Idiomatic expressions are problematic for most sentiment analysis approaches, which rely on words as the basic linguistic unit. Compositional solutions for phrase sentiment are not able to handle idioms correctly because their sentiment is not derived from the sentiment of the individual words. Previous work has explored the importance of idioms for sentiment analysis, but has not addressed the breadth of idiomatic expressions in English. In this paper we present an approach for collecting sentiment annotation of idiomatic multiword expressions using crowdsourcing. We collect 10 annotations for each idiom and the aggregated label is shown to have good agreement with expert annotations. We describe the resulting publicly available lexicon and how it captures sentiment strength and ambiguity. The Sentiment Lexicon of IDiomatic Expressions (SLIDE) is much larger than previous idiom lexicons. The lexicon includes 5,000 frequently occurring idioms, as estimated from a large English corpus. The idioms were selected from Wiktionary, and over 40% of them were labeled as sentiment-bearing.


During the First World War, an estimated 10 million people, mostly in Europe, were displaced internally and internationally. With the 'free to migrate concept', refugees' resettlement across Europe was considered peaceful, as hospitable host nations received people fleeing from war and violence. By the Second World War, the idea of 'free migration' of refugees was discarded, as approximately 11-20 million people, mostly in Europe, fled genocide, ethnic cleansing, and violent military attacks. The hatred for displaced peoples, which was prompted by Nazi Germany's extermination of six million Jews, garnered enough sympathy to resettle those fleeing into the United States and other countries in Europe. By the end of the 1980s, BS Chimni argues that refugee flows in Europe and those from the Global South were perceived as different – a concept he terms 'The Myth of Difference'. The Myth Of Difference is apparent in the prejudice that guided the conceptual framework of the international refugee law regime, where displaced peoples outside of Europe were blatantly excluded from the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951.


Dialogue agents are often designed with the tacit assumption that at any time, there is only one agent and one human, and that their communication channel is exclusive. We are interested in evaluating complications that arise when multiple heterogeneous dialogue agents interact with one or more human interlocutors, and their communication channel is necessarily shared. In This work we describe a multi-agent dialogue test-bed that we have implemented to study such dialogue coordination issues. We also describe an initial pilot study that uses this test-bed to experiment with a very simple addressee disambiguation algorithm.


Shipboard observations of cloud fraction were performed along the round-trip research cruise between Japan and Antarctica from November 2013 to April 2014 using both a whole-sky camera and a ceilometer onboard the Research Vessel (R/V) Shirase. Based on the results of the comparison of these cloud fractions, it was found that the correlation coefficient was 0.86 for the 2024 observations acquired between Australia and Antarctica from 27 November to 9 December 2013. Overall, the results were consistent between the two observation methods; however, some underestimation by the whole-sky camera was determined in comparison with the ceilometer. It is intended that shipboard observations will continue onboard the R/V Shirase over subsequent every years in order to improve the retrieval of cloud fractions for the validation of satellite observations.


Competition has been introduced in the electricity markets with the goal of reducing prices and improving efficiency. The basic idea which stays behind this option is that, in competitive markets, a greater quantity of the good is exchanged at a lower and stable price, leading to higher market efficiency. Electricity markets are different from other commodities mainly because of the operational characteristics, perishability and lack of large storage capability, which may impact the market performances. The network structure of the system on which the economic transactions need to be undertaken poses strict physical and operational constraints. Those physical and operational constraints need to be ensured to guarantee an operating state feasible and when those constraints binding the congested system show remarkable economic impacts. Strategic interactions among market participants with the objective of maximising their surplus must be taken into account when modelling competitive electricity markets. The network constraints, specific of the electricity markets, provide opportunity of exercising strategic behaviour of the market participants. Game theory provides a tool to model such a context. This study provides a comparative analysis of the application of game theory models to network constrained electricity markets with the focus on the strategic behaviour of the electricity producers. Different models such as supply function equilibrium, Cournot, Stackelberg and conjecture supply function are considered and their appropriateness to model the electricity markets is discussed. Under network constraints with reference to the IEEE 30- and IEEE 57-bus test systems, various models are compared in quantitative way to provide analysis of the market performance under different representation of the oligopoly competition in the electricity markets.


Williams syndrome (WS) is recognised clinically when patients present with a variety of features including a characteristic dysmorphic appearance, supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS), mental deficiency, gregarious personality with "cocktail party" conversation, and idiopathic infantile hypercalcaemia. Patients with WS have a submicroscopic deletion at 7q1 1.23, detectable by FISH, which causes allelic loss of elastin (ELN). The authors used a weighted scoring system to classify patients:


INTRODUCTION The inhibitory effect of glucose on the formation of β -galactosidase by E. coli was recognized at an early date by Monod (1947). He observed diauxic growth of the organism in a medium containing a mixture of glucose and lactose as sources of carbon. The phenomenon is illustrated in Fig. 1, from a later paper by Epstein, Naono, and Gros (1966). It can be seen that the synthesis of the enzyme is almost completely inhibited during the first phase of rapid growth on glucose. The differential rate of enzyme synthesis is highest during the period of very slow growth that follows the exhaustion of glucose. Enzyme synthesis continues at a some-what lower differential rate when rapid growth resumes on lactose. β -galactosidase is not the only enzyme whose rate of synthesis is reduced by the presence of glucose in the medium. It has been found that glucose interferes generally with the synthesis of catabolic enzymes other than those involved in the degradation of glucose by enteric bacteria, bacilli, yeasts, and other microorganisms (Magasanik, 1961). I shall attempt to show in this chapter that glucose interferes with the synthesis of β -galactosidase in inducible strains of E. coli in three ways. It excludes the inducer from cells that do not contain a high level of the lac y gene controlled permease; it represses β -galactosidase strongly, but transiently, when added to cells growing on another source of carbon (transient repression); it represses the enzyme weakly but permanently during balanced growth (catabolite repression). Both repressive...


The Phadebact monoclonal gonococcus coagglutination test was evaluated with 1367 (996 anogenital and 371 pharyngeal) neisserial isolates from patients who gave positive diagnostic test results for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The overall correlation with carbohydrate utilisation was 99.7%. The Phadebact test had a specificity of 100% (286/286) and a sensitivity of 99-7% (1077/1080). The three non-reactive strains were epidemiologically linked and were of a very unusual serovar. Unlike polyclonal antibody based tests, the monoclonal antibody test provides reliable identification of gonococci from anogenital and pharyngeal sites. Because non-reactive strains are rare, however, negative anogenital isolates from heterosexual patients should be tested biochemically. The use of two reagents comprising separate pools ofmonoclonal antibodies against gonococcal protein IA and IB permitted the identification ofan appreciable number ofdouble infections, which would otherwise have been missed. Genital, rectal, and pharyngeal isolates from the same patient should be identified individually.


The convergence of grid services more closely to the Web services in the recent years has opened new challenges in designing modern system architectures. Scientific applications based on the grid service architectures can be now viewed as complex processes utilizing available resources so that they co-operate to implement the desired behavior of the system. The workflows became a natural method for describing such processes typically executed on various dispersed resources. Moreover, a number of new specifications and standards is continuously being developed to support the unavoidable and highly demanded interoperability between the services composing the processes. In order to orchestrate the grid services, a workflow engine able to cope with the different standards is highly desirable. The work presented in this paper is carried out in the context of the Globus Incubator project named Workflow Enactment Engine Project. The project was established to provide an easy-to-use and manage workflow enactment engine for grid services orchestration using the WS-BPEL 2.0 language.


The role of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) in central cardiovascular regulation was investigated in cats. In 15 cerebellectomized and nine intact chloralosed cats stimulation of 115 histologically verified sites in the LRN elicited increases in arterial pressure and heart rate; the latter was abolished by propranolol but not by bilateral cervical vagotomy. The pressor response was significantly greater in intact animals. Electrical activity was recorded from the right inferior cardiac nerve (ICN) during stimulation fo the LRN and of a vasomotor region in the posteromedial hypothalamus (PMH). Stimulation of sites in the LRN and in the PMH, on both sides, elicited a response in the right ICN that was consistently abolished during baroreceptor excitation. Medullary transection 3 mm rostral to the LRN did not abolish the ICN response to LRN stimulation. The conclusions are drawn that stimulation of the LRN elicits cardiovascular responses probably due to excitation of groups of neurons in this nucleus located in a descending sympathetic pathway originating in the PMH and that these responses can be inhibited by excitation of baroreceptors. In view of the known functional connections of the LRN with the somatomotor system it is suggested that this nucleus may play a major role in somatosympathetic reflexes.


Accurate tracking and forecasting of ash dispersal in the atmosphere and quantification of its uncertainty are of fundamental importance for volcanic risk mitigation. Numerical models and satellite sensors offer two complementary ways to monitor ash clouds in real time, but limits and uncertainties affect both techniques. Numerical forecasts of volcanic clouds can be improved by assimilating satellite observations of atmospheric ash mass load. In this paper, we present a data assimilation procedure aimed at improving the monitoring and forecasting of volcanic ash clouds produced by explosive eruptions. In particular, we applied the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) to the results of the Volcanic Ash Transport and Dispersion model HYSPLIT. To properly simulate the release and atmospheric transport of volcanic ash particles, HYSPLIT has been initialized with the results of the eruptive column model PLUME-MoM. The assimilation procedure has been tested against SEVIRI measurements of the volcanic cloud produced during the explosive eruption occurred at Mt. Etna on 24 December 2018. The results show how the assimilation procedure significantly improves the representation of the current ash dispersal and its forecast. In addition, the numerical tests show that the use of the sequential Ensemble Kalman Filter does not require a precise initialization of the numerical model, being able to improve the forecasts as the assimilation cycles are performed.


BACKGROUND
The recommended management for neonates with a possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) is hospitalisation and treatment with intravenous antibiotics, such as ampicillin plus gentamicin. However, hospitalisation is often not feasible for neonates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Therefore, alternative options for the management of neonatal PSBI in LMICs needs to be evaluated.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of community-based antibiotics for neonatal PSBI in LMICs on neonatal mortality and to assess whether the effects of community-based antibiotics for neonatal PSBI differ according to the antibiotic regimen administered.

SEARCH METHODS
We used the standard search strategy of Cochrane Neonatal to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2018, Issue 3), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to 16 April 2018), Embase (1980 to 16 April 2018), and CINAHL (1982 to 16 April 2018). We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomised trials.

SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised, quasi-randomised and cluster-randomised trials. For the first comparison, we included trials that compared antibiotics which were initiated and completed in the community to the standard hospital referral for neonatal PSBI in LMICs. For the second comparison, we included trials that compared simplified antibiotic regimens which relied more on oral antibiotics than intravenous antibiotics to the standard regimen of seven to 10 days of injectable penicillin/ampicillin with an injectable aminoglycoside delivered in the community to treat neonatal PSBI.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We extracted data using the standard methods of the Cochrane Neonatal Group. The primary outcomes were all-cause neonatal mortality and sepsis-specific neonatal mortality. We used the GRADE approach to assess the quality of evidence.

MAIN RESULTS
For the first comparison, five studies met the inclusion criteria. Community-based antibiotic delivery for neonatal PSBI reduced neonatal mortality when compared to hospital referral only (typical risk ratio (RR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68 to 0.99; 5 studies, n = 125,134; low-quality evidence). There was, however, a high level of statistical heterogeneity (I² = 87%) likely, due to the heterogenous nature of the study settings as well as the fact that four of the studies provided various co-interventions in conjunction with community-based antibiotics. Community-based antibiotic delivery for neonatal PSBI showed a possible effect on reducing sepsis-specific neonatal mortality (typical RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.00; 2 studies, n = 40,233; low-quality evidence).For the second comparison, five studies met the inclusion criteria. Using a simplified antibiotic approach resulted in similar rates of neonatal mortality when compared to the standard regimen of seven days of injectable procaine benzylpenicillin and injectable procaine benzylpenicillin and injectable gentamicin delivered in community-settings for neonatal PSBI (typical RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.50; 3 studies, n = 3476; moderate-quality evidence). In subgroup analysis, the simplified antibiotic regimen of seven days of oral amoxicillin and injectable gentamicin showed no difference in neonatal mortality (typical RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.51; 3 studies, n = 2001; moderate-quality evidence). Two days of injectable benzylpenicillin and injectable gentamicin followed by five days of oral amoxicillin showed no difference in neonatal mortality (typical RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.29 to 2.65; 3 studies, n = 2036; low-quality evidence). Two days of injectable gentamicin and oral amoxicillin followed by five days of oral amoxicillin showed no difference in neonatal mortality (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.85; 1 study, n = 893; moderate-quality evidence). For fast breathing alone, seven days of oral amoxicillin resulted in no difference in neonatal mortality (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.20 to 4.91; 1 study, n = 1406; low-quality evidence). None of the studies in the second comparison reported the effect of a simplified antibiotic regimen on sepsis-specific neonatal mortality.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Low-quality data demonstrated that community-based antibiotics reduced neonatal mortality when compared to the standard hospital referral for neonatal PSBI in resource-limited settings. The use of co-interventions, however, prevent disentanglement of the contribution from community-based antibiotics. Moderate-quality evidence showed that simplified, community-based treatment of PSBI using regimens which rely on the combination of oral and injectable antibiotics did not result in increased neonatal mortality when compared to the standard treatment of using only injectable antibiotics. Overall, the evidence suggests that simplified, community-based antibiotics may be efficacious to treat neonatal PSBI when hospitalisation is not feasible. However, implementation research is recommended to study the effectiveness and scale-up of simplified, community-based antibiotics in resource-limited settings.


Regional systematic conservation planning is an effective approach to marine protected area (MPA) network design, ensuring complementarity, and functional connectivity of areas. However, regional planning and local conservation actions do not properly inform one another. One outcome is the failure of regional designs to guide conservation actions. Another is that site‐based MPAs constitute collections rather than functional systems for marine conservation. Understanding decisions related to spatial scale in conservation planning is essential for the development of ecologically functional networks of MPAs. Decisions about scale require that planners address trade‐offs between the respective advantages and limitations of different considerations in several parts of the planning process. We provide the first comprehensive review of decisions about spatial scale that influence planning outcomes. We illustrate these decisions and the trade‐offs involved with planning exercises undertaken in the Coral Triangle. We provide a framework in which decisions about spatial scale can be made explicit and investigated further. The framework helps to link theory and application in conservation planning, facilitates learning, and promotes the application of conservation actions that are both regionally and locally significant.


Traumatic or difficult life experiences happen to nearly everyone. Most individuals have heard of post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD. It is understood that traumatic events are problematic both in the immediate present and the emotional long run. Negative impacts of difficult or unfair situations have been researched to a considerable length. Less well-known and considered are the positive repercussions from an event that pushes us to or past our limits. This idea of finding or recognizing the positive effects of dealing with difficult challenges is called post-traumatic growth (PTG). This term highlights the idea that traumatic events can give a person new purpose and strength. Finding this strength and determination inside oneself can be beneficial in many aspects of life. This mindset is hard-earned and a valuable tool in life. Post-traumatic growth can be found in resilient people who experience challenges and persevere. It gives one the opportunity to find and realize what makes life worth living, and in process inspires people to live a life that they are proud of. This lowers regrets at the end of life and provides a feeling of fulfillment to those who experience this growth. This review will explore the concept of PTG, how this affects a person neurologically and throughout their lives, as well as how to obtain the benefits of PTG without experiencing traumatic situations (post-ecstatic growth). The review will also focus on what characteristics, mindsets, and paradigm a person may adopt to harness the power of PTG to change their lives.


Contrical was shown to decrease distinctly the activity of cathepsins A, B, C and D in rat gastric mucosa in situ and in vitro. At the same time, application of contrical as a polymeric complex with glue MK-8 resulted in penetration of the drug into the incubation mixture and led to inhibition of lysosomal proteinases. The data obtained suggest that simultaneous use of contrical and glue MK-8 may serve as an adequate therapeutic approach in local treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers.


This study sought to determine whether the presence of in vitro anticholinergic activity (AA) among different drugs is associated with reporting of neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPAEs) and whether age affects this relationship. Retrospective case/noncase analyses using Australia's spontaneous Adverse Drug Reaction System (ADRS) database containing 150 475 reports determined crude and adjusted reporting odds ratios (RORs) for NPAEs for 23 drugs with various reported in vitro AA. Covariates were age (treated as a dichotomous variable [≥65 years]), gender, and concomitant use of antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, and drugs with recognized inherent anticholinergic properties (anticholinergic drugs). The interaction effect between these covariates and each drug exposure category was examined. Age (≥65 years) has a significant association with greater odds relative to younger age for reporting NPAEs. Drugs with reported significant AA in vitro were not always associated with RORs greater than 1 for reporting NPAEs, highlighting a dissonance between the in vitro AA index and ADRS observations. Significant interactions were observed between age (≥65 years) and exposure to cimetidine, anticholinergic drugs, antipsychotics, and tricyclic antidepressants in modifying odds for reporting NPAEs, reinforcing the need for cautious use and monitoring of drugs with AA in older people.


The government of Balochistan is preparing a medium-term strategy for the development of the province, the first phase of which is expected to cover 5-7 years. This report has been developed in response to a request from the Government of Balochistan to help with the analysis of issues in certain key sectors, to recommend policies for them, and to prepare sectorial action plans with estimates of the resources (financial and human) that would be required to implement the recommendations. The report takes as its starting point that the primary role of a government is to provide a better life for its citizens. An important component of such a life is a higher income, because this gives persons command over the goods and services that enable them to lead lives that they have reason to value.


AIM: To determine the lethiferous effects of a recombinant vector carrying thymidine kinase (TK) suicide gene on 2.2.15cells and the possible self-modulating mechanism.METHODS: A self-modulated expressive plasmid pcDNA3-SCITK was constructed by inserting the fragments carrying hepatitis B virus antisense-S (HBV-anti-S) gene, hepatitis C virus core (HCV-C) gene, internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element of HCV and TK gene into the eukaryotic vector pcDNA3, in which the expression of TK suicide gene was controlled by the HBV S gene transcription. 2.2.15cells that carry the full HBV genome and stably express series of HBV antigen were transfected with pcDNA3-SCITK or vector pcDNA3-SCI which was used as the mock plasmid. The HepG2 cells transfected with pcDNA3-SCITK were functioned as the negative control. All the transfected cells were incubated in DMEM medium supplemented with 10 μg/ml. Of ganciclovir (GCV). The HBsAg levels in the supernatant of cell culture were detected by ELISA on the 1st, 3rd and 6th day post-transfection. Meanwhile, the morphology of tranfected cells was recorded by the photograph and the survival cell ratio was assessed by the trypan blue exclusion test on the 6th day posttransfection.RESULTS: The structural accuracy of pcDNA3-SCITK was confirmed by restriction endonuclease digestion, PCR with specific primers and DNA sequencing. The HBsAg levels in the supernatant of transfected 2.2.15 cell culture were significantly decreased on the 6th day post-transfection as compared with that of the mock control (P<0.05). The lethiferous effect of pcDNA3-SCITK expression on 2.2.15cells was initially noted on the 3rd day after transfection and aggravated on the 6th day post transfection, in which the majority of transfected 2.2.15 cells were observed shrunken, round in shape and even dead. With assessment by the trypan blue exclusion test, the survival cell ratio on the 6th day post transfection was 95% in the negative control and only 11% in the experimental group.CONCLUSION: The results indicate


On the Significance of the Absolute Margin Christian List 7 November 2002 Nuffield College Working Paper in Politics 2002-W32 Abstract. Consider the hypothesis H that a defendant is guilty (a patient has condition C), and the evidence E that a majority of h out of n independent jurors (diagnostic tests) have voted for H and a minority of k:=n-h against H. How likely is the majority verdict to be correct? By a formula of Condorcet, the probability that H is true given E depends only on each juror's competence and on the absolute margin between the majority and the minority h-k, but neither on the number n, nor on the proportion h/n. This paper reassesses that result and explores its implications. First, using the classical Condorcet jury model, I derive a more general version of Condorcet's formula, confirming the significance of the absolute margin, but showing that the probability that H is true given E depends also on an additional parameter: the prior probability that H is true. Second, I show that a related result holds when we consider not the degree of belief we attach to H given E, but the degree of support E gives to H. Third, I address the implications for the definition of special majority voting, a procedure used to capture the asymmetry between false positive and false negative decisions. I argue that the standard definition of special majority voting in terms of a required proportion of the jury is epistemically questionable, and that the classical Condorcet jury model leads to an alternative definition in terms of a required absolute margin between the majority and the minority. Finally, I show that the results on the significance of the absolute margin can be resisted if the socalled assumption of symmetrical juror competence is relaxed.


Vaginal cultures for Ureaplasma urealyticum and confidential questionnaires were obtained from women with signs and symptoms of vaginitis who consulted a physician at a Primary Health Center, Tlalpan, D.F., México. In all 220 women were studied, 50 (22.7%) of whom were colonized with Ureaplasma urealyticum, statistical analysis (X2) showed there was no association between colonization with Ureaplasma urealyticum, and age, pregnancy, and other but there was association between colonization with Ureaplasma urealyticum and the number of pregnancies and no birth control method use.


The dominant, yet dated discourse surrounding gender has been discussed primarily using developmental theory. Over the last thirty years, scholars have been challenging this discourse, but this is often not reflected in practice. This qualitative study is informed by a phone interview and a focus group session with educators, who believe that adopting a more gender fluid perspective with children is important. Inspired by Queer theory, employing a critical paradigm and social justice framework, it investigates how a queering of current gender discourses is being incorporated into ECEC practice. By consulting educators, the research gains insight on how gender fluid discourses can be incorporated into the field of ECEC through learning how educators are already incorporating gender fluid discourses in a proactive manor with preschool age children in ECEC settings. In the findings, five main themes were identified focusing on materials, practices, parents, ECEs, and ECE education and support.

Keywords: early childhood education and care, educators, gender fluid, reconceptualizing


ABSTRACT The article demonstrates how large social associations are operating at the locus of a community-making related to the networks of Swedish migrants in Southern Spain. The associations are selectively targeting relatively wealthy older (ethnic) Swedish individuals, offering them a home-like social arena with access to a club equipped with well-known facilities and activities from the Swedish tradition. In addition, these associations offers valuable information and services that ensure their members a comfortable lifestyle in Spain but also facilitates a life with close connection to the Swedish society. In this social space, the Swedish migrants meet, socialise and to some extent, consume, rather than making efforts to participate and becoming integrated in Spanish society. It is also obvious how this environment becomes a hub for maintaining links and societal life with the Swedish society. The article argues that the practices used by the social associations in their mobilisation, are becoming part of a 'diasporisation' of Swedes in Southern Spain. It is also argued that these practices are both reflecting assumed needs and requests from the individuals in the migrant networks as well as orientating them into a lifestyle that promotes comfort and transnational links with their country of origin.


Abstract
 The genus Cynometra (Leguminosae, Detarioideae) is a large, pantropical group of woody plants ranging in size from 5–50 m. While many recent advances have been made in higher level legume systematics, many large genera still require more study to test their monophyly. Further, its relationship to the much smaller Pacific genus Maniltoa is unclear. Here we present the first broadly-sampled phylogeny of Cynometra and Maniltoa, based on molecular data from three chloroplast loci: matK, the trnL intron, and the trnL intergenic spacer. Our analyses indicate that Cynometra is not monophyletic as currently circumscribed, as several researchers had previously suspected. We recover two strongly supported clades of Cynometra s. l.; one that is most closely related to a clade consisting of the genera Dicymbe and Polystemonanthus and is composed of exclusively African taxa, and another clade that is pantropical and is nested in a larger clade with the Scorodolphoeus group and the genera Normandiodendron, Neochevalierodendron, and Zenkerella. Futhermore, the genus Maniltoa is nested within the pantropical Cynometra clade and is also non-monophyletic. The two clades are each supported by several morphological characters that can be used to distinguish between them (e.g. inflorescence structure, pedicel articulation, fruit dehiscence). These results will be used to modify the classification by moving the relevant African taxa to a new genus and placing Maniltoa in synonymy with Cynometra.


We present a design space exploration for synthesizing optimized, high-throughput implementations of multiple multi-dimensional tridiagonal system solvers on FPGAs. Re-evaluating the characteristics of algorithms for the direct solution of tridiagonal systems, we develop a new tridiagonal solver library aimed at implementing high-performance computing applications on Xilinx FPGA hardware. Key new features of the library are (1) the unification of standard state-of-the-art techniques for implementing implicit numerical solvers with a number of novel high-gain optimizations such as vectorization and batching, motivated by multi-dimensional systems in real-world applications, (2) data-flow techniques that provide application specific optimizations for both 2D and 3D problems, including integration of explicit loops commonplace in real workloads, and (3) the development of an analytic model to explore the design space, and obtain rapid performance estimates. The new library provide an order of magnitude better performance for solving large batches of systems compared to Xilinx's current tridiagonal solver library. Two representative applications are implemented using the new solver on a Xilinx Alveo U280 FPGA, demonstrating over 85% predictive model accuracy. These are compared with a current state-of-the-art GPU library for solving multi-dimensional tridiagonal systems on an Nvidia V100 GPU, analyzing time to solution, bandwidth, and energy consumption. Results show the FPGAs achieving competitive or better runtime performance for a range of multi-dimensional problems compared to the V100 GPU. Additionally, the significant energy savings offered by FPGA implementations, over 30% for the most complex application, are quantified. We discuss the algorithmic trade-offs required to obtain good performance on FPGAs, giving insights into the feasibility and profitability of FPGA implementations.


Abstract We examine how a buyer can use a full-control strategy and cost sharing to develop the sustainable quality capabilities of his tier-1 and tier-2 suppliers. In particular, we consider how the buyer's development decisions and the suppliers' sustainable quality decisions are impacted by consumers' demand sensitivity to sustainable quality and the division of the supply chain margin. Two quality-demand models are studied – the overall quality of the supply chain equals either (i) the sum of or (ii) the minimum between the suppliers' quality levels. We find that when the suppliers' sustainable quality levels are additive, even if the low-margin supplier has a positive net profit return from improved quality, she may still choose to free ride on the high-margin supplier's quality investment. Interestingly, the buyer can cause the free riding with his cost-sharing decisions. When instead, the overall sustainable quality is determined by the minimum between the suppliers' quality levels, the buyer's strategy is often to focus only on developing the low-margin supplier. Nevertheless, when the buyer's market gain from improved quality is large and the suppliers' gains are comparable to one another, the buyer can justify sharing costs with both suppliers and raising the overall sustainable quality of the supply chain to a level neither supplier can achieve without development support.


There has been a considerable increase in the number of studies on hedges that can help authors to reduce commitment and negotiate the meaning between the reader and the writer. This study examines hedging devices based on corpus-based analysis of 750 research articles (4,831,500 running words) extracted from 15 leading journals in the areas of linguistics and EFL. Wordsmith Tools 5.0 was used for identifying hedging devices. The frameworks of both Hyland (1998a, 2005) and Varttala (1998) were integrated to identify the functions of hedging devices. The results reveal that modal auxiliary hedging (44.9%) is found more than the other types, while the noun category is the least used (2.17%). However, the use of different syntactic features (personal or impersonal) when combined with epistemic lexical terms appeared to influence different interpretations of lexical hedging mainly regarding the politeness strategy. Additionally, it is the authors' responsibility to hedge their own propositions. Learners should know the rules of hedges to distinguish real facts and findings from researchers' biased views and conclusions, and to use these markers accurately in their own works. The current study is practical for EFL learners as it discusses many types of hedges for familiarizing students with the appropriate use of hedging.


The occurrence of natural fracture systems in subsurface rock can be predicted if careful evaluation is made of the geologic processes that affect sedimentary strata during their cycle of burial, diagenesis, uplift, and erosional unloading. Variations in the state of stress within rock arise, for example, from changes in temperature, pore pressure, weight of overburden, or tectonic loading. Hence geologic processes acting on a sedimentary unit should be analyzed for their several contributions to the state of stress, and this information used to compute a stress history. From this stress history, predictions may be made as to when in the burial cycle to expect fracture (joint) formation, what type of fractures (extension or shear) may occur, and which geologic factors are most favorable to development of fractures. A stress history is computed for strata of the naturally fractured Altamont oil field in Utah's Uinta basin. Calculations suggest that fractures formed in extension, that the well-cemented rocks are those most likely to be fractured, that fractures began to develop only after strata were buried to great depth, and that the fracture system continued to develop as strata were uplifted and denuded of overburden. Geologic evidence on fracture genesis and development is in accord with the stress history prediction. Stress history can be useful in evaluating a sedimentary basin for naturally fractured reservoir exploration plays.


Archives and libraries around the world are threatened by the huge problem of downgrading and destroying their collections. The causes of the problem are many and interconnected: endogenous chemical instability of the materials in the collections, inappropriate environmental conditions, incorrect storage and handling practices, natural disasters, theft, vandalism, but also ignorance and / or indifference of people in charge, low level of people involved. The great importance of preserving the information contained in these collections is obvious, as this is the raw material from which historians and other researchers will derive the primary material needed for their research. The main way in which this information is retained is to preserve as much of its substrate as possible, namely the paper, the parchment and the other media on which it is imprinted. The country's libraries have a large number of books and various other materials. The part of their material that is unique and of historical value must be preserved for the same reason as for the archival material. As for the rest of their material, although each individual book may not have significant artistic, financial, symbolic, historical, or emotional value, all of the material is an investment of very high-value for the libraries that must be protected, mainly through good storage.


ABSTRACT: Buildings behave according to their geometrical types, the profile specifications of static structural elements and the classifications of their materials. This structural behavior is a kind of structural reaction to an earthquake. This reaction may be absorbed by the ductility of the structure. There is an indefinite situation in the description of the level of ductility for a static system in the earthquake occurrence calculation for the moment-shifting steel-frame system that consists of square or circular profile elements.


This paper summarizes some studies performed by the author's group on energy-recycling semiactive vibration suppression using piezoelectric transducers embedded in the vibrating structures and shunted on switched inductive circuits. Basic idea of this method is to suppress the vibration by controlling the switch in the shunt circuit, which was first introduced by Richard C., et al. This idea has been upgraded by introducing (1) a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) control method for the switches in the shunt circuits, (2) a self-sensing method to estimate the state of structure from the voltage across the piezoelectric transducer, so that any additional sensors can be neglected, and (3) a self-powered shunt circuit that performs the semiactive vibration suppression without any power supply. Several numerical and experimental results showed that the method works well against transient, sinusoidal, and random multi-modal vibrations and suppresses the vibrations effectively. It was also shown that the method is very robust, and, with it, the system is always stable. Studies for various applications of this method are also discussed.


Detection of software bottlenecks which hinder utilizing hardware resources is a classic but complex problem due to the layered structures of the software bottlenecks. However, model-based approaches require a performance model given, which is impractical to maintain under today's agile development environment, and profile-based approaches do not handle the layered structures of the software bottlenecks. This paper proposes a novel approach of taking the best of both worlds which extracts a performance model from execution profiles of the target application to detect the layered bottlenecks. We collect a wake-up profile of threads, which samples an event that one thread wakes up another thread, and build a thread dependency graph to detect the layered bottlenecks. We implement our approach of profile-based detection of layered bottlenecks in the Go programming language. We demonstrate that our method can detect software bottlenecks limiting scalability and throughput of state-of-the-art middleware such as a web application server and a permissioned blockchain network, with small amount of the runtime overhead for profile collection.


Cybersecurity has become a key factor that determines the success or failure of companies that rely on information systems. Therefore, investment in cybersecurity is an important financial and operational decision. Typical information technology investments aim to create value, whereas cybersecurity investments aim to minimize loss incurred by cyber attacks. Admittedly, cybersecurity investment has become an increasingly complex one, since information systems are typically subject to frequent attacks, whose arrival and impact fluctuate stochastically. Furthermore, cybersecurity measures and improvements, such as patches, become available at random points in time making investment decisions even more challenging. We propose and develop an analytical real options framework that incorporates major components relevant to cybersecurity practice, and analyze how optimal cybersecurity investment decisions perform for a private firm. The novelty of this paper is that it provides analytical solutions that lend themselves to intuitive interpretations regarding the effect of timing and cybersecurity risk on investment behavior using real options theory. Such aspects are frequently not implemented within economic models that support policy initiatives. However, if these are not properly understood, security controls will not be properly set resulting in a dynamic inefficiency reflected in cycles of over or under investment, and, in turn, increased cybersecurity risk following corrective policy actions. Results indicate that greater uncertainty over the cost of cybersecurity attacks raises the value of an embedded option to invest in cybersecurity. This increases the incentive to suspend operations temporarily in order to install a cybersecurity patch that will make the firmmore resilient to cybersecurity breaches. Similarly, greater likelihood associated with the availability of a cybersecurity patch increases the value of the option to invest in cybersecurity. However, the absence of an embedded investment option increases the incentive to delay the permanent abandonment of the company's operation due to the irreversible nature of the decision. INDEX TERMS Cybersecurity, investment analysis, real options.


Three insecticidal toxin complex (tc)-like genes were identified in Vibrio parahaemolyticus 13-028/A3, which can cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in penaeid shrimp. The three genes are a tcdA-like gene (7710 bp), predicted to code for a 284-kDa protein; a tcdB-like gene (4272 bp), predicted to code for a 158-kDa protein; and a tccC3-like gene (2916 bp), predicted to encode a 107-kDa protein. All three predicted proteins contain conserved domains that are characteristic of their respective Tc proteins. By RT-PCR, all three tc-like genes were found to be expressed in this bacterium. Through genome walking and the use of PCR to join contigs surrounding these three genes, a genomic island (87 712 bp, named tc-GIvp) was found on chromosome II localized next to the tRNA Gly. The GC content of this island, which is not found in other Vibrio species, is 40%. The tc-GIvp is characterized to have 60 ORFs encoding regulatory or virulence factors. These include a type 6 secretion protein VgrG, EAL domain-containing proteins, fimbriae subunits and assembly proteins, invasin-like proteins, peptidoglycan-binding proteins, and Tc proteins. The tc-GIvp also contains 21 transposase genes, suggesting that it was acquired through horizontal transfer from other organisms.


During the later stages of fetal life lung growth and development is dependent upon a variety of factors, including a normal amount of liquid within the lung's lumen. To investigate whether embryonic lung epithelium secretes fluid and whether lung liquid is essential for proper embryonic airway lung growth and branching, we incubated 12-day rat lung primordia (term=22 days) in submersion culture in serum-free medium for 48 h in room air (21% O2/5% CO2). Under these conditions, lung growth and branching proceeded but at a slower rate when compared to growth and branching in vivo. Neither addition of serum nor incubation in a fetal O2 concentration (=3% O2) changed the growth rate or the degree of branching in vitro. The luminal area of the explant increased progressively with time in culture. Inhibitors of active Cl- secretion (200 microM bumetanide and 1 mM furosemide) significantly reduced the lumen size compared with control. A similar effect was noted with lung explants of 13-15 days of gestation. Branching morphogenesis was not impaired by lung fluid reduction. Reduction of luminal liquid significantly increased DNA synthesis of 12-day embryonic lung explants, but this effect of bumetanide and furosemide on DNA synthesis was reversed when 13-15 day lung explants were used. These data suggest that embryonic lung epithelium secretes fluid and that the secretion is chloride dependent. Lung fluid is involved in controlling lung growth but not branching of the embryonic rat lung.


Background Surgical volume has shifted significantly from inpatient to outpatient settings, including free-standing ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs). Approaches to quality improvement (QI) and surveillance used in hospitals are not always appropriate to the ambulatory setting. Methods We recruited 665 ASCs in 47 US states to participate in an intervention to improve safe practice through implementation of a surgical safety checklist and infection control practices. Areas for partner contribution included recruitment, project development, content development and delivery, clinical subject matter expertise, data analysis, and facility coaching. Results Barriers to implementation and data collection were encountered during the project, requiring revisions to the implementation plan. Project activities, such as facility recruitment, data measurement, and implementation strategies were modified to meet ASC-specific needs. Several ASC-specific tools were designed. Conclusions The increasing number of patients being cared for in ASCs makes it essential to better understand how to implement quality improvement projects in that environment. Tailoring interventions to the ASC's unique needs is necessary.


The paper presents and discusses preliminary comparative results of a survey on social capital conducted in six Italian areas of small business using CAPI interviews to a population of 352 small entrepreneurs. Social capital at micro level is operationalized through the structure of respondent's ego-network in two points in time, in order to study actors' strategies in the formation of their social capital. Size and density of the network, multiplexity of ties and status of alter are used as measure of social capital and compared with ecological indicators of social capital at macro level. The results are centered not only on the consequences of social capital on the performance of business in term of personnel increase, but also on strategies of entrepreneurs in increasing their personal social capital. Findings show a positive correlation between the endowment of social capital at micro and at macro level, and different network structures and dynamics across areas and sectors.


OBJECTIVES
Due to the high chipping rates observed in veneered zirconia ceramic restorations, the use of monolithic zirconia restorations has been recommended. This study tried to compare veneered and monolithic zirconia fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) with respect to the amount of damage induced by endodontic access preparation.

METHOD AND MATERIALS
Monolithic and ceramic veneered (n = 10) three-unit restorations (retainers: first premolar and first molar; pontic: second premolar) were subject to endodontic access cavity preparation in both retainers using a diamond rotary instrument under continuous water cooling. The number of chipping fractures and microfractures detected using the fluorescent penetrant method were recorded. Statistical analysis was based on Wilcoxon rank sum tests with Bonferroni correction (level of significance α = .05).

RESULTS
Only one microfracture could be identified in the group of monolithic FDPs while a maximum of seven microfractures and three chipping fractures per retainer crown were recorded in the group of veneered restorations. At the premolar site, the veneered restorations showed significantly more microfractures (P = .0055) and chipping fractures (P = .0008). At the molar site, no significant difference with respect to microfractures could be detected (P = .0767), while significantly more chipping fractures occurred in the veneered samples (P = .0293).

CONCLUSION
Monolithic zirconia restorations seem to be less susceptible to damage when endodontic access cavities have to be prepared as compared to veneered zirconia reconstructions. However, no conclusions can be drawn on the long-term performance of a specific restoration based on this study.


The use of timber as structural building material is growing and a greater number of firms are looking to enter this raising market. Erecting a complex timber building usually involves combining the work of architects, structural engineers, builders, suppliers and/or supplier–builders, all of them having their own business models. The purpose of this research was to uncover the specific nature of business models in the timber structure building industry. First, a thorough mapping of these business models was undertaken. Second, underlying patterns were uncovered within these models. A triangulation method of secondary data, semi-structured interviews and participant observation was used to allow for an in-depth study of 23 stakeholder business models. The analysis shows that knowledge sharing appears as crucial and may be achieved through sustained collaboration. As a result, collaborative contract procurement modes seem to be the most appropriate for timber construction. Tight relationships with suppliers and supplier–builders also appear as prerequisites. Furthermore, stakeholder partnerships with universities appear common in the field, while prefabrication is increasing in popularity. These findings can be useful to grasp the prevailing business models in this industry given the sustained growth of the timber structure building market.


Transfer learning (TL) is a useful technique that enables the wide spreading of neural networks after re-adaptation of their weights. In ths paper, two methods are introduced for transfer learning of recurrent neural networks: D-LSTM (Long Short Term Memory with deep layers) and CNN-1D (Convolutional Neural Network of One Dimension). The first is used to improve the prediction of time series when datasets are too small to obtain satisfactory results. The second enables personalizing and hence re-adaptation of an already-trained network to a new class of time series. In fact, the CNN-1D classification is applied to those real datasets to classify different behaviors in a large city. We show that our architecture drastically improves prediction when transfer learning is used in the same class of behavior but also on different classes of behaviors.


OBJECTIVE
To assess levels, trends and gaps between the poorest and the richest in selected health and human development indicators in Bangladesh.

METHODS
Data for selected indicators associated with sociodemographic characteristics among ever-married women, contraception use, child vaccination, antenatal care practices and health conditions were extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 1993-94, 1996-1997, 1999-2000, 2004 and 2007. Results for the whole sample and for the poorest and the richest wealth quintiles are presented.

FINDINGS
Positive trends were noted in urbanization, availability of electricity, age at first marriage, use of modern contraception, access to skilled antenatal care, child vaccination, knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and overweight and obesity. In contrast, negative trends were seen in factors such as literacy, infant and child mortality, fertility rate, home delivery and malnutrition and underweight. However, changes in these indicators differed between the poorest and richest quintiles. For instance, only the richest quintile experienced rapid urbanization, whereas illiteracy declined more among the poorest. Noteworthy gaps were found in almost all factors. Rich-poor gaps in urbanization, age at marriage, fertility, condom use, home delivery and overweight increased; in contrast, gaps in education, water and sanitation, use of contraception (except condoms) and child vaccination declined.

CONCLUSION
Persistent inequities in Bangladesh endanger equitable and sustainable human development in the country. Pro-poor development strategies based on the principles of equity and quality should be implemented to narrow existing gaps and further promote holistic and equitable human development.


One of the more controversial protests that occurred in Vancouver during the "long Sixties" was the Gastown Smoke-In & Street Jamboree.  Organized by the Yippies, the smoke-in took place on 7 August 1971 in Gastown.  It was intended to be a public display of civil disobedience by Vancouver's hippies, and disaffected youth, against Canada's drug laws and a forum to denounce the police department's crackdown on "soft" drugs.  But as a result of the efforts by the police to break-up the demonstration, this peaceful gathering became a riot, leaving several people hurt, dozens arrested, and thousands of dollars in property damage in its wake.  The Gastown riot further eroded the limited trust that many young residents of Vancouver had in their police force.  It also exposed the growing chasm between a segment of the city's population, primarily the young, who challenged social injustices, and those who wished to preserve the existing social order. Similarly, Gastown, and the other protests that young people staged against the "growing power of Fascism" in Vancouver between 1968 and 1971, represent the continuation into the early 1970s of a key theme of the 1960s, namely a concerted attempt to bring about social change.


This thesis addresses the electronic structure of vanadium and copper oxides using soft X-ray absorption (SXA) spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at high brightness synchrotron radiation sources. In RIXS incident photons, tuned to the energy of specific absorption resonances, are inelastically scattered leaving behind a low energy valence excitation in the system studied. Effects of electron localization are reflected by the occurrence of low-energy excitations in form of dd- and charge-transfer excitations that are modelled by cluster calculations. Band-like states are dominating when the intermediate core excited state is delocalized.RIXS at V 2p and O 1s resonances has been used to study the electronic structure of the monovalent vanadium oxides VO2 and V2O3, and of the mixed valence compounds, NaV2O5 and V6O13. For NaV2O5 and V6O13 significant contributions from localized low-energy excitations reflect the partly localized character of their valence band electronic structure, whereas VO2 and V2O3 appear mostly as band-like. Effects of carrier doping are addressed for the case of Mo doping into VO2 and reveal a quasi-rigid band behavior. In the cases of VO2 and V6O13 the temperature dependent metal-insulator transition could be monitored by following the spectral evolution of bands originating from V 3d and V 3d - O2p hybridized states. For Na2V3O7 nanotubes it was possible to selectively probe states from the apical and the basal oxygen sites of VO5 pyramids that constitute these nanotubes. Furthermore, the RIXS technique has been demonstrated to be highly valuable in characterizing the charge transfer processes that accompany lithium insertion into vanadium oxide battery cathodes. Finally, for insulating cuprates RIXS at O 1s, Cu 3p and Cu 3s resonances has been recorded at high-resolution for the detailed investigation of crystal field excitations.


We present the results of an experimental investigation of the concurrent action of tectonic uplift and climate variation on relief evolution. We designed an experimental apparatus that allows the study of erosion of laboratory-scale topographies that evolve under given uplift and rainfall rates. For constant uplift and rainfall rates, the experimental topography evolves toward a statistical steady state defined by a mean elevation constant with time. Starting from such a steady state and keeping the input uplift rate constant, a subsequent change in the rainfall rate yields a change in the mean elevation of the landscape to a new equilibrium elevation. An increase in precipitation yields a lower mean steady-state elevation, whereas for a decrease in precipitation the surface is uplifted. We define this phenomenon as a climatically induced surface uplift, as opposed to a tectonically induced surface uplift. The climatically and tectonically induced surface uplifts correspond to different dynamics of denudation so that it is theoretically possible to differentiate between the climatic or tectonic causes of surface uplift from records of output sediment fluxes.


The intensified technologies offer new prospects for the development of hazardous chemical syntheses in safer conditions: the idea is to reduce the reaction volume by increasing the thermal performances and preferring the continuous mode to the batch one. In particular, the Open Plate Reactor (OPR) type ``reactor/exchanger" also including a modular block structure, matches these characteristics perfectly. The aim of this paper is to study the OPR behaviour during a normal operation, that is to say, after a stoppage of the circulation of the cooling fluid. So, an experiment was carried out, taking the oxidation of sodium thiosulfate with hydrogen peroxide as an example. The results obtained, in particular with regard to the evolution of the temperature profiles of the reaction medium as a function of time along the apparatus, are compared with those predicted by a dynamic simulator of the OPR. So, the average heat transfer coefficient regarding the ``utility" fluid is evaluated in conductive and natural convection modes, and then integrated in the simulator. The conclusion of this study is that, during a cooling failure, a heat transfer by natural convection would be added to the conduction, which contributes to the intrinsically safer character of the apparatus.


Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are accompanied by an increased risk of developing colitis-associated carcinoma (CAC). These tumors are one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with IBD and distinctly differ from sporadic colorectal cancer in their biology and underlying mechanisms. First, this review discusses risk factors for the development of CAC and summarizes some of the most important genetic alterations and molecular pathways involved in inflammatory carcinogenesis. Then, new endoscopic techniques, such as chromoendoscopy and confocal laser endomicroscopy, and their contribution to surveillance and early detection of CAC are presented. Last, we briefly address different types of concepts for prevention (i.e. anti-inflammatory agents) and treatment (i.e. surgical resection) of CAC and give an outlook on this important aspect of IBD.


A 67-year-old man presented to our centre 5 years ago with a short history of jaundice and weight loss. A diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis was made following laboratory investigations, imaging and a trans-jugular liver (TJ) biopsy. He was treated with prednisolone and azathioprine, which resulted in normalisation of his transaminases and bilirubin. Four years later, he was diagnosed with cirrhosis (Childs class A) based on clinical, biochemical and radiological parameters. He underwent a screening endoscopy, which revealed grade III oesophageal varices with multiple red signs and was started on propranolol as primary prophylaxis. He was unable to tolerate β blockers and oesophageal endoscopic band ligation (EBL) was subsequently undertaken. He underwent six further upper GI endoscopies with repeated EBL of his oesophageal varices; however, the grade III varices with red signs …


Abstract Mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet over the past decade has caused the impression that the ice sheet has been behaving anomalously to the warming of the 1990s. We have reconstructed the recent (1866–2005) surface mass-balance (SMB) history of the Greenland ice sheet on a 5 × 5 km grid using a runoff-retention model based on the positive degree-day method. The model is forced with new datasets of temperature and precipitation patterns dating back to 1866.We use an innovative method to account for the influence of year-on-year surface elevation changes on SMB estimates and have found this effect to be minor. All SMB estimates are made relative to the 1961–90 average SMB and we compare annual SMB estimates from the period 1995–2005 to a similar period in the past (1923–33) where SMB was comparable, and conclude that the present-day changes are not exceptional within the last 140 years. Peripheral thinning has dominated the SMB response during the past decade, as in 1923–33, but we also show that thinning was not restricted to the margins during this earlier period.


Test packages written for built-in test (BIT) and mobile automatic test equipment (ATE) systems for the forward support of electronic and thermal imaging equipment used by the British Army are currently scrutinized and subjected to objective tests by test package evaluation and acceptance teams (TPEATs) before being accepted for field use. This is a time-consuming and costly exercise that can result in the rejection of unsuitable software. The result of such rejection on equipment logistics is for reaching, since the hardware will enter service without adequate maintenance support. In an attempt to address this problem a suite of programs aimed at assisting the verification and validation activities of the TPEAT at every stage of the software life cycle from requirements analysis through to testing and acceptance is being devised. The development of these tools is discussed.<<ETX>>


Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy can selectively detect and analyze noncentrosymmetric components interspersed in amorphous matrices; this principle has been used for studies of nanoscale structure and mesoscale assembly of cellulose in plant cell walls. However, the spectral information averaged over a large area or volume cannot provide regiospecific or tissue-specific information of different cells in plants. This study demonstrates spatially resolved SFG analysis and imaging by combining a broad-band SFG spectroscopy system with an optical microscope. The system was designed to irradiate both narrow-band 800 nm and broad-band tunable IR beams through a single reflective objective lens, but from opposite sides of the surface normal direction of the sample. The developed technique was used to reveal inhomogeneous distributions of cellulose microfibrils within single cell walls, such as cotton fibers and onion epidermis as well as among different tissues in Arabidopsis inflorescence stems and bamboo culms. SFG microscopy can be used for vibrational spectroscopic imaging of other biological systems in complement to conventional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and confocal Raman microscopy.


Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective treatments for pediatric anxiety disorders. However, the mechanisms of these treatments are unknown. Previous research indicated that somatic symptoms are reduced following treatment, but it is unclear if their reductions are merely a consequence of treatment gains. This study examined reductions in somatic symptoms as a potential mediator of the relationship between treatment and anxiety outcomes. Participants were 488 anxious youth ages 7–17 (M = 10.7), 50.4% male, 78.9% Caucasian, enrolled in Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study, a large randomized control trial comparing 12-week treatments of CBT, sertraline, a combination of CBT and sertraline, and a pill placebo. Causal mediation models were tested in R using data from baseline, 8-, and 12-week evaluations. Somatic symptoms were assessed using the Panic/Somatic subscale from the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders. Youth outcomes were assessed using the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale and Children's Global Assessment Scale. Reductions in somatic symptoms mediated improvement in anxiety symptoms and global functioning for those in the sertraline-only condition based on parent report. Conditions involving CBT and data based on child reported somatic symptoms did not show a mediation effect. Findings indicate that reductions in somatic symptoms may be a mediator of improvements for treatments including pharmacotherapy and not CBT. Although the overall efficacy of sertraline and CBT for anxiety may be similar, the treatments appear to function via different mechanisms.


SIR,-During the Italian campaign B. W. Rycroft (Allied Force Headquarters, Ophthalmic Bulletin, C.M.F.) insisted that immediate mydriatics in cases of traumatic hyphaema due to contusio oculi were contraindicated, and that in severe cases the correct treatment was the avoidance of all medication by drops, complete rest, and "double padding" for 48 hours. The following case illustrates the danger of producing a massive haemorrhage in cases of rupture of the iris by the instillation of a mydriatic and cycloplegic even for examination purposes.


The urbanisation process has a huge impact on both the urban and rural landscape. Not only does it thoroughly modify the urban area, it also has a tremendous impact on the rural hinterland. We propose to take medieval Brussels (Duchy of Brabant) as an example to illustrate this complex issue. According to our different fields of research, a multidisciplinary point of view will be adopted, combining urban history (the study of human urban society), rural history (agricultural developments and rural socio-economic change), historical geography (interaction between medieval people and their spatial environment) and natural sciences (through the archaeopedological and phytolith study of Dark Earth). Firstly, we briefly discuss the essential concepts 'medieval city' and 'medieval urban landscape' and try to apply them to the case of medieval Brussels. Secondly, we address some essential characteristics of landscape transformation, by tackling the major stages of the emergence and development of medieval Brussels and its changing impact on the regional landscape. We argue that the urbanisation process, generally allocated solely to the urban area, is key to understanding landscape transformation of the medieval territory of Brussels.


This paper presents the secrecy performance analysis of an amplify-and-forward relay-assisted cooperative communication system in the presence of a passive external eavesdropper. In contrast to existing works that assume high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approximations, we have investigated exact and secrecy outage probabilities. Furthermore, we consider a more challenging scenario where the source may not be reachable to the intended user directly. But the eavesdropper can tap both the source link and the relay link. First of all, the outage probability is analyzed at the intended user as well as the eavesdropper. Next, defining the secrecy rate for the amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying system, the expression of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the secrecy intercept probability (SIP) have been derived, respectively. Noticing the complexity involved in the integration of SOP and SIP expressions, the closed-form expressions have been derived for asymptotic cases. Finally, the exact and asymptotic analysis has been verified by performing Monte-Carlo simulations. It is observed that the relay position should be closer to the source compared to the eavesdropper to achieve improved SOP.


The combination of horizontal curves with vertical alignments is commonly used in different classifications of highways; either on highway mainstream or on highway interchange ramps. The horizontal curves, combined with vertical alignments, may be single, compound or reverse horizontal curves. The current design guidelines do not adequately investigate vehicle stability on such three-dimensional (3D) alignments. Computer software that simulates vehicle behaviour on different geometrical alignments was employed to investigate vehicle stability on such 3D alignments. It was found that vehicle safety is questionable, especially for larger vehicles on reverse curves associated with vertical alignments. The critical speed, where the vehicle starts to rollover or skid, was found to be close to design speed for those 3D alignments. Design aids were then developed to address the recommended solutions to maintain the margin of safety required.


Sago analog rice is rice made from sago starch with or without supplementation of other food materials, and its shape resembles that of rice. Red bean flour is added to analog rice to increase its protein content to levels comparable to those of rice. The objective of this research is to investigate the organoleptic preference of panelists, and the chemical and physical characteristics of sago analog rice supplemented with red bean flour. We used a completely randomized design with one factor: the supplementation of red bean flour at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. Our organoleptic test applied for the hedonic scale and examined the aroma, taste, and texture of cooked sago analog rice; the observed chemical characteristics were water, ash, fat, protein, and starch content. Physical characteristics were cooking time, water content, the weight of water loss, water absorbability, and granule characteristics. Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance. When results were significantly variable, the analysis was followed by the Duncan multiple range tests (DMRT) at the significance level of α < 5%. Our results show that supplementation of red bean flour up to 10% resulted in hedonic values ranging from "like" to "quite like" for taste and aroma, and "like" for texture; BS100 analog rice had the highest hedonic value. The water content of sago rice and the weight of water loss of cooked sago rice did not show a significant difference. In addition, ash content, protein content, fat content, starch content, cooking time, and water content of cooked sago rice displayed significant differences. A higher supplementation of red bean flour to sago rice influences granule structure, which appears damaged with rough surfaces and high porosity. Moreover, the size of the granules is smaller.


The U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) has a specific lethality performance standard for ready-to-eat products. To assist meat processing establishments in meeting the performance standard, USDA-FSIS developed Appendix A, which provides guidelines for cooking temperatures, times, and relative humidity. This project determined whether the USDA-FSIS performance standards for lethality were met when using parameters other than those identified in Appendix A to cook large hams and beef inside rounds. The effects of alternative lethality parameters on the reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium and coliforms and on the toxin production of Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated. Large (9- to 12-kg) cured bone-in hams (n = 80) and large (8- to 13-kg) uncured beef inside rounds (n = 80) were used in this study. The products were subjected to 1 of 10 treatments defined by combinations of final internal product temperatures (48.9, 54.4, 60.0, 65.6, or 71.1°C) and batch oven relative humidities (50 or 90 % ). For all treatments, at least a 6.5-log reduction in Salmonella Typhimurium was achieved. The coliform counts were also substantially reduced for both hams and rounds. Across all treatments for both products, S. aureus toxin production was not detected. The relative humidity did not alter the lethality effectiveness for any of the treatments. The final internal temperatures and relative humidity combinations used in this project achieved the lethality performance standard established by USDA-FSIS for fully cooked, ready-to-eat products.


Direct democratic rights are increasingly adopted around the world. However, what are the consequences of the introduction of initiative and referendum rights for welfare state development? The existing literature holds a pessimistic view on the role of direct democracy for welfare state development and generosity. Whereas referendums are argued to constitute a major roadblock to the extension of social expenditure, the link between initiatives and social security provision is unclear. I contribute to the existing literature by arguing that the effect of direct democratic instruments on welfare state extension is systematically related to the political environment. More precisely, I contend that governments with a few parties deviate from the median voter preference by providing insufficient social expenditure, whereas the opposite is true in settings with many governing parties. In both cases, voters employ direct legislation to correct for the spending behaviour of governments. Using time-series cross-sectional data on social expenditure in the Swiss cantons from 1930 to 2000, I show that initiatives and referendums constrain social expenditure growth in settings with many governing parties, but expand it when a few parties are in government.


Structurally robust block copolymer templates with feature sizes of approximately 10 nm were prepared from functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-polystyrene block copolymers. By the inclusion of benzocyclobutene crosslinking groups in the polystyrene block, the covalent stabilization of thin films to both thermal treatment and solvent exposure became possible. In addition, the crosslinking of the poly(styrene-benzocyclobutene) domains at 220 °C, followed by the removal of poly(methyl methacrylate), provided a robust, crosslinked nanostructure with greater processing and fabrication potential. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1028–1037, 2005


Public health agencies' ability to protect health in the wake of COVID-19 largely depends on public trust. In February 2022 we conducted a first-of-its-kind nationally representative survey of 4,208 US adults to learn the public's reported reasons for trust in federal, state, and local public health agencies. Among respondents who expressed a "great deal" of trust, that trust was not related primarily to agencies' ability to control the spread of COVID-19 but, rather, to beliefs that those agencies made clear, science-based recommendations and provided protective resources. Scientific expertise was a more commonly reported reason for "a great deal" of trust at the federal level, whereas perceptions of hard work, compassionate policy, and direct services were emphasized more at the state and local levels. Although trust in public health agencies was not especially high, few respondents indicated that they had no trust. Lower trust was related primarily to respondents' beliefs that health recommendations were politically influenced and inconsistent. The least trusting respondents also endorsed concerns about private-sector influence and excessive restrictions and had low trust in government overall. Our findings suggest the need to support a robust federal, state, and local public health communications infrastructure; ensure agencies' authority to make science-based recommendations; and develop strategies for engaging different segments of the public.


Methane (CH4) is the
second most powerful greenhouse gas (GHG) behind carbon dioxide (CO2),
and is able to trap a large amount of long-wave radiation, leading to surface
warming. Carbon monoxide (CO) plays an important role in controlling the
oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere by reacting with OH radicals that affect
atmospheric CH4 dynamics. Terrestrial ecosystems play an important
role in determining the amount of these gases into the atmosphere. However,
global quantifications of CH4 emissions from wetlands and its sinks
from uplands, and CO exchanges between land and the atmosphere are still
fraught with large uncertainties, presenting a big challenge to interpret
complex atmospheric CH4 dynamics in recent decades. In this
dissertation, I apply modeling approaches to estimate the global CH4
and CO exchanges between land ecosystems and the atmosphere and analyze how
they respond to contemporary and future climate change.

Firstly, I develop
a process-based biogeochemistry model embedded in Terrestrial Ecosystem Model
(TEM) to quantify the CO exchange between soils and the atmosphere at the
global scale (Chapter 2). Parameterizations were conducted by using the CO in
situ data for eleven representative ecosystem types. The model is then
extrapolated to global terrestrial ecosystems. Globally soils act as a sink of
atmospheric CO. Areas near the equator, Eastern US, Europe and eastern Asia
will be the largest sink regions due to their optimum soil moisture and high
temperature. The annual global soil net flux of atmospheric CO is primarily
controlled by air temperature, soil temperature, SOC and atmospheric CO
concentrations, while its monthly variation is mainly determined by air
temperature, precipitation, soil temperature and soil moisture.

Secondly, to
better quantify the global CH4 emissions from wetlands and their
uncertainties, I revise, parameterize and verify a process-based biogeochemical
model for methane for various wetland ecosystems (Chapter 3). The model is then
extrapolated to the global scale to quantify the uncertainty induced from four
different types of uncertainty sources including parameterization, wetland type
distribution, wetland area distribution and meteorological input. Spatially,
the northeast US and Amazon are two hotspots of CH4 emissions, while
consumption hotspots are in the eastern US and eastern China. The relationships
between both wetland emissions and upland consumption and El Nino and La Nina
events are analyzed. This study highlights the need for more in situ methane
flux data, more accurate wetland type and area distribution information to
better constrain the model uncertainty.

Thirdly, to
further constrain the global wetland CH4 emissions, I develop a
predictive model of CH4 emissions using an artificial neural network
(ANN) approach and available field observations of CH4 fluxes
(Chapter 4). Eleven explanatory variables including three transient climate
variables (precipitation, air temperature and solar radiation) and eight static
soil property variables are considered in developing the ANN models. The models
are then extrapolated to the global scale to estimate monthly CH4
emissions from 1979 to 2099. Significant interannual and seasonal variations of
wetland CH4 emissions exist in the past four decades, and the
emissions in this period are most sensitive to variations in solar radiation
and air temperature. This study reduced the uncertainty in global CH4
emissions from wetlands and called for better characterizing variations of
wetland areas and water table position and more long-term observations of CH4
fluxes in tropical regions.

Finally, in order
to study a new pathway of CH4 emissions from palm tree stem, I
develop a two-dimensional diffusion model. The model is optimized using field
data of methane emissions from palm tree stems (Chapter 5). The model is then
extrapolated to Pastaza-Maranon foreland basin (PMFB) in Peru by using a
process-based biogeochemical model. To our knowledge, this is among the first efforts
to quantify regional CH4 emissions through this pathway. The
estimates can be improved by considering the effects of changes in temperature,
precipitation and radiation and using long-period continuous flux observations.
Regional and global estimates of CH4 emissions through this pathway
can be further constrained using more accurate palm swamp classification and
spatial distribution data of palm trees at the global scale.


Abstract The effects of replacing soybean meal or fish meal with 2, 4 or 6% bacterial protein meal (BPM) on growth performance, ileal digestibility of amino acids and sensory quality of meat, were examined using 630 broiler chickens. Weight gain from 7 – 32 days of age did not differ significantly among the treatments. Efficiency of feed conversion was increased when BPM replaced soybean meal, and abdominal fat deposition tended to decline. Feed conversion was not affected when BPM replaced fish meal. Amino acid digestibility was unaffected or improved when BPM replaced soybean meal, whereas replacement of fishmeal with BPM resulted in similar digestibility. Sensory quality of fresh thigh meat was similar among treatments, but for freeze-stored chest meat replacement of fish meal with BPM reduced off-odour and off-flavour and increased juiciness. It was concluded that 6% BPM can replace soybean meal or fish meal protein in broiler chicken diets.


Membrane technology is one of the most important topics in today's research for achieving metal removal and/or recovery from water. In this study, modified polyether ether ketone (PEEK-WC) membranes ranging from microfiltration to nanofiltration membranes depending on the coagulation bath, evaporation time and temperature were produced by phase inversion method. Produced asymmetric porous ultrafiltration membranes were preferred for PAUF processes. In the meantime, bonding conditions (pH and polymer/metal concentration) of various heavy metals (Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+) with PEI were optimized. Optimum pH of 6 and 1:1 Cu2+:B-PEI (weight ratio) conditions were used to prepare feed solution for PAUF tests. In conclusion, a denser structure of PEEK-WC membranes, DW-120, corresponded to a higher rejection of Cu2+ (98%), although there was a sharp reduction in permeance. All membranes showed a constant permeance profile with respect to time. This strongly indicated that there was no effect of concentration polarization on the membranes. Also, both long-term and short-term stability (in means of flux and selectivity) of these membranes validated the reduction of fouling effect due to the chemical stabilility of PEEK-WC. In spite of the decrease in permeances, reusability and almost complete recovery (94.5%) of the used membranes make these membranes an attractive alternative for industrial applications. Specifically, almost full recovery of performance of PEEK-WC membranes, just by washing with water, makes them significant among commercially used membranes.


Summary

Learning from visual representations is enhanced when learners appropriately integrate corresponding visual and verbal information. This study examined the effects of two methods of promoting integration, color coding and labeling, on learning about probabilistic reasoning from a table and text. Undergraduate students (N = 98) were randomly assigned to learn about probabilistic reasoning from one of 4 computer-based lessons generated from a 2 (color coding/no color coding) by 2 (labeling/no labeling) between-subjects design. Learners added the labels or color coding at their own pace by clicking buttons in a computer-based lesson. Participants' eye movements were recorded while viewing the lesson. Labeling was beneficial for learning, but color coding was not. In addition, labeling, but not color coding, increased attention to important information in the table and time with the lesson. Both labeling and color coding increased looks between the text and corresponding information in the table. The findings provide support for the multimedia principle, and they suggest that providing labeling enhances learning about probabilistic reasoning from text and tables. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A new generation of vaccines for the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have now advanced into clinical development, with the Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel Hookworm Vaccine already being tested in Phase 1 studies in healthy adults. The current manuscript focuses on the often overlooked critical aspects of NTD vaccine product development, more specifically, vaccine stability testing programs. A key measure of vaccine stability testing is "relative potency" or the immunogenicity of the vaccine during storage. As with most NTD vaccines, the Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel Hookworm Vaccine was not developed by attenuation or inactivation of the pathogen (Necator americanus), so conventional methods for measuring relative potency are not relevant for this investigational product. Herein, we describe a novel relative potency testing program and report for the first time on the clinical lot of this NTD vaccine during its first 60 months of storage at 2–8°C. We also describe the development of a complementary functional assay that measures the ability of IgG from animals or humans immunized with Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel to neutralize this important hookworm enzyme. While 90% inhibition of the catalytic activity of Na-GST-1 was achieved in animals immunized with Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel, lower levels of inhibition were observed in immunized humans. Moreover, anti-Na-GST-1 antibodies from volunteers in non-hookworm endemic areas were better able to inhibit catalytic activity than anti-Na-GST-1 antibodies from volunteers resident in hookworm endemic areas. The results described herein provide the critical tools for the product development of NTD vaccines.


The new cylindrical molecule L containing two tetraazamacrocyclic rings linked by two azobenzene pillars displays photoelastic properties. Light absorption at 366 nm gives rise to trans → cis isomerization of the azobenzene moieties producing two isomers containing one or two cis-azobenzenes, respectively. The three trans-trans (E-E), trans-cis (E-Z) and cis-cis (Z-Z) isomers have been identified and characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, allowing the dependence of their formation percentages with irradiation time to be determined. The sequence of photochemical reactions E-E → E-Z → Z-Z allows almost complete conversion of the E-E into the Z-Z isomer at 366 nm and 298 K. Both thermal (k = 1.75 × 10–5 s–1 at 313 K) and photo-induced (at 436 and 313 nm) back-isomerization reactions have been studied. The protonation constants of the three isomers in equimolar solutions of water–DMSO indicate a decreasing basicity in the order E-E > E-Z > Z-Z, in agreement with increasing electrostatic repulsion between the positive charges caused by a reduction in the separation between the protonation sites occurring upon Z → E isomerization.


The authors revealed differences in pulmonary volumes, bronchial patency of bronchi at various levels, integral time of air transit in individuals having early anthracosilicosis and silicosis signs vs in healthy miners. During stage 1 of anthracosilicosis and silicosis respiratory function progressively deteriorates and demonstrates moderate disorders. When compared to anthracosilicosis ones, patients having polymetallic dust silicosis showed more significant decrease of the studied parameters.


The efficiencies and problem of sulfonation of several condensing reagents for deoxyoligoribonucleotide synthesis have been studied. While 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (TPSCl) gave very low yield and slow rate of coupling, the new 1:3 mixture of TPSC1 and tetrazole afforded excellent yield and extremely fast rate of reaction with the lowest rate of sulfonation. The difference and advantages of this mixture over triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl tetrazole (TPSTe) and mesitylenesulfonyl tetrazole (MSTe) are discussed. Mechanisms for the coupling reactions with these condensing reagents to account for the difference in their rates and yields of coupling are discussed.


Abstract Comparison of adaptive and neutral genetic markers is a valuable approach to characterize the evolutionary consequences of populations living in environments threatened by anthropogenic disturbances, such as forest fragmentation. Shifts in allele frequencies, low genetic variability, and a small effective population size can be considered clear signs of forest fragmentation effects (due to genetic drift) over natural populations, while adaptive responses correlate with environmental variables. Brazilian Atlantic Forest had its landscape drastically reduced and fragmented. Now, several forest remnants are isolated from each other by urban and crop areas. We sampled Drosophila mediopunctata populations from eight forest remnants dispersed on two adjacent geomorphological regions, which are physiognomic and climatically quite distinct. Microsatellite data of inversion‐free chromosomes (neutral genetic marker) indicate low structuration among populations suggesting that they were panmictic and greatly influenced by gene flow. Moreover, significant differences in chromosomal inversion frequencies (adaptive genetic marker) among populations and their correlations with climatic and geographical variables indicate that genetic divergence among populations could be an adaptive response to their environment. Nonetheless, we observed a significant difference in inversion frequencies of a population in two consecutive years that may be associated with edge and demographic effects. Also, it may be reflecting seasonal changes of inversion frequencies influenced by great temperature variation due to edge effects. Moreover, the forest fragment size does not affect genetic variation of neutral markers. Our data indicate that despite oscillations in chromosomal inversion frequencies, D. mediopunctata populations from Brazilian Atlantic Forest and their divergence may be driven by adaptive factors to local differences, perhaps because it is a small flying insect easily carried by the wind increasing its migration rates.


Flow regime recognition of two-phase flow is of great importance in industrial process. This paper describes the role of the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware, in the implementation of electrical resistance tomography (ERT), which is used to analyze gas/liquid two phase flows. Firstly, a brief introduction and some theoretical analysis are made about the basic principles of Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS). Then a signal source for ERT system based on DDS and FPGA is designed and a kind of compression ROM is realized. The whole system has been simulated in the Quartus II 7.2 simulation environment and successfully downloaded to the chip of the Cyclone II EP2C5F256C6. The operating results and the theoretical results show that the proposed method can greatly improve the developing efficiency, save plenty of the system resources and improve the reliability and flexibility.


Sunlight is an energy source for the survival of living on earth, but the overexposure on the skin provides the degree of damage depends on the frequency and duration of sunlight exposure on the skin. The ability to withstand ultraviolet rays of a sunscreen is rated as Sun Protecting Factor / SPF. This study aims to determine the SPF (Sun Protection Factor) n-Hexane ethanol extract (1:1) of rice bran (Oryza sativa), using spectrophotometry UV-Vis method. Rice bran was extracted by soxhletasi using mixed solution of n-Hexane ethanol (1: 1), then prepared sample solution using absolute ethanol with the concentration series of 100 ppm, 150 ppm , 200 ppm , 250 ppm , and 300 ppm. The absorbance of solutions were then measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 280-400 nm. Result showed that n-Heksan ethanol ekstract (1:1) of rice bran can effectively block the UV-B ray. The SPF values acquired are starting from a concentration of 200 ppm, where the SPF value is 2,355 and then at concentration of 250 ppm is 2,884 and at concentration of 300 ppm is 3.483. Keywords: Rice bran, Oryza sativa, sunscreen, spectrophotometry.


Voxel and point representations are widely applied in recent 3D object detection tasks from LiDAR point clouds. Voxel representations contribute to efficiently and rapidly locating objects, whereas point representations are capable of describing intra-object spatial relationship for detection refinement. In this work, we aim to exploit the strengths of both two representations, and present a novel two-stage detector, named Joint Point-Voxel Network (JPV-Net). Specifically, our framework is equipped with a Dual Encoders-Fusion Decoder, which consists of the dual encoders to extract voxel features of sketchy 3D scenes and point features rich in geometric context, respectively, and the Feature Propagation Fusion (FP-Fusion) decoder to attentively fuse them from coarse to fine. By making use of the advantages of these features, the refinement network can effectively eliminate false detection and provide better accuracy. Besides, to further develop the perception characteristics of voxel CNN and point backbone, we design two novel intersection-over-union (IoU) estimation modules for proposal generation and refinement, both of which can alleviate the misalignment between the localization and the classification confidence. Extensive experiments on the KITTI dataset and ONCE dataset demonstrate that our proposed JPV-Net outperforms other state-of-the-art methods with remarkable margins.


Abstract Oxypolis and Ptilimnium are two endemic genera of North America within tribe Oenantheae (Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae). Both genera are small, with 12 species currently recognized. Some members of each genus share an unusual leaf morphology. Rather than having the pinnately compound leaves that generally characterize apioid umbellifers, they have highly reduced, linear, terete, hollow, septate appendages known as rachis leaves. It has long been questioned whether the species with rachis leaves should be placed in separate genera. In this study, we use data from the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA to explore relationships within and between these genera. A total of 147 internal transcribed spacer sequences were obtained from multiple accessions of all species of Oxypolis and Ptilimnium and for several other genera from tribe Oenantheae. These included Lilaeopsis, which also has rachis leaves, and Cynosciadium and Limnosciadium, which have rachis-like leaves. These sequence data were analyzed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. The results from each of these analyses were congruent and suggest that neither Oxypolis nor Ptilimnium as presently defined is monophyletic. Oxypolis and Ptilimnium are each separated into two dades according to leaf morphology. The rachis-leaved Oxypolis species are provisionally recognized as the genus Tiedemannia and the rachis-leaved Ptilimnium species are provisionally recognized as the genus Harperella, pending further investigation. The relationships among these four clades and the genera Cynosciadium, Daucosma, and Limnosciadium are not clear. Nevertheless, it appears that the rachis-leaf habit has evolved multiple times in the tribe. Geographic structure is apparent in the phylogenetic trees and, pending further study, may suggest new taxa; in addition, the presence of O. occidentalis on the Queen Charlotte Islands, well-separated from other populations of this species, suggests that it may have survived the last glaciation in a refugium in this area.


This is the first anthology to take a theoretical look at violence against women. Each essay shows how philosophy provides a powerful tool for examining a difficult and deep-rooted social problem. Stanley G. French, Wanda Teays, and Laura M. Purdy, all philosophers, present a familiar phenomenon in a new and striking fashion.The editors employ a two-tiered approach to this vital issue. Contributors consider both interpersonal violence, such as rape and battering; and also systemic violence, such as sexual harassment, pornography, prostitution, and violence in a medical context. The editors have further broadened the discussion to include such cross-cultural issues as rape in war, dowry deaths, female genital mutilation, and international policies on violence against women. Against this wide range of topics, which integrate personal perspectives with the philosophical, the contributors offer powerful analyses of the causes and effects of violence against women, as well as potential policies for effecting change.