The overall aim of this thesis was to analyse the importance of co-morbidity level for different aspects of primary health care (PHC) using a measure of co-morbidity. Paper I examines whether there were differences in referral rates from different Lithuanian PHC models after adjustment for co-morbidity level. Paper II assesses to what extent the co-morbidity level could explain concurrent costs in Swedish PHC. Paper III evaluates the importance of age, gender and co-morbidity level on an individual's choice of listing with either a public or a private PHC practice. Paper IV studies the importance of other factors such as gender, age, geographical distance and socioeconomic status (SES) for secondary health care use when taking co-morbidity level into account. In Paper I patients listed with rural state-owned PHC practices had significantly lower referral rates to secondary health care (SHC) than those in the other three models when adjusted for co-morbidity level. A patient's increased co-morbidity level correlated with a higher physician- to self-referral ratio. In Paper II gender, age and listing with specific PHC explained only 15% of the variance in individual costs for PHC. When co-morbidity level measured with the ACG Case-Mix System was added the explanation of costs increased to 60–63%. Paper III found that older individuals, women and those with a higher co-morbidity level were listed with the public practice more often than with the private one. Higher co-morbidity level and older age were also associated with higher odds of re-listing to the public practice and remaining listed there. In Paper IV, with co-morbidity level taken into account, other factors influenced higher use of SHC. Men in the studied population were more likely to visit emergency wards. Male gender of the patient was associated with higher SHC costs and number of hospitalization days. Odds of incurring SHC costs decreased with higher age in the population. However, higher age of patients was associated with higher SHC costs and hospitalization days. The SHC costs and hospitalization days of patients living further from hospital were significantly lower. Both higher education and lower income were independently related to higher odds of incurring SHC costs in the population. Contrary to this, patients with high income had lower rates of emergency ward visits, SHC costs and hospitalization days. Co-morbidity level and patient's place of residence are important factors that explain referral patterns. Patients referred by physicians are more likely to have a higher co-morbidity level, which indicates a positive role of gatekeeping. The co-morbidity level as measured by the ACG Case-Mix System explains patients' costs in PHC to a high degree and can be a useful tool for creating a needs-based reimbursement system. Measuring co-morbidity level can help us understand more about the choice of PHC provider in elderly and patients with one or more chronic diseases. This could be important for physicians when treating patients and for health care managers when planning and organizing PHC. In addition to co-morbidity level the other factors as gender, age, distance to SHC and socioeconomic status (SES) influence use of SHC. Individuals with different SES, gender or living further from SHC may have difficulties and needs that PHC should better recognize. (Less)


Prisoners' perceptions of why they consulted the doctor, how ill they thought they were and what happened during the consultation were studied in Bedford prison using a questionnaire. Patients' perceptions were compared before and after the consultation and with the perception of the doctor. The figures from this study were compared with comparable groups in a similar general practice survey. Prisoners perceived themselves to be more ill than comparable groups living in the community and both doctor and prisoners perceived that the prisoners received less reassurance. Prisoners were less likely to attend the doctor because their treatment had not worked, or because the doctor had asked them to return than comparable groups living in the community. The perception of the doctor and the prisoners about what occurred in the consultation diverged. The doctors perceived that they provided more advice and support than the prisoners felt they received. These perceptions may reflect a more difficult doctor-patient relationship and poorer continuity of care in prison medicine. These problems might be overcome if the prison medical service were run by the National Health Service and prison doctors had no role in the management of prisoners.


This study examined the relationships among nonverbal behaviors, dimensions of source credibility, and speaker persuasiveness in a public speaking context. Relevant nonverbal literature was organized according to a Brunswikian lens model. Nonverbal behavioral composites, grouped according to their likely proximal percepts, were hypothesized to significantly affect both credibility and persuasiveness. A sample of 60 speakers gave videotaped speeches that were judged on credibility and persuasiveness by classmates. Pairs of trained raters coded 22 vocalic, kinesic, and proxemic nonverbal behaviors evidenced in the tapes. Results confirmed numerous associations between nonverbal behaviors and attributions of credibility and persuasiveness. Greater perceived competence and composure were associated with greater vocal and facial pleasantness, with greater facial expressiveness contributing to competence perceptions. Greater sociability was associated with more kinesic/proxemic immediacy, dominance, and relaxation and with vocal pleasantness. Most of these same cues also enhanced character judgments. No cues were related to dynamism judgments. Greater perceived persuasiveness correlated with greater vocal pleasantness (especially fluency and pitch variety), kinesic/proxemic immediacy, facial expressiveness, and kinesic relaxation (especially high random movement but little tension). All five dimensions of credibility related to persuasiveness. Advantages of analyzing nonverbal cues according to proximal percepts are discussed.


The extinction efficiency for the interaction of a plane wave with a large nonabsorbing spherical particle is approximately 2.0. When a Gaussian beam of half-width w0 is incident upon a spherical particle of radius a with w0/a < 1, the extinction efficiency attains unexpectedly high or low values, contrary to intuitive expectations. The reason for this is associated with the so-called compensating term in the scattered field, which cancels the field of the Gaussian beam behind the particle, thereby producing the particle's shadow. I introduce a decomposition of the total exterior field into incoming and outgoing portions that are free of compensating terms. It is then shown that a suitably defined interaction efficiency has the intuitively expected asymptotic values of 2.0 for w0/a ≫ 1 and 1.0 for w0/a ≪ 1.


(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.) In many respects, Mark 15:39 is deceptively simple. Immediately after Jesus dies and the temple curtain is torn from top to bottom, the centurion standing opposite the crucifixion scene speaks seven uncomplicated words: .... The lexical meaning of these individual terms is not in doubt, and the christological significance of the utterance, at this juncture in Mark's story, is widely recognized. At issue, and what complicates an otherwise straightforward verse, is the intended force of the utterance. At the level of the story, what precisely did the centurion mean when speaking these words? Is the so-called confession a genuine expression of faith and devotion, a final, derogatory statement of mockery meant to belittle Jesus and his followers, or an ambiguous pronouncement whose intent cannot be determined?1 While various grammatical and historical issues weigh on the interpretation of this statement, the verse hinges on elements that are not readily obvious in the textual remains of Mark's story. Taken in isolation and stripped from the printed page, the response might be construed in a variety of ways. Most germane to the problem is how Mark and/or early storytellers dramatized the statement, since it makes a profound difference whether the words were spoken with heartfelt sincerity or a condemnatory scowl. These paralinguistic and extralinguistic features- the intonation of the storyteller's voice, gestures, facial expression, and so on-are inherent in all communication and, as Whitney Taylor Shiner has shown, used with skill and passion by early performers of the Gospels.2 Unfortunately for the modern reader, these additional conveyors of meaning have not been recorded in our written artifacts. It has often been assumed that the distinction between oral and written media is largely irrelevant, but a number of scholars have begun the fruitful exploration of performance criticism, further demonstrating that meaning is intrinsically bound to the particular mode of communication.3 Accordingly, the objective of this essay is to situate Mark 15:39 within its oral context, recognizing that "the medium is the message."4 The intent is not to postulate about what, if anything, the centurion actually said but to understand the force of the centurion's statement as reflected in the Markan passion narrative. Though it is impossible to revert to a pre-literate mind-set and our only remains are written documents, we can and must do a better job of attempting to reconstruct likely performance scenarios that are based on the social realities of the first century. I. ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE IN MARK A growing number of scholars have begun to assert that the centurion's postcrucifixion remarks are not an expression of belief but a form of sarcasm intended to mock Jesus. While nothing in the statement inextricably leads to this conclusion, Donald H. Juel argues that the derision is "in accord with the rest of the taunts in the account of Jesus' trial and death."5 Likewise, Stephen D. Moore questions the genuineness of the response but focuses on the consistent misunderstanding surrounding the identity of Jesus and the unlikelihood that a Gentile soldier succeeds "where Jesus' elite hand-picked disciples have so singularly failed."6 Whatever objections might be raised, these interpretations expose one of the more vexing problems in biblical interpretation. That the Gospels are derived from oral stories and influenced by the dynamics of oral storytelling practices has been discussed at length, and need not be rehearsed here.7 The question raised by Mark 15:39 is how one interprets the potential loss of meaning generated by the gap between different communication media. Though all translation results in communication loss, the impact is even more pronounced in the transition from one media type to another. If, as Richard Watts suggests, it is "difficult to detect ironic intent" in literature, then discerning the force of the centurion's remark is even more problematic since the confession is situated in a piece of orally derived literature that potentially obscures the aim of the original statement. …


Objective: Coagulopathy is a complication of traumatic brain injury and its presence after injury has been identified as a risk factor for prognosis. It was our aim to determine whether neurologic findings reflected by Glasgow Coma Scale at initial resuscitation can predict hemocoagulative disorders resulting from traumatic brain injury that may aggravate clinical sequelae and outcome in children. Design: A retrospective analysis of 200 datasets from children with blunt, isolated traumatic brain injury documented in the Trauma Registry of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie was conducted. Inclusion criteria were primary admission, age <14 yrs, and sustained isolated blunt traumatic brain injury. Setting: Trauma Registry of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie-affiliated trauma centers in Germany. Patients: Two hundred datasets of children (age <14 yrs) with blunt isolated traumatic brain injury were analyzed: children were subdivided into two groups according to Glasgow Coma Scale at the scene (Glasgow Coma Scale ⩽8 vs. Glasgow Coma Scale >8) and reviewed for coagulation abnormalities upon emergency room admission and outcome. Measurement and Main Results: Fifty-one percent (n = 102 of 200) of children had Glasgow Coma Scale >8 and 49% (n = 98 of 200) had Glasgow Coma Scale ⩽8 at the scene. The incidence of coagulopathy at admission was higher in children with Glasgow Coma Scale ⩽8 compared to children with Glasgow Coma Scale >8: 44% (n = 31 of 71) vs. 14% (n = 11 of 79) (p < .001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that Glasgow Coma Scale ⩽8 at scene was associated with coagulopathy at admission (odds ratio 3.378, p = .009) and stepwise regression identified Glasgow Coma Scale ⩽8 as an independent risk factor for coagulopathy. Mortality in children with Glasgow Coma Scale ⩽8 at scene was substantially higher with the presence of coagulation abnormalities at admission compared to children in which coagulopathy was absent (51.6%, n = 16 of 31 vs. 5% n = 2 of 40). Conclusions: Glasgow Coma Scale ⩽8 at scene in children with isolated traumatic brain injury is associated with increased risk for coagulopathy and mortality. These results may guide laboratory testing, management, and blood bank resources in acute pediatric trauma care.


A method of pulmonary artery (PA) catheterization in the closed-chest rat is described. This catheterization is best accomplished with teflon catheters having a "shepherd's crook" tip. Catheter preparation is detailed. The functional advantages of such a PA catheter are: 1) the tip can remain free within the right ventricle (RV) without becoming occluded by contact with the ventricular wall, and 2) entry into the PA is simple and reproducible. Dual catheterization of the RVand PA produced only a small systolic gradient (3 mmHg) across the pulmonic valve. We concluded that the PA catheter does not unduly obstruct blood flow through this valve.


Alzheimer's disease is characterized by senile plaques composed of polymeric fibrils of beta amyloid (Aβ), a 39–42-amino acid peptide formed after proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (βAPP). Heparan sulfate proteoglycans have been shown to colocalize with Aβ in Alzheimer's disease brain, and experimental evidence indicates that the interactions between the proteoglycan and the peptide are important for the promotion, deposition, and/or persistence of the senile plaques. Studies in rat brain indicated that both the core protein and the heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains are required for amyloid fiber formation and deposition in vivo (Snow, A. D., Sekiguchi, R., Nochlin, D., Fraser, P., Kimata, K., Mizutani, A., Arai, M., Schreier, W. A., and Morgan, D. G. (1994) Neuron 12, 219–234), suggesting that one mechanism to prevent the formation of Aβ-heparan sulfate proteoglycan complexes that lead to deposition of amyloid would be to degrade the proteoglycan. Normally, heparan sulfate proteoglycans are internalized and degraded to short glycosaminoglycans by intracellular heparanases. These reactions occur in the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, which is the same intracellular location where βAPP is processed to Aβ. Using partially purified heparanase activities from Chinese hamster ovary cells we examined whether Aβ(1–40) affects the catabolism of Chinese hamster ovary heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in vitro. Aβ(1–40) binds to both the long heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans attached to core proteins and the short, heparanase-derived chains in a concentration-dependent and pH-dependent manner. When Aβ(1–40) is added to heparanase assays, it prevents the partially purified activities from releasing heparan sulfate chains from core proteins and degrading them to short glycosaminoglycans; however, a large molar excess of the peptide to heparan sulfate is required to see the effect. Our results suggest that normally the levels of Aβ in the endosomal pathway are not sufficient to interfere with heparanase activity in vivo. However, once the level of Aβ-peptides are elevated, as they are in Alzheimer's disease, they could interact with heparan sulfate proteoglycans and prevent their catabolism. This could promote the formation and deposition of amyloid, since the binding of Aβ to the proteoglycan species will predominate.


Background: Psoriatic arthritis Disease activity Score (PASDAS),1Disease activity index for Psoriatic arthritis (DAPSA),2 and the minimal disease activity (MDA) criteria3 are instruments recommended for evaluating disease activity (DA) in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). RAPID-PsA demonstrated the sustained efficacy of certolizumab pegol (CZP) across the spectrum of PsA symptoms.4 a substantial proportion of patients (pts) completing 4 years' treatment achieved DA targets; ∼75% reached DAPSA low DA (LDA) or remission (REM), and almost 60% had MDA (≥5/7 MDA criteria), half of whom also achieved very low DA (VLDA) (7/7 MDA criteria).5 Objectives: To report the proportion of pts who achieved PASDAS VLDA and LDA over 216 weeks' (wks') CZP treatment, and the overlap in pts achieving PASDAS, DAPSA and MDA. Methods: RAPID-PsA (NCT01087788) was double-blind and placebo-controlled to Wk24, dose-blind to Wk48, and open-label (OL) to Wk216.5 Outcomes reported for pts randomised to CZP at Wk0 (200 mg every 2 wks or 400 mg every 4 wks, following a 400 mg loading dose at Wks0/2/4) are PASDAS change from baseline (CFB); pts achieving PASDAS LDA (>1.9−<3.2), PASDAS VLDA (≤1.9), DAPSA LDA (>4−≤14), DAPSA REM (≤4), MDA and VLDA to Wk216; and the overlap in pts achieving PASDAS VLDA, DAPSA REM, and VLDA, at Wk216. Data are summarized for observed cases per visit. Pts withdrawing between scheduled visits had their final assessment values assigned to the next scheduled visit timepoint. Results: Of 409 pts randomised, 273 received CZP from Wk0, of whom 248 (90.8%) completed Wk24 and 183 (67.0%) completed Wk216. The mean (SD) baseline PASDAS was 6.0 (1.0): in the high DA range, CFB at Wk216 was −3.4 (1.5). Of pts completing Wk216, 66.3% (118/178) were in PASDAS LDA or VLDA (PASDAS VLDA: 36.5% [n=65]): less than the proportion reaching DAPSA LDA or REM (76.2%), but more than those achieving MDA or VLDA (57.8%) (Figure a). At Wk216, of pts achieving PASDAS VLDA, a large proportion (71% [46/65]) had VLDA based on MDA criteria (Figure B1) and most (94% [61/65]) achieved DAPSA REM (Figure B2). Almost all pts achieving VLDA (96.1% [50/52]) were also in DAPSA REM (Figure B3). After 4 years' CZP treatment, 25.8% (46/178) pts achieved the PASDAS VLDA, DAPSA REM and VLDA. Conclusion: A substantial proportion of pts completing 4 years' CZP treatment achieved PASDAS LDA or VLDA, and the vast majority who achieved PASDAS VLDA at Wk216 also reached DAPSA REM and/or VLDA. 1 in 4 pts achieved the most stringent DA target with all 3 instruments. References [1] Helliwell P. Ann Rheum Dis2013;72:986–91; 2. Schoels M. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:811–18; 3. Coates L. Ann Rheum Dis2010;69:48–53; 4. van der Heijde D. RMD Open 2018;4:e000582. Acknowledgement: We thank the patients who participated. This study was funded by UCB Pharma, medical writing by Hinal Tanna, Costello Medical, UK. Disclosure of interests: Laura C Coates Grant/research support from: abbVie, Celgene, Lilly, Novartis and Pfizer, Consultant for: abbVie, amgen, BMS, Celgene, Galapagos, Gilead Sciences inc., Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Prothena Corp and UCB, Joseph F. Merola Consultant for: Biogen IDEC, abbvie, amgen, Eli Lilly and Company, Novartis, Pfizer, Janssen, UCB, Samumed, Celgene, Sanofi Regeneron, Merck, and GSK, Oliver FitzGerald: None declared, arthur Kavanaugh Grant/research support from: UCB Pharma, alice B Gottlieb Grant/research support from: PI: incyte Corporation, Janssen-Ortho inc., Lilly ICOS LLC, Novartis, UCB, XBiotech, Consultant for: abbVie, Dermira, incyte Corporation, Lilly ICOS LLC, Novartis, Sun Pharmaceutical industries Ltd., avotres (unpaid), XBiotech (unpaid), Speakers bureau: abbVie, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen Biotech; advisory board: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene Corporation, Janssen Biotech, Janssen-Ortho inc., LEO Pharma, Novartis, UCB, William Tillett Grant/research support from: abbVie, Celgene, and Lilly, Consultant for: abbVie, Celgene, Lilly, Novartis, and Pfizer, Speakers bureau: abbvie, Celgene, Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, UCB, and Pfizer, Lars Bauer Employee of: Employee of UCB Pharma, Bengt Hoepken Employee of: Employee of UCB Pharma, Tommi Nurminen Employee of: Employee of UCB Pharma, Philip J Mease Grant/research support from: abbVie, amgen, BMS, Celgene, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, SUN and UCB, Consultant for: abbVie, amgen, BMS, Galapagos, Gilead Sciences, inc., Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, SUN and UCB, Speakers bureau: abbVie, amgen, BMS, Celgene, Genentech, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB, Philip Helliwell Grant/research support from: Paid to charity: from abbVie, Janssen and Novartis, Consultant for: Paid to charity: from abbVie, amgen, Pfizer, and UCB and Celgene. Paid to self: from Celgene and Galapagos, Désirée van der Heijde Consultant for: abbVie, amgen, astellas, astraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer ingelheim, Celgene, Daiichi, Eli-Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, Union Chimique Belge


In this study, we have examined the effects of variation in dietary Mg on the atherogenic process. Oral supplementation of rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet (1% or 2%) with the Mg salt magnesium aspartate hydrochloride (Magnesiocard) (i) lowers the level of serum cholesterol and triglycerides in normal (25-35%) as well as atherosclerotic (20-40%) animals and (ii) attenuates the atherosclerotic process markedly. In addition, we found that dietary deficiency of Mg augments atherogenesis markedly and stimulates (or activates) macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. Evidence is presented to indicate that the hypercholesterolemic state may cause the loss of Mg from soft tissues to the serum, thereby masking an underlying Mg deficiency.


Guidelines from Allen Ashley: This will be an anthology of stories set on / dealing with the abiding influence of the Moon. You can take a literal or non-literal approach. The "Once" aspect will deal with how older cultures / earlier civilisations / people in history saw the Moon, considered and reflected upon the Moon. Think Verne, Wells, Godwin. Think mythology. Think the Sumerians. Think the Ancient Greeks. Think beliefs held by vanished cultures. These stories do not have to be factually, scientifically accurate; the Moon element could be seen as poetic, figurative, imaginative, etc. These stories will likely form onethird of the book. Possibly half. For "Future", I am looking at both the liveable near-future (e.g. up to 50 years' time) and slightly further ahead as well. I want stories grounded in how we will live on / adapt to / use the Moon in the near and further future. What issues might we face – some of which have yet to be even thought of by NASA? I will also look at stories about how the Moon will affect our lives going forward. Will it be the site of the next war? Will it be the focal point of a conflict between science and religious forces (consider how the Moon is central to many religious practices)? What happens if the Moon starts to move closer to us or to move further away? What if the Moon was badly damaged or destroyed? What if the Moon acquired a companion? I am likely to take between half and two-thirds of the stories for this segment. These Guidelines are meant to be inspirational rather than constrictive. I am happy to read stories that treat the Moon and its influence and importance in ways I have failed to anticipate. I will consider anything speculative, whether that speculation manifests itself as science fiction or science fantasy or more nebulous conjecture. Just one proviso: The Moon must be central to your story. If your story would work just the same without the lunar element, then it's not for us,


This commentary aims to highlight what exactly is controversial about the traditional Universal Grammar (UG) hypothesis and what is not. There is widespread agreement that we are not born "blank slates," that language universals exist, that grammar exists, and that adults have domain-specific representations of language. The point of contention is whether we should assume that there exist unlearned syntactic universals that are arbitrary and specific to Language.


Existing solutions to task-oriented dialogue systems follow pipeline designs which introduces architectural complexity and fragility. We propose a novel, holistic, extendable framework based on a single sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) model which can be optimized with supervised or reinforcement learning. A key contribution is that we design text spans named belief spans to track dialogue believes, allowing task-oriented dialogue systems to be modeled in a seq2seq way. Based on this, we propose a simplistic Two Stage CopyNet instantiation which emonstrates good scalability: significantly reducing model complexity in terms of number of parameters and training time by a magnitude. It significantly outperforms state-of-the-art pipeline-based methods on large datasets and retains a satisfactory entity match rate on out-of-vocabulary (OOV) cases where pipeline-designed competitors totally fail.


The aim of this study is make a theorical-reflection about the importance of using dialogical leadership in hospital institutions through Freirean referencial. The dialogical leadership pattern differs from the coercive and autocratic methods, for being reasoned on the establishment of an efficient communicational process, able to stimulate autonomy, co-responsibility and appreciation of each member from nurse team. The dialogical leadership, unlike the directive one, is a management instrument, that pursuits to minimize the conflicts and stimulate the formation of healthy interpersonal relationships, which can contribute to the improvement of organizational atmosphere and quality care provided to health services users.


BEST PRACTICES FOR ONLINE THEOLOGICAL MINISTRY PREPARATION: A DELPHI METHOD STUDY John Beck Cartwright, Jr., Ed.D. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2014 Chair: Dr. Timothy Paul Jones This doctoral thesis intended to provide a clear vision of best practices in the area of online theological ministry training at the graduate level by consulting experts in the field. The research question that needed to be answered was, "What are the best practices for ministry preparation in online theological education?" Despite tremendous growth in online learning even among theological institutions, casual observations suggest that the decision to offer online programs may not always have been rooted in deep pedagogical or theological reflection. In other words, in the quest to utilize online education as a viable option for degree preparation, has serious thought been given to the uniqueness of the online learning environment and the potential impact of those differences to how ministry training is accomplished? Or has the choice been driven primarily by pragmatic considerations? A review of the literature revealed that research was needed that would establish consensus among the experts on best practices for online theological ministry training. This research would build on established practices of both online and theological education. This thesis was a mixed-methods exploratory sequential design that utilized the Delphi method in order to establish consensus among the experts on best practices for online theological ministry training. Seventeen experts were recruited that are involved in either the administrative oversight or teaching with seminary or graduate online theological ministry training degree programs. In an anonymous study, each expert answered eight open-ended questions about online theological ministry training. These answers were analyzed for emergent themes and served as the foundation for a Likerttype survey where forty-three statements were then analyzed as to their level of importance related to successfully meeting the four learning outcomes for the Master of Divinity for the Association of Theological Schools. These results were examined for consensus and another survey was given using only those items that achieved consensus. The findings were evaluated from both a consensus and non-consensus perspective. Results of the mixed method Delphi study provided thirty statements of best practices for online theological ministry preparation for which there was consensus. Statements achieving consensus were obtained in all four areas of learning outcomes for the Master of Divinity for the Association of Theological Schools: Religious heritage, cultural context, personal and spiritual formation, and capacity for ministerial and public leadership. Finally, the implications of these findings were discussed along with suggestions for further research.


How quickly can we shift the focus of visual attention? We compared the rates of two types of attentional shifts: attentional saccades (shifts between objects) and attentional pursuit (shifts along with a moving object). Instead of measuring the time required for a single shift, which confounds shift time with cue interpretation time, we measured the pace at which observers could make multiple successive shifts in a predictable order. We find that successive attentional saccades between objects are quite slow (300-500 ms). The object-based theory of attention predicts that attention should shift between locations more quickly when in pursuit of a moving object. Our results support this theory. Attentional pursuit is substantially faster taking only 200-250 ms to cover the same distance. "Indexing" a moving object (keeping track of one object) can be done at even faster rates, supporting a distinction between attending to and indexing objects.


This Report presents information on the current state of knowledge of the origins, occurrence, nature and effects of sewer solids for use by engineers, scientists, administrators and water quality planners for the planning, design and operation of sewerage systems. The report addresses both sewer maintenance requirements and environmental protection issues.

Increasing environmental standards, coupled with public expectations, have led to stringent water quality standards. In response to this, it has been necessary to develop new methodologies and computer based analytical techniques to model and understand the performance of all aspects of waste water systems. Fundamental to these techniques is the understanding of the way in which sewer solids contribute to the poor performance of wastewater systems and consequential environmental damage.

The information presented in this Report about the origins, nature, movement, hydraulic and polluting effects of solids in sewers has enabled strategies and rules to be developed for the management of sewerage systems to minimise the deleterious effects of these solids and associated pollutants.

This title belongs to Scientific and Technical Report Series

ISBN: 9781900222914 (Print)

ISBN: 9781780402727 (eBook)


Loop reactors extend the flow-reversal concept to rotating port feeding in a loop-shape system made of N units. To analyze its behavior two limiting models are derived for a system with an infinite number of units: The first one corresponds to an arbitrary switching velocity, whereas the second corresponds to large switching velocities and is essentially a cross-flow model. Both models can admit, with a generic first-order Arrhenius kinetics and typically large Pe and Le numbers, a rotating-pulse solution with peak temperatures that significantly exceeds the increase in adiabatic temperature. Both solutions were corroborated by simulations of finite-N systems that show convergence to the expected asymptotes in realistic system lengths. Rotating pulses emerge over a wide domain of parameters, when the ratio of switching velocity to front propagation velocity is properly tuned around unity, and in a relatively narrow domain of parameters, around the Hopf bifurcation to spatial oscillations, when that ratio is high. Between these two (slow- and fast-switching) behaviors the system exhibits a complex structure of solutions. The asymptotic models enabled us to draw bifurcation diagrams and characterize the properties of emerging solutions. Future studies will apply the loop reactor concept to reversible reactions and endothermic–exothermic reactions. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 224–234, 2005


This review article uses the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP) as a theoretical framework to organize a discussion of the complexities of infant feeding when the infant has congenital heart disease (CHD). Literature from many fields indicates that feeding supports the physical, cognitive, and affective development of infants within their various environmental contexts. Many infants with CHD, who are now surviving in increasing numbers, experience feeding difficulties that affect their growth and development and that challenge their caregivers. The feeding experiences of infants with CHD illustrate the clinical applicability of the CMOP and the need for further research. Research using the framework of the CMOP will enable the development and implementation of evidence-based interventions that support the occupation of feeding from both the infant and the caregiver perspective.


Swimming orientation in autotrophic marine dinoflagellates often follows a pattern attributed to positive phototaxis during the day and positive geotaxis at night. Exceptions that occur in field and laboratory observations most often describe ascents or descents that anticipate sunrise or sunset. These exceptions may originate in biochemical synthesis patterns that use sequential photosynthate (carbohydrate and lipid) production and dissolved nltrogen absorption for subsequent cell gro\vth (RNA and protein) and division (DNA), instantaneous biocheinical state may influence onentation either through mechanical ballastlng or through growth optimization that ~nfluences sensory-medlated responses to environmental cues. In the present mesocosm (150 cm length X 44 cm diameter) study. samples from a quantized (all cells divide together at approximately 3 d intervals) population of Gymnodinium breve Davis collected at the surface and mid-column support comparisons of die1 orientation preferences and cellular biochemical states over a 3 d period. Up to 50% of the column populatlon aggregates at the surface during the day, but this percentage decreases with time since cell division. Withln a given day, G h]-eve exhibits continuous negative geotaxis associated with surface aggregation when the taxis is stronger and with dispersion through the water column when the taxis is weaker Posit~ve phototaxis helps maintain surface aggregation during the afternoon as negatlve geotaxis weakens. The surface cells exhibit only slightly lower concentrations of DNA and RNA, somewhat lower concentrations of protein and carbohydrate, and significantly lower concentrations of chlorophyll a and lipid, compared to the cells sampled from mid-column. The strength of the negative geotaxis of the mid-column cells negatively correlates with lipid concentration. These results support the case for a biochemical influence on orientation but require more experimental data to establish cause and effect.


The species of Artocarpus altitis from the Moraceae family and Micromelum minutum
from the Rutaceae family were phytochemically studied and screened for their biological
activities. The first species, Artocarpus altitis (Parkinson) Fosberg was collected from
Kelantan and Pahang. Micromelum Minutum (G. Forst.) Wight & Am. was collected
from Sepilok, Sabah. The crude extracts and isolated compounds were screened for
antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities using disc diffusion method, 1, 2-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Microculture Tetrazolium Salt (MTT) assays
respectively. The microbes used for antimicrobial tests were methicilin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Detail study on the bark of Artocarpus altilis afforded cycloartocarpin (51), artocarpin
(52), morusin (53), cycloartobiloxanthone (54) and artoindonesianin V (55). Chemical
investigation on the root of Artocarpus altilis have resulted in the isolation of two new
flavonoids, hydroxyartocarpin (56) and artocarpinin (57). Urs-12-en-3β-ol (58) and 6-
methyl-β-D-glucopyranose (60) were isolated from the leaves of Micromelum minutum
along with a coumarin known as 8-hydroxyisocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol (59).
The leaves crude extract of Micromelum minutum gave strong cytotoxic activity towards
HL 60 cell line and exhibited free radical scavenging activity towards DPPH. However,
no activity was observed in the crude extract of Artocarpus altilis.


Abstract Background Although prior research has shown that cognitive training may improve cognition for schizophrenia patients, it is currently unclear which domains of cognition should be targeted in training. One suggestion is to target low- or mid-level cognitive processes. In particular, working memory (WM) and processing speed (PS) have been named as two key areas of impairment in schizophrenia, and two domains of cognition that are linked to higher-order cognition and daily functioning. This study aimed to investigate the near-transfer (transfer of gains to related contexts), far-transfer (transfer of gains to unrelated contexts), and real-world gains associated with WM and PS training in schizophrenia. Methods Eighty-three participants with schizophrenia were recruited and randomly assigned to computerized WM training, PS training, or a no-training control group. Outcome measures included WM, PS, fluid intelligence, executive functioning, social cognition, and daily functioning and symptoms. Results PS training led to significant gains in untrained PS tasks, as well as gains in far-transfer tasks that required speed of processing. WM training did not lead to gains in untrained WM tasks and showed inconsistent effects on some far-transfer tasks. Conclusions These results suggest some benefit of domain-specific cognitive training, specifically PS training, in schizophrenia. Far-transfer of gains to other cognitive domains and to real-world functioning may not occur after targeted WM or PS training, though non-specific effects (e.g. through behavioral activation, increased motivation) may lead to improvements in some tasks. Future studies should continue to investigate the mechanisms by which cognitive training may enhance cognition and functioning in schizophrenia.


of the society more than a third suffered from nutriti9nal anaemia. Can that be without effect on output? Those who hearken to vapourings about "all being well" and "there is no malnutrition in the country" live in a world of their own. What a chance for the iron-containing wheatmeal bread could be found among those munition workers! But Lord Woolton has decided it is not necessary. When will the Ministry of Health direct matters of nutrition?-I am, etc., Grimsby, Nov. 24. S. W. SWINDELLS.


ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of CNVs in patients with coronary atherosclerosis and to assess the association between them. A total number of 31 subjects (13 Females and 18 Males) were involved in the study. They were divided into two groups according to the clinical diagnosis. The first group consisted of 21 patients with non-ST segment elevation ACS (unstable angina and non ST elevation myocardial infarction) and the second—from 10 healthy subjects. The number of CNVs observed using aCGH kit was 334. One hundred and twenty six (37.73%) are newly observed, 153 out of all 334 were from gene coding regions. The genes, which contain newly described CNVs, and their products were found to have role in cellular metabolism, regulation of transcription, transport and signal transduction. The present study suggests that there is a relation between CNVs described by us and the possible processes involved in the development of CAD. These observations need to be verified on a larger group of patients to clarify the role of these possible links.


This report describes the clinical, histopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical findings in two corneal buttons from a 13-year-old girl who developed bilateral progressive corneal stromal opacification during childhood. As determined by light microscopy, both corneal buttons were edematous with a chronic inflammatory infiltrate confined to the deep layers of the stroma. We detected intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions in some epithelial cells. We detected herpesvirus particles in stromal keratocytes and endothelial cells by transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry studies identified concurrent expression of specific herpes simplex virus type 2 antigen in corneal epithelial cells, in keratocytes in the deep layers of the stroma, and in endothelial cells. The cause of progressive bilateral stromal corneal opacification in this child was herpes simplex virus type 2 keratitis. This condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of progressive, bilateral corneal opacification in children.


Electro-active polymer-ceramic composite systems are emerging materials in the fields of nanoelectronic, microelectromechanical and macroelectronic device applications. Still more precise and concise research studies have yet to come in the areas of energy storage, harvesting, energy conversion, etc. In line with this, we have synthesized and analyzed PVDF-TrFE based nanocomposites of both functionalized and non-functionalized BaTiO3 (BTO). All the samples were prepared as free standing films by employing a solvent cast method. A systematic study of structural, morphological, thermal, dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric and magnetoelectric (ME) properties has been carried out. It has been reported that the addition of BTO nanoparticles (with and without functionalization) into a polymer matrix substantially improved the properties of the nanocomposite. By performing the above mentioned characterization, it could be proved that dopamine functionalized BTO (DBTO) samples are better choices for the above mentioned applications including magnetoelectric applications, than the non-functionalized ones.


Southern analysis of two ripening-related polygalacturonase (PG) genes of peach ( Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) detected a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in one that had been previously identified as encoding the endoPG enzyme of melting flesh fruit. This RFLP distinguished the melting flesh cultivars Flavorcrest and Flordaking from the nonmelting flesh cultivars Carolyn, Early Gold Queen, Fla. 86-28C, and Fla. 9-26C. Complete deletion of endoPG-related genomic sequences was demonstrated in the nonmelting flesh variety Fla. 9-20C. In a blind trial, segregation of the endoPG RFLP was followed in relation to the melting flesh trait in a population of 20 trees from 'Fla. 86-28C' x 'Springcrest' in which the trait was segregating 1:1. Cosegregation of the RFLP with the trait occurred for 17 out of 20 trees. Practical aspects of scoring the melting flesh trait in a genetically variable population may account for incomplete segregation. EndoPG protein was detected by western blotting in fruit of the melting flesh cultivars Flavorcrest and Fragar, but not in fruit of the nonmelting flesh cultivar Carolyn. Results from this study and earlier work are used to discuss the hypothesis that the endoPG gene corresponds to the melting flesh (M) locus of peach.


According to Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, "The right to think is the beginning of freedom, and speech must be protected from the government because speech is the beginning of thought." If this is so, and I believe it is, then the greatest threat to freedom, the darkest of the dark arts of government, occurs when the law compels persons to speak and thus commandeers their intellectual autonomy. And only a vibrant First Amendment is an adequate defense against this darkest of the dark arts.

The purpose of this Article is to trace the Supreme Court's First Amendment jurisprudence protecting speaker autonomy and the "right not to speak" from its origins in the flag salute cases to the present. In particular, I will focus on two magnificent judicial opinions defending this fundamental free speech right, the majority opinion of Justice Jackson in West Virginia State Bd. Of Educ. v. Barnette, and the concurring opinion of Justice Kennedy in Nat 'I Inst. Of Family & Life Advocates v. Becerra (NIFLA).

These two eloquent and powerful opinions are true landmarks of liberty, strong shields against authoritarian government and its tyrannical attempts to coerce ideological orthodoxy by compelling individuals to say things they wish not to say. In Justice Kennedy's case, his concurring opinion in NIFLA was issued near the end of his final Term on the Supreme Court, and thus it represents an exclamation point on his wonderful legacy of protecting freedom of thought and freedom of speech. Although these opinions are separated by seventy-five years, they share a common understanding of the importance of the First Amendment for the protection of intellectual autonomy from authoritarian officials and compelled ideological conformity.


Roman, Inc., a mid-sized wholesale distributor of giftware, seasonal dècor, and collectibles located in Bloomingdale, Illinois, was in the process of closing down when it engaged MorrisAnderson to maximize value from the liquidation. Dave Bagley, managing director with MorrisAnderson, assisted CEO Dan Loughman and COO Pat Pipp in developing a business plan that rejuvenated the company. Roman was transformed from annual losses of $3 million to profits of $2 million. In 2008 Roman was awarded the Turnaround Management Association (TMA) Chicago/Midwest Chapter's Medium Turnaround of the Year award, and the TMA International Mid-Sized Turnaround of the Year, Honorable Mention.


Mirror Neuron Theory' is a brain process model which is based on a direct-matching model, that encodes the motor features, mental states, and the goal of observed actions onto the observer's own motor system. MNs abnormalities and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have been empirically associated as they are alleged to represent the neural basis of deficits in social competence and imitative learning in ASD.

Neurophysiological evidences nonetheless appear to validate the enhanced activity of MNs when utilizing a familiar agent (person) with ASD. Similar evidence suggests influence of the individual's own culture, compared to others, on modulating the mirror neuron; however, this hypothesis has never been tested on an ASD group. Other behavioural data show that the use of typically developing peers as models in a social intervention setting with ASD was advocated for its significant outcomes, but the impact of age similarity on modulating MNs in ASD children was not directly investigated.

In these four EEG experiments, we investigate the effect of observing a familiar person, a person from a similar age group and someone from a similar ethnic group, performing actions, on the capacity of understanding and imitation of others' actions. Additionally, we consider if observing a prime, familiar person, similar ethnic-person, or similarly-aged person would facilitate action understanding and imitation if this action were then seen performed later by an unfamiliar person, dissimilar-ethnic person, or dissimilarly-aged person, in young children with ASD, compared to a control group.

Participants watched people performing gestures, crossing familiarity of the person (parent/stranger), similarity of the person's age (child/adult), or of the person's ethnicity (Saudi/European), with familiarity of the action (meaningful/meaningless). MNs activity was indexed by alpha (8-12 Hz), low beta (13-20 Hz), and theta (5.5-7.5Hz) desynchronization over the sensorimotor cortex. Behavioural performance was recorded through the imitation stage.


As icons of the European colonization of the Americas, Columbus and Pocahontas represent opposite sides of the experience-European and Native, invader and defender, man and woman. Biographies and other scholarly writings document their lives and deeds, but these feats pale in comparison to the encounter these two legendary figures symbolize. Columbus embodies European discovery, invasion, and conquest while Pocahontas has become the "mother of us all," a nurturing, beckoning, seductive symbol of New World hospitality and opportunity. (1) The two never actually met in the American South, of course, except metaphorically, but this symbolic encounter involved a sexual dynamic that was inherent to the whole process of European colonization, particularly that of the American South. John Smith's tale of succor and salvation fixed the Pocahontas image forever in the American mind, and his autobiographical account of peaceful relations with her people, the Powhatans, has exempted Englishmen from the tarring Columbus has received as an international symbol of aggression. The Columbian encounter with Native women seemed, in fact, to be radically different from Smith's. On his initial voyage of discovery, Columbus had relatively little to report about Native women except that they, like men, went "naked as the day they were born." The loss of one of his ships on this voyage forced Columbus to leave about a third of his crew on Hispaniola. When he returned, he found the burned ruins of his settlement and the decomposing corpses of his men. Local Natives related that "soon after the Admiral's departure those men began to quarrel among themselves, each taking as many women and as much gold as he could." They dispersed throughout the island, and local caciques killed them. The men on Columbus's expedition had their revenge: "Incapable of moderation in their acts of injustice, they carried off the women of the islanders under the very eyes of their brothers and their husbands." Columbus personally presented a young woman to one of his men, Michele de Cuneo, who later wrote that when she resisted him with her fingernails, he "thrashed her well, for which she raised such unheardof screams that you would not have believed your ears." In the accounts of the conquistadores, Spaniards seized women as they seized other spoils of war. (2) Such violence contributed to the "black legend" of Spanish inhumanity to Native peoples and stands in stark contrast to early English descriptions of their encounters with Native women. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] John Smith, according to his own account, did not face the kind of resistance from Pocahontas and other Native women of the Virginia tidewater that the Spanish had met in the Caribbean. When Smith and a delegation from Jamestown called at the primary town of Powhatan, Pocahontas's father, they discovered that he was away, but the chief's daughter and other women invited the Englishmen to a "mascarado." "Thirtie young women," Smith wrote, "came naked out of the woods, only covered behind and before with a few green leaves, their bodies all painted." They sang and danced with "infernal passions" and then invited Smith to their lodgings. By his account, written with uncharacteristic modesty in the third person, "he was no sooner in the house, but all these Nymphes more tormented him then ever, with crowding, pressing, and hanging about him, most tediously crying, Love you not me? Love you not me?" (3) The contrast is obvious--the Spanish supposedly raped and pillaged while the English nobly resisted seduction. By focusing merely on the colonizing Europeans, however, we lose sight of the Native women who are central actors in this drama: they are, after all, both the victims of Columbus's barbarity and the seductive sirens luring Smith's party. Despite differences in the ways these women are portrayed in historical sources, their experiences suggest that conquest and colonization had their own sexual dynamic. …


In this paper, we propose a new method for the location of lightning discharges. The proposed method is based on the time reversal technique introduced for acoustics in the early 1990s. By analogy to the derivations in acoustics, equations for the focusing of electromagnetic fields back to the source by time reversal are derived. We show that the wavefronts generated by back-propagating the time-reversed fields will add up in phase at the lightning strike location. Based on this observation, we present an algorithm to locate lightning discharges which requires at least three field sensors. The algorithm is illustrated and shown to be very efficient using numerically-generated fields for different cases and considering different numbers of sensors.


Oxindole/isatin-N-acetamide derivatives are a class of important pharmacologically active compounds. Herein, we report a practical protocol for the synthesis of such derivatives based on palladium-catalyzed intramolecular amination. Various functional groups are tolerated, and the corresponding products are obtained in moderate to good yields, highlighting the potential synthetic utility of this method.


This paper is a report on the phonological research done in the past two years investigating Podhale Goralian. The data are drawn from our informants in Dzianisz. The paper establishes the system of surface contrasts in Goralian and identifies instances of complementary distribution. It is claimed that the renowned Podhale Archaism is no longer represented by the vowel [i]. Rather, the vowel has retracted to the central vowel [ɨ]. The original [ɨ], on the other hand, has lowered and fronted and is now best regarded as tense [e]. These transitions of vowels pose challenges for a phonological analysis. A sample of such analysis (Final Tensing) is shown in the framework of Optimality Theory.


Malignant gliomas are aggressive brain tumours with very poor prognosis. The majority of glioma cells are differentiated (glioma-differentiated cells: GDCs), whereas the smaller population (glioma-initiating cells, GICs) is undifferentiated and resistant to conventional therapies. Therefore, to better target this pool of heterogeneous cells, a combination of diverse therapeutic approaches is envisaged. Here we investigated whether the immunosensitising properties of the hypomethylating agent decitabine can be extended to GICs. Using the murine GL261 cell line, we demonstrate that decitabine augments the expression of the death receptor FAS both on GDCs and GICs. Interestingly, it had a higher impact on GICs and correlated with an enhanced sensitivity to FASL-mediated cell death. Moreover, the expression of other critical molecules involved in cognate recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, MHCI and ICAM-1, was upregulated by decitabine treatment. Consequently, T-cell mediated killing of both GDCs and GICs was enhanced, as was T cell proliferation after reactivation. Overall, although GICs are described to resist classical therapies, our study shows that hypomethylating agents have the potential to enhance glioma cell recognition and subsequent destruction by immune cells, regardless of their differentiation status. These results support the development of combinatorial treatment modalities including epigenetic modulation together with immunotherapy in order to treat heterogenous malignancies such as glioblastoma.


SUMMARY Calcium cyanamide is a nitrogenous fertilizer used predominantly for over a century in field and glasshouse vegetable and salad production. The current review draws together, for the first time, knowledge concerning the biological properties of the compound that benefit crop production by encouraging sustainable soil health and quality. This is achieved through the increase of microorganisms antagonistic to plant pathogens. The review also reports on the natural occurence and degradation of cyanamide. The literature survey provides a perspective of research from the early 1900s to current studies. This identifies that nitrogen is released steadily into the rhizosphere from this fertilizer. Calcium is also readily available for plant roots and promotes the alkaline soil conditions beneficial to benign microorganisms. Consequently, soil suppressiveness towards organisms such as Plasmodiophora brassicae, the cause of clubroot disease in brassicas, develops. The effects of calcium and accompanying changes in soil pH values are discussed in relation to the life-cycle stages of P. brassicae and the development of clubroot disease. Formulations of calcium cyanamide contain the dimeric form, dicyandiamide. This compound slows soil nitrification and subsequent nitrate leaching into ground waters, reducing potential pollution. Calcium cyanamide is normally used for growing specialized fresh produce and is not available in quantities comparable with ammoniacal fertilizers. It is contended, however, that it has properties deserving wider assessment because of their implications for sustainable cropping.


Early identification of atherosclerosis precursors and assessment of secular trends are key factors in organizing primary prevention programs. Tracking phenomenon for serum cholesterol and blood pressure has been evaluated at two years' interval in a group of students of both sexes, aged 11-15 years, in the municipality of Mugnano, near Naples. Serum cholesterol has been followed in 77 students and blood pressure--systolic and diastolic--in 160. Forty-three % serum cholesterol levels, 44% of systolic blood pressure measurements, and 25% of diastolic blood pressure values, that were in the upper quintile at the first visit, were found in the upper quintile again at the second visit. Our results point out that: there is a chance to identify "high" values, that may persist over time, especially for serum cholesterol and systolic blood pressure; great caution must be exercised in taking isolated measurements of serum cholesterol, systolic and particularly diastolic blood pressure at a young age as indicators in implementing prevention programs.


Background: On average, one-third of patients seeking treatment for skin problems have associated psychological stress or psychiatric disease. Most psychodermatologic patients visit a dermatologist instead of a psychiatrist. It is important to recognize the signs and symptoms immediately, make a prompt diagnosis and do a comprehensive treatment that involves multi-disciplinary approach, including dermatology, psychiatry and other discipline if necessary.
Case Presentation: A 40-year-old female, visited the Dermatology and Venereology (DV) outpatient clinic of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital with a chief complaints of wound on her right ear since 2 weeks ago. The patient was also diagnosed with Chiari malformation type 1 and had undergone surgery twice. The patient confessed of having a habit of intentionally skin picking until they were chafed and bled when she was stressed. The patient was diagnosed as neurotic excoriations, treated with potent topical corticostreroid and consulted to the psychiatric department.
Discussion: Neurotic excoriations is classified as primary psychiatric skin disorders. Symptoms usually occurred when the patient was in the depression state. At first the patient only followed the dermatologist treatment and had a poor compliance with psychiatric management. Therefore the patients keep manipulating the lesions and the outcome was not satisfactory because the underlying disease has not been well treated. After the dermatologist convinced her to see the psychiatrist regularly, accompanied by a good compliance in applying the corticosteroid cream, the result was satisfactory.
Conclusion: The psychocutaneous disease need a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary approach. Dermato-venereologists should work together with the psychiatrist.


In article the literary data on a physiological role nitric oxide (NO) at vegetative organisms are generalized. Multifunctionality NO at the various organisms, caused by high reactionism of this molecule, its ability to react with proteins and low-molecular substances is emphasized. Questions of participation NO in various physiological processes, possible mechanisms of synthesis NO at plants, interaction with others endogenous molecules, and also the mechanisms preventing toxic effect nitric oxide are considered.


Purpose: Prefilled drug syringe use may reduce the cost of routine antibiotic drug delivery. Storage of prefilled syringes frozen (−20°C) or refrigerated (4°C-5°C), can optimize the use of robotic syringe filling systems if acceptable stability data is gathered per USP 797 standards. Methods: Four intravenous (IV) drug formulations were prepared from bulk standard solutions and filled into 10 mL syringes using an Intellifill© IV Robot. Formulations were Piperacillin (2.0 g) and Tazobactam (0.25 g) as 2.25 g in 10 mL; Piperacillin (3.0 g) and Tazobactam (0.375 g) as 3.375 g in 10 mL; Cefuroxime as 1.5 g in 11 mL; and Vancomycin as 1.0 g in 10 mL. Concentrations were assayed at "zero time," and after 21, 45, and 60 days frozen. Syringes were warmed to room temperature (RT) by gently rolling in hands. Three syringes of each formulation were assayed by stability-indicating HPLC per USP procedures. Assay results are the average of 5 injections of samples from each syringe upon return to RT and repeated for 3 separate syringes maintained at RT for 24 hours. Results: All formulations were stable out to 60 days frozen. Both of the piperacillin/tazobactam formulations were also stable when kept at refrigerated temperature for 9 days. Conclusion: Piperacillin/Tazobactam formulations can be stored frozen (−20°C) for up to 60 days with no appreciable loss. Cefuroxime and Vancomycin formulations can be stored frozen for up to 60 days. Both Piperacillin/Tazobactam formulations can be refrigerated for up to 9 days. Implementation of larger batch compounding coupled with frozen syringe storage and delivery could result in enhanced uniformity of composition and significant manpower savings.


The current debates over immigration policy, taking place from the halls of Congress to inner-city communities nationwide, raise some of the most profound issues of race, class, and politics facing the United States today. No less than the civil rights issues of the 1960s, these debates are ultimately about the nation's soul: What kind of country will we be in the 21st century? Yet today it makes sense to take the question beyond our national boundaries, locating the U.S. within an increasingly integrated Western Hemisphere. This article addresses the multiple cross-border realities affecting U.S. immigration policies, as well as their political consequences throughout the Americas. To put it another way, there are regional dimensions of the domestic debate; at stake is what kind of region the Americas will be in the 21st century. From this perspective, I shall offer a critique of existing U.S. policies and an alternative framework, based on the following arguments: Current U.S. policies deal with Latin American immigrants as if they constituted a major threat to U.S. "national security." This strictly (and narrowly) "U.S. interest"-driven approach retains some aspects of Cold War thinking even in this post-Cold War era. Quite apart from its questionable effectiveness in a transnational environment, it has multiple negative (antidemocratic and destabilizing) political repercussions throughout the region, as well as for the immigrants affected. Critics of this approach have yet to develop a comprehensive alternative, but have begun rethinking the bases for policy. The alternative framework suggested here is rooted in very different conceptions of citizenship and democracy; additionally, it views immigration within the context of enhancing integral socioeconomic development throughout the region, and it proposes to build upon the transnational practices and networks being developed by the immigrants themselves. Aside from being more humane, I shall argue, a policy starting from these premises would also be more rational for the U.S. over the medium and long range, and far more appropriate in this era of hemispheric integration. The Need for a Regional Framework Underlying these observations is a broadly structural view that the Western Hemisphere is becoming increasingly integrated. There is already an extensive literature within a general world-systems framework (e.g., Wallerstein, Portes, Fernandez Kelly, Bach, Sassen, Ong, Bonacich) on the complementarity of capital and labor flows, particularly within economic systems characterized by relations of unequal exchange. This has received wide discussion, most recently in relation to NAFTA - the linkages it creates and the disruptive and displacing effects of economic integration for some sectors of the population on each side of the border. In this process, cross-border flows of capital and goods are being actively promoted by state policies and interstate agreements (e.g., NAFTA and its projected extension to other Latin American countries). Coming on the heels of the devastating economic crises of the 1980s throughout Latin America, the economic integration of the 1990s has stimulated new cross-border flows of people - not only because integration on a neoliberal basis leaves many families and communities without adequate economic prospects in their home countries, but also more importantly, because even at a time of economic recession and restructuring in the U.S. (accompanied by an anti-immigrant backlash), the demand for low-waged immigrant labor in the U.S. remains high. As Portes (1996) puts it, immigration is "not an optional process, but one driven by the structural requirements of advanced capitalist accumulation." In some cases, the linkages are also political. Direct U.S. involvement in situations of political upheaval in Central America and the Caribbean since the 1960s, for example, has been a key factor in generating the exodus of hundreds of thousands of refugees from their home countries to the U. …


Recognizing a target in synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images is an important, yet challenging, application of the model-based vision technique. This paper describes a model-based SAR recognition system based on invariant histograms and deformable template matching techniques. An invariant histogram is a histogram of invariant values defined by geometric features such as points and lines in SAR images. Although a few invariants are sufficient to recognize a target, we use a histogram of all invariant values given by all possible target feature pairs. This redundant histogram enables robust recognition under severe occlusions typical in SAR recognition scenarios. Multi-step deformable template matching examines the existence of an object by superimposing templates over potential energy field generated from images or primitive features. It determines the template configuration which has the minimum deformation and the best alignment of the template with features. The deformability of the template absorbs the instability of SAR features. We have implemented the system and evaluated the system performance using hybrid SAR images, generated from synthesized model signatures and real SAR background signatures.


In this part of the study we intended to determine (a) the extent to which currently supplied information was used by general practitioners to assess their performance and (b) the preferences of the doctors for new information. Four aspects of professional activity were investigated: prescribing, practice activity as shown by family practitioner committee quarterly returns, hospital use, and audit in depth. The results are from 508(76%) questionnaires returned from the 669 general practitioners circulated in Leicestershire and Lincolnshire. The prescribing habits of most doctors are influenced both by factual information about drugs from many sources and by feedback on their personal prescribing or that of their practice, which is supplied by the Prescription Pricing Authority, particularly regarding prescribing costs. Little use is made of data from the family practitioner committee. A distinct pattern of preferences for particular items of information emerged. Most doctors wished to receive information that would enable them to compare their personal performance or that of their practice with their local colleagues from the Prescription Pricing Authority (66%), the family practitioner committee (58%), and hospital sources (57%). Because doctors chose particular items of information that they would like to have, systems that are developed to provide such information are likely to be used. The need to incorporate comparison with peers is particularly important.


Background: Limited evidence exists on the presence of collective non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors among adolescents in Kerala, India. We aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with multiple NCD risk factors and clustering of these risk factors among adolescents in Kasaragod District, Kerala. Methods: We selected 470 adolescents (mean age 16.6 years, male 53.8%) through multi-stage cluster sampling from higher secondary schools of Kasaragod district. Self-administered questionnaires were used, and anthropometric measurements were taken using standard techniques and protocols. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, low fruits and vegetable consumption, inadequate physical activity, extra salt intake, overweight, consumption of soft drinks and packed foods were the eight NCD risk factors included. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was done to find out the factors associated with one, two and three or more NCD risk factors. Results: Risk factor clusters with two risk factors (dyads) and three risk factors (triads) were observed in 163 (34.7%) and 102 (21.7%) of the sample, respectively. Adolescents residing in urban areas (odds ratio (OR) = 3.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.45-8.73), whose father's education level was lower (OR = 3.54;  95% CI = 1.24-10.10), whose mother's education was lower (OR= 4.13; 95% CI = 1.27-13.51), who had restrictions on physical activity (OR = 5.41; 95% CI = 1.20-24.30) and who did not have a kitchen garden (an area where fruits and vegetables are grown for domestic use) (OR=4.51;95%  CI = 1.44-14.12) were more likely to have three or more NCD risk factors compared to their counterparts.   Conclusions: Clustering of NCD risk factors was prevalent in more than half of the adolescents. Efforts are warranted to reduce multiple risk factors, focussing on children of low educated parents and urban residents. Parents of adolescents may be encouraged to have kitchen gardens and not to restrict adolescent's physical activity.


Abstract Amoebae of the xD strain of Amoeba proteus that arose from the D strain by spontaneous infection of Legionella-like X-bacteria are now dependent on their symbionts for survival. Each xD amoeba contains about 42,000 symbionts within symbiosomes, and established xD amoebae die if their symbionts are removed. Thus, harmful infective bacteria changed into necessary cell components. As a result of harboring X-bacteria. xD amoebae exhibit various physiological and genetic characteristics that are different from those of symbiont-free D amoebae. One of the recent findings is that bacterial symbionts control the expression of a host's house-keeping gene. Thus, the expression of the normal amoeba sams gene (sams1) encoding one form of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase is switched to that of sams2 by endosymbiotic X-bacteria. Possible mechanisms for the switching of sams genes brought about by endosymbionts and its significance are discussed.


Shape memory polymer (SMP) is being used in many engineering fields due to its shape memory effect and the advantages of large recoverable strain, excellent manufacturability, light weight, low cost and bio-degradability. Therefore it is of practical interest to investigate its thermo-mechanical behaviors. In this paper, a numerical simulation method is supposed to simulate the thermo-mechanical behaviors of SMP using the finite element software of MSC Marc, which is good at simulating the thermo-mechanical behaviors of viscous elastic material. The comparisons between the numerical results and the experimental results by Tobushi et al. illustrate the supposed numerical simulation method well describes the thermo-mechanical behaviors of SMP during the thermo-mechanical processes realizing shape memory effect.


The present thesis deals with microfluidic systems under the influence of electric fields. The purpose of this research is to identify key behaviours which are highly relevant for applications in lab-on-chip devices such as pH control, patterning, mixing and cell trapping. In the first part of the thesis we consider the electrokinetics of charged, porous membranes and present a mathematical model for the ionic transport under the effects of a horizontal electric field. First, we investigate the behaviour of a system that consists of one anion membrane with two reservoirs and produce numerical solutions with the aim to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms that lead to overlimiting current. We then analyse the features of a system where a bipolar membrane is held in an electrolyte bath with water and a salt. We use our model to confirm findings from experiments such as the hysteretic behaviour of the IV curve and the water splitting phenomenon. In the second part of the thesis we examine the behaviour of interfaces between two fluids that are sandwiched between two electrodes. We find that introducing a constant flow rate into the system leads to time modulated travelling waves. In the case of flat channel walls these look like moving strips which are reminiscent of the patterns found in the no flow case. Adding corrugations on one or both electrodes leads to a rich variety of dynamics. We develop a Floquet stability analysis which takes into account the fact that the base state of the system is nonuniform. This is a very useful tool for identifying the different types of behaviours which arise as we change the applied voltage and the overall flow rate. We examine the streamlines of the fluid to explore the advantages of the different regimes: just by changing the applied voltage it is possible to transition from an environment which is favourable to efficient mixing to one which could enhance cell trapping.


The recent clinical successes of CTLA4 and PD-1 blockade have clearly demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy to enhance anticancer immune responses. Novel targets of immunomodulation are now under investigation to increase the number of immunotherapeutic options available for relapsing/refractory patients. Activation of co-stimulatory molecules with agonist monoclonal antibody (mAbs) represents the most rationale alternative option. Based on the impressive preclinical activity of stimulating the glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR) with the mAb DTA-1, an agonist anti-human GITR mAb has very recently entered the clinical evaluation. Although DTA-1, as a monotherapy, proved effective in curing established immunogenic tumors, it failed against advanced poorly immunogenic models, such as B16 melanoma. As anti-GITR therapy is translated into clinic, defining the basis of its activity and failure is key to identify prognostic markers and more effective combination therapies. We thus studied how GITR stimulation with the agonist antibody DTA-1 affects T cells in B16 melanoma-bearing mice treated in curative (early) or refractory (advanced) condition, and verified their functional changes in vitro. In vivo, the comparison of advanced versus early B16 microenvironment before treatment revealed a significant increase in Treg frequency, which caused the Teff/Treg ratio to decrease, and a dysfunctional Teff phenotype. Moreover, B16 cells, in the setting of established tumors, expressed lower levels of MHC-I and MHC-II molecules. DTA-1 consistently reduced intratumor Treg frequency and expression of suppression markers in both curative and refractory conditions. However, Teff activation and tumor-associated MHCs were induced only when DTA-1 was administered in curative conditions. In vitro, pre-incubation of Tregs with DTA-1 completely abolished their ability to inhibit proliferation of target Teff, without affecting Treg expression of the lineage markers Foxp3 and Helios. In addition, treatment with DTA-1, in comparison with the matched IgG isotype control, boosted the release of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-17 and IL-6 cytokines in cultures of Tregs, pointing to the promotion of a Th1/Th17 differentiation profile following GITR engagement. Interestingly, when B16 cells were added in culture with Tregs and incubated with DTA-1, they up-regulated MHC-I and MHC-II molecules in a Treg and/or DTA-1 dependent manner. The presence of tumor cells during exposure of Tregs to anti-GITR stimulation did not further alter their function and phenotype, indicating a major direct effect of DTA-1 on Tregs. To confirm the functional modulation of GITR stimulation in human Tregs, we tested their activity in vitro upon pre-incubation with a recombinant human GITR ligand (GITRL). We consistently found that proliferation of activated Teff was no longer suppressed if Tregs were previously treated with GITRL. These results validate GITR as a target to revert immune tolerance in the human setting. Our data indicate that anti-GITR therapy counteracts Treg-mediated immunosuppression independently from the stage of the disease, whereas T-cell activation and tumor immune recognition are favored selectively in the presence of low tumor burden. These findings suggest that, in the setting of advanced and poorly immunogenic tumors, anti-GITR therapy should be exploited in combination with treatments promoting Teff functions and/or tumor killing. Citation Format: Roberta Zappasodi, Sadna Budhu, Cailian Liu, Kyle Draleau, David Schaer, Hong Zhong, Xia Yang, Taha Merghoub, Jedd D. Wolchok. Treg inhibition by anti-GITR therapy evokes therapeutic antitumor responses selectively in the context of a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B183.


In this work, we describe a new, general, and efficient method for unstructured point cloud labeling. As the question of efficiently using deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) on 3D data is still a pending issue, we propose a framework which applies CNNs on multiple 2D image views (or snapshots) of the point cloud. The approach consists in three core ideas. (i) We pick many suitable snapshots of the point cloud. We generate two types of images: a Red-Green-Blue (RGB) view and a depth composite view containing geometric features. (ii) We then perform a pixel-wise labeling of each pair of 2D snapshots using fully convolutional networks. Different architectures are tested to achieve a profitable fusion of our heterogeneous inputs. (iii) Finally, we perform fast back-projection of the label predictions in the 3D space using efficient buffering to label every 3D point. Experiments show that our method is suitable for various types of point clouds such as Lidar or photogrammetric data.


The response to parental separation in infant titi monkeys was evaluated. Separation from the mother for 1 hr did not elicit an adrenocortical response from the infant unless the father was also removed. Separation from the father elicited a significant elevation in adrenocortical activity even when the mother remained with the infant during the separation period. Infants showed the highest cortisol levels and vocalization rates when both parents were removed and the infant remained alone in the living cage for 1 hr. As in previous research, infants maintained higher levels of contact with the father than with the mother. The results indicate that in this monogamous New World primate, the father is the primary attachment figure for the developing infant.


Laser Shot Peening without protective Coating (LPPC) was performed on SS304 austenitic stainless steel using a 300 mJ, 10 ns pulse, 1064 nm wavelength Nd:YAG laser with three different pulse densities. A thin layer of water was used as a confinement layer. The peened specimen was characterised with XRD, AFM and a Profilometer. The stress evaluated at the surface of the laser peened sample shows a maximum compressive stress of 1.6 GPa. The surface roughness and depth profile of microhardness before and after LPPC were investigated.The LPPC region indicate substantial improvement in microhardness and compressive residual stress, with marginal increase of surface roughness.


This paper concerns the development of a force feedback enhanced teleoperation system for outdoor robotic vehicles navigating in rough terrain where true-colour 3D virtual world models of the working environment, created from laser and colour image scans collected offline, can be explored by walk-throughs both before and during the robot navigation mission itself. In other words, the physical mission planned can be partially rehearsed in cyberspace. Further, during a mission, the location and orientation of the vehicle are continually determined and global collision-free paths to selected goal locations made available as advice to the operator, who can follow or ignore such advice at will. Live (real-time) 3D laser range data also provides an up-to-date scan of the volume immediately surrounding the vehicle as it moves so that dynamic obstacles can be avoided. Local terrain-roughness is taken into account in the provision of local collision-free paths, the sub-goals of which, are operator determined. This live range data is matched with the pre-scanned range data to calculate the accurate robot vehicle localisation (position and orientation) which is provided continuously during the navigation mission. A force feedback 3D joystick reflects terrain roughness as a vibration in one axis and the other two axes are used to provide a 2D force to attract the operator towards following the local optimal collision-free path, but this attraction can be easily overridden by the operator. The instrumentation and methodologies used are presented, together with some preliminary experimental results.


Cholesterol sulfate is quantitatively the most important known sterol sulfate in human plasma, where it is present in a concentration that overlaps that of the other abundant circulating steroid sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate. Although these sulfolipids have similar production and metabolic clearance rates, they arise from distinct sources and are metabolized by different pathways. While the function of DHEA sulfate remains an enigma, cholesterol sulfate has emerged as an important regulatory molecule. Cholesterol sulfate is a component of cell membranes where it has a stabilizing role, e.g., protecting erythrocytes from osmotic lysis and regulating sperm capacitation. It is present in platelet membranes where it supports platelet adhesion. Cholesterol sulfate can regulate the activity of serine proteases, e.g., those involved in blood clotting, fibrinolysis, and epidermal cell adhesion. As a result of its ability to regulate the activity of selective protein kinase C isoforms and modulate the specificity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, cholesterol sulfate is involved in signal transduction. Cholesterol sulfate functions in keratinocyte differentiation, inducing genes that encode for key components involved in development of the barrier. The accumulating evidence demonstrating a regulatory function for cholesterol sulfate appears solid; the challenge now is to work out the molecular mechanisms whereby this interesting molecule carries out its various roles.


Abstract Glandularia J. F. Gmel. (Verbenaceae) is the largest genus in the tribe Verbeneae, with ca. 84 species distributed mainly in temperate North and South America. A complete taxonomic revision of Glandularia in Brazil is provided. Thirty-one species and one variety are present in Brazil, 11 of these being endemic, principally in the southern area of the country. A detailed morphological description is given for each taxon as well as a key for their identification, illustrations, synonymy, distribution, lists of selected specimens, and discussions about the relationships among closely related taxa. A new combination, G. tomophylla (Briq.) N. O'Leary & V. Thode, is here proposed, six new synonyms are suggested, and two lectotypes are designated for Verbena chamaedryfolia Juss. f. strigosa Chodat and V. humifusa Cham.


In line with Nirenburg and Raskin's paradigm of ontological semantics, we adhere to the basic tenet that natural language semantics needs to be captured with respect to an explicitly formalized ontology. Many researchers in computational semantics, however, have neglected the ontological aspects of meaning representation, and even more have neglected aspects of meaning representation related to domain-independent ontologies, i.e. foundational or upper-level ontologies. In this paper we argue for a stronger integration of foundational ontologies in computational semantics. We show that relying on foundational ontologies can, on the one hand, lead to a clean separation between domain-specific and domain-independent components of natural language processing systems. On the other hand, we show how the interplay between foundational, domain ontologies and lexical semantics resources can elegantly account for disambiguation as well as allow to draw nontrivial inferences. Further, a temporal theory compliant with the foundational ontology is absolutely necessary for supporting temporal reasoning in natural language understanding.


This study was conducted to determine the effect of Cephalotaxus griffithii needle essential oil (CGNO) on proliferation and migration of human cervical cancer (HCC) cells. CGNO treatment decreased the viability of all the tested HCC (HeLa, ME-180 and SiHa) cells. Morphological and DNA fragmentation analysis of CGNO-treated HeLa cells indicated the involvement of apoptosis in inducing HCC cell death. CGNO increased mitochondrial membrane depolarisation and upregulated the expression of caspase-9, caspase-8, caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP. The activity of caspase-8 and caspase-9 was also significantly increased. Wound healing and transwell migration assay demonstrated that CGNO significantly inhibited the migration of HeLa cells to close a scratched wound and also inhibited their migration through filter towards a chemotactic stimulus. Taken together, these results indicated that CGNO inhibited the proliferation and migration of HCC cells. Of note, CGNO induced HeLa cell death through mitochondria-initiated and death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathway.


Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes a broad variety of diseases. The spread of multidrugresistant S. aureus highlights the need to develop new ways to combat S. aureus infections. Sortase A (SrtA) can anchor proteins containing LPXTG binding motifs to the bacteria surface and plays a key role in S. aureus infections, making it a promising antivirulence target. In the present study, we used aSrtA activity inhibition assay to discover that isovitexin, a Chinese herbal product, can inhibit SrtA activity with an IC50 of 28.98 μg/ml. Using a fibrinogenbinding assay and a biofilm formation assay, we indirectly proved the SrtA inhibitory activity of isovitexin. Additionally, isovitexin treatment decreased the amount of staphylococcal protein A (SpA) on the surface of the cells. These data suggest that isovitexin has the potential to be an anti-infective drug against S. aureus via the inhibition of sortase activity.


Abstract Two-dimensional X‑ray diffraction data contain information about not only the type of mineral phases present in an assemblage, but also the textural or grain size relationships between minerals in a sample. For minerals within a certain grain size range, ~0.1 to 100 μm, the appearance and characteristics of a Debye ring can reveal the mean grain size of a sample. In this contribution, using mineral and rock samples of known grain size ranges, we investigate the applicability of calculating the grain size of a material using a two-dimensional X‑ray diffraction crystallite size analysis method for micrometersized materials. A radial integration technique was used to derive the number of grains contributing to produce diffraction spots in the Debye ring. Monomineralic pyroxene and magnetite samples of known grain size ranges were analyzed, and the calculated grain size was observed to broadly correlate with the sample size except at the upper and lower extremes. To evaluate the technique on broader geological materials, polymineralic basalt samples with known grain size ranges were analyzed, and the calculated grain sizes did not correlate with the size of the rock fragments, but did correlate closely with the size of the individual mineral grains. Using a Bruker D8 Discover X‑ray diffractometer with a 300 μm nominal incident beam diameter, the effectiveness of the applied method appeared limited to the grain size range of ~15-63 μm for monomineralic samples. The method is further limited by several complicating factors and assumptions, including the requirement for the crystallite size to correlate with the sample grain size. The effective range of this method will vary with different instrumental and experimental conditions. When applying this method to calculate the grain size of geological materials, the calculated result should be interpreted as a minimum estimate of the grain size.


Regional autonomy has an influence on regional authorities to manage their own regional households in accordance with the capabilities and potential of the region. One of the affairs that fall under the authority of the regional government of Bantul Regency is related to the affairs of the Implementation of Building Construction which is then regulated through Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2022 concerning Implementation of Building Construction. Regional regulations, as written laws made based on the needs of the community, must, of course, be adapted to societal developments and the legal politics of government administration. Therefore, regional regulations require periodic evaluations to see the suitability of the regulated content material with developments in implementation in the community. This research focuses on what is the urgency of the analysis and evaluation of Bantul Regency Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2022 concerning the Implementation of Buildings and how to analyze and evaluate the Bantul Regency Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2022 concerning the Organization of Buildings. The research was carried out using the juridical-normative method with the laws and regulations approach, which was then analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The research found that both formally and materially, the content was in accordance with the sectoral law, namely Law Number 28 of 2002 and further provisions stipulated in PP No. 16 of 2021 concerning Regulations for Implementing Law Number 28 of 2002 concerning Buildings, but it seems that it is only a copy and paste of the two legal bases. For this reason, in order to avoid repetition or duplication of arrangements, it is necessary to make arrangements that take into account local needs and wisdom in Bantul. Therefore, the author recommends the need for improvement in the section related to the implementation of the Bantul Regency Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2022 concerning the Organization of Buildings.


I examine several recent interpretations of Cynic philosophy. Next, I offer my own reading, which draws on Schopenhauer's Incongruity Theory of Humor, Aristotle's account of the emotions in the Rhetoric, and the work of Theodor Adorno. I argue that Cynic humor is the deliberate exposure of incongruities between what a thing or state of affairs is supposed to be (either by nature or according to tradition) and what it in fact is, as evidenced by its present manifestation to our sense-perception and thought. Finally, I interpret the significance of this new reading: the exposure of incongruity aims to elicit a response of righteous indignation at the failure of phenomena to live up to our reasonable expectations. Cynic humor redeems the value of 'wrong life' by rendering its wrongness palpable and thus intolerable, by availing itself of reason's inability to withstand flagrant contradictions.


This paper demonstrates thatcompositionand refinement techniques are a promising solution for performing rigorous, security architecture trade-off analysis. Such analysis typically occurs in one of two forms: comparing two architectures for implementation and determining the impact of change to an implemented architecture. Composition and refinement techniques reduce the overhead of such analysis significantly over traditional formal methods by facilitating specification and proof reuse and by providing powerful reasoning tools. In this paper, we propose an approach for applying composition and refinement techniques to trade-off analysis. Our approach relies on a formal composition and refinement framework, which is not described here. We describe the approach and apply it to a simple example. We conclude with lessons learned and future work.


Identification and quantification of the main fatty acids in phytoplankton, zooplankton and Engraulis encrasicolus larvae were used to study the relationship among the different trophic levels. Three northwestern Mediterranean sea areas were studied as representative of potentially heterogeneous environments. HPLC pigment analysis was performed to assess the contribution of different phytoplankton groups to total chlorophyll biomass. In spite of the physical variability, a homogeneous pattern in phytoplankton composition among areas was found, with the Prymnesiophyceae representing more than half of the phytoplankton chlorophyll biomass. This homogeneous spatial pattern was also reflected in the phytoplankton fatty acid proportions. Thus, significant amount of 14:0, 18:1(n-9) and 18:4(n-3) could be related to the dominance of the prymnesiophytes; the low proportion of fatty acid markers of diatoms and dinoflagellates agreed with the low abundances of those phytoplankton groups. Zooplankton fatty acids also showed homogeneous proportions in the studied areas, with a preferential accumulation of 16:1(n-7) and 20:5(n-3), and 22:6(n-3). This observation may indicate a preferential grazing on diatoms and dinoflagellates. Anchovy larvae displayed differing fatty acids contributions related to size. Large larvae contained a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Small larvae showed a high percentage of 18:1(n-9) and 18:4(n-3) fatty acids, considered Prymnesiophyceae biomarkers. These results suggest an additional food resource for the anchovy that is complementary to a zooplankton diet, but probably of protozoan origin (i.e. microzooplankton). Significant logarithmic relationships were found between dry mass and 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) fatty acid proportions in E. encrasicolus larvae. These PUFA are considered essential for the fish-larvae development.


The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of black soybean (BS) on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in hypercholesterolemic New Zealand white rabbits. Effects of the BS extract (BSE) and its components on monocyte adhesion of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), and adhesion molecule were investigated. Rabbits were divided into four groups, including control, 0.5% cholesterol with 20% casein (either with or without 0.5% vitamin E), and BS groups, all fed for 8 weeks. LDL was treated with 10 μM Cu2+ in vitro to determine the LDL lag time, and the vitamin E content of LDL was determined. The thickness of the tunica intima was measured on paraffin sections of thoracic aortas and aortic arches stained with Movat's pentachrome. HAECs were pretreated with 100 μg/ml of BSE, and 10 μM of genistein, daidzein, cyanidin, and aspirin for 18 h, followed by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (2 ng/ml) for 6 h, after which U937 cell adhesion was determined. Adhesion molecule expression was examined using ELISAs. The LDL lag time in the BS group was similar to that in the vitamin E group, while its lag time was significantly longer than those in the control and casein groups. The ratio of the intimal area/medial area of the aortic arch of the casein group was significantly higher than those in the control, BS, and vitamin E groups. The vitamin E group had the lowest value, and was closest to the control group. The BS group exhibited a significantly decreased atheroma region in the aortic arch compared to the casein group. Pre-incubation with BSE, genistein, daidzein, cyanidin, and aspirin significantly decreased adhesion by U937 monocytic cells to TNF-α stimulated HAECs. Genistein, daidzein, cyanidin, and aspirin significantly suppressed the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1. Only genistein and aspirin significantly decreased intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression compared to TNF-α treatment, while no treatments had any effect on E-selectin expression. BS significantly prolonged the LDL lag time and decreased the atheroma region of the aortic arch in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, thereby exerting an antiatherosclerotic effect. Presumably, the BSE downregulate intracellular redox-dependent signaling pathways in HAECs upon TNF-α stimulation through regulating NF-κB, thereby attenuating the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis. The antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of BS can be used as a nutraceutical for atherogenesis prevention.


Resident Evil Revelations: Official Complete Works takes readers on a behind-the-scenes look at the art, storyboards, concept and more behind the smash hit game, featuring exclusive looks at characters, locations monsters and more. Published for the first time in the English language.