Manned Spacecraft: Engineering Design and Operation. Edited by P. E. Purser, M. A. Faget and N. F. Smith. Fairchild Publications, New York. Orders to H. M. Snyder & Co, Inc. 18 Bruton Place, Berkeley Square, London W\. 497 pp. 532.50. Manned spacecraft are a development of both aircraft and ballistic rockets, and the fusion of the two disciplines runs throughout this book. While in the aeronautical world we have been familiar with books on aerodynamics, on structural design, on engines, on navigation and on the many other subjects that make for successful flight, we have not had "omnibus" books dealing with all aspects of flying in a single volume. By contrast the present volume deals with all aspects of manned spaceflight and it is interesting to consider the reason for this. Aircraft were flying for many years before systems engineering became recognised as a subject in its own right, while the reverse is true of ballistic rockets. In consequence of its mixed parentage, the principles of systems engineering have been applied from the outset to manned spacecraft. It is also true that the various disciplines involved in manned spacecraft design are much more interdependent than those of aircraft design. Specialised workers thus have a "need to know" about the whole subject of spacecraft design; not specialised knowledge, nor yet popular press presentation, but something in between these two extremes. "Manned Spacecraft" sets out to fill this need in its 500 double columned giant pages. It contains no less than 47 chapters, by 49 different authors, and the table of contents occupies 10 pages. Much of the teaching in the book is by means of illustrations and diagrams so that the list of figures takes a further 8 pages. At the same time, the book is virtually devoid of mathematical equations, and most of those that do occur are found in chapter 22. Thus the book is intended for the intelligent non-mathematical and probably very practical spacecraft designer who has to make most of the design compromises and, indeed, it is really a record of the design principles employed for the Mercury capsule. It will be read wistfully by Britain's frustrated aircraft designers, for whom it is definitely recommended, as they may well learn something from the more extreme design conditions set by space. A mere list of chapter headings and authors without comment would lengthen this review unduly, so a few highlights will be noted. The choice of launching parameters to take advantage of daylight, moonlight, ground track, geography, recovery team, crew and capsule endurance will be novel to aircraft and ballistic rocket designers alike, as will bluff body design for maximum drag and minimum heating while retaining aerodynamic stability. Aircraft cabin designers may learn something from the advanced physiological and psychological considerations of manned spaceflight, and the design of cockpit layouts might be affected. The supersonic aircraft designer is approaching spaceflight conditions and the following subjects treated in this book may well suggest useful techniques to him: structures, electrical power, electronics, guidance, control and navigation, instrumentation, escape, flight testing and reliability. Rocket design also receives consideration, but it is felt that these chapters are not sufficiently detailed for the rocket designer to profit by them. To sum up, in the absence of serious British manned spacecraft design effort, this book is recommended to would-be designers and supersonic aircraft designers. It will be understood by any technically educated person and the compromises inevitably associated with optimum design are highlighted in no uncertain way. The book is well printed and bound but has no alphabetical index, only elaborate tables of contents and figures. At the price more people will be inclined to borrow it than to buy.—w. F. HILTON. Bristol Aircraft Since 1910. C. H. Barnes. Putnam & Co, London. 1964. 415 pp. Tables. Illustrated. 63s. This book is the latest in the well-known Putnam series which deals with the aircraft produced by firms in the British Aircraft Industry. This series meets a need, particularly now that the old firms in the industry are gradually losing their separate identities within the big Groups. A permanent record of the products of these famous firms certainly deserves to be preserved for posterity and Putnam are to be congratulated on tackling this task. Although these books are not really intended to be histories of the companies concerned, because they concentrate primarily on the aircraft produced, if done properly, they should provide a valuable outline of the technical evolution which took place within each firm and, to some extent, they ought to bring into the story references to the more outstanding personalities involved and to certain of the financial, political and industrial factors which governed the firms' policies over the years. Chris Barnes concerns himself with every Bristol aircraft produced from that time in 1910 when Sir George White started building Zodiac biplanes under licence in the northern terminus of his tramway system until the works on the same site became the Filton Division of BAC in 1963. His treatment is admirably concise, particularly in view of its thoroughness and completeness which will, however, be no surprise to those who know the author as a life-long student of the products of the British Aircraft Industry with a unique private collection of photographs and other data covering almost every type and variant of aircraft ever built in this country. Some years ago Mr. Barnes wrote a comprehensive history of the Bristol Aeroplane Company which was quite a model of its kind. Unfortunately, the Directors of the Company decided against publication, no doubt for the very reason that the record was too comprehensive. It probably revealed altogether too much about those many episodes which, although they are so often quite crucial to the story of a firm, are difficult—if not impossible—to publish while any of those concerned are still alive. Probably because of the work which he did on his earlier history, helped by his encyclopaedic knowledge of the development story of every type of Bristol aircraft, Mr. Barnes tackles his task more effectively than either of the previous authors who have contributed to this Putnam series. He explains much better than they do how successive technical developments were initiated down the years, how they related to each other and how personal, financial and other considerations influenced events. Unlike the majority of the writers of the great spate of popular aviation history books which have appeared in recent years, Mr. Barnes is clearly more interested in technical matters than in serial numbers or colour schemes. For this reason this book is more likely to be of interest to serious students of aircraft development. Let us hope that Mr. Barnes's example will encourage publishers to sponsor, and suitably qualified authors to undertake, more books of this type which place greater historical emphasis where it properly belongs—on the significant technical, commercial and financial factors and, as far as possible, on the personalities who initiated and had to grapple with them.—PETER W. BROOKS.


As part of a translocation project, 28 Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) were captured from the wild and transported to the Barcelona Zoo for veterinary evaluation, quarantine and intraperitoneal implantation of telemetry devices. Eleven animals were injected with the long-acting neuroleptic (LAN) perphenazine enanthate at the time of capture and the remaining animals served as a control group. During their time in captivity, which averaged 23 days, all of the animals were bled three times. Haematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated, including red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), blood urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), albumin, and serum cortisol. No significant differences were found between treated and control otters except for monocyte count, which was higher in treated animals. Time after capture had an effect on many parameters. RBC and Hb decreased at first and then increased, while WBC and segmented neutrophils decreased over time. Most of the biochemical parameters considered to vary in relation to stress, including AST, ALT, CK, AP and LDH, decreased over time, suggesting that the stress responses of the animals decreased throughout the period of captivity. However, no significant change in serum cortisol levels was noted. The lack of effect of perphenazine treatment on haematological parameters should encourage further research on other stress indicators applicable to wild animals, such as behaviour or faecal cortisol concentration. Finally, the results obtained in this study suggest that, when captive conditions are adequate, keeping wild-caught animals in human care for a period of time prior to their release into the wild can be beneficial. However, further studies taking into account other welfare indicators would be useful.


To ascertain the occurrence of disorders of blood circulation in the heart, in particular, in acute impairment of the coronary blood circulation and repeated infarctions, perfusion of the vascular system of the heart with a solution of a stain was carried out. It was shown that those parts of the heart where, due to certain reasons, there were created conditions for development of impairment of the microcirculation, remained unstained. It was corroborated by the results of histological and cytological investigations of the myocardium. The coincidence of clinical observations with the results of the perfusion may indicate that this method of investigation of the heart at autopsy makes it possible to understand better prevital disorders of capillary blood circulation. The method of perfusion of the heart with a stain is set forth in the work in detail.


Introduction
Chronic wounds refer to wounds that fail to progress through an orderly and timely sequence of repair, where healing has not been realised in a predictable time frame, i.e. when wounds fail to heal within three months, when the wound's size hasn't decreased by30% within four weeks, when the wound is not 30% smaller after one month and will not heal by week 12. A perception exists that chronic wounds are associated with old age, but every chronic injury has the potential to develop into a chronic wound. The prevalence of patients living with chronic wounds globally is high. Approximately 120 patients per 100 000 are aged 45-65 years. With increased age, the prevalence increases to more than 800 patients per 100 000 who are aged 75 years and older.


BACKGROUND
Diagnosing cobalamin (Cbl) deficiency as a cause of polyneuropathy (PN) is problematic, as the frequency of both disorders increases with age, and serum Cbl levels can be difficult to interpret.

OBJECTIVES
To identify unique clinical or laboratory features among PN patients with Cbl deficiency and to examine the role of testing of serum metabolite levels in the identification of Cbl deficiency.

DESIGN
Cohort survey comparing patients with Cbl deficiency and cryptogenic PN identified during a 2-year period. Cobalamin deficiency was diagnosed using low serum Cbl levels or elevated serum methylmalonic acid or homocysteine levels.

SETTING
Academic neuromuscular clinic.

RESULTS
Of 324 PN patients, 27 were diagnosed as having Cbl deficiency. Twelve had Cbl levels within the normal range, but elevated serum metabolite levels. Compared with patients with cryptogenic sensory/sensorimotor PN, those with Cbl deficiency were more likely to have concomitant involvement of the upper and lower extremities and experience symptom onset in the hands and a sudden onset of symptoms (P<.005). These differences were seen regardless of whether Cbl deficiency was defined using low Cbl levels or elevated serum metabolite levels. Autoimmune pernicious anemia was identified in 6 (50%) of 12 Cbl-deficient patients with normal serum Cbl levels. The patients with PN and Cbl deficiency showed little objective improvement after parenteral replacement therapy; however, progression occurred less often in these patients compared with those with cryptogenic sensory/sensorimotor PN (P =.02).

CONCLUSIONS
This study highlights the challenges of proving that Cbl deficiency is the cause for PN and identifies clinical features that suggest Cbl-deficiency PN. Testing of serum metabolite levels may identify Cbl deficiency in some patients with normal serum Cbl levels.


Histologic analysis of the allograft biopsy specimen is the standard method used to differentiate rejection from other injury in kidney transplants. Donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) is a noninvasive test of allograft injury that may enable more frequent, quantitative, and safer assessment of allograft rejection and injury status. To investigate this possibility, we prospectively collected blood specimens at scheduled intervals and at the time of clinically indicated biopsies. In 102 kidney recipients, we measured plasma levels of dd-cfDNA and correlated the levels with allograft rejection status ascertained by histology in 107 biopsy specimens. The dd-cfDNA level discriminated between biopsy specimens showing any rejection (T cell-mediated rejection or antibody-mediated rejection [ABMR]) and controls (no rejection histologically), P<0.001 (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve [AUC], 0.74; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.61 to 0.86). Positive and negative predictive values for active rejection at a cutoff of 1.0% dd-cfDNA were 61% and 84%, respectively. The AUC for discriminating ABMR from samples without ABMR was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.97). Positive and negative predictive values for ABMR at a cutoff of 1.0% dd-cfDNA were 44% and 96%, respectively. Median dd-cfDNA was 2.9% (ABMR), 1.2% (T cell-mediated types ≥IB), 0.2% (T cell-mediated type IA), and 0.3% in controls (P=0.05 for T cell-mediated rejection types ≥IB versus controls). Thus, dd-cfDNA may be used to assess allograft rejection and injury; dd-cfDNA levels <1% reflect the absence of active rejection (T cell-mediated type ≥IB or ABMR) and levels >1% indicate a probability of active rejection.


Triangle counting in networks under LDP (Local Differential Privacy) is a fundamental task for analyzing connection patterns or calculating a clustering coefficient while strongly protecting sensitive friendships from a central server. In particular, a recent study proposes an algorithm for this task that uses two rounds of interaction between users and the server to significantly reduce estimation error. However, this algorithm suffers from a prohibitively high communication cost due to a large noisy graph each user needs to download. In this work, we propose triangle counting algorithms under LDP with a small estimation error and communication cost. We first propose two-rounds algorithms consisting of edge sampling and carefully selecting edges each user downloads so that the estimation error is small. Then we propose a double clipping technique, which clips the number of edges and then the number of noisy triangles, to significantly reduce the sensitivity of each user's query. Through comprehensive evaluation, we show that our algorithms dramatically reduce the communication cost of the existing algorithm, e.g., from 6 hours to 8 seconds or less at a 20 Mbps download rate, while keeping a small estimation error.


In the last two decades of the 20th century and the first of this, the academic community has been reflecting about girls and boys as scientists. Some authors propose thinking the activity scientific as an activity cognitive that looks like what the children and girls make in the world that surrounds them. Within this approach, the development of scientific skills can assimilate to certain specific thinking skills of research processes. This work has as objective the development of a didactical proposal in the area of mathematics for the development of skills cognitive, starting from processes of research on the nutritional status of the girls and the boys, driving concepts as Index of Mass Body and Carving for the Age. The work was carried out with sixth grade students of education basic of the educative institution Felix Henao Botero of the city of Medellin, in Colombia. The area of mathematics was the base for the development of this project that also sought that the student acquires the basic skills of the course in the mathematical thinkings required for the grade. The paper presents the theoretical basic approaches in that it is supported the project, the structure of the intervention made, as well as the results obtained in front of the skills that they can develop.


37 37 GENERIC NAME PAGE Allopurinol 445 Colchicine 443 Indomethacin 446 Oxyphenbutazone 446 GENERIC NAME PAGE Oxypurinol 446 Phenylbutazone 446 Probenecid 445 Sulfinpyrazone 445 Gout is characterized biochemically as a disorder of uric acid metabolism and clinically by hyperuricemia and recurrent attacks of acute arthritis. Gouty arthritis is most frequently seen as an acute inflammation primarily in the large toe, instep, ankle, or heel. Less often the initial symptoms appear in the knee or elbow; occasionally they are seen in the wrist. If the condition remains untreated over years, sodium urate crystals may form in the subcutaneous tissue, joints, renal parenchyma, and renal pelvis. Uric acid stones may form in the lumen of the urinary tract, and progressive renal failure often occurs in the later stages of untreated gout. Also, microcrystalline deposits of sodium urate frequently result in inflammatory bulges or bumps, termed tophi, appearing in the subcutaneous tissue of the earlobes, elbows, and hands and at the base of the large toe. The elevated blood uric acid concentration in gout is an easily identified and readily treated abnormality. However, it is essential to identify the condition and institute therapy early to avoid the complications that result from a prolonged elevated uricemia. Complications include arthritis, tophi, urinary calculi, and gouty nephropathy. Although all forms of gout have the common trait of hyperuricemia, their causes can be manifold. Primary, or genetic, gout results from either increased synthesis of uric acid or decreased renal excretion of the substance. Some gout patients have an unusual shunt mechanism that converts glycine directly to uric acid rather than to its normal metabolic products. Secondary gout may result from either overproduction or impaired elimination of uric acid. Overproduction is usually secondary to some other disorder, most frequently of hematological origin. For instance, in leukemia, myeloid metaplasia, lymphoma, polycythemia vera, and rapid weight loss (dieting), breakdown of cellular nucleoprotein is increased , which can lead to excess formation of uric acid. In secondary gout, diminished elimination of uric acid can be due to lead nephropathy, glycogen storage disease, or sickle cell anemia. bumetanide) will impair the renal elimination of uric acid. These drugs competitively inhibit the active secretion of uric acid (see Chapter 4) into the urine, with resulting hyperuricemia.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A national evidence-based guideline for the management of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children recommends blood cultures for patients admitted with moderate to severe illness. Our primary aim was to increase ordering of blood cultures for children hospitalized with CAP from 53% to 90% in 6 months. The secondary aim was to evaluate the effect of obtaining blood cultures on length of stay (LOS). METHODS: At a tertiary children's hospital, interventions to increase blood cultures focused on 3 key drivers and were tested separately in the emergency department and inpatient units by using multiple plan-do-study-act cycles. The impact of the interventions was tracked over time on run charts. The association of ordering blood cultures and LOS was estimated by using linear regression models. RESULTS: Within 6 months, the percentage of patients admitted with CAP who had blood cultures ordered increased from 53% to 100%. This change has been sustained for 12 months. Overall, 239 (79%) of the 303 included patients had a blood culture ordered; of these, 6 (2.5%) were positive. Patients who had a blood culture did not have an increased LOS compared with those without a blood culture. CONCLUSIONS: Quality improvement methods were used to increase adherence to evidence-based national guidelines for performing blood cultures on children hospitalized with CAP; LOS did not increase. These results support obtaining blood cultures on all patients admitted with CAP without negative effects on LOS in a setting with a reliably low false-positive blood culture rate.


The purpose of this paper is to estimate the extent of industrial concentration in the major manufacturing industries and to analyse its effects on some standard behavioural aspects of oligopoly. Basically, it tests the hypothesis that excessive control of a market removes the pressm:e on monopolists to keep prices down to their competitive levels and thus generates excessive or 'monopoly profits'. Such behaviour by the oligopolist can be further split into a pricebehavioural effect and a production effect [2]. According to the former, prices tend to be sticky as the oligopolist can effectively control output to influence market price. The production effect, on the other hand, implies that during a slowdown in economic activity, there is greater curtailment of output and a smaller reduction in price of products produced by more concentrated industries (henceforth referred to as MCIs). This tendency of a monopolist to restrict output and charge higher prices is generally described as one of the static allocative effects of monopolistic competition and has welfare implications, in that, it leads to a sub-optimal allocation of resources.! For a developing country (LDC) like Pakistan, where there is an acute shortage of manufactured goods, this restriction has obvious drawbacks.


The phenomenon of playing played a role in the thinking of a number of scientists and researchers throughout the ages, and with the development of human societies, human attention to the phenomenon of play as a phenomenon of psychological and social and educational, and the history of human science shows that modern societies looked at the play looks very different from ancient societies. The theories of play have been applied and applied in various fields of science and the arts, such as economics, education, behavioral and skills development, medicine and psychotherapy. As for the field of art and applied design, there has been a doctrine supporting the importance of play and its role in the creative process, which sees art in its origin as play, and here lies the importance of research in guiding design thought in advertising to the importance of play, fun and pleasure in the design of advertising messages, During a new visual vision, namely "Play Signals" and how they affect the interaction between the advertisement and the audience received.Results: the play philosophy of the creative designer provides a way of thinking that enables him to create unlimited design solutions outside the expected, and aims to achieve some positive communication between the recipient and the advertisement.  The play philosophy is designed to design the majority of the advertising message (profitability - non-profit), to promote the concept of social marketing emotional in relation to the non-profit message, in addition to create a positive correlation with the brand in the case of messages profitability.Play signals is a visual vision to apply the concept and philosophy of play in the design of advertising as a form of mass communication, especially with regard to communication situations hopeless.  Play signals are visual elements emotionally exciting, achieve what is known as indirect emotional contact.  Play signals are to employ the expressive values of the free and automatic arts, and to employ the types, tools and elements of the game in the design of advertising.Check the play in the design of the Declaration of what is known as the principle of "design fun" which the recipient feels a certain amount of emotional pleasure, and mental during the exposure of the advertisement, even in the case of critical or painful messages.


Studies showing that degenerative spondylolisthesis is 4 to 5 times more common in females than in males have suggested that hormonal influences account for this gender difference. Estrogen has been shown to play a role in other instabilities, such as those of the anterior cruciate ligament and the shoulder capsular ligaments, and estrogen receptors have been identified in these tissues. We wanted to assess facet joint capsular ligaments for the presence of such receptors. Accordingly, we collected facet joint capsular ligaments from 14 consecutive patients undergoing lumbar spinal fusion. Tissue sample analysis was performed by immunohistology using prediluted estrogen monoclonal antibody (Vantana) and automated immunostaining on a Vantana instrument. None of the specimens analyzed contained estrogen receptors. We conclude that, though degenerative spondylolisthesis may have hormonal influences, estrogen seems not to play a direct role in its development.


This study aims to find out whether there is any positive relationship among locus of control and academic achievement of High school students in Puducherry region from a study on 380 school students. Locus of control scale developed by Levenson (1973) was used to collect the data. Results revealed significant difference was not observed in internal, external, and chance locus of control among male and female students, where female students received higher mean scores for the internal, external, and chance locus of control than the male students. The students on the subjects of English, Mathematics, and Science showed significant difference on the internal locus of control with (F=6.358, P<0.05) and significant difference was not observed on the external and chance locus of control. Chance locus of control with r = 0.138 on the meaningful level of P<0.01 and internal locus of control with r = 0.112 on the meaningful level of P<0.05 had a significant and positive relationship with the academic achievement of school students.


Different cultivars differ inherently in their response to drought and those cultivars best adapted to growth in arid and semiarid conditions form the most uniform and vigorous stands when grown under water deficits. The seeds of five wheat cultivars (GA-2002, Chakwal-97, Uqab-2000, Chakwal-50 and Wafaq-2001) were subjected to five different levels of osmotic stress; 0 bars (distilled water, control), -2, -4, -6 and -8 bars to assess the effect of osmotic stress on germination percentage, mean germination time, coleoptile length, proline and sugar amounts. The investigations were performed as factorial experiments under complete randomized design (CRD). Germination percentage, mean germination time and coleoptile length were shown to decrease with increasing osmotic stress, whereas a progressive increase in proline and sugar content were observed with increasing osmotic stress. The response of five cultivars examined under various levels of osmotic stress differed dramatically. Chakwal-50 and GA-2002 were amongst best performers, showing high germination rate, longest coleoptile length, highest proline values and sugar contents when compared with other cultivars under stress conditions. These were proven to be the most tolerant cultivars. Performance of  Wafaq-2001 and Uqab-2000 were poor when compared to the other cultivars under limited water stress conditions. Key words : Wheat, Triticum aestivum, water stress, osmotic stress, proline, sugar, seedling, germination.


The aim of this article is to compare higher education (HE) research in South Africa with developments in the field of HE research internationally. This will be done by means of a content analysis of HE scholarly articles published locally compared with those published internationally during the decade from 2001 to 2010. While local HE scholarship now seems to be more aligned with international HE scholarship than was the case some two decades ago, there are indications that HE scholarship in South Africa allows itself be dictated to by the current societal status quo, and that critical scholarship is not as thriving as was the case two decades ago. In the light of this dangerous development, the article concludes with three suggestions for further research regarding the integration of local HE scholarship with international HE research.


This chapter seeks to critically revisit existing third party logistics (3PL) purchasing literature with the aim of bridging the gap between academic research and industry practice regarding logistics outsourcing. This is achieved by focusing on hitherto under-emphasized issues (in the academic literature) relating to the role of the service provider, as opposed to that of the buyer, in 3PL exchange design and management, and the dynamics of the outsourcing process. Drawing on recent developments and practices in the 3PL industry and two in-depth case studies of logistics outsourcing, the study suggests that, under increasing complexity and uncertainty levels, the service provider in interaction with the buying firm significantly influences service definition, design, and evaluation throughout the outsourcing process. The exchanged service is not determined from the outset of the outsourcing process but it is (re)shaped in an iterative and ongoing fashion. Based on such findings, the chapter calls for increased emphasis on a dynamic and inter-organizational (buyer-service provider) perspective into the study of logistics outsourcing processes.


Background WHO/Joint United Nations Program on AIDS (UNAIDS) has recommended adult male circumcision (AMC) for the prevention of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men from communities where HIV is hyper endemic and AMC prevalence is low. The aim of this study was to provide evidences on knowledge and attitudes of non-circumcised men with regard to MC, and to determine the willingness to be circumcised among Rwandan men aged 15–59 years. Methods This cross sectional study was part of a large survey conducted in Rwanda in January 2010 by the Ministry of Health, to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding MC in the general population (KAP). The data were collected independent of religions and participants were recruited from all of the five provinces of Rwanda and 29 out of 30 districts were covered The data were collected using quantitative technique and a structured questionnaire written in Kinyarwanda was administered and completed by 1098 men. Findings The study findings showed that the prevalence of circumcision is 16.5% (95% CI 14.3 to 18.7%) in the study population. This proportion is the highest in the City of Kigali (52.5%) and in the Western Province (25.9%). The district of Rusizi in the western Province has the highest rate of circumcised men in our study, compared to other districts (71%). Among 63.3% of circumcised men, the procedure was performed by a healthcare provider. An estimated 50.2% of uncircumcised men would consider being circumcised and 78.5% would support circumcision for their sons and uptake will steadily increase if services are provided. The main reason would be to prevent them to be infected with STIs (including HIV) and Hygiene. The major reasons preventing uncircumcised men to circumcise is being too old for that procedure, the fear of pain and not becoming sexually promiscuous. Conclusion This study demonstrates that male circumcision prevalence in Rwanda remains low although MC is a known and acceptable practice among the study participants. The major barriers to MC acceptability can be removed by effective interventions like education and social mobilisation. Interventions should also target women as they can play a key role in the decision making process about circumcision within their couples and families.


We propose in this paper a novel method for generating the pump and probe signals for a Brillouin fibre sensor. It is based on the injection locking of two distinct semiconductor lasers, that makes possible the generation of high purity beat signals in the microwave frequency range. Such a technique can be used either in the pulsed pump-probe technique or the new correlation-based technique. Furthermore novel devices, such as laser modules presenting integrated electro-absorption modulators, can be exploited for achieving efficient and cost effective injection locking schemes.


OBJECTIVE
To determine safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an inactivated equine rotavirus vaccine.

DESIGN
Prospective randomized controlled trial.

ANIMALS
316 pregnant Thoroughbred mares during the first year of the study and 311 during the second year.

PROCEDURE
During the first year, mares received 3 doses of vaccine or placebo, IM, at 8, 9, and 10 months of gestation. Serum neutralizing antibody titers were measured before vaccination and 1 and 35 days after foaling. Antibody titers were measured in foals 1, 7, 35, 60, 90, and 120 days after birth. During the second year, mares that had been vaccinated the previous year received a single booster dose of vaccine approximately 1 month prior to parturition. Mares that had received the placebo the previous year and mares new to the study received 3 doses of vaccine or placebo. Serum neutralizing antibody titers were measured in samples taken from mares approximately 1 day after foaling and from foals approximately 1 and 60 days after birth.

RESULTS
Adverse reactions were not observed. Antibody titers were significantly increased at the time of foaling and 35 days after foaling in vaccinated, compared with control, mares and for 90 days after birth in foals born to vaccinated, compared with foals born to control, mares. Incidence of rotaviral diarrhea was lower in foals born to vaccinated, compared with foals born to control, mares, but the difference was not significant.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Results suggest that the equine rotavirus vaccine is safe and immunogenic and that reasonable efficacy under field conditions can be expected.


ABSTRACT Menstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a serious illness that afflicts women of premenopausal age worldwide and arises from vaginal infection by Staphylococcus aureus and concurrent production of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). Studies have illustrated the capacity of lactobacilli to reduce S. aureus virulence, including the capacity to suppress TSST-1. We hypothesized that an aberrant microbiota characteristic of pathogenic bacteria would induce the increased production of TSST-1 and that this might represent a risk factor for the development of TSS. A S. aureus TSST-1 reporter strain was grown in the presence of vaginal swab contents collected from women with a clinically healthy vaginal status, women with an intermediate status, and those diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (BV). Bacterial supernatant challenge assays were also performed to test the effects of aerobic vaginitis (AV)-associated pathogens toward TSST-1 production. While clinical samples from healthy and BV women suppressed toxin production, in vitro studies demonstrated that Streptococcus agalactiae and Enterococcus spp. significantly induced TSST-1 production, while some Lactobacillus spp. suppressed it. The findings suggest that women colonized by S. aureus and with AV, but not BV, may be more susceptible to menstrual TSS and would most benefit from prophylactic treatment.


A method is proposed for designing tunable chiral nano-networks using partly hydrogenated graphene ribbons and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In the network, the hydrogenated graphene ribbons (HGRs) act as basic components, which connect each other via CNT joints. Each component contains two HGR segments and an internal graphene joint (G-J2) or CNT joint (CNT-J2). Since the two HGR segments are hydrogenated at opposite surfaces, they may wind in chiral about the internal joint to form a scroll (G-J2-scroll or CNT-J2-scroll) or about the two end joints to form CNT-J4-scrolls. In general, a G-J2-scroll is formed more easily than both a CNT-J4-scroll and a CNT-J2-scroll. Because of scrolling, the surface energy is reduced. This reduction is converted to and stored as deformation potential energy. By means of molecular-dynamics simulations, we studied the final configurations of two types of networks from the same components, the maximum shrinkage, and their capacity of energy storage for potential application of energy storage or as large-deformable components in a nano-device. The results indicate that the network reaches a stable state when the shrinkage reaches 70% of the two in-plane dimensions.


This paper discuss design and implementation wireless sensor network system is used for tow purposes , power management system and protection system. The power management system (PMS) is very important factor to manage and control the electrical power, This system consider important tools to safe the power consumption then due to this system can reduce the power consumption to minimum point, and also its charge of coordinate between power consumption capacity and power production capacity to avoid switch off the street lighting and emergency places such as hospitals. And automatic switch on and switch off the consumers diesel generators, by using successful management power can get to stable and efficient distribution power system. And in this paper discuss how can provide protection to remote terminal units (pole power transformers) and safe the money. The powerful devices that use in this system is ZigBee and microcontroller.


This paper is a defense of Wittgenstein's grammatical observation that 'Iknow I am in pain' is either no more than an emphatic assertion that thespeaker is in pain, or it is philosophers' nonsense. Preparatory to the enterpriseWittgenstein's position, commonly misconstrued, is carefully circumscribed and elaborated. A connective analysis of the concept of knowledge isessayed. Knowledge converges on the category of ability, not of state ormental state. Emphasis is placed on the discourse contexts in which the conceptof knowledge is needed. The semantic field to which the concept ofknowing belongs is sketched. This provides a set of eight conditions againstwhich the sense or lack of sense of 'I know I am in pain' can be determined.Tested against those conditions 'I know that I am in pain' is patently anomalous,and Wittgenstein's analysis is vindicated. Recent objections to Wittgenstein'saccount, including the association of knowing that p with beingable to act for the reason that p, are examined and found wanting.


A large scale application of the CDIO Syllabus in formulation of course and program goals is presented. The application involves all programs and courses within the engineering education at Linkoping University. Key components in the work are course level ITU-matrices for mapping of the course contents to the CDIO Syllabus, and a suggested way to organize suitable verbs for formulation of learning outcomes according to the sections in the CDIO Syllabus


Terrestrial invertebrates are important subsidies to fish diets, though their seasonal dynamics and importance to tropical stream consumers are particularly understudied. In this year-round study of terrestrial invertebrate input to two Trinidadian headwater streams with different forest canopy densities, we sought to (a) measure the mass and composition of terrestrial inputs with fall-in traps to evaluate the influences of seasonality, canopy cover, and rainfall intensity, and; (b) compare terrestrial and benthic prey importance to Anablepsoides hartii (Hart's Rivulus), the dominant invertivorous fish in these streams, by concurrently measuring benthic and drifting invertebrate standing stocks and the volume and composition of invertebrates in Rivulus guts throughout the year. The biomass of terrestrial invertebrate fall-in was 53% higher in the wet versus dry season; in particular, ant input was 320% higher. Ant biomass fall-in also increased with the density of canopy cover among sampling locations within both streams. Greater precipitation correlated with increased ant inputs to the more open-canopied stream and increased inputs of winged insects in the more closed canopy stream. Concurrently, the biomass of benthic invertebrates was reduced by more than half in the wet season in both streams. We detected no differences in the total volume of terrestrial prey in Rivulus diets between seasons, though ants were a greater proportion of their diet in the wet season. In contrast, benthic prey were nearly absent from Rivulus diets in the wet season in both streams. We conclude that terrestrial invertebrates are a substantial year-round prey subsidy for invertivores in tropical stream ecosystems like those we studied, which may contrast to most temperate streams where such terrestrial inputs are significantly reduced in the cold season. Interestingly, the strongest seasonal pattern in these tropical streams was observed in benthic invertebrate biomass which was greatly reduced and almost absent from Rivulus diets during the wet season. This pattern is essentially the inverse of the pattern observed in many temperate streams and highlights the need for additional studies in tropical ecosystems to better understand how spatial and temporal variation in terrestrial subsidies and benthic prey populations combine to influence consumer diets and the structure of tropical stream food webs.


An assay was developed to study plant receptor kinase activation and signaling mechanisms. The extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and transmembrane domains of the Arabidopsis receptor kinase BRI1, which is implicated in brassinosteroid signaling, were fused to the serine/threonine kinase domain of XA21, the rice disease resistance receptor. The chimeric receptor initiates plant defense responses in rice cells upon treatment with brassinosteroids. These results, which indicate that the extracellular domain of BRI1 perceives brassinosteroids, suggest a general signaling mechanism for the LRR receptor kinases of plants. This system should allow the discovery of ligands for the LRR kinases, the largest group of plant receptor kinases.


This study used a statewide longitudinal sample to examine mathematics achievement gaps and growth in students with and without disabilities and to examine the impact of different methods of determining disability group membership on achievement gaps and growth. When disability status was determined on the basis of special education placement each year, the achievement gap was larger across grades than when the subgroup of students with disabilities (SWDs) was defined more broadly, including students who had exited special education or who were in special education anytime between Grades 3 and 7. Regardless of the identification criteria, the SWD subgroup showed lower average achievement and slower growth than students without disabilities. The results suggest that the present way of identifying the SWD subgroup in reporting achievement outcomes may be biased and that even students who exit special education continue to be at risk for lower mathematics achievement.


Cachexia is a frequent problem in cancer patients associated with mortality and morbidity since it causes death, reduced therapy effectiveness, as well as decreased quality of life. Cachexia emerges from interactions of several factors, namely metabolic effect of cancer cells, factors released by cancer cells, cytokines release from host cell in response to tumors, and side effects of therapies. Combination of these factors contributes to anorexia, decreased body fat and muscle, and weight loss. Unfortunately, there is no gold standard for treatment of cachexia. Several studies found that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) might improve cancer cachexia. It has potential blocking effects on several cachexia underlying factors. It may reverse weight loss, increase lean body mass, and improve the efficacy of therapy and the quality of life. The objective of this literature review is to describe and give basic understanding of EPA as adjuvant for cancer cachexia. Keywords: Cachexia, cancer, EPA DOI: 10.15850/ijihs.v3n1.399


RaMDry (Rangeland Model in Drylands) has been developped to study the dynamic use of forage ressources by ruminant herbivores in arid/semi-arid savanna rangelands with particular emphasis on effects of change of climate and management.
The model simulates the foraging activitives of herbivore (in its initial version only zebu cattle) herds in a heterogeneous environment consisting of several forms of land use and grasslands of two different grass species compositions over the run of the years.
Seasonal dynamics thereby affects the amount and the nutritional values of the available grass biomass.
A link of the vegetation regrowth with climatic data (daily precipitation and temperature) supports the study of effects of climatic change on the sustainability of rangeland management practices.

A detailed description of the model and the simulated processes (including the ODD protocol) can be found in the following publication:
Fust & Schlecht (2017) Integrating spatio-temporal variation in resource availability and herbivore movements into rangeland management: RaMDry - an agent-based model on livestock feeding ecology in a dynamic, heterogeneous, semi-arid environment, Ecological Modelling


Abstract We investigate the shock-induced turbulent mixing between a light and a heavy gas, where a Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) is initiated by a shock wave with Mach number $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mathit{Ma}= 1.5$ . The prescribed initial conditions define a deterministic multimode interface perturbation between the gases, which can be imposed exactly for different simulation codes and resolutions to allow for quantitative comparison. Well-resolved large-eddy simulations are performed using two different and independently developed numerical methods with the objective of assessing turbulence structures, prediction uncertainties and convergence behaviour. The two numerical methods differ fundamentally with respect to the employed subgrid-scale regularisation, each representing state-of-the-art approaches to RMI. Unlike previous studies, the focus of the present investigation is to quantify the uncertainties introduced by the numerical method, as there is strong evidence that subgrid-scale regularisation and truncation errors may have a significant effect on the linear and nonlinear stages of the RMI evolution. Fourier diagnostics reveal that the larger energy-containing scales converge rapidly with increasing mesh resolution and thus are in excellent agreement for the two numerical methods. Spectra of gradient-dependent quantities, such as enstrophy and scalar dissipation rate, show stronger dependences on the small-scale flow field structures as a consequence of truncation error effects, which for one numerical method are dominantly dissipative and for the other dominantly dispersive. Additionally, the study reveals details of various stages of RMI, as the flow transitions from large-scale nonlinear entrainment to fully developed turbulent mixing. The growth rates of the mixing zone widths as obtained by the two numerical methods are ${\sim } t^{7/12}$ before re-shock and ${\sim } (t-t_0)^{2/7}$ long after re-shock. The decay rate of turbulence kinetic energy is consistently ${\sim } (t-t_0)^{-10/7}$ at late times, where the molecular mixing fraction approaches an asymptotic limit $\varTheta \approx 0.85$ . The anisotropy measure $\langle a \rangle _{xyz}$ approaches an asymptotic limit of ${\approx }0.04$ , implying that no full recovery of isotropy within the mixing zone is obtained, even after re-shock. Spectra of density, turbulence kinetic energy, scalar dissipation rate and enstrophy are presented and show excellent agreement for the resolved scales. The probability density function of the heavy-gas mass fraction and vorticity reveal that the light–heavy gas composition within the mixing zone is accurately predicted, whereas it is more difficult to capture the long-term behaviour of the vorticity.


The movement of 47 barchan dunes on the west side of Salton Sea, California, ranged from 325 to 925 feet over the 7 years between 1956 and 1963, an average of 82 feet per year. During the 15 years between 1941 and 1956, the movement of 34 of these dunes ranged between 350 and 1200 feet, an average of 50 feet per year. This difference in average movement during the two intervals is attributed primarily to increased sand supply. Movement (D) plotted against height of slip face (H) for the Salton dunes fits reasonably well with Finkel's reciprocal curve (1/D = n + kH) or with a law of the type D = Pe^(rH). Factors other than height affect the rate of movement, one of the more important being the state of the dune, whether growing or steady state. Barchan shape, whether fat or slim, may also influence the rate of movement of growing dunes. None of these dunes needs be more than 300 years old.


In this paper we have analyzed the number of handover required in different time stamp for a particular user on the quality of service parameters namely handover call blocking probability. This system model is based on the analysis of user mobility profile and assigns a weightage factor to each cell. The mathematical equation of the handover blocking probability derived from stochastic comparisons has-been used to compute upper bounds on dropping handover blocking probability by using Guard channel assignment scheme. A conceptual view is given to reduce the new call blocking probability. We use Dynamic Channel Reservation Scheme that can assign handover-reserved channels to new calls depending on the handover weightage factor to reduce new call blocking probability.


This paper discusses the framework of IT (Information Technology) governance in the public sector organizations and the factors that contribute to the implementation of IT governance in the province of Gorontalo, Indonesia. The problem that occurs is the absence of such a framework which can provide the basis, functions and limits for the efficient use of IT resources, IT strategic alignment and the management of risk in public organizations. Descriptive approach used to identify the processes and the factors that contribute to the implementation of IT governance. This study shows that the form of the IT governance framework ensuring success is related to achieving organizational goals, strategic alignment, resource management, and risk management in the Indonesian public sector, especially to the province of Gorontalo. The strategic role of IT governance can be an effective solution for making more consistent and transparent decisions about strategies and IT investments in public sectors.


One of the most important strategies for improving fuel efficiency and reducing anthropogenic
emissions is vehicle lightweighting by the use of lightweight materials such as Mg and Al alloys
in the automotive industry. The structural application of these alloys inevitably requires the
mechanical properties and their continuous performance improvement to meet the increasingly
stringent safety and durability requirements. An effective method to enhance the deformation
resistance is to alloy with rare-earth (RE) elements for Mg alloys or develop composites with the
addition of reinforcement for Al alloys. The objective of this dissertation was to identify the
effects of RE element and carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforcement on the deformation behavior,
focusing mainly on the deformation mechanisms. The deformation behavior of a RE-free
extruded AZ31 Mg alloy was first studied. It was observed that the propagation of distinct twin
variants led to the confinement of the spaces constrained by the fine twin lamellas. Various
double twinning structures acknowledged through atomistic simulations were experimentally
observed via progressive electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses during stepwise
compression. The vanishing of primary {1121} embryonic twins via the nucleation and growth of
either single or multiple {1012} secondary extension twins was detected, and two new ladder-like
and branching-like twin-twin interaction phenomena were observed. Then a low-RE containing
Mg alloy was exploited via texture and cyclic deformation studies. The addition of 0.2 wt.% Nd
in ZEK100-O Mg alloy led to a weaker basal texture in comparison with AZ31 Mg alloy.
Fatigue life of ZEK100 alloy was longer than that of AZ31 alloy, due to a good combination of
strength with ductility. Asymmetry of hysteresis loops was improved because of texture
weakening and grain refinement, however anelastic behavior largely remained arising from the
presence of twinning and detwinning. The last investigation involved deformation behavior of
CNT reinforced Al composites where the addition of 2.0 wt.% CNT in a 2024Al alloy led to
considerable grain refinement. Deformation resistance of the composite was effectively
enhanced due to CNT load transfer, Hall-Petch strengthening, thermal mismatch and Orowan
looping. In a nutshell, this work constitutes a valuable benchmark for understanding the factors
affecting the performance of two lightweight alloys in the automotive and aerospace applications.


Experiments using active control to reduce oscillations in the flow past a rectangular cavity have uncovered surprising phenomena: in the controlled system, often new frequencies of oscillation appear, and often the main frequency of oscillation is split into two sideband frequencies. The goal of this paper is to explain these effects using physics-based models, and to use these ideas to guide control design. We present a linear model for the cavity flow, based on the physical mechanisms of the familiar Rossiter model. Experimental data indicates that under many operating conditions, the oscillations are not self-sustained, but in fact are caused by amplification of external disturbances. We present some experimental results demonstrating the peak-splitting phenomena mentioned above, use the physics-based model to study the phenomena, and discuss fundamental performance limitations which limit the achievable performance of any control scheme.


The Icelandic crust is a product of its unique tectonic setting, where the interaction of an ascending mantle plume and the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge has caused elevated mantle melting, with the melt accreted and cooled in the crust to form an oceanic plateau. We investigate the strength and orientation of seismic anisotropy in the upper crust of the Northern Volcanic Zone using local earthquake shear‐wave splitting, with a view to understanding how the contemporary stress field may influence sub‐wavelength structure and processes. This is achieved using a data set comprising > $ > $ 50,000 earthquakes located in the top 10 km of the crust, recorded by up to 70 stations over a 9 year period. We find that anisotropy is largely confined to the top 3–4 km of the crust, with an average delay time of 0.10 ± 0.05 s, and an average orientation of the fast axis of anisotropy of N014°E ± 27°, which is perpendicular to the spreading direction of the Eurasian and North American plates (N106°E). These results are consistent with the presence of rift‐parallel cracks that gradually close with depth, the preferential opening of which is controlled by the regional stress field. Lateral variations in the strength of shear wave anisotropy (SWA) reveal that regions with the highest concentrations of earthquakes have the highest SWA values (∼10%), which reflects the presence of significant brittle deformation. Disruption of the orientation of the fast axis of anisotropy around Askja volcano can be related to local stress changes caused by underlying magmatic processes.


RNA viruses are responsible for the vast majority of diseases affecting vertebrates and invertebrates. One of the largest single groupings of RNA viruses have been classified in the family Picornaviridae. The prototype member of the Picornaviridae is poliovirus, though rhinovirus (causative agent of the common cold) and foot and mouth disease virus have in recent years been more economically significant to developed countries. Since the early 1980's poliovirus has provided a useful model for understanding the replication of the Picornaviridae and less amenable RNA viruses, like the human caliciviruses and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Within this study, an attempt was made to further the current understanding of picornavirus replication by investigating viral RNA and protein-RNA interactions involved in the replication of poliovirus. To achieve this, three approaches were used: (i) interactions between the viral replication proteins and the RNA were studied using the yeast three-hybrid system, (ii) regions of suppression of variation at synonymous sites identified, within aligned Human Enterovurus genomes using a bioinformatic package were studied using a subgenomic replicon system and (iii) an attempt was made to further the current understanding of the interaction between the viral polymerase and the 3'UTR by characterising the N18Y mutation previously documented by Meredith et al (Meredith et al., 1999). To investigate the regions of the genome and anti-genome with which the viral proteins, interacted, using the yeast three-hybrid system, a cDNA library was created that enabled expression of hybrid RNAs that contained fusions of 100-200bp fragments of the poliovirus genome with the MS2 coat protein-binding sites. In addition to the hybrid RNA, the yeast three-hybrid system involves the expression of two fusion proteins (i) a fusion of the GAL4 binding domain and the MS2 coat protein and (ii) the viral protein to be investigated (3CDpro, 3Dpol, 3AB or 2C) fused with the GAL4 activation domain. Transformants were selected but analysis of these failed to provide evidence for any specific interaction between the viral proteins and the poliovirus RNA (although expression of the non-structural proteins could be detected by western blotting). The second approach used to identify RNA sequences or structures of functional importance was more fruitful. A bioinformatics package that recognises phylogenetically conserved sequences identified a region of the poliovirus genome (nt 6768-7148) that showed suppression of variation at synonymous sites. Predictions about the structure of the RNA at this specific location were used to plan mutagenesis studies. Mutations that disrupted the structure of this region, which lies within the region encoding the viral polymerase, were introduced using asymmetric and overlapping PCR. The effect of introducing these mutations on viral replication was investigated using a luciferase-based subgenomic replicon system. The availability of a reverse genetics system for poliovirus also enabled the effect of the mutations on the phenotype of the virus to be studied within the context of a complete replication cycle. The reduction in the ability of one of the mutants investigated to replicate lead to the identification of a possible species-specific replication element. Although it is possible that this sequence functions as an anatagonist of the immune system or as a membrane-targeting signal sequence it was not possible to verify either of these possibilities within the confines of this study. Identification of the function of this sequence provides an exciting avenue of future work and may provide valuable insight into differences between picornaviruses at the species level. Lastly, 3Dwt and 3DN18Ypolymerases were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and their relative activity was investigated and compared using a variety of biochemical assays (uridylylation, polymerisation and terminal transferase). Although preliminary analysis of 3DN18Y indicated that it led to an increase in the intrinsic polymerisation activity of the polymerase, subsequent analysis has suggested this may relate to differences between the preparations of 3DN18Y and.


Hypothetical conditionals like If you are hungry, your stomach is growling and 'biscuit' conditionals like If you are hungry, there is pizza in the fridge have been analysed as sharing the same syntactic and semantic template, differing only in the presence of an additional pragmatic inference leading to the 'biscuit' effect in the latter case ( Franke 2009 : a.o.). However, when considering their counterfactual versions, the two forms differ in the verbal morphological make-up of the consequent clause, which posits a challenge to the unified approach. The present papers develops an analysis of tense and mood morphology within the unified approach where the key idea is that counterfactuals biscuits involve breaking Sequence of Tense and so-called Sequence of Mood. Unacceptable biscuit and hypothetical forms are ruled out via pragmatic competition between weaker and stronger forms and via the Gricean Principle of Manner.


Table IV referred to previous data from Chen et al. (1996) concerning mutations in domain IV of the sodium channel. However, the numbering system for mutations in domain IV used by Chen et al. (1996) differed from that used in this paper. Therefore, two mutants were labeled incorrectly. Mutant 4R1Q should have been termed 4R0Q, and mutant 4R3Q should have been termed 4R2Q. The corrected table is reprinted below.


We describe a 61 year-old caucasian male diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. He was started on methylprednisolone pulses because of a severe flare of symmetric polyarthritis while he was on weekly intramuscular methotrexate and low-dose oral prednisone. After the second pulse of methylprednisolone the patient suddenly developed severe abdominal pain with free air under the right hemidiaphragm in the chest roentgenogram. The emergency surgery revealed the perforation of a colonic diverticulum. We suggest that methylprednisolone pulses should be carefully used in those patients over 50 years of age and/or people with demonstrated or suspected diverticular disease.


Macrotidal estuaries of the inner Bay of Fundy are utilized by large numbers of migratory fishes, particularly dogfish, sturgeon, herring, shad, Atlantic salmon and striped bass as well as by other migratory marine animals, many of which have large body sizes (squid, Lamnid sharks, seals and whales). Tagging experiments indicate the fishes originate from stocks derived over the entire North American Atlantic coast from Florida to Labrador. Population estimates suggest up to 2.0 times 106adult American shad (Alosa sapidissima) migrate through an individual embayment each year. These migrations are an integral part of the life history of the respective species and appear to be controlled in part by the near shore movements of ocean currents. In other regions of the world similar macrotidal estuaries exist (Cook Inlet, Alaska; Severn Estuary, U.K.) and they, like the Bay of Fundy, are linked in continuum to the local ocean currents. We propose that marine animals utilize all these regions in a manner similar to the Bay of Fundy estuaries and properly designed surveys will reveal their presence. Fish passage studies utilizing the Annapolis estuary low-head, tidal turbine on the Bay of Fundy have shown that turbine related mortality of 20–80% per passage occurs depending on fish species, fish size and the efficiency of turbine operation. We suggest that introduction of tidal turbines into open ocean current systems will cause widespread impact on marine populations resulting in significant declines in abundance.


This paper presents Warped-Compression, a warp-level register compression scheme for reducing GPU power consumption. This work is motivated by the observation that the register values of threads within the same warp are similar, namely the arithmetic differences between two successive thread registers is small. Removing data redundancy of register values through register compression reduces the effective register width, thereby enabling power reduction opportunities. GPU register files are huge as they are necessary to keep concurrent execution contexts and to enable fast context switching. As a result register file consumes a large fraction of the total GPU chip power. GPU design trends show that the register file size will continue to increase to enable even more thread level parallelism. To reduce register file data redundancy warped-compression uses low-cost and implementationefficient base-delta-immediate (BDI) compression scheme, that takes advantage of banked register file organization used in GPUs. Since threads within a warp write values with strong similarity, BDI can quickly compress and decompress by selecting either a single register, or one of the register banks, as the primary base and then computing delta values of all the other registers, or banks. Warped-compression can be used to reduce both dynamic and leakage power. By compressing register values, each warp-level register access activates fewer register banks, which leads to reduction in dynamic power. When fewer banks are used to store the register content, leakage power can be reduced by power gating the unused banks. Evaluation results show that register compression saves 25% of the total register file power consumption.


An optical measurement method of radial displacement of a ring sample during its expansion with velocity of the order 172 m/s and estimation technique of plastic flow stress of a ring material on basis of the obtained experimental data are presented in the work. To measure the ring motion during the expansion process, the Phantom v12 digital high-speed camera was applied, whereas the specialized TEMA Automotive software was used to analyze the obtained movies. Application of the above-mentioned tools and the developed measuring procedure of the ring motion recording allowed to obtain reliable experimental data and calculation results of plastic flow stress of a copper ring with satisfactory accuracy.


This thesis investigates Häggkvist & Hell graphs. These graphs are an extension of the idea of Kneser graphs, and as such share many attributes with them. A variety of original results on many different properties of these graphs are given. We begin with an examination of the transitivity and structural properties of Häggkvist & Hell graphs. Capitalizing on the known results for Kneser graphs, the exact values of girth, odd girth, and diameter are derived. We also discuss subgraphs of Häggkvist & Hell graphs that are isomorphic to subgraphs of Kneser graphs. We then give some background on graph homomorphisms before giving some explicit homomorphisms of Häggkvist & Hell graphs that motivate many of our results. Using the theory of equitable partitions we compute some eigenvalues of these graphs. Moving on to independent sets we give several bounds including the ratio bound, which is computed using the least eigenvalue. A bound for the chromatic number is given using the homomorphism to the Kneser graphs, as well as a recursive bound. We then introduce the concept of fractional chromatic number and again give several bounds. Also included are tables of the computed values of these parameters for some small cases. We conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of our results, and give some interesting open problems.


Emoji are popular in digital communication, but they are rendered differently on different viewing platforms (e.g., iOS, Android). It is unknown how many people are aware that emoji have multiple renderings, or whether they would change their emoji-bearing messages if they could see how these messages render on recipients' devices. We developed software to expose the multi-rendering nature of emoji and explored whether this increased visibility would affect how people communicate with emoji. Through a survey of 710 Twitter users who recently posted an emoji-bearing tweet, we found that at least 25% of respondents were unaware that the emoji they posted could appear differently to their followers. Additionally, after being shown how one of their tweets rendered across platforms, 20% of respondents reported that they would have edited or not sent the tweet. These statistics reflect millions of potentially regretful tweets shared per day because people cannot see emoji rendering differences across platforms. Our results motivate the development of tools that increase the visibility of emoji rendering differences across platforms, and we contribute our cross-platform emoji rendering software to facilitate this effort.


Glossy and matte objects can be differentiated using specular highlights: bright patches in the retinal image produced when light rays are reflected regularly from smooth surfaces. However, bright patches also occur on matte objects, due to local illumination or reflectance changes. Binocular vision provides information that could distinguish specular highlights from other luminance discontinuities; unlike surface markings, specular highlights lie not at the surface depth, but "float" in front of concave surfaces and behind convex ones. We ask whether observers implicitly understand and exploit the peculiarities of specular geometry for gloss and shape perception. Our participants judged the glossiness and shape of curved surfaces that included specular highlights at various depths. Observers demonstrated substantial deviations from a full geometric model of specular reflection. Concave surfaces appeared glossy both when highlights lay in front of and (incorrectly) behind the surface. Failings in the interpretation of monocular highlights were also apparent. Highlight disparity had no effect on shape perception. However, the perceived gloss of convex surfaces did follow geometric constraints: only highlights at appropriate depths produced high gloss ratings. We suggest, in contrast with previous work, that the visual system invokes simple heuristics as gloss indicators to accommodate complex reflections and inter-reflections that occur particularly inside concavities.


Consumer reviews, web atmospherics, and other specific exogenous factors currently play a key role in everyone's purchase decisions, and thus the proposed research will include efforts of the researcher to analyse the impact of online consumer reviews, web atmospherics, and exogenous factors on consumer behaviours and their purchase decisions. In brief, it is observed that more and more consumers are now making their decisions based on product- related reviews available on the internet before they buy a product, and thus the proposed research will endeavour to analyse such an impact by using both secondary and primary research methodology to fulfil the aims and objectives of the research. The aim of this research is to evaluate the collective influence of web atmospherics, consumers' reviews and ratings, and major exogenous forces on consumer behaviours and their purchase decisions, and to explore possible inter-linkages between these three factors within the process.

The study will seek the opinions of specialists and web marketers on this topic, and will utilise secondary research to gather information concerning the significance of web atmospherics on consumer behaviour. The study will explore how access to web atmospherics impacts on consumer reviews/ratings and its eventual influence on consumer purchasing behaviour. For this study, the data will be collected using a survey for respondents who sell and purchase goods online, not involving the opinions of buyers who have no experience of online purchases. Geographically, this research will only be conducted in UK.

A generic model that studies the combined effects of these three factors on the e-tail purchase decision is introduced in this research, providing a visual overview of these primary impact factors including web atmospherics, consumer reviews and exogenous factors. Although each of these dimensions has been independently shown to impact on behavioural outcomes, this study will provide a comprehensive analysis, incorporating these factors to Page 5 of 241 create a more accurate model of behavioural affectation. This detailed framework is a combination of multiple concepts and models, combining different factors that have not yet been explored collectively in any prior research. The outcomes of this research will yield a comprehensive study which considers all the factors that could possibly shape online consumer behaviour.

The current study conducted a major survey of a sample of over 500 participants from the online shopping community in the UK, as a global leading economy. The study claims that it has achieved such a collective approach using the analysis of various factors (represented here by web atmospherics, customers' reviews, and many other external factors), these being analysed together in realistic real-life conditions, as was attempted previously. The study findings bridge a gap in knowledge in several different facets that can benefit various parties who are usually involved with the online shopping industry. Thus, this research will be beneficial to the managers of online stores to assess the effectiveness of their online purchase services. Not only for managers, the quality of such services is also brought to light for the benefit of customers, organisations and researchers, and consequently to the global Internet shopper community, which is expanding exponentially in numbers and locations. The results of the research are also expected to contribute to the design and development of proper online shopping services, in terms of policies, privacy, security, trust, information provision, navigation and procedures in the area of online services needed by the users. To conclude, the current research contributes to exploring consumer satisfaction, purchasing and repeated purchasing via online stores' websites, as seen from different angles within a major economy of the world.


Event exploration is the process of exploring a topologically known environment to gather information about dynamic events in this environment. Using multi-robot systems for event exploration brings major challenges such as finding and communicating relevant information. This paper presents a solution to these challenges in the form of a distributed decision-theoretic model called MAPING (Multi-Agent Planning for INformation Gathering), in which each agent computes a communication and an exploration strategy by assessing the relevance of an observation for another agent. The agents use an extended belief state that contains not only their own beliefs but also approximations of other agents' beliefs. MAPING includes a forgetting mechanism to ensure that the event-exploration remains open-ended. To overcome the resolution complexity due to the extended belief state we use a method based on the well-known adopted assumption of variables independence. We evaluate our approach on different event exploration problems with varying complexity. The experimental results on simulation show the effectiveness of MAPING, its ability to scale up and its ability to face real-word applications.


The global epidemic of obesity is closely linked to the development of serious co-morbidities, including many forms of cancer. Epidemiological evidence consistently shows that obesity is associated with a similar or mildly increased incidence of prostate cancer but, more prominently, an increased risk for aggressive prostate cancer and prostate cancer-specific mortality. Studies in mice demonstrate that obesity induced by high-fat feeding increases prostate cancer progression; however, the mechanisms underpinning this relationship remain incompletely understood. Adipose tissue expansion in obesity leads to local tissue dysfunction and is associated with low-grade inflammation, alterations in endocrine function and changes in lipolysis that result in increased delivery of fatty acids to tissues of the body. The human prostate gland is covered anteriorly by the prominent peri-prostatic adipose tissue and laterally by smaller adipose tissue depots that lie directly adjacent to the prostatic surface. We discuss how the close association between dysfunctional adipose tissue and prostate epithelial cells might result in bi-directional communication to cause increased prostate cancer aggressiveness and progression. However, the literature indicates that several 'mainstream' hypotheses regarding obesity-related drivers of prostate cancer progression are not yet supported by a solid evidence base and, in particular, are not supported by experiments using human tissue. Understanding the links between obesity and prostate cancer will have major implications for the health policy for men with prostate cancer and the development of new therapeutic or preventative strategies.


This article analyzes the Korean [X-ko iss-ta] construction from the perspective of construal-based semantics, where the speaker's choice and the grammatical context play an important role. The [X-ko iss-ta] construction exhibits ambiguity between the Progressive and the Resultant meanings. I argue that the Progressive reading is associated with the accomplishment construal of the construction, while the Resultant reading is associated with the achievement construal. I further argue that this type of alternative construal is motivated by the granularity observed ubiquitously in our everyday language. In terms of the function of -ko iss-, I argue that it segments out a smaller portion of the profiled semantic contour for focused viewing — an advantageous perspective from which to analyze stative verbs. My construal-based semantic analysis overcomes difficulties left by the previous proposals on the same topic.


A 24 year old man, recently known to have hypertension was admitted to our hospital for acute shortness of breath with central chest pain. His investigations revealed end stage renal disease with a normochromic normocytic anaemia. There was cardiomegaly on his chest radiograph and initial echocardiography did not reveal a pericardial effusion. Haemodialysis was initiated and his renal profile steadily improved. His serial chest radiographs from day 10 post hemodialysis showed increasing heart size. Echocardiography revealed a new pericardial effusion without the signs of pericardial tamponade.His pericardial effusion was completely resolved 4 weeks after admission with more intensive haemodialysis regimens, including daily short dialysis. This supports the notion that patients with uremic pericarditis resolve rapidly with intensive dialysis.


OBJECTIVE: It is well known that Function Point Analysis suffers from several problems. In particular, the measurement criteria and procedure are not defined precisely. Even the object of the measurement is not defined precisely: it is given by whatever set of documents and information representing the user requirements. As a consequence, measurement needs to be performed by an "expert", who can compensate the lack of precision of the method with the knowledge of common practices and interpretations. The paper aims at evaluating a methodology for function point measurement based on the representation of the system through UML models: this methodology aims at providing a precise definition of the object of the measurement, as well as the measurement procedure and rules.

METHODS: An experimental application of the methodology is presented. A set of analysts (having different degrees of experience) were trained in the methodology and were then given the same requirements to model. The resulting models were measured by a few measurers, also trained in UML model-based counting.

RESULTS: The results show that the variability of the FP measure is small compared to the one obtained after applying "plain" FPA, as described in the literature. More precisely, whereas the influence of the modeller on the result appears to be negligible (i.e., a counter gets the same results from different models of the same application), the variability due to the measurer is more significant (i.e., different counters get different results from the same model), but still small when compared to the results reported in the literature on FPA.

CONCLUSIONS: The number of data points that we were able to collect was not big enough to allow reliable conclusions from a rigorous statistical viewpoint. Nevertheless, the results of the experiment tend to confirm that the considered technique decreases noticeably the variability of FP measures.


A brief review is given of the results obtained and published in 2003–2007 by IChPM and IPPE during their joint study and modeling of Ge:Ga, Ge:Sb, GaSb:Te, InP:S single crystal growth from stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric melts on board the Photon satellite series. The use of microgravity is shown to be justified and holding promise for research into the structural self-organization processes (cluster forming) taking place within the transient layer of the melt during the solidification. The mathematical model of convective heat and mass transfer taking into account the dual-phase character of matter in the boundary layers near the interface has been created and used as an independent tool for the study of such processes. Prospects are discussed for this new area of space material science.


Variable stiffness actuators are a class of actuators with the capability of changing their apparent output stiffness independently from the actuator output position. This is achieved by introducing internally a number of compliant elements, and internal actuated degrees of freedom that determine how these compliant elements are perceived at the actuator output. The introduction of a mechanical compliance introduces intrinsic, passive oscillatory behavior to the system, but rather than trying to minimize this effect, the question arises if it can be exploited for the actuation of periodic motions. In this work, we propose a strategy to control the variable stiffness actuator optimally, with respect to a cost criterion, to a desired periodic motion of the output. In particular, the cost criterion provides a measure of embodiment of the desired behavior in the passive behavior of the variable stiffness actuator, i.e., the variable stiffness actuator is controlled such that its passive behavior is as close as possible to the desired behavior and thus that the control effort is minimized.


This article addresses the development of a control system design methodology to make control courses easier to understand. The methodology can be handled in four stages: Modeling, controller design and tuning of the controller gains, simulation, and experimental studies. A PC‐based control system environment is chosen to help students/researchers understand the control system both theoretically and experimentally. An electro‐hydraulic system is used for training. Such fluid power systems are widely used in the industrial area and combine different engineering system properties. First, a system is defined by a mathematical model and simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink environment. An easy to use toolbox, Simscape/Simhydraulics, is used to facilitate the modeling phase in simulation of the hydraulic system. Next, the design of the feedback controller is proposed. Basic controllers in control education, such as proportional + derivative + integral (PID) and a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), are utilized, and the gains of the controllers are tuned with a simplified method according to the given design criteria. The proposed tuning method can also be useful for overdamped or first‐order systems. Time and frequency responses of the system are obtained and evaluated. The experimental studies are conducted on a hydraulic control system at the Automatic Control Laboratory of the Mechanical Engineering Department of Uludağ University. This work aims to train engineering students/researchers both theoretically and practically regarding PC‐based control system design and fluid power systems.


Toothed whales (crown Odontoceti) are unique among mammals in their ability to echolocate underwater, using specialized tissue structures. The melon, a structure composed of fat and connective tissue, is an important component in the production of an echolocation beam; it is known to focus high frequency, short duration echolocation clicks. Here, we report on the morphology of the odontocete melon to provide a comprehensive understanding of melon structure across odontocete taxa. This study examined nine odontocete species (12 individual specimens), from five of the ten extant odontocete families. We established standardized definitions using computed tomography scans of the melon to investigate structure without losing geometric integrity. The morphological features that relate to the focusing capacity of the melon include internal density topography, melon size and shape, and relationship to other forehead structures. The potential for melon structure to act as a filter is discussed: establishing a lower limit to the frequency of sounds that can be propagated through the head. Collectively, the results of this study provide a robust, quantitative and comparative framework for evaluating tissue structures that form a key component of the echolocation apparatus.


The Optical File Cabinet (OFC) is patterned after a conventional office file cabinet where all versions of a stored item are retained, but the current version of each item is the easiest to find. The OFC retains the favorable aspects of write-once optical disks while preserving the existing relationship between the operating system and the file system. Alternate approaches to write-once storage and the characteristics of write-once optical disks are described. The salient features of the OFC are examined, namely, the file system tree, growing data structures, and the large memory requirement. The relationship between the OFC and the operating system is discussed. Also considered are reliability, the user-level software interface, long-term storage, simulating the OFC, and implementation of the OFC on a Tektronix 4404 engineering workstation.<<ETX>>


Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threatens global public health and economy. In order to develop safe and effective vaccines, suitable animal models must be established. Here we report the rapid adaption of SARS-CoV-2 in BALB/c mice, based on which a convenient, economical and effective animal model was developed. Specifically, we found that mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 at passage 6 (MACSp6) efficiently infected both aged and young wild-type BALB/c mice, resulting in moderate pneumonia as well as inflammatory responses. The elevated infectivity of MACSp6 in mice could be attributed to the substitution of a key residue (N501Y) in the receptorbinding domain (RBD). Using this novel animal model, we further evaluated the in vivo protective efficacy of an RBD-based SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine, which elicited highly potent neutralizing antibodies and conferred full protection against SARS-CoV-2 MACSp6 challenge. This novel mouse model is convenient and effective in evaluating the in vivo protective efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Summary This study describes a unique mouse model for SARS-CoV-2 infection and confirms protective efficacy of a SARS-CoV-2 RBD subunit vaccine.


When aggregating preferences of multiple agents, strategyproofness is a fundamental requirement. For randomized voting rules, so-called social decision schemes (SDSs), strategyproofness is usually formalized with the help of utility functions. A classic result shown by Gibbard in 1977 characterizes the set of SDSs that are strategyproof with respect to all utility functions and shows that these SDSs are either indecisive or unfair. For finding more insights into the trade-off between strategyproofness and decisiveness, we propose the notion of U -strategyproofness which requires that only voters with a utility function in the set U cannot manipulate. In particular, we show that if the utility functions in U value the best alternative much more than other alternatives, there are U strategyproof SDSs that choose an alternative with probability 1 whenever all but k voters rank it first. We also prove for rank-based SDSs that this large gap in the utilities is required to be strategyproof and that the gap must increase in k. On the negative side, we show that U -strategyproofness is incompatible with Condorcet-consistency if U satisfies minimal symmetry conditions and there are at least four alternatives. For three alternatives, the Condorcet rule can be characterized based on U strategyproofness for the set U containing all equidistant utility functions.


Background and Objectives Some evidence suggests that bisphosphonates may reduce atherosclerosis, while concerns have been raised about atrial fibrillation. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the effects of bisphosphonates on total adverse cardiovascular (CV) events, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and CV death in adults with or at risk for low bone mass. Methods A systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE through July 2014 identified 58 randomized controlled trials with longer than 6 months in duration that reported CV events. Absolute risks and the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of total CV events, atrial fibrillation, MI, stroke, and CV death were estimated. Subgroup analyses by follow-up duration, population characteristics, bisphosphonate types, and route were performed. Results Absolute risks over 25–36 months in bisphosphonate-treated versus control patients were 6.5% versus 6.2% for total CV events; 1.4% versus 1.5% for atrial fibrillation; 1.0% versus 1.2% for MI; 1.6% versus 1.9% for stroke; and 1.5% versus 1.4% for CV death. Bisphosphonate treatment up to 36 months did not have any significant effects on total CV events (14 trials; ORs [95% CI]: 0.98 [0.84–1.14]; I2 = 0.0%), atrial fibrillation (41 trials; 1.08 [0.92–1.25]; I2 = 0.0%), MI (10 trials; 0.96 [0.69–1.34]; I2 = 0.0%), stroke (10 trials; 0.99 [0.82–1.19]; I2 = 5.8%), and CV death (14 trials; 0.88 [0.72–1.07]; I2 = 0.0%) with little between-study heterogeneity. The risk of atrial fibrillation appears to be modestly elevated for zoledronic acid (6 trials; 1.24 [0.96–1.61]; I2 = 0.0%), not for oral bisphosphonates (26 trials; 1.02 [0.83–1.24]; I2 = 0.0%). The CV effects did not vary by subgroups or study quality. Conclusions Bisphosphonates do not have beneficial or harmful effects on atherosclerotic CV events, but zoledronic acid may modestly increase the risk of atrial fibrillation. Given the large reduction in fractures with bisphosphonates, changes in osteoporosis treatment decision due to CV risk are not justified.


Population differences in body condition, parasitic burden, hematology, and serum biochemistry of free-living tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) are presented and compared to studies reporting values in captive tammar wallabies. The nutritional distinction in the composition and quality of the available vegetation on Garden Island produces 3 sub-populations that differ in their human disturbance, body condition, rates of reproduction, and survival, providing unique opportunities to examine condition-related health parameters in free-living wallabies. Our results show several hematology analytes (in particular, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration), all the measured serum biochemistry analytes (urea, creatinine, triglycerides, and albumin), and total gastrointestinal parasite burden are significantly associated with body condition (body mass index), providing reliable indices of wallaby condition and habitat quality. The means and standard errors for hematology analytes (in particular, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) and all serum biochemistry values for free-ranging wallabies lie below and outside of reference ranges for captive wallabies, despite the naval base sub-population benefiting from human modified habitats with a consistent availability of food. This indicates that free-ranging tammar wallabies may be suffering from some challenges that captive wallabies do not face. The hematology and serum biochemistry values coupled with body condition indices suggest wallabies in the south bush sub-population are under greater nutritional stress and suffering from prolonged malnutrition. Examining all parameters in a single year and across years would be beneficial to further investigate habitat differences driving this change to help distinguish if vegetative structure and associated nutritional deficiencies and/or disease are limiting this population. Health monitoring is an integral part of the management of both captive and free-living populations and the data presented here will serve as an effective management tool in assessing the health status of free-living tammar wallabies.


A novel isomer of phosphatidylinositol that differs in the structure of the head group was detected in barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya) seeds. In this paper we describe our efforts to elucidate the structure of the novel isomer. Evidence from a variety of techniques, including chemical modification of in vivo 32Pi- and myo-[3H]inositol-labeled compounds, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, in vivo incorporation of scyllo-[3H]inositol, and enzymatic studies that suggest that the structure is phosphatidylscyllo-inositol (scyllo-PI), is presented. The use of microwave energy to significantly enhance the slow rate of hydrolysis of phosphoinositides is described. The presence of scyllo-PI can be easily overlooked by the methods commonly employed; therefore, experimental considerations important for the detection of scyllo-PI are discussed.


In the midst of the economic crisis sweeping across the European continent, popular support for European integration has become a common theme in political discourse. This article revisits the debate regarding popular support for European integration. Although many journalists, politicians and pundits currently argue that the public is becoming increasingly sceptical of further steps towards integration, this study qualifies that claim and suggests that public opinion towards Europe is best described as ambivalent. Also, it shows that ambivalence regarding European integration is higher in Western than in Central and Eastern Europe. This is probably due to the fact that as citizens in Western Europe have gained more experience with the positive and negative consequences of integration over the years, they have also become more ambivalent about the European project. Rather than suggesting that citizens are by and large turning their backs on Europe, I put forward the view that we seem to be witnessing growing uncertainty about the future scope and depth of the integration process. This, I argue, could be viewed as a natural by-product of experiencing both the virtues and the vices association with membership. Consequently, attitude ambivalence as such may be demonstrative of a maturation of public opinion concerning European integration.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Poor clinical outcomes without notable neuroimaging findings after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) suggest diffuse tissue damage and altered metabolism not observable with conventional MR imaging and CT. In this study, MTBI-associated metabolic changes were assessed over the entire brain by using volumetric proton MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and the findings related to injury and outcome assessments.

METHODS
Fourteen subjects with mild closed head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] scores of 13-15) underwent structural MR imaging and proton MRSI at 1.5 T within 1 month of injury. Distributions of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), total creatine (Cr), and total choline (Cho) were mapped over a wide region of the brain, and metabolite ratios were calculated for 25 regions without MR imaging abnormalities. Results were compared with data from 13 control subjects.

RESULTS
Significant changes (P <.05) were found for some, but not all, brain regions for the average values from all MTBI subjects, with reduced NAA/Cr, increased Cho/Cr, and reduced NAA/Cho. Global NAA/Cho obtained from the sum of all sampled regions in two subjects was significantly reduced. Metabolite ratios were not significantly correlated with GCS score at admission or Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score at 6 months after injury, although they were weakly correlated with GOS score at discharge.

CONCLUSION
These results show evidence of widespread metabolic changes following MTBI in regions that appear normal on diagnostic MR images. Although the association with injury assessment and outcome is weak, this preliminary study demonstrates the applicability of volumetric proton MRSI for evaluating diffuse injury associated with MTBI.


Nine humeral fractures occurred subsequent to 499 shoulder arthroplasties that had been performed between December 1978 and November 1987 at the Mayo Clinic. The time from the arthroplasty to the fracture averaged thirty-nine months (range, eight to 101 months). Seven patients were women and two were men, and the average age was seventy years (range, forty-five to eighty-five years). The arthroplasties were performed for rheumatoid arthritis in five patients and for the sequelae of trauma in four. Six patients had advanced osteopenia, and two had had an ipsilateral total elbow arthroplasty. Six of the fractures were centered at the tip of the prosthesis; one fracture (type A) extended proximally, and five (type B) did not. The three remaining fractures (type C) involved the humeral shaft distal to the implant and extended into the distal humeral metaphysis. Four fractures healed with non-operative treatment. Two fractures that had unacceptable alignment were treated successfully with operative intervention. Three fractures that were treated with immobilization in a splint failed to heal; two of those fractures eventually united after a revision of the prosthesis and bone-grafting was performed, and one fracture remained ununited. Radial nerve palsy developed postoperatively in two patients, and it resolved within three months. Five patients had poor active motion before the fracture, and two of them had even less motion after the fracture was treated. Our experience suggests that long oblique and spiral fractures can be successfully treated non-operatively, provided that the skeletal alignment is acceptable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)