We study the ultrafast charge generation in a semiconducting polymer (MEH-PPV) by measuring the radiated THz field after photoexciting the biased polymer with a femtosecond visible pulse. The subpicosecond temporal characteristics of the emitted wave reflects the ultrafast photoconductivity dynamics and sets an upper limit for charge generation of 200 fs following photoexcitation, and reveals the dispersive nature of charge transport in MEH-PPV. A comparison of the fields radiated from MEH-PPV and the well-characterized model semiconductor system sGaAsd allows for an accurate estimate of the quantum efficiency for charge generation in the polymer, found to be less than 1%. Both observations are consistent with ultrafast charge generation in semiconducting polymers through hot exciton dissociation.


ABSTRACT Understanding susceptibility of seabirds to fisheries bycatch requires quantifying overlap of seabird at-sea habitat with fisheries' distribution and effort. Pink-footed Shearwaters (Ardenna creatopus) are vulnerable seabirds that breed only in Chile. Recently, high rates of Pink-footed Shearwater bycatch (i.e. >1,500 observed mortalities 2015–2017) were documented by observers in central Chilean purse-seine fisheries. We present analysis of Pink-footed Shearwater at-sea movements and overlap with central Chilean purse-seine fleets targeting common sardine (Strangomera bentincki), Peruvian anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), and Chilean jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi). To determine overlap during 2015–2017, we paired locations from 49 Pink-footed Shearwaters rearing nestlings at Isla Mocha, Chile, with locations and number of observed purse-seine sets in central Chile. Pink-footed Shearwaters typically visited waters ≤30 km offshore throughout central Chile. Foraging trip durations varied interannually, with longer trips in 2016, but all years revealed persistent foraging hotspots near Valdivia, the Gulf of Arauco, and Isla Mocha, Chile. Greatest overlap between Pink-footed Shearwaters and fisheries occurred with the sardine/anchoveta fleet near Valdivia (artisanal and industrial) and the Gulf of Arauco (artisanal); overlap with the jack mackerel fleet was minimal. Given Pink-footed Shearwater bycatch documented in these fisheries, this overlap may indicate risk of bycatch for these birds, although we did not directly quantify shearwater–fisheries interaction. Our results can inform further fishery monitoring efforts, as well as collaboration among scientists, managers, and fishers to identify, quantify, and reduce fisheries bycatch of Pink-footed Shearwaters within Chile and internationally.


Purpose

– Due to the emergence of rich personal narratives within recent research, the purpose of this paper is to review and to explore the experience of transition from care and consider how these accounts can inform care services.

Design/methodology/approach

– This meta-synthesis follows from several quantitative and mixed method reviews examining how young people experience aging out of the care system.

Findings

– Three themes emerged from an inductive analysis: navigation and resilience – an interrelated process; the psychological impact of survival; and complex relationship.

Research limitations/implications

– The findings of a meta-synthesis should not be over generalised and are at least partially influenced by the author's epistemological assumptions (Dixon-Woods et al., 2006). However, a synthesis of this topic has the potential to provide greater insight into how transition can be experienced through the reconceptualising of the personal experiences across the studies reviewed (Erwin et al., 2011).

Practical implications

– This synthesis discusses the themes; their relationship to existing research and policies, and suggestions for further exploration. The experience of transition is considered critically in terms of its often traumatic nature for the young person aging out of care but also the ways in which the experience itself can build essential resiliencies.

Social implications

– Reflections for clinical practice are discussed with importance placed upon systemic working, accommodating likely challenges and considering appropriate therapeutic approaches for the client group and their systems.

Originality/value

– No review thus far has qualitatively examined the narratives told by the young people emerging from care and how these narratives have been interpreted by the researchers who sought them (Hyde and Kammerer, 2009).


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy have limitations in the evaluation for urothelial tumors, and both are invasive. We studied the utility of three-dimensional (3D) CT virtual endoscopy in phantom models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A phantom pelvis was constructed of Plexiglas, porcine pelvic bones, and processed animal fat and scanned at various table speeds in a four detector-row CT machine for ability to detect "tumors" of Solidwater plastic polymer. Images were reconstructed at slice thicknesses of 2.5 to 5.0 mm and reconstructed in 3D for evaluation by two radiologists with no knowledge of the scanning parameters or tumor location. Similar studies were performed with a ureter model.

RESULTS
With 5-mm slices, the sensitivity for bladder tumors ranged from 67% for 2-mm tumors to 100% for 4-mm tumors, with 12 false-positive findings. The overall sensitivity was 86% with 3.75-mm slices with one false positive, and with 2.5-mm slices, the sensitivity was 93%, again with one false positive. For the ureteral tumors, the overall sensitivities and numbers of false positives were 88.9% and eight with 5.0-mm collimation, 88.9% and four with 3.75-mm collimation, and 100% and three with 2.5-mm collimation. The effective radiation dose for all studies was equivalent to that of a standard abdomen/pelvis scan.

CONCLUSIONS
Although virtual endoscopy traditionally has had difficulty detecting tumors <5 mm, the multidetector-row CT protocols used in this study could detect most lesions smaller than this. The scan also depicts the other tissues of the pelvis, which is valuable for staging. The 3D images were produced using data from the CT urogram parameters standard at our institution.


We are interested in improving the quality and coverage of a knowledge graph through crowdsourcing features built into a social networking service. In this setting, most participants are casual users, making only a few contributions, and do so incidentally in the course of using the service. Techniques that make assumptions about the matching of users to questions, or the number of answers per user or per question do not work well under such circumstances. We present an approach to model user trust when prior history is lacking, so that we can incorporate more new users' contributions into crowdsourced decisions, and provide quicker feedback to new participants. Specifically, we present a logistic regression classifier for first-time contributions, and study the effect of prior knowledge about user demographics on this classifier using Facebook crowdsourcing datasets.


Prolactin plays an important role in maintaining a normal glucose homeostasis during pregnancy and beyond. Studies investigating the association between prolactin and type 2 diabetes beyond pregnancy are rare and none is prospective. We aimed to examine whether prolactin associates with type 2 diabetes prospectively in a Chinese population. In 2009, 2,377 participants aged 40 years or older were enrolled from Shanghai, China. Among 1,596 diabetes-free participants at baseline, 1,510 completed the follow-up investigation in 2013. Participants who had a fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL and/or a 2-hour plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test had a definite diagnosis of type 2 diabetes or received antidiabetic therapies during follow-up were classified as having type 2 diabetes. During a mean follow-up of 3.7 years, 189 new cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. After multivariate adjustment, women in the highest quartile of prolactin showed the lowest risk for diabetes compared with those in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio = 0.48, 95% confidence interval: 0.26, 0.90). However, such significant associations were not observed in men. Prolactin may be a mediator in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in women; however, more studies are needed to elucidate the underlying sex-specific mechanism.


The malfunctioning of the nociceptive system may contribute to post-surgical chronic pain development. Psychophysical methods are used to observe nociceptive stimulus processing and sensory function by the estimation of a pain threshold. With these methods, it is possible to identify nociceptive disease. It remains, however, difficult to obtain information about individual contributions of underlying mechanisms to stimulus processing. Furthermore, a single thresholds estimate cannot be used to observe changes in the threshold as a result of changes in the nociceptive system. By presenting stimuli with various temporal stimulus properties (e.g., pulse-width, number of pulses, or inter-pulse interval) and estimating corresponding thresholds, the individual contributions of peripheral and central nociceptive processes to stimulus processing might be distinguished. Moreover, tracking these thresholds over time might help observing changes in the nociceptive system. Combined, this could contribute to an improved observation of nociceptive processing. The primary objective of the work presented in this thesis is to develop a tool allowing the simultaneous observation of individual contributions of nociceptive mechanisms to sensory processing. Two goals are identified in order to achieve the primary objective: 1) develop experimental techniques allowing the simultaneous observation of multiple non-stationary psychophysical thresholds, and 2) characterize the contributions of nociceptive mechanisms to sensory processing.
The research presented in this thesis provides psychophysical methods for improved observation of nociceptive processing. With the developed methods, it is possible to simultaneously observe the contributions of various nociceptive processes. Based on the results described in this thesis, several recommendations are provided for setting up and performing relatively short psychophysical experiments. An experiment lasting for about 30 minutes can contribute to observation of peripheral and central processes, as well as the effect of a conditioning stimulus on these processes. The duration can be shortened to about 10 minutes when the effect of a conditioning stimulus is irrelevant.


Uncertainty is an important characteristic of scheduling model for scale farm machinery operation organizing. Practice shows that scheduling model without considering uncertainties is nearly useless. Uncertain influence factors arisen from natural environment, society and economy, market and supply, and customer and behavior, exist widely, emerge frequently, and affect production deeply. Uncertainties interfere with the allocation of productive factors on temporal and spatial dimensions for farm machinery operation scheduling and management. Questionnaire for farm machinery organizations was designed and finished in 2014. Both occurrence frequency and influence degree for each factor were quantified. Four influence factors including operation location change, weather mutation, parts supply delay, and operation skill defects appear in both list of high occurrence and deep influence. Then results of questionnaire and results of specific investigation were used to study temporal and spatial scheduling model and system for farm machinery management. Three case studies are introduced. The first case is about the uncertainty and countermeasure of forage harvesters scheduling and monitoring for a professional forage plantation company. The second case is about the uncertainty and counter measure of cotton-picker scheduling and monitoring for a professional cotton picking company. And the third case is about the uncertainty and countermeasure of social service management for a professional cooperative. The cases show that the research has strong pertinence to deal with uncertainties and can improve management efficiency of farm machinery operation.


Celebrities have been accused of oversimplifying the conflict in Darfur, of exaggerating the number of people killed and of cursorily labelling it the 'first genocide of the 21st century'. Celebrity activists have also been criticized for advocating drastic measures like military intervention, and for aggressively pursuing the fulfilment of arrest warrants by the International Criminal Court at the expense of quiet diplomacy and reconciliation, ultimately making matters worse. This article examines the role of two Hollywood celebrities—Mia Farrow and George Clooney—in Sudan's 'messy war'. It claims that most proponents and critics of celebrity activism overestimate the role that these two individuals played. Clooney and Farrow did not act alone but were latecomer adherents to a transnational advocacy network (the Save Darfur Coalition) and their role was more in strengthening than in altering messages.


How deep are the roots of Latin America's economic inequalities? In this chapter we survey both the history and the literature about the region's extreme economic disparities, focusing on the most recent academic contributions. We begin by documenting the broad patterns of national and sub-national differences in income and inequality, building on the seminal contributions of Engerman and Sokoloff (2000; 2002, 2005) and aiming to capture different dimensions of inequality. We then proceed thematically, providing empirical evidence and summarizing the key recent studies on colonial institutions, slavery, land reform, education and the role of elites. Finally, we conduct a "replication" exercise with some seminal papers in the literature, extending their economic results to include different measures of inequality as outcomes.


We derive the dynamical equation of a post Newtonian (PN) quasi-rigid body from the general rotational equation of motion, i.e. the PN rotational equation of motion for a quasi-rigid body. It is emphasized that a rotational angular velocity vector and a figure axis besides the first post Newtonian (1PN) spin vector can be defined and realized for the model of a PN quasi-rigid body model constructed recently. Actually, we have shown that the moment of inertia tensor of a quasi-rigid body can be transformed into a diagonal form by an orthogonal transformation, which defines the principal axes of inertia of the body. As an example, its torque-free motion is discussed and a PN Poinsot configuration, which is similar to the Newtonian one with a small 1PN correction, is solved.


In this contribution we present our recent results in the field of diffractive optics for both soft and hard x-ray radiation, and for laboratory sources to x-ray free electron lasers (XFEL). We developed a laboratory soft x-ray microscope that uses in-house produced zone plate optics as high-resolution objectives. We continuously try to improve these optics, both in terms of efficiency and resolution. Our latest development is the manufacturing of tungsten soft x-ray zone plates with outermost zone widths of 12 nm and 90 nm high structures. For hard x-rays, we investigated the possibility to use metal zone plates on a diamond substrate for nano-focusing of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser. The simulations show that the heat conduction is efficient enough to keep a zone plate well below melting temperature. However, metal zone plates will experience large and rapid temperature fluctuations of several hundred Kelvin that might prove fatal. To test this, we manufactured tungsten on diamond prototype zone plates and exposed them to radiation from the LCLS XFEL. Results show that metal zone plates can survive the XFEL beam.


This study aims to improve information about service recovery by investigating the moderating function of emotional attachment on the relationships between perceived justice components, satisfaction with service recovery, overall satisfaction, trust and loyalty. Since emotional attachment appear to have a significant influence on the way in which customers' process service information through purchase decision making, awareness of the role of emotional attachment can help service companies better comprehend how customers respond to service failures and to their efforts towards service recovery. Based on a questionnaire of 472 customers who experienced service recoveries, the results mostly support the hypothesized effects, making essential contributions to and having important implications for marketing literature and practitioners. The difference that is observed between low and high emotionally attached customers in the hypothesized relationships presents the requirement of taking emotional attachment into consideration within the context of service recovery strategies.


Extensions of a consensus algorithm are introduced for systems modelled by second-order dynamics. Variants of those consensus algorithms are applied to tackle formation control problems by appropriately choosing information states on which consensus is reached. Even in the absence of centralised leadership, the consensus-based formation control strategies can guarantee accurate formation maintenance in the general case of arbitrary (directed) information flow between vehicles as long as certain mild conditions are satisfied. It is shown that many existing leader–follower, behavioural and virtual structure/virtual leader formation control approaches can be unified in the general framework of consensus building. A multiple micro air vehicle formation flying example is shown in simulation to illustrate the strategies.


Data collected in a general population survey from a random sample of individuals in two counties located in the Barnett Shale region of Texas were used to empirically explore potentially problematic issues associated with unconventional natural gas development. Moderate support was found for the hypothesis that individuals residing in places with diverse levels of energy development exhibit dissimilar perceptions of potentially problematic issues. The results indicate residents of the county where the natural gas industry was more mature (Wise County) were significantly more likely than residents of the county where the natural gas industry was less established (Johnson County) to view one social and/or environmental issue more negatively and five economic and/or service-related issues more positively. Johnson County residents, however, were more likely than their Wise County counterparts to view two social and/or environmental issues as getting worse. These findings may prove beneficial to community leaders, government and regulatory agencies, environmental organizations, and other stakeholders, as well as the oil and gas industry in decision-making processes. The results may also serve as a foundation around which to design future studies to assess the objective social and environmental effects of unconventional energy development.


: The efficacy of two protocols for the prevention of relapse using Mitomycin-C and alpha-Interferon in 56 patients with surface bladder carcinoma (stages Ta-T1) treated with TUR was compared in a prospective study. Relapse percentages and rates, related to the tumours' presentation characteristics (single, multiple, primary, recurrent), as well as their systemic and local toxicity, were evaluated. The study of statistical significance is made using the squared-chi test, and it is completed with a Fisher's test for groups containing few elements for accuracy. The results show no statistical differences (log rank p = 0.313) between the two groups of endovesical therapy, both confirming to be effective as adjuvant therapy to TUR in surface bladder tumours.


This paper investigates a firm's stock return asynchronicity through the auditor's perspective to distinguish whether this asynchronicity can proxy for the company's firm‐specific information or the quality of its information environment. We find a significant and positive association between asynchronicity and audit fees after controlling for auditor quality and other factors that affect audit fees, suggesting that stock return asynchronicity is more likely to capture a company's firm‐specific information than its information environment. We also find that asynchronous firms are more likely to receive adverse opinions on their internal controls over financial reporting, but are associated with lower costs of capital and auditor litigation, providing further evidence in support of the firm‐specific information argument. Asynchronicity's positive association with audit fees is driven by firms with higher accounting reporting complexity, suggesting stock return asynchronicity captures a firm's complexity, resulting in more significant efforts by the auditor.


To solve technical problems of current roller conveyor, such as big volume, complex structure and heavy maintenance workload, a new roller conveyor has been researched by adopting advanced technology of three-phase A.C linear motor. It has no intermediate transmission units that exist in the conventional roller conveyor, and is a new form structure of the conveyor. The device consists mainly of rollers and linear motors. The roller serves as driving and load-bearing mechanism, and as the rotor of linear motor, too. In the process of operation, with rollers served as the carriers, the friction force between rollers and objects transmits the motion consummately to achieve the goal of transportation. This new conveyor can completely replace the current various types of roller conveyor with such features as simple structure, low failure rate and cost.


Background Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is one of the strongest risk factors for suicide and a significant public health problem in its own right. Nationally representative data on the incidence, repetition and determinants of DSH are sparse. Objective To establish the incidence and risk of repetition of hospital-treated DSH in Ireland. Setting The Republic of Ireland. Design Surveillance of presentations to hospital emergency departments as part of the Irish National Registry of Deliberate Self Harm. Participants Individuals who presented with DSH to one of the forty hospital emergency departments that operated in Ireland in 2003–2008. Case ascertainment and data collection were performed by trained data registration officers working independently of the hospitals and following standard operating procedures. Main outcome measures Annual age-specific and age-adjusted rates of persons presenting to hospital per 100 000 population. Kaplan-Meier cumulative incidence curves and corresponding life-tables showing the risk of repeat DSH presentation at various time intervals and hazard ratios arising from multivariate Cox regression. Results For 2003–2008, 63 154 DSH presentations were recorded involving 41 205 individuals. The average annual total, male and female rate of persons presenting with DSH were 202, 172 and 234 per 100 000, respectively. Overall, the female rate was 36% higher than the male rate. There was a clear peak in the female rate in 15–19 year-olds (651/100 000), twice the equivalent rate in men (323/100 000). In men, the highest rate was in the 20–24 year age group (426/100 000). For both genders, rates fell with increasing age. Of the 41 205 DSH patients, 8755 (21.2%) presented on at least two occasions. The risk of repetition was highest soon after a DSH presentation. Half (50%) of all repeat events occurred within three months. Risk of repetition within 12 months was almost 40% in subjects who self-cut compared to approximately 25% for those using other methods of DSH. Repetition rates were similar in men and women. Repetition rates rose rapidly with the number of previous DSH presentations. Respectively, twelve-month repetition rates of 13.7%, 36.1%, 47.7%, 59.7%, and 70.9% were observed for those with one, two, three, four and five previous presentations. Conclusion Population-based data on the incidence and repetition of hospital-treated DSH represent an important indicator of the burden of mental illness and the pattern and distribution of suicide risk in the community. The development and implementation of effective methods to reduce repetition rates is an important challenge for health systems.


New Sr5Os3O13, as synthesized from binary constituents, exhibits several uncommon features. Its crystal structure is dominated by quasi-2D poly-oxoanions that correspond to unprecedented cutouts of the perovskite type of structure, where corner sharing (OsO6) octahedra aggregate to form terraced slabs. The Os5+/Os6+ mixed valence oxide displays a particular charge ordering scheme. One osmium atom (Os1) per formula unit is in the valence state of 5+ in the whole temperature range studied, while the two remaining sites (Os2A and Os2B) show full charge disorder at high temperatures, resulting in an average charge of 5.5+. The latter, however, apparently undergo a process of continuous charge ordering at cooling. Full charge order appears to be established concomitantly with a phase transition to an antiferromagnetically ordered state at T(Néel) = 170 K. This kind of temperature dependent continuous charge ordering is reflected by structural changes with temperature as well as by changes in paramagnetic response above T(Néel). Disentangling the intimate interplay between magnetic and charge ordering degrees of freedom will require applying sophisticated spectroscopy and (neutron) diffraction techniques.


Background: Self-stigma is a result of internalizing negative stereotypes by the affected person. Research on self-stigma in substance use disorders (SUD) is still scarce, especially regarding the role of childhood trauma and subsequent posttraumatic disorders. Objectives: The present study investigated the progressive model of self-stigma in women with SUD and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the predictive value of PTSD severity and childhood trauma experiences on self-stigma. Method: In a cross-sectional study with 343 women with SUD and PTSD, we used the Self-Stigma in Alcohol Dependency Scale, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the PTSD Symptom Scale Interview (PSS-I), and to control for SUD severity and depression, the Addiction Severity Index Lite and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted for each stage of self-stigma (aware-agree-apply-harm). Results: The interrelated successive stages of self-stigma were largely confirmed. In the regression models, no significant effects of the PSS-I- and the CTQ-scores were observed at any stage of self-stigma. Agreeing with negative stereotypes was solely predicted by younger age, applying these stereotypes to oneself was higher in women with younger age, higher depression and SUD severity, and suffering from the application (harm) was only predicted by depression. Conclusions: The progressive model of self-stigma could be confirmed in women with SUD and PTSD, but PTSD severity and childhood trauma did not directly affect this process. Self-stigma appears to be related to depression in a stronger way than PTSD is related to women with SUD and PTSD.


Scientific symposia on haemoglobinometry were held at the ninth congress of the European Society of Haematology at Lisbon in 1963 (see 'Erythrocytometric methods and their standardization' Bibl. haemat., 1964, Fasc. 18) and at the tenth congress of the International Society of Haematology at Stockholm in 1964 ('Standardization, documentation and normal values in haematology', Bibl. haemat., 1965, fasc. 21). A technical committee on haemoglobinometry met in Stockholm on 2 September 1964 to discuss problems associated with the production of a standard solution. On the basis of this discussion and the conclusions reached at the symposia the following recommendations have been made by the International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (I.C.S.H.).


In the general debate prior to the onset of war in Iraq, we made public our view, in a letter to the Guardian newspaper, that the war could be justified neither by reference to earlier UN Security Council resolutions nor by way of the doctrine of self-defence. In this article we reflect on some of the anxieties we experienced both before and after that 'intervention' in terms of the vision of international law we might unwillingly promote, and in terms of the role we appeared to assume for ourselves, and our professional colleagues, in public debate. Despite our efforts to prevent legal issues from dominating, we came to be viewed as the defenders of an anti-hegemonic legality – resisting the erosion by an opportunistic coalition of the principles of sovereignty, non-intervention, and collective security. We were concerned that this made us appear champions of international law in a way with which none of us was entirely comfortable. On the other hand, in contesting that, we seemed in danger of valorising a politics of expertise that gave international lawyers a privileged position within the debate. We reflect, then, on the consequences, intentional or otherwise, of our intervention, and explore the dilemmas associated with it. The problem with which we finally grapple is whether the relationship between critical scholarship and the techniques associated with it (anti-formalism, complexity, and indeterminacy) is such as to preclude strategic intervention in the effort to stop a war.


We report a detailed investigation into the application of visible light-mediated photocatalysis to a challenging bond construction in a complex pharmaceutical target. The optimized reaction allowed the direct coupling of N-methylmorpholine with an unfunctionalized pyridazine in good yield and selectivity, and with high purity of the product isolated via crystallization. The reaction also facilitated the expedient synthesis of a range of analogues via the use of other commercially available N-methyl substituted tertiary amines, and therefore it represents an attractive tool for medicinal chemistry. Furthermore, a number of other interesting photoredox reactions were discovered during the course of this investigation, such as a formal methylation reaction via C–N bond cleavage, functionalization of C–H bonds alpha to amides, and a visible light-mediated iminium ion reduction.


Background The death of a child is a rare phenomenon in the western world, being a highly emotive and subjectively distressing event. There is a misconception surrounding the level of nursing expertise, and an underestimation of the degree of emotional work required to undertake the delivery of end-of-life care to children and young people (CYP).1 Exposure to repetitive episodes of stress and psychological dysfunction influences nurses grief, relationships, personal health, professionalism, decision-making and ultimately, future care delivery. Aim To identify the stressors, obstacles, emotional demands, and support needs of nurses delivering paediatric palliative care in the community setting. Methodology A qualitative design was used, involving indirect purposive sampling of relevant nurses. Seventeen 1:1 semistructured interviews were conducted, and the data analysed using a thematic approach, with defined topics extrapolated. Results Interrelated factors emerged that influenced the stressors for nurses, and coping mechanisms that they utilised: organisational structure, relationships and team working, community context, self-efficacy, coping strategies and support systems. shared and/or discrete issues could be distinguished between the various nurses dependent on qualification, care context, rurality, education and numbers of paediatric palliative care episodes delivered. Conclusion The delivery of palliative care to CYP is complex and multifaceted. This qualitative exploration serves to provide insight into nurses previously undocumented feelings. It highlights the private, professional and work-related variables that impact on the stressors, challenges, rewards and support systems for those nurses working in this field. New findings and areas for further research are identified, and recommendations made regarding comprehension of rural healthcare, team-working, support platforms and education for this group of nurses.


SUMMARY We have determined the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the Caulobacter crescentus genome by combining genome-wide chromatin interaction detection, live-cell imaging, and computational mod-eling. Using chromosome conformation capture carbon copy (5C), we derive $13 kb resolution 3D models of the Caulobacter genome. The resulting models illustrate that the genome is ellipsoidal with periodically arranged arms. The parS sites, a pair of short contiguous sequence elements known to be involved in chromosome segregation, are positioned at one pole, where they anchor the chromosome to the cell and contribute to the formation of a compact chromatin conformation. Repositioning these elements resulted in rotations of the chromosome that changed the subcellular positions of most genes. Such rotations did not lead to large-scale changes in gene expression, indicating that genome folding does not strongly affect gene regulation. Collectively, our data suggest that genome folding is globally dictated by the parS sites and chromosome segregation.


It is thought that an increase in the adhesion of circulating reticulocytes to the vascular endothelium may initiate the vascular occlusion underlying the painful crises and organ failures typical of sickle cell disease (SCD). At least 2 receptors, usually present on reticulocytes, seem to be involved in this adhesion process: glycoprotein CD36 (glycoprotein IV) and integrin alpha(4)beta(1) (very late activation antigen--4). Recently, a high frequency of the platelet CD36--deficient phenotype was reported in black Africans. The frequency of this deficiency was similar in subjects with and without SCD. The role of CD36 in vaso-occlusion was then investigated by comparing the clinical course in 2 groups of black Africans homozygous for hemoglobin S, with and without CD36 deficiency, but similar in age, sex, geographical origin, number of alpha-globin genes, and beta-globin gene haplotype. Flow cytometry showed that CD36 was absent from the circulating red blood cells and reticulocytes of platelet CD36--deficient individuals but present on those from patients with normal platelet CD36 expression, and that alpha(4)beta(1) integrin levels were similar on the reticulocytes of the 2 groups. Neither clinical severity, as evaluated by the frequency and characteristics of vaso-occlusive events, nor biological data differed significantly in the 2 groups of patients. Finally, although CD36 has been suggested to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of vaso-occlusion, this study, despite including only a small number of patients, supports the idea that the modulation of expression of a single type of adhesion molecule is insufficient to counteract the pathological process leading to vaso-occlusion in SCD patients. (Blood. 2001;98:966-971)


The fouling depositions of crude oil stream were studied theoretically in a shell and tube heat exchanger to investigate the effect of depositions on the heat transfer process. The employed heat exchanger was with steam flowing in the inner tubes and crude oil in the shell at different velocities and bulk temperatures. It is assumed that fouling occurs only on the heated stream side (crude oil). The analysis was carried out for turbulent flow heat transfer conditions with wide range of Reynolds number, bulk temperature and time. Many previously proposed models for fouling resistance were employed to estimate a new model for fouling rate. It is found that the fouling rate and consequently the heat transfer coefficient were affected by Reynolds number, Prandtls number, film temperature, activation energy, and time.The results obtained showed that fouling resistance decreased with the increasing of Reynolds number and Prandtls number, and increased with the increasing of film temperature and time. The analyses of results were compared with some experimental work and a reasonable agreement is attained.


PurposeThe purpose of this study is to assess the impact of Covid-19 on sustainable fashion consumption behavior by proposing a conceptual framework combining consumer-specific factors and product-specific factors with a special emphasis on consumer value perceptions.Design/methodology/approachTheory of consumption value was integrated into the knowledge, attitude behavior model in the conceptual framework having consumer-specific and product-specific aspects. Perceived value (PERVAL) scale was used to measure value perceptions. The model was verified by a survey conducted among a random sample of 520 participants. The factors were extracted by using exploratory factor analysis and then confirmed by using confirmatory factor analysis. The hypotheses in the conceptual model were tested for different consumer groups, and the strength of the relationships was calculated by using multigroup analysis in structural equation modeling.FindingsIt was observed the environmental concern raised the need for getting knowledge about the environment. The impact of environmental knowledge on the value perception of sustainable fashion products varied for the consumers affected by Covid-19 at different levels. Quality perception and price perception were influenced most by environmental knowledge in that order for the consumers with "high fear and uncertainty" and "low fear and uncertainty". Similarly, the perceived emotional and social values were influential on purchase intention for consumers with high fear and uncertainty, whereas price and social value perceptions were influential for the consumers with low fear and uncertainty.Originality/valueThis study is the initial study that investigated the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the consumption of sustainable fashion products. The integration of theory of consumption value into the knowledge, attitude behavior model allowed identifying the relationship between environmental issues and sustainable fashion consumption. Using the PERVAL scale for measuring perceived value, the study provided valuable insights for understanding the most important value dimensions for sustainable fashion products for consumer groups affected by Covid-19 at different levels. The results regarding the changes in the rankings related to the impact of environmental knowledge on dimensions of perceived value and the impact of perceived values on purchase intention enabled the integrated model to explain the attitude–behavior gap.


The intimate histologic relationship of pregnancy-like hyperplasia (PLH) and cystic hypersecretory hyperplasia (CHH) has been previously reported. However, none of these published cases contained coexisting carcinoma. In this study, we describe 9 additional cases of this lesion, all of which also revealed ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) as well as invasive carcinoma in 1 case. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were reviewed for all cases. All were women who ranged in age from 35 to 49 years (mean 42.0 years; median 42.5 years). Reasons for surgical biopsy were calcifications in 6, breast mass in 2, and nipple discharge in 1. One patient with a mass also experienced nipple discharge. Three women initially underwent needle core biopsy and 6 had an excisional biopsy. Six women ultimately had mastectomies. Histologically, 5 had CHH merging with coexisting PLH. Atypia was seen in one or both components. All 9 cases contained DCIS. Two cases showed micropapillary DCIS, one of which appeared to arise from atypical PLH, while 4 of the 7 cases containing cystic hypersecretory DCIS appeared to arise from coexisting atypical CHH. Well-differentiated invasive carcinoma was identified in 1 case adjacent to cystic hypersecretory DCIS. Subsequent sentinel lymph node biopsy in this case revealed micrometastatic disease. Clinical follow-up was obtained in 9 patients and ranged from 10 to 69 months. All patients were free of disease at the time of last follow-up. Careful clinical follow-up is recommended for lesions that display atypia in PLH, CHH, or a histologically combined lesion. If these lesions are found on a needle core biopsy specimen, an excisional biopsy is recommended. DCIS, usually micropapillary or cystic hypersecretory types, and rarely invasive carcinoma can arise in this setting. Affected patients are typically younger than those with more common types of breast carcinoma.


A great majority of dryland wheat producers are reluctant to intensify management due to the assumption that lack of water availability is the most critical factor limiting yield and thus, the response to management intensification would be limited. We conducted on-farm field experiments across three locations and two growing seasons in Kansas using 21 modern winter wheat genotypes grown under either standard (SM) or intensified management (IM) systems. The goals of this study were to (i) determine whether the SM adopted is adequate to reach achievable yields by farmers in the region and (ii) identify differences in responsiveness to IM among a range of modern genotypes. Across all sites-years and genotypes, the IM increased yield by 0.9 Mg ha-1, outyielding the SM system even in the lowest yielding conditions. As expected, the yield response to IM increased with the achievable yield of the environment and genotype. Across all sources of variation, the yield responsiveness to IM was related to increased biomass rather than harvest index, strongly driven by improvements in grain number (and independent of changes in grain weight), and by improvements in N uptake which resulted from greater biomass and shoot N concentration. The IM system generally also increased grain N concentration and decreased the grain N dilution effect from increased yield. Genotypes varied in their response to IM, with major response patterns resulting from the combination of response magnitude (large vs. small) and consistency (variable vs. consistent). Genotypes with high mean response and high variability in the response to IM across years could offer greater opportunities for producers to maximize yield as those genotypes showed greater yield gain from IM when conditions favored their response. For the background conditions evaluated, intensifying management could improve wheat yield in between c. 0.2 and 1.5 Mg ha-1 depending on genotype.


Production of nitric oxide (NO) in the vestibular organ of the guinea pig was investigated using the new fluorescence indicator, DAF-2DA, for direct detection of NO. The utricular maculae and isolated vestibular sensory cells were examined to locate NO production sites. The fluorescence intensity of the sensory cells was augmented by stimulation with L-arginine, and significantly increased after inoculation with LPS. This is the first direct evidence of NO production in the vestibular end organs. NO may play an important role for the vestibular physiology and also be involved in disease of the inner ear.


The quality of India coal is poor because of high ash content. Some improvement in its quality can be brought using different coal cleaning methods. Wet cleaning methods like Heavy media separator and jigging are extensively in use but they have some limitations like they produce large amount of coal slurry which is difficult to dispose and they degrade friable coal. To overcome these limitation dry cleaning method can be employed and air dense medium fluidized bed is one of the most economic and efficient method. The separation in the fluidized bed greatly depends on the process variables of the gas solid two phase flow. In this project the effect of coal size and process variables on the coal cleaning efficiency is studied using Basundhara coal and magnetite as bed material. The coal cleaning experiments were carried out on three size fraction of coal i.e. -12+10mm,-10+5mm and -4.75+1mm.The efficiency were expressed in terms of percentage enrichment, percentage ash rejection, percentage combustible recovery and separation efficiency. The maximum separation efficiency of 10.5% is achieved for -10+5mm size fraction. It was observed that batch should operate at a flow rate of 50-60lpm and between coal to magnetite weight ratio of 0.2 to 0.3 for maximum separation.


For the purpose of the pre-industry production of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and full understanding of the supercritical polymerization system, large scale polymerization of L-iactide initiated by 1-dodecano/stannous 2-ethyl-hexanoate (DoOH/Sn(Oct)) was carried out in supercritical chlorodifluoromethane under various reaction conditions (time, temperature and pressure)and reactants (monomer and supercritical solvent) concentrations. A 3 L sized-reactor system was used throughout this study. The monomer conversion increased to 72% on increasing reaction time to 5 h. The molecular weight of PLLA product also increased to 68000 g/moi over the same period. An increase in monomer concentration resulted in a higher molecular weight, up to 144000 g/mol and 97% of monomer conversion. Raising the reaction pressure from 130 to 240 bar also resulted in an increased monomer conversion and molecular weight. To increase heat resistivity of PLLA, methanol treatment and heat-vacuum methods were evaluated. Both of them successfully improved the heat resistivity property of PLLA.


We report on the fabrication of an all solid-state micro-supercapacitor using patterned photoresist-derived porous carbon electrodes and an ionogel electrolyte. The interdigitated finger electrodes are synthesized via pyrolysis of the SPR-220 photoresist, which results in high surface area porous carbon via a highly scalable technique. The ionogel electrolyte is formed using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquid hybridized with fumed silica nanopowder. The fabricated device has an excellent long-term cycling stability. The maximum energy density obtained is about 3 mW h cm−3, higher than that of commercial Li-ion thin film batteries, with the maximum achieved power density of 26 W cm−3. Our results indicate that the novel combination of the pyrolyzed photoresist with an ionogel electrolyte holds promise for applications in integrated energy storage for all solid-state microsystems technologies.


B-lymphoid kinase (Blk) is exclusively expressed in B cells and thymocytes. Interestingly, transgenic expression of a constitutively active form of Blk in the T-cell lineage of mice results in the development of T-lymphoid lymphomas. Here, we demonstrate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB)-mediated ectopic expression of Blk in malignant T-cell lines established from patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Importantly, Blk is also expressed in situ in lesional tissue specimens from 26 of 31 patients with CTCL. Already in early disease the majority of epidermotropic T cells express Blk, whereas Blk expression is not observed in patients with benign inflammatory skin disorders. In a longitudinal study of an additional 24 patients biopsied for suspected CTCL, Blk expression significantly correlated with a subsequently confirmed diagnosis of CTCL. Blk is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in malignant CTCL cell lines and spontaneously active in kinase assays. Furthermore, targeting Blk activity and expression by Src kinase inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibit the proliferation of the malignant T cells. In conclusion, this is the first report of Blk expression in CTCL, thereby providing new clues to the pathogenesis of the disease.


The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire took place in Manhattan, New York City on March 25, 1911. 146 men, women, and children died due to the fire. This tragedy led to massive outrage and brought about many changes.

This guide is to help provide a var Reference Books on the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire


Using an approach inspired by conversation analysis, the present study investigates how Swedish students draw on democratic discourse during group work. The analyses demonstrate the importance of democratic issues to students. The analyses also point to how students repeatedly employ democratic discourse for a number of strategic purposes. Moreover, the analyses show that democratic arrangements at school are not always productive for schoolwork. The results are discussed in relation to previous research. In sum, the study implies that democracy must be studied as an interactive process. This entails a focus on how students do democracy at school rather than how they appear as democratic beings or how they experience student democracy retrospectively.


The issue of hydrogen fusion is an important one because once done it will generate enough energy for humanity, which is why the paper addresses some new ideas in this important but also necessary field. Attempts are made to make theoretical considerations modeled so that it can then help experimentally to put into practice the nuclear fusion of hydrogen, in its most elementary and simplest form, between hydrogen protons, without using deuterium as fuel, but directly ionized hydrogen atoms, protons, so only the first isotope of hydrogen, this reaction being in a way the most natural, it taking place permanently in the stars, including our sun. The paper brings some new theoretical ideas including the possibility of accelerating protons before their collision to energy capable of fusion, the introduction of neutrons with protons in the fusion tank because the energy required for proton-neutron fusion is slightly lower (as will be possible observed in the paper), or the production of neutrons directly from the existing protons so that the nuclear fusion reaction becomes easier between proton-neutron (by bombarding protons with accelerated electrons).


Fatwa generally means a response or judgment by a mufti on any question that might be arises, by the muslim in performing their religion teaching.. The objective of the paper is to determine the trend of research about fatwa either it similar with the previous studies which focusing on the inter-relationship between fatwa and society such as Khalid Masud et al. (1996), Mohd Daud (1997) and Kahera and Benmira (1998), Data were collected from library of Universiti Malaya, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, and International Islamic University Malaysia. Those data were analysed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS). The study focus towards the research variables which includes supervisory patterns, length of theses, type of theses, type of research, methodology patterns, contributing institutions and subject area patterns. Among the significant findings obtained, identified that most of students from Universiti Malaya are very productive in producing theses about fatwa, in which has reached to 58.5 percent of theses written within the period of 1980-2008. It was found that 79.2 percent of the theses were written in Malay language, with the percentage of references used were 100 percent totally from books, articles of journal and fatwa documents. Those results has demonstrated that study about fatwa is really needed nowdays, and it is proved with offering of formal courses at Public Institutions of Higher Education, Institut Pengurusan dan Penyelidikan Fatwa Sedunia (INFAD) at Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM).


For analyzing reduction vibration effect of high-rise isolated structure with LRB, experimental research on shaking table of isolated structure model on a scale down of 1:16 in two-direction earthquake wave input was conducted. Ratio similitude design of model and earthquake wave input was unified for reflection dynamical characteristic of actual structure in the test. Earthquake responses of isolated top structure acceleration and interblended displacement have been analyzed. The experimental result indicts that isolated top structure acceleration and interblended displacement were reduced. Therefore the isolation technology for high-rise structure also has better reduction vibration effect.


In the globalization era, social media is widely used by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to promote and market their products. However, there is still a limited objective of this study the effectiveness of social media in improving the business performance of SMEs. This study analyzes the effect of social media on knowledge creation, innovation, and performance in SMEs in Jabodetabek (Indonesia). This study combines online and offline methods to collect data from a sample of 384 SMEs. Data was analyzed SEM-PLS. The variables are social media, knowledge creation, innovation, and performance. The result is that social media does not havea direct impact on performance. However, social media has a significant influence on business performance, moderating knowledge creation, and innovation. Effectiveness of social media on improving business will the partner use for knowledge creation and innovation.
Keywords: social media, knowledge creation, innovation, performance, SMEs


The relation between batteries' state of charge (SOC) and open-circuit voltage (OCV) is a specific feature of electrochemical energy storage devices. Especially NiMH batteries are well known to exhibit OCV hysteresis, and also several kinds of lithium-ion batteries show OCV hysteresis, which can be critical for reliable state estimation issues. Electrode potential hysteresis is known to result from thermodynamical entropic effects, mechanical stress, and microscopic distortions within the active electrode materials which perform a two-phase transition during lithium insertion/extraction. Hence, some Li-ion cells including two-phase transition active materials show pronounced hysteresis referring to their open-circuit voltage. This work points out how macroscopic effects, that is, diffusion limitations, superimpose the lattementioned microscopic mechanisms and lead to a shrinkage of OCV hysteresis, if cells are loaded with high current rates. To validate the mentioned interaction, Li-ion cells' state of charge is adjusted to 50% with various current rates, beginning from the fully charged and the discharged state, respectively. As a pronounced difference remains between the OCV after charge and discharge adjustment, obviously the hysteresis vanishes as the target SOC is adjusted with very high current rate.


Feeling that the degree and amount of irritation produced by adhesive plaster might be minimized by attempting to protect the skin before its application with certain substances, I carried out the series of observations presented in this paper. Previously the investigation of this phenomenon had been directed chiefly toward an effort to determine the factors involved in its production. This was done, undoubtedly, with the object of removing from the plaster the irritants which caused the irriitation. Apparently it is impossible to remove these irritants without reducing the effectiveness of the plaster so far as its adhesive properties are concerned. Schwartz and Peck 1 in 1935 concluded as a result of their studies that the chief irritants were resins and smoke-cured wild rubber and that irritation was due partially to hypersensitivity to one of these ingredients. However, they also felt that some irritation resulted from maceration of the skin from


This study examines cultural variations in negotiators' attribution and emotion as a viable means to understand culture's multiplex influence on goal pursuit when it interacts with situational factors. 277 US Americans and 239 mainland Chinese responded to a hypothetical employment negotiation scenario in two experimental conditions. Findings indicate that given the same set of persuasive messages by a counterpart, American participants judged the counterpart as more personally responsible for perceived negative behavior, felt more anger and less compassion toward the counterpart, and placed greater importance on competitive goals than Chinese participants. Although the paths whereby emotions arise and influence interaction goals are largely similar across cultures, mainland Chinese demonstrated a stronger tendency to compete when they felt angry, whereas US Americans were more likely to pursue cooperative goals across both conditions. Theoretical and practical implications of these seemingly contradictory findings are discussed in this article.


Abstract Introduction Early diagnosis is critical in reducing mortality in prostate cancer. The extant literature identifies a range of variables which impact on when men present in primary care. For example, recent evidence suggests that men from high deprivation areas are significantly more likely to present with advanced disease and have lower survival rates. Psychosocial theories provide a framework for understanding patterns in the timing of diagnoses, for example, the role of social context and relationships in help-seeking behaviour. Aim To identify how men account for the timing of their presentation and subsequent diagnosis with advanced disease. Methods Embedded mixed-method design involving a postal survey (N=320) and semi-structured interviews with a purposive sub-sample of men and partners (N=30). Analysis drew primarily on χ2 and spearman's correlation, alongside framework analysis of the qualitative data, informed by Anderson's (1995) model of Total Patient Delay. Results Data indicate that relationships and experiential knowledge play significant roles in gaining a diagnosis. Notably friends/relatives are key sources of information on prostate cancer and often prompt help-seeking behaviour. Indeed, men's perceptions of risk are not informed by clinical risk factors such as age and family history, but by their own and friends/relatives' experiential knowledge. Conclusion Health promotion interventions should draw on relational theories, to be cognisant of the important role of relationships in help-seeking behaviour. Adopting a systemic approach has the potential to reach men at higher risk of prostate cancer and contribute to earlier diagnosis.


This study examines the journal‐keeping methods of four higher education professionals. Framed in the literature of adult learning theory, the study's purposes were twofold: to describe the work‐related journal‐keeping practices of these educators and to examine the professional and personal benefits of journal‐keeping. Findings indicate that these professionals use their journals in four ways: to create conversations with themselves about their work and their lives; to organize their work experience and demands; to adapt unique and individual journal‐keeping practices to match their current needs; and to review and reflect on overall, long term career goals and organizational directions. Through the journal, these adults cope with the complex external demands of work life, enabling them to inhabit multiple roles, maintain balance and to see the larger picture in their lives and organizations. These adults believe that taking the time to journal leads to a more organized and meaningful professional life.


One of the problems of thermal power plants is the contamination of heating surfaces that arises during the boiler unit operation while combusting the solid fuel. The main part of the energy is consumed by pipes forming the furnace. Non-combustible mineral part of the fuel in the form of the ash and slag accumulates on the heating surfaces and thereby prevents heating of the working liquid. Therefore, boiler requires higher fuel consumption to maintain the operating conditions. Violation of the thermal conditions of heating surfaces in consequence of contamination causes the negative effects on metal pipes right up to failure. This problem is urgent due to the fact that information about the process of slagging and its effect on the thermal conditions of the heating surface operation enables the possibility to minimize the negative consequences. This possibility is achieved by adjusting the thermal conditions of the combustion process in the furnace with the periodic cleaning of the heating surfaces.


Can the quantum-mechanical sojourn time be clocked without the clock affecting the sojourn time? Here we re-examine the previously proposed non-unitary clock, involving absorption/amplification by an added infinitesimal imaginary potential (iVi), and find it not to preserve, in general, the positivity of the sojourn time, conditional on eventual reflection or transmission. The sojourn time is found to be affected by the scattering concomitant with the mismatch, however small, due to the very clock potential (iVi) introduced for the purpose, as also by any prompt scattering involving partial waves that have not traversed the region of interest. We propose a formal procedure whereby the sojourn time so clocked can be corrected for these spurious scattering effects. The resulting conditional sojourn times are then positive-definite for an arbitrary potential, and have the proper high- and low-energy limits. We note that such a correction also applies to the Larmor clock and identical results are obtained by applying our procedure in that case as well.


Some high-torque electric machines, such as low-speed wind generators, may be very difficult to test on load because of the large and expensive mechanical equipment required to load them (motors) or to drive them (generators). In this paper, a full-load regenerative testing methodology is described which does not require any rotating equipment to be coupled to the machine where the rated active power flows in a closed loop between the machine and a suitably connected dual-stage converter. The successful application of this methodology to a 780-kW 14-r/min wind generator prototype is addressed as a study case. Relevant experimental results are reported in a companion paper.


In this paper, a new qualitative inverse scattering method for microwave imaging is proposed. The presented method is inspired by the previously introduced orthogonality sampling method (OSM) and direct sampling method (DSM), which aim to recover the reduced scattered fields. Both the OSM and the DSM are classified as backpropagation-based methods, and they are linked with the point source method and the linear sampling method. Although 3-D formulations of the OSM and the DSM exist for electromagnetic inverse scattering problems, the extension of these methods to near-field measurements is an open problem. The main contribution of this paper is introducing two novel linear operators to connect the reduced scattered fields and the tangential component of the scattered electric field measured on a circle for 2-D transverse electric (2-D-TE) and transverse magnetic (2-D-TM) inverse problems with the near-field measurements. To derive the kernel of these linear transformations, an integral equation is defined for each of the 2-D-TM and 2-D-TE problems. These equations are analytically solved, and the solutions are shown to be computable without any regularization. In addition to these theoretical contributions, the accuracy of the proposed approaches is shown with both numerical and experimental data. The constraints of the method are the measurement circle has to encover the scatterers and the targets have to be bounded in size and weak in contrast. The obtained results show that the developed approaches can be very useful in real-world applications, such as nondestructive testing and biomedical imaging.


Osteomyelitis is an infection, predominately bacterial in origin, of the bone which incites an acute inflammatory response with subsequent bacterial and inflammatory dissemination to the cortex and periosteum. Microorganism seeding typically occurs via hematogenous spread form existing bacteremia, direct inoculation secondary to penetrating trauma, or contiguous spread from localized infection. Treatment of osteomyelitis typically requires a multidisciplinary approach, including long term oral and/or intravenous antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention. Osteomyelitis as a secondary complication of closed fractures is a rare occurrence with less than 50 document cases reported in literature to the extent of the author's knowledge. We report an atypical case of acute osteomyelitis originating from a localized bonyspicule in a pediatric patient, more than 3 years after a surgically treated closed distal forearm both-bone (radius and ulna) fracture. The patient in this report  exhibited an atraumatic nine-month course of recurrent abscess formation and localized inflammation, despite surgical debridement and multiple rounds of antibiotic therapy. A bony spicule noted on x-ray, which the authors believe formed from early consolidation of heterotopic ossification fragments, was surgically excised, after which the patient ceased to develop recurrent abscesses. Histological analysis of the spicule revealed findings consistent with a definitive diagnosis of S. aureus (MSSA) acute osteomyelitis. In conclusion, to the extent of the author's knowledge, this is the first reported case of acute osteomyelitis complicating a closed fractureand localized to a bony fragment, which formed from heterotopic ossification, a known complication of fractures.


ABSTRACT The antibody responses of a reduced-dose intradermal seasonal influenza vaccination have never been studied in COPD patients soon after a pandemic. A total of 149 COPD patients (60 y of age or older) were randomized to receive trivalent influenza vaccine (Sanofi-Pasteur, France) either 9 µg of hemagglutinin (HA) per strain split into 2-site intradermal (ID) injections via the Mantoux technique or one intramuscular (IM) injection of 15 µg of HA per strain. The geometric mean titers, seroconversion factors, seroconversion rates and seroprotection rates for influenza A(H3N2) and B administered through the ID injection (n = 75) were similar to those obtained with the IM injection (n = 74) 4 weeks post-vaccination. The antibody responses for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 administered through the ID injection were lower than those obtained with the IM injection, but all of these responses met the 3 criteria proposed by the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) for annual re-licensure. The seroprotection rates 4 weeks post-vaccination for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 were 64.0% (95%CI 52.7-74.0%) in the ID group vs. 78.4% (95% CI 67.6-86.3%) in the IM group (p = 0.053). Influenza-related acute respiratory illness (ARI), diagnosed as a 4-fold rise in HI titers with a convalescent titer > 1:40, and/or the RT-PCR between the ID group (5.3%) and the IM group (8.1%) were not significantly different. The reduced-dose intradermal influenza vaccine may expand vaccine coverage in cases of vaccine shortage.


Estimation of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) is a critical challenge for understanding the global carbon cycle because it dominates the dynamics of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) system has a unique capability for estimating accurately forest canopy height, which has a direct relationship and can provide better understanding to the forest AGB. The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) onboard the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) is the first polarorbiting LiDAR instrument for global observations of Earth, and it has been widely used for extracting forest AGB with footprints of nominally 70 m in diameter on the earth's surface. However, the GLAS footprints are discrete geographically, and thus it has been restricted to produce the regional full coverage of forest AGB. To overcome the limit of discontinuity, the Hyper Spectral Imager (HSI) of HJ-1A with 115 bands was combined with GLAS waveforms to predict the regional forest AGB in the study. Corresponding with the field investigation in Wangqing of Changbai Mountain, China, the GLAS waveform metrics were derived and employed to establish the AGB model, which was used further for estimating the AGB within GLAS footprints. For HSI imagery, the Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) method was used to decrease noise and reduce the dimensionality of spectral bands, and consequently the first three of MNF were able to offer almost 98% spectral information and qualified to regress with the GLAS estimated AGB. Afterwards, the support vector regression (SVR) method was employed in the study to establish the relationship between GLAS estimated AGB and three of HSI MNF (i.e. MNF1 , MNF2 and MNF3 ), and accordingly the full covered regional forest AGB map was produced. The results showed that the adj.R 2 and RMSE of SVR-AGB models were 0.75 and 4.68 t hm −2 for broadleaf forests, 0.73 and 5.39 t hm −2 for coniferous forests and 0.71 and 6.15 t hm −2 for mixed forests respectively. The full covered regional forest AGB map of the study area had 0.62 of accuracy and 11.11 t hm −2 of RMSE. The study demonstrated that it holds great potential to achieve the full covered regional forest AGB distribution with higher accuracy by combing LiDAR data and hyperspectral imageries.


We study the stochastic Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) problem with random delays in the feedback received by the algorithm. We consider two settings: the reward-dependent delay setting, where realized delays may depend on the stochastic rewards, and the reward-independent delay setting. Our main contribution is algorithms that achieve near-optimal regret in each of the settings, with an additional additive dependence on the quantiles of the delay distribution. Our results do not make any assumptions on the delay distributions: in particular, we do not assume they come from any parametric family of distributions and allow for unbounded support and expectation; we further allow for infinite delays where the algorithm might occasionally not observe any feedback.


PURPOSE
Coronavirus (COVID) has had a massive impact on the health systems of many nations including Australia. Nurse leaders have, as part of their leadership and management roles, had to manage the emotional responses of the people around nurse leaders . The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of nurse leaders who have held management roles during the health services crisis that has resulted from the COVID pandemic and to look at the emotional work nurse leaders have engaged in and the impact emotional work has had on nurse leaders' emotional well-being.

DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH
The study adopted a social constructionist approach and employed unstructured interviews to generate data.

FINDINGS
The findings demonstrate that the nurse leaders were experiencing increased emotional exhaustion, which could be construed as a breach of psychological safety, as nurse leaders engaged in more surface acting. This has negatively impacted their lives outside of work. The study recommends that nurse leaders receive support through counselling and reflective practice activities. Consideration also should be given to renumerating nurse leaders appropriately for the emotional work nurse leaders perform.

RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS
The structural issues endemic in the industry need to be addressed. Human resource management professionals, senior managers and hospital boards are charged with ensuring that the organisations are safe and healthy workplaces. This includes addressing issues that impact psychological health. If nurse leaders must undertake work that impacts negatively on nurse leaders' mental well-being and personal lives, then appropriate safeguards need to be put in place. The scope of the study was small, as the study is limited by the number of interviewees, the number of study sites and the sites' geographical location. Consequently, limited claims are made about the generalisability of the findings or the findings' transferability to other contexts.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
The findings overwhelmingly support the contention that we need to support nurse leaders in the vital role they play through engaging in surface acting in the workplace. The role needs to be recognised and valued as a critical part of the nurse leader role. The contribution the role makes to the welfare of others in the organisation needs to be acknowledged. Given the emotional and personal price that nurse leaders play for surface acting, organisations need to provide genuine support in the form of counselling and the introduction of opportunities for reflective practice.

SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
The study suggests that nurse leaders need to be paid for emotional labour (EL) generally and surface acting in particular. The recognition of the value of caring work must go beyond symbols such as the Year of the Nurse and be rewarded financially.

ORIGINALITY/VALUE
The experience of nurse leaders using surface acting has received little attention and this is the first study to look at this particular phenomenon during COVID.


SUMMARY As part of the DEad Sea Integrated REsearch project (DESIRE) a 235 km long seismic wideangle reflection/refraction (WRR) profile was completed in spring 2006 across the Dead Sea Transform (DST) in the region of the southern Dead Sea basin (DSB). The DST with a total of about 107 km multi-stage left-lateral shear since about 18 Ma ago, accommodates the movement between the Arabian and African plates. It connects the spreading centre in the Red Sea with the Taurus collision zone in Turkey over a length of about 1 100 km. With a sedimentary infill of about 10 km in places, the southern DSB is the largest pull-apart basin along the DST and one of the largest pull-apart basins on Earth. The WRR measurements comprised 11 shots recorded by 200 three-component and 400 one-component instruments spaced 300 m to 1.2 km apart along the whole length of the E–W trending profile. Models of the P-wave velocity structure derived from the WRR data show that the sedimentary infill associated with the formation of the southern DSB is about 8.5 km thick beneath the profile. With around an additional 2 km of older sediments, the depth to the seismic basement beneath the southern DSB is about 11 km below sea level beneath the profile. Seismic refraction data from an earlier experiment suggest that the seismic basement continues to deepen to a maximum depth of about 14 km, about 10 km south of the DESIRE profile. In contrast, the interfaces below about 20 km depth, including the top of the lower crust and the Moho, probably show less than 3 km variation in depth beneath the profile as it crosses the southern DSB. Thus the Dead Sea pull-apart basin may be essentially an upper crustal feature with upper crustal extension associated with the left-lateral motion along the DST. The boundary between the upper and lower crust at about 20 km depth might act as a decoupling zone. Below this boundary the two plates move past each other in what is essentially a shearing motion. Thermo-mechanical modelling of the DSB supports such a scenario. As the DESIRE seismic profile crosses the DST about 100 km north of where the DESERT seismic profile crosses the DST, it has been possible to construct a crustal cross-section of the region before the 107 km left-lateral shear on the DST occurred.


Human tumours are often associated with the accumulation of chromosomal alterations in the cancer cells. The identification of characteristic pathogenic routes improves prediction of survival times and optimal therapy choice. The simplest model assumes independent alterations. Then progression is measured by the count statistic, the total number of alterations. An advanced model is the oncogenetic trees mixture model. An oncogenetic tree allows both independent and sequential relationships between alterations, and the mixture model divides the patients into groups with different progression paths. Progression along such a model can be quantified univariately by the GPS (genetic progression score). On real cancer data, the GPS was shown to discriminate better than the count statistic between patient subgroups with different survival prognosis. Here, in a simulation study, we evaluate the necessary numbers of patients for detecting true relationships between genetic progression and survival time. We generate survival times correlated with count statistic and GPS, respectively. If the simple model is the correct one, misspecification with the advanced model requires about 20% larger sample size, independent from the number of events. In contrast, misspecification with the simple model leads with increasing numbers of events from 20% to 70% larger sample size. Additionally, if the true data-generating model is the mixture model, the absolute numbers are more than twice as large, thus favouring the advanced modelling approach especially in situations with limited model knowledge.


Abstrak: The study examines the effect of work motivation, career development, work environment on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) with job satisfaction as intervening variable. The research approach is a quantitative approach through the method of data collection using questionnaires. The sample was totally 158 respondents. Research using analysis of Structural Equation Model (SEM) that run through AMOS 18.00 software in seeing the influence of exogenous variables on endogenous variables. The results showed that work motivation in a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, career development is not a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, work environment in a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, work motivation is not positive and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior, career development is a positive and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior, work environment is not positive and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior, job satisfaction is positively and significantly influence the organizational citizenship behavior and work environment through job satisfaction has positive influence on organizational citizenship behavior. Other findings are organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) can be increased due to the work environment, but on the condition that the employees are satisfied first. Keywords: Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), Job Satisfaction, Work Motivation, Career Development, Work Environment.


Azammūr was the last great Portuguese conquest in North Africa (1513–42). On the one hand, it represented the last stage of a broader strategy of establishment in Morocco still fired by crusade ideology. Christian Azammūr proposed a new urban space, which was celebrated by contemporary Portuguese narratives. Beyond technological, urban and military innovations, the Portuguese presence in Azammūr was affirmed through a symbolic rhetoric that would often surpass the political occupation itself. On the other hand, those in Azammūr faced a harsh reality; the city did not attract numerous Portuguese settlers and the local economy showed few signs of intense activity. Eventually, Azammūr experienced armed confrontations and alliances between its Christian, Muslim and Jewish communities. Methodologically, this study offers an analysis of cross-referenced archaeological, architectural and documentary material. It was carried out as a part of a research project from 2007 to 2011. It presents the first contemporary and updated synthesis of the historical process that led to the ruling and abandonment of Azammūr by the Portuguese, and thus remains relevant to understanding Muslim–Christian relations and exchanges in terms of their military, social and spatial aspects. Moreover, the paper examines the period when Europe evolved from late-medieval conceptions to early-modernity.


Nuclei isolated from the liver of rats undergoing an acute inflammatory reaction induced by turpentine treatment show increased RNA synthesis. This increase is essentially determined by a faster polyribonucleotide-elongation rate while the number of transcribing polymerase molecules is unchanged. The sensitivity of chromatin to micrococcal-nuclease digestion and the composition of chromosomal proteins are not affected by the acute-phase process. Therefore the increased RNA synthesis by liver nuclei from acutely inflamed rats does not seem to correlate with major changes in chromatin structure.


In this paper, an analytical model is established to describe the deposition kinetics and the deposition chamber characteristics that determine the deposition rates of pure boron (PureB-) layers grown by chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) from diborane (B2H6) as gas source on a non-rotating silicon wafer. The model takes into consideration the diffusion mechanism of the diborane species through the stationary boundary layer over the wafer, the gas phase processes and the related surface reactions by applying the actual parabolic gas velocity and temperature gradient profiles in the reactor. These are calculated theoretically and also simulated with fluent software. The influence of an axial and lateral diffusion of diborane species and the validity of the model for laminar flow in experimental CVD processes are also treated. This model is based on a wide range of input parameters, such as initial diborane partial pressure, total gas flow, axial position on the wafer, deposition temperature, activation energy of PureB deposition from diborane, surface H-coverage, and reactor dimensions. By only adjusting these reactor/process parameters, the model was successfully transferred from the ASM Epsilon One to the Epsilon 2000 reactor which has totally different reactor conditions. The model's predictive capabilities have been verified by experiments performed at 700 °C in these two different ASM CVD reactors.


SYNOPSIS: This paper presents the results of a moderated multiple regression analysis to show that, all else held equal, a positive premium exists in the valuation of S corporations over C corporations from January 2000 to November 2006. The results of the regression show that the magnitude of the "S corporation premium" indeed depends on the level of interactions of several independent variables. In particular, the results of this study reveal that (1) the premium depends positively on net sales; (2) the premium is higher for the cases in which the transaction is done through asset sales (rather than stock sales); and (3) the premium is higher for the cases in which firms are bought by private buyers (rather than public buyers).


The overall aim of this thesis was to describe how people with very severe obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experienced their every day lives and created meaning, with focus on end-of-life. A second aim was to describe how death and dying can be viewed from the perspective of relatives to people with COPD. In study I, eight patients were interviewed about how COPD affected their everyday lives. A phenomenological method was used. In study II, four people with COPD who lived alone were interviewed over time, to illuminate how the illness influenced their everyday life and their existential thoughts about life and death. In study III, four couples of whom one partner in each couple had COPD were interviewed several times to illuminate the affect the illness had on the spousal relationship, their self-expressed needs, and their existential thoughts, from the perspective of two people living together. A phenomenological-hermeneutic method was used for the analyses in studies IIand III. Study IV aimed at studying patients' last six months of life with focuson dying and death, and in this study content analysis was used.The studies (I-IV) revealed that suffering from very severe COPD can be a daily struggle to survive as well as to maintain the self-image. The studies also explicate experiences of a shrinking life space, and questions of meaning were being challenged (I). Study II showed that living alone provided feelings of independency. However the bodily losses reminded the patients' about death and raised fears about death of being painful, as they did not want to face death alone. For the couples in study III living with COPD meant living in a changed pace with uncertainty, changed intimate relationship and finding new ways of living together. Study IV outlined the trajectory of illness to be irregular and characterized by periods of sudden deterioration, making it difficult to plan for the future. Death was experienced as an unexpected experience and was described by all as peaceful. The results in this thesis have outlined important insight into the existential challenges of living with COPD as experienced by the ill persons themselves and their next of relatives.


This paper explores the value of user-generated big data for urban planning of active and healthy public spaces. The research is situated in and focuses on Eindhoven, an innovative and sports-minded city in the Netherlands. Based on running data collected by two popular apps in The Netherlands and Belgium, we present three iterations that set out to gain understanding in what factors define good running environments. The first iteration uses data visualisation techniques to get geographic insight in our data, to identify running hotspots and other points of interest for further analysis. The second iteration uses a mixed method approach to combine running data with qualitatively scored environmental characteristics of the selected locations from iteration one to identify possible influencers of the attraction of these areas for runners. As it became clear that this approach requested further scaling, in the third iteration we explore how we can come to factors that are worth scoring. Creating a larger set of locations with a reduced number of variables allowed for more substantial statistical analysis. This approach helped to provide an initial insight in the relevance of some of the environmental factors for optimised running climates.


In this study, we implemented an inventory of amphibians and reptiles between 2013 and 2016 in the Gediz Delta (Izmir, Turkey). The field results were then combined with existing records. According to the data obtained, a total of 35 herptile species, comprising 7 amphibians (2 urodeles, 5 anurans) and 28 reptiles (6 chelonians, 10 lizards and 12 snakes) live in the region. Five species ( Lissotriton vulgaris , Triturus ivanbureschi , Heremites auratus, Platyceps collaris and Telecopus fallax ) were recorded for the first time in the Gediz Delta during the study. A chorotype classification and potential threats of the species are also discussed.


As recently as 30 years ago, macular holes were thought to be untreatable. Kelly and Wendel showed that this was not the case in 1991 when they published their pilot study on vitreous surgery for idiopathic macular holes1. In 1997, Eckardt et al. introduced internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling2, following which, pars plana vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling, fluid/gas exchange and face-down positioning were soon adopted as the standard treatment method for successful hole closure and BCVA improvement. Surgeons improved their own results by using smaller gauge instruments and, especially, by more qualified patient selection: earlier treatment, non-myopic eyes, better initial visual acuity, and smaller macular holes.


Nineteenth-century orator Elizabeth Cady Stanton frequently spoke to groups of male legislators. In examining the ways in which she met this challenge, scholars have tended to focus on how she "argued like a man" via logical appeals. In this article, I discuss Stanton's equally strong reliance on an emotional appeal: namely, that of sympathy. The practices and theories of Stanton's peer, the well-known preacher Henry Ward Beecher, as well as the moral and rhetorical thought of eighteenth-century Scotsman Adam Smith illuminate Stanton's own practices of sympathy. This study yields both a fresh interpretation of Stanton's oratory and an expanded understanding of sympathy's role in the rhetoric of the marginalized.


Stimuli-responsive polymer films undergo interesting structural and property changes upon external stimuli. Their applications have extended from smart coatings to controlled drug release, smart windows, self-repair and other fields. This tutorial review summarizes non-covalent bonding, reversible reactions and responsive molecules that have played important roles in creating stimuli-responsive systems, and presents the recent development of three types of responsive polymer systems: layer-by-layer polymer multilayer films, polymer brushes, and self-repairing polymer films, with a discussion of their response mechanism. Future research efforts include comprehensive understanding of the response mechanism, producing polymer systems with controlled response properties regarding single or multiple external signals, combining polymer film fabrication with nanotechnology, improving the stability of polymer films on substrates, and evaluating the toxicity of the degradation products.


There is little doubt that many older Americans are not well prepared financially. The reverse mortgage is a financial instrument that can brighten their financial prospects and reduce the chances of an old age in financial straits. This article explains how reverse mortgages work. Recent research shows that strategically combining reverse mortgages and investment portfolios can significantly boost sustainable retirement income. Moreover, in the last three years the regulatory framework has been revised to develop further the market for these instruments. Reverse mortgages are increasingly recognized as a valuable financial planning tool. They are now seen as well suited for retirees—not only underfunded homeowners who turn to a reverse mortgage as a last resort, but also those who enter retirement well-funded.


The definitive clinical trial which demonstrated the beneficial effects of photocoagulation in treating diabetic retinopathy was reported in 1976 in the American Journal of Ophthalmology by the Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) Research Group. Despite the importance of this report, eighteen months after it appeared in print the photocoagulation technique was still not widely known to a population of physicians whose practice included an appreciable number of diabetic patients. As part of a study in biomedical communication, the extent to which the results of this trial were disseminated through the published literature was investigated by citation analysis. Seventy citations to the DRS report, from 1976 to 1979, were found in Science Citation Index. Twenty-seven citations were in works outside the discipline of ophthalmology and nine of these came from articles in American journals which actually referred to the results of the trial. Not a single citation which appeared before 1978 came from a general American medical journal, unrestricted in geographic or subject scope. The results of this study suggest that a large number of citations in the literature to a clinically significant paper does not of itself ensure that the information reported will readily reach the appropriate practicing physician. More effective methods are needed for the rapid dissemination of important new findings to the medical community.


The accuracy of Global Positioning System (GPS) time series is degraded by the presence of offsets. To assess the effectiveness of methods that detect and remove these offsets, we designed and managed the Detection of Offsets in GPS Experiment. We simulated time series that mimicked realistic GPS data consisting of a velocity component, offsets, white and flicker noises (1/f spectrum noises) composed in an additive model. The data set was made available to the GPS analysis community without revealing the offsets, and several groups conducted blind tests with a range of detection approaches. The results show that, at present, manual methods (where offsets are hand picked) almost always give better results than automated or semi‒automated methods (two automated methods give quite similar velocity bias as the best manual solutions). For instance, the fifth percentile range (5% to 95%) in velocity bias for automated approaches is equal to 4.2 mm/year (most commonly ±0.4 mm/yr from the truth), whereas it is equal to 1.8 mm/yr for the manual solutions (most commonly 0.2 mm/yr from the truth). The magnitude of offsets detectable by manual solutions is smaller than for automated solutions, with the smallest detectable offset for the best manual and automatic solutions equal to 5 mm and 8 mm, respectively. Assuming the simulated time series noise levels are representative of real GPS time series, robust geophysical interpretation of individual site velocities lower than 0.2–0.4 mm/yr is therefore certainly not robust, although a limit of nearer 1 mm/yr would be a more conservative choice. Further work to improve offset detection in GPS coordinates time series is required before we can routinely interpret sub‒mm/yr velocities for single GPS stations.


paraffin wax techniques which can give as good results if competently performed. The second chapter describes the interrelationships of endosteal cells, fibroblasts and fat cells and notes similarities between the marrow changes in chronic granulocytic leukaemia and fetal haemopoiesis. Next is a good chapter on myelodysplasia in which the abnormal localization of blast cells is described, with its association with poor prognosis. Then there are two chapters on chronic myeloproliferative diseases. Here there are excellent photographs and descriptions of a complexity beyond that normally associated with these diseases, encapsulated in some interesting diagrams. Finally there are three rather uneven chapters on lymphoproliferative diseases including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease. There is a major and successful attempt to relate the bone marrow histology to the median survival. Whilst this book offers little new to the experienced haematologist and histopathologist, the tyro will find a good deal that is useful. However, the information is expensive at the price.


Since 1992, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) have emerged to become significant elements in the landscape of investment products. Led by the popularity of the Qs (NASDAQ 100 Trust ETF), the current list of 108 U.S. listed ETFs trade on average over $4 billion daily. More than half of this dollar volume is from the Qs alone. Until July 31, 2001, the only exchange to trade all but one of the U.S. ETFs was the American Stock Exchange. However, the New York Stock Exchange has since begun to trade the major ETFs, which vindicates their status. As investors realize additional applications for ETFs and as products continue to proliferate, we expect even more trading in ETFs. Here we briefly review the current uses of ETFs and discuss the relationship between derivatives and ETFs.


This paper tackles the problem of semi-supervised learning when the set of labeled samples is limited to a small number of images per class, typically less than 10, problem that we refer to as barely-supervised learning. We analyze in depth the behavior of a state-of-the-art semi-supervised method, FixMatch, which relies on a weakly-augmented version of an image to obtain supervision signal for a more strongly-augmented version. We show that it frequently fails in barely-supervised scenarios, due to a lack of training signal when no pseudo-label can be predicted with high confidence. We propose a method to leverage self-supervised methods that provides training signal in the absence of confident pseudo-labels. We then propose two methods to refine the pseudo-label selection process which lead to further improvements.The first one relies on a per-sample history of the model predictions, akin to a voting scheme. The second iteratively up-dates class-dependent confidence thresholds to better explore classes that are under-represented in the pseudo-labels. Our experiments show that our approach performs significantly better on STL-10 in the barely-supervised regime,e.g. with 4 or 8 labeled images per class.


The method for snowmelt runoff simulations based on remote sensing satellite data is reviewed. For an actual basin the required input to the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) for different elevation zones is given by the snow covered area (S), temperature (T) and precipitation (P) values. The seasonal changes in snow coverage c n be monitored by earth observation satellites such as NOAA/AVHRR, Landsat-MSS, SPOT-XS, MOS/MESSR or IRS/LISS. The daily runoff can be simulated or forecasted. In addition, maps of regional water equivalent based on the seasonal snow cover accumulation during winter time are derived.


Abstract Experiments were conducted to identify acetolactate synthase (ALS, EC 184.108.40.206 [formerly EC 188.8.131.52]) mutation sites in eight biotypes of smooth pigweed and correlate these mutations with patterns of herbicide cross-resistance. Four herbicide-resistant smooth pigweed biotypes (R5, R6, R7, R8) collected from fields in Virginia, Delaware, and Maryland, showed a similar response to postemergence applications of the ALS-inhibitors imazethapyr, pyrithiobac, chlorimuron, thifensulfuron, and cloransulam. These R biotypes ranged from 261- to 537-fold resistant to imazethapyr and 29- to 88-fold resistant to pyrithiobac. The biotypes also had reduced sensitivity to chlorimuron and thifensulfuron of 2- to 14-fold and 10- to 25-fold, respectively, relative to a susceptible smooth pigweed biotype (S). Biotypes R6, R7, and R8 had reduced sensitivity of 3- to 10-fold to cloransulam relative to the S biotype, whereas R5 had increased sensitivity. All of these biotypes were found to have a serine to asparagine substitution at amino acid position 653, as numbered relative to the protein sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana. This stands in contrast to four other imidazolinone (IMI)-resistant smooth pigweed biotypes (R1, R2, R3, R4) that were collected from fields in Somerset County, Maryland. These biotypes were found to have an alanine to threonine substitution at position 122 of the ALS enzyme and were previously characterized at the whole-plant level with high-level resistance to IMI herbicides, increased sensitivity to pyrimidinylthiobenzoate and triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide herbicides, and low to no cross-resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides. Nomenclature: Chlorimuron; cloransulam; imazethapyr; pyrithiobac; thifensulfuron; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. AMACH.