chemical agonists are being used to cure ovary melanoma. We are interested in theoretically analyzing the compounds through computational approaches for their potential inhibitory effects against SFRP4.

METHODS
Compounds were sketched in Chemsketch drawing tool and minimized through chimera tool. Because the crystal structure of SFRP4 is not available in Protein Data Bank, homology modeling approach was used to predict Three-Dimensional (3D) crystal structure of SFRP4. Moreover, multiple computational approaches such as molecular docking and Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations along with various online tools were employed to screen the best inhibitor against ovary melanoma.

RESULTS
The docking results showed that 1d and 1e compounds revealed significant binding energy values (-9.10 and -9.00 kcal/mol, respectively) compared with the standard drugs such as cis-platin and docetaxel (-3.30, -10.80 kcal/mol), respectively. Moreover, MD simulation results showed that 1d has little fluctuations throughout the simulation period as depicted by the root mean square deviation and root mean square fluctuation graphs.

CONCLUSION
The present in-silico study provides a deeper insight into the structural attributes of 1d compound and its overall molecular interactions against SFRP4 and gives a hypothetical gateway to use this compound as a potential inhibitor against ovarian carcinoma.


The purpose of this study was to provide a decision-making model that would be used in the development of an African Literature curriculum to be adopted in the secondary schools of Sierra Leone. Emphasis was put on the decision-making process in Sierra Leone, especially in terms of allowing lay members of the community to participate in curriculum decisions. A critical look at the current decision-making process in Sierra Leone as it relates to curriculum development and implementation was undertaken and the Vroom model for decision-making was analysed and adapted to suit the Sierra Leone situation. After examining the way decisions affecting curriculum development in Sierra Leone were made and the role of the various officials connected with their implementation, existing curriculum and instructional practices were attacked at their most vulnerable points, especially in terms of their lack of relevance to the cultural aspirations of the students currently enrolled in the secondary schools of Sierra Leone.


The Mapocho basin (Central de Chile) is divided into two morphotectonic styles by the Mapocho fracture. ln the northern section, of the Santiago depression an intense monoclinal warping and a deep alveolar excavation evidence important uplift of the western border. ln the southern section, the asymetry is stronger than the former one and inverse, giving a fault angle depression. This fracturation of the depression's bottom has affected both the conditions of sedimentation and the drainage patterns, causing antecedence phenomena and antagonistic effects between tectodynamics and external morphogenesis. Concerning present tectonics and seismicity, the presence both of different tectonic compartments and depositional landforms in the depression, is possibly more important than the faults themselves in the explanation of the distribution of seismic intensities. ln the northern section of the depression there is a characteristic combination between alluvial cones and "glacis" (bahadas). Moreover, marshy terraces correspond to bad drainage conditions. ln the southern section, in exchange, the central compartments are occupied by proximal cones and distal terraces. Slopes are presented as slope systems and a new classification supported on the structure and the external dynamics is used. At the same time, the concept of dissection balance allows relate slopes and talweg dynamics. Therefore, it can be known if the more important morphogenetic processes are present or ancient. So, the fluvial landforms at the depression's bottom are inherited. In the present conditions it is unlikely the transport of coarse sediments from the high mountain toward the depression. Moreover, the torrential and sheet wash morphologic systems are also inherited. Present through put of material from active slopes toward beds and depressions is possible only during heavy storms of rain y years.


ABSTRACT Historically, there have been limited international controls at the very front end of the nuclear fuel cycle, which consists of mining, processing, transportation, and conversion of natural uranium. However, an evolving framework of nuclear-security treaties along with International Atomic Energy Agency clarifications of the materials subject to its safeguards obligations are increasing the coverage of source materials, raising the question of how new and traditional uranium suppliers should handle safeguards and security in the production of uranium. We use a risk framework to assess the likelihood and consequences of different proliferation risks. Although the consequences for proliferation are generally low, risks to the very front end are different for safeguards (state diversion) and nuclear-materials security (unauthorized removal by non-state actors). For safeguards risks, cases of diversion or undeclared activities are concentrated at conversion facilities, while theft or trafficking of front-end material represents a relatively small percentage of total security incidents, concentrated in countries with lower levels of nuclear-materials security. We conclude that safeguards and security obligations should be commensurate with the risks. An appropriate response should involve a risk-based, graduated approach to nuclear security and a flexible, more clearly framed approach to safeguards.


The quotation of two representative examples of so-called "antipsychiatry" shows that the given arguments are neither coherent nor of practical use. There is no doubt that antipsychiatry has not only utopian but also very down-to-earth aims in mind which could finally result in parts of psychiatry and, in particular, of psychotherapy being more or less split off from medicine. This can, in the long run, be avoided only if medicine not only makes an effort to continuously update its own theoretical foundations (which are included in the following key words), but more over investigates to what degree practical psychiatric research takes them into account. Difficulties in this context are shown.


Merzoug A., Belabid L., Youcef-Benkada M., Benfreha F., Bayaa B. (2014): Pea Fusarium wilt races in western Algeria. Plant Protect Sci., 50: 70–77. The fungus f usarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi (FOP), the pea wilt pathogen, causes appreciable yield losses under favour able environmental conditions in Algeria. Studies on the pathogen variability and distribution of races are essential to identify effective sources of resistance to this disease. In this study, a survey was conducted during the period 2007–2011 in four different agro-climatic zones. Pathogenic variability in 52 isolates of FOP, collected from different pea-growing areas of western Algeria, were evaluated using 7 genotypes as differential hosts. Results indicated that the disease was prevalent in all fields prospected and isolates obtained were assigned to Races 1, 2, 5 or 6 by their pathogenicity. It was found out that Races 1 and 2 were more common in all areas with 61.5 and 19.2%, respectively. This study is the first report of pea Fusarium wilt races distribution in Algeria.


An analysis of the validity of audiometric screening tests has been performed by a repeated measures analysis of variance (MANOVA) on hearing thresholds measured in a screening context, and the corresponding thresholds obtained by clinical tests among the same industrial workers. The results support the feasibility of valid audiometric tests in the context of screening for noise-induced hearing loss. However, they also demonstrate the importance of strict control of all potential sources of variation to obtain valid thresholds. The method used in this study is easy to set up and particularly sensitive to systematic sources of variation; therefore it could be integrated into the procedures applied by audiologists supervising auditory screening


Process planning strategies for surface hardening by laser robot was introduced. It has many characteristics, such as integration, flexibility and environmental protection. According to technology requirement, the path planning and robotic hardening program were accomplished automatically. The FANUC ROBOGUIDE was used to realize simulation. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the application of process planning strategies for laser surface hardening.


Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) is an early event in >60% of sporadic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Loss of VHL E3 ubiquitin ligase function results in accumulation of the alpha-subunit of the hypoxia-inducible heterodimeric transcription factor (HIF-alpha) and transcription of an array of genes including vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, and erythropoietin. Studies have shown that HIF-alpha can be alternatively activated by reactive oxygen species. Nox4 is an NADP(H) oxidase that generates signaling levels of superoxide and is found in greatest abundance in the distal renal tubules. To determine if Nox4 contributes to HIF activity in RCC, we examined the impact of Nox4 expression on HIF-alpha expression and transactivation. We report here that small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) knockdown of Nox4 in 786-0 human renal tumor cells expressing empty vector (PRC) or wild-type VHL (WT) results in 50% decrease in intracellular reactive oxygen species as measured by a fluorescent 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay, and >85% reduction in HIF2-alpha mRNA and protein levels by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, expression of the HIF target genes, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, and Glut-1 was abrogated by 93%, 74%, and 99%, respectively, after stable transfection with Nox4 siRNA relative to nontargeting siRNA, as determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Thus, renal Nox4 expression is essential for full HIF2-alpha expression and activity in 786-0 renal tumor cells, even in the absence of functional VHL. We propose the use of Nox4 as a target in the treatment of clear cell RCC.


The main purpose of this paper is to compare the performance of UMTS/HSPA+ and mWiMAX. Two scenarios were considered: single and multiple users. The single user model estimates the cell radius for a certain application throughput. Afterwards, the model was adapted to a multiple users and services scenario. The results for single user scenario show that UMTS/HSPA+ can serve users placed further away, for a certain throughput, compared to mWiMAX. Considering the multiple users scenario, UMTS/HSPA+ presents also better results than mWiMAX, both for downand uplink, regarding average network throughput and average network radius.


Group-based emotions can be experienced by group members for the past misdeeds of their ingroup towards an outgroup.. The present study examines distinct antecedents and consequences of group-based compunction and anger in two countries with a history of colonization (Portugal, N = 280 and the Netherlands, N = 184). While previous research has focused mainly on ingroup-focused antecedents of group-based emotions, such as ingroup identification and perceptions of responsibility, our research also analyzed outgroup-focused variables, such as outgroup identification and meta-perceptions. Multiple group structural equation modeling showed that group-based compunction and group-based anger have similar antecedents (exonerating cognitions, collectivism, outgroup identification and meta-perceptions). Furthermore, the results showed that the two emotions have distinct but related consequences for the improvement of intergroup relations (compensation, subjective importance of discussing the past and forgiveness assignment).