The article aims to provide an analysis of the two judgments of the Italian Constitutional Court No. 348 and No. 349 dated 24 October 2007, which considered Article 117, paragraph 1, of the Italian Constitution as a constitutional rule granting superior legal authority to the European Convention over and above ordinary domestic statute law. A domestic law in contrast with the provisions of the Convention, as interpreted by the European Court, violates Article 117, paragraph 1, of the Italian Constitution and it must be declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court. In particular, the Constitutional Court has declared unconstitutional Article 5–bis, of the Law No. 359 dated 8 August 1992 (and of the following Article 37, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Code of Expropriation Provisions, Presidential Decree No. 327 dated 8 June 2001) on the refund for legitimate expropriation and on the compensation awarded for the Italian public administrations' practice of 'constructive expropriation', because they were calculated according to a criterion in contrast with Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), as interpreted by the Strasbourg case law.
The solution, adopted by the Constitutional Court, is very interesting and almost 'revolutionary', since it underlines the new place accorded to the ECHR in the Italian legal system in the last years, especially by the ordinary courts and finally by the Constitutional Court too.


Considering citizens' perceptions of their living environment is very helpful in making the right decisions for city planners who intend to build a sustainable society. Mental map analyses are widely used in understanding the level of perception of individuals regarding the surrounding environment. The present study introduces Aram Mental Map Analyzer (AMMA), an open-source program, which allows researchers to use special features and new analytical methods to receive outputs in numerical data and analytical maps with greater accuracy and speed. AMMA performance is contingent upon two principles of accuracy and complexity, the accuracy of the program is measured by Accuracy Placed Landmarks (APL) and General Orientation (GO), which respectively analyses the landmark placement accuracy and the main route mapping accuracy. Also, the complexity section is examined through two analyses Cell Percentage (CP) and General Structure (GS), which calculates the complexity of citizens' perception of space based on the criteria derived from previous studies. AMMA examines all the dimensions and features of the graphic maps, and its outputs have a wide range of valid and differentiated information, which is tailored to the research and information subject matter that is required.


The interior visual inspection of pipework is a critical inspection activity required to ensure the continued safe, reliable operation of plant and thus avoid costly outages. Typically, the video output from a manually deployed probe is viewed by an operator with the task of identifying and estimating the location of surface defects such as cracks, corrosion and pitting. However, it is very difficult to estimate the nature and spatial extent of defects from the often disorientating small field of view video of a relatively large structure. This paper describes the development of a new visual inspection system designed for inspecting 3 - 6 inch diameter pipes. The system uses a high resolution camera and structure from motion (SFM) algorithm to compute the trajectory of the probe through the pipe. In addition a laser profiler is used to measure the inner surface of the pipe and generate a meshed point cloud. The camera images are projected onto the mesh and the final output of the system is a photorealistic 3-D model of the internal surface of the pipework.


Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which is thought to have the potential to correct dysbiosis of gut microbiota, has recently been used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To elucidate the extent and principles of microbiota engraftment in IBD patients after FMT treatment, we conducted an interventional prospective cohort study. The cohort included two categories of patients: (1) patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease (CD) (Harvey-Bradshaw Index ≥ 7, n = 11, and (2) patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) (Montreal classification, S2 and S3, n = 4). All patients were treated with a single FMT (via mid-gut, from healthy donors) and follow-up visits were performed at baseline, 3 days, one week, and one month after FMT (missing time points included). At each follow-up time point, fecal samples of the participants were collected along with their clinical metadata. For comparative analysis, 10 fecal samples from 10 healthy people were included to represent the diversity level of normal gut microbiota. Additionally, the metagenomic data of 25 fecal samples from 5 individuals with metabolic syndrome who underwent autologous FMT treatment were downloaded from a previous published paper to represent natural microbiota shifts during FMT. All fecal samples underwent shotgun metagenomic sequencing.We found that 3 days after FMT, 11 out of 15 recipients were in remission (3 out of 4 UC recipients; 8 out of 11 CD recipients). Generally, bacterial colonization was observed to be lower in CD recipients than in UC recipients at both species and strain levels. Furthermore, across species, different strains displayed disease-specific displacement advantages under two-disease status. Finally, most post-FMT species (> 80%) could be properly predicted (AUC > 85%) using a random forest classification model, with the gut microbiota composition and clinical parameters of pre-FMT recipients acting as the most contributive factors for prediction accuracy.


The synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was a revolutionary step in the field of nanotechnology. Being structurally analogous to CNTs, boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are also of high interest, specifically for their high mechanical strength and chemical resistance. Compared to CNTs, the synthesis of BNNTs is quite challenging due to the issues related to maintaining stoichiometry and high temperature growth conditions. The selection of the catalyst and a suitable substrate is a major challenge for the growth of BNNTs. Here, we report a novel catalytic growth process of BNNTs, in which copper nanoparticles were chosen as the catalyst and tungsten as the substrate. This combination was found to be promising for the direct synthesis of multiwall BNNTs (MW-BNNTs) on a conducting substrate. This method opens up doors for the direct application of BNNTs in the field of electronics, optoelectronics and piezoelectric devices.


Virtually all countries especially the developing nations are being confronted with the twin problems of waste management and energy deficit. This development has led to the search for renewable energy sources. Biomass such as pig dung PD water hyacinth WH and maize cob MC are potential feedstocks for anaerobic digestion in Nigeria however studies utilising their mixtures have not been fully explored. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the biogas yield and microbial species from mixtures of biomass feedstocks. Feedstocks utilized for this study comprised PD WH MC PD:MC 1:1 PD:WH 1:1 and PD:MC:WH 1:1:1. Biogas digester was fabricated from 10 litres keg for feedstock biodegradation. Ratio 1:11 w/v slurry was prepared from each feedstock sample to be digested and fed into the corresponding digester kept for 35 days for anaerobic digestion while samples of the effluent were taken at seven days interval for five weeks for laboratory analyses of their physicochemical and microbial characteristics. Gas generated was estimated based on Archimedes' Principle. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p ˂ 0.05.


Background & Aim: Studies have shown that umbilical coiling index(UCI) can have clinical importance. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the relation between umbilical coiling index(UCI) and adverse perinatal outcome. Patients & Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study performed in Akbar Abadi Hospital(Tehran), between March 2003-July 2004, 699 pregnant women and their umbilical cord were evaluated. All women were 37-40 weeks of gestation with singleton and cephalic fetus. Umbilical coiling index(UCI) was determined by dividing the total number of the complete vascular coilings by total umbilical cord length centimeter. UCI under the tenth percentile(less than 0.17) was defined as hypocoiled and UCI between the tenth and ninetieth percentile(0.17-0.37) was defined as normocoiled and UCI above the ninetieth percentile(more than 0.37) was defined as hypercoiled cord. Then, the relation between UCI and maternal age, parity, neonatal weight, amniotic fluid index(AFI), meconium in amniotic fluid, maternal diabetes and hypertension, Apgar score, and delivery intervention due to fetal distress were evaluated. Results: Mean UCI in cases was 0.25 ± 0.09 coil/cm. 534 cases(76.4%) were normocoiled, 87 cases(12.4%) and 78 cases(11.1%) were hypercoiled and hypocoiled respectively. There was no statistically significant correlation between UCI and maternal age and parity. There was statistically significant correlation between UCI and neonatal weight of more than 4000gr, and less than 2500gr(mean 19.02 ± 12.41 versus 31.32 ± 12.76) respectively(P=0.000), Apgar score less and more than 7 in 5th minute(mean 28.04 ± 13.58 versus 25.06 ± 8.7 respectively)(P=0.038), AFT ≤ 5 and AFT>5(mean 29.1 ± 11.44 versus 24.91 ± 8.82 respectively)(P=0.001), meconium in amniotic fluid or no meconium(mean 28.9 ± 9.94 versus 24.57 ± 8.8)(P=0.000), maternal diabetes or no diabetes(mean 11 ± 13.48 versus 25 ± 8.6 respectively)(P=0.000), maternal hypertension and no hypertension(mean 22.96 ± 12.62 versus 25.45 ± 8.7 respectively)(P=0.047) and finally fetal distress or no fetal distress(mean 32.14 ± 10.43 versus 24.43 ± 8.6 respectively)(P=0.000). Conclusion: Abnormal UCI correlated with adverse perinatal outcome which can probably be used as a sonologic marker for finding the fetus at risk.


Currently, manufactures pay more attention to customers' needs and service than products only. In order to quick response to the customer requirements, the Collaborative Commerce (CC) System was developed to support the collaboration work flow and organization of all of the partners of the enterprises which include the after sale service. With the fast developing of the advanced information technology, maintenance technology was embedded with web technical and intelligent technology, that is E-maintenance. Since traditional CC system could not able to support after-sale maintenance service for lack of advanced maintenance service platform. In the paper, a new Collaborative Commerce System embedded with E-maintenance (Em-CC) was proposed. The framework of Em-CC System with multi-agents consideration was introduced, and the enabling technologies and operation mode of E-maintenance subsystem were explained in detail. Finally, an practice example was presented to demonstrate the validity of the system.


Emphasis has been placed on developing and implementing rapid detection systems for microbial pathogens. We have explored the utility of expanding FTA filter technology for the preparation of template DNA for PCR from bacterial spores. Isolated spores from several Bacillus spp., B. subtilis, B. cereus, and B. megaterium, were applied to FTA filters, and specific DNA products were amplified by PCR. Spore preparations were examined microscopically to ensure that the presence of vegetative cells, if any, did not yield misleading results. PCR primers SRM86 and SRM87 targeted a conserved region of bacterial rRNA genes, whereas primers Bsub5F and Bsub3R amplified a product from a conserved sequence of the B. subtilis rRNA gene. With the use of the latter set of primers for nested PCR, the sensitivity of the PCR-based assay was increased. Overall, 53 spores could be detected after the first round of PCR, and the sensitivity was increased to five spores by nested PCR. FTA filters are an excellent platform to remove PCR inhibitors and have universal applications for environmental, clinical, and food samples.


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Jean-Marie Samuel Ouenabio

Jean-Marie Samuel Ouenabio Is an African Journalist who has chosen to work among the 'poor relations' of his trade: science and development. He was born in 1957, and is today in charge of the science magazine on the Congolese radio. He also edils the science page of a national daily paper, and is one of the correspondents for SYFIA (Syst? Francophone d'lnformation Agricole).

The Congo is one of those countries which have known a period of prosperity from oil but which remain essentially agricultural. The media boomed overnight, but then the bubble burst. What is left today? As a specialist, Jean-Marie Samuel Ouenabio, looks at the balance sheet, and finds that - despite heavy losses - STI (scientific and technical information) is alive and well, and will continue to flourish if only it can receive regular injections of information from the outside world.

Can the media establish links between the urban and the rural communities? The Congo, like most developing countries, is divided between the rural areas, where most people still live and where traditional ways predominate, and the urban centres which are open to outside influences and more advanced techniques,

The Congo has a wider range of information media than elsewhere in Africa, even though these may sometimes be of doubtful quality. The field of agricultural information reflects this town-country dichotomy in the difference between the educated and the rural public, and between the traditional press and electronic media.

The poor relation - the agricultural review

The poorest of them all is 'Echo rural', a sporadic duplicated bulletin, edited in French by five rural development specialists. It is intended as an educational aid which will raise consciousness among rural communities and help popularize ideas and techniques. 'Echo rural' is published by the press section of the Rural Radio project, but its run has steadily decreased (from 1000 copies at the beginning to 500 today). It may now cease publication completely since Rural Radio finance has been withdrawn by the German Friedrich Naumann Foundation. Still fresh in people's memory is 'Sengo' which was launched in 1972 and ceased publication in 1979. 'Sengo' had a run of 6000 and sold for 100 francs CFA. It aimed at training people to put new agricultural techniques into practice and endeavoured to eliminate illiteracy in French, providing teaching materials for the education of the rural population. Unfortunately it ended after only seven years because of technical, financial and sociopolitical factors.

Radio is the most popular medium

Rural radio, which is seen as a support for educational and extension programmes among peasant communities, must involve a large measure of collaboration between radio staff and extension officers. Rural radio enjoys considerable popularity which it puts to good use when its staff venture into the country areas to set up discussions with smallholder farmers and training personnel. They also come back with a rich harvest of sound recordings. As well as these reports, rural radio - which broadcasts four hours a day at peak times in French and the two national languages - puts out a varied diet of programmes: training, education, rural promotion, and mini-programmes. In the two pilot zones of the Rural Radio project, people listen to programmes in radio clubs with a leader and a technical adviser, but now the financial backing has been withdrawn, its future is in jeopardy.

Agriculture does better In the popular press

Agricultural topics are regularly aired in the popular press. Unlike many African countries, the Congo considers agriculture to be of topical interest, and the powers-that-be are forever extolling the virtues of working the land. Agricultural topics receive lively coverage from specialist journalists on TV, national radio, and the daily newspaper 'Mweti'. As well as the rural radio broadcasts, a farming slot has recently been allocated on the radio and TV science magazines.

Although most of this information is domestic, our journalists open their columns and their air-waves to what is happening - both good and bad - in neighbouring countries, in the Tropics in general and elsewhere. The traditional sources of information agencies, scientific press services and news releases from specialist organizations - are all put to maximum use. The journalists on 'Science Magazine' (radio and TV) have more opportunity than others to work 'on the ground'- getting first-hand material, doing interviews with scientists and meeting 'developers'. This particular broadcast receives support from the Ministry of Research and the Environment

But demand for material is such that we are always on the look-out for up-to-date in-depth information, which is better suited to our audience and its needs, more objective, more regular- and more 'African'. The media also needs a bit more continuity - to be given the assurance of long-term funding. Perhaps legislation could be passed to this effect.

In order to create new agricultural traditions, the Congo must have an efficient means of informing its young peasant farmers, its training personnel, its scientists and developers. This is the public it must aim to reach. Also, all possible sources of information must be exploited to the full. This means that all the services involved in development must become more open and break down barriers between one another. We must also open up to the outside world.

The views expressed are those of the author, not necessarily those of CTA.


In 2009, Denise M. Hart and Jerry H. Hickerson authored a book, Prior Learning Portfolios: A Representative Collection (Chicago, IL: The Council for Adult and Experiential Learning [CAEL]/KendallHunt Professional). The book is made up of case studies of 11 assessment models of U.S. institutions. It also includes an opening chapter by Diana Bamford-Rees, CAEL's associate vice-president, titled "Thirty-five years of PLA: We've Come a Long Way," which offers an overview of key events in the history of PLA in the U.S., 1973-2008. Included here is the timeline taken from that chapter (pp. 9-10). Thanks to Diana for her willingness to let us use this material.


We studied the spatio-temporal variations of satellite chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and phytoplankton blooms in the continental shelf and shelf-break of the Argentinean patagonic region by means of an 11-years time series of level 3 (L3) MODIS/Aqua chlorophyll products. We aggregated data according to different granularities and estimated climatologies and anomalies. We also studied the phenology of phytoplankton blooms determining bloom starting date and date of maximum concentration. Finally, we estimated and described statistical indexes such as bloom occurrence frequency. The results obtained provide an overview of the evolution and the spatio-temporal variability of chl-a that, in general, and despite its limitations, was complementary and consistent with previous studies based on both satellite and in situ data. This study intended to set the baseline to study algal blooms and their variability in the Argentinian sea, which is valuable information to be included in predictive models related to the occurrence of harmful algal blooms, dynamics of marine system and the effects of global changes over climatic and biogeochemical cycles. In addition, this study also contributes with more up-to-date science data for the future Argentinian and Brazilian SABIA-Mar ocean color mission, which will provide high resolution data (200 m) over the Argentinian coastal zones and continental shelf. Besides the results per se, the relevance of this study is also related to the use of an novel free and open source tool.


While increasing media attention is given to examining the status of contract faculty on university campuses there is little note made of the pervasiveness of women in these positions. This paper, by drawing on Marxist and feminist theory ties the gender precarity faced by academic contract female workers to the historical practices of industries to use female labour to reduce labour costs. The textile piece worker system of the 19th century has found a 21st century form represented in the unlikely position of the female academic contract worker. The argument builds on the autoethnographic narratives of two contract women to demonstrate how the university administration's "economic pressure" justification is an economic myth to occlude the exploitation of female workers.


This paper summarizes the importance of improving maternal and reproductive health, the progress made to date and lessons learned, and the major challenges confronting programs today. The paper highlights the progress that some countries, including very poor ones, have made in reducing maternal mortality, but cautions that progress in many countries remains slow. Relying on evidence from the most recent research and survey information, the paper also analyzes the key determinants and evidence on effective interventions for attaining the maternal health MDG. The paper finds that key interventions to improve maternal and reproductive health and reduce maternal mortality include the following mutually reinforcing strategies: (a) mobilizing political commitment and fostering an enabling policy environment; (b) investing in social and economic development such as female education, poverty reduction, and improvements in women's status; (c) providing family planning services; (d) ensuring quality antenatal care, skilled attendance during childbirth, and availability of emergency obstetric services for pregnancy complications; and (e) strengthening the health system and community involvement. The paper emphasizes that carrying out interventions remains a challenge in environments where political commitment, policies, as well as institutions and health systems, are weak. The paper concludes with guiding lessons from some of the countries that have successfully improved maternal health and with a discussion of some of the difficulties of measuring maternal mortality and morbidity outcomes.


Silica encapsulated phosphors SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ have been synthesized by non-homogeneous phase coring method, in which glycerol was firstly used as dispersion medium and hyper-dispersant was introduced as additive. IR, BET and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that a dense layer of silica was formed on the surface of phosphor SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+. The results showed that the encapsulated phosphors possess good properties in water-resistance, heat-resistance and dispersibility when encapsulation amount reached 8 wt. %. Moreover, the photoluminescence intensity of phosphors SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ was improved apparently after surface modification. All results revealed that silica encapsulation would effectively improve alkaline earth aluminates phosphors' properties and using glycerol as the dispersion medium is helpful to silica encapsulation.


The mechanism of Mycoplasma hominis adherence to host cells of the urogenital tract was investigated with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against antigenic surface-localized polypeptides P50, P60, P80, and P100 of cytoadherent M. hominis FBG. A cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was established allowing quantification of cytoadherent mycoplasmas detected by one of the following MAbs: four MAbs directed against P100 (molecular weight, about 100,000), three MAbs against P80, one MAb against P60, and three MAbs against P50. MAb binding to one of the surface proteins resulted in a decrease of mycoplasmal adherence to HeLa cells. To exclude the thesis that this is caused by nonspecific blocking of adherence, P100 and P50 were purified by affinity chromatography and tested instead of intact mycoplasmas in the cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for cytoadherence. Both proteins bound to the surface of the eukaryotic cells. MAb binding to single epitopes of these proteins resulted in inhibition of protein adherence. These experiments strongly suggest that of the four surface-localized proteins at least P100 and P50 are adhesins of M. hominis FBG.


Predicting the permeability coefficient (P) of drugs permeating through the cell membrane is of paramount importance in drug discovery. We here propose an approach for calculating P based on bias-exchange metadynamics. The approach allows constructing from atomistic simulations a model of permeation taking explicitly into account not only the "trivial" reaction coordinate, the position of the drug along the direction normal to the lipid membrane plane, but also other degrees of freedom, for example, the torsional angles of the permeating molecule, or variables describing its solvation/desolvation. This allows deriving an accurate picture of the permeation process, and constructing a detailed molecular model of the transition state, making a rational control of permeation properties possible. We benchmarked this approach on the permeation of ethanol molecules through a POPC membrane, showing that the value of P calculated with our model agrees with the one calculated by a long unbiased molecular dynamics of the same system.


Legumes establish and persist on backslope landscape positions but fail on summits and toeslopes in southeastern Iowa pastures, suggesting that these pastures be managed site specifically. Visual delineation of landscape positions, however, can be difficult, and characterization of spatial variability through soil sampling is expensive. Creation of digital elevation models (DEM) and apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC a ) mapping are inexpensive alternatives to describing field conditions. Our objective was to examine the relationship of DEM-derived slope, soil EC a , and legume distribution in pastures. We examined these relationships across four 1.4-ha pastures. Each pasture was divided into 0.46-ha plots that were assigned one of three stocking treatments: continuous, rotational, and nongrazed. We found that legumes, as a percentage of pasture cover, were greatest at 15 to 20% slopes and intermediate values of soil EC a , The absolute EC, value at which legumes were maximized varied by plot within each stocking system and year EC a was measured. When EC, was standardized by pasture and year, however, a nonlinear response curve explained 23 to 42% of the variation of legume cover across the plots. Grazing reduced competition from smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris anindinacea L). These grasses dominated at 0 to 8% slopes and where EC, was either low or high in value. We concluded that slope and soil EC a data are useful in identifying sites where legumes are successful in pastures and showed potential for use in site-specific management of pastures.


ABSTRACT Our study is framed according to a transformational-sociocritical approach to an education for sustainable development (ESD) that, in particular, considers landscapes as learning contexts of potential use for fostering engagement in the areas of environmental protection and sustainable development. In keeping with this perspective, we surveyed students aged 16–17 years from the Lower St. Lawrence region (Quebec, Canada) concerning their knowledge and perceptions of issues pertaining to the St. Lawrence, the river facing them on an everyday basis, and about their role as citizens in that connection. In respect of theoretical considerations, we propose developing the concepts of relationships to knowledge, place identity and agency. An analysis of questionnaires (N=334) has served to: bring out the learnings and issues pertaining to the St. Lawrence River that students consider to be meaningful; characterise the various identity-centred relationships with this landscape; and define the eco-civic agency of the students surveyed. The results of this analysis then provide a basis for some proposals for an ESD curriculum relating to the St. Lawrence River that is rooted in students' concerns. While the environmental issues dealt with occur locally, the potential transfer of results into other curricula and educational contexts is also discussed.


This paper focus on different aspects of electronic resources and its services used by mechanical engineering students of SAL engineering and technical institute, Ahmedabad. Paper cover frequency of library visit, places of accessing e-resources, purpose of using r-resources, sources through which students can know about e-resources, search strategies adopted by students for information search, and the problems faced by the students while accessing and using e-resources. The study was conducted through structured questionnaires were distributed to120 students; out of it 100 filled questionnaires were received back. The response rate is 83.33%. After analysis of this paper, it is found that e-resources are most important for the information and knowledge for students.


Andrew Gurr and Farah Karim-Copper, eds. Moving Shakespeare Indoors: Performance and Repertoire in the Jacobean Playhouse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Pp. xiii + 284 + 20 color illus. + 16 b/w illus. $95.00. Moving Shakespeare Indoors: Performance and Repertoire in the Jacobean Playhouse supplies a comprehensive and nuanced study of the Blackfriars. Drawing inspiration from the recent inauguration of the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse (modelled on what may be John Webb's drawing of a Jacobean indoor playhouse from the Restoration), this elegant collection of essays sheds new light on how the material conditions of the Blackfriars may have influenced the ways in which plays were performed there, as well as on the historical circumstances that may have led The King's Men to move into that playhouse in 1609. In Part I, "The Context of Hard Evidence," contributors explore the conditions of playing in England in the early seventeenth century, consider evidence for the construction and decoration of an indoor Jacobean playhouse, and decipher staging possibilities at the second Blackfriars. In Part II, "Materiality Indoors," contributors focus largely on the material conditions of indoor playing, stage practice, and audience response. In Part III, "The New Fashions for Indoors," contributors address the following thorny question: what shaped the repertory of Shakespeare's company from the early years of the seventeenth century onwards? Regardless of these foci, all the contributors take up basic questions relating to indoor stage practice and repertoire composition. Rather than challenging conventional wisdom about the material conditions of the Blackfriars Playhouse (Harbage 1952 and Gurr 2009, for instance), several contributors consider, in interesting and varied ways, whether the move indoors in 1609 (during the winter months) impelled Shakespeare's company to develop a unique style of performance. In fact, concentrating on matters such as the Blackfriars' smaller stage with its stool-sitting gallants, the breaks in performance required to trim the candles, the use of a consort of musicians, and the tastes of coterie audiences, they reach the consensus that the "indoor style" was unlike the Globe's: "private not public; coterie not populist; intimate not rowdy," as Paul Menzer puts it (170). For instance, Farah Karim-Cooper (chapter 10) demonstrates the effects cosmetic face paint could produce in a candlelit playhouse attended by lavishly attired patrons, and also how cosmetics along with other aspects of indoor dramaturgy created an atmosphere of intimacy (produced at the Globe by other means). She likens the experience to a modern fashion show, where actors and wealthy audience members competed for attention. Although coterie audiences at the indoor theaters (some of whom attended performances to see and be seen) were less diverse than the Globe's, due to the higher admission fee, does Karim-Cooper's "fashion show" analogy threaten to occlude the broader theatrical event at the Blackfriars? Tiffany Stern's "The Second Blackfriars Playhouse as a Place of Nostalgia" (chapter 5) argues that the plays performed by Shakespeare's company sometimes allude to the history of the Blackfriars' building, in its various incarnations (and uses). In a section entitled "Parliamentary Nostalgia," Stern repeats the wellknown fact that in Henry VIII Shakespeare alludes to that theater's "past life" as a legatine court, where the annulment trial of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon took place about 80 years before Shakespeare dramatized that event. Soon after, she concludes, "the urge to re-enact Henry VIII's divorce story in the very space where it happened is surely behind Shakespeare's choice to write a play on that subject in the first place" (105). Plausible though it is, Stern's broad conclusion relies on a single brief reference to the Blackfriars: "For such receipt of learning is Blackfriars" (Henry VIII, 2. …


STUDY OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to examine whether the subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays a role in the transmission of PGO-like waves during REM sleep in humans.

DESIGN
Simultaneous recordings from deep brain electrodes to record local field potentials (LFPs), and standard polysomnography to ascertain sleep/wake states.

SETTING
Main Hospital, department of clinical neurophysiology sleep laboratory.

PARTICIPANTS
12 individuals with Parkinson's disease, with electrodes implanted in the STN; and, as a control for localization purposes, 4 cluster headache patients with electrodes implanted in the posterior hypothalamus.

INTERVENTIONS
All subjects underwent functional neurosurgery for implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes.

RESULTS
Sharp, polarity-reversed LFPs were recorded within the STN during REM sleep in humans. These subthalamic PGO-like waves (2-3 Hz, 80-200 pV, and 300-500 msec) appeared during REM epochs as singlets or in clusters of 3-13 waves. During the pre-REM period, subthalamic PGO-like waves were temporally related to drops in the submental electromyogram and/or onset of muscular atonia. Clusters of PGO-like waves occurred typically before and during the bursts of rapid eye movements and were associated with an enhancement in fast (15-35 Hz) subthalamic oscillatory activity.

CONCLUSION
Subthalamic PGO-like waves can be recorded during pre-REM and REM sleep in humans. Our data suggest that the STN may play an active role in an ascending activating network implicated in the transmission of PGO waves during REM sleep in humans.


The ontogeny of the developmental stages of the hake Merluccius hubbsi is described. Fish larvae and post-transitional juveniles were collected in the Nor-Patagonian area from 1989 to 2004. The opening of the mouth and the pigmentation of the eyes are coincident with yolk resorption, finishing the yolk-sac stage. This species presents pigmentation on the head, trunk and tail typical of gadiform larvae. Pectoral fin development is completed during the transformation stage. The post-transitional juvenile stage begins when the fin-ray complements are complete and squamation begins. The fins become fully formed in the following sequence: pelvic fins, first dorsal fin, second dorsal and anal fins together, caudal fin and pectoral fins. The caudal complex is totally developed in larvae of 22.0-23.0 mm standard lengths (L(S)) and all vertebral elements are first observed in larvae of 8.5 mm L(S). The rate of development of M. hubbsi observed in this study could be faster than the rates reported for other species of Merluccius by different authors.


The non-parathion nano organic molybdenum (Nano-Mo) was adopted to substitute for the conventional extreme-pressure and anti-wear additives, uniformly dispersed in water-based cold rolling liquid for steel strips. The tribological properties of the water-based cold rolling liquid were tested by the four-ball machine, and the lubricity of the cold-rolling liquid for steel strip was evaluated on the 4-high cold rolling experiments. Besides, the worn surfaces of the steel balls were observed by an optical microscope. Results indicated that Nano-Mo as additive in water-based cold rolling liquid, compared with the conventional emulsions, PB values was increased by 4%, and friction coefficient and wear scar diameter were decreased by 10.8% and 13.1%, the lubricity of rolling liquid was verified by cold rolling test which showed that this liquid had the excellent lubricant performance to reduce the rolling force, save energy consumption and get thinner strip. Optical microscope was used to observe the strips surface which showed that strip surface streaks were clear, scratches were less and shallow. By roughness test and EDS analysis, defects were filled with nanoparticles, friction and wear were reduced effectively. In addition, tensile properties had been studied after rolling lubrication, but the results showed no significant effect.


This paper proposed a new sparce matrix converter with Z-source network to provide unity voltage transfer ratio. It is an ac-to-ac converter with diode- IGBT bidirectional switches. The limitations of existing matrix converter like more current THD and less voltage transfer ratio issues are overcome by this proposed matrix converter by inserting a Z-source. Due to this Z- source current harmonics are totally removed. The simulation is performed for different frequencies. The simulation results are presented to verify the THD and voltage transfer ratio and compared with the existing virtual AC/DC/AC matrix converter. The experimental output voltage amplitude can be varied with the variable frequencies.


In most parts of highland Ecuador, people still identify themselves as indigenous and as belonging to a particular ethnic subgroup by the clothes and ornaments they wear. Although formerly the most distinctive costumes tended to occur among the more isolated and independent groups, today their use has more to do with the degree of political or ethnic consciousness felt by each group. Some people are even wearing ethnic dress as a political statement against forced assimilation. Costume and Identity in Highland Ecuador offers particular insight into the role of costume-clothing, jewelry, hairstyles, and bodily adornment-in a society changing from a subsistence economy to one based on wage income. In some highland regions costumes are still relatively conservative; in others, machine-made cloth has replaced handmade cloth or distinctive costumes are disappearing altogether. Here a number of textile experts focus their attention on the creation and use of the clothing itself, including loom styles and fabrics, but in addition they explore the historical forces that have helped shape indigenous costume and observe the mechanisms and motivations of change or stability throughout the highlands. Many of the 286 photographs of daily and fiesta dress were taken on location; some depict significant examples from the renowned collection of The Textile Museum. All attest to the visual stimulation of costume, and illustrate regional differences in fabrics and adornment and the manner in which clothing is worn. This work is the first detailed survey of Ecuadorian costume and will become a standard reference and a much-needed model for other areas of South America. Pulling together many and varied field studies, it spans more than twenty years and presents research in a useful, comparative format. It will be valuable to textile scholars, historians, and anthropologists, and will captivate all who enjoy colorful and distinctive dress.


In this study, we provide empirical evidence and analyses on the impact of NDDC as a development intervention regime in the oil producing areas of the Niger Delta. Our sample was made of 348 out of 600 respondents representing the dominant oil producing areas (DOPAS) and peripheral oil producing areas (POPAS) respectively. We observed that there are no significant differences in expressed attitude towards NDDC on the following issues: NDDC and the provision of infrastructural and human resource development, conflict resolution in the Niger Delta and the commitment of both the federal government and oil companies towards the development of the oil producing area. Using survey research method and a before-and-after study evaluation design, the study concludes that because of systemic constraints arising from the hegemonic interests of the dominant coalitions in the Nigerian Social formation, NDDC is less likely to meet, the expectation of its initiators and the people of the Niger Delta. And no matter, the intrinsic methodological inadequacy of this study, our findings confirm that NDDC is a structure built on shifting ground. Global Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp.85-92


This study was aimed to investigate the effect of D-limonene on K562 leukemia cells and its mechanism. Inhibitory effect of D-limonene on proliferation of K562 leukemia cells was assayed by MTT method and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, the morphologic change of K562 cells was observed by microscopy. The results showed that when K562 cells were treated with 0.125 - 1.0 mmol/L of D-limonene for 48 hours, the proliferation of K562 cells was obviously inhibited in dose-dependent manner. Typical morphological changes and the typical DNA ladder on agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of cellular apoptosis were significantly appeared in D-limonene treated K562 cells. Simultaneously, the sub-G1 peak was found in FCM analysis. It is concluded that the D-limonene can inhibit proliferation of K562 cells in dose-dependent manner, cause cell detained at G1 phase and induce apoptosis of K562 cells.


Follow-up evaluation of patients who have undergone radical prostatectomy routinely consists of serial bone scintigraphy and, more recently, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. The utility of serial bone scans in combination with PSA levels is retrospectively reviewed in 118 men treated by radical prostatectomy for clinical Stage A or B disease who, at the time of surgery, had no evidence of metastatic disease. Of the 118 patients, 75.4% had no abnormality on either test (mean follow-up 32.4 mo), 9.3% demonstrated a detectable or rising PSA level with negative bone scan (mean follow-up 35 mo), and 8.5% exhibited a detectable and or rising PSA level and positive bone scan (mean follow-up 30.7 mo). Follow-up bone scans were read as either positive or indeterminate with undetectable PSA levels in 6.8% of patients (mean follow-up 27.3 mo). Critical review of the equivocal studies suggests that postoperative PSA levels more truly represent the clinical situation than bone scans. Following radical prostatectomy, routine bone scintigraphy provides little additional information when PSA levels are negative. If PSA becomes detectable or the patient develops symptoms, bone scintigraphy should then be performed.


For the great majority of small scale farming households in West Africa, labor is one of their most crucial factors of production. Yet, the dynamics behind these households' patterns of labor allocation are not well understood by planners and policy makers. This study argues that (a) a household's labor allocation behavior is determined by its real opportunity set vis-a-vis the household's basic objectives, (b) a household's real opportunity set is the sum of its main constraints and opportunities after all environmental dimensions have been simultaneously considered, (c) male and female household members do not have the same opportunity sets. The environmental circumstances of the Diola and Mandingized Diola farm households from the Casamance region of Senegal provide the quantitative foundation of the analysis. For each group, an opportunity set for an average household is derived with a special emphasis on gender differentiations. Based on these derived opportunity sets, a household's behavior regarding labor allocation is hypothesized. Hypothesized behaviors are then checked against observed behaviors of labor allocation. Among both groups, household labor allocation strategies seem to reflect a desire of farmers to use their comparative advantage to reduce the adverse effects of their main binding constraints. With respect to farmers' ability to fulfill their basic objectives, the Mandingized Diolas appear to be better off than the Diolas and within each group, men appear to be better off than women.


Non-surgical acute therapeutic procedures in infants replacing immediate surgery are mainly indicated in life threatening cyanosis and/or cardiac failure in the first 2 to 4 weeks of life. Balloon septostomy replacing surgical creation of an atrial septal defect, and pharmacological manipulation of the ductus with prostaglandin E in newborns (opening of ductus replacing aortopulmonary shunt) or by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin in premature babies (ductus closure replacing ligation of ductus) are used routinely nowadays. Balloon dilatation of stenotic pulmonic or aortic valves (replacing valvotomy), balloon dilatation of coarctation of the aorta (replacing operative correction) and, rarely, closure of vessels with the help of catheters (replacing ligation) are being increasingly tried in this age group as well, though they do not yet belong to the routine methods.


It is a known fact that mismatching in the PV array leads to a drastic reduction in the system efficiency. Soiling and partial shading are the main reasons for this mismatching. In vast solar PV farms, the detection of the mismatching in an individual PV panel is a difficult task since it is usually done manually. In this paper, a new design is proposed to monitor the production of individual PV panel periodically no matter how it is connected in the array. The proposed design allows the user to monitor the open circuit voltage (VOC), the short circuit current (ISC) and the delivered power for each PV panel in the farm. It is also capable of controlling each panel to work at its maximum power point (MPP) using a built in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) sub-circuit on each solar panel. The overall mismatching for each string will be calculated and presented online with a website which is designed for this purpose. The presented system depicts a complete wireless sensor network, which does not need any extra wiring and is characterized by being of low cost, reliable and efficient.


Indeed, performance of the human resource at workplace substantially relies on the way they are groomed in the alma maters, thus, human resource performance is one of the functions of the teachers' performance, so an attempt to streamline academia's performance will exert exponential and positive impact on the man at workplace, enterprises and the economy by and large. The empirical studies in the local context, portray a grim picture of existing performance appraisal system prevailing in the Public Sector Universities of Pakistan criticizing their effectiveness and impact on the Public Sector Universities' teachers, therefore this study is aimed at investigating, analyzing and revealing the coexistence as well as respective roles (relative effectiveness and impacts) of contemporary and conventional performance management styles in individual performance and satisfaction associated with performance management practices prevailing across the public sector universities of Sindh, Pakistan. The present study consists partly of applied and pure research designs with quantitative approach. The data was collected through two pilot tested and closed ended questionnaires distributed among 700 students and 300 faculty members as 2 strata in the sampling plan. The data was analyzed using mean, standard deviation, regression model and one sample T test with SPSS. 24. The study unearths two categories of Performance Management /Measurement systems ramifying into four styles concurrently exercised in the public sector universities of Pakistan. The categories include (a) Contemporary Performance Management Approach and (b) Conventional Performance Appraisal Approach, the former consists of two styles i.e. (a) Explicit Performance Management style and (b) Implicit Performance Management Style, whereas the later comprises its two types i.e. (a) Explicit Performance Measurement Style and (b) implicit Measurement Style. These four styles were found to coexist in the public sector universities of Pakistan. The study provides conclusive grounds for generalization that Contemporary Performance Management Styles have a significant impact on teachers' performance and satisfaction, whereas Conventional approach based styles were found to exert insignificant impact on the teachers' performance.


The management of keloids and hypertrophic scars continues to challenge health-care providers. Though both forms of pathologic scarring are distinct entities at the macro and microscopic level, their etiologies and treatment are often similar. Potential treatment approaches are progressing, and combinations of treatment options have been proposed in the literature with promising outcomes. The treatment evolution has reached a level where molecular therapeutic modalities are being investigated. Currently, no gold standard treatment exists. Overall success rates and patient satisfaction seem to be slowly climbing, but additional investigational studies must continue to be performed. Several studies have investigated antineoplastic agents, and there seems to be a marked improvement in rates of recurrence, patient satisfaction, and overall quality of scar when these agents are used. Intralesional injection and/or wound irrigation with interferon-a2b, interferon-g, mitomycin-C, bleomycin, or 5-fluorouracil seems to have a positive effect on the reduction of pathologic scars. There is mounting evidence that these drugs used alone or in combination therapy, have the potential to be an integral part of the treatment paradigm for hypertrophic scars and keloids.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of both attachment and parental styles in shaping leadership behavioral patterns. Research predictions were that childhood perceived parental experiences will be associated with attachment style, and that both perceived parental and attachment styles will fulfill a significant role in shaping the individual's leadership orientation in adulthood.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors tested the research hypotheses with a field survey data from 90 supervisors belonging to diverse industrial and service organizations. During their attendance in a leadership seminar, the managers' attachment style was assessed using the Experiences in Close Relationship Inventory. They were also asked to report on their childhood experiences using the Parenting Style Index, and to answer questions regarding their leadership behavior, using a short version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire.

Findings

Results indicated associations between parental style, attachment style, and leadership. Specifically, parental autonomy granting was negatively associated with both attachment anxiety and avoidance. Both transformational and transactional leadership styles were positively associated with parental autonomy, but only transformational leadership was also positively associated with parental involvement. In addition, transactional leadership was positively associated with attachment avoidance in close relationships.

Research limitations/implications

Testing the contributions of perceived parental style in childhood and attachment style in adulthood to the manager's manifested leadership style helps to advance our theoretical understanding of important leadership antecedents. The findings may also help practitioners in developing leadership skills and assisting managers in finding ways to moderate their natural tendencies and better depend on, delegate, and empower subordinates.

Originality/value

This empirical study provides evidence of the important role of perceived parental style in the development of adult attachment and leadership styles. The effects found in the study also extend the existing findings by showing that not only the attachment style but also parental style play a significant role in shaping the individual's leadership behaviors.


Annual reports present the activities of a listed company in terms of its operational performance, financial conditions, and social responsibilities. These reports also provide valuable reference for numerous investors, creditors, or other accounting information end-users. However, many annual reports exaggerate enterprise activities to raise investor capital and support from financial institutions, thereby diminishing the usefulness of such reports. Effectively detecting fraud in the annual report of a company is thus of priority concern during an audit. Therefore, this work develops a novel fraud detection method for narrative annual reports to effectively detect fraud in the narrative annual report of a company in order to reduce investment losses and investor- and creditor-related risks, as well as enhance investment decisions. A developmental procedure of fraud detection is designed for narrative annual reports. Fraud detection-related techniques are then developed for narrative annual reports, followed by an experiment and evaluation of the proposed fraud detection method. Fraud detection-related techniques for narrative annual reports consist mainly of establishing a fraudulent feature term library and clustering fraudulent and non-fraudulent narrative annual reports. Moreover, establishing fraudulent feature term library involves data preprocessing, term-pair combination, and filtering of fraudulent feature terms.


To detect the passage of cosmic ray particles through the heads of the pocket mice during the Apollo XVII flight, a ''monitor'' (dosimeter) composed of plastics was prepared and implanted under the scalp. The monitor was mounted on a platform, the undersurface of which fitted the contour of the skull. Numerous tests were run to assure that the presence of the monitor assembly beneath the scalp would be compatible with the well-being of the mice and that the capacity of the monitor to detect the traversal of cosmic ray particles would be preserved over the several weeks during which it would remain under the scalp. (auth)


Beef cattle production in the Northern Australian rangelands is usually characterized by large paddocks with large herds and little human intervention. Furthermore, there is often considerable variation across and within paddocks and mobs. Productivity and sustainability can be reduced due to difficulties in managing these systems in a precise and efficient way, in addition to the detrimental effects of environmental stressors on livestock (e.g. heat, parasites, diseases, nutritional and water deficiencies). Novel technologies may help in overcoming some of these limitations by allowing detailed monitoring of livestock, vegetation, environment and management.

CSIRO is developing novel technologies and tools to work as an integrated Precision Livestock Management System at the Lansdown Research Station in Townsville (Qld). Sensors are being deployed to monitor each component of the beef cattle production system, i.e. livestock, vegetation, environment and management. The objective of this work is to identify which characteristics to measure, what methods to use, and to develop tools that could be incorporated into Precision Livestock Management Systems (PLM) for the northern rangelands.

PLMS are expected to improve productivity, sustainability, animal health and welfare, social life in rural communities, and the ability to adapt to changing conditions including climate change. For example, animal monitoring could improve productivity if the characteristics measured are related to growth rate, feed utilisation efficiency and reproductive efficiency, and if they allow for the improvement of management and selection of individuals and herds. For instance, work presented in this congress has reported a close relationship between distance travelled per day and growth rate. Thus, distance travelled could be used as an indicator of the degree of success of individuals or management practices. Further research is being considered to identify other relationships between grazing ecology measurements and production outcomes and animal health and welfare.

The group has been, and it is currently, carrying out numerous projects to improve environmental sustainability. Automated animal movement control collars have successfully been used to limit the utilisation of environmentally sensitive areas (e.g. riparian areas) to reduce erosion, and therefore improve water quality. Automatic monitoring of behaviour using GPS collars has also increased our knowledge about resource selection and helped develop strategies that, for example, discourage animals from using riparian areas or encourage better grazing distribution and pasture utilisation rates. Pasture monitoring sensors (such as satellite images and proximal sensors) have been developed to autonomously measure forage quantity and coverage. These technologies are allowing the development of novel ways to improve grazing management and environmental stewardship.

 Environmental monitoring, including sensors for real-time temperature and humidity measurements, is allowing us to quantify the effects of climate change on both cattle and pastures. Water quality and soil condition will be measured and integrated into the system to develop tools that allow the industry to respond to climate change in a timely manner.

Ultimately, the goal is to integrate the technologies described above into an end-to-end system to improve productivity, sustainability and the ability to adapt to ever changing conditions. Many of these technologies are being deployed at the Lansdown Research Station (near Townsville) using wireless sensor networks and information technologies. This facility will provide researchers from a diverse range of disciplines with the facilities to advance the scientific knowledge of cattle production systems in northern Australia and to help face the challenges of coming decades.


The purpose of this 20-week, cross-continental study was to map how seven, 12and 13-year-old young adolescents living in Australia and the United States used popular culture in their literacy lives to construct notions of themselves. Guided by poststructural theories of the self and cultural studies theories of production and consumption, this study addressed (1) how adolescents are named, structured, and situated in particular ways, as particular people based upon categorizations of adolescence and on the adolescents' interests in popular culture, (2) how adolescents use popular culture to perpetuate categories that have named them, but also to push against and sometimes to temporarily knock down those categories that force them into being particular people with particular identities, and (3) how adolescents shape new ideas, categories, and understandings through the tensions of being produced as particular people and of constructing ways of being someone different. Data gathered over two, 10-week periods in Australia and the United States included 8-12 hours of daily observational fieldnotes taken before, during, and after school and occasionally on weekends; taped interviews with adolescents, teachers, and parents; dialogue journals between the researcher and each adolescent; researcher journal notes; artifacts; and adolescents' photo self documentary of the popular culture texts in their lives. Data were analyzed within each local context and across global contexts using poststructural rhizomatic cartography and chiaroscuro, an artistic technique. Analysis of data showed how adolescents read and used texts differently. Sometimes they used texts as a perpetuation of an identity they wanted for themselves, while other times they used texts to push against identities that defined them in particular ways. Implications of this study suggest that adolescents' uses of popular culture are a complex mix of identity production and subjectivity construction that relate to societal structures that name and define adolescents and their uses of popular culture.


In the field of industrial vision, the three-dimensional inspection of highly reflective metallic objects is still a delicate task. We deal with a new automated three-dimensional inspection system based on polarization analysis. We first present an extension of the shape-from-polarization method for dielectric surfaces to metallic surfaces. Then, we describe what we believe to be a new way of solving the ambiguity concerning the normal orientation with an active lighting system. Finally, applications to shape-defect detection are discussed, and the efficiency of the system to discriminate defects on specular metallic objects made by stamping and polishing is presented.


Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in RBCs was found significantly more frequently in 210 male cataractous patients than in 672 control subjects of Sardinian origin. The frequency of the deficiency was increasingly higher in presenile cataracts. In the G6PD-deficient group, the incidence of cortical and total cataracts was also increased. It is suggested that decrease of the G6PD activity in the lens, which accompanies its deficiency in the erythrocyte, might play a role in the cataracto-genesis of these patients. Moreover, G6PD deficiency should be added to other conditions, such as the galactosemic states and riboflavin deficiency, where cataracts represent a sensitive indicator of metabolic abnormalities of the RBC.


This study aimed to review the dental literature about caries risk assessment over the last 10 years in order to show which variables have been considered risk predictors and risk factors of dental caries in infants, preschool-, schoolchildren and adolescents. A Medline search of the published English language literature from 1997 to 2007 was made for papers of longitudinal studies that reported on caries risk assessment. A total of 39 papers were included in this review. Most studies were conducted in schoolchildren (n=19), followed by preschool children (n=9), adolescents (n=7) and infants (n=4). Variables such as caries experience, gingival status, microbiological counts, oral hygiene, plaque mineral concentration, fluoride history, socioeconomic and educational level, demographic, anthropometrical, oral, dietary and toothbrushing habits were studied. Past caries experience has been the predominant predictor for future caries in 0-18- year-old subjects. Other variables, such as dietary habits, including sugar intake, and toothbrushing habits may also help identifying high-risk individuals. In conclusion, the variables related to caries experience continue to be the main predictor of caries increment.


On May 13, 2012 Parliament completes 60 years since its first sitting. To mark the occasion, a special sitting of both Houses has been organised on the day. Recently, there has been much public scrutiny of the work of MPs and the functioning of Parliament. This document presents some information on the changing profile of MPs and the trends in the working of Parliament over the past 60 years. [PRS]. URL:[http://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/vital-stats/60-years-of-parliament-2309/].


Taking plywood printed garments as an example of a Chinese intangible cultural heritage product, we investigated the influence of customer participation on purchase intention for these garments. We collected data from 317 customers and developed a structural equation model to assess
 the mediating role of cultural identity in this relationship. The results showed there was a significant positive relationship between customer participation and purchase intention, which was mediated by cultural identity. Our findings enhance understanding of the relationships among customer
 participation, cultural identity, and purchase intention for intangible cultural heritage products. The findings also provide practical suggestions for companies seeking to increase consumer purchase intention for these products.


[1] Experimentally determined shoreline migration rates show high-frequency autogenic variability superimposed on low-frequency allogenic shoreline responses induced by eustatic base level change. This variability persists even when the shoreline migration is averaged laterally, indicating time variation in total sediment discharge reaching the shoreline. The magnitude of autogenic variability in shoreline migration rate changes by roughly a factor of 3 depending on the shoreline migration direction: It is strongest during transgression, when the shoreline is on average migrating against the mean sediment flow, and weakest during regression, when the shoreline is migrating with the mean sediment flow. We propose that this time variation is due to overall sediment storage and release in the fluvial system. We use a one-dimensional geometric model to model the autogenic signals observed in the experiment. The model uses small periodic changes in the fluvial slope to represent the effects of storage and release of supplied sediment due to intrinsic variation in the transport efficiency of the fluvial system. The periodic pulses of sediment discharge to the shoreline required in the model to explain the variations in shoreline migration can exceed by an order of magnitude the mean allogenic sediment discharge. The slope variability required in the model to explain the autogenic shoreline signals is 1–4% of the mean slope. This is well within the range of observed variability in depositional fluvial slopes. We propose that at least part of this observed variability is real; that is, the long-profile slope of a depositional river system may have an intrinsic "elasticity" of a few percent of its mean value, even under steady forcing. Autogenic slope variation of this magnitude could readily produce parasequence-scale deposits in the stratigraphic record.


This study examines how Korean speakers make pivot turns using particles and predicates as increments while coordinating their action in relation to a recipient's response moment-to-moment. The study discusses the speaker's organization of syntax and prosody in the design of pivot turns and demonstrates how pivot turns emerge from stance negotiation between participants. The analysis shows how interlocutors take into account multimodal resources, including talk, prosody, and gestures, during their negotiation of stance. Finally, the study suggests that Korean interlocutors construct units collaboratively as speakers turn the trajectory of talk to modify their stance through pivot turns.


Aims: The use of hypo fractionated irradiation of the whole breast has regained much interest after the publication of the results of large randomized trials showing equivalent results as using standard fractionation (START A and B, randomized START pilot trials, Canadian trial). Due to the relatively low numbers of patients treated with hypofractionation to the supraclavicular ±axillary (S/A) region, the question of the brachial plexus tolerance continues to be discussed. Aim of this work was to assess the high grade long term tolerance of the brachial plexus in our patients treated with 13x 3.3Gy to the S/A lymph nodes, in order to contribute to the question of plexus tolerance.
 Materials and Methods: Between 1967 and 1977, 130 female breast cancer patients underwent postoperative hypo fractionated radiotherapy at the University Hospital Zurich. The most used schedule was 13x 3.3Gy midline dose, 3x/week (n=124) to the S/A region applied by equally rated antero-posterior/postero-anterior portals. A first assessment of the cohort was performed in 1994, which has been updated in December 2013. Patients with a follow up period <5 years or loco-regional disease have been excluded in 1994 (n=4, all without plexopathy). Pre-radiation surgery consisted of radical mastectomy in 98% and breast conserving operation in 2% of all patients, including axillary dissection. Pathological stage was pT1/2/3/4 in 28/58/10/4%; with pN0/pN+ in 57/43%. The mean/median follow up time of the cohort was 28.1/26.6 years (range, 7.2-44.8).
 Results: One grade 2 brachial plexus neuropathy was observed.
 Conclusion: The long term follow up in our patients corroborates the hypothesis of a total mid plane dose to the S/A region between 40-42Gy in 13 fractions being comparably safe as 25x 2.0Gy to 50Gy.


Nowadays, organometallic complexes receive particular attention because of their use in the design of pure nanoscale metal structures. In the present work, we present results obtained from a series of studies on the degradation of metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate)s induced by low-energy electrons. These slow particles induce the formation of the acetylacetonate anion, [acac] − , and the parent anion as the most dominant species at incident electron energies near 0 eV. They also fragment the organometallic compounds via various competitive reaction channels that occur at higher energies via dissociative electron attachment. The reported data may contribute to a better understanding of the physical chemistry underlying the electron–molecule interactions, which is crucial for potential applications of these molecular systems in the deposition of nanoscale structures.


This paper presents a remotely powered implantable heart monitoring system for freely moving animals. The system measures the blood pressure in the left ventricle of the heart and transmits the data to a database unit. The implanted unit is remotely powered over 25 mm at 8 MHz and has autonomous power control system for changing received power levels due to the moving animal. The blood pressure is measured by a piezoresistive sensor die. The data is transmitted by a OOK modulated transmitter at 868 MHz. The system is realized by using discrete components which are available on the market. The overall size of the implanted unit is 26×13×5.5 mm and the overall power consumption is around 7 mW. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the implantable monitoring system.


An important premise for the study is the pedagogic importance of sports, that children and youth via sports and its leaders consciously and unconsciously incorporate and teach themselves skills, habits and knowledge as well as norms and values. Another premise is that sports leaders, like other teachers and leaders, work in a time where new conditions prevail for children's upbringing and for the role as a leader. What should be conveyed to children today is not obvious but seems to be dependent on the individual fosterer's idea on what the role should mean. This is truer for sports leaders, for example, than teachers since the sports movement does not have a prescribed curriculum. The perspective of the study is cultural-sociological and gender-theoretical. In the analyses, Pierre Bourdieu's key concepts, habitus, capital and field, performed the functions of research tools. A descriptive purpose of the study was to increase the knowledge of who the children and youth leaders of the sports movement are and their views of and valuation of sports, the task and the children. Through studying what the sports leaders are bearers of in terms of personified and symbolic capital, the purpose of the study was also to analyse what was encouraged in the sports environment where many children and young people spend a great deal of their leisure. The analyses were based on an empirical material consisting of questionnaire replies from 525 sport leaders and in-depth interviews with 18 leaders. In addition, more than 1,600 future teachers and youth recreation leaders replied to a questionnaire form. Who the sport movement's child and youth leaders are cannot be generally answered. It is partly dependent on which sport it is, partly which gender the leader has. The sport leaders' attitudes to differing aspects of the children's sports activity varied and various leader groups confronted each other. The leaders primarily appreciated the relations with the children. However, they did not appreciate the parental intervention, children and youths who did not behave themselves and the high demands which leadership signifies. Through sports the leaders primarily wanted to give the children physical and social upbringing. They wanted to educate children to be creative and independent individuals but emphasized at the same time a conscientious ideal. The study showed that differing types of symbolic capital dominate in children and youth's sports activity and that different leader groups emphasize various values. What is understood as valuable seemed more to be related to the logic of different sports than to gender and the fact that the activities were for children. It is not possible to tell in general how children are fostered and influenced through sports. The results indicate, however, that seriousness dominated over playfulness and that success and achievement are highly valued.


The federated learning (FL) framework enables edge clients to collaboratively learn a shared inference model while keeping privacy of training data on clients. Recently, many heuristics efforts have been made to generalize centralized adaptive optimization methods, such as SGDM, Adam, AdaGrad, etc., to federated settings for improving convergence and accuracy. However, there is still a paucity of theoretical principles on where to and how to design and utilize adaptive optimization methods in federated settings. This work aims to develop novel adaptive optimization methods for FL from the perspective of dynamics of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). First, an analytic framework is established to build a connection between federated optimization methods and decompositions of ODEs of corresponding centralized optimizers. Second, based on this analytic framework, a momentum decoupling adaptive optimization method, FedDA, is developed to fully utilize the global momentum on each local iteration and accelerate the training convergence. Last but not least, full batch gradients are utilized to mimic centralized optimization in the end of the training process to ensure the convergence and overcome the possible inconsistency caused by adaptive optimization methods.


post-processing, isovolumetric and ejection periods were measured according to valve status. 4D-MPI results were compared to conventional Mod-MPI. Results: 30 healthy fetuses were examined to establish normal range of values for 4D-MPI at 24–32 weeks. MPI measured in both methods remained relatively stable during pregnancy. In 13 cases of evolving cardiac compromise (agenesis of ductus venosus with extrahepatic connection-4, cardiomyopathy-2, SVT-2, diaphragmatic hernia-1, fetal anemia [before treatment]-2, pulmonary-venous shunt-1, CMV infection-1), conventional Mod-MPI and 4D-MPI showed similar results. The difference between them did not exceed ±0.05 (clinically insignificant). Conclusions: 4D-MPI is useful for direct evaluation of fetuses with suspected cardiac compromise, and provided results comparable to those obtained with conventional Mod-MPI. 4D-MPI may form part of the 3D/4DUS exam performed on these fetuses.


A Heartbreaking Loss: An Analysis of the Long-Term Negative Cardiometabolic Effects of Unhealthy Bulking Practices in American Football Players Brianna McManus Dr. Michael Lane Eastern Kentucky University Department of Exercise and Sports Science National Football League records have shown a marked increase in the average weight of American Football Players over the course of the past half century. The emphasis placed on the ideology that "bigger is better" may enable these athletes to perform at higher levels of competition; there is now however an increased concern for the cardiometabolic health of these athletes due to the accumulation of fat mass rather than muscle mass. Numerous studies have proven a correlation between a high quantity of fat mass and the onset of cardiometabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, and coronary artery disease. Additionally, analysis of present-day National Football League draft informatics indicates that many current professional American football players fit within the Body Mass Index classifications of overweight or obese (levels I, II, or II). In the general population, body mass index classification has been shown to be a strong indicator of an individual's likelihood to develop cardiovascular disease. In athletic populations, body mass index may not accurately represent the overall health of the individual due to an inability to discriminate between muscle and fat mass. However, in larger athletes such as offensive and defensive linemen, subjects are large enough that it can be assumed that they are holding a moderate to high level of body fat-specifically visceral fat. Visceral fat being another major indicator of an individual's likelihood of developing cardiometabolic disease. Researchers have found that in American collegiate football players, 19.2% were hypertensive, and 61.9% were pre-hypertensive. Race also represents a large risk factor for the development of cardiometabolic disease, with nonwhite persons being at greater risk. Considering the general racial demographics of American football, body mass index rating may not accurately represent the individual risk for the development of cardiometabolic disease and associated risk factors. The purpose of this analysis is to quantify the degree to which American football players at the collegiate and professional levels may be putting their long-term health at risk through the utilization of improper bulking techniques.


gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase purified from human kidneys contains 4-5 asparagine-linked sugar chains in each molecule. The sugar chains were released from the polypeptide portion of the enzyme by hydrazinolysis as oligosaccharides and separated by paper electrophoresis into one neutral and two acidic fractions. By sequential exoglycosidase digestion and methylation analysis, the neutral fraction, which comprised 69% of total oligosaccharides, was shown to be a mixture of bisected bi- and triantennary complex-type sugar chains with and without a fucose on the proximal N-acetylglucosamine residue and with Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc and/or Gal beta 1----4(Fuc alpha 1----3)GlcNAc groups in their outer chain moieties. The acidic oligosaccharide fractions were mixtures of mono- and disialyl derivatives of bisected triantennary complex-type oligosaccharides with Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc and/or Gal beta 1----4(Fuc alpha 1----3)GlcNAc group in their outer chain moieties. Some of the outer chains of the acidic oligosaccharides were considered to be sialylated X-antigenic structures.


The noise of interior plastic parts has been one of the major driving factors in the design of automotive interior assemblies. This phenomenon is one of the major contributors to the perceived quality in a vehicle. The noise is caused by interior plastic parts and other parts as a result of permanent deformation. Traditionally, noise issues have been identified and rectified through extensive hardware testing. However, to reduce the product development cycle and minimize the number of costly hardware builds, hardware testing must rely on engineering analysis and upfront simulation in the design cycle. In this paper, an analytical study to reduce permanent deformation in a cockpit module is presented. The analytical investigation utilizes a novel and practical methodology, which is implemented through the software tools, ABAQUS and iSight, for the identification and minimization of permanent deformation. Here, the emphasis is on evaluating the software for issues relating to the prediction of permanent deformation. The analytical results are compared with the experimental findings for two types of deformation location and the qualitative correlation is found to be very good. In this study, we also develop a methodology to design the guide and mount location of cockpit module for minimizing the permanent deformation. Nonlinear finite element analysis has been implemented and integrated with sensitivity-analysis techniques to minimize the permanent deformation at the areas of interest. Finally, we find the optimal guide and mount locations that reduce the permanent deformation.


Part I. Water. Chapter 1. Water: Prerequisite for Life, and Living. Prerequisite for Life. Prerequisite for Living. Chapter 2. The Global Water Condition. The Human Cost of Waterborne Disease. Supply and Demand. Regional Fundamentals. Water Institutions. Overview of Water Reguation in the United States. Global Water Regulations. Non-Governmental Organizations. The Institutional Impact on Water Investing. The Role of Water in Economic Growth. Chapter 3. Public Good, Commodity or Resource? What Is Water? Water as a Public (Social) Good. Water as a Commodity. The Answer: Water as a Resource. Chapter 4. The Cost of Clean Water. How Big Is the Universe? The Global Cost of Clean Water. From the Whole to the Parts. The Transition from Cost to Price. Part II. Investing in Water. Chapter 5. The Business of Water. Water versus Wastewater. Functional Categories. Water-Related Applications. Drivers of the Water Industry. Chapter 6. Water Utilities. A Brief History. Regulatory Providers Face Regulatory Burdens. Non-Regulated Activities. The Future of Water Utilities. Foreign Water Utilities. Conclusions. Chapter 7. Centralized Water and Wastewater Treatment. The Basics. Centralized Treatment. Treatment Chemicals. Mixed Oxidants. Carbon. Resins: Ion Exchange. Chapter 8. Decentralized Water and Wastewater Treatment. Decentralized Treatment. The Roots of Decentralized Treatment. Water Softeners and Salinity. Groundwater Treatment. Membrane Bioreactors: The Future of Decentralized Treatment. Chapter 9. Water Infrastructure. The Distribution System. Stormwater Infrastructure. Investment Components. Pipeline Rehabilitation. Flow Control and Pumps. Chapter 10. Water Analytics. Metering. Monitoring, Measuring, and Testing Asset Management Chapter 11. Water Resource Management. Water Resource Management Defined. The Principle of Sustainability. Remediation. Water Supply: Reservoirs and Dams. Irrigation. Chapter 12. Desalination. The Promise of Desalination. The Process of Desalination. Part III. Water Beyond the 21 st Century. Chapter 13. Emerging Issues. Unregulated Contaminants. Biosolids Management: There's Money in Sludge. Biotechnology. Regulation. Regulating Nonpoint Sources of Water Contamination. Water Reuse. Water Conservation. Nanotechnology. Algal Toxins. Measuring Chlorophyll-a. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products. Chapter 14. Water As An Asset Class. Is Water an Asset Class? What Is An Asset Class? Chapter 15. Climate Change and the Hydrologic (Re)Cycle. Planning for Uncertainty. Impacts on Water Quality. Occurrence of Drought. Investing in Drought. Chapter 16. Conclusion. The Windfall Profits Tax...On Water. The Age of Ecology, Again. Is Water The Next Oil? Appendix A. Water Contaminants. Microbial Contaminant Candidates. Chemical Contaminant Candidates or CCL3 Candidates. Appendix B. Acronyms. Appendix C. Conversions. Notes. About the Author. Index.


Once considered infeasible and unviable, recently there has been renewed interest in the development of algae-derived transportation fuels. Currently, there are no commercialized algae to fuel ventures, and much debate is centered on the economic viability of such a process. Research conducted by NASA, among others, has expressed skepticism that terrestrially cultivated algae can ever compete with conventional fuels. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the economic feasibility of an algae-to-fuel venture that incorporates the state-of-the-art technologies available in the open literature. Our challenge is to produce 20 thousand barrels per day of n-alkane product that meets the current diesel fuel specifications. To arrive at a recommendation, separate models were built for algae cultivation, lipid extraction, and lipid processing at a scale necessary to reach this target. This analysis departs from prior studies on two major fronts. First, this analysis considers OriginOil's new method of lipid extraction instead of conventional hexane extraction. Second, the objective of the lipid processing module is to produce n-alkanes from triglycerides, as opposed to producing FAME biodiesel. The n-alkane product from this process is comparable to petroleum-based diesel fuels. Thus it can be readily incorporated into existing energy infrastructure as a diesel blending stock or as a feedstock for other processing units in the refinery. Our economic analysis shows that an algae-to-fuel venture is profitable if the fuel is sold at $3/gallon, the current price of diesel. However, the commercialization of such a process is difficult due to the large total capital investment. At $2.2 billion, the capital investment of algae cultivation is nearly 40 times that of processing, which results in annual depreciation and fixed costs of nearly half of the revenue. Investors would be hesitant to invest such a large amount of money in an algae cultivation process where there is high uncertainty in the cost requirements. Algae-to-fuel economics can be improved by realizing higher value uses of the algae biomass. Biomass composes of over half of algae product, and their potential uses in pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and biomass power generation far surpass their value as animal feed. Proposed carbon-cap-and-trade programs may bring additional revenue. Thus, any algae-to-fuel venture should seek to optimize the value of its byproducts. Governments can support algae-to-fuel ventures by offering tax credits or mandating a market for renewable fuels, but the benefits of these measures are unclear. Additional analysis should address the uncertainties of various costs and look to reduce capital investment. Disciplines Chemical Engineering This working paper is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cbe_sdr/12


Recursive restoration of two-dimensional noisy images gives dimensionality problems leading to large storage and computation time requirements on a digital computer. This paper shows a two-dimensional second-order Markov process representation can be used for fast recursive restoration of images with small storage requirements. Advantages of this method over existing techniques are illustrated by means of examples.


A leading Renaissance scholar examines what brought one of history's most fascinating eras to its end and gave rise to the modern era There is little debate that the Renaissance began at the end of the fourteenth century. Its end, though, is much more difficult to pin down. Here, for the first time, renowned classicist Theodore Rabb defines the changes that marked the shift away from the Renaissance to Modernity, and explains why these changes took place. The European Renaissance is usually characterized by the belief that a distinct antique civilization represented the ideal for all human endeavours. But there were other unities that defined the era: a shift in the role of the aristocracy from a warrior class to a cultural elite, a growth in education, a more thoughtful probing into the sciences, and the use of the arts for non-religious purposes. By the dawn of the seventeenth century, four developments had swept over the world, altering these unities and ending the Renaissance: a break with the period's obsession with the past, which invited openness to innovation; a quest for central political control to cure increasing instability; a change in direction of people's passion and enthusiasm; and a new commitment to reason. With thoughtful, wide-lens scholarship with close, detailed looks throughout at the significant moments of change, Rabb offers us a radically new understanding of one of the most pivotal shifts in modern history.


A A¢â'¬A"policy scepticismA¢â'¬Â has emerged that challenges the results of conventional regional HEI impact analyses. Its denial of the importance of the expenditure impacts of HEIs appears to be based on a belief in either a binding regional resource constraint or a regional public sector budget constraint. In this paper we provide a systematic critique of this policy scepticism. However, while rejecting the extreme form of policy scepticism, we argue that it is crucial to recognise the importance of the public-sector expenditure constraints that are binding under devolution. We show how conventional impact analyses can be augmented to accommodate regional public sector budget constraints. While our results suggest that conventional impact studies overestimate the expenditure impacts of HEIs, they also demonstrate that the policy scepticism that treats these expenditure effects as irrelevant neglects some key aspects of HEIs, in particular their export intensity.


Planetary urbanization is considered to be one of the leading causes of the current global process of the degradation of nature, and a reduction in urban consumption becomes, therefore, a crucial goal for degrowth. Three fundamental premises underly an investigation of these issues. Firstly, territorial management underpins global environmental justice through the implementation of conservation policies; Secondly, degrowth narratives must operate in the urban context; and thirdly, there is a need for a paradigm shift at an economic, social and nature-relational level. This article presents two research approaches. Firstly, it sets out a theoretical framework in the field of 'urban degrowth', collecting arguments from political ecology, urban planning, deep ecology and degrowth thinking; and secondly, it proposes a preliminary line of investigation towards the process of urban de-occupation and re-naturalization through a bibliographic analysis of urban-ecological variables fostering natural recovery. The aim of the study is to stir up discussion about urban degrowth, as an essential mechanism to counter increasing land consumption, and global habitat and biodiversity loss. Anthropized landscapes require care for nature, conservation, collective action and initiatives at the practical and experimental level, and further research.


Numerous explanations of the failure of the Biafran enterprise highlight the absence of legitimacy and support for the Biafran effort among the Niger Delta 'minorities'. In the aftermath of the Civil War, popular narratives among the Ijaw, arguably Nigeria's fourth largest ethnic group, tended to tie them closely to the Federal side. In this paper, we examine the transformations of the relationship between Southern minorities and the Biafran cause, with a particular focus on the Ijaw. The fiscal centralization of oil resources that followed the war and the persistence of minority exclusion within the Nigerian polity have encouraged Ijaw elites, and other southern minorities, to review their commitment to Nigerian federalism. Conflicting tales of the Ijaw nationalist hero Isaac Boro testify to a growing 'revisionism' in interpretations of the Biafran War. Today the resurgence of militant forms of Ijaw ethnic nationalism, against the backdrop of oil community protests which have been taking place since the early 1990s, has given rise to new interpretations of the war, and the creation of new political linkages between Ijaw nationalists, other Niger Delta minorities and Igbo proBiafra movements. While resistance to Biafra catalyzed Ijaw nationalism in the fighting and aftermath of the Civil War, Biafra has now become a symbol of contemporary Ijaw nationalism. By drawing on new 'revisionist' histories of Biafra, this paper considers the complex interaction of ethnic nationalism, oil and secessionist conflict in Nigeria.


This study has been carried out to investigate the presence of Yersinia ruckeri, the causative agent of Enteric Red Mouth (ERM) disease, in rainbow trout fish breeding farms located in Elazig and Malatya provinces in Eastern Turkey. For this purpose, bacteriological culture and a specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been compare with examine blood and intestine samples collected from adult and young rainbow trout fish as well as water samples collected from all the farms. Y. ruckeri was isolated and identified from eight of the 17 fish farms giving a proportion of 52.9% at fish farm. The disease was noted in five of the rainbow trout farms located in Elazig and three of the 11 rainbow trout farms located in Malatya. The agent was detected in five of the six young fish breeding farms. The isolation percentages of the causative agent at fish level were calculated as 25.7% (131/510) in adult and 31.7% (19/60) in young fish, giving an overall proportion of 26.3% (150/570). All the isolates have been successfully identified as Y. ruckeri by species-specific PCR. No isolation could be made from water samples. It is therefore concluded that Y. ruckeri infection poses a significant threat to the fish farms in the study area and necessary precautions should urgently be taken in order to minimize economical losses due to ERM disease. A specific PCR can be utilized successfully in aquaculture for rapid identification of bacterial agents which will help to prevent spread of infectious diseases and will therefore contribute to the productivity of fishery sector.


Light and scanning electron microscopic studies and guard cell isolation techniques have confirmed the well-known ridges of the Equisetum stomatal apparatus as belonging to the subsidiary cells. Hitherto unknown features of the subsidiary cells such as the presence of a concentrated H2SO4-resistant region on the ridges and an interlocking mechanism for the closure of the aperture of the subsidiaries are described. These are presented as further evidence for the differences between the two subgenera of Equisetum. Boiling in dilute NaOH is shown to be a simple but effective means for the isolation of the guard cells in Equisetum as well as in several other plants with sunken stomata. Silicification of the outer layer of the epidermis makes cuticular isolation a difficult process by usual methods (treatments with enzymes or cellulose hydrolyzing reagents). Treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid followed by hydrofluoric acid results in the isolation of the cuticular membranes in Equisetum spp. and in simil...


Geotechnical models consistently indicate that the stress-strain relationship of soils is nonlinear and hysteretic, especially at shear strains larger than ∼10−5 to 10−4. Nonlinear effects, such as an increase in damping and reduction in shear-wave velocity as excitation strength increases, are commonly recognized in the dynamic loading of soils. On the other hand, these effects are usually ignored in seismological models of ground-motion prediction because of the lack of compelling corroborative evidence from strong-motion observations. The situation is being changed by recently obtained data. Explicit evidence of strong-motion deamplification, accompanied by changes in resonant frequencies, are found in the data from the 1985 Michoacan, Mexico, and the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquakes, the events recorded by the vertical and surface accelerograph arrays in Taiwan, as well as a number of other events throughout the world. Evidence of nonlinear behavior becomes apparent beyond a threshold acceleration of ∼100 to 200 gal. Nonlinearity is considerable in cohesionless soil but may be negligible in stiff soils. The findings of recent years indicate that nonlinear site effects are more common than previously recognized in strong-motion seismology.


Abstract:
 A taxonomic treatment of the genus Platanus L. in North America is presented, concentrating on the species native to Mexico and Guatemala. Eight taxa are recognized for North America: 3 species with 2 varieties each, and two species without varietal subdivision; all occur in Mexico and/or Guatemala except for one more northern variety. One previously unrecognized species from western Mexico is described, P. gentryi Nixon & Poole. Another species from northeastern Mexico, although often called P. mexicana Moric., represents an undescribed species because the name P. mexicana is correctly applied to a different Mexican species. The resultant new species is P. rzedowskii Nixon & Poole. A new variety, P. mexicana var. interior Nixon & Poole, is described from central Mexico. A key to taxa includes the two Old World species, P. kerrii and P. orientalis, but complete descriptions of the latter species are not given. A discussion of the morphological characters, biogeography, infrageneric phylogeny and speciation of Platanus in North America is presented in light of the greater understanding of the taxa afforded by this study.


Raman spectra of fibers of DNA that have been prepared in the A, B, and C forms are presented and compared with Raman spectra of DNA and RNA in dilute solution. It is shown that the phosphate vibrations in the region 750-850 cm(-1) are very sensitive to the specific conformation of the phosphate group in the backbone chain and are virtually independent of all ohter factors. Thus, a very simple method for the determination of the specific conformation of the backbone chain of nucleic acids, at least so far as the sugar-phosphate chain is concerned, appears available. The method is applied to short oligomers and dimers of ribonucleosides. It is found that at low temperatures, at pH 7, the phosphate group goes into the geometry of the A conformation when the stacking forces between the bases are sufficiently strong.


The purpose of the present communication is to summarize the state-of-the art knowledge of the existing relationships between Eulerian and Lagrangian statistics in the literature. It will focus on integral scales, especially the classical Eulerian scales (such as those classically obtained from a fixed hot-wire or LDA control volume), the interesting moving Eulerian time scale (that obtained by a sensor which would move with the mean velocity) and the Lagrangian integral scale, most important for Lagrangian turbulent diffusion and dispersion simulations.Copyright © 2002 by ASME