These guidelines are modified from the recent EAACI Position Paper. Nasal polyposis is characterized by an inflammatory process, the factors of which are summarized. Recently, Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins have been identified to modify the disease. A classification system for polyps, grading systems and epidemiologic data are given, frequent comorbidities are discussed. The diagnostic management is based on endoscopy and CT scanning. A score of severity is proposed. The therapeutic management consists of the medical treatment options, which are given with evidence-based recommendations. Surgical treatment is indicated after failure of medical treatment and commonly performed by endoscopy. Nevertheless medical therapy must be continued after surgery to prevent recurrences. Algorithms of decision are finally proposed [corrected]


Viewing the development of the standard international tax neutrality discussion as being historically fairly limited because Musgrave's conclusions, rather than basic definitions, served as the undisputed baseline, in a previous article I reconsidered the classic international tax neutrality theories and challenged their conclusions. I argued that residence-based taxation has no advantages over source-based taxation in achieving capital export neutrality (CEN), and introduced the idea of how all international tax neutrality benchmarks can be simultaneously achieved by source-based taxation without the need for harmonized tax rates. Building on that article, Michael Knoll argued that the inconsistent meanings given to capital import neutrality (CIN) in the literature caused much confusion, that Musgrave's view of CIN is best interpreted as ownership neutrality, and that interpreting CIN largely as I did, it is residence-based taxation that can simultaneously achieve both CEN and CIN. Agreeing with Knoll about the confusion associated with CIN, this article disagrees with viewing CIN as ownership neutrality, questions the benefits of such a view and shows that it is not necessarily true, but only under the classic analysis, that source-based taxation would always satisfy ownership neutrality. The article then replies to Knoll's response to the arguments in my previous article, and based on three recent empirical studies on the "direct effect" of corporate taxation on capital, further develops and expands the applicability of the argument of my previous article that source-based taxation can satisfy CEN simultaneously with all other neutrality benchmarks without tax rate harmonization.[NOTE: A footnote to the first sentence of the first complete paragraph on page 146 was mistakenly struck due to the author's typo. The footnote would cite to Wiji Arulampalam, Michael P. Devereux, and Giorgia Maffini, The Direct Incidence of Corporate Income Tax on Wages, Oxford University Center for Business (May 2008) and IZA Discussion Paper No 5293 (October 2010); Nilis aus dem Moore, Tanja Karsten and Christoph M. Schmidt, Do Wages Rise When Corporate Rates Fall? Difference-in-Differences Analyses of the German Business Tax Reform 2000 (February 2009); R. Alison Felix and James R. Hines Jr., Corporate Taxes and Union Wages in the United States, NBER Working Paper No. 16263 (August 2009).]


Amateur and more seasoned tree-spotters will welcome this latest addition to the What's that? series. Accessible and straightforward, this book groups trees into their broad families, based on the features that related species share. This allows readers to narrow down their choices to a few likely possibilities before tackling the detail of species identification.
The book offers simple, authoritative text, side-bars with interesting additional information, multiple full-colour photographs of some 480 species and their key diagnostic features, and
an illustrated glossary of plant parts.
This helpful introductory guide will provide an invaluable entry point for anyone interested in
getting to know the trees of the region.


In high-dimensional settings, a penalized least squares approach may lose its efficiency in both estimation and variable selection due to the existence of either outliers or heteroscedasticity. In this thesis, we propose a novel approach to perform robust high-dimensional data analysis in a penalized weighted least square framework. The main idea is to relate the irregularity of each observation to a weight vector and obtain the outlying status data-adaptively using a weight shrinkage rule. By usage of L-1 type regularization on both the coefficients and weight vectors, the proposed method is able to perform simultaneous variable selection and outliers detection efficiently. Eventually, this procedure results in estimators with potentially strong robustness and non-asymptotic consistency. We provide a unified link between the weight shrinkage rule and a robust M-estimation in general settings. We also establish the non-asymptotic oracle inequalities for the joint estimation of both the regression coefficients and weight vectors. These theoretical results allow the number of variables to far exceed the sample size. The performance of the proposed estimator is demonstrated in both simulation studies and real examples.


Abstract This article discusses a gender-based aspect of contemporary language contact among Israeli Yiddish-speaking Haredi Jews. The speakers are all bilingual, and their command of Israeli Hebrew undermines the traditional linguistic disparity between men's and women's access to sacred Jewish texts. These texts are studied solely by men, with the result that, throughout the generations, men's command of "the holy tongue" (Hebrew and Aramaic) was much higher than that of the women. Today, in contrast, the familiarity of Israeli Haredi women with Israeli Hebrew facilitates their understanding of such materials. This is a new phenomenon, giving women access to sacred texts which had formerly been available only to men. Consequently, in quoting from sacred texts, when they speak in public (for example, in giving sermons to other women in their community), Israeli Haredi women employ various strategies in order to camouflage their true linguistic competence, so as not to display knowledge of the holy tongue on a level higher than that perceived as socially legitimate for women. Linguistic and discourse-based analyses of these strategies – in marked contrast to those of their American Yiddish-speaking counterparts – illustrate a facet of the continuing Haredi efforts to preserve a traditional way of life in a changing world.


An aphid-transmissible (AT) and two non-aphid-transmissible (NAT) isolates of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) were studied. The predicted amino acid sequences of the coat protein (CP) of the three virus isolates were analysed and compared. The NAT isolates differed from the AT isolate in having a Thr instead of an Ala residue at position 10 in the conserved Asp-Ala-Gly triplet in the N-terminal region of CP. Aphid transmissibility was restored in a progeny virus derived from an infectious clone of the ZYMV-NAT isolate in which Thr was changed back to Ala by site-directed mutagenesis. However this mutation did not have any effect on the multiplication rate in squash, which was significantly higher than that of the AT isolate. The involvement of this mutation in aphid transmission and virus multiplication is discussed.


The National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) located in Asheville, North Carolina is authorized to perform special services for other government agencies and for private clients at the expense of the requester. The amount charged in all cases is intended to solely defray the expenses incurred by the government in satisfying such specific requests to the best of its ability. It is essential that requesters furnish the NCDC with a precise statement describing the problem so that a mutual understanding of the specifications is reached.


In the present work, the effect of palladium layers thickness and porous structure of silicon on the hydrogen gas sensor was studied. Hence, simultaneous Pd/CHx/PS/Si and Pd/Si structures have been used as a sensing material to detect H2 gas. Comparison with previous study on CHx/PS/Si structure allows to understanding the effect of pores in silicon material and the contribution of palladium in detection of the hydrogen. Current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characterizations show that the porous silicon structure (Pd/CHx/PS/Si) has higher sensitivity toward H2 gas than that exhibited by silicon sensor despite the presence of palladium (Pd/Si) in both structures. On the other hand, our experiments show that the presence of Pd metal decreases the dynamic response which increases the sensitivity of the sensor. This result conducts, us to optimize the thickness of deposited Pd layer, therefore different Pd layer thickness ranging from [10 nm to 50 nm] was studied. The feature of the best optimized Pd layer deposited on the surface has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally it appears that both the catalytic property of Pd metal and the presence of pores were found to strongly influence the sensor response in terms of hydrogen sensitivity and response time.


For characterization of semiconductor lasers, quasi-Fermi-level separation is a critical parameter due to its relationship with carrier density and gain. We suggest a new technique to determine the quasi-Fermi-level separation from amplified spontaneous emission measured from one facet.


In order to assess the suitable explant(s) for in-vitro regeneration of three local cultivars of Nigerian tomatoes, Ibadan local (IbL), Ife and JM94/46, cotyledon, hypocotyls and radicle explants were cultured in shoot regeneration medium consisting of MS containing 30 g L-1 sucrose and 8 g L-1 agar with no exogenous plant growth hormones. Forty-five of each explant type was cultured on the medium in triplicate experiments and results showed varied percentage survival and shooting for the various explants. Hypocotyl explants had the highest percentage of shooting explants at 13.3% for IbL; 6.67% for Ife and 20% in JM94/46. IbL cotyledon explants had 4.44% of shooting explants with no shoots recorded in Ife and JM94/46 cotyledon explants. IbL radicle explants had 2.22% shooting explants and no shoots recorded in Ife and JM94/46. Student Neuman Keuls (SNK) statistical analysis of cultivar-media interaction showed there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among the three cultivars in number of calli and shooting calli. There was however significant difference among the cultivars in the number of shoots recorded. SNK values for explants-media interaction showed that cotyledon and radicle explants were significantly different (P < 0.05) from hypocotyl explants in the number of shoots produced.


Supplemental food is often provided to threatened species in order to maintain or enhance reproductive fitness and thus population growth. However, its impact on individual reproductive fitness is rarely evaluated, despite being associated with both positive and negative consequences. We used stable isotope analyses to characterise the relative proportional consumption of supplemental food and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to assess beak and feather disease viral infection intensity among parakeets. Life‐history and nest‐site data from a long‐term monitoring effort was incorporated. Older females benefitted the most from supplemental feeding; demonstrated by a greater reproductive uplift than younger females. There were no strong predictors of viral infection levels among nestlings. Reproductive fitness, measured by the number of fledglings produced per brood, was positively associated with proportional dietary content of supplemental food among adult parakeets and breeding pairs that nested closer to feeding stations consumed more supplemental food than those nesting further away. Synthesis and applications. Our study demonstrates that supplementary feeding can lead to an overall increase in population growth. However, by characterising individual consumption, we also reveal subtle patterns of use and differential benefits on reproductive fitness within a population. Manipulating the delivery of supplemental food may help to reduce demand on finite resources or target the proportion of a population that derives the most benefit, but is associated with trade‐offs in fecundity. For example the use of, and access to feeding stations could potentially be targeted towards specific individuals or, positioned in the habitats most deficient in native food. However, increasing reproductive fitness in one component of the population may be accompanied by a decrease in another. This knowledge can be incorporated into adaptive management strategies that aim to fulfil specific objectives associated with species recovery and long‐term viability as long as the relative importance of each objective is be considered.


Supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles (SCO2BC) offer the potential of better economy and higher practicability due to their high power conversion efficiency, moderate turbine inlet temperature, compact size as compared with some traditional working fluids cycles. In this paper, the SCO2BC including the SCO2 single-recuperated Brayton cycle (RBC) and recompression recuperated Brayton cycle (RRBC) are considered, and flexible thermodynamic and economic modeling methodologies are presented. The influences of the key cycle parameters on thermodynamic performance of SCO2BC are studied, and the comparative analyses on RBC and RRBC are conducted. Based on the thermodynamic and economic models and the given conditions, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is used for the Pareto-based multi-objective optimization of the RRBC, with the maximum exergy efficiency and the lowest cost per power ($/kW) as its objectives. In addition, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is chosen to establish the relationship between the input, output, and the key cycle parameters, which could accelerate the parameters query process.It is observed in the thermodynamic analysis process that the cycle parameters such as heat source temperature, turbine inlet temperature, cycle pressure ratio, and pinch temperature difference of heat exchangers have significant effects on the cycle exergy efficiency. And the exergy destruction of heat exchanger is the main reason why the exergy efficiency of RRBC is higher than that of RBC under the same cycle conditions. Compared with the two kinds of SCO2BC, RBC has a cost advantage from economic perspective, while RRBC has a much better thermodynamic performance, and could rectify the temperature pinching problem that exists in RBC. Therefore, RRBC is recommended in this paper. Furthermore, the Pareto front curve between the cycle cost/ cycle power (CWR) and the cycle exergy efficiency is obtained by multi-objective optimization, which indicates that there is a conflicting relation between them. The optimization results could provide an optimum trade-off curve enabling cycle designers to choose their desired combination between the efficiency and cost. Moreover, the optimum thermodynamic parameters of RRBC can be predicted with good accuracy using ANN, which could help the users to find the SCO2BC parameters fast and accurately.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


Recent evidence postulates a role of hippocampal neurogenesis in anxiety behavior. Here we report that elevated levels of neurogenesis elicit increased anxiety in rodents. Mice performing voluntary wheel running displayed both highly elevated levels of neurogenesis and increased anxiety in three different anxiety-like paradigms: the open field, elevated O-maze, and dark-light box. Reducing neurogenesis by focalized irradiation of the hippocampus abolished this exercise-induced increase of anxiety, suggesting a direct implication of hippocampal neurogenesis in this phenotype. On the other hand, irradiated mice explored less frequently the lit compartment of the dark-light box test irrespective of wheel running, suggesting that irradiation per se induced anxiety as well. Thus, our data suggest that intermediate levels of neurogenesis are related to the lowest levels of anxiety. Moreover, using c-Fos immunocytochemistry as cellular activity marker, we observed significantly different induction patterns between runners and sedentary controls when exposed to a strong anxiogenic stimulus. Again, this effect was altered by irradiation. In contrast, the well-known induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by voluntary exercise was not disrupted by focal irradiation, indicating that hippocampal BDNF levels were not correlated with anxiety under our experimental conditions. In summary, our data demonstrate to our knowledge for the first time that increased neurogenesis has a causative implication in the induction of anxiety.


Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) claim to present many advantages in terms of biological plausibility and energy efficiency compared to standard Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Recent works have shown that DNNs are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, i.e., small perturbations added to the input data can lead to targeted or random misclassifications. In this paper, we aim at investigating the key research question: "Are SNNs secure?" Towards this, we perform a comparative study of the security vulnerabilities in SNNs and DNNs w.r.t. the adversarial noise. Afterwards, we propose a novel black-box attack methodology, i.e., without the knowledge of the internal structure of the SNN, which employs a greedy heuristic to automatically generate imperceptible and robust adversarial examples (i.e., attack images) for the given SNN. We perform an in-depth evaluation for a Spiking Deep Belief Network (SDBN) and a DNN having the same number of layers and neurons (to obtain a fair comparison), in order to study the efficiency of our methodology and to understand the differences between SNNs and DNNs w.r.t. the adversarial examples. Our work opens new avenues of research towards the robustness of the SNNs, considering their similarities to the human brain's functionality.


The paper develops a fuzzy dynamic programming (FDP) approach to solving the direct load control (DLC) problem of large air conditioner loads (ACLs). In the formulation, the cycling capacities of the ACLs and the system load demands are all regarded as fuzzy variables. The scheduling of the DLC and the unit commitment (UC) is integrated into an FDP structure to reduce the system peak loads as well as the system operation costs. The solution approach has been tested on the data for the Taiwan Power (Taipower) 38-unit system with 15 ACL groups. In the tests, the Monte-Carlo simulation technique is employed to assess the robustness of the solution obtained from the proposed FDP approach for various load uncertainties. The results are presented and compared to those without consideration of the load uncertainties.


Abstract The genealogy of graduate medical education in America begins at the bedside. However, today's graduate medical trainees work in a training environment that is vastly different from medical training a century ago. The goal of the Graduate Medical Education Laboratory (GEL) Study, supported by the American Medical Association's (AMA) "Reimagining Residency" initiative, is to determine the factors in the training environment that most contribute to resident well-being and developing diagnostic skills. We believe that increasing time at the bedside will improve clinical skill, increase professional fulfillment, and reduce workplace burnout. Our graduate medical education laboratory will test these ideas to understand which interventions can be shared among all training programs. Through the GEL Study, we aim to ensure resident readiness for practice as we understand, then optimize, the learning environment for trainees and staff.


Mobile advertising is one of the fastest-growing advertising formats. In 2013, global spending on mobile advertising was approximately $16.7 billion, and it is expected to exceed $62.8 billion by 2017. The most prevalent type of mobile advertising is mobile display advertising (MDA), which takes the form of banners on mobile web pages and in mobile applications. This article examines which product characteristics are likely to be associated with MDA campaigns that are effective in increasing consumers' (1) favorable attitudes toward products and (2) purchase intentions. Data from a large-scale test-control field experiment covering 54 U.S. MDA campaigns that ran between 2007 and 2010 and involved 39,946 consumers show that MDA campaigns significantly increased consumers' favorable attitudes and purchase intentions only when the campaigns advertised products that were higher (vs. lower) involvement and utilitarian (vs. hedonic). The authors explain this finding using established theories of information processing and persuasion and suggest that when MDAs work effectively, they do so by triggering consumers to recall and process previously stored product information.


This survey paper provides a tour of the various monitoring and activity interpretation frameworks found in the literature. The needs of monitoring and interpretation systems are presented in relation to the area where they have been developed or applied. Their evolution is studied to better understand the characteristics of current systems. After this, the main features of monitoring and activity interpretation systems are defined.


SUMMARY: The effect of increasing concentrations of glucose and galactose on the physiology and composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied in continuous culture. Glucose, at concentrations ranging from 1 to 50 g./l. was degraded predominantly by aerobic fermentation. Galactose catabolism was mainly aerobic at concentrations up to 5 g./l. but became increasingly fermentative at higher sugar concentrations. The fatty-acid content varied with the type of metabolism. Thus at low concentrations of sugar, fatty acids accounted for 8 % dry wt but about 5 % dry wt at high sugar concentrations. High sugar concentrations may be associated with the repression of mitochondrial structures. The size of the amino acid pool was a function of the availability of ammonia in the medium. Such 'pools' contained appreciable amounts of arginine when NH4+ was in excess, whereas in the absence of NH4+ from the culture filtrate only trace amounts of arginine were detected. The content of glutamic dehydrogenase in the yeast varied directly with the availability of ammonia and the size of the amino acid pool.


visit Should the first level be above 7 mnnIl/l (270 mg/100 ml) or any subsequent value exceed this figure, then the pill should normally not be commenced or continued. But even where there are no facilities for such analyses the well-trained presmiber, whether medical or non-medical, and the fully informed user should be able to balance the dangers of the pill against its benefits in each individual case.


Since 2007, numerous state legislatures have enacted insurance mandates relating to treatment for autism. In the absence of an autism insurance mandate, health insurers typically do not cover "one of the most commonly prescribed therapies" for autism, which is an intensive therapeutic intervention based on Applied Behavior Analysis (commonly called "ABA therapy"). The autism insurance mandates that have swept the nation during the last decade require coverage for ABA therapy and other care that is ordered by a physician and deemed medically necessary to treat autism. This article (1) examines why so many legislatures that traditionally resist insurance mandates embrace this one, and (2) suggests that enactment of an autism insurance mandate is not only consistent with traditional conservative ideology but is in fact an embodiment of conservative core values.


For many years the genesis of the Broken Hill Pb-Zn-Ag deposit has been, and continues to be, hotly debated, mostly because many of the original characteristics of the deposit have been obscured by high-grade metamorphism and deformation. Metamorphism not only overprinted the deposit but fundamentally modified the sulfides through metamorphic remobilization. Based on experimental studies it had also been speculated that partial melting of the sulfides may have occurred. The lack of experimental data at elevated pressures in the PbS-FeS-ZnS system has limited this suggestion to mere speculation. We present the results of an experimental study of the melting behavior of sulfides, which show that Broken Hill ores must have been partially molten under peak metamorphic conditions.


Telecommunication industry is not comparable with many industries in view of rapid market and technological change. In this industry, Mobile Communications is one of the most attractive segments. The new and novel trends can be seen in Telecommunication industry from time to time which suggesting various dynamics and relationships in this industry development. In this article, we will examine and analyze existing trends in mobile operators' services to find out the position of Value Added Service (VAS). Then, existing dynamics in delivering Mobile VAS will be deduced through VAS value chain analysis and its market characteristics. We will simulate and execute the proposed dynamic model and get acquainted with the behavior of model elements and analyze them. Finally, two policies will be suggested and with the analysis of results of these two policies, some recommendations will be made for mobile network operators to maximize their revenues out of VAS.


At Hannover Messe in 2011, an annual German industrial fair, a term called Industry 4.0 was first mentioned. It defines the fourth industrial revolution. Industry 4.0 focuses on how to integrate new technologies and digitization to gain manufacturing advantages. It visualizes a fully automated manufacturing system with total adaptability and minimal environmental impact while improving product quality. The purpose of this report is to identify what can create value for manufacturing companies when implementing Industry 4.0 concepts. Since Industry 4.0 consists of many different aspects and areas this reports mainly focuses on how to create value in terms of costs, lead time and environmental impact. In order to answer these questions a literature study was done together with semi-structured interviews with employees in major Swedish manufacturing companies. The main conclusion of this report is that Industry 4.0 certainly can create value for manufacturing companies when implemented. Costs can be reduced with automated machines and predictive quality, lead times shortened by using models that can predict failure and a decreased environmental impact can be achieved by implementing Industry 4.0 tools. However, it also highlights the difficulties when trying to implement Industry 4.0 in practice and were theory lacks application in practice. Finally, the report concludes that further research should investigate in how companies are implementing Industry 4.0 concepts into their businesses and how a business can ensure that it generates value.


Tree structures are used extensively in domains such as computational biology, pattern recognition, XML databases, computer networks, and so on. One important problem in mining databases of trees is to find frequently occurring subtrees. Because of the combinatorial explosion, the number of frequent subtrees usually grows exponentially with the size of frequent subtrees and, therefore, mining all frequent subtrees becomes infeasible for large tree sizes. We present CMTreeMiner, a computationally efficient algorithm that discovers only closed and maximal frequent subtrees in a database of labeled rooted trees, where the rooted trees can be either ordered or unordered. The algorithm mines both closed and maximal frequent subtrees by traversing an enumeration tree that systematically enumerates all frequent subtrees. Several techniques are proposed to prune the branches of the enumeration tree that do not correspond to closed or maximal frequent subtrees. Heuristic techniques are used to arrange the order of computation so that relatively expensive computation is avoided as much as possible. We study the performance of our algorithm through extensive experiments, using both synthetic data and data sets from real applications. The experimental results show that our algorithm is very efficient in reducing the search space and quickly discovers all closed and maximal frequent subtrees.


This paper describes a special-purpose matrix inversion technique developed in the System-Planning Branch of TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority). This is the first known use of the method. It is particularly applicable to the inversion of matrices that describe power system impedances or admittances. As outlined, the technique is not entirely general. It requires division by elements of the major diagonal. Thus, when the element is being used as a divisor, it must not be zero. Under such a condition the digital program changes the sequence of calculations. However, a zero in the final diagonal position to be used will cause the matrix to be considered singular. The technique can be made more general but this is not necessary for most power system work.


Rationale: Pulmonary hypertension associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a severe complication of preterm birth resulting in high mortality of up to 50% within the first 2 years of life. There is a direct relationship between bronchopulmonary dysplasia severity and incidence of associated pulmonary hypertension. However, it is challenging to clinically characterize severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia with and without pulmonary hypertension and there is need for better understanding of the two entities. Objectives: To identify markers to help understand biological processes and endotype characterization of infants with pulmonary hypertension associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in tracheal aspirates. Methods: We conducted multi-omic analysis of tracheal aspirates via miRNA PCR arrays, RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry proteomics in preterm infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia with (n=21) and without (n=25) pulmonary hypertension. Results: Our study analysis revealed 12 miRNAs (hsa-miR-29a, has-miR-542-3p, has-miR-624, has-miR-183, hsa-miR-501-3p, hsa-miR-101, hsa-miR-3131, hsa-miR-3683, hsa-miR-3193, hsa-miR-3672, hsa-miR-3128, and hsa-miR-1287); 6 transcripts (IL6, RPL35P5, HSD3B7, RNA5SP215, OR2A1-AS1, and RNVU1-19), and 5 proteins (CAPS, AAT, KRT5, SFTPB, and LGALS3BP) with significant differential expression in preterm infants with severe lung disease with pulmonary hypertension when compared to infants with severe lung disease but no pulmonary hypertension. Pathway analysis of the integrated multi-omic expression signatures revealed NFkB, VEGF, SERPINA1, IL6 and ERK12 as target molecules for miRNAs, and angiogenesis and hyperoxia stress as recurrent pathways of individual markers. Conclusion: Our multi-omic analysis of tracheal aspirates revealed a comprehensive thumbprint of miRNAs, mRNAs and proteins that could help endotype infants with severe lung disease and pulmonary hypertension.


I that phenomenon so familiar to students of eighteenth‐century literature, the 'circulating library', has endured much comment, a little of it accurate, some of it ambiguous, a great deal of it uninformed. The chief obstacle to a proper appreciation of its influence is the absence of a proper definition of it; that given in the Oxford English Dictionary speaks the truth indeed, but not the whole truth, for within the category are to be included at least two major species which differ in toto. The first, the object of Sheridan's familiar but shallow witticism, will not be dealt with here in any detail: it was not unlike the modern 'twopenny' library, being a commercial venture dependent on individual management and catering for the immediate wants of a public largely uncritical and in search of passing entertainment. It is rather with the second type, the 'proprietary' library, that this paper is concerned, for although its aims, status, and administration were totally different from those of its humbler if more popular contemporary, this type was, and still is, designated 'circulating', if the Leeds Library be taken to represent it, as it assuredly does in every way. The relevant nomenclature for eighteenth‐century libraries is, in fact, not a little bewildering to the uninitiated: the Leeds Library has been known as 'circulating', 'subscription', and even 'public', while the Birmingham Library indenture of 1799 expressly names 'the Public Library'; but the Cambridge University library, for example, was also known as 'public', like many other essentially 'private' collections, such as those parochial libraries which restricted the use of their treasures to the faithful and gave the parson the key. The distinction insisted on above will be found roughly to correspond with that made by the older local historians, who generally deign to notice, however meagrely, the local 'proprietary' institution, but do not, as a rule, condescend to mention the mere commercial venture, a distinction made so pointed in a judgement of exquisite gentility by the excellent Mr. Horsfield of Lewes, to be quoted hereafter, that it is worthy to become classic. Most of them are mentioned by S. Lewis in his great Topographical dictionary, and they are generally styled 'subscription' libraries.


Lotononis s. l. is a legume clade within the Crotalarieae tribe, with a centre of origin in South Africa. After taxonomic revision, the three genera Listia, Leobordea and Lotononis s. str. are now recognised. The N2-fixing symbiosis between Listia bainesii and pigmented Methylobacterium rhizobia is known to be highly specific, while a recent study has shown that Listia angolensis is effectively nodulated by a novel lineage of root nodule bacteria. The symbiotic relationships of Lotononis s. l. species outside the Listia genus have not yet been examined. The work presented in this thesis sought to determine the identity of rhizobia isolated from Listia, Leobordea and Lotononis s. str. hosts, to examine the phylogeny of their nodA genes and to quantify the nodulation and N2 fixation capabilities of Lotononis s. l.- associated rhizobia on eight taxonomically diverse Lotononis s. l. hosts. Additionally, this research sought to examine the processes of infection and nodule initiation in L. angolensis and L. bainesii and to validly name and characterise the novel L. angolensis rhizobia.

Amplification and sequencing of nearly full length fragments of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the rhizobia isolated from nodules of Lotononis s. l. species were phylogenetically diverse. Strains isolated from Leobordea and Lotononis s. str. hosts were most closely related to Bradyrhizobium spp., Ensifer meliloti, Mesorhizobium tianshanense and Methylobacterium nodulans. The Listia angolensis microsymbionts, together with closely related Lupinus texensis rhizobia, were identified as novel species of the Alphaproteobacterial genus Microvirga. The xiii phylogeny of the nodA genes correlated more with the rhizobial 16S rRNA genes than with the taxonomy of the host plants.

The nodulation and effectiveness trials confirmed the symbiotic specificity of the genus Listia. L. bainesii nodulated only with the representative pigmented Methylobacterium strain WSM2598. As measured by plant shoot dry weight, this symbiosis was highly effective. L. angolensis was effectively nodulated only by Microvirga rhizobia, but formed ineffective nodules with the pigmented Methylobacterium and M. nodulans strains. WSM2598 was effective only on Listia species (other than L. angolensis). In contrast, the Microvirga strain WSM3557 was partially effective on some Leobordea and Lotononis s. str. species. No clear pattern of symbiotic association was seen in the Leobordea and Lotononis s. str. hosts. Nodulation in these species was usually promiscuous and often ineffective for N2 fixation.

The nodules formed on Listia species were lupinoid, whereas the nodules of Leobordea and Lotononis s. str. species were indeterminate. Micrographs of all sectioned nodules, whether lupinoid or indeterminate, showed a mass of central, uniformly infected tissue, with no uninfected interstitial cells. Rhizobial infection and nodulation in L. angolensis and L. bainesii did not appear to involve root hair curling or the development of infection threads. Nodule organogenesis followed a process similar to that observed in Lupinus species, with nodule primordia developing in the outer cortex.

The polyphasic characterisation of the Microvirga rhizobia associated with Listia angolensis and Lupinus texensis resulted in the description of three new rhizobial species: Microvirga lotononidis, M. zambiensis and M. lupini. Microvirga species possess several phenotypic properties that are unusual in rhizobia, including the ability to grow at relatively elevated temperatures and the presence of pigmentation in most strains. The rhizobial Microvirga strains WSM3557T and Lut6T have been included in the Genomic Encyclopedia for Bacteria and Archaea Root Nodule Bacteria (GEBA-RNB) sequencing project (Kyrpides & Reeve, collaborative CSI project (http://genome.jgi-psf.org/programs/bacteria-archaea/GEBA-RNB.jsf) and should provide new insights into the evolution of and genomic architecture required for rhizobial symbionts.


The present invention relates to characterization and the sequence of operations in photo chemical machining as a means to fabricate positive deterministic micro-textures on mild steel thrust pad surfaces. Fabrication of surface micro-texture by current technique is conceived in two-stages: where photographic emulsion process is used to pattern the microstructure, and chemical etching method is employed to fabricate the textures on mild steel surface by dissolving exposed metal surface. The texture fabricated by present invention is having slightly rough etched bottom surface with sharp edge and least amount of burrs around the texture rim and the process is also cost effective. Several aspects regarding sequence of operations in manufacturing process and the characterization of fabricated textured surfaces are discussed. The physical significance of micro-asperities on hydrodynamic lubrication is presented experimentally under constant flow system. The variation of hydrodynamic performance parameters such as frictional torque, fluid film thickness and recess pressure with different operating conditions such as varying speed and supply pressure are outlined.


This study seeks to examine the institutional logics and processual dynamics behind the emergence of sustainability reporting (hereafter SR) in Pakistan. It investigates both the emergence of the SR field, as well as logics and processes of the initiation and implementation of SR in eight organisations.

This study utilises the institutional logics perspective (Thornton, Ocasio and Lounsbury, 2012) as an analytical framework for institutional and organisational analysis. Using this framework, Pakistani society is conceptualised and analysed as an interinstitutional system which provides the basis for understanding the field as well as organisational-level dynamics. The Pakistani SR field is conceptualised as a socially constructed space in which a variety of social actors, embedded in different institutional orders, are involved in the social construction of SR through constellations of subjective meanings and material practices (known as institutional logics). The theoretical perspective argues for the presence of multiple logics in a given field that both constrain and enable organisational and individual rationality for action. In order to explore these dynamics, this study uses an embedded case study design informed by semi-structured interviews and extensive documentary analysis.

This study identifies the presence of multiple logics in the Pakistani SR field which are linked with the evolution of institutional orders. This study finds that the dominant orders of family and religion act as social constraints for the emergence of SR in Pakistan which is mainly driven by the combination of market, corporate and professional logics. These logics, which collectively make a business case, are propagated mainly by the leading corporates, professional accounting bodies, non-governmental organisations and consultants. These actors through different events (e.g. award ceremonies, conferences, seminars and workshops) are involved in the institutional work for shaping SR. Organisational analysis finds that the decision to initiate SR and the implementation process is mainly driven by institutional forces that are mediated by organisational dynamics and situational contingencies. A combination of rationales is used by corporate managers of the eight organisations for justifying their reporting decision.


As a technology that can improve the efficiency of the business process, workflow is drawing more and more attentions of researchers and software product vendors. But there are still many problems waiting to be solved for workflow. One of these problems is the poor adaptability of workflow. This paper intends to enhance the adaptability from the view of supporting dynamic process change. In the paper, a workflow model that is fit for dynamic change is defined and the verification rules are firstly set up for this model. Specifically, our method is based on the concept of executable path of workflow. Based on the executable path, the concepts and algorithms of valid process and complete subprocess are introduced to solve the problems brought by process model dynamic change.


A total of 278 families of probands with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy has been ascertained and offered genetic counselling. Linkage studies have been performed in these families using polymorphic DNA markers identifying loci linked to Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. The clinical features of the probands are discussed: there was marked intrafamilial resemblance in the severity of the disease. We estimate that a complete study of potential carriers in these families would require analysis of samples from approximately 1400 subjects. The results of linkage studies tended to move women's carrier risk estimates (based on CK and pedigree data) towards the extremes of the risk categories, providing a more definitive risk estimate for 81% of the women who were previously in the middle range of carrier risk probabilities. About 70% of the families had only one affected member. Linkage analysis altered carrier risk estimates in 95% of sisters and aunts of index cases, but only affected estimates of the mother's carrier risks in about 11% of isolated cases. Even where linkage studies were not helpful in elucidating carrier risks, information could usually be obtained for use in prenatal diagnosis if required. We have assessed the attitudes to pregnancy and prenatal diagnosis of women at risk of being carriers of Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy and report 17 pregnancies in these women.


My question is whether a phenomenology of community is possible. Phenomenology starts from experience, in the Husserlian sense of Erlebnis. Now, can a community be experienced, and not empirically but rather phenomenologically understood? What is a community from the viewpoint of experience? In this text, I will respond to, and elaborate on, this question. More specifically, I will attempt to understand community from the perspective of life by drawing on the work of Michel Henry.


This study looks at the creation of music and art by Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh as a symbol of social resistance and identity. Ethnographic research on the Rohingyas' use of music and art suggests that these non-conventional means play an important role in communicating their coherent identity and expressing their resistance to the discrimination and oppression experienced in their country of origin as well as in their exile in Bangladesh. This informal resistance is used to keep their memory alive, to transmit that history through verbal and visual expressions to the new generations, and to communicate information about themselves to outsiders. This article posits that these forms of expression, while suggestive of their identity and everyday resistance, occur mostly in an informal and indirect form, rather than in direct confrontation and protest. These informal means also refl ect the Rohingyas' pragmatism and coping strategies for living in the borderlands.


A study was performed to develop a different experimental methodology to assess wettabilities of solders on various printed wiring board (PWB) finishes, based on a modified spreading test in which solder pastes were heated following temperature reflow profiles representative of those used in surface mount technology (SMT) instead of using a fixed rate temperature ramp. Three solder alloys (Sn63‐Pb37, Sn96.5‐Ag3.5, and CASTINTM: Sn96.2‐Ag2.5‐Cu0.8‐Sb0.5), two fluxes (rosin, mildly activated, RMA, and no‐clean, NC), and seven PWB finishes (Pd, Au/Ni, Ni, Ag, Sn, and organic solderability preservatives: OSP), and bare copper were involved in the study. Better wettabilities were observed in the current study than the results reported in the literature for conventional tests on the same combination of solder alloy, flux, and substrate. The different results in measurement of wettabilities obtained in the current study were attributed to the more adequate heating process allowing flux activation, which reduced reoxidation of solder powders and substrates during the reflow process and thus improved wettabilities of solders. Compared to the results obtained from the popular wetting balance test, the current study demonstrated a more realistic simulation of, and approach to, assessing the wettability of solder for SMT.


The purpose of this study was to determine if graft viability during simple cold storage can be monitored from alteration of myocardial electrical impedance. Six anesthetized dogs underwent rapid cardiac extirpation and were placed in simple cold storage in saline for 12 hours. Myocardial electrical impedance was measured serially by use of a LCR meter and the changes of myocardial resistivity analyzed. Myocardial specimens were taken for myocardial ATP analysis and electron microscopic study during preservation. We investigated the correlation between myocardial resistivity and myocardial ATP content. Moreover in order to predict cardiac function after simple cold storage in saline, heterotopic cardiac transplantation in the neck was performed in mongrel dogs and left ventricular Emax (LV Emax) was measured with a micromanometer and conductance catheter method. It was then investigated whether or not it is feasible to predict cardiac function of the graft afer reperfusion from the changes in myocardial resistivity. Myocardial ATP remained above 50% of preischemic value 4 hours after preservation. Ultrastructural alterations of ischemia were observed in hearts preserved for 8 and 12 hours. In heterotopic cardiac transplantation, LV Emax at 120 minutes after reperfusion recovered to 94 +/- 13% of preischemic function in 4 hour-preserved heart, 72 +/- 10% in 8 hour-preserved heart. Percent recovery of LV Emax in the former was significantly higher than that in the latter (p<0.05). Turning points from reversible conditions to irreversible ones were between 4 and 8 hours based on myocardial ATP content, cardiac function after transplantation and morphological changes. With the time of preservation, resistivity began to increase in every dog and peaked during preservation. The time required to reach the peak point of resistivity ranged from 4 to 5.5 hours. Resistivity increase rate (RIR) decreased gradually during preservation and it was over 0.1 omega cm/min until a half-life of ATP. These results suggested that measurement of myocardial electrical impedance in the preserved heart should be feasible as an indicator of graft viability during preservation in heart transplantation.


ObjectiveTo understand trends in race-specific mortality rates between blacks and whites to discover any racial inequalities that might exist for drug overdose deaths. To delve into the types of drugs that are prominently involved in black drug overdose deaths from 2013-2017 in the state of Indiana.IntroductionBlack Hoosiers, the largest minority population in Indiana, make up almost 10% of the state's population, and accounted for 8% of the total resident drug overdose deaths from 2013-2017 compared to whites at 91%. However, a closer look at race-specific mortality rates might reveal racial inequalities. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to analyze drug overdose morality rates among white and black Hoosiers to discover possible racial inequalities and to discover trends in drug involvement in overdose deaths among blacks.MethodsDrug overdose deaths that occurred in Indiana between 2013 and 2017 were identified using the underlying and contributing cause of death ICD-10 codes and abstracted from the Indiana State Department of Health's annual finalized mortality dataset. Race-specific drug overdose death rates were calculated and compared among racial groups. Drug overdose deaths in blacks were examined for trends over time and by the types of drugs involved.ResultsBetween 2013 and 2017, drug overdose mortality rates for whites increased from 17.05 to 27.28 per 100,000. Blacks saw a higher rate increase during this same time frame: from 10.74 to 30.62 per 100,000, surpassing the mortality rate of whites by the end of 2017. Drug overdose deaths in blacks increased 197% from 2013-2017 and drug specific mortality rate increases were seen across all drug category's. Opioids, which were involved in 61% of the 2017 drug overdose deaths among blacks, had a rate increase from 3.05 to 18.62 per 100,000 between 2013 and 2017. Drug specific overdose mortality rate increases were also seen for overdoses involving cocaine (1.76 to 10.62 per 100,000), benzodiazepines (0.32 to 3.08 per 100,000), and psychostimulants other than cocaine (0.16 to 1.69 per 100,000) such as amphetamines.ConclusionsWhile white Hoosiers had higher drug overdose mortality rates between 2013 and 2016, black Hoosiers had a greater mortality rate increase and surpassed the mortality rate in whites in 2017. Opioids, the most frequently involved substance in overdose deaths among blacks from 2013-2017, showed increasing rates during this time period. However, increases in drug specific overdose mortality rates for cocaine, benzodiazepines, and psychostimulants other than cocaine also call for public health attention. These results promote the inclusion of minority health experts in drug overdose prevention efforts and issue a call for future prevention efforts to be targeted toward the state's largest minority population.


Background correction is a very important step that must be performed before peak detection or any quantification procedure. When successful, this step greatly simplifies such procedures and enhances the accuracy of quantification. In the past, much effort has been invested to correct drifting baseline in one-dimensional chromatography. In fast online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) coupled with a diode array detector (DAD), the change in the refractive index (RI) of the mobile phase in very fast gradients causes extremely serious baseline disturbances. The method reported here is based on the use of various existing baseline correction methods of one-dimensional (1D) liquid chromatography to correct the two-dimensional (2D) background in LC×LC. When such methods are applied orthogonally to the second dimension ((2)D), background correction is dramatically improved. The method gives an almost zero mean background level and it provides better background correction than does simple subtraction of a blank. Indeed, the method proposed does not require running a blank sample.


SummaryThere is considerable evidence to indicate that depressive disorders may be associated with changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and that successful treatment may reverse these changes. We studied patients with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) using 99Tcm-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (99Tcm-HMPAO) single photon emission tomography (SPET) to examine the effect of light therapy on rCBF. Ten depressed patients (8 females, 2 males) with a mean (± s.d.) age of 33.5 ± 11.3 years underwent 99Tcm-HMPAO SPET studies before and after light therapy. The treatment response was evaluated using the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale - Seasonal Affective Disorders Version (SIGH-SAD). A patient was considered responsive to light therapy if the post-treatment SIGH-SAD score was reduced by 60% or more in comparison to the pre-treatment score (responders, n = 5; non-responders, n = 5). Pre- and post-treatment SIGH-SAD scores and SPET data were compared in each patient. An improvement in depressive symptoms after light therapy was associated with an increase in rCBF in the frontal and cingulate regions as well as the thalamus. Such changes were not seen in non-responsive subjects.


A highly sensitive detection system, which was composed of a thin, long, flow-through cell (TLFTC) and a semiconductor laser (SCL), for flow injection analysis (FIA) spectrophotometry has been developed. The new detection system was mainly composed of a thin, long, light path (100 mm x 1.4 mm i.d.), which was made of a polytetrafluoroethylene rod as an absorption cell, along with a GaAlAs semiconductor laser emitting at 780 nm (5 mW) as a light source. With the use of the detection system, the detection sensitivity was improved by about 10 times in comparison to FIA spectrophotometry with a normal flow cell. The detection system can be useful for determinations of many trace components in samples. The determination of total phosphorus in water, with the use of molybdenum-blue photometry, was one of its applications, and the relative standard deviation, detection limit (3σ), and linear range were 1.0%, 0.6, and 1.0–50 μg P/L, respectively. The determined results for the total phosphorus in the water samples by this method were almost coincident with those obtained by the official method. The detection system may also be useful for other flow-based analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography.


This article is based on a research begun in 1990 to gain a portrait of persons in the various holistic occupations in Québec. From this research, the author came to question the motivation that pushed so many nurses to go into holistic practices. The goal of the research was not to collect specific data about nurses but to identify those individuals now working in holistic therapies. The author summarizes the theoretical framework of the first project and outlines the research methods used. Since the results identified those therapists with a nursing background, it was possible for her to review part of the data to identify certain characteristics of this group. The most popular holistic therapy practised was acupuncture, usually accompanied by complimentary therapies such as relaxation techniques, massage therapy, polarity and therapeutic touch. The author presents the hypothesis that nurses choose this type of practice partly to find a holistic concept that is coherent with health care, and partly to find concrete interventions compatible with traditional nursing values. She is of the opinion that it is not through this type of practice that nurses will find a solution to their professional identity problem. The study consisted of a pre-tested 29 page questionnaire with a total of 89 questions sent to 954 individuals. Not all of the 89 questions were applicable to all the respondents. Of the 954 questionnaires mailed out, 11.8 percent were returned marked "incorrect address". Of the 841 therapists who received the questionnaire, 319 returned completed forms. Of these 319 respondents, 86 individuals indicated they had a nursing education.


The properties of cobalt as a contaminant in p-type silicon are studied by using cobaltimplanted wafers annealed by RTP or by RTP plus a low temperature furnace annealing. It is shown that after RTP most cobalt is under the form of CoB pairs. A quantification of cobalt contamination is provided based upon SPV measurements and optical pair dissociation. However, this quantification fails in furnace-annealed wafers because of the formation of a different level. It is shown that the CoB level is located near the band edges, whereas the level formed upon a low temperature furnace annealing is located near midgap. Besides, when the cobalt concentration is high enough a small fraction of cobalt is in a level different from the CoB pair even in RTP samples. This level can probably be identified with a previously observed midgap level. It is suggested that the same level is formed in RTP plus low temperature furnace annealed samples and in high concentration RTP annealed samples, and that this level may consist in some cobalt agglomerate.


We investigate Josephson currents in mesoscopic rings with a weak link which are in or near a topological superconducting phase. As a paradigmatic example, we consider the Kitaev model of a spinless p-wave superconductor in one dimension, emphasizing how this model emerges from more realistic settings based on semiconductor nanowires. We show that the flux periodicity of the Josephson current provides signatures of the topological phase transition and the emergence of Majorana fermions (MF) situated on both sides of the weak link even when fermion parity is not a good quantum number. In large rings, the MF hybridize only across the weak link. In this case, the Josephson current is h/e periodic in the flux threading the loop when fermion parity is a good quantum number but reverts to the more conventional h/2e periodicity in the presence of fermion-parity changing relaxation processes. In mesoscopic rings, the MF also hybridize through their overlap in the interior of the superconducting ring. We find that in the topological superconducting phase, this gives rise to an h/e-periodic contribution even when fermion parity is not conserved and that this contribution exhibits a peak near the topological phase transition. This signature of the topological phase transition is robust to the effects of disorder. As a byproduct, we find that close to the topological phase transition, disorder drives the system deeper into the topological phase. This is in stark contrast to the known behavior far from the phase transition, where disorder tends to suppress the topological phase.


This paper recommends redefining M2 by shifting overnight wholesale RPs and overnight Eurodollars from non-M1 M2 to non-M2 M3. The overnight components are quite volatile and difficult to measure accurately. Their movements no longer exhibit the negative correlation with demand deposits that had been observed in 1980, when these components were originally included in M2. The redefinition does not affect the quarterly and annual behavior of M2, nor its relationship to interest rates and income.


Braess \cite{1} has been studied about a traffic flow on a diamond type network and found that introducing new edges to the networks always does not achieve the efficiency. Some researchers studied the Braess' paradox in similar type networks by introducing various types of cost functions. But whether such paradox occurs or not is not scarcely studied in complex networks. In this article, I analytically and numerically study whether Braess like paradox occurs or not on Dorogovtsev-Mendes network\cite{2}, which is a sort of small world networks. The cost function needed to go along an edge is postulated to be equally identified with the length between two nodes, independently of an amount of traffic on the edge. It is also assumed the it takes a certain cost $c$ to pass through the center node in Dorogovtsev-Mendes network. If $c$ is small, then bypasses have the function to provide short cuts. As result of numerical and theoretical analyses, while I find that any Braess' like paradox will not occur when the network size becomes infinite, I can show that a paradoxical phenomenon appears at finite size of network.


We have developed a magnetospinography (MSG) system that detects weak magnetic fields associated with spinal cord neural activity using an array of low-temperature superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)-based magnetic flux sensors. A functional image of the spinal cord can be obtained noninvasively by using this system, and it is effective for precise lesion localization in the diagnosis of spinal cord diseases. The running cost of the developed MSG system mainly depends on liquid helium (LHe) consumption, which is required to maintain the superconducting state of the SQUID sensors. To reduce the LHe consumption, we incorporate a pulse-tube-refrigerator-based cryocooler into the MSG system. Cold gaseous helium is circulated between the cryocooler and the MSG system for cooling the thermal radiation shield of the dewar vessel. Consequently, we achieved a 46% decrease in the LHe consumption rate. Conventional biomagnetic field detection such as magnetoencephalography is often hindered by severe low-frequency band noise from the cryocooler. However, in the case of MSG measurements, such noise can be filtered out because the band of the signal is much higher than that of the cryocooler noise. We demonstrated that the signal-to-noise ratio of the cervical spinal cord evoked magnetic field measurement performed with a working cryocooler is comparable to that of the measurement without a cryocooler.


Case reports (CR) have led to the description and discovery of new diseases, syndromes, therapeutic complications or side-effects, and previously unknown potential benefits of pharmacologic agents. CRs may also be used as an effective training strategy for novice authors to develop the skills needed for medical writing. Yet, too often, CRs do not follow standards for excellence in scientific writing. Therefore, in this article, the American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AJPMR) and the European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (EJPRM) collaborate with the purpose of providing guidance to authors in selecting CRs that might be appropriate for publication. In addition, we discuss different aspects of the preparation of a well-written CR in accordance with the mission and editorial views of both journals.


The term spondyloarthritis (SpA) is used to describe a heterogeneous group of diseases sharing certain characteristics. Traditionally, patients with SpA have been classified in five subgroups: ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis, arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), reactive arthritis, and undifferentiated SpA. The pathogenesis of SpA is still not entirely clear; it is considered to be multifactorial, the result of interaction between genetic risk factors and environmental triggers that lead to activation of autoinflammation and autoimmunity. This group of diseases is characterised by a chronic inflammation in entheses and other anatomical structures, leading to their main clinical features: sacroilitis, enthesitis, and peripheral arthritis. An association with extra-articular manifestations such as psoriasis, uveitis, and IBD is also a distinctive feature of SpA.

Several diagnostic and classification criteria have been proposed over time. However, all of these criteria have a main limitation, which is the difficulty to identify patients at an early stage of the disease. The Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) proposed the ASAS classification criteria that introduced two major changes: first, the classification of patients with SpA based on the predominant symptoms (axial or peripheral); second, the introduction of magnetic resonance imaging, which allows detection of sacroiliitis at the early stages of the disease. Nowadays, the ASAS criteria classify SpA in two groups: axial SpA, including classical AS and non-radiographic axial SpA, and peripheral SpA. The therapy for SpA has evolved dramatically over time. The introduction of biological therapy in recent years, which has continuously progressed, has improved the functional and clinical prognosis of SpA patients.


This halophilic organism was isolated from the middle ear fluid specimen from a 22-year-old man with a long-standing history of asthma and chronic otitis media with recurring infections, who related that he had recently been swimming in the Atlantic Ocean. Although this uncommon pathogen seldom is implicated in ear infections, it should be cultured for when the patient has a history of swimming in salt water. Infections caused by V. alginolyticus usually are self limiting, but in this case the organism was found to be resistant to the penicillins and vancomycin, antibiotics that are commonly employed in the treatment of otitis media. The patient responded well to chloramphenicol therapy. The biochemical activity of the isolate and the most useful microbiologic characteristics for differentiating V. alginolyticus from the other Vibrio species are discussed in depth.


Title of dissertation: NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR BROADBAND QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION: SOURCES, DETECTORS, AND SYSTEMS Daniel J. Rogers, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Dissertation directed by: Dr. Julius Goldhar Chemical Physics Program, Institute for Physical Science and Technology In this thesis I describe three independent projects that advance the development of broadband quantum cryptography. While each project pertains to a different part of the QKD chain, together they provide key developments in implementing QKD at bit rates that are practical for use in the modern telecommunications infrastructure. The first project comprises the bulk of the thesis and involves developing a novel source of correlated photon pairs for use in free-space QKD. This source is based on a birefringent semiconductor optical waveguide as a Kerr medium. We demonstrate the feasibility of using birefringent phase-matched four-wave mixing to generate correlated photon pairs. We further propose that, by reversing the process and pumping with conjugate wavelengths, one can use the same effect to produce entangled photon pairs with the same device. These pairs can then be used for QKD to realize the most secure and efficient quantum cryptographic data links. The second project examines the implications of operating a BB84 QKD protocol at clock rates that are faster than the recovery time of the constituent detectors. We show that operating such systems under conventional protocols results in a security violation that allows an eavesdropper to learn significant information about the key and present a modification to the BB84 protocol that maintains key security at fast transmission rates. This modification to the protocol will become vital to QKD viability as links become faster and clock rates go into the tens of gigahertz. We also demonstrate, rather counterintuitively, that there exists an optimal transmission rate for a QKD system that exceeds the inverse of an individual detector's dead time. The final project describes a new design for a free-space QKD link that centers around faster silicon detectors. These detectors have a peak quantum efficiency in the visible range, requiring that the system operate at a wavelength that is more susceptible to solar interference. To mitigate this effect, the link is designed around a Fraunhofer line in the solar spectrum where the background solar light levels are reduced by up to 90%. By implementing this system, we expect at least a two-fold increase in the secret key rate, coming ever closer to the goal of a 10 Mb/s QKD system compatible with first-generation ethernet technology. NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR BROADBAND QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION: SOURCES, DETECTORS, AND SYSTEMS


hyrotoxicosis is often associated with liver and malfunction, often for long durations; sometimes the liver function is substantially impaired for a longer period of time. The exact nature however of the relation between hepatic dysfunction and thyrotoxicosis remains obscure. Presented here is a case report of liver cholestasis as a complication of thyrotoxicosis. Materials and Method: A previously healthy 41year-old man with thyrotoxicosis complicated with liver cholestasis is discussed. Results: The patient reported had a typical thyrotoxicosis but following radioiodine treatment concomitantly developed jaundice and severe pruritus that required several weeks of treatment in hospital and took several months to disappear. In this report the therapeutical considerations as well as the pathogenetic possibilities are reviewed. Conclusion: The association observed is not common but may be severe and should be considered in any case of thyrotoxicosis where a cholestatic condition develops.


ABSTRACT Class-related parenting cultures and ideologies have been of considerable interest to academics over the last two decades. Much of the research thus far has focused on exploring Annette Lareau's conceptualisations of 'natural growth' and 'concerted cultivation' and the implications for outcomes in relation to education. The focus of the present article is organised activities, which are a central but as yet relatively under-researched feature of middle-class parenting. The findings are based upon 73 semi-structured interviews with parents and children from 48 middle-class families living in and around a small city in northern England. The article reveals that initiating and facilitating children's organised activities is considered a central aspect of 'good' parenting in middle-class social networks. It is shown how this is a consequence of several developments within society over the past three decades or so, including the rising levels of maternal employment, the growing competitiveness of the labour market and the increasing concerns related to children's health and safety. It is argued that these developments have heightened middle-class parents' predisposition to not only be involved with and invest in their children's leisure biographies, but to do so in a more deliberate, rigorous and rational manner.


This paper presents a brief overview of an important application of astrology in field of medical science. In this scientifically and technologically developed world when the medical science has immensely progressed, there are a number of unanswered queries that could not be justified. Astrology can assist to diagnose these problems and answer them scientifically. Moon, Mercury and Jupiter are the key planets responsible for the soundness of the mind. When these planets along with fifth, sixth house in the horoscope of an individual is afflicted by any means then mental illness occurs. Astrology plays a key role to guide and enlighten the man and his thoughts to get the right approach and put in the best efforts to improve and achieve the goal.


Computational thinking (CT), which encompasses strategies for problem analysis and solution design, is highly applicable in all STEM disciplines, including computer science, for learning concepts as well as solving problems. Yet, the exposure of K-12 students to CT in many schools is practically non-existent. For students to acquire this important skill, teachers require in-depth knowledge of the problem solving strategies that define CT, and strategies for integrating CT into their lesson plans. The proposed special session will be both a tutorial on CT and an interactive session for sharing the experience and results from a CT workshop held at Columbus State University for middle and high school STEM subject teachers. This workshop, offered as a part of the ACT4STEM (Applying Computational Thinking for STEM Disciplines) project, took place in the summer of 2015. It brought together teachers from the metropolitan Columbus area in Georgia with priority given to teachers from high-need schools (as determined by the GA Department of Education [1]). The workshop introduced the participants to CT concepts and demonstrated how CT strategies of pattern recognition, generalization, problem decomposition and algorithmic thinking can be used to improve student learning of STEM concepts. The proposed special session will present sample CT modules developed for the ACT4STEM workshop in the form of a tutorial and projects and lesson plans designed by participants during the workshop. It will include interactive, hands-on activities and discussions in addition to results from the teachers' actual experiences on applying these lesson plans in their classes. This special session will benefit K12 teachers of STEM subjects interested in improving their students' comprehension of discipline related concepts and their application. Moreover, computer science faculty interested in helping K-12 teachers by organizing training sessions will gain valuable insights from the first-hand accounts of the presenters of their own experience with such an effort.


In this thesis, we draw inspiration from both classical system identification and modern machine learning in order to solve estimation problems for real-world, physical systems. The main approach to estimation and learning adopted is optimization based. Concepts such as regularization will be utilized for encoding of prior knowledge and basis-function expansions will be used to add nonlinear modeling power while keeping data requirements practical. The thesis covers a wide range of applications, many inspired by applications within robotics, but also extending outside this already wide field. Usage of the proposed methods and algorithms are in many cases illustrated in the real-world applications that motivated the research. Topics covered include dynamics modeling and estimation, model-based reinforcement learning, spectral estimation, friction modeling and state estimation and calibration in robotic machining. In the work on modeling and identification of dynamics, we develop regularization strategies that allow us to incorporate prior domain knowledge into flexible, overparameterized models. We make use of classical control theory to gain insight into training and regularization while using flexible tools from modern deep learning. A particular focus of the work is to allow use of modern methods in scenarios where gathering data is associated with a high cost. In the robotics-inspired parts of the thesis, we develop methods that are practically motivated and ensure that they are implementable also outside the research setting. We demonstrate this by performing experiments in realistic settings and providing open-source implementations of all proposed methods and algorithms.


The mucin profiles of the gastric mucosa in Lundehunds suffering from intestinal lymphangiectasia were examined and compared to the mucin profiles in control dogs from other breeds. A previous study performed on this material had shown that all examined Lundehunds had gastritis and about 30% had gastric carcinoma. Neutral and acid mucins were identified using the periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue (pH 2.5) periodic acid‐Schiff (AB‐PAS) methods. The acid mucins were divided into sialomucins and sulfomucins based on their reaction with high‐iron diamine Alcian blue, pH 2.5 (HID‐AB). In Lundehunds with chronic atrophic gastritis in the fundic and body regions the surface and foveolar epithelium showed a predominantly normal mucin profile although some Lundehunds had a reduced mucin content. The mucous neck cells extended from below the gastric foveolae towards the muscularis mucosae. Morphometric examination showed that the abnormal presence of mucous neck cells occupied 41% of the height of the gastric mucosa in Lundehunds compared to only 19% in the control dogs (p<0.05). Of the four Lundehunds with gastric carcinoma, two possessed neoplastic cells that contained minimal or no mucins. The amount and type of mucin in the neoplastic cells of the remaining two Lundehunds varied both between individuals and within a neoplasm. This study shows that the abnormal presence of mucous neck cells and the associated pseudopyloric metaplasia comprised the predominant changes in the gastric mucin profiles of Lundehunds.


In-context learning, as a new paradigm in NLP, allows the model to rapidly adapt to various tasks with only a handful of prompts and examples. But in computer vision, the difficulties for in-context learning lie in that tasks vary significantly in the output representations, thus it is unclear how to define the general-purpose task prompts that the vision model can understand and transfer to out-of-domain tasks. In this work, we present Painter, a generalist model which addresses these obstacles with an "image"-centric solution, that is, to redefine the output of core vision tasks as images, and specify task prompts as also images. With this idea, our training process is extremely simple, which performs standard masked image modeling on the stitch of input and output image pairs. This makes the model capable of performing tasks conditioned on visible image patches. Thus, during inference, we can adopt a pair of input and output images from the same task as the input condition, to indicate which task to perform. Without bells and whistles, our generalist Painter can achieve competitive performance compared to well-established task-specific models, on seven representative vision tasks ranging from high-level visual understanding to low-level image processing. In addition, Painter significantly outperforms recent generalist models on several challenging tasks.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to report on the clinical efficacy and side effects of aripiprazole in treating behavioral symptoms of children with a developmental disability (DDs).

DESIGN/METHODS
A retrospective chart review of the first 32 children treated with aripiprazole at an urban clinic for children with DD was conducted.

RESULTS
Ages ranged from 5 to 19 years; 9 (28%) were female. Twenty four had diagnoses within the autistic spectrum and 18 had mental retardation (MR). Other disorders included: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder/disruptive behavior disorders (n = 13), mood disorders (n = 7), reactive attachment (n = 2), and sleep disorders (n = 2). Target symptoms included aggression, hyperactivity, impulsivity and, self-injurious behaviors. Twenty eight of the children were switched from another antipsychotic. The mean daily aripiprazole starting dose was 7.1 +/- 0.32 mg (0.17 mg/kg/day) and the mean daily maintenance dose was 10.55 +/- 6.9 mg (0.27 mg/kg/day). Aripiprazole had been used for a period between 6 and 15 months. Improvement in target symptoms was found in 56%. When treating a child with MR, the concomitant presence of an autistic spectrum diagnosis predicted a worse outcome. Side effects were reported in 16 (50%), with the most frequent being sleepiness (n = 6). Mean body mass index (BMI) rose from 22.5 to 24.1 (p = 0.003) over the follow up period, with changes in the BMI z scores. These changes were more pronounced in children younger than 12 years.

CONCLUSIONS
These results with aripiprazole in this difficult-to-treat population suggest that this medication warrants controlled studies of its effectiveness and safety.


Three trials were conducted in 2006/07 and 2007/08 growing seasons aiming to find the effect of genotype, crop and weed population densities, herbicide, and sowing date on crop growth and yield in Pisum sativum as influenced by radiation interception and utilisation. The first experiment was a split plot with two cyanazine treatments as main plots. Subplots were a factorial combination of three pea genotypes and three plant population densities. Experiment 2 was also a split plot with three sowing dates as main plots. Sub-plots were a factorial combination of two pea genotypes, and two herbicide treatments. Experiment 3 treatments were a factorial combination of four pea populations and three sown artificial weed population densities arranged in a randomised complete block. Each of the three experiments had three replicates. Dry matter and radiation were measured throughout the growing season and seed yield was measured at harvest. There were significant (p = 0.05) herbicide by population interactions on total dry matter (TDM) and seed yield. Early pea sowing was associated with greater total radiation accumulation. The August sowing gave the highest seed yield 547 g m-2, which was 45% more than the lowest yield in October. The higher yield was a result of increased accumulative radiation interception. Increased pea population density increased yield. However, very high density (400 plants m-2) resulted in reduced seed yield.


poor settings such as Mozambique the lack of adequate infrastructure, high costs of viral load tests and the availability of salvage treatment has hindered the intended objective of monitoring HIV treatment, suggesting an important concern regarding the development of drug resistance. The general aim of this study was to evaluate natural occurring polymorphisms and resistance-associated mutations in the gp41 region of HIV-1 isolates from Mozambique. The study included 78 patients naive to ARV treatment and 28 patients failing first line regimen, recruited from the Alto Mae Health Centre in Maputo. The gp41 gene from 103 patients was sequenced and resistance associated mutations for Enfuvirtide were screened. Subtype analysis revealed that 93% sequences were classified as subtype C, 2% as subtype G, 1% as subtype A1, and the other 4% as mosaic recombinant forms. No Enfuvirtide resistance associated mutations in HR1 of gp41 were detected. The major polymorphisms in the HR1 were: N42S, L54M, A67T, and V72I. This study suggests that this new class of antiviral drug may be effective as a salvage therapy in patients failing first line regimens in Mozambique. However further phenotypic studies are required to determine the clinical relevance of these polymorphisms detected in this study.


While physical activity is widely recognized to be relevant to employee well-being and organizational health care costs, the management literature has yet to clarify when, how, and why employee physical activity influences job performance. Therefore, the goal of this review is to provide a cross-disciplinary synthesis of evidence surrounding the implications of physical activity for job performance. After first conducting an emergent systematic review of the management literature to verify our assertion that this research base has inadequately addressed the relationship between physical activity and job performance, we performed a cross-disciplinary review of six key disciplines (sports sciences, public environmental occupational health, general medicine internal, physiology, neuroscience, and psychology/psychiatry) to develop a resource-based framework that serves to identify how physical activity relates to job performance. This unifying framework is intended to guide future research on employee physical activity. As an initial application of this framework, we provide a set of future research directions centered on empirically evaluating proposed mechanisms, boundary conditions, and temporal factors that can inform physical activity research in organizational contexts.


We introduce a non-commutative generalization of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation for one-dimensional quantum gasses and quantum liquids. This generalization is obtained by applying the time-dependent variational principle to the variational manifold of continuous matrix product states. This allows for a full quantum description of many body system ---including entanglement and correlations--- and thus extends significantly beyond the usual mean-field description of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, which is known to fail for (quasi) one-dimensional systems. By linearizing around a stationary solution, we furthermore derive an associated generalization of the Bogoliubov -- de Gennes equations. This framework is applied to compute the steady state response amplitude to a periodic perturbation of the potential.


The Internet has substantially changed the way we conceive human conduct; it has fundamentally altered our chance to have control over spreading information and the impact of human behaviour in the course of time. The paper analyzes the transforming modes of privacy invasion over centuries. It explains the transformation of invasion of privacy in the Internet era and the transformation of the concept of privacy itself. Next, it attempts to show that the protection of privacy by public law against giant providers of telecommunications and data services and corporations such as Google and Facebook is relevant. Efficient regulation should be exercised by the law of the European Union because autonomous domestic regulations would endanger free movement of services across the EU; moreover, separate national regulation in fighting global giants like Google could hardly be successful. On the other hand, not much sense can be seen in public-law or even European regulation of activities that are local by nature, such as monitoring cameras in private buildings which are to serve the protection of property of the camera system operators. The author explains that regulation under public law becomes toothless in such cases, sanctioning becomes selective and essentially random. In addition, such regulation has a potential to further alienate the law from its ordinary recipients.


Rapid aging and failure in wind-farm collector systems has become an issue for grid owners. PD measurements of the cable systems can give good diagnostics, detect aging and pinpoint faults. Different PD measuring techniques are used today and the results will vary with applied voltage and frequency. This master thesis deals with preparation, electrothermal aging and characterization of XLPE cable joints. Dissection of the test objects was performed after aging and characterization. For characterization a variable frequency PD measurement setup has been built. The setup is defined by being able to detect PD with high accuracy in test objects at ± 17 kVpeak using Omicron MPD600 measuring equipment at variable frequencies between 10 mHz and 100 Hz. A PD-free low-pass RLC filter had to be used in the setup to reduce noise from the high-voltage source. The most important findings are that PD measurement results will vary significantly with regards to measuring technique. Aging may not be detected when measuring with too low frequency or voltage.


The article argues that in the first half of the sixteenth century the need to avoid rounds of competitive debasements was the primary motive for the creation of a common currency valid in the whole Holy Roman Empire. In the years 1549 to 1551, the estates came close to achieving this. In contrast to what is suggested in the literature, their attempt did not fail because the Empire was economically poorly integrated or the will to co-operate was lacking. Rather, it failed because during the talks, the estates lost sight of the original motive, the princes favouring a bimetallic system that they hoped would allow them deflating the real value of their debts, and Charles V undervaluing the taler in the hope that this would weaken political opponents. These decisions antagonised important actors; when it proved impossible to enforce them, the Empire's common currency failed.


Introduction: Although there is evidence that measures of bone size, mineralisation and density are partly inherited, there are scant data available from which to elucidate independent associations of mother and father, and the mechanisms underlying any relationships. The aim of this work was to characterise the independent bone relationships between mother-child and father-child, as differences between the two may point towards an intrauterine effect in early life. As the placenta is the conduit for all maternal intrauterine effects, the role of placental size in offspring bone mass was also explored. Methods: Using two large prospective population-based cohorts, The Southampton Women's Survey (SWS) and The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), relationships between offspring bone mass at birth through to 17.7 years, and placental size were assessed. Bone mass measurements were obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT); placental measurements were either obtained in mid-pregnancy (SWS) using ultrasound or at delivery (ALSPAC). Subsequently, correlation and regression methods were used to assess the relationships between DXA and pQCT-derived measurements of parental and offspring bone indices. Results: Parent and offspring bone mass were positively associated, with a greater magnitude of relationship observed for measures of bone size, than bone density. Parent-child bone associations were significantly stronger for mother-child than father-child for several variables, again predominantly those associated with bone size. Placental volume was positively associated with offspring bone mass at birth, with associations remaining during puberty into late childhood. These parent-child relationships were not influenced by placental size or other environmental factors previously shown to affect offspring bone mass. Conclusions: We observed strong relationships between offspring bone mass and both placental size and parental size. Mother-child bone associations were stronger than those for father-child, and were independent of placental size. Whilst direct genetic inheritance offers one mechanistic explanation, increasing understanding of epigenetic mechanisms and the disparity between maternal and paternal associations suggest that such relationships could be in part underpinned by gene-environment interactions in early life, and an effect on placental function.


We investigate the effect of surface orientation and off-angle for Al-implanted 4H-SiC samples after high temperature annealing. The samples are obtained from a 4H-SiC (0001) substrate 8° off-angled (Si-face 8°off), and (000-1) substrates 8° (C-face 8°off), 4° (C-face 4°off) and less than 1° off-angled (C-face ~1°off). An n-type epitaxial layer is deposited on all substrates. Multiple implantations of Al+ (30~200keV) are carried out at 600°C. The total dose is 8.6 × 1015 cm-2. The Al-implanted samples are annealed in Ar ambient at 1580°C, 1700°C and 1800°C for 30s using the hybrid super rapid thermal annealing (HS-RTA) equipment. In this study, sheet resistance (Rs), free carrier concentration (Ns), Hall mobility (μ) and root-mean square roughness (Rrms) are used to evaluate the Al-implanted samples after high temperature annealing. Rs for all Al-implanted samples after annealing at 1800°C for 30s is around 18k/. Rrms for the Al-implanted C-face samples after annealing at 1800°C increases with increasing off-angle. Rrms for the Al-implanted Si-face 8°off sample after annealing increases with annealing temperature. Rrms for the C-face ~1°off Al-implanted sample after annealing at 1800°C is lower than that for the Si-face 8°off Al-implanted sample after annealing at 1700°C, moreover Rs for the C-face ~1°off sample after annealing at 1800°C is about 10% of that for the Si-face 8°off Al-implanted sample after annealing at 1700°C. It is shown that the C-face ~1°off sample is useful to fabricate a p+ region with low Rs and low Rrms. If C-face 4H-SiC is used to fabricate devices, devices made on C-face 4H-SiC with low off angle are expected to decrease any problems caused by increase of surface roughness after high temperature annealing (~1800°C).


This research proposes a theory of nonconscious motor representation which precedes mental representation of the outcome of motor actions in music performance. The music performer faces the problem of how to escape sedimented musical paradigms to produce novel configurations of dynamics, timing and tone colour. If the sound were mentally represented as an action goal prior to being produced, it would tend to be assimilated to a known action goal. The proposed theory is intended to account for creativity in music performance, but has implications in other areas for both creativity and motor actions.

The investigation began with an ethnographic study of two 'posthardcore' rock bands in London and Bristol. Posthardcore musicians work with minimal explicit knowledge of music theory and cognitive involvement in performance is actively eschewed. Serendipitous musical felicities in performance are valued. Such felicities depend on adjustment and fine control of dynamics, timing and tone colour within the parameters of the given.

A selective survey of music aesthetics shows that the defining qualities of music are the production of immanent rather than representational meaning; polysemy; and processuality. Taking an analytic philosophy and cognitive science approach, I argue that apprehensions of immanent meaning depend on relationships between proximal percepts within the specious present. A general argument for nonconceptual perceptual content as perception of relations between magnitudes within the specious present is extended to music and argued to account for both the polysemic richness of music and its processuality. Nonconceptual relational perception can account for novel apprehensions by music listeners, but not for the production of novel configurations by the performer. I argue that motor creativity in music performance is achieved through the nonconscious parameterization of inverse models without conscious representation of the goal of the action. Conscious representation for the performer occurs when they hear their own performance.


BACKGROUND
Management of female phenotype XY disorders poses a series of problems for the treating clinician. Even after a series of investigations and imaging modalities, there are lingering doubts about the exact nature of the disease and the correct management option. Optimal timing and necessity for removal of their testes have been a debated issue by physicians. There is a generally accepted opinion among physicians that the risk of malignancy in androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is considerably lower than with other intersex disorders and occurs at a later age.

OBJECTIVE
The highlight of this presentation is to reinforce the value of laparoscopic gonadectomy in management of AIS in correlation with data suggesting higher risk of malignancy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
A retrospective review of 11 phenotypic females with XY karyotype was carried out. The patients were evaluated by a diagnostic protocol which included clinical, hormonal, sonographic and cytogenetic examinations. Patients/parents were counselled by the team concerning the different treatment modalities and contrary to the assigned gender, laparoscopy was offered to them. Uneventful bilateral gonadectomy was performed in all the patients and gonads submitted for histopathological examination.

RESULTS
A total of 11 patients (mean age, 10.4 ± 4.1 years), including six with complete AIS and five with partial AIS (PAIS) were reviewed. In two patients with PAIS (18.1%), histopathology revealed malignancy (bilateral seminoma and gonadoblastoma) and in an additional patient, a benign hamartoma was found. Literature evidence suggests that AIS female phenotype patients retaining their testes through puberty have a 5% chance for developing malignant tumours. Reviewing our results in correlation with literature, we found that PAIS patients may harbour a higher risk of malignancy.

CONCLUSIONS
In complementation to hormonal tests and cytogenetic techniques, laparoscopic gonadectomy is required to complete the diagnostic work up for AIS as it also adds a final therapeutic approach with low risk and huge benefit. Since laparoscopy is now a well-tolerated and widely accepted gold standard, it should be included in routine management for patients with AIS. Risk of malignancy in PAIS should be investigated in larger cohort of these patients.


In today's process manufacturing environment, innovation is viewed as critical to sustainable growth and business profitability. While open innovation is regarded as the answer, the companies can effectively measure the return on R&D investment, have acceptable product success rates, achieve acceptable promotional effectiveness, or have visibility into their compliance risks or operational readiness for new product launches. While open innovation is an actual topic, capitalizing on the opportunity requires holistic strategy, not just increased collaboration. Companies must have repeatable, compliant and responsive business processes, global information infrastructure that provides a single source of the truth, alignment across departments and solutions that evolve without coding. With holistic strategy and supporting infrastructure, companies can consistently minimize the time to scale, improve product success rates and promotional effectiveness, and enjoy sustainable and profitable growth. With open innovation providing unlimited opportunities, the company should start to identify the best open innovation opportunity and deliver top and bottom line of the company's benefits. The companies must first focus on the needs of their customer, continually minimize time to scale, eliminate waste, drive out costs and improve. These are core concepts of a Lean strategy. This paper will describe how Lean concept with PLM business strategy can leverage Lean with integrated compliance, continual improvement and other PLM best practices to increase the return on R&D investments and provide sustainable and profitable growth for business processes mainly manufacturing processes. The purpose of this paper is to review PLM approach linked to Lean concepts in order to achieve sustainable and innovative business processes with sustainable and profitable growth.