Polymer solar cells (PSCs) are fabricated using a novel film deposition method, the electrostatic spray (e-spray) technique. Stable atomization and uniform deposition of the polymer blend by e-spray are achieved by manipulating the solution concentration, the solvent composition, and the electric field. The performance of PSCs is primarily influenced by the inherent film morphology of the e-sprayed polymer-blend active layers, which is significantly different from that of the conventional films that are formed using the spin-coating (SC) method. The intrinsically formed interfacial boundaries between the e-sprayed blend pancakes resist charge transport, which unfavorably influences device efficiency. The internal series resistance (RS) of the PSCs that are formed using the e-spray method (e-spray-PSC) is significantly reduced by a solvent vapor soaking (SVS) treatment in addition to the conventional thermodynamic nanomorphology controls. The detailed relationship between the morphologies (film morphology and internal nanomorphology) and the RS is revealed using impedance spectroscopy. The performance of the e-spray-PSCs is comparable to those of the PSCs that are fabricated using the SC method under identical conditions. Therefore, the e-spray method can be used to fabricate ultralow-cost PSCs, because of the performance results combined with the intrinsic advantages that the e-spray method is simple and has a low materials loss.


This article demonstrates the characteristics of interparticle forces and forcing schemes in pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann simulations. The Yuan–Schaefer (YS), multipseudopotential interaction (MPI), and piecewise linear methods are examined as techniques of equation of state (EOS) inclusion in pseudopotential models. It is suggested here that it is important to have an understanding of the interparticle forces generated by the models in order to obtain good quality results. Poor choice of parameters can lead to generation of unphysical interactions. The piecewise linear method is found to perform well and to decouple parameters. It decouples the density ratio from the surface tension and from the collision operator relaxation rates. It is proposed that the decoupling occurs due to generation of lower values of high‐order error terms in the interfacial region by the piecewise linear EOS. In general, the multiple‐relaxation‐time (MRT) collision operator should be combined with the Huang–Wu forcing scheme for simulating high values of surface tension and with the Li–Luo method for simulating low values of surface tension. It is found that reducing kinematic viscosity is more detrimental to the stability of the simulations than increasing the density ratio. Introducing a kinematic viscosity ratio between the phases practically eliminates the influence of density ratio on spurious velocities. The factors affecting stability of dynamic simulations are examined. It is found that they have the following hierarchy from the greatest impact to the least: kinematic viscosity ratio between the phases, bulk viscosity, method of EOS inclusion, and reduced temperature/density ratio.


This study focuses on determining the effect of conditioner disk design, kinematics, and pressure on the slurry distribution under the wafer as measured by the slurry film thickness between the wafer and the pad during actual polishing. Film thicknesses are measured using dual emission UV-enhanced fluorescence, which for thickness measurement requires the slurry to be tagged with two different fluorescent dyes. Results indicate that the wafer is tilted toward the center of the pad and that the extent of wafer tilt is a strong function of conditioning disk pressure. Increasing the oscillation frequency of the conditioner disk or the rotation rate decreases the slurry film thickness and the film thickness increases with slurry flow rate.


We applied flash lamp annealing (FLA) in Ni-silicidation to our developed dopant confinement layer (DCL) structure for the first time. DCL technique is a novel stress memorization technique (SMT). We successfully improved the short channel effect (SCE) with keeping a high drive current by FLA in Ni-silicidation. For pMOSFET, 2 layers Ni fully-silicide (Ni-FUSI) was selectively formed on gates, and both effective work function (WF) control and thinner Teff are improved. On the other hand, unlike pMOS, Ni-FUSI process is not performed in nMOS. Both higher activation of halo and reduction of parasitic resistance in nMOSFET are improved by the combination of DCL structure and FLA in Ni-silicidation. Consequently, the higher drive currents of 1255 muA/mum and 759 muA/mum were obtained Ioff=122 nA/mum and 112 nA/mum at |Vdd|=1.0 V for nMOSFET and pMOSFET, respectively.


Transnational debates about the role of economics in competition law have paid relatively little systematic attention to the embeddedness of economics in institutions. They typically proceed as if embeddedness were not an issue. The assumption often appears to be that economics looks, acts and functions in the same way wherever it is applied. This assumption is frequently the basis for claims supporting increased use of economics in competition law systems around the world. This article examines that assumption and argues that the institutional embeddedness of economics needs to be taken into account when we wish to evaluate and analyze the role of economics in law, in general, and in antitrust law, in particular. The underlying issues in virtually all legal analysis are 'what decisions will be made?' and 'what kinds of factors influence those decisions?' Given the extraordinary increases in the role and value of economics in some areas of the law, it is critical to identify and assess the modalities through which economics influences legal decisions. The institutional embeddedness of economics should play a central role in making those assessments.


Current cosmological observations point to a serious discrepancy between the observed Hubble parameter obtained using direct versus cosmic microwave background radiation measurements. Besides this so-called Hubble–Lemaître tension, we also find considerable evidence in diverse cosmological observables that indicate violation of the cosmological principle. In this paper, we suggest that both these discrepancies are related and can be explained by invoking superhorizon perturbations in the universe. We implement this by considering a single superhorizon mode and showing that it leads to both a dipole in large-scale structures and a shift in the Hubble–Lemaître parameter. Furthermore, the shift is found to be independent of redshift up to a certain distance. This is nicely consistent with the data.


Existing work in the field of business ethics has explored how concepts in philosophy and other disciplines can be applied to blame at work, and considers blame's potential impact on organisations and their employees. However, there is little empirical evidence of organisational blaming practices and their effects. This article presents an analysis of interviews with twenty-seven employees from a range of occupations, exploring their experience of blame, its rationale and impact. A diversity of blaming practices and perspectives is revealed, and in making sense of these the authors draw on recent theoretical developments—Skarlicki, Kay, Aquino, and Fushtey's (2017) concept of 'swift-blame,' and Fricker's (2016) notion of 'communicative blame.' The study also reveals a tension between a desire to avoid 'blaming' on the one hand, and a need for 'accountability,' on the other, and the authors explore the implications of the findings for organisations in seeking to 'manage' blame.


ABSTRACT In the emerging field of critical data studies, there is increasing acknowledgement that the negative effects of datafication are not experienced equally by all. Research on data and discrimination in particular has highlighted how already socially unequal populations are discriminated against in data-driven systems. Elsewhere, there is growing interest in public perceptions of datafication, amongst academic researchers interested in producing 'bottom up' understandings of the new roles of data in society and non-academic stakeholders keen to establish positive perceptions of data-driven systems. However, research into public perceptions rarely engages with the issue of inequality which is so central in data and discrimination scholarship. Bringing these two issues together, this paper explores public perceptions of datafication through the lens of inequality, focusing on the relationship between understandings and feelings within these perceptions. The paper draws on empirical focus group research into how audiences perceive the data practices that signing in to access BBC digital services enable. The paper shows how inequalities relating to age, dis/ability, poverty and their intersections played a role in shaping perceptions and that these social inequalities informed understandings of and feelings about data practices in complex and diverse ways. It concludes with reflections on the significance of these findings for future research and for data-related policy.


Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a health problem worldwide. Cutaneous TB comprises a small fraction of all clinical forms of TB. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the disease pattern of cutaneous TB in an Asian country. Materials and Methods: Totally, 50 cases of cutaneous TB were diagnosed on histopathology in a tertiary care hospital over a period of 7 years. Relevant clinical details and available laboratory findings were correlated. Results: The patients ranged from 4 to 78 years with 26 males and 24 females. Neck was the most common site. 22 (44%) cases presented with erythematous plaques followed by papules in 9 (18%) cases. Classical epithelioid cell granulomas with Langhans giant cells were found in 46 (92%) patients, while caseation necrosis was seen in 18 (36%). On Ziehl-Neelsen staining, acid fast bacilli were demonstrated in 6 (12%). 24 (48%) patients were diagnosed lupus vulgaris, 11 (22%) scrofuloderma, 4 (8%) TB verrucosa cutis, 1 (2%) TB cutis orificialis, and 10 (20%) TB non-specific type. Conclusion: Lupus vulgaris is a most common presentation of cutaneous TB. Caseating epithelioid cell granulomas with or without positive Ziehl-Neelsen stain constitute the classical picture. Knowledge of different histopathological features and their variation is important for an accurate diagnosis.


Dyslexia is a common developmental condition of neurobiological basis. It has profound implications for the psychosocial development and academic achievement of affected individuals. Its prevalence is around 10% across nations and is higher in the population with family history of dyslexia. Recent studies have demonstrated that intervention is effective and that prevention of reading failure is possible if preschool children at risk of dyslexia are identified and offered timely and evidence-based training. Objective: To examine the discriminative cognitive measures that might distinguish Chinese preschool children at genetic risk of dyslexia from their typically developing peers; to examine how these abilities correlate with reading in Chinese and with literacy related skills in English. Methods: Eighty younger siblings of children diagnosed with dyslexia were tested on Chinese word recognition, English letter naming, nonverbal IQ and a constellation of cognitive tasks tapping phonological awareness, automaticity, visual-spatial skills and morphological awareness. Controls were typically developing children with no such risk factors and were matched by age, IQ, and parents' education. Results: Compared to controls, at-risk group performed significantly worse in Chinese word recognition and English letter naming. The at-risk group also performed significantly worse in visual-spatial skills, rapid number naming and morphological awareness. Chinese word recognition was found to be significantly correlated with all cognitive measures studied. English letter naming was most strongly correlated with rapid number naming. Conclusion: We demonstrated that early literacy related skills of children with genetic risk of dyslexia were significantly weaker than their typically developing peers. We identified the cognitive measures that discriminated the two groups as early as five-year-old. Further follow-up study on reading performance of our cohorts when they reach their school age will be crucial to validate our present findings and to justify the construction of an assessment tool for early identification of at-risk children.


We analyze the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of a quantum particle coupled to local magnetic degrees of freedom that undergo a classical phase transition. Specifically, we consider a two-dimensional tight-binding model that interacts with a background of classical spins in thermal equilibrium, which are subject to Ising interactions and act as emergent, correlated disorder for the quantum particle. Particular attention is devoted to temperatures close to the ferromagnet-to-paramagnet transition. To capture the salient features of the classical transition, namely the effects of long-range correlations, we focus on the strong coupling limit, in which the model can be mapped onto a quantum percolation problem on spin clusters generated by the Ising model. By inspecting several dynamical probes such as energy level statistics, inverse participation ratios, and wave-packet dynamics, we provide evidence that the classical phase transition might induce a delocalization-localization transition in the quantum system at certain energies. We also identify further important features due to the presence of Ising correlations, such as the suppression of compact localized eigenstates.


Background Triple therapy (telaprevir/pegylated interferon/ribavirin), is the treatment of choice in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). Triple therapy (TT) requires active participation by the hospital pharmacist, because adverse effects and drugs interactions are important. Purpose To assess the profile of patients who start treatment with TT and to describe the activities included within the pharmaceutical care. Materials and methods Observational study of the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who started treatment for HCV with TT through pharmacotherapeutic history of the pharmacy department in a 211-bed hospital. The concomitant treatment was evaluated and pharmaceutical care interventions recorded. Results The Gastroenterology Service requested treatment with TT for 14 patients. Two of them were denied it because the degree of liver damage was lower than that established by the hospital protocol. Of the 12 requests approved, seven were for women. The mean age of patients was 42. Non-responders to previous treatment (5/12) and patients with cirrhosis (4/12) were typical patients. Haemoglobin, platelet and neutrophil counts were normal at the start of TT in all patients except one, with platelet counts below normal values. The review of the pharmacotherapeutic history allowed us to detect a drug contraindication between telaprevir and triazolam in one patient, three other patients showed a major drug-drug interaction between telaprevir and inhaled budesonide, and one had an interaction between telaprevir and domperidone; these were reported. In all cases, the gastroenterologist accepted the pharmaceutical intervention and he suspended drugs or reduced their dose. The pharmacist queried the viral load for two patients and referred a patient to the emergency room because of treatment side effects. Conclusions The clinical characteristics of the patients who start TT, the drug interactions that were found and compliance with the protocol of our hospital, justify the Pharmaceutical Care of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus. No conflict of interest.


Blending of natural rubber with thermoplastic is widely practised as the resultant blend exhibit properties typical of rubbery materials. The properties of the blends however is affected by the methods of preparation. In this paper emphasis has been laid on the method of preparations and its bearing on the final properties like tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break and hardness properties.
Properties with respect to the method of preparations for thermoplastic such as polypropylene high density polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride were investigated. Presented also the effect of sulphur vulcanisatian on these blends.


Decision makers and policy analysts at different administrative levels often lack a holistic view of the problem as there are semantic variations in policy documents due to domain-specific content. For example, smart city initiatives are derived from national and international initiatives which may influence the incentives for local participants, but local initiatives reflect the local contextual elements of the city. Balanced assessment of smart city initiatives should include a systemic evaluation of the initiatives at multiple levels including the city, the country in which the city resides as well as at international level. In this paper, a knowledge elicitation methodology is presented for multi-granularity evaluation of policies and initiatives. The methodology is demonstrated on the evaluation of smart city initiatives generated at different administrative levels. Semantic networks are constructed using formal ontologies and deep learning methods for automatic semantic evaluation of initiatives to abstract knowledge found in text. Three smart city initiatives published by different administrative levels including international, national, and city level are evaluated in terms of relevance, coherence, and alignment of multi-level smart city initiatives. Experiments and analysis ultimately provide a holistic view of the problem which is necessary for decision makers and policy analysts of smart cities.


An exceptionally rare flood and flash flood took place on the southern plains of West Texas during the Independence Day holiday weekend of 2010. Several daily and monthly record rainfall totals were broken across a wide region during this multi-day event. Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport recorded a storm total rainfall of 155 mm (6.12 in) over four days and set daily records on 2–3 July when 56 mm (2.19 in) and 83 mm (3.27 in) were observed, respectively. The most notable impact was the failure of an earthen dam that emptied a 2.4  10 5 m 2 (or 60 ac) lake along the Upper Brazos River. The resulting flood ruptured pipelines that led to an oil spill. Much of this excessive rainfall was due to the influence of moisture from the remnants of Hurricane Alex. This abundant tropical moisture set the stage to create heavy rainfall from 1 July through 4 July that reached a peak during the overnight of 3–4 July owing to a mesoscale convective vortex. Warm-rain precipitation production processes were greatly enhanced during this event and contributed to excessive heavy rainfall.


It is strongly debated whether bamboo forest ecosystems are a carbon sink or a carbon source because of insufficient knowledge regarding carbon loss via CO2 emissions from these forests. The surface area (S) of bamboo culms (stems) is important for estimating culm respiration, a major component of carbon cycling in bamboo forests. However, few studies have attempted to formulate predictive equations for S. In this study, we developed allometric equations for predicting S in three bamboo species grown in Kyushu Island, western Japan: Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex Houz., P. bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc. and P. nigra var. henonis. We used a power equation between S and diameter at breast height (D) and a linear equation between S and D × total culm length (H). The results indicated that P. bambusoides and P. nigra shared common site-independent equations. In contrast, P. pubescens required species-specific equations due to interspecific variation in culm slenderness and tapering. We also found that D was a better predictive variable than DH when quantifying S because of its satisfactory predictive performance and simplicity. These findings will be beneficial for evaluating the contribution of bamboo forest ecosystems to carbon cycling.


Zygotic embryogenesis in higher plants describes the developmental period in which the zygote undergoes a series of differentiation events, leading to the formation of a mature embryo. Establishment of the major embryonic organs and shoot and root apical meristems occur though partitioning events along the apical–basal axis, and many of these events are guided by the hormone auxin. Formation of the three embryonic tissue systems occurs along a radial axis perpendicular to the apical–basal axis. The mature zygotic embryo is generally developmentally arrested, metabolically quiescent and enclosed within maternal tissues of the seed. Somatic cells can be induced to divert from their normal fate and develop into embryos in a process termed somatic embryogenesis. Auxin and other plant hormones appear to play critical roles in inducing embryogenic competence. Zygotic and somatic embryogenesis represent parallel developmental programs in which cells acquire embryogenic cell fate and develop into mature embryos.

Key Concepts:

Embryo development can be divided into two phases: the morphogenesis phase in which the basic body plan of the embryo is established, and the maturation phase in which the embryo becomes tolerant of desiccation and accumulates storage macromolecules such as lipids, proteins and starch.

During its development, the embryo is divided into distinct domains along its apical–basal and radial axes.

Plant embryo formation represents a series of partitioning events in which organs and tissues are formed from larger domains.

Cell fate within the embryo is largely dependent on the position of the cell within the embryo body.

Plant cells are totipotent and have the ability to regenerate a fully differentiated organism.

Somatic embryos follow similar developmental patterns to their zygotic counterparts, and they occur naturally or are induced in culture.

Establishment of embryogenic competence occurs before the formation of the somatic embryo.

Keywords:

apical–basal axis;
auxin;
meristems;
patterning;
radial axis;
totipotency;
zygote


We review the recent researches of numerical simulations on faulting, which are interpreted in this paper as the evolution of the state of the fault plane and the evolution of fault structure. The theme includes the fault constitutive (friction) law, the properties of the gauge particles, the initial phase of the rupture, the dynamic rupture process, the interaction of the fault segments, the fault zone dynamics, and so on. Many numerical methods have been developed: boundary integral equation methods (BIEM), finite difference methods (FDM), finite or spectral element methods (FEM, SEM) as well as distinct element methods (DEM), discrete element methods (again DEM) or lattice solid models (LSM). The fault dynamics should be solved as a complex non-linear system, which shows multiple hierarchical structures on its property and behavior. The researches have progressively advanced since the 1990's both numerically and physically thanks to high performance computing environments. The interaction at small scales is modeled to provide a large scale property of the fault. The dynamic rupture has been actively studied especially for the effect on the fault geometry evolution or due to the existed fault structure. The (quasi-)static and the initial processes of the fault movement have been also explored in a seismic cycle. The effect of fluid or heat has been also taken into account in the mechanics. All these efforts help us to understand the phenomena and the unified understanding (simulation) over different spacio-temporal scales is more and more expected.


Many would agree that reforms to the existing investor-State arbitration system are necessary, but opinions diverge on precisely what these should be. The European Commission's proposal is to include an Investment Court System (ICS) in the investment chapters of the European Union (EU) Free Trade Agreements. This article scrutinizes, first, difficulties in setting up an ICS: the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Convention's applicability, the rules regarding conflicts of interest, ethics and ancillary professional affiliations of adjudicators, and requirements in terms of nationality, expertise and diversity of the bench. Secondly, problems are examined which may emerge in running an ICS: ensuring transparency, allowing for third party participation, and avoiding major increases in length and costs of the proceedings. Thirdly, issues concerning the review and enforcement of ICS decisions are analysed. Although the Commission has made a meritorious attempt at countering the main criticisms of investor-State arbitration, several new challenges have emerged which need to be addressed in order for an ICS to be fit for purpose. Although the incorporation of investment rules into the World Trade Organization (WTO) would seem unlikely to become politically feasible in the foreseeable future, multiple bilateral ICS mechanisms could serve as stepping stones towards a multilateral adjudicatory system for international investment disputes.


CASE
John, a 14-year old white male of European Jewish descent without a prior history of medical or psychiatric problems, presented following several days of increased need for sleep (16-20 hours per day), disorientation, difficulty maintaining attention and concentration, bizarre behaviors. He was sexually inappropriate toward his mother, sister, and housekeeper, masturbated in public, and sang nonsense lyrics. In addition, he had brief periods of agitation, paranoia (including fear that he was being followed and that he would be hurt by the physicians), and periods of distraction by auditory and visual hallucinations. His appetite increased significantly during this time. One week prior to the onset of these symptoms, he traveled to the Midwest where he experienced several days of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.John's physical and neurological examinations were normal except for the behaviors noted above. A medical evaluation revealed a normal brain computerized tomogram (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Urine toxicology screen, a comprehensive metabolic blood panel, and a complete blood count were normal. A lumbar puncture demonstrated a slightly elevated opening pressure (24 centimeters); the cerebrospinal fluid examination was unremarkable for cells, protein and glucose. Following the lumbar puncture, for which he had received midazolam, he had a brief, 30-45 minute episode of lucidity in which he was able to describe feeling like he was "in a fog."John was transferred to a psychiatric hospital where he recovered over several days and was discharged home. After three weeks of complete recovery, he acutely developed profound fatigue and the previously seen bizarre behaviors returned and persisted for 2 weeks. Following a 2-week period without symptoms, a similar behavior pattern recurred for the third time. The third episode differed from the first two in that he initially developed mental status changes and then developed symptoms of hypersomnolence. John has now been completely recovered from the third two week episode for one week and is taking summer school classes and enjoying socializing with his friends.


Using large-scale survey data covering 38 countries and exploiting origin-country variation across cohorts and surveys, we show that immigrants exposed to institutional corruption before migrating exhibit higher levels of political trust in their new country. Higher trust is observed for national political institutions only and does not carry over to other supra-national institutions and individuals. We report evidence that higher levels of political trust among immigrants persist, leading to greater electoral participation and political engagement in the long run. The impact of home-country corruption on political trust in the destination country is further amplified by large differences in income and democracy levels between the two countries. However, the effect is lessened by exposure to media providing independent information about institutional performance in the destination country. Finally, our extensive analyses indicate that self-selection into host countries based on trust is highly unlikely and the results also hold when focusing only on forced migrants who were unlikely to have been subject to selection.


Thirty-eigth patients who underwent pancreatic surgery other than Whipple procedure, at Department of General Surgery, Ataturk University, School of Medicine Erzurum between January 1991 and May 2001 were reviewed with respect to mortality, morbidity rate, and the result of different treatment modalities. Of the patients, 18 were man and the mean age was 42.1 (11-75 years). Routine laboratory test, USG, CT, endoscopy and other diagnostic procedures were used to confirm the diagnosis. In the five of eleven patients who were operated for blunt and penetran abdominal injuries, pancreatic laceration was observed and debridement and hemostasis were performed. In four of these patients peripancreatic drainage was made for pancreatic contusion and two had distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic laceration. In one patient who was operated under emergent circumtances for pancreatic cyst perforation, depridman and drenage were performed. In two patients with pancreatic fistula, Roux-en Y fistulojejunostomy was performed. Roux-en Y cystojejunostomy was performed in 11 patients, cyst drainage in 2 patients, and cystoduodenostomy in 1 patient who had pancreatic pseudocyst. Distal pancreatectomy was performed in 5 patients with pancreatic mass (2 in bady, 3 in tail) and in 3 patients who had invasion of the pancreas due to gastrointestinal cancer and one patient underwent wedge resection because of invasion of hepatic carcinoma. One patient underwent enucleation for pancreatic insulinoma Infection was seen in 8 patients, evisceration in one, and pancreatic fistula in one patient.


Onshore and offshore wind farms are a rapidly growing worldwide industry. The development of larger, more efficient turbines is opening up new frontiers in wind energy generation in the form of large offshore wind farms. The use of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology can fully realise the potential of these developments, overcoming the major technical challenges facing traditional AC solutions and providing an efficient, economic and reliable solution.


A brief guide to library resources useful for PSY 220, including a guide to using the PsycINFO database to find empirical research articles.


Two chiral aspects of the WZW model in an operator formalism are investigated. First, the meaning of duality, or conjugation, of primary fields is clarified. On a class of modules obtained from the discrete series it is shown, by looking at spaces of two-point conformal blocks, that a natural definition of contragredient module provides a suitable notion of conjugation of primary fields, consistent with known two–point functions. We find strong indications that an apparent contradiction with the Clebsch–Gordan series of , and proposed fusion rules, is explained by non-semi-simplicity of a certain category. Second, results indicating an infinite cyclic simple current group, corresponding to spectral flow automorphisms, are presented. In particular, the subgroup corresponding to even spectral flow provides part of a hypothetical extended chiral algebra resulting in proposed modular invariant bulk spectra.


Efficient air flow control plays a crucial role for the reliability of remote laser beam welding applications. Local air flows are helpful to suppress unfavorable interactions between laser radiation and welding fumes as a result of absorption and/or scattering effects. On the other hand, local and additional global flows have to be applied for emission control to protect optical components and workpieces from contamination and to avoid harmful air pollution of the atmosphere. However, the appropriate design of complex air flow systems under the additional condition of preferably low overall gas consumption is still a challenging task because a high number of decisive factors and a multitude of possible interactions complicate the pure empirical selection and positioning of suitable flow components and the adjustment of the numerous control parameters. This paper presents the results of a combined and complementary approach of experimental and theoretical investigations to meet these challenges. The experimental work was focused on the aspects of interaction mechanisms between the laser beam and the welding fume. Besides the characterization of process emissions, some of the requirements of stable remote processing with maximum penetration depth are revealed. In contrast, the theoretical work describes a general methodology on how to support the optimization of the cabin air flow by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models in combination with Design-of-Experiment (DoE) approaches.Efficient air flow control plays a crucial role for the reliability of remote laser beam welding applications. Local air flows are helpful to suppress unfavorable interactions between laser radiation and welding fumes as a result of absorption and/or scattering effects. On the other hand, local and additional global flows have to be applied for emission control to protect optical components and workpieces from contamination and to avoid harmful air pollution of the atmosphere. However, the appropriate design of complex air flow systems under the additional condition of preferably low overall gas consumption is still a challenging task because a high number of decisive factors and a multitude of possible interactions complicate the pure empirical selection and positioning of suitable flow components and the adjustment of the numerous control parameters. This paper presents the results of a combined and complementary approach of experimental and theoretical investigations to meet these challenges. The exper...


This study compares the fish assemblages of the permanently open cool-temperate Olifants and warm-temperate Breede estuaries on the west and south coasts of South Africa respectively, and their responses to altered freshwater flows. Both estuaries have experienced a >35% reduction in mean annual runoff (MAR) from a historical reference condition to the present day with a >60% reduction possible under future flow scenarios. With the exception of species that have both marine and estuarine breeding populations, the Olifants Estuary fish assemblage has experienced an overall 20% decrease in abundance from reference (pristine state) to the present day and will gradually decline to 55% of reference with a predicted future 60% reduction in MAR. Consequently, future reductions in flow are likely to result in the Olifants Estuary progressing towards a low biomass, low diversity, marine-dominated system. In contrast, reduced freshwater flows in the Breede Estuary are likely to experience an overall reduction in the abundance of species that breed only in estuaries, and in freshwater and catadromous species. Collectively, entirely estuarine-dependent fish will increase in abundance, but considered individually some important exploited species such as Argyrosomus japonicus and Pomadasys commersonnii will collapse to 50% of historical numbers once there has been a 64% reduction in MAR. Overall, fish abundance in the estuary has increased by 6% from reference to the present day and is likely to increase to 115% of reference with future reductions in flow. Some species with a preference for fresh and brackish water will be all but lost from the system, but overall diversity is likely to increase with the range expansion of warm-temperate and subtropical marine species westward. In all, the fish assemblage of the Breede Estuary will experience a gradual change from a relatively high-diversity, low-abundance, freshwater rich system under historical flow conditions to a high diversity, high-abundance, marine-dominated system with future reductions in flow.


Abstract The study presents a technology of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) production with the use of a dry, single-stage method. The reacting substrates (concentrated wet-process phosphoric acid - WPPA and solid Na2CO3 ) are mixed with a recycled final product (STPP) in a mixer, then a "quasi-dry" mixture is calcined in a rotary kiln. Thanks to that, some stages of a classic method of STPP production are eliminated: one of the two-stage neutralization of the phosphoric acid with sodium carbonate at temperature ~80°C, filtration of the neutralised solution and its evaporation, as well as the stage of drying a solution of mono- and di-sodium orthophosphate in a spray dryer. According to the presented technical and economical analysis, the costs of STPP production using a single-stage dry method can be 10% lower compared to the classic method.


Freight traffic on the U.S transportation system is growing rapidly, fueled by growing international trade and modern manufacturing and distribution supply chain practices such as just-in-time delivery. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) forecasts that freight tonnage will almost double between 2002 and 2035. This translates into comparable increases in truck traffic, which has been growing at a faster rate than that of all other classes of highway vehicles since about 1995. Improved and coordinated land use and transportation planning have been posited as the ultimate solution to urban traffic congestion, but would such measures be effective in reducing truck traffic? What relationship, if any, currently exists between land use, urban form, and freight and commercial vehicle miles of traveled (VMT) in metropolitan areas? This paper investigates what is currently known about this relationship, and concludes with a proposed research plan for resolving the outstanding issues.


Conventional roofing tiles, composed of either clay or concrete, are considered as environmentally unfriendly since a substantial quantity of greenhouse gases is being discharged in their production. In this study, an alternate approach of utilizing vegetable oil is proposed to produce roofing tiles called 'green roofing tiles'. It is believed that extended heat curing may convert vegetable oil into a rigid binder after undergoing a series of complex autocatalytic oxy-polymerization reactions. These green roofing tiles have flexural strength of up to approximately 11·5 MPa and successfully fulfilled the criteria for water absorption and permeability tests that were conducted in accordance with ASTM standards. Additionally, the leachate characteristics of these novel tiles were also investigated, and it was discovered that these novel roofing tiles have negligible leachate. Remarkably, the embodied energy and carbon dioxide requirements of these tiles were found to be 1·96 MJ/kg and 0·38 kg carbon dioxide ...


High harmonic generation (HHG) from solids shows great application prospects in compact short-wavelength light sources and as a tool for imaging the dynamics in crystals with subnanometer spatial and attosecond temporal resolution. However, the underlying collision dynamics behind solid HHG is still intensively debated and no direct mapping relationship between the collision dynamics with band structure has been built. Here, we show that the electron and its associated hole can be elastically scattered by neighboring atoms when their wavelength approaches the atomic size. We reveal that the elastic scattering of electron/hole from neighboring atoms can dramatically influence the electron recombination with its left-behind hole, which turns out to be the fundamental reason for the anisotropic interband HHG observed recently in bulk crystals. Our findings link the electron/hole backward scattering with Van Hove singularities and forward scattering with critical lines in the band structure and thus build a clear mapping between the band structure and the harmonic spectrum. Our work provides a unifying picture for several seemingly unrelated experimental observations and theoretical predictions, including the anisotropic harmonic emission in MgO, the atomic-like recollision mechanism of solid HHG, and the delocalization of HHG in ZnO. This strongly improved understanding will pave the way for controlling the solid-state HHG and visualizing the structure-dependent electron dynamics in solids.


Long‐standing evidence gained from Pax6 mutant embryos pointed to an involvement of Pax6‐dependent cell adhesion molecules in patterning the central nervous system and, in particular, the retina. However, direct evidence for such pathways remained elusive. We here present direct evidence that knockdown of Pax6 expression by morpholino antisense molecules in Xenopus embryos and knockdown of maternal N‐cadherin (mNcad), N‐cadherin (Ncad) and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) produce similar phenotypes. Eye formation is reduced and retinal lamination is heavily disorganized. In Pax6 knockdown embryos, the levels of mRNAs coding for these cell adhesion molecules are markedly reduced. Overexpression of Pax6 efficiently rescues the phenotype of Pax6 knockdown embryos and restores expression of these putative target genes. Rescue of Pax6‐deficiency by the putative target gene mNcad moderately rescues eye formation. The promoters of the genes coding for cell adhesion molecules contain several putative Pax6 binding sites, as determined by computer analysis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation shows that, in embryonic heads, Pax6 binds to promoter regions containing such predicted binding sites. Thus, several cell adhesion molecules are direct target genes of Pax6 and cooperate in retinal patterning. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70: 764–780, 2010


The present study was designed to investigate the effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (atorvastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin) on the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its active metabolite EXP-3174 in rats. Pharmacokinetic parameters of losartan and EXP-3174 in rats were determined after oral and intravenous administration of losartan (9 mg/kg) without and with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (1 mg/kg). The effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on P-gp and cytochrome (CYP) 3A4 activity were also evaluated. Atorvastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin inhibited CYP3A4 activities with IC50 values of 48.0, 14.1 and 3.10 µmol/l, respectively. Simvastatin (1–10 µmol/l) enhanced the cellular uptake of rhodamine-123 in a concentration-dependent manner. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0–∞) and the peak plasma concentration of losartan were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 59.6 and 45.8%, respectively, by simvastatin compared to those of control. The total body clearance (CL/F) of losartan after oral administration with simvastatin was significantly decreased (by 34.8%) compared to that of controls. Consequently, the absolute bioavailability (F) of losartan after oral administration with simvastatin was significantly increased by 59.4% compared to that of control. The metabolite-parent AUC ratio was significantly decreased by 25.7%, suggesting that metabolism of losartan was inhibited by simvastatin. In conclusion, the enhanced bioavailability of losartan might be mainly due to inhibition of P-gp in the small intestine and CYP3A subfamily-mediated metabolism of losartan in the small intestine and/or liver and to reduction of the CL/F of losartan by simvastatin.


The purpose of this scoping review was to survey the most recent (5 years) acute care, community health, and mental health nursing workload literature to understand themes and research avenues that may be applicable to school nursing workload research. The search for empirical and nonempirical literature was conducted using search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, CINAHL, and Medline. Twenty-nine empirical studies and nine nonempirical articles were selected for inclusion. Themes that emerged consistent with school nurse practice include patient classification systems, environmental factors, assistive personnel, missed nursing care, and nurse satisfaction. School nursing is a public health discipline and population studies are an inherent research priority but may overlook workload variables at the clinical level. School nurses need a consistent method of population assessment, as well as evaluation of appropriate use of assistive personnel and school environment factors. Assessment of tasks not directly related to student care and professional development must also be considered in total workload.


Background Alcohol use is a risk factor for the acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among African American men who have sex with men (MSM). Mobile phone-based ecological momentary assessments (EMA) could minimize bias due to retrospective recall and thus provide a better understanding of the social and structural context of alcohol use and its relationship with HIV-related risk behaviors in this population as well as other highly stigmatized populations. Objective We describe the study design and the implementation, feasibility, reactivity, and acceptability of an EMA study of alcohol use and HIV-related behaviors among African American MSM in Baltimore. Methods Participants were recruited through flyers and word-of-mouth in Baltimore from September 2013 to November 2014. Each participant was loaned an Android smartphone and instructed to respond to multiple prompts from the mobile app for 4 weeks. Data were collected through (1) random prompts delivered three times daily assessing participants' location, activity, mood, and social context, (2) daily prompts capturing drinking and sex events occurring in the past 24 hours, and (3) event-contingent responses collecting participants' self-reported episodes of drinking. Results A total of 16 participants enrolled in the study. The current analyses focused on 15 participants who completed at least 24 days of follow-up (mean follow-up time 29 days; range 24-35 days). Study participants (N=15) were a median 38 years of age (range 27-62 years) with low levels of income and educational attainment. Ten individuals self-reported living with HIV/AIDS, over half reported drinking alcohol at least 2-3 times a week, and a third reported binge drinking (ie, 6 or more drinks on one occasion) on a weekly basis. Based on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score, nearly half were classified as hazardous drinkers (score 8-15) and a fifth were likely dependent (score ≥16). A total of 140 participant-initiated events were reported, and 75% of 1308 random prompts and 81% of 436 daily prompts delivered were answered. Of seven devices used during the study, five were reported lost by participants. We did not observe strong reactivity effects, and self-reported acceptability to study procedures was uniformly favorable. Conclusions This study provides evidence to support the feasibility and acceptability of using EMA methods for collecting data on alcohol use among African American men who have sex with men living in urban settings. These data provide the basis for future studies of EMA-informed mHealth interventions to promote the reduction of substance use and HIV risk-taking behaviors among African American MSM living in urban settings.


: Rehabilitation and nursing care of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis require a comprehensive team effort. The primary purpose of rehabilitation is to restore these elderly women to an optimal level of well-being and activity and return them to home and community life as soon as possible. Medical management, rehabilitative nursing and physical therapy are interdependent. Emphasis is placed on estrogen replacement to prevent further fractures and height loss, individualization of care, early ambulation, improving patient confidence, physiotherapy procedures, orthopedic supports, optimal nutrition, safety precautions, work simplification, occupational therapy and the need for appropriate social contacts. The economic, physical and emotional consequences of deforming postmenopausal osteoporosis are enormous. Current research indicates that this disease is preventible. An effective program of prophylaxis is needed now; otherwise many more women will need increasing amounts of costly rehabilitation.


Purpose – To examine the evolution of the online newspaper genre in Scandinavia. To provide an understanding of the institutional context in which online newspapers initially were produced and modified over time. Design/methodology/approach – A longitudinal study of three different types of newspapers in three Scandinavian countries. The study is based on interviews with newspaper representatives conducted during recurring visits in 1996, 1999 and 2002, and web page analysis of their online newspapers. Findings – The study illustrates how online newspapers have established a number of communicative practices significant for recognizing them as a distinct digital genre, and it outlines a set of institutional factors shaping the ongoing change of these newspapers. In addition, the study demonstrates the emergence of sequential interdependencies between online and printed news. Originality/value – The focus on Scandinavian newspapers in this paper complements studies conducted in other parts of the world regarding online newspaper genre evolution.


The present research is a descriptive and cross sectional with the aim of analyzing the factors affect the employment matching the field of study for nursing graduates studying in Qazvin medical science university in 2013. Data were collected on 406 students of B.S. who were graduated from the School of Nursing and Midwifery during 2007-2011. The information was gathered through a questionnaire that its validity and reliability were confirmed and it was done by telephone call with recording conversations, visiting and e-mail. Data were described as the frequency of distribution, number and
percent. The results showed that, the most of graduates worked as a nurse and lake of employment is related to personal reasons. The work load and low income were the main of these reasons. Thus, according to the importance of this job for the society, focusing on increasing the income and creating facilitation regarding the situation and difficulties can provide a situation that every nursing graduate start to work as a nurse.
Keywords: Graduate, Nursing Education, Career


This study is a descriptive qualitative research. This research aim to analyze and express cultural competence among early childhood teachers in Sidoarjo. Data collection was done by observation, interview and documentation. The subjects in this study were early childhood teachers in Sidoarjo from both homogeneous and heterogeneous schools. This study resulted the findings that educators can be competent in culturally diverse classroom teaching, he must have a cultural component of cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural attitudes and cultural skills. Cultural awareness and cultural attitudes can be developed through cultural experience or cross-cultural interaction. While cultural knowledge can be developed through training such as workshops, seminars, conferences etc. And cultural teaching skills can be developed through teaching experience.


In this essay written in honor of the retirement of Eddy Wymeersch, Professor Howell Jackson explores the manner in which European nations have moved towards more consolidated systems of financial regulation and discusses the implications of the European experience for the United States. While U.S. policy debates over regulatory reform often reduce to theoretical claims regarding the benefits and pitfalls of consolidation, the consolidation of oversight within the members states of the European Union offers many concrete examples of how consolidated supervision actually works. European experience demonstrates that there are many different ways in which to implement consolidated regulation, and often times the process of consolidation occurs gradually over a number of years. In addition to the expected advantages of increased efficiency and the elimination of regulatory gaps, European experience suggests that consolidated regulatory agencies often attract higher quality personnel and do a better job maintaining consistency across different sectors of the financial services industry. In addition, European reforms have devised a number of mechanisms to ensure that consolidated agencies remain politically accountable and resolve policy conflicts in an efficient and timely manner.


Welding of 1000 MPa high strength alloy steel is difficult because of its welding cold cracking sensitivity and the difficulty in maintaining high joint toughness. In this paper the effects of alloy elements on welding cracking tendency are analyzed, and measures to prevent cold crack are proposed. Welding wires with high strength was deposited into weld metal and welded into joint. Tensile test, micro-hardness test and Charpy impact test were used to evaluate the strength and toughness of weld metal and heat affected zone. Optical microscope, transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to analyze the microstructure. It is shown that the weld metal mainly consists of lath martensite, lath bainite, and residual austenite which exists between the laths. The strength of weld metal increases in a small degree with increasing carbon equivalent and its toughness and ductility are not related to carbon equivalent. The toughness and ductility are much sensitive to nonmetallic inclusions. The welded joint has tensile strength of higher than 1000 MPa when welded at heat input of 11 kJ/cm and 15 kJ/cm and the mechanical properties are little influenced by the amount of heat input in this range. The whole welded joint has good comprehensive properties.


Introduction Authors of knowledge syntheses make many subjective decisions during their review process. Those decisions, which are guided in part by author characteristics, can impact the conduct and conclusions of knowledge syntheses, which assimilate much of the evidence base in medical education. To better understand the evidence base, this study describes the characteristics of knowledge synthesis authors, focusing on gender, geography, and institution. Methods In 2020, the authors conducted meta-research to examine authors of 963 knowledge syntheses published between 1999 and 2019 in 14 core medical education journals. Results The authors identified 4,110 manuscript authors across all authorship positions. On average there were 4.3 authors per knowledge synthesis (SD = 2.51, Median = 4, Range = 1–22); 79 knowledge syntheses (8%) were single-author publications. Over time, the average number of authors per synthesis increased (M = 1.80 in 1999; M = 5.34 in 2019). Knowledge syntheses were authored by slightly more females (n = 2047; 50.5%) than males (n = 2005; 49.5%) across all author positions. Authors listed affiliations in 58 countries, and 58 knowledge syntheses (6%) included authors from low- or middle-income countries. Authors from the United States (n = 366; 38%), Canada (n = 233; 24%), and the United Kingdom (n = 180; 19%) published the most knowledge syntheses. Authors listed affiliation at 617 unique institutions, and first authors represented 362 unique institutions with greatest representation from University of Toronto (n = 55, 6%). Across all authorship positions, the large majority of knowledge syntheses (n = 753; 78%) included authors from institutions ranked in the top 200 globally. Conclusion Knowledge synthesis author teams have grown over the past 20 years, and while there is near gender parity across all author positions, authorship has been dominated by North American researchers located at highly ranked institutions. This suggests a potential overrepresentation of certain authors with particular characteristics, which may impact the conduct and conclusions of medical education knowledge syntheses.


We measured plasma concentration of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), a proopiomelanocortin derivative that modulates pyrogenic and proinflammatory effects of cytokines, in infectious and inflammatory disorders in humans to learn if changes in this peptide take place in naturally occurring disease. alpha-MSH was elevated in HIV-infected patients of the CDC groups III and IV. Although the peptide increased in the circulation of normal subjects injected with endotoxin, it was reduced in patients with septic syndrome. alpha-MSH was found in the synovial fluid of arthritis patients, and its concentration was greater in the forms of arthritis marked by greater inflammation. We found that alpha-MSH is increased in the circulation of patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving thrombolytic therapy. Plasma concentrations of alpha-MSH is increased in the circulation of patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving thrombolytic therapy. Plasma concentrations of alpha-MSH were lower in healthy elderly subjects than in young controls. Because an excess of proinflammatory cytokines can have detrimental effects, we investigated the influences of alpha-MSH on the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in HIV-infected patients and in patients with septic syndrome. Production of these cytokines in whole-blood samples stimulated with endotoxin was significantly reduced by treatment of blood with alpha-MSH. alpha-MSH has been injected into at least 106 human subjects to study its effects on pituitary function, menstrual bleeding, and tanning. The peptide was always well tolerated. alpha-MSH administration could open new perspectives in treatment of inflammatory diseases in humans.


Underwater noise generated by pile driving, rotating machinery, or towers supporting offshore wind turbines may disturb marine life and inhibit detection of coastal activities via passive sonar and seismic sensors. Noise abatement techniques have therefore been proposed to limit the propagation of such noise into the far field, and many of these employ a curtain of freely-rising bubbles or tethered encapsulated bubbles to surround the towers [Lee et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131, 3507(A) (2012)]. An analytic model, based on a Green's function approach, is presented for the passive noise suppression provided by a discrete number of bubbles surrounding submerged point sources or pulsating cylindrical towers above horizontally-stratified layers of sediment. The sediment layers are modeled as viscoelastic media and the Green's function is derived via angular spectrum decomposition [Hay et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129, 2477(A), (2011)]. Simulations in which the bubbles are assumed to react independently to the ...


AuIB, a neurotoxic conopeptide, is a "selective antagonist" of the α3‐β4 subtype of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human brain and is investigated extensively for its immense potency in the treatment of pain. It contains two disulfide linkages, which are decisive in maintaining its structure and functional selectivity. Here we report, a molecular dynamics simulation study of the role of disulfide bonds on the secondary structure of AuIB in water. The native form of AuIB (N) is found to be significantly stable in water with very robust 310 and α‐helical domains, featuring ∼47% of the total structure. The partially reduced AuIB (P2‐8), with the disulfide bond between cysteine 2, 8 broken, shows significantly perturbed secondary structural features with almost total loss in helicity. Breaking of the disulfide bond between cysteine 3, 15 (P3‐15), on the other hand, has almost no effect on the helical region of the peptide, although the weightage of β‐turn increased at the cost of random coil. Intriguingly, when both the disulfide bonds are broken (D), the helical region is affected, but the loss in helicity is less than that observed in the P2‐8 case. To understand the disulfide scrambling process, the relative probabilities of forming three disulfide‐bond isoforms of AuIB in water are estimated from the sulfur‐sulfur (SS) distance distributions of the four cysteine residues present in AuIB (D). Simulations show that the native globular form dominates ∼73% of the isoform population, with the beads form being the second most populated one. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 196–209, 2016.


Cathepsin X has been reported to be a tumor promotion factor in various types of cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms linking its activity with malignant processes are not understood. Here we present profilin 1, a known tumor suppressor, as a target for cathepsin X carboxypeptidase activity in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Profilin 1 co-localizes strongly with cathepsin X intracellularly in the perinuclear area as well as at the plasma membrane. Selective cleavage of C-terminal amino acids was demonstrated on a synthetic octapeptide representing the profilin C-terminal region, and on recombinant profilin 1. Further, intact profilin 1 binds its poly-L-proline ligand clathrin significantly better than it does the truncated one, as shown using cathepsin X specific inhibitor AMS-36 and immunoprecipitation of the profilin 1/clathrin complex. Moreover, the polymerization of actin, which depends also on the binding of poly-L-proline ligands to profilin 1, was promoted by AMS-36 treatment of cells and by siRNA cathepsin X silencing. Our results demonstrate that increased adhesion, migration and invasiveness of tumor cells depend on the inactivation of the tumor suppressive function of profilin 1 by cathepsin X. The latter is thus designated as a target for development of new antitumor strategies.


The first piece of research was made on mice in order to try to determine the importance of the ration of protein in the food in the maintenance of pregnancy and the mechanism by which protein lack leads to sterility. Five groups of 100 couples were given diets which contained 23.5%, 12.48%, 10.50%, 7.01% and 0% of protein respectively over a period of 100 days. The drop in the percentage of protein was obtained by adding detoxicated cassava flour and the diet without any protein was made up of starch, maize oil, mineral salts and vitamins. The number of litterings per 100 couples was only lowered when the diet was down to 7.01% of protein and at the same time it was only with this diet that one found a significant reduction in the number of young per litter. When the diet had no protein in it at all no young were born at all. Pregnant rats were fed diets which contained 23.5%, 7.01% or no protein at all. In this last diet we watched to stop coprophagia. There was very little difference in the number of implantations and young born with a diet of 7.01% of protein but a very significant drop with the diet without protein. With this last diet was very little significant difference in the series whether one had watched to stop coprophagia or not. An injection of 10 I.U. of HCG from the 3rd to the 13th day of pregnancy in rats fed a protein-free died did not alter significantly the number of implantations and did lead to complete resorption of the embryos.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


As brand building is a long-term process the same applies to the universe of social media too. It is said that building a brand image can takes years, but it take a moment to get ruined. Therefore it is very important for organizations to carefully examine all key aspects which is pertinent in building brand image on social media platforms. The real customers' experience for brands on social media significantly influence brand building. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of social media communication mix on improving brand image and enhancing customers' experience. We identified key factors which help to predict customer behavior and experience with brands in social media platforms and with the same we analyzed the relationship between perceived brand images through customer experience. The sample of this study consists of 225 respondents of mix demographic parameters. To investigate these relationships correlation analysis is used. Strong relevance of relationships were confirmed in two cases with medium dependence out of the seven relationships investigated in this study. Results proves the importance of using social media communication mix for brand building, as these tools got significant ability to influence customers attitude and perception. Social media is the fastest, economical and personal way to communicate efficiently and effectively with the customer. As it happens in real time it can trigger user action instantly if organization has the ability to convey the real emotion. The findings from this study can help the organizations to choose the right social media communication mix for a better and higher return on their marketing investment. This research offers a new perspective in creating social media strategy for building a strong brand image.


P43

 BACKGROUND:
 The increased prevalence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in patients with cryptogenic stroke suggests the occurrence of paradoxical embolism. Previous studies have found paradoxical embolism to be uncommon in stroke, but few have focussed on patients with cryptogenic stroke. We therefore evaluated pelvic veins and leg veins in this population.
 METHODS:
 Eighteen patients (median age 45 years) with a cryptogenic brain ischemic event (stroke 16, TIA 2) underwent magnetic resonance venography (MRV). Evaluation consisted of time-of-flight (TOF) and phase contrast images through the pelvis. A positive MRV was defined as an intravascular decrease in signal intensity at least 15 millimeters (mm) in length contacting the wall of a vein and showing matching abnormalities on both pulse sequences. Lower extremity venous duplex examination was also performed in 17/18.
 RESULTS:
 All patients had normal cranial arteries, apart from the artery referable to the index stroke. A right-to-left intracardiac shunt was identified in 16/18. MRV was performed a median of 22 days (range, 2–416) post-event. In three patients, only the TOF was performed (all negative studies). There were three patients who had evidence for paradoxical embolism. Patient 1 had sickle cell disease and two small cortical emboli, a PFO, a 30 mm left external iliac vein clot three days post-stroke, and a right calf vein clot diagnosed 23 days post-stroke. Patient 2 had a history of right knee injury and surgery, top of the basilar embolus, a PFO, and a chronic clot in the distal right popliteal vein. Patient 3 had several hours of sudden dysarthria and confusion after pelvic surgery, a PFO, and a right calf vein clot two days post-TIA. One patient had a basilar artery embolus and a 20 mm right external iliac vein clot, but no PFO. Another patient had no DVT day 2 post-stroke, but bilateral calf vein DVT on day 10.
 CONCLUSIONS:
 Pelvic MRV has diagnostic utility in the evaluation of patients with cryptogenic stroke. Pelvic vein and calf vein thrombosis are a source of paradoxical embolism in some patients with cryptogenic stroke. The incidence of thrombus in these two sites requires further evaluation in this population.


Incomplete and absent doses in routine childhood vaccinations are of major concern. Health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), in particular, often struggle to enable full vaccination of children, which affects their immunity against communicable diseases. Data on child vaccination cards from a cross-sectional primary survey with 1,967 households were used to assess the vaccination status. The association of timely postnatal care (PNC) and the place of delivery with any-dose (at least one dose of each vaccine) and full vaccination of children between 10-20 months in Bihar, India, was investigated. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used. The vaccines included targeted tuberculosis, hepatitis B, polio, diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus (DPT) and measles. Moreover predictors for perinatal health care uptake were analysed by multivariable logistic regression. Of the 1,011 children with card verification, 47.9% were fully vaccinated. Timely PNC was positively associated with full vaccination (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-2.08) and with the administration of at least one dose (any-dose) of polio vaccine (aOR 3.37 95% CI 1.79-6.36), hepatitis B/pentavalent vaccine (aOR 2.11 95% CI 1.24-3.59), and DPT/pentavalent vaccine (aOR 2.29 95% CI 1.35-3.88). Additionally, delivery in a public health care facility was positively associated with at least one dose of hepatitis B/pentavalent vaccine administration (aOR 4.86 95% CI 2.97-7.95). Predictors for timely PNC were institutional delivery (public and private) (aOR 2.7 95% CI 1.96-3.72, aOR 2.38 95% CI 1.56-3.64), at least one ANC visit (aOR 1.59 95% CI 1.18-2.15), wealth quintile (Middle aOR 1.57 95% CI 1.02-2.41, Richer aOR 1.51 95% CI 1.01-2.25, Richest aOR 2.06 95% CI 1.28-3.31) and household size (aOR 0.95 95% CI 0.92-0.99). The findings indicate a correlation between childhood vaccination and timely postnatal care. Further, delivery in a public facility correlates with the administration of at least one dose of hepatitis B vaccine and thus impedes zero-dose vaccination. Increasing uptake of timely PNC, encouraging institutional delivery, and improving vaccination services before discharge of health facilities may lead to improved vaccination rates among children.


The importance of social media such as Twitter, as a conduit for actionable and tactical information during disasters is increasingly recognized. During crisis situations, rapid and effective response actions by emergency services are critical to assure the safety of the public. In this paper, we propose a conceptual representation for crisis-related tweet classification. In order to classify a stream of tweets related to the incident, the crisis-related terms in each tweet are represented as conceptual entities such as event entities, category indicator entities, information type entities, URL entities, and user entities. For tweet classification, we have compared support vector machines and deep learning model which combines class activation mapping with one-shot learning in convolutional neural networks. Experimental results on TREC 2018 Incident Streams test collection show significant improvement over the baseline system.


The Anglican view of authority, set out in her more recent official documents, owes much to the influence of liberal Catholicism; more especially to that of the generation younger than Gore who had themselves been influenced by the concept of authority espoused by certain Roman Catholic modernists. Radical movements in philosophy, literature, and science during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries created a climate of suspicion and doubt. By the mid-nineteenth century the accepted view of authority within Anglicanism could no longer sustain the weight placed upon it by the effects of these movements. Liberal Catholicism emerged in the l880's with a view of authority which allowed a certain liberality for the exploration of new ideas without compromise to the historic and catholic basis of Anglicanism. Within Roman Catholicism the modernist Tyrrell was opposing the official concept of authority which imposed upon the faithful dogmas defined by the hierarchy. Tyrrell maintained that the faithful themselves, in their collective spiritual experience, guaranteed the authority of dogma. The importance of spiritual experience, and hence of the consensus fidelium, was siezed upon by the younger generation of liberal catholic Anglicans, Incorporating the modernist view of authority they produced a neo-liberal Catholicism as catholic as Gore's, but with a greater degree of liberality. The emergence of neo-liberal Catholicism was catalysed by a ' period of crisis within Anglicanism immediately prior to the Great War. The Doctrine Commission, appointed in 1922, included a number of neo-liberal Catholics. Amongst them was A.E.J.Rawlinson and Will Spens, Rawlinson, as Bishop of Derby, also participated in the 1948 Lambeth Conference. In so far as they deal with authority both the report of the Doctrine Commission and the report of Lambeth 1948 show a marked dependence upon the neo-liberal catholic view of authority.


Hirudin is the most potent natural inhibitor of thrombin and a powerful anticoagulant. Large-scale production of recombinant hirudin is desirable for therapy. In this study, the gene encoding hirudin variant III was redesigned and synthesized by using Bacillus subtilis preferred codons, and the recombinant hirudin variant III (rHV3) was overexpressed in B. subtilis DB403 with strong anticoagulation activity for the first time. The hirudin activity from the supernatant of culture with optimized expression conditions could reach 210 ATU/ml. The protein in culture supernatant was precipitated by trichloroacetic acid, then desalted by ultrafiltration and purified by anion exchange chromatography. Strong anion Q F.F. performed better than weak anion DEAE F.F. The proper pH and conductivity was determined at pH 8 and 6 ms/cm, respectively. The maximum applied sample was 240 ATU/ml to medium of strong anion Q F.F. This optimized procedure was employed in strong anion exchange HiPrep 16/10Q with the 90% recovery rate and 70.2% purity. After gel filtration, the purity of rHV3 checked by HPLC could reach 95.1%, and the recovery rate was 93% for this step. The purified recombinant rHV3 showed a single band in SDS-PAGE. The rHV3 was stable at 100 °C and acidity condition, but was unstable under the condition of both heating and alkalinity. In conclusion, theses studies suggests that B.subtilis might be useful for the production of biologically active medicine peptides in secretion facilitating purification procedures, and that this isolation method was suitable for scale-up purification process at a low cost.


A simple method for direct C–H imidation is reported using a new perester-based self-immolating reagent and a base-metal catalyst. The succinimide products obtained can be easily deprotected in situ (if desired) to reveal the corresponding anilines directly. The scope of the reaction is broad, the conditions are extremely mild, and the reaction is tolerant of oxidizable and acid-labile functionality, multiple heteroatoms, and aryl iodides. Mechanistic studies indicate that ferrocene (Cp2Fe) plays the role of an electron shuttle in the decomposition of the perester reagent, delivering a succinimidyl radical ready to add to an aromatic system.


The aim of the research is to develop proposed designs for uniform uniforms on scientific bases to provide functional and aesthetic efficiency in accordance with the Kingdom's regulations and environment in accordance with the requirements of early physical and psychological adolescence.Methodology: The study described the current school uniform, the proposed uniforms, their qualifications and the problems faced by the students of this stage, as well as the field and applied studies. The sample consisted of a random sample of the school community. Students were identified as: intermediate students (200) (30), parents (30), and specialized arbitrators (10) in the cities of Makkah and Arar.The tools included: identification of an electronic survey, identification of the assessment of the proposed design for the specialists, identification of the evaluation of the proposed design for the teachers and parents, identification of the evaluation of the proposed designs for the students.The results indicated  that there were statistically significant differences between the six designs according to the opinions of all the members of the research sample where it was found that the value of (P) was (50.854) which is a statistical value at level (0.01), and that the third design was the best designs according to For the opinions of all members of the research sample, then the first design, then the fifth design, then the fourth design, then the sixth design, and finally the second design.Recommendations:  the establishment of a standard scale for Saudi girls for the early and late stages of adolescence, and the need to establish a factory for the production of uniform uniforms for the three stages of education in the Kingdom, which includes production lines in line with the standards of Saudi girls in addition to a customized unit for special cases under the supervision of the Ministry of Education Education, and recommends the implementation of a uniform dress policy on sports activities for male and female students.


Globally, flood catastrophes lead all natural hazards in terms of impacts on society, causing billions of dollars of damages annually. Here, a novel approach to defining high-flow seasons (3-month) globally is presented by identifying temporal patterns of streamflow. The main high-flow season is identified using a volume-based threshold technique and the PCR-GLOBWB model. In comparison with observations, 40 % (50 %) of locations at a station (sub-basin) scale have identical peak months and 81 % (89 %) are within 1 month, indicating fair agreement between modeled and observed high-flow seasons. Minor high-flow seasons are also defined for bi-modal flow regimes. Identified major and minor high-flow seasons together are found to well represent actual flood records from the Dartmouth Flood Observatory, further substantiating the model's ability to reproduce the appropriate high-flow season. These high-spatial-resolution high-flow seasons and associated performance metrics allow for an improved understanding of temporal characterization of streamflow and flood potential, causation, and management. This is especially attractive for regions with limited observations and/or little capacity to develop early warning flood systems.


: Primary and repeated lateral teleroentgenograms of the head of 37 children aged 4-8 with prognathic occlusion were analyzed, recorded on an average in 2 years after employment of a chin sling with extraoral traction. Analysis has shown normalization of the jaws and occlusion in the sagittal plane, resultant from limitation of mesial transposition of the mandible in the skull in the course of facial skeleton growth. This has been achieved at the expense of inhibition of longitudinal growth of the mandibular body and ascending branches more than twofold as against the reference values and was also a result of mandibular shift due to traction and of enhanced vertical transposition of the mandible in the skull due to distal rotation. The principal indications for the employment of chin sling in the management of prognathic occlusion are intensive growth of the mandible or a tendency to such growth, mesial position of the mandible in the skull, and a combination of these disorders, that may be the principal or additional factors contributing to the pathogenesis of this abnormality.


This paper presents the development of appropriate frequency conversion factors for performance parameters of transformers. These factors are needed in order to allow manufacturers to convert measured values from 60 to 50 Hz and vice versa. Conversion factors are necessary when equipment at a manufacturer's test facility allows direct measurement at one frequency and not the other. These factors are developed for no load loss, exciting current, load loss, and noise level using both analytical and actual tested data. Measured data, provided by several manufacturers, was used to confirm the theoretical results. This paper will be used as a basis for proposing standard frequency conversion factors in the IEEE/ANSI and IEC test standards for power and distribution transformers. Such a standard will make it possible for manufacturers to use the same frequency conversion factors and hence have a more uniform accuracy of the reported test data at both 50 and 60Hz.


PURPOSE
While a large body of work documents the interconnections between oral health and obesity, less is known about the role that oral health professionals and organizations play to prevent childhood obesity, especially by influencing children's consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). This review identifies efforts by oral health professionals and organizations to influence such policy and advocacy, while informing future opportunities to leverage and expand on existing efforts.

METHODS
A scoping review of peer-reviewed literature and a web-based review of oral health policy and advocacy initiatives addressing prevention of obesity and reducing children's consumption of SSBs were conducted. Of 30 unique references identified, four peer-reviewed and seven non-peer-reviewed references met selection criteria. Qualitative and quantitative data were extracted using a priori determined headings.

RESULTS
Findings suggest a strong role for oral health professionals in preventing childhood obesity and reducing children's consumption of SSBs; however, only a few national, state, and local oral-health-advocacy and -policy efforts were identified, such as policy statements by national associations, state and local education campaigns, and clinical guidelines. Evidence was limited on the role of oral health professionals in influencing broader communitywide advocacy and policy efforts such as soda taxation and limiting SSB consumption in schools.

CONCLUSION
This review provides an emerging evidence base to support growing recognition among oral health professionals of their dual role in preventing childhood obesity and dental caries by targeting SSB consumption. It also identifies opportunities for oral health professionals to build on initial efforts to more proactively influence future policy and advocacy.


Burned area (BA) mapping of a forest after a fire is required for its management and the determination of the impacts on ecosystems. Different remote sensing sensors and their combinations have been used due to their individual limitations for accurate BA mapping. This study analyzes the contribution of different features derived from optical, thermal, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images to extract BA information from the Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) forest in a Mediterranean ecosystem. In addition to reflectance values of the optical images, Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) data are produced from both Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 data. The backscatter of C-band Sentinel-1 and L-band ALOS-2 SAR images and the coherence feature derived from the Interferometric SAR technique were also used. The pixel-based random forest image classification method is applied to classify the BA detection in 24 scenarios created using these features. The results show that the L-band data provided a better contribution than C-band data and the combination of features created from Landsat LST, NBR, and coherence of L-band ALOS-2 achieved the highest accuracy, with an overall accuracy of 96% and a Kappa coefficient of 92.62%.


Feed represents a large proportion of the variable costs in dairy production systems. The omission of feed intake measures explicitly from national dairy cow breeding objectives is predominantly due to a lack of information on which to make selection decisions. Individual cow feed intake data are available in different countries, mostly from research or nucleus herds. None of these datasets are sufficiently large enough on their own to generate accurate genetic evaluations. Here we collate data from ten populations in nine countries. A total of 224,174 test-day records from parity one to five animals, as well as 1,784 records from growing heifers were available. Random regression models fitted to lactating cow test-day records were used to predict feed intake at 70 days post calving. Heritability estimates of predicted cow feed intake 70-days post-calving was 0.34 across the entire dataset and varied, within population, from 0.08 to 0.52. Repeatability of feed intake across lactations was 0.66. Heritability of feed intake in growing heifers was 0.20 to 0.34. The genetic correlation between feed intake in lactating cows and heifers was 0.67. A combined pedigree and genomic relationship matrix was used to improve linkages between populations for the estimation of genetic correlations between countries categorized as North America, Grazing, Other low input, and High input EU. Genetic correlation estimates between populations varied from 0.14 to 0.84 but was stronger (0.76 to 0.84) between the populations representative of high input production systems.


In this study, we compared results obtained in senescent rats with young rats given an equivalent acid load. We examined the renal changes by giving equivalent acid loads for 48 h to both 6- and 24-mo-old rats. The basal excretion of ammonium was the same in both groups, whereas titratable acids, phosphate, and Ca2+ excretions were increased in the senescent animal. After administration of the acid load, ammonium, phosphate, Ca2+, and titratable acid excretions increased in both age groups, but there were greater absolute increases in ammonium and titratable acid excretions in the young rats. The total acid excreted by the 24-mo rats was reduced 50 (day 1) and 25% (day 2) compared with the young rats, which was reflected by the more severe acidosis in those animals. The portion of total acid excreted as titratable acids in senescent animals was also increased during acidosis when compared with the young animals. In isolated proximal tubule brush-border membrane vesicles, acidosis increased Na+-H+ exchange and decreased Na+-dependent phosphate transport in both age groups. We also found that the basal activity of the Na+-H+ exchanger was not changed with age but the Na+-dependent phosphate transporter was less in the 24-mo rat. The results suggest that physiological regulation of these renal processes remains intact in the aged rat but the responses may be reduced or delayed in the senescent animal.


We report here a Kenyapithecus africanus juvenile mandible recovered from middle Miocene (ca. 14-16 million years) deposits of Maboko Island (Lake Victoria), Kenya. Symphyseal and dental attributes of the mandible distinguish K. africanus, a species widely regarded as the earliest known member of the great ape and human clade, from other Miocene large-bodied hominoids. The Maboko Island mandible exhibits a markedly proclined symphyseal axis, massive inferior transverse torus, mesiodistally narrow, high-crowned, and strongly procumbent lateral incisor, and molars with cingula restricted to the median buccal cleft. Although the presence of some of these conditions in Kenyapithecus was suggested earlier, the fragmentary and ill-preserved nature of previously known specimens led certain authorities to doubt their validity. Our assessment of mandibular and dental morphology indicates that K. africanus diverged after Proconsul and Griphopithecus but prior to the last common ancestor of Sivapithecus, extant great apes, and humans. The robustly constructed mandibular symphysis and anterior dentition suggest that incisal biting played as important a role as thick molar enamel in the dietary adaptations of K. africanus.


Turbulence and chemistry interaction (TCI) is still an open problem in the combustion science. Models are needed to account for the unclosed chemistry source terms when the averaged or filtered Navier-Stokes governing equations are solved for chemical species in reactive flows. Finite-rate (FR) combustion models attempting to model the low-pass filtered production/consumption rates (in the case of Large Eddy Simulation or LES) directly. The Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) and Scale Similarity (SS) models are two types of FR combustion models for LES. The aim of the study is to assess and improve the performance of the two mentioned models using Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) databases.
In DNS all flow and chemistry scales are resolved and no TCI modeling is required. The DNS databases of reactive flows with relatively detailed chemistry, which are now available thanks to massively large parallel computational tools and codes, can be utilized to both gain fundamental insights on the turbulent reactive flows and directly assess TCI models. The assessment can be through a priori and a posterior DNS analyses. In the current work, fundamental analyses are carried out, using DNS databases of non-premixed jet flames, on the spectral behavior (velocity and dissipation of kinetic energy spectra) and the internal intermittency phenomenon in this type of flames. The physical findings are applied to develop new FR combustion models for LES. In particular, Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) is improved by the modifications on the coefficients and the intermittency factor of the model. The modification on the coefficients follows a theoretical basis in which the new findings on spectral behavior have been applied to reduce the degree of freedom of the model by relating the two free coefficients of the model. On the other hand, the modification in the intermittency factor of EDC is the direct application of the observations in the scaling of dissipation fluctuations.
The new EDC models are then a priori assessed using the DNS databases.
Besides, the existing Scale Similarity (SS) models for LES are a priori assessed using the DNS databases and new dynamic SS models are developed based on Germano's identity for LES and further assessed using the a priori DNS analysis.


In this work, we propose an effective and simple control approach for islanded DC microgrids that allows each distributed generator (DG) to achieve accurate voltage regulation and power-sharing. An improved dynamic consensus protocol, which is robust to measurement noise and states initialization, is employed to enable each agent to locally calculate the average bus voltage with a sparse cyber network. On this basis, we propose a cooperative controller that merges the voltage regulation and power-sharing objectives in a unified fashion. The proposed approach only uses neighbors' voltage information to regulates the average bus voltage to its nominal value while maintaining proportional power-sharing or optimal power dispatch. This significantly simplifies its implementation and reduces the communication bandwidth requirement. A global model of the DC microgrid considering the cyber network is established in the form of a state-space-model, where the reference voltage vector corresponds to the input and the average bus voltage vector denotes the state. Then, the input-to-state stability analysis is carried out. To the end, comprehensive hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) tests are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. The proposed control strategy exhibits plug-and-play capability, and it is resilient to message update rate and communication failure.


In this work, multiferroic bismuth ferrite (BFO) was functionalized with meso-tetraphenylporphine-4,4',4'',4'''-tetracarboxylic acid (TCPP). This new hybrid organic-inorganic material shows an enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic dyes as it combines the properties of BFO which is an efficient visible light photocatalyst with peculiar porphyrin absorption in visible light. The anchoring of TCPP to the OH-terminations of the BFO surface through its carboxylic tethering groups was demonstrated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the material was also demonstrated through the photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) and Rhodamine-B (Rhd-B) in water under simulated solar light illumination. The TCPP molecules anchored to BFO slightly decrease (∼0.06 eV) the bandgap energy of the system and act as new catalytic centres, thus improving its photocatalytic activity. A photodegradation mechanism was also proposed. This new material is reusable and stable, as it maintains an unmodified photo-activity after several MB discoloration runs.


Operated on were 165 elderly and 68 young patients for calculous cholecystitis complicated by choledocholithiasis and obstructive jaundice. Drainage through the cystic duct stump is the most effective method for external drainage of the common bile duct in operative interventions on the bile ducts in elderly patients, which permits to reduce considerably the incidence of postoperative complications.


Over the last 15 years, articles about the world's poorest populations, known as the base of the pyramid, have begun to appear in scholarly business journals. Although the initial wave of attention was driven by claims that large corporations could earn a fortune selling to these consumers, it soon became clear that executing on this premise was more difficult than anticipated. Against this background of theoretical and empirical difficulties in addressing global poverty, we take up the question of how business can create both profit and positive social impact. We answer this question by linking iterative boundary capabilities at the level of the firm with effective business models to manage the institutional interfaces between the mostly informal economies of impoverished communities and modern market institutions. We conceptualize the relevant boundaries in terms of knowledge institutions, e.g., the definition of market actors, and behavior institutions, e.g., the design of market architecture. We develop a framework that emphasizes the iterative boundary capabilities built by local, for profit enterprises that have succeeded in creating markets in base of the pyramid communities. We review and refine this framework by analyzing two cases of such firms, one in Laos and the other in Kenya. Based on our finding, we develop specific implications for future theory, research, and practice with regard to building business models that succeed financially and socially.


It is shown that the optimal guidance problem can be handled as a Bolza-type problem which can be solved by straightforward calculation. The solution proves to be different from that given by Yang, et al. (1989) and is verified to be a minimum performance index solution. Also presented is an alternate unified approach to the solution of the nonlinear system of differential equation of the generalized proportional navigation law discussed earlier by Yang, et al. This unified equation has been solved for all the different cases of proportional navigation for which closed-form solutions have been published by earlier authors. >


The aim of the paper was to present the differences in the level and structure of utilisation of services in Polish and German agriculture. An attempt to define the factors influencing these values was also done. The research covered the share of agricultural services, veterinary expenses and financial intermediation services in intermediate consumption, the value of the studied services per 1 hectare of agricultural land, 1 AWU or 1 DJP, as well as services absorptivity of agricultural production. It was proved that although a significant difference between the role of these services in Poland and Germany still exists, in many cases in 2012 it was not so considerable as in 1998. It can be also assumed that further absorption of funds from the European Union will stimulate investment processes in Polish agriculture, and progressive improvement in utilisation of services by Polish agriculture.


For the purpose of this dissertation, the hypotheses were that the use of music in advertising is effective and that music in advertising is effective by means of triggering an emotional response from the consumer were examined. In order to get a general idea of advertising and its effectiveness many areas had to be explored. These areas included advertising objectives, advertising effectiveness and methods of increasing advertising appeal. An in-depth literature review of what leading authors on the subject had to say, was identified, this includes articles on advertising in general, advertising effectiveness, the importance of music in advertising, forms of music in advertising, the role of music in effective advertising and the evolution of music in advertising. A section of the literature review was also dedicated to how advertisers source music for their advertisements and to conclude the literature review the author looked at the need for music fit in effective advertising. Due to a lack of empirical evidence governing the effectiveness of music in advertising in an Irish context, primary research investigating the effectiveness of music in advertising through its influence on consumer perceptions, feelings, brand awareness and on purchase intentions, was collated. The findings of this primary research are presented. The research concludes with the discovery that music in advertising is effective and that it does trigger emotional responses from the consumer.


Delivering fair recovery following a service failure is crucial for a firm for restoring customer satisfaction, repatronage, and perceptions of fairness. In addition to the recovery efforts by employees, organizational policies, such as guarantees, are argued to impact fairness perceptions. Given that businesses extensively use service guarantees, research on perceptions of fairness towards such policies is relevant for designing effective guarantee policies. In this study, service guarantees are contended to function as service recovery tools, and signal the firm's intentions to deliver justice/fairness. Drawing on signaling, attribution and justice theories, the study investigates the impact of guarantee terms on recovery fairness perceptions and attributions of negative motive.
Employing a scenario-based experiment, this study shows that customer perceptions of recovery fairness vary according to the type of guarantee payout. Payout in the form of a discount does not restore fairness perceptions, and it even increases attributions of the firm's negative motive for offering the guarantee. When combined with refund, discount generates positive inequity and related feelings of guilt. The study contributes to knowledge by showing that service guarantee policies function as service recovery tools. Importantly, the interface of signaling, attribution and justice theories explains how customers form perceptions of justice towards service guarantees. Implications for management comprise the need to avoid overcompensation in order to restore fairness perceptions and lower attributions of negative motive.