The AIDS Litigation Project has reviewed nearly 600 reported cases involving individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the federal and state courts in the United States between 1991 and 1997. Cases were identified through a federal and 50-state computer and library search. An important subset of litigation relates to HIV/AIDS in the public health and health care systems, since the law affects health care institutions and professionals, patients, and public health policy in America. This subset of HIV/AIDS litigation includes testing and reporting; privacy, the duty to warn, and the right to know; physician standards of care in prevention and treatment; and discrimination and access to health care. In broad terms, the review demonstrates a reliance on voluntary testing and protection of patient privacy through HIV-specific statutes and the common law. Negligence with potential civil and criminal liability has been alleged in cases of erroneous or missed diagnosis of HIV infection. In the first AIDS case to be considered by the Supreme Court, the Court will decide whether patients with asymptomatic HIV infection are protected under the Americans With Disabilities Act. Considerable progress has been made, both socially and legally, during the first 2 decades of the epidemic, but much still needs to be accomplished to protect privacy, prevent discrimination, and promote tolerance.


In Spanish, there are locutions with a homophonous literal counterpart, or, in other words, polisemous expressions that can be analysed in two different ways in virtue of their meaning. The literal counterpart can be a free construction or syntagm, as tirar la toalla; a compound, such as perro faldero; a lexical collocation, such as tocar el violín; or a verb construction composed by a light verb, as dar una lección. In this sense, these expressions have two means of categorization according to both senses, and thus belong to different fields: phraseology, morphology, syntax. Obviously, they have different grammatical structure. We had named them "expressions of double linguistic nationality". Furthermore, there are locutions with only idiomatic sense, as tirar la casa por la ventana 'to spare no expenses', and polisemous ones with two or more idiomatic senses without literal counterpart, as dar de ojos 'to make a mistake', 'to fall flat on someone's face', 'to come across someone'. All the examples have been taken from DLE.


For many, the word diversity has become synonymous with statistical representations of race, class, and gender. Although this element is a vital one, there is another, more interior, aspect that must be addressed. Diversity must also be a state of mind, an ethical code of inclusiveness. Such diversity has the potential to change much more than numbers; it can change the way tutors think and (re)act during tutorials. Statistical diversity often has a way of fostering a more diverse attitude, but how can we cultivate that state of mind in a non-diverse environment? My writing center is located on a regional campus of Kent State University, and our student body is overwhelmingly middle class and very much white. It is imperative that tutor training seeks to enable us to work with minority students, yet as a conscientious tutor I cannot ignore the fact that a large percentage of our students come from very privileged backgrounds. These students' experiences differ from the usual discussion of diversity, and this difference comes through in their writing. If our writing center wants to remain true to our principles of encouraging diversity, what role does the tutor have in either reinforcing or challenging these privileged students and their writing


The Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Label Switched Path (LSP)
Ping and Traceroute use the Reply Mode field to signal the method to
be used in the MPLS echo reply. This document updates the procedures
for the "Reply via Specified Path" Reply Mode. The value of this Reply
Mode is 5. The update creates a simple way to indicate that the
reverse LSP should be used as the return path. This document also adds
an optional TLV that can carry an ordered list of Reply Mode values.


In this work we designed and made a photonic crystal structure with a photonic band gap around 532 nm wavelength. The structure was to be made from two commercially available glasses. Both should have similar temperature coefficients (alpha), also melting and softening temperatures should be as close as possible in order to thermally process both glasses together. In addition the refractive indexes of chosen glasses should be as different as possible in order to facilitate a wide band gap. The pair of glasses that met those requirements is LLF1 and SF6 produced by Schott. For those two glasses we performed a series of computer simulations using MIT MPB software. After checking various structures the widest band gap for the 532 nm wavelength was found for the hexagonal structure of high dielectric constant rods in low index material with a linear fill factor of 0.12 and a lattice constant 3.75 μm. This structure was manufactured using the stack and draw method. The measurements of the final structure made by ESM show that it is regular, with diffusion between glasses at the manageable level. This assures that manufacture process is repeatable.


The Rhodesian Archaean Craton consists of greenstone schist belts tightly folded between gneiss domes. The Selukwe Schist Belt, situated near the centre of the craton, consists of mainly Sebakwian Group greenstones, ultra-mafics and sediments, older than intrusive 2900 m.y. tonalities. It appears to be part of an imbricated and overturned lower limb of a large recumbent fold, resting allochthonously on a gneissic basement. Four main tectonic slices, separated by mylonite shear zones were recognized. The inverted succession together with the shear zones were refolded during two subsequent tectonic episodes, before being arched and tilted by intrusion of the tonalite diapir in the southeast.


Noncognitive Abilities and Within-Group Wage Inequality This paper argues that endogenous restructuring processes within firms towards productivityenhancing human resource activities, triggered by advances in information and communication technologies (ICT) and rising supply of educated workers, are typically associated with higher demand for noncognitive abilities. Consistent with the evolution of the distribution of wages in advanced countries, this raises within-group wage inequality, possibly accompanied by a decline or stagnation of between-group wage dispersion. The mechanisms proposed in this research are consistent with empirical evidence on both the evolution of work-force composition in firms and the complementarity between skillupgrading, new technologies and knowledge-based work organization. JEL Classification: D20, J31


The British Journal of Pharmacology welcomes contributions in all fields of pharmacology for publication as full papers or as high priority Special Reports. Papers should normally be based on new results obtained experimentally and should constitute a significant contribution to pharmacological knowledge. Papers which reassess pharmacological concepts based on earlier results will also be considered as will purely theoretical papers. Papers dealing only with descriptions of methods are acceptable if new principles are involved. Contributions that have already been published, or accepted or are under consideration for publication, with essentially the same content will not be considered. This restriction does not apply to results published as abstracts of communications, letters to editors, or as contributions to symposia, provided that the submission adds significantly to the information available in the previously published contribution. Papers are only accepted if accompanied by a Declaration which must be signed by all Authors. This Declaration concerns the originality of the submitted paper and assigns the copyright of all papers accepted for publication to Macmillan Press Ltd. on behalf of the British Pharmacological Society. See pages 278 and 279 for details. The Journal will not consider papers which describe experiments on animals which do not fall clearly within the current laws governing animal experimentation in the United Kingdom. Authors must make it clear that the procedures they use were as humane as possible and the doses (initial and subsequent) of anaesthetics and analgesics should be clearly stated; the method of assessing anaesthesia, particularly after the administration of skeletal muscle relaxants (neuromuscular blocking drugs), must be well defined. The Society has an Ethics Committee which can be consulted by authors through the Secretaries to the Editorial Board. When investigations on normal human subjects are reported, evidence of approval by a local Ethics Committee must be given. Papers concerned with clinical trials or investigations of the effects of drugs on patients are not appropriate for this Journal. Authors are strongly urged to keep their manuscripts as short as they reasonably can. An effective way is to reduce the Discussion and the number of figures to a minimum and to avoid repetition of information that has already been published. Authors should remember that a reader may be influenced by literary style and will appreciate simple but accurate prose. It is important to note that failure to comply with 'Instructions to Authors' may lead to considerable editorial delays.


Patellar tendinopathy is a clinical symptom of patellar tendons characterized by local pain in the front of the knee joint. It is common among basketball and volleyball players. Patients with patellar tendinopathy may exhibit different landing strategies during landing compared to healthy individuals. The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in lower limb joint energy dissipation (eccentric work) values for the symptomatic patellar tendinopathy (PT) athletes and no patellar tendinopathy (UPT) athletes during single-leg landing. A total of 26 (PT: 13, UPT:13) semi-professional male basketball and volleyball player's kinetic data were collected during the landing phases. Joint work was calculated by the integral of joint power over time. In this study, the result showed that the ankle joint means energy dissipation (p < 0.001) and total energy dissipation (p < 0.001) of PT were significantly greater than UPT. Compared to the UPT athletes, the PT athletes showed smaller knee joint mean energy dissipation (p = 0.002) and contribution to total energy dissipation (p < 0.001) during the landing stance. Meanwhile, there were no differences in hip joint contribution to total energy dissipation (p = 0.523) and lower limb total energy dissipation (p = 0.127). A deeper understanding of each joint's energy dissipation contribution ratio between UPT and PT during landing can provide clues that reveal the biomechanical mechanism of PT athletes landing. Further study should choose a larger sample size to more comprehensively reveal the energy dissipation strategy of PT during landing.


This paper presents a new fuzzy based edge detection algorithm. Each different edge detection method has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example each method detects part of real edges and also some unreal edges. To reduce this effect we have used two different source of information and a fuzzy system to decide about whether each pixel is edge or not. First both gradient and standard deviation values are computed, form two set of edges, utilized as inputs for our fuzzy system. Then fuzzy system decides on each pixel according to fuzzy rules. Finally we have compared results of the proposed algorithm with other algorithms such as Sobel, Robert, and Prewitt. Experimental results show the ability and high performance of proposed algorithm.


This paper presents a novel hierarchical rate control (HRC) for the Multiview Video Coding standard targeting improved bandwidth usage and high video quality. The HRC is designed to jointly address the rate control at both frame level and basic unit (BU) level. The proposed scheme is able to exploit the bitrate distribution correlation with neighboring frames to efficiently predict the future bitrate behavior by employing a model predictive control that defines a proper control action through quantization parameter (QP) adaptation. To provide a fine-grained tuning, the QP is further adapted within each frame by a Markov decision process implemented at BU level able to take into consideration a map of the regions of interest. A coupled frame/BU level feedback is performed in order to guarantee the system consistency. Experimental results show the superiority of our HRC compared to state-of-the-art solutions in terms of bitrate allocation accuracy and rate distortion while delivering smooth video quality at frame and BU levels.


This script discusses the increasing students' ability through brainstorming technique in teaching writing, especially in increasing students' writing narrative text ability. This study is aimed at responding the following questions: (1) Can brainstorming as a technique increase the students' Narrative paragraph writing Performance? (2) Can brainstorming as a technique improve the learning process?. The population of this research is the eighth grader of SMPN 3 BatanghariNuban. The number of population is 152 students. The researcher used sampling random technique to take sample. The research design was Classroom Action Research design. The instrument used to collect data was writing test because the students' scores can be the basic data. The finding result shows that: (1) Brainstorming technique can make good students' score in writing narrative text ability. (2) Brainstorming technique is effective in teaching writing, especially in writing narrative text.


Skeletal dysplasias included a group of over 370 disorders of the bone or cartilage. Molecular genetics was the golden standard of diagnosis nowadays. Angulated or bent femur is usual the first detectable sign of skeletal dysplasia during ultrasound exam. Here we report a prenatal case with short and bend femur with abnormal sonographic features finally identified as femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome (FHUFS). A 30 year-old woman was referred at 31 weeks gestation because of short and bent femur. She has type I diabetes mellitus with well control. Detailed ultrasound revealed bend femur with measurement less than 5 percentile, 11 pair of ribs, and cystic dysplasia of right kidney. Amniocentesis was performed for genetic work up. The genes as Sox9, FGFR3, and COL1A1/COL1A2 which are the highest frequent disorders in skeletal dysplasias were detected but all negative. The female fetus weighing 3350 g was delivered via C/S at 39 weeks gestation. There was no respiratory distress. Following exam revealed small ASD, cleft soft palate, 11 pair of ribs, angulation of the proximal femur, and cystic dysplasia of right kidney. Due to short and bend femur with facial dysmorphism, the final diagnosis is FHUFS. In our case, 11 pair of ribs, cleft palate, micrognathia, and angulated femur is indicated to campomelic dysplasia. Yet no SOX9 mutation could be detected. FHUFS is a rare syndrome presents with bilateral focal femoral hypoplasia and dysmorphic face. The etiology was unknown and was described association with maternal diabetes mellitus. This case was conformed to the features of FHUFS except for 11 pairs of rib. The prenatal image is supposed to campomelic dysplasia. Without molecular genetics confirmed, misdiagnosis may be made. In summary, we reported a case of FHUFS with unique appearance as 11 pairs of rib mimic to campomelic dysplasia. Bend femur with additional anomaly without genetic mutations should consider the suspicion of FHUFS.


Total organic carbon (TOC) content in lake sediments is typically used for the reconstruction of paleoenvironments. It remains uncertain, however, whether these sediment variables in lakes supplied by groundwater in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert are applicable. Moreover, it is still uncertain whether the TOC content in these lakes can be used as a proxy to identify past climatic change and environmental evolution studies. In this study, the spatial distributions of the TOC contents and C/N ratios were analyzed for 109 surface sediment samples collected from five lakes without runoff recharge. The results revealed that the TOC content of the lake surface sediments was extremely low (0.03% - 1.01%) and consisted of both allochthonous organic matter carried by wind, as well as autochthonous organic matter generated in the lakes. Within a lake, spatial differences in the amount of TOC found in surface sediments may be caused by several processes including bathymetry topography and wind-induced wave activity. In addition, wind-induced wave activity produces a higher TOC content, which is more pronounced in larger lakes (>0.21 km 2 ) with longer fetches. By contrast, in smaller lakes, organic matter accumulates in the deeper waters, but can be affected by many factors. It is therefore necessary to consider lake area when applying the TOC content of lake sediments for the reconstruction of a paleolake evolution. Furthermore, because the TOC content of lake sediments in hyper-arid regions is extremely low, and the organic matter may have a multiple and varied sources, a single proxy (TOC) cannot be used to reconstruct lake evolution.


The menopause is the stage of a woman's life when the transition from the reproductive to the non-reproductive condition occurs. The objective was to conduct a nutritional assessment of 30 postmenopausal women aged between 40 and 65, by compiling data from the first consultation of nutritional records related to food intake, as well as anthropometric and biochemical data. It was observed that the average result found for body mass index was considered high, being characterized as overweight (30.7 ± 5.9kg/m2) and waist circumference revealed a very high risk for developing cardiovascular disease (98.2 ± 15.9cm). Saturated fats were above the recommended level (8.14 ± 3.63%), whereas monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats were lower resulting in 6.47 ± 3.40% and 5.37 ± 2.60% respectively. The average calcium intake was 549.63 ± 315.87mg, while vitamin D intake was 549.63 ± 315.87mcg, both of which were considered inadequate. Triglycerides were classified as optimal (134,3 ± 85,4mg/dL), total cholesterol was borderline (223.9 ± 141.3md/dL), HDL-C adequate (54.3 ± 18.5mg/dL) and LDL-C desirable (128.4 ± 45.1mg/dL). The results demonstrate that nutritional care is important and can prevent specific comorbidities in this age group, contributing to the quality of life of menopausal women.


During the years 1982-1987 the Dept. of Agricultural Engineering at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences has run a project about farm machinery costs. The project consisted of four subprojects. 1. Pilot-study of maintenance costs for farm machinery (1982-1983) 2. Detailed and continuous survey of maintenance costs (1984-1986) 3. Depreciation of common farm machinery (1986) 4. Simulation of reliability costs caused by breakdowns (1986-1987) The pilot-study (Larsson, 1983) and the depreciation study (Erikson, 1986) is completed and published. The simulation model is preliminary accounted for. This work is the account for subproject 2 above. Extent The survey includes 218 farms located all over Sweden. These farms represents 0.6 % of the acreage of arable land and 0.8 % of the machinery capital in Sweden (1985). During 1984-1986 data from 11 509 machine-years were collected. The survey included all field machinery on the farms. Inhouse machinery was not within the aim of the work. The survey was restricted to farms bigger than 20 hectare. The mean acreage was 75.1 hectars. Method At the start of the project a thorough inventory of each farm was done. Information about acreage, crops, workshop equipment, main produce, machine handling etc was registered. In addition to the farm inventory an identity for each field machine was created. Type of machine, make, age, size and equipment was noted. At the end of the years 1984-1986 the participating farmers reported the following for each machine: * The years usage (hectars, hours or tons) * Costs of spare parts (SEK) * Costs for hired help with maintenance work (SEK) * The farmers own maintenance work (hours) * Costs for breakdown insurance (mostly tractors and combines, SEK) All data was stored and processed with the help of computers. Results All results has been derived with computer aid. This is due to the vast material. Computer languages used is SAS (Statistical Analysis System) and MIMER database system. The results is divided into two groups. The first one contains results specific for each type of machinery. The second group contains trends and trend descriptions of the whole material from different viewpoints. Machine specific results For each group of machines three different graphs is presented. Examples of machine groups is combine, harrow, 2WD and 4WD tractors. The first graph shows the maintenance cost as a function of machine age. The graph is an expression of a mathematical function derived on basis of collected data. The assumption is that the maintenance cost is a negative exponential function depending on machine type, machine age and machine replacement value. The replacement value is a description of the machine size and equipment standard. Furthermore, by multiplying the value of the cost equation with the replacement value, effects of inflation are surpressed. The second graph shows mean values of the maintenance cost for different age groups. Compared to the first graph, which is a smooth regression line, this one shows the range of the values in the material. The third graph shows the components of the maintenance cost. Examples of components is cost of workshop and billed costs. Graph no 1 and 3 is for calculations. Graph no 1 gives the total maintenance cost for the machine. With the help of graph no 3 the cost can be divided to different subcosts. Graph no 2 is only for information, not for calculation. Machine specific results is also presented in tables. These tables contains mean values of age, yearly use, maintenance costs (3 different kinds) and the mathematical expressions of graph no 1. Results based on the complete material The following results is based on the complete material as a unity, wagons excepted. The results hints the state of the Swedish farms as a group. The mean age of the machinery has during the years 1984 to 1986 increased from 9.0 to 9.9 years. This mean age exceeds the agricultural engineering consultants recommendations with 50 %. The maintenance cost has increased with 15 % during the same time. The figure is compensated for inflation. This is expected when the mean age increases. The maintenance cost for the northern part of Sweden exceeds the rest of the country with approximately 17 %. Part of the difference can be explained with different type of main produce. Another explanation is the great distances in these parts of Sweden. There is no geographical difference in machine age. Small farms tend to have higher maintenance costs then bigger ones. This is probably due to less effective use of labour and machinery. Big farms have a higher yearly use than small ones. Still, the mean age differs only for farms >100 hectars. These farms have a slightly less mean age than the rest. A conclusion of the results presented above is that the Swedish farm machinery is aging with increased maintenance costs as a result. The most probable explanation is the very tough economical climate for agricultural production. The farmers halt their investment plans to cut costs. Implementation of new technology that economizes production resources and diminish the stress of the environment will thereby be delayed.


Poor polysyllabic word (PSW) production seems to mark paediatric speech impairment as well as impairment in language, literacy and phonological processing. As impairment in these domains may only manifest in PSWs, PSW production may provide unique information that is often excluded from clinical decision making because insufficient PSWs are included in speech tests. A 5‐stage model of PSW acquisition is described. The model, grounded in optimality theory, expresses a reciprocal relationship between the relaxation of markedness constraints and the contraction of faithfulness constraints from 12 months of age to adolescence. The markedness constraints that persist to the age of 7;11 years are associated with non‐final weak syllables and within‐word consonant sequences. Output changes are argued to reflect increasing specification of phonological representations with age, liberating information for motor planning and execution, resulting in increasingly accurate output. The clinical implications of PSWs in assessment and therapy are discussed.


Introduction: Neonatal cholestasis is a rare and always pathological condition that must be distinguished from physiologic jaundice of the newborn. It is characterized by a conjugated hyperbilirubinemia with accumulation of biliary products due to multiple causes, some of which need prompt treatment. The objectives of this study are to characterize a population of neonates with neonatal cholestasis in a level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and to identify predictors of mortality. Materials and methods: All patients presenting cholestasis and admitted to "Centro Hospitalar Sao Joao" NICU from January 1996 to December 2014 were included. Results: A total of 83 newborns were included with a prevalence of prematurity of 78.3% and of major malformations of 30.1%. Sixty-seven newborns developed sepsis and 71 needed total parenteral nutrition for a median length of 32 days. A multifactorial etiology for cholestasis was found in 57.8%; extra- and intrahepatic diseases accounted for 19.3% and 22.9% of the cases, respectively. Maximum values for total bilirubin (TB) and direct bilirubin (DB) were significantly higher in newborns who died (TB: median 22.9 versus 13.5 mg/dl, p = 0.005; DB: median 15.0 versus 6.4 mg/dl, p = 0.009). The same was observed for minimum values of albumin and total proteins. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was more often used in patients that survived than in those that died (50.9% versus 19.2%) and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.007). Conclusions: Cholestasis in our NICU has a multifactorial etiology and a prevalence of 1%. TB and total proteins can be used as predictors of mortality in newborns with cholestasis. Higher levels of DB and lower levels of albumin were also associated with worse prognosis with a statistically significant difference between the groups. UDCA is a possible agent in this context and clinicians should be reminded of its utility.


Small airway remodeling ("small airways disease") is a common finding in cigarette smokers and is an important cause of airflow obstruction. Airway remodeling is usually attributed to the effects of cigarette smoke-induced inflammation in the airway wall, but little is actually known about its pathogenesis. We exposed rat tracheal explants to cigarette smoke and then maintained them in air organ culture. At 24 hours after smoke exposure, there was a dose-dependent increase in gene expression of procollagen and a significant increase in tissue hydroxyproline, a measure of collagen content. Greater increases in procollagen gene expression were found with repeated smoke exposures. Increased procollagen gene expression could be prevented with SN50, a selective inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB activation, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and tetramethylthiourea, scavengers of active oxygen species. AG1478, an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, also prevented increased procollagen gene expression, but PD98059 and SB203580, inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases, did not. These findings indicate that cigarette smoke can directly induce airway remodeling, specifically airway wall fibrosis, probably through active oxygen species-dependent transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and subsequent nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Smoke-evoked inflammatory cells are not required for this process.


We examine the relationship between environmental regulation and competitiveness in China. Exploiting exogenous changes in national pollution standards for three industries—ammonia, paper and cement—we test whether environmental regulation increases industry productivity. Our results show that the strong version of the Porter hypothesis does not hold, but that regulation might reallocate productivity spatially. We show that regulated industries that are located in newly developing cities see an increase in their productivity as compared to the same industries in other cities. This means that environmental regulation is more likely to drive the spatial distribution of productivity changes than it is to drive the pace and direction of technological change.


An unusual case of an aggressive leukemia of natural killer (NK) cells occurred in a 65-year-old male. Clinical characteristics of this case included hepatosplenomegaly, ascites, marrow infiltrate with leukemic cells, and a WBC up to 82.8 X 10(9) before therapy. One year before his presentation he had been noted to have a WBC of 12.1 X 10(9) with 78% lymphocytes, and 6 months before had noted intermittent fever and weight loss. He and his brother had well documented hereditary cold urticaria. The patient was treated with a modification of ProMACE CYTABOM regimen and had prompt regression of the leukemia with associated acute tumor lysis. Renal, hepatic, and marrow failure predominated during a terminal course that ended 22 days after therapy was commenced, and at autopsy there was no evidence for leukemic cell infiltrate in the liver, spleen or marrow. The leukemic cells were large granular lymphocytes by light and electron microscopic criteria, and had the following immunophenotype: CD2+, DR+, Leu7+, NKH1+, CD11+, CD3-, CD5-, CD4-, CD8-, CD16-. The cells displayed high antibody- dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and NK activity, and had a high rate of spontaneous proliferation in vitro that was not augmented by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Southern analysis of DNA from leukemic cells revealed normal germline arrangements for the beta and gamma chains of the T cell antigen receptor and immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. The majority of metaphases were clonally abnormal revealing consistent rearrangements involving extra material attached to the long arms of chromosomes 5 and 11.


This thesis explores the history of ideas about, and responses to, general paralysis of
the insane (GPI) - specifically in the context of the developing profession of
psychiatry in Britain. It considers GPI as an objective disease entity whose subjective
definition was nevertheless open to negotiation; for example, in deciding how central
was overt insanity, or how GPI should be differentiated from the allied disease of
tabes dorsalis. It explores how psychiatrists' interest in organicism and the science of
medicine - and their attempts to raise the status of their specialty - both informed their
understanding of GPI, and allowed them to promote it as a flagship disease for their
profession. Nevertheless it draws attention to the gap between such claims and
concrete practical advances which the disease fostered. The thesis considers changing
causal explanations for GPI: first, in relation to the evolving image of the typical
general paralytic patient; and second, in relation to the credence attached to different
forms of causal evidence such as pathology, statistics, and laboratory medicine. It
suggests how assessment of this evidence might have been informed both by
professional aspirations and by pervasive cultural concerns such as fear of syphilis
and degeneration theory. The thesis studies the use of malaria therapy to treat GPI in
Britain, and uses this episode to explore a number of themes: early twentieth century
ethical attitudes to heroic treatments; perceptions of 'cure'; and the change in
emphasis from asylum care to community care. Finally, it considers ideas about the
epidemiological history of the illness - from early twentieth-century theories about the
evolution of infections, to Edward Hare's hypothesis of a neurotropic epidemic; and
considers how the views of disease as objective entity, and disease as cultural
construct, might be reconciled in the context of GPI.


Sellers and purchasers of immovable property often appoint others to negotiate and/or enter into sale agreements on their behalf or for their benefit. This is not prohibited or restricted in any way by the Alienation of Land Act ("ALA"), save for the provision (s 2(1)) stipulating that an agreement of sale of land is void unless the terms thereof are contained in a written document ("deed of alienation") "signed by the parties thereto or by their agents acting on their written authority". The reason underlying such appointments is usually convenience or privacy, for example where a party is unable to negotiate or conclude the transaction personally, or simply wishes to remain anonymous until after the agreement has been finalised. A number of legal mechanisms are available to bring about these outcomes. Commonly used is direct representation, whereby the seller or purchaser empowers an agent to negotiate and/or conclude the transaction on his or her behalf. Another approach, particularly useful from a purchaser's perspective, is a nominee transaction in terms of which the true purchaser (A) appoints someone (B) to enter into a sale agreement on the basis that the purchaser is to be described as "B or nominee", the understanding being that B is to nominate A as the purchaser after the sale agreement has been finalised and signed. A third possibility is indirect representation, where the seller or purchaser mandates someone to enter into a sale agreement in the latter's own name and thereafter to cede to the former the rights arising from the agreement, the seller/purchaser indemnifying the mandatary against any liability arising from the sale. The legal principles governing deeds of alienation concluded by agents (direct representation) and nominee transactions are well established (see Van Rensburg and Treisman The Practitioner's Guide to the Alienation of Land Act 2ed (1984) 42 and 59; and Aronstam The Alienation of Land Act (1985) 37-8). What is less clear is the application of indirect representation in the context of sale agreements of land, more particularly whether or not in such transactions the operation of the doctrine of the undisclosed principal is precluded by section 2(1) of ALA. This is the focus area of the present note. A number of high courts have held (or at least suggested) that legislation prescribing formalities for contracts of sale of land leave no room for the application of the doctrine in such contracts, but the issue was left undecided by the Supreme Court of Appeal. The key submission made in this note is that section 2(1) of ALA constitutes no barrier obstructing parties from concluding sale of land agreements as representatives of undisclosed principals. Confusion arises, not because of the formalities legislation, but because the relevant principles of agency law are not correctly understood and applied, notably the distinction between direct and indirect representation and the fundamental principles underlying the doctrine of the undisclosed principal. Thus the emphasis is on agency law, not so much the formalities legislation. The discussion commences with an exposition of the distinction between direct and indirect representation and the application of the doctrine of the undisclosed principal. This is followed by a concise explanation of section 2(1) of ALA and a discussion of section 16 of the Transfer Duty Act 40 of 1949. Case law is analysed and discussed against this background.


This thesis deals with design and analysis of the control system structure for electric drives equipped with permanent-magnet synchronous motors with a salient rotor. The intended application is propulsion in electric- and hybrid-electric vehicles. Particulary, sensorless control, meaning vector control without a mechanical rotor position sensor, is considered.

A speed and position estimator of phase-locked loop type, previously reported in the literature, is analyzed with respect to the salient rotor and impact of parameter errors. Modifications are proposed to allow for operation in the whole speed range and the estimator's capacity to handle large speed estimation errors is improved. As a result of the analysis, simple parameter selection rules are derived, reducing the amount of trial-and-error work required in the design and tuning of the drive.

A transient model taking harmonics into account is reviewed and its impact on current harmonics, when utilizing synchronous-frame PI current controllers, is investigated, both through simulations and experiments. Field-weakening operation is also considered. The closed-loop dynamics of a field-weakening controller, previously reported in the literature, is analyzed and verified experimentally, considering salient permanent-magnet synchronous motors.

The theory considering loss minimization, by means of control, is reviewed and some analytical results are presented which can function as a useful tool when designing the control system of any electrical drive consisting of a permanent-magnet synchronous motor and corresponding inverter.


Background The effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing head injuries is well- documented. Recent studies differ regarding the effectiveness of bicycle helmets in preventing facial injuries, especially those of the mid-face and the mandible. Objectives The present study was conducted to determine the protective effect of a bicycle helmet in preventing mid-face and mandibular fractures. Patients and Methods Data from an accident research unit were analyzed to collect technical collision details (relative collision speed, type of collision, collision partner, and use of a helmet) and clinical data (type of fracture). Results Between 1999 and 2011, 5,350 bicycle crashes were included in the study. Of these, 175 (3.3%) had fractures of the mid-face or mandible. In total, 228 mid-face or mandibular fractures were identified. A significant correlation was found between age and relative collision speed, and the incidence of a fracture. While no significant correlation was found between the use of a helmet and the incidence of mid-facial fractures, the use of a helmet was correlated with a significantly increased incidence of mandibular fractures. Conclusions Higher age of cyclists and increasing speed of the accident opponent significantly increase the likelihood of sustaining facial fractures. The use of bicycle helmets does not significantly reduce the incidence of mid-facial fractures, while being correlated with an even increased incidence of mandibular fractures.


Adenomyosis cancerous transformation (AMCT) was observed in a 48-year old female without cancer of the endometrium. Various forms of transformation (stages of AMCT morphogensis) in and outside of denomyosis (AM) foci are described (adenomatosis, invasive cancer, metastases). AMCT diagnosis requires histologic examination of the surgical material with establishing multicentric tumor transformation of AM foci at different stages of morphogenesis. Early intramural tumor cell embolism and metastases worsens prognosis.


The United Kingdom's (UK) efforts to tackle economic crime largely began with the implementation of the recommendations of the Roskill Report in 1986 via the Criminal Justice Act 1987, which created the Serious Fraud Office (SFO). The establishment of the SFO was sandwiched between the Financial Services Act 1986 and the Banking Act 1987 during an unprecedented era of banking deregulation. It wasn't until the creation of the Financial Services Authority (FSA), following the enactment of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, that the efforts to tackle economic crime were revisited by virtue of the FSA statutory objective to reduce financial crime. This, combined with the extensive investigative and enforcement powers of the FSA was part of an innovative attempt to tackle economic crime that arose from within or targeted the financial services sector. Subsequently, the UK's anti-money laundering laws (AML) were codified by virtue of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002; the Fraud Act 2006 was introduced and followed by the much heralded Bribery Act 2010. More recently, the enforcement powers of the new city regulator the Financial Conduct Authority were extended by the Financial Services Act 2012, a new reckless misconduct offence was created by the Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013 and Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPA) were introduced by the Crime and Courts Act 2013. The aim of these measures was to prevent the UK from continuing to be Europe's playground for white collar criminals and as a result we have seen record financial penalties imposed on companies by the city regulator for market manipulation, increased fines for weak AML systems, a record number of prosecutions for insider dealing and several DPAs. However, we are left with one pressing question, are these measures fit for purpose to hold corporations liable for economic crime? In January 2017, the Ministry of Justice published its call for evidence Corporate Liability for Economic Crime and proposed five options for reform:
1. Amendment of the identification doctrine,
2. Strict (vicarious) liability offence,
3. Strict (direct) liability offence,
4. Failure to prevent as an element of the offence and
5. Investigate the possibility of regulatory reform on a sector by sector basis.
Therefore, the aim of this paper is to critically analysis the proposals contained in the Ministry of Justice call for evidence and to determine which of these five proposals merits inclusion in the UK's economic crime agenda.


Abstract A three-dimensional (3D) thermal–kinematic modelling approach based on finite-element techniques is used to study lower-crustal viscosity at transform margins during the continent–ocean transform development stage and after the ridge has passed by. Nine modelling scenarios combining different equilibrium surface heat flows and lower-crustal rheologies are studied. Modelling results indicate that substantial parts of the lower crust at transform margins have the potential to flow at geologically appreciable strain rates, which can lead to uplift/subsidence, as well as lateral variations, in upper- and lower-crustal thicknesses and Moho depth. These low-viscosity zones (i.e. parts of the lower crust with effective viscosities of less than 1018 Pa s) make up distinct ductility distributions that vary in space and time during margin evolution. Three basic ductility patterns and related thermal processes can be identified: reduced lower-crustal viscosities originating at the continental rift and the continent–ocean boundary (COB), respectively; reduced lower-crustal viscosities along the transform caused by the migrating ridge; and the background distribution of lower-crustal ductility resulting from the equilibrium temperature field. Superposition of all three ductility patterns and the complex interaction of the underlying perturbations of the temperature field result in distinct differences in the potential of lower-crustal flow both in space (parallel and perpendicular to the transform) and with time. Thus, modelling results provide templates for understanding lower-crustal flow at transform margins in general and await further studies comparing model predictions with actual field observations.


Design of effective wearable tags for UHF RFID applications involving persons is still an open challenge due to the strong interaction of the antenna with the human body which is responsible of impedance detuning and efficiency degradation. A new tag geometry combining folded conductors and tuning slots is here discussed through numerical analysis and extensive experimentation also including the integration of a passive motion detector. The achieved designs, having size comparable with a credit card, may be applied to any part of the body. The measured performance indicates a possible application of these body-worn tags for the continuous tracking of human movements in a conventional room.


Two different approaches are currently available for the analysis of the behaviour of the solid particles in flows. These are termed the Eulerian and Langrangian. In the Lagrangian method on the trajectories of the individual size fractions are evaluated by solving time dependent ordinary differential equations. In the Eulerian approach on the other hand, partial differential equations for the conservation of mass and momentum are written for each of the particle's fractions, which are solved together with the equation of the liquid flow. Even in the simplest hydrocyclone model, there are two phases present, namely liquid, and monosized particles. Since particles of different diameters move with different velocity, each additional particle size represents an additional phase. An algebraic slip approach was used, with three momentum equations solved for the mixture, and relative moment of each fractions take into account in the conservations equations, in an iterative manner. The relative velocities between the particles and liquid in the hydrocyclone are evaluated by consideration of the dynamic force balance on the particle itself. The consequence of the mass conservation for the all fractions in a turbulent flow is the equation of turbulent diffusion of particles for each particle fraction mass concentration (Euler description form). The method of the determination of the diffusion coefficient of the solid phases is considered. Results allow to draw a conclusion that given formula well describes turbulent transport of solid phase flow and can be used for numerical modelling multiphase flows.


This paper introduces a derivative-free and ready-to-use solver for nonlinear programs with nonlinear equality and inequality constraints (NLPs). Using finite differences and a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) approach, the algorithm aims at finding a local minimizer and no extra attempt is made to generate a globally optimal solution. Due to the use of finite differences, approximations of the derivatives are expensive compared to the numerical computations that usually dominate the computational effort of NLP solvers. This fact motivates the use of a somewhat effortful trust-region SQPsubproblem that is solved by second orde cone programs. The implementation in Matlab or Octave is easy to use and public domain; numerical experiments indicate that the algorithm is well suitable for problems with m inequality constraints depending on n variables when n+m ≤ 500.


A very low cost substrate, paper makes one of the best substrate candidates for applications of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), wireless and ubiquitous sensing due to the fact that it is the lowest cost materials, is environmentally friendly and can be easily used for mass reel-to-reel processing while having good flexibility, minimal water absorption if treated with an appropriate coating and is suitable for fast printing processes such as direct write methodologies instead of the traditional metal etching techniques. In this paper, three modules are presented: a paper based wireless sensor module, a wifi antenna on paper via, and a paper based three dimensional RFID antennas. These modules prove paper and inkjet printing as a candidate for the first ultra low cost paper based wireless electronics.


Each issue contains content addressing timely and pertinent questions related to patient care. Questions are phrased in a concise, clinically useful format and answers are provided with thorough research of the best available evidence. Evidence-Based Practice is created by primary care clinicians without industry support and its subscribers are part of a rapidly growing international community of physicians dedicated to continuing medical education and the concept of an evidence-based approach to family medicine by translating research into practice.


Meteor physics can provide new clues about the size, structure, and density of cometary disintegration products, establishing a bridge between different research fields. From meteor magnitude data we have estimated the mass distribution of meteoroids from different cometary streams by using the relation between the luminosity and the mass obtained by Verniani (1973). These mass distributions are in the range observed for dust particles released from comets 1P/Halley and 81P/Wild 2 as measured from spacecraft. From the derived mass distributions, we have integrated the incoming mass for the most significant meteor showers. By comparing the mass of the collected Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs) with that derived for cometary meteoroids a gap of several orders of magnitude is encountered. The largest examples of fluffy particles are clusters of IDPs no larger than 100 µm in size (or 5×10–7 g in mass) while the largest cometary meteoroids are centimeter-sized objects. Such gaps can be explained by the fragmentation in the atmosphere of the original cometary particles. As an application of the mass distribution computations we describe the significance of the disruption of fragile comets in close approaches to Earth as a more efficient (and probably more frequent) way to deliver volatiles than direct impacts. We finally apply our model to quantify the flux of meteoroids from different meteoroid streams, and to describe the main physical processes contributing to the progressive decay of cometary meteoroids in the interplanetary medium.


ABSTRACT Somatic cell manipulation of Artemisia annua L. was conducted by induction of polyploid plants with Colchicine and Oryzalin in order to increase level of artemisinin. Polyploid plantlets were multiplied on MS medium without plant growth regulators. After acclimation processes, plants were grown in the field for agronomic performance observation. Survival rate of plantlets was recorded. Agronomic performance of plants was observed by recording height of plants, number of branches, leaf biomass, stomatal characteristics, and artemisinin content. The results showed that survival rate of the plantlets from Colchicine and Oryzalin treatments were ranging from 13.40 to 33.33% and 11.11 to 41.67%, respectively. Growth rates of plant height and plant branching were not significantly different between diploid and tetraploid plant both from Colchicine and Oryzalin treatments, except to triploid plants from Colchicine treatment. Averages of plant height from Colchicine and Oryzalin treatments were ranging from 10.0 to 220.0 cm and from 35.0 to 186.0 cm, respectively. The averages number of branches per plant of polyploid plants from Colchicine and Oryzalin treatments were ranging from 3 to 66 and from 11 to 63, respectively. Averages of dry leaves biomass between diploid and tetraploid plant from Colchicine and Oryzalin treatments were also not significantly different. They were ranging from 12 to 64 g/plant and from 11 to 62 g/plant, respectively. However, tetraploid clones have bigger size of stomata and produced more artemisinin than the diploids. Keywords: Artemisia annua L, Colchicine, Oryzalin, Polyploids, Acclimation, Agronomic performance


English has been used widely in almost all international forums. In line with the rapid use of social media, in this case Instagram , English is also widely used as the language of self-expression by most of its users, both native and non-native speakers. At least, this is what happened in Indonesia. Most of Indonesian Instagram users, especially youth, use English to write their caption. This phenomenon is important to explore since there is a belief that by actively using a foreign language, it will reduce the sense of nationality within oneself, and even it will lead to the loss of one's identity. Identity today becomes a very important issue since it shows the sense of belonging of oneself in his/her social interaction. The thing is that the social interaction model in social media is much more complex than the interaction model in the real life. In social media, most of the users do not merely want to show who they really are. They tend to have certain motive on how they can be accepted and appreciated by other users. In other words, they want to be the subject of attention instead of being themselves. Therefore, the concept of identity becomes blurred. Based on the previous description, through the direct observation method, this research aims to seek whether the use of English influences the identity of Indonesian users.


PIM-SM (Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode) is a multicast routing protocol that uses one central node (which we refer to with the Rendezvous Point "RP") for all transmitters in a multicast group. It builds source-specific trees to the transmitters whose data rates exceed a predefined threshold. Investigations have been done to improve and provide an efficient mechanism for switching between the shared-based mode and source-based mode in order to limit some Quality of Service (QoS) such as end-to-end delay, bandwidth, etc. In this paper, we improve the switching mechanism proposed by [FD02]. To evaluate the performance of our improvement, two PIM-SM models (without a switching mechanism and with a rate based switching mechanism) are used as a reference for comparison. Our improved switching mechanism results in a lower network load compared to the standard switching mechanism and keeps the end-to-end delay within a predefined threshold. The additional control load overload is presented.


ABSTRACT The genesis and environmental relations of dunes of sandy saline clay are reappraised in the light of a literature survey and data which shows that after source clays are salted, they have high hygroscopicity (gain and loss of atmospheric moisture) but undergo no appreciable diagenesis. Besides wind action, factors critical in clay dune genesis are: changes in cohesiveness and volume with gain and loss of moisture. Drying crusts of saline flats of dry climates break down under deflation into sand-sized pellets by (a) disruption by efflorescent evaporite crystals, (b) collapse of crust blisters and (c) rolling of curling sun-crack polygons. One fourth of the deflation products forms lee dunes and three fourths passes off as dust, salting the soil to windward. Dunes form on the margins and the less frequently flooded areas of intermittent lake basins and lagoonal flats having seasonal and wind tides. Stabilized foredunes ("lunettes"), shrub-coppice mounds, wavy transverse "desert ripples," and problematical "longitudinal" dunes (Volga delta) result. Form, height and abundance vary with the degree of aridity and flooding regime of flats. Stabilization is by atmospheric moisture, rain, flooding, and vegetation. Active dunes are loose, saline, and ashy with poorly zoned soils. Inactive dunes develop zonal soils when denied saline additions for some centuries. Older lacustrine dunes date from a previous wind system, older coastal dunes from an early post-Flandrian time of transgression.


This book is oriented to those applications of biosensors related to Food security and monitoring, Biomedical uses and Waste treatment. Although there is plenty of information about research in the design and fabrication of biosensors, there is little information about the limitations and concerns that take place whenever they want to be implemented as part of real world applications. In this sense, the book focuses in general and specific concerns from different fields to guide researches and companies working on biosensors and sensor systems to overview several problems that may and will have to overcome. The book is divided into several chapters that include a complete review of different strategies for the design and fabrication of biosensors and sensor systems for three main areas: Food security and monitoring, Biomedical applications and Waste treatment. In this chapters the reader can find information about the design, implementations techniques, biocompatibility of the different strategies, biomolecules used and biochemical paths that have succeed in the implementation of biosensors. Additional to this information, there is a part of the book concerning different biomedical challenges when applying sensor networks in real applications. This chapter will guide the reader to understand the importance of the statistical analysis prior the implementation, the proper way to calculate the true negative/false positives according the different biomedical experimental setups. Also, some important limitations that have to be taken into consideration when targeting biomedical uses. Another important issue is the one related to the packaging of biosensors depending on the final target. The possible interaction of the biosensors with recalcitrant and hazardous compounds in waste treatment, or the sterilize and biocompatible conditions needed for biomedical applications and food monitoring, take place in this part of the book where the reader can overview different material selections and strategies to confine, group and prepare biosensors for a long life cycle of operability and storage. The three areas analyzed in this book about the use of biosensors present several and critical limitations in terms of energy consumption. A part of the book is dedicated to those powering challenges presented in each type of application and thus, different strategies will be postulated to overcome energy use, power source generation and power management. Finally, the need of large quantities of biosensors and sensor networks in real world applications, as well as, biosensors integration are studied and analyzed in the last part of the of the book. Real world applications are not only limited to the implementation, but also, to the maintenance and operability of the sensor network; thus, the need for replacement and the verification of operation are without any doubt crucial to this type of applications. The propose content of the book is briefly described by this list - Biosensors for food security and monitoring - Biosensors for biomedical applications - Biosensors for waste treatment - Biomedical challenges for sensor network implementations - Packaging concerns for biosensors in hostile environments - Powering challenges for sensor networks and their applications - Biosensors integration and large production concerns


Economics of size is an important but relatively neglected aspect of Australian agriculture. The theory and methodology for analysis of economics of size are summarized and a survey made of evidence for Australian agricultural industries. The conclusion is reached that economies of size exist, particularly for small to medium farms and diseconomies appear to be absent. Further research is needed and some important areas are indicated.


The ongoing wireless LAN standardization and R&D activities worldwide, which target bit rates higher than 100 Mb/s, combined with the recent successful deployment of WLANs in numerous hotspots justify the fact that WLAN technology will play a key role in wireless data transmission. Cellular network operators have recognized this fact, and strive to exploit WLAN technology and integrate this technology into their cellular data networks. For this reason, there is currently a strong need for interworking mechanisms between WLANs and cellular data networks. In this article we focus on these interworking mechanisms, which effectively combine WLANs and cellular data networks into integrated wireless data environments capable of ubiquitous data services and very high data rates in hotspot locations. We discuss the general aspects of integrated WLANs and cellular data networks, and we examine the generic interworking architectures that have been proposed in the technical literature. In addition, we review the current standardization activities in the area of WLANcellular data network integration. Moreover, we propose and explain two different interworking architectures, which feature different coupling mechanisms. Finally, we briefly compare the proposed interworking architectures, and discuss their advantages and drawbacks.


Of the environmental factors which influence body weight, nutrients have the most impact. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are a macronutrient, which induce obesity, characterised by metabolic dysfunction and altered feeding behaviour. Currently, there are no effective pharmaceutical treatments for obesity. Nutraceutical intervention, including consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), represents a promising alternative. PUFAs oppose the effects of SFAs, attenuating weight gain by enhancing satiety. However, in studies using human and rodent models findings are difficult to interpret, due to variation in protocols. The primary aim of this project was to create a rational model of chronic PUFA consumption.

Obesity is underpinned by alterations in hypothalamic neuronal plasticity including impairment of neurogenesis. These changes occur in response to nutrients or by regulation of appetite-related hormones. In contrast, dietary restriction stimulates neurogenesis, and evidence has suggested that PUFAs enhance hypothalamic neurogenesis. The secondary aim of this project was to pilot methods for stimulating and observing neurogenesis in hypothalamus of rat. These two lines of enquiry were pursued to begin addressing the complex research question of whether PUFAs exert beneficial effects on body weight by stimulating hypothalamic neurogenesis.

Wistar rats fed commercially formulated diets equally enriched with high concentrations of SFAs and PUFAs, from lard and fish oil, respectively, for two months showed no difference in energy intake or body weight. Both diets induced leptin and insulin resistance, but PUFAs reduced triglyceride concentrations. Hence, PUFAs improved lipid metabolism independently of induced obese phenotype. The meal pattern signatures associated with each diet were also similar; however, PUFA-fed animals demonstrated enhanced diurnal satiety. Closer examination of the diet compositions revealed the overlap of results was likely due to the presence of SFAs in the PUFA diet. This led to reformulation, using fatty acids of greater purity. The chosen sources were coconut oil (SFAs), and a commercial preparation of omega-3 PUFAs. A shorter-term, preliminary investigation involving three weeks' dietary exposure was conducted. Energy intake was again similar between SFA- and omega-3-fed animals but weight gain was attenuated and adiposity reduced by omega-3 feeding. However, the enhanced satiety previously observed was not borne out. A rise in concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, known to be associated with beneficial effects of PUFA intake, in the final study week suggests that studies of longer duration may be required to fully assess the effects of dietary PUFAs.

Concurrent pilot work showed that hypothalamic cell proliferation could be stimulated in response to simple enrichment (play tube) introduced to the cage. However, a full study failed to repeat these findings, supporting the notion that neurogenesis is subject to many influences, including age, species, strain and stress, the degrees of influence of which would have to be determined in a series of systematically controlled studies. Failure to stimulate cell proliferation in PUFA-fed rats suggested further that change in dietary fatty acid composition is not a powerful enough intervention to stimulate neurogenesis, when used alone in Wistar rats.

In conclusion, application of appropriate controls for dietary energy content and composition show that benefits to body weight metabolism of long-term consumption of diets highly enriched with PUFAs, and, in particular, omega-3 fatty acids can be successfully modelled in rat. However, further work is required to determine the precise timeline of their emergence and underlying mechanisms.


A n indirect heat recovery method is adopted to recover waste heat from tunnel kiln supplied by electricity utilized to produce rare earth phospho r . To ensure the quality of products and the life of tunnel kiln, a water tank is installed surrounding the cooling region of tunnel kiln as a heat exchanger. Meanwhile, a computational fluid dynamics model is developed to estimate and optimize the performance of this waste heat recovery. The predicted temperature s are in good agreement with measured results , and the error is within a reasonable range. In addition, a relationship between the inlet mass flow rate and the inlet water temperature is obtained in terms of desired outlet water temperature. U sing water tank as a heat exchanger is an effective and reasonable method to recover waste heat of tunnel kiln utilized to further process of rare earth phosphor. The 4443 kg standard coal would be saved a year when inlet water temperature is 285 K.


AN underground high-voltage cable system is made up of two major components: the cable with its joints and accessories and the underground duct and manhole structure. The question of what size of conductor should be chosen ground facilities already exist and when only a few additional feeders are being considered it might seem logical to make use of them. A study of the annual charges may show, however, in some cases, that it will be more economical to for a particular transmission feeder or as a general standard for distribution feeders has confronted every planning group. The voltage for the system is frequently limited to one or to relatively few different values already existing as a system standard, deviations from which would result in increased cost to obtain terminal facilities. Frequently some under-build additional new underground facilities rather than further to congest already existing structures.


In industrialized nations, cerebral ischemia manifesting as a stroke or TIA is one of the most frequent causes of death and the most important reason for long-term disability and the overall associated overall costs for society. Most patients tend to survive ischemic events and, frequently, a virtually full recovery is possible. Because cerebral ischemia is a manifestation of arteriosclerotic vascular lesions, it is important for secondary prevention after such an event to determine the lethality risk as well as make a targeted risk assessment of other expressions of arteriosclerosis.
This dissertation investigated the prognostic value of new cardiovascular biomarkers (NTproBNP, proANP, H-FABP, GDF-15 and hsTropT) in predicting the occurrence of all-cause mortality or of a major cardiovascular event (MCE), a combined vascular endpoint that includes acute coronary syndrome, stroke and cardiovascular death. To this aim, 281 patients with cerebral ischemia who presented at the Gottingen University Hospital were studied for one year after the initial event.
The data were gathered and statistically analyzed, demonstrating in the univariate Cox regression analysis that GDF-15 (P=0.009), H-FABP (P=0,023) and hsTropT (P=0.001) were significant predictors for MCE. hsTropT (p<0.001), GDF-15 (p=0.007) and NTproBNP (p=0.050) reached a significance level for predicting all-cause mortality. The multivariate regression analysis showed that hsTropT was the only marker with prognostic relevance both for the occurrence of a cardiovascular event as well as for death of the patient. As a result, the predictive power of the protein proved to be superior to established clinical methods for predicting risk, such as the Essen Stroke Risk Score (ESRS) and the Stroke Prognostic Instrument 2 (SPI-2). When these two risk scores were included in the multivariate analysis, it was possible to prove that hsTropT is independent from other influencing factors linked to pathological processes in the cardiovascular system.
Nevertheless, the data obtained here should be validated on a larger cohort before these biomarkers can be integrated safely and expediently in routine clinical diagnostics. In particular, this refers to the problem of establishing a limit value that can be used to classify patients into high- and low-risk groups. Any improvement in risk prediction secondary to cerebral ischemia would ultimately benefit patients in the form of a targeted, risk-adapted secondary prevention and improve the long-term prognosis of this disease.


We identified vibrational spectral marker bands that sensitively report on the side chain structures of glutamine (Gln) and asparagine (Asn). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the Amide III(P) (AmIII(P)) vibrations of Gln and Asn depend cosinusoidally on their side chain OCCC dihedral angles (the χ3 and χ2 angles of Gln and Asn, respectively). We use UV resonance Raman (UVRR) and visible Raman spectroscopy to experimentally correlate the AmIII(P) Raman band frequency to the primary amide OCCC dihedral angle. The AmIII(P) structural sensitivity derives from the Gln (Asn) Cβ-Cγ (Cα-Cβ) stretching component of the vibration. The Cβ-Cγ (Cα-Cβ) bond length inversely correlates with the AmIII(P) band frequency. As the Cβ-Cγ (Cα-Cβ) bond length decreases, its stretching force constant increases, which results in an upshift in the AmIII(P) frequency. The Cβ-Cγ (Cα-Cβ) bond length dependence on the χ3 (χ2) dihedral angle results from hyperconjugation between the Cδ═Oϵ (Cγ═Oδ) π* and Cβ-Cγ (Cα-Cβ) σ orbitals. Using a Protein Data Bank library, we show that the χ3 and χ2 dihedral angles of Gln and Asn depend on the peptide backbone Ramachandran angles. We demonstrate that the inhomogeneously broadened AmIII(P) band line shapes can be used to calculate the χ3 and χ2 angle distributions of peptides. The spectral correlations determined in this study enable important new insights into protein structure in solution, and in Gln- and Asn-rich amyloid-like fibrils and prions.


This paper presents the results of field studies on the physiology, ecology and behaviour of 2 species of crab from Avicennia marina mangrove near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. One crab, the ocypodid Uca inversa inversa, occurs at the top of the eulittoral zone where it constructs burrows. Measurements of m~croclimate show that these burrows provide essential protection from environmental extremes. Burrow temperatures (air and sediment) were consistently lower and less variable than sediment surface temperatures or air temperatures just above the sediment. Crab body temperature closely followed burrow temperature. When out of the burrow, evaporative cooling maintained body temperature lower than that of the surrounding alr. The relative humidity of burrow air was consistently higher than that outside and the burrows provided a necessary source of standing water. Crab heart rate was monitored in order to assess physiological stress. The grapsid Metopograpsus messor occurs throughout the mangrove and makes strategic use of the mangrove vegetation in order to minimize the effects of thermal stress, though some crabs opportunistically utilize burrows. M. rnessor appears to be more vulnerable to thermal stress than U. inversa. K E Y WORDS: Crabs Uca . ~kfetopograpsus Physiology. Ecology. Behaviour Burrowing . Mangrove


A novel model-based algorithm provides a capability to control full-chip design specific variation in pattern transfer caused by via/contact etch processes. This physics based algorithm is capable to detect and report etch hotspots based on the fab defined thresholds of acceptable variations in critical dimension (CD) of etched shapes for a prospective dry etch process step. It can be used also as a tool for etch process optimization to capture the impact of a variety of patterns presented in a particular design. A realistic set of process parameters employed by the developed model allows using this novel via-contact etch (VCE) EDA tool for the design aware process optimization in addition to the ¿standard¿ process aware design optimization.


In this article, we developed a new grip force measurement concept that allows for embedding tactile stimulation mechanisms in a gripper. This concept is based on a single force sensor to measure the force applied on each side of the gripper, and substantially reduces tactor motion artifacts on force measurement. To test the feasibility of this new concept, we built a device that measures control of grip force in response to a tactile stimulation from a moving tactor. We calibrated and validated our device with a testing setup with a second force sensor over a range of 0 to 20 N without movement of the tactors. We tested the effect of tactor movement on the measured grip force, and measured artifacts of 1% of the measured force. We demonstrated that during the application of dynamically changing grip forces, the average errors were 2.9% and 3.7% for the left and right sides of the gripper, respectively. We characterized the bandwidth, backlash, and noise of our tactile stimulation mechanism. Finally, we conducted a user study and found that in response to tactor movement, participants increased their grip force, the increase was larger for a smaller target force, and depended on the amount of tactile stimulation.


SpatDIF, the Spatial Sound Description Interchange Format, is an ongoing collaborative effort offering a semantic and syntactic specification for storing and transmitting spatial audio scene descriptions. The SpatDIF core is a lightweight minimal solution providing the most essential set of descriptors for spatial sound scenes. Additional descriptors are introduced as extensions, expanding the namespace and scope with respect to authoring, scene description, rendering and reproduction of spatial audio. A general overview of the specification is provided, and two use cases are discussed, exemplifying SpatDIF's potential for file-based pieces as well as real-time streaming of spatial audio information.


Introduction Young people who identify as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning (LGBTQ+) are at increased risk for self-harm, suicide ideation and behaviours. However, there has yet to be a comprehensive understanding of what risk factors influence these behaviours within LGBTQ+ young people as a whole. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine risk factors associated with self-harm, suicidal ideation and behaviour in LGBTQ+) young people. Methods and analysis A systematic review will be conducted, conforming to the reporting guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement recommendations. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Web of Science) will be systematically searched for cross-sectional, prospective, longitudinal, cohort and case–control designs which examine risk factors for self-harm and/or suicidal ideation and behaviour in LGBTQ+ young people (aged 12–25 years). Only studies published in English will be included. No date restrictions will be applied. Study quality assessment will be conducted using the original and modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scales. Meta-analysis or narrative synthesis will be used, dependent on findings. Ethics and dissemination This is a systematic review of published literature and thereby ethical approval was not sought. The review will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal, be publicly disseminated at conferences focusing on mental health, self-harm and suicide prevention. The findings will also be shared through public engagement and involvement, particularly those related to young LGBTQ+ individuals. PROSPERO registration number CRD42019130037.


Poly(methacrylic acid) (p(MAc)) microgels were synthesized by inverse suspension polymerization and used as a template for copper, nickel, and cobalt nanoparticle preparation. Upon absorption of Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) by p(MAc) microgels from related aqueous solutions, the metal ion laden microgels were treated with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) to obtain the corresponding metal nanoparticles within the p(MAc) network as p(MAc)–M (M: Co, Ni, Cu). The microgels and metal nanoparticle containing composites were visualized and analyzed by Optical Microscopy, SEM, and TEM analysis. Thermal properties and the metal nanoparticle content of the prepared composites were investigated by TG analysis. However, the exact amounts of metal nanoparticles entrapped within the microgels was calculated by AAS measurements after dissolution of the metal nanoparticles within p(MAc) the microgel composites by concentrated HCl acid treatment. The prepared p(MAc)–M composites were employed as a catalyst for the degradation of some organic dyes such as Eosin Y (EY), and methyl orange (MO), and reduction of nitro aromatic pollutants such as 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) to their corresponding amino phenols. More importantly, we report the simultaneous degradation of EY and 4-NP reduction catalyzed by p(MAc)–Cu microgel composites. Various parameters effecting the degradation of dyes and nitro compound reduction such as metal types, and their amounts, temperature and amount of reducing agent were investigated.


Since the beginning of the Reform Era in 1979, there has been a rapid growth and development of religious belief and practice in China. A substantial new scholarly literature has been generated in the attempt to document and understand this. This essay identifies the most important contributions to that literature and discusses areas of agreement and controversy across the literature. Along with new data, new paradigms have developed to frame research on Chinese religions. The paradigm derived from C. K. Yang's classic work in the 1960s came from structural functionalism, which served to unite research in the humanities and social sciences. However, structural functionalism has been abandoned by the new generation of scholars. In the humanities, the most popular paradigm derives from Michel Foucault, but there are also scholars who use neo-Durkheimian and neo-Weberian paradigms. In the social sciences, the dominant paradigms tend to focus on state-society relations. None of these paradigms fully captures the complexity of the transformations happening in China. We recommend greater dialogue between the humanities and social sciences in search of more adequate theoretical frameworks for understanding Chinese religions today.


-Endangered Least Terns (Sterna antillarum) and threatened Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) nest at commercial sand and gravel mining operations (sand pits) along the Platte River system in Nebraska. Sandbar habitat has been disappearing since the early 1900's along the Platte River system, but numbers of sand pits have increased. We hypothesized that birds would more fully utilize sand pits where suitable sandbar habitat was limited. We inventoried sand pits and censused terns and plovers on both habitats along the Loup River, part of the North Loup River, and most of the Platte River during 1988-1991. Using aircraft, we also quantified features of suitable sand pits present on the central Platte in 1988 and lower Platte in 1990, and related features to abundance and presence of birds. We found 225 sand pits of which 78 were suitable and 187 were unsuitable for nesting. Along the central Platte, where sandbar habitat is severely degraded, birds nested at 81% of the suitable sand pits (N = 32) at least once during 1988-1991, and most birds (61-94%) nested on sand pits. Along the lower Platte, where both sandbar and sand pit habitat are plentiful, birds nested at 60% of the suitable sand pits (N = 35) at least once during 1988-1991, and most birds (60-86%) nested on sandbars. Numbers of terns and plovers were more weakly correlated with features of sand pits on the central Platte than on the lower Platte. Least Terns and Piping Plovers seem to use more of the suitable sand pit habitat on the central Platte than on the lower Platte. Sand pits probably have influenced the birds' distribution by providing alternative nesting habitat along rivers where suitable sandbars are rare or absent. Received 4 February 1993; accepted 7 July 1993.


This work offers a simulation-based approximation algorithm for dynamic marginal cost pricing (MCP) congestion pricing that is a direct extension of its static counterpart. The algorithm approximates the time-dependent marginal costs, and is incorporated into the inner approximation dynamic user equilibrium algorithm to evaluate the results of dynamic MCP, which are then compared to static assignment results with MCP from previous study. The status quo and dynamic MCP-on-freeways scenarios are simulated (and then compared) on the Dallas-Fort Worth 35,732-link network. Due to computational requirements for such a large-scale dynamic traffic assignment application, the dynamic MCP scenario is simulated without feedback, and only route choices are permitted to vary. When prices are imposed on freeway users, some minor system benefits are observed, including a delay in the onset of congestion. Dynamic prices vary substantially over the three-hour period of analysis, reflecting changes in freeway congestion. Reasons for any inconsistencies between dynamic and static results are discussed, along with important enhancements to future implementation.


Cachexia (CC) is a devastating metabolic syndrome associated with a series of underlying diseases that greatly affects life quality and expectancy among cancer patients. Studies involving mouse models, in which CC was induced through inoculation with tumor cells, originally suggested the existence of a direct correlation between the development of this syndrome and changes in the relative proportions of several bacterial groups present in the digestive tract. However, these analyses have focus solely on the characterization of bacterial dysbiosis, ignoring the possible existence of changes in the relative populations of fungi, during the development of CC. Thus, the present study sought to expand such analyses, by characterizing changes that occur in the gut fungal population (mycobiota) of mice, during the development of cancer-induced cachexia. Our results confirm that cachectic animals, submitted to Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) transplantation, display significant differences in their gut mycobiota, when compared to healthy controls. Moreover, identification of dysbiotic fungi showed remarkable consistency across successive levels of taxonomic hierarchy. Many of these fungi have also been associated with dysbioses observed in a series of gut inflammatory diseases, such as obesity, colorectal cancer (CRC), myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Nonetheless, the dysbiosis verified in the LLC model of cancer cachexia seems to be unique, presenting features observed in both obesity (reduced proportion of Mucoromycota) and CRC/ME/IBD (increased proportions of Sordariomycetes, Saccharomycetaceae and Malassezia). One species of Mucoromycota (Rhyzopus oryzae) stands out as a promising probiotic candidate in adjuvant therapies, aimed at treating and/or preventing the development of CC.


The induction of new lung tissue after disease or trauma has the potential to save lives and transform patient outcomes. Ambystoma mexicanum, the axolotl salamander, is a classic model organism used to study vertebrate regeneration, primarily after limb amputation. While it is hypothesized that axolotls regenerate all of their tissues, exploration of lung regeneration has not been performed until now. Proliferation after lung injury was observed to be a global response, suggesting that regeneration utilizes a compensatory mechanism, in contrast to limb regeneration's epimorphic response. ErbB signaling is crucial for the proliferative response during lung regeneration, likely through the ErbB2:ErbB4 receptor heterodimer. ErbB4 mRNA was found to be highly upregulated at both one and three weeks post amputation. Neuregulin-1p (NRG1) can induce proliferation in the lung and likely exerts molecular control over lung regeneration. Inhibition of ErbB2 was sufficient to both block regeneration and the proliferative response observed after NRG1 treatment.


In Sweden two reforms were implemented in 2011 in order to delegate control to universities and improve the quality of tertiary education. Despite the efforts, Swedish universities are experiencing a quality crisis and the majority of students are receiving less than the recommended nine hours per week of tutor led education. The quality crisis, the low levels of student-teacher interaction and the reluctance towards marketization and customer focus within higher education, all provides cause for concern on how universities create value for their students.This study aims to examine the interaction students have with teachers, and how the interaction creates value for students. Interviews were conducted with students studying their third year of the business programme at Uppsala University. The result showed that the students thought interaction was important for their learning. Uppsala University was considered to offer sufficient amount of lectures and seminars, although with fluctuations in quality. Most notable in the study was the lack of feedback from teachers. The students showed strong discontent, as feedback would help them improve and learn, fulfilling their value creation.


Background and purpose — We noticed an increased use of dual mobility cups (DMC) in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) despite limited knowledge of implant longevity. Therefore, we determined the trend over time and mid-term cup revision rates of DMC compared with unipolar cups (UC) in primary THA. Patients and methods — All primary THA registered in the Dutch Arthroplasty Register (LROI) during 2007–2016 were included (n = 215,953) and divided into 2 groups — DMC THA (n = 3,038) and UC THA (n = 212,915). Crude competing risk and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed with cup revision for any reason as primary endpoint. Adjustments were made for sex, age, diagnosis at primary THA, previous operation, ASA score, type of fixation, surgical approach, and femoral head size. Results — The proportion of primary DMC THA increased from 0.8% (n = 184) in 2010 to 2.6% (n = 740) in 2016. Patients who underwent DMC THA more often had a previous operation on the affected hip, a higher ASA score, and the diagnosis acute fracture or late posttraumatic status compared with the UC THA group. Overall 5-year cup revision rate was 1.5% (95% CI 1.0–2.3) for DMC and 1.4% (CI 1.3–1.4) for UC THA. Stratified analyses for patient characteristics showed no differences in cup revision rates between the 2 groups. Multivariable regression analyses showed no statistically significantly increased risk for revision for DMC THA (HR 0.9 [0.6–1.2]). Interpretation — The use of primary DMC THA increased with differences in patient characteristics. The 5-year cup revision rates for DMC THA and UC THA were comparable.


- Biometric technique includes uniquely identifying person based on their physical or behavioral characteristics. It is mainly used for authentication. Iris scanning is one of the most secure techniques among all biometrics because of its uniqueness and stability (i.e., no two persons in the world can have same iris). For authentication, the feature template in the database and the user template should be the same method for extracting iris template in this proposed system. Also storing the template in the database securely is not a secure approach, because it can be stolen or tampered. To deal with this security issue, the proposed system is securely storing the template in the database by firstly using randomness to scramble the bits of template based on chaos system. Secondly, a hiding technique is utilized to hide the scrambled templates in host images randomly. Finally, a secret sharing based on linear system is implemented on the iris template in database to protect it and adding extra layer of iris authentication system. The proposed secret sharing system has been generated a meaningful shares which overcomes the problem in traditional methods. Also in proposed system, two approaches of iris extraction have been presented.


The glucose-6-phosphatase activity of microsomes and phosphorylative mitochondrial activity of liver cells, alanine- and aspartate aminotransferase activities in plasma of blood of young (3 month) and adult (21 month) male rats kept under three various diets resulting in a various degree of a growth inhibition and losses of weight of a body have been studied. There were selected diets giving to animals the food full-valued by composition but limited by quantity. Experiment proceeded 50 days. It was found out various metabolic strategy of adaptation in young and adult animals in reply to this influence. Experimentally this phenomenon revealed itself in various correlations between researched metabolic parameters at young and adult rats. Activity of researched enzymes in adult animals changed in a greater degree in comparison with a base level than at young ones. Researchers suppose that the revealed distinctions of metabolic strategy of adaptation in young and adult animals can be attributed to their generated epigenotypes.


This paper considers the problem of identifying the footprints of communication of multiple transmitters in a given geographical area. To do this, a number of sensors are deployed at arbitrary but known locations in the area, and their individual decisions regarding the presence or absence of the transmitters' signal are combined at a fusion center to reconstruct the spatial spectral usage map. One straightforward scheme to construct this map is to query each of the sensors and cluster the sensors that detect the primary's signal. However, using the fact that a typical transmitter footprint map is a sparse image, two novel compressive sensing based schemes are proposed, which require significantly fewer number of transmissions compared to the querying scheme. A key feature of the proposed schemes is that the measurement matrix is constructed from a pseudo-random binary phase shift applied to the decision of each sensor prior to transmission. The measurement matrix is thus a binary ensemble which satisfies the restricted isometry property. The number of measurements needed for accurate footprint reconstruction is determined using compressive sampling theory. The three schemes are compared through simulations in terms of a performance measure that quantifies the accuracy of the reconstructed spatial spectral usage map. It is found that the proposed sparse reconstruction technique-based schemes significantly outperform the round-robin scheme.


We propose an approach to estimate the number of samples required for a model to reach a target performance. We find that the power law, the de facto principle to estimate model performance, leads to a large error when using a small dataset (e.g., 5 samples per class) for extrapolation. This is because the log-performance error against the log-dataset size follows a nonlinear progression in the few-shot regime followed by a linear progression in the high-shot regime. We introduce a novel piecewise power law (PPL) that handles the two data regimes differently. To estimate the parameters of the PPL, we introduce a random forest regressor trained via meta learning that generalizes across classification/detection tasks, ResNet/ViT based architectures, and random/pre-trained initializations. The PPL improves the performance estimation on average by 37% across 16 classification and 33% across 10 detection datasets, compared to the power law. We further extend the PPL to provide a confidence bound and use it to limit the prediction horizon that reduces over-estimation of data by 76% on classification and 91% on detection datasets.


ABSTRACT Siliceous precipitates from portions of an 11-m-long core drilled through a relict Yellowstone hot-spring deposit provide valuable insights into the diagenetic facies in this hydrothermal environment. Most of the core consists of relatively low-temperature siliceous sinter containing abundant plant, diatom, and microbial fossilized remains derived from the distal debris apron and discharge channel/flowpath of the hot spring. A few intervals contain stromatolitic horizons analogous to modern, siliceous pool-margin and discharge channel/flowpath facies. Despite the abundance of silicified microbial remains (e.g., silicified stromatolitic horizons as well as individual filamentous microbes, diatoms), distinctive organic biomarkers are not preserved in the core. The apparent lack of distinctive organic biomarkers is attributable to pervasive diagenetic alteration in the presence of high-temperature, chemically reactive fluids. Numerous diagenetic features have been superimposed on the siliceous sinter, especially considering the relatively shallow depths of burial. The uppermost interval (0 to 1.2 m) consists of highly porous siliceous sinter (opal-A) and interbedded travertine. Amorphous manganese oxides and sparry calcite cements are present and are irregularly distributed throughout this interval. Below is a diagenetic facies (4.8 to 5.3 m) that consists of opal-CT and minor chalcedony. The most pervasive diagenetic alteration in the core is the 6.8 to 11.2 m depth interval, where abundant zeolites (mordenite, heulandite), bladed cristobalite lepispheres, chalcedony cements, and calcite veins are present. Judging by the assemblage of plant and diatom remains, most of this pervasive alteration is superimposed on relatively low-temperature siliceous sinters and is likely the result of migration of hot waters through this interval. The paragenesis of all these intervals is very complex, involving numerous episodes of mineral precipitation and dissolution. This diagenetic alteration is facilitated by the porous nature of the siliceous sinter, thermal convection of superheated fluids or steam, strongly oxidizing spring waters, and fluctuating hydrochemical regimes. Rapid dissolution and/or replacement of organic matter indicates that standard morphological means (e.g., petrographic identification of body fossils) may be the best method by which to identify that organisms were previously present in ancient hot-spring accumulations.


In a wavelength-routed optical network, a transmitted signal remains in the optical domain over the entire route (lightpath) assigned to it between its source and destination nodes. The optical signal may have to traverse a number of crossconnect switches (XCSs), fiber segments, and optical amplifiers, e.g., erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). Thus, while propagating through the network, the signal may degrade in quality as it encounters crosstalk at the XCSs and also picks up amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise at the EDFAs. Since these impairments continue to degrade the signal quality as it progresses toward its destination, the received bit error rate (BER) at the destination node might become unacceptably high. Previous work on the lightpath routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem assumed an ideal physical layer and ignored these transmission impairments. The main contribution of our work is to incorporate the role of the physical layer in setting up lightpaths by employing appropriate models of multiwavelength optical devices (XCSs and EDFAs) such that the BER of a candidate lightpath can be computed, in advance, to determine if this lightpath should be used for the call. Features from existing RWA algorithms are integrated with our on-line BER calculation mechanism. Our simulation studies indicate that employing BER-based call-admission algorithms has a significant impact on the performance of realistic networks.


The contributions of automatic semantic concept classifiers for interactive filtering (classifiers in conjunction with query rankings) and browsing (classifiers in lieu of query rankings) are tested against three test corpora: an amateur photo collection, documentary video, and news video. Results show that current classifiers offer browsing utility twice as good as having no classifier at all, and that continuous improvements in the classifiers produce comparable improvements in the browsing utility. For filtering a wellordered set of results (e.g., a set retrieved from text search), concept classifiers need greater accuracy: current classifiers showed worse performance than not filtering at all, even when the classifiers' accuracy is nearly doubled. Results are consistent for all test corpora. Hence, automatic semantic concepts can offer significant utility for browsing at current levels of accuracy, but the requirement is much higher for filtering a well-ordered set of results, where extreme accuracy is necessary before benefits are seen.


[Extract] The Australian Centre for Leadership for Women (CLW), a virtual Centre at www.leadershipforwomen.com.au conducted an online Survey from 5 August 2010 to 11 August to help inform how women would vote in the upcoming 2010 Federal Election on 21 August 2010 and the factors influencing their vote.

119 women participated in the online survey from a selective sample of 600 women. Participants were chosen from the Centre's overall national membership representing women who were and are still involved in leadership issues and in its analysis on many fronts.


This is the second part of a two-part paper presenting a dynamic state feedback control law that guarantees the elimination of Hopf bifurcations before the occurrence of a saddle-node bifurcation. In Part I, the mathematical representation of the system's dynamics, Hopf, and Saddle-Node bifurcation theorems, and the state feedback controller design were presented. In this part, to illustrate the system analysis methodology, control design, and to carry out performance evaluation of the controller, both single-machine and multimachine power systems are analyzed. To highlight the effect of saturation phenomena, bifurcation analyses are performed before and after detailed modeling of synchronous generator saturation, for the single-machine power system case. The multimachine case is used to illustrate the scalability and applicability of the method to generic power networks.