Abstract Compressibility of solids generally drops as compression proceeds. Bonds shorten and stiffen with density increase in the same structure. However for the B1-B2 phase transition in many measured alkali halides, bond lengths increase in going to the denser phase. And IR mode frequencies decrease (Hofmeister 1997), leading to the counter-intuitive expectation that compressibility should increase in going to the denser B2 phase. Past volume measurements have been equivocal at best in recognizing any such compressibility increase. New thermal equations of state for B1 and B2 KCl from in-situ X-ray diffraction measurements of phase volumes on Station 16.4 of the CLRC Daresbury Laboratory are no less equivocal about the issue of whether compressibility increases or decreases across the transition. In contrast, the new volume measurements show an easily resolved thermal expansion increase in going from B1 to B2 KCl. The product a·K, which is better known than either α or K, increases from 0.0195 ± 0.0005 kbar/°C in B1 to 0.0275 ± 0.0009 kbar/°C in B2 KCl. Yagi (1978) demonstrated a similar increase for KF, also supported mainly by increases in a. This increase can also be seen in RbCl (Walker et al. 2001). Bond weakening indicated by the thermal expansion increase is consistent with the elusive compressibility increase that is expected across the B1-B2 transition but which is not resolved from volume measurements. The thermal effects are more visible than the compressional effects on α·K across the transition. Bond tightening upon decompression reduces α, increases solid viscosity, and hence decreases the Rayleigh number. An upwelling of material undergoing a decompression phase change with decrease of coordination number may have its convective friskiness damped at such a transition


Aminoadamantane drugs are lipophilic amines that block the membrane-embedded influenza A M2 WT (wild type) ion channel protein. The comparative effects of amantadine ( Amt) and its synthetic spiro[pyrrolidine-2,2'-adamantane] (AK13) analogue in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayers were studied using a combination of experimental biophysical methods, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. All three experimental methods pointed out that the two analogues perturbed drastically the DMPC bilayers with AK13 to be more effective at high concentrations. AK13 was tolerated in lipid bilayers at very high concentrations, while Amt was crystallized. This is an important consideration in the formulations of drugs as it designates a limitation of Amt incorporation. MD simulations verify provided details about the strong interactions of the drugs in the interface region between phosphoglycerol backbone and lipophilic segments. The two drugs form hydrogen bonding with both water and sn-2 carbonyls in their amine form or water and phosphate oxygens in their ammonium form. Such localization of the drugs explains the DMPC bilayers reorientation and their strong perturbing effect evidenced by all biophysical methodologies applied.


ABSTRACT While we endorse Heidegger's effort to reclaim Kant's Critique of Pure Reason as a work concerned with the possibility of metaphysics, we hold, first, that his reading is less original than is often assumed and, second, that it unduly marginalizes the critical impetus of Kant's philosophy. This article seeks to shed new light on Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics and related texts by relating Heidegger's interpretation of Kant to, on the one hand, the epistemological approach represented by Cohen's Kant's Theory of Experience and, on the other, the metaphysical readings put forward by Heimsoeth, Wundt and others in the 1920s. On this basis, we argue that Heidegger's interpretation of Kant remains indebted to the methodological distinction between ground and grounded that informed Cohen's reading and was transferred to the problem of metaphysics by Wundt. Even if Heidegger resists a 'foundationalist' mode of this distinction, we argue that his focus on the notions of ground and grounding does not allow him to account for Kant's critique of the metaphysical tradition.


The term "evidence-based medicine," first used in the 1980s in Canada, is defined as "the conscious, explicit, and critical use of the best available evidence to make medical decisions regarding the care of individual patients." This study sought to estimate the viability of evi  dencebased medicine in modern craniofacial surgery practice 44 years after Paul Tessier first started it by showcasing his initial experience in that area. With the goal of identifying the best available evidence, the research focused on 5 central topics in this field: cleft lip and/or palate, orthognathic surgery, craniosynostoses, facial fractures, and hemifacial microsomia. This study used the Cochrane Library, the main database of evidencebased medicine. No Cochrane reviews were found for orthognathic surgery, craniosynostoses, or hemifacial microsomia. Similarly, no narrative reviews were found during the searched. No nonCochrane reviews were found for facial fractures or craniosynostosis. The resul ting number of reviews for each topic was low. A higher number of studies with clinical scientific evidence were found regarding facial fractures and cleft lip and/or palate. It was difficult to find a substantial number of articles on most of these topics when the Cochrane Library was used. As such, less confidence must be placed on studies with low levels of evidence and greater efforts are needed to service the need for good studies, which may gui de clinical practice scientifically.


The accumulation of toxic bile salts within the hepatocyte plays a key role in organ injury during liver disease. Deoxycholate (DC) and glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC) induce apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, perhaps through direct perturbation of mitochondrial membrane structure and function. In contrast, ursodeoxycholate (UDC) and its taurine-conjugated form (TUDC) appear to be protective. We show here that hydrophobic bile salts induced apoptosis in cultured rat hepatocytes, without modulating the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax protein, and caused cytochrome c release in isolated mitochondria. Co-incubation with UDC and TUDC prevented cell death and efflux of mitochondrial factors. Using spin-labelling techniques and EPR spectroscopy analysis of isolated rat liver mitochondria, we found significant structural changes at the membrane-water surface in mitochondria exposed to hydrophobic bile salts, including modified lipid polarity and fluidity, altered protein order and increased oxidative injury. UDC, TUDC and cyclosporin A almost completely abrogated DC- and GCDC-induced membrane perturbations. We conclude that the toxicity of hydrophobic bile salts to hepatocytes is mediated by cytochrome c release, through a mechanism associated with marked direct effects on mitochondrial membrane lipid polarity and fluidity, protein order and redox status, without modulation of pro-apoptotic Bax expression. UDC and TUDC can directly suppress disruption of mitochondrial membrane structure, which may represent an important mechanism of hepatoprotection by these bile salts.


Velocity offsets in the broad Balmer lines of quasars and their temporal variations serve as indirect evidence for bound supermassive black hole binaries (SBHBs) at sub-parsec separations. In this work, we test the SBHB hypothesis for 14 quasars with double-peaked broad emission lines using their long-term (14–41 yr) radial velocity curves. We improve on the previous work by (i) using elliptical instead of circular orbits for the SBHBs, (ii) adopting a statistical model for radial velocity jitter, (iii) employing a Markov chain Monte Carlo method to explore the orbital parameter space efficiently and build posterior distributions of physical parameters, and (iv) incorporating new observations. We determine empirically that jitter comprises approximately Gaussian distributed fluctuations about the smooth radial velocity curves that are larger than the measurement errors by factors of a few. We initially treat jitter by enlarging the effective error bars and then verify this approach via a variety of Gaussian process models for it. We find lower mass limits for the hypothesized SBHBs in the range 108–1011 M⊙. For seven objects, the SBHB scenario appears unlikely based on goodness-of-fit tests. For two additional objects, the minimum SBHB masses are unreasonably large (>1010 M⊙), strongly disfavouring the SBHB scenario. Using constraints on the orbital inclination angle (which requires some assumptions) makes the minimum masses of four more objects unreasonably large. We also cite physical and observational arguments against the SBHB hypothesis for nine objects. We conclude that the SBHB explanation is not the favoured explanation of double-peaked broad emission lines.


How to Attract Children and Adults to the Same Beverage through Package Design Jessica Chaidez Graphic Communication Department, June 2014 Advisor: Kevin Cooper The purpose of this study was to determine if children and adults could be attracted to the same beverage through package design. This study surveyed particpants in the San Luis Obispo Area on prefernece of different juice labels. The survey asked the preference of different juice labels based on typeface, size and layout of the logo, contrast, type of substrate, and color. The survey participants were in different age groups ranging from 4 years old to those over 40 years old. Results from one hundred sixty-one responses indicated although not all age groups were attracted to the same elements of a beverage label, patterns did arise in some age groups' preferences. This data can allow beverage companies to reach a larger target market successfully, thus increasing sales.


We present a modeling of a degenerate four-wave-mixing nonlinear process in one-dimensional photonic crystals. The model is based on the nonlinear extension of the transfer-matrix description of propagation in the structure. The influence of light localization, near the band edge of the structure, on the enhancement of the phase-conjugate reflectivity is studied. The phase-conjugate reflectivity is shown to increase as the eighth power of the number of layers with an additional large dependence on the index contrast of the structure. In both cases the enhancement is accompanied by a strong reduction of the resonance width, which may lead to some limitation of the enhancement when ultrashort pulses are used. A strong influence of the losses on the nonlinear efficiency of the structure is also predicted with a great importance of scattering losses at the multiple interfaces of the structure.


Students encounter many obstacles during scientific discovery learning with computer-based simulations. It is hypothesized that an effective type of support, that does not interfere with the scientific discovery learning process, should be delivered on a "just-in-time" base. This study explores the effect of facilitating access to knowledge and skills through just-in-time information. An experiment was conducted in which a group of students who worked with a computer simulation on geometrical optics had access to "information tips" during learning. Performance of this group was compared with that of a group who had no access to information tips. Results showed that the first group showed a better learning gain than the second group. The implications of the results are shortly discussed.


Over the next few years the new radio telescopes, such as the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) will greatly enhance our knowledge of the active history of the Universe. Large-area surveys with these new telescopes will no longer be dominated by the powerful active galactic nuclei, but by radio-quiet quasars and star-forming galaxies over all cosmic epochs. Further in the future (~2014) the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will take studies in the radio regime to a whole new level, with the ability to detect neutral hydrogen via the 21cm transition over the majority of cosmic time. This will enable both the detailed study of individual galaxies and the use of these galaxies as probes Dark Energy. In these proceedings I give an overview of the science goals behind these new radio telescopes, with particular emphasis on galaxy evolution and cosmology. Finally I briefly discuss the SKA science simulation effort.


Using the sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine (AEC) depending on different carbons, the regulatory resistant mutants producing lysine were isolated. By the further selection of the mutant resistant to monoiodine acetate (MIA) (an inhibitor of the alcohol dehydrogenase) the production of lysine was increased. The mutants resistant to AEC and MIC excreting 0.7 g/l of lysine when grown on the medium with ethanol were prepared.


1. A study has been made of water balance in two closely related species of aquatic bug, Notonecta glauca L. and N. marmorea Fabr., and the mechanism appears to be the same in both. 2. Ammonia is a major nitrogenous excretory compound and the bulk of the ionic material in the rectal fluid is in the form of ammonium bicarbonate. 3. Water is eliminated through the excretory system and the output of water appears to be related to the output of ammonia. The relationship is such that the concentration of ammonia in the rectal fluid tends to a limiting value of about 120 mM./l . 4. Water is gained by uptake through the cuticle and gut. The volume of water ingested is closely related to the volume of water eliminated through the excretory system and the uptake of water through the cuticle appears to be constant at about 7 % of the body weight per day. 5. At the time of moulting the increase in weight is in part due to retention of water in the tissues and in part due to the retention of water in the rectum. 6. It is pointed out that the mechanism by which water balance is maintained in Notonecta may not be of wide application to other aquatic insects.


Global audiences are increasingly being exposed to digital media with fictitious storylines that draw on animal characters involuntarily entering wildlife trades. An understudied problem in wildlife trade is the potential for motion pictures to influence their audience's desire to become more acquainted, often via acquisition, with animals portrayed in the films. The 2003 Disney motion picture Finding Nemo connected audiences with a wildlife trade already commonplace: the marine aquarium trade. In this trade, fisheries supply live coral reef organisms to millions of public and private aquaria worldwide. Here, we examine the perception and reality of Finding Nemo's impact (coined the "Nemo Effect") on the fisheries of the species complex representing the film's primary protagonist "Nemo" (Amphiprion ocellaris/percula). Import and export figures show little evidence for fan-based purchases of wild-caught fish immediately (within 1.5 years of release) following the film. We argue that the perceived impact on these species, driven by popular media with an emotive but scientifically uninformed approach to conserving coral reef ecosystems, can be more damaging to the cause of conservation than helpful. This perspective is intended to encourage marine aquarium trade stakeholders to consider the ecological and social repercussions of both media driven consumption and opposition to the trade. Using lessons learned from Finding Nemo, we discuss the likely impacts the sequel, Finding Dory, will have on wild populations of its protagonist "Dory" (Paracanthurus hepatus).


Many deaf women face the lack of numerous resources related to their personal development. The unavailability of proper information on Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH), in particular, causes problems of sexually transmitted infections, unwanted pregnancy in adolescence, sexual violence, complications during pregnancy, etc. In response to this, we have created a social network that delivers SRH content (verified and validated by experts) to women with different degrees of hearing loss. The site features a recommender system that selects the most relevant pieces of content to deliver to each woman, driven by her individual preferences, needs and levels of knowledge on the different subjects. We report experiments conducted in Cuenca, Ecuador, between 2017 and 2018 with 98 volunteers from low- and middle-income settings, aiming to evaluate the quality and appeal of the contents, the coherence of the methodology followed to create them, and the effectiveness of the content recommendations. The positive results encourage the frequent creation of new content and the refinement of the recommendation logic as the cohort of users expands over time.


Organizations today are changing rapidly due to technology, globalization, and cutting-edge production, subsequently morphing into new structures and workflow processes. Organizations are becoming more diverse in terms of gender, age, race, ethnicity, veteran status, sexual orientation, and others. The business workplace is not the melting pot that many were taught about, but that of the ethnic salad, blended yet distinct. The core of organizational composition worldwide still remains within the human resource realm for a shared and cohesive culture is behind the success of every company. The study of workplace culture is important for business research to ascertain the construct of the successful organization. The article begins with a discussion about culture, relates culture to the workplace, and ends relating important business research to workplace culture. The intended audience is business management majors and instructors.


Event correlation plays an important role in today's network management, reducing large amounts of network events to smaller and more meaningful sets of alarms. Most of the commercially available event correlation tools have a design that is over-complicated for majority of small and medium range applications, all of them are platform dependent, and last but not least, they are expensive for academic use. This paper presents a lightweight open source network management tool called sec designed to implement platform independent event correlation.


Objective. Uncontrolled hypertension is driven by clinical uncertainty around blood pressure data. This research sought to determine whether decision support—in the form of enhanced data visualization—could improve judgments about hypertension control. Methods. Participants (Internet sample of patients with hypertension) in 3 studies (N = 209) viewed graphs depicting blood pressure data for fictitious patients. For each graph, participants rated hypertension control, need for medication change, and perceived risk of heart attack and stroke. In study 3, participants also recalled the percentage of blood pressure measurements outside of the goal range. The graphs varied by systolic blood pressure mean and standard deviation, change in blood pressure values over time, and data visualization type. Results. In all 3 studies, data visualization type significantly affected judgments of hypertension control. In studies 1 and 2, perceived hypertension control was lower while perceived need for medication change and subjective perceptions of stroke and heart attack risk were higher for raw data displays compared with enhanced visualization that employed a smoothing function generated by the locally weighted smoothing algorithm. In general, perceptions of hypertension control were more closely aligned with clinical guidelines when data visualization included a smoothing function. However, conclusions were mixed when comparing tabular presentations of data to graphical presentations of data in study 3. Hypertension was perceived to be less well controlled when data were presented in a graph rather than a table, but recall was more accurate. Conclusion. Enhancing data visualization with the use of a smoothing function to minimize the variability present in raw blood pressure data significantly improved judgments about hypertension control. More research is needed to determine the contexts in which graphs are superior to data tables.


Leaf area (MLA), measured with a leaf area meter, of potted Chardonnay and Chenin blanc grapevines grown inside a greenhouse (no heat stress) and phytotron (heat stress), was correlated with leaf length (L), width (W), product of length and width (LW) and fresh weight (FW) of the laminae to establish an equation that best estimates entire vine leaf area. LW gave the highest correlation coefficient (r), followed by FW. With both cultivars, linear equations calculated with LW as the independent variable, had the highest coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and smallest standard error of estimate. No significant differences (t-test, p>0.01) between the two experimental sites was found when comparing corresponding equations for each cultivar. New equations using the combined greenhouse and phytotron data were calculated and used to predict leaf area (PLA) for the heat stress experiment; for Chardonnay and Chenin blanc the equations were respectively: PLA = 3.17 + 0.69 WL (R 2 = 0.9892; standard error of estimate (SE) = 4.74 cm 2 ) and PLA = 2.49 + 0.68 LW (R 2 = 0.9747, SE = 3.06 cm 2 ). Linear equations using FW as the criterion for estimation of MLA was used to establish calculated leaf area (CLA). For each cultivar, two CLA9s were determined; CLA(1) used average fresh weight of three leaf disks of known area sampled from six potted bearing vines of each cultivar grown in the greenhouse. A highly significant correlation was obtained between CLA9s and MLA, indicating that when a leaf area meter is not available and non-destructive sampling is required, CLA can substitute for MLA. Linear equations using LW as the estimator of CLA(1) and CLA(2), gave similar R 2 values (96.3%) for both cultivars using CLA(1), and a slightly higher R 2 for Chenin blanc using CLA(2) (R 2 = 97.6%). Polynomial fitting of the data did not substantially improve the coefficients of determination compared to linear analysis.


This paper presents an algorithm to perform online tremor characterization from motion sensors measurements, while filtering the voluntary motion performed by the patient. In order to estimate simultaneously both nonstationary signals in a stochastic filtering framework, pathological tremor was represented by a time-varying harmonic model and voluntary motion was modeled as an auto-regressive moving-average (ARMA) model. Since it is a nonlinear problem, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) was used. The developed solution was evaluated with simulated signals and experimental data from patients with different pathologies. Also, the results were comprehensively compared with alternative techniques proposed in the literature, evidencing the better performance of the proposed method. The algorithm presented in this paper may be an important tool in the design of active tremor compensation systems.


MANY SURGICAL and chemical methods for producing ulcers in animals have been developed, but all of these preparations have had certain disadvantages. 1 None has been entirely satisfactory for studying the peptic ulcer problem in man. All of the chemically produced ulcers, such as those caused by cinchophen and histamine in beeswax, are unsatisfactory for testing antiulcer preparations because of the theoretical drug antagonisms developing between the chemical producing the ulcer and the compound being tested. The surgically produced ulcers also have their drawbacks. Many of them do not occur in a sufficiently high percentage of cases to make the results derived from their use of any statistical value. The Mann-Williamson preparation, consisting of an internal duodenal fistula, allows only the terminal 12 in. (30.4 cm.) of ileum to act as an absorbing area for digested food, as the entire jejunum and ileum proximal to this receive no pancreatic juice


In recent literary studies interviews in which the interviewee is a writer have been studied extensively. I focus in this article on another type of literary interviews, i.e. those interviews in which a writer interrogates a nonliterary person about a subject unrelated to writing. Taking the history of the interview and the extant genre theory as a starting point, I analyse two examples: De ss'ers (1967) by Armando and Hans Sleutelaar, and Persoons-bewijs (1973) by Philo Bregstein. By examining poetical legitimations and the relation between these texts and traditional literary genres, I furthermore delineate some dynamics of the documentary tendency of the 1960s in Dutch literature.


Foreign executives in local organisations (FELOs) of culturally distant countries are a rare international management phenomenon that differs significantly from expatriate assignments in the subsidiaries of multinational organisations. The phenomenon has not been systematically researched, although media reports and executive search firm publications see it as 'fairly new, highly visible, and sometimes controversial' with demand for FELOs in Asia 'likely to continue'.
The purpose of this research is to address the gap in the literature through a systematic investigation of the FELO phenomenon. It adopts a qualitative approach to examine what and when foreign executives contribute to local organisations, why they are appointed, and how cultural distance is bridged.
To achieve its purpose, the study analyses data from in-depth semi-structured interviews with foreign executives (n=46) from 13 countries and their local colleagues (n=25) from various cultural backgrounds, in organisations founded and headquartered in Malaysia. Dyadic data is used for the triangulation of findings, while non-dyadic data, socio-biographical data, as well as 'between' and 'within' group analysis, adds to the richness of the findings and is utilised to establish typologies. The research setting allows the exploration of organisational and individual perspectives across multiple cross-cultural boundaries in a single language common to all participants. Utilising this heterogeneity of perspectives, the study identifies differences between FELOs and other phenomena (such as expatriate assignments), and distinguishes country-specific influences from those that are generalisable to FELO workplaces in other settings.
The key findings of the research include that FELOs are initially appointed for temporary roles and their hard skills, and to help open foreign markets, enhance organisational reputation and portray internationalisation. Assumptions about the remuneration of FELOs are a potential source of resentment from host-country nationals, although many FELOs are learning- and experience-driven rather than motivated purely by income. The research further suggests that some FELOs remain in their positions due to their soft skills, progress with the internationalisation of the local organisations for which they work, and because of a unique 'in/out group'-status that has developed based on their host-country involvement. For many FELOs, this involvement includes engagement in local industry associations, private relationships with host-country nationals, and bridging roles between groups of local colleagues.
The originality, theoretical contribution and significance of this research lie in its exploration and analysis of an international cross-cultural workplace phenomenon that has been overlooked by research primarily focused on expatriate assignments. In distinguishing between individual (that is, psychological) and collective (that is, socio-cultural) distance, the study helps to explain how cultural distance can be asymmetric and contingent on direction. It generates new insight on the theoretical constructs of 'degree of internationalisation' and the 'global mindset' of management teams. The study also holds important practical implications, as it elucidates the career-paths and career-capital of the individuals involved in the FELO phenomenon, and the contribution these individuals make to local organisations through leverage of their unique 'in/out group'-status. Table of contents released for public access by author.


Abstract. Results of flood modelling for three cities located in different parts of Russia: (1) Veliky Ustyug at the Northern Dvina river (Europe); (2) Mezhdurechensk at the Tom river (Siberia); and (3) Blagoveschensk at the Amur river (Far East) are presented. The two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of flow in channels and on floodplain STREAM_2D on the basis of the numerical solution of two-dimensional Saint–Venant equations on a hybrid curvilinear quadrangular and rectangular mesh was used for the simulations. Verification of the model through a comparison of simulated inundated areas with outlines of flooded zones from satellite images for known hydrologic situations demonstrate close correspondence (relative errors of 7–12% in terms of the area for peaks of the analysed floods). Analyses of embankment influence of large-scale levees on the water flow demonstrate that, in some cases, water levels could rise by more than 1 m and the patterns of the flooding zones could significantly differ.


Otolaryngological examination was carried out of 80 engineers and technicians engaged in maintenance of aircrafts in the airports. They are continuously exposed to occupational aviation noise and therefore are at risk for chronic neurosensory hypoacusis. Pure tone audiogram registers in them a rise in hearing thresholds throughout the whole band of frequencies studied. This means that aviation maintenance staff is exposed to noise containing highly intensive infrasound and high-frequency components. The detected pathology directly correlated with duration of exposure to noise. Development of neurosensory hypoacusis in aviation maintenance specialists starts earlier than in other specialists exposed to noise.


An accumulation of iguanian bone remains was found inside a rodent burrow in an Holocene archaeological site of the Argentine southern Puna. Characters of the preserved bones suggest that a minimum of two species of the Liolaemus genus is represented. One of them is undoubtedly attributed to the montanus group, probably L. poecilochromus or L. andinus . The finding of Liolaemus bone remains in the Argentine Puna Region represents the first record of this genus in an archaeological site of South America and suggests that specimens of at least two Liolaemus species exploited the same refuge simultaneously, including both adult and juvenile individuals.


For many years the North American cyprinid fish Macrhybopsis aestivalis (common name: Speckled Chub) was regarded as a single widespread and morphologically variable species, occurring in rivers throughout much of the Mississippi Valley and geographically adjacent eastern Gulf slope drainages, west to the Rio Grande basin in Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico. Eisenhour (1997) completed a morphological study of western populations of the Speckled Chub, the results of which appeared thereafter in published form (Eisenhour 1999, 2004). He demonstrated the existence of five valid species west of the Mississippi River (aestivalis, marconis, australis, tetranema, hyostoma), of which the name aestivalis was shown to be restricted to the population occurring in the Rio Grande and the geographically adjacent Rio San Fernando system, in northeastern Mexico. Eisenhour (2004) considered populations throughout the middle Mississippi Valley and its major tributaries to be a single morphologically variable species (hyostoma), and he also indicated that populations of Macrhybopsis from eastern Gulf slope drainages may represent a complex of species. Genetic confirmation of Eisenhour's conclusions regarding western species appeared in the publication by Underwood et al. (2003), who also showed that western populations of M. hyostoma, as presently recognized, are genetically much more complex than previously considered.     Meanwhile, the present authors were involved in a companion study of eastern populations of Macrhybopsis, for which a genetic summary of the eastern Gulf coast species was published by Mayden & Powers (2004). Based on their findings, four species were recognized from southeastern drainages (identified as species A-D), although no formal taxonomic descriptions were included. Their genetic data, in combination with meristic, morphometric and other morphological data presented herein, form the basis for a revised classification of eastern Macrhybopsis populations, including formal descriptions of the four new species from eastern Gulf coast drainages.


We have studied the pulsed field magnetization, which is considered to be one of the most promising methods for the magnetization of the HTS bulk. The magnetization process is simulated by using the flux flow-creep model and power law model, respectively. The experiment is also carried out to test the validity of the simulation. It seems that the flux flow-creep model is better than power law model in describing the pulsed field magnetization.


Abstract : Data for nine tests in the computerized adaptive test pool for the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery were subjected to item factor analysis by the marginal maximum likelihood method. Because each of the tests was represented by three distinct forms to which items had been randomly assigned, the stability of the results could be examined by comparing independent analyses. Certain items gave clear and generally interpertable factor solutions on all tests. The statistical significance of each principal factor after the first was tested by means of the large sample chi-square statistic corresponding to the increase in marginal maximum likelihood as successive factors were added. To allow for possible cluster effects in the sampling of respondents, a design effect of two was assumed when computing these test statistics. Apart from minor factors associated with doublets and occasional item format effects, the main factors were all interpertable. Most notably, General Science showed a distinction between business arithmetic and other calculation problems. Shop Information showed a clear distinction between Metal Shop vs. Carpentry and General Contracting. The most interesting finding was a clearly significant two factor solution for Word Knowledge. One of these factors appears to represent vocabulary drawn from literary sources and recreational reading, and other from television and the news media. Implications of these findings for vocational testing are discussed.


The detection of bacterial pathogens plays an important role in many biomedical applications, including clinical diagnostics, food and water safety, and biosecurity. Most current bacterial detection technologies, however, are unsuitable for use in resource-limited settings where the highest disease burdens often exist. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop portable, user-friendly biosensors capable of rapid detection of multiple pathogens in situ. We report a microfluidic chip for multiplexed detection of bacterial cells that uses antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with species-specific targeting and binding capabilities. The AMPs are immobilized onto an electrical impedance microsensor array and serve as biorecognition elements for bacterial cell detection. Characterization of peptide immobilization on the sensors revealed robust surface binding via cysteine-gold interactions and vertical alignment relative to the sensor surface. Samples containing Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were loaded in the chip, and both microorganisms were detected at minimum concentrations of 105 cfu/mL within 25 min. Measurements performed in a variety of solutions revealed that high-conductivity solutions produced the largest impedance values. By integrating a highly specific bacterial cell capture scheme with rapid electrical detection, this device demonstrates great potential as a next-generation, point-of-care diagnostic platform for the detection of disease-causing pathogenic agents.


Policymakers and scholars alike have wrestled with the question of why some third-party interventions in fragile and conflict affected states (FCAS) are successful while others are not. For example, countries such as Cambodia, Rwanda, and Uzbekistan have been pulled out of extreme fragility, whereas countries such as Libya, Mali, and Zimbabwe remain mired in extreme fragility despite numerous attempts at spurring economic, social, and political development. This dissertation examines post-intervention variations in the development and security outcomes in otherwise similar fragile countries, in order to explain why some Western interventions have failed while others have succeeded. By documenting key cases of third-party intervention in FCAS and examining them systematically this research program tests structural aspects of each country situation while at the same time accounting for agency and leadership roles, both domestically and internationally. Using a theoretical framework based on the evolutionary biology principles of alternative stable states and positive feedback loops, the findings indicate that there is some evidence that—perhaps counter intuitively—outside interventions should focus initially not on the weakest state fragility dimension (authority, legitimacy, and capacity) but rather on the strongest. For states stuck in extreme fragility for long periods of time, the level of each of the three dimensions is so low that focusing on the weakest dimension only leads to premature load bearing and isomorphic mimicry problems (Andrews, Pritchett and Woolcock 2017). Rather, interventions which target the strongest dimension of fragility lead to improvement by establishing self-reinforcing, 'runaway' positive feedback loops. At the same time, the findings indicate that intervention on the strongest dimension may be a necessary but not sufficient factor in catalyzing recovery, and that certain preconditions or concurrent conditions may be needed to ensure that these 'virtuous cycles' have a positive feedback effect on the other two dimensions of fragility, improving development and security outcomes and catalyzing long-term recovery in state authority, legitimacy, and capacity.


The original test for the analysis of the CCG expansion at the FRAXE locus involves Southern blot analysis of HindIII digests. We show that, by using a different probe, the FRAXE mutation can be detected easily on the same EcoRI or EagI+EcoRI blots as are used for detection of FRAXA. Unexpectedly, we found that both the expansion and methylation status can be determined on a single EcoRI digest, because of the presence of a methylation-sensitive EcoRI site very close to the CCG repeat. We thus detected in a series of mentally retarded individuals previously tested for FRAXA expansion a FRAXE proband who led to the identification of a large sibship (7 of 10 children carrying a mutation). We also show that two fragile X families without FRAXA mutation that previously have been described by Oberlé et al. have the FRAXE expansion. In another family also ascertained initially by cytogenetic finding of a fragile X site, we performed the combined cytogenetic and molecular prenatal diagnosis of a mutated male fetus. All nine males (>3 years old) in whom we found a methylated mutation had mild mental retardation. Our results suggest that the threshold of repeat length for abnormal methylation and fragile-site expression may be smaller at FRAXE than at FRAXA.


Abstract The East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey, started in 1964, realised for the first time a population-based register of all multiple births in the Belgian Province of East Flanders, characterized by the systematic examination of the placenta and the accurate determination of zygosity based on blood groups, DNA and structure of fetal membranes. For decades, it has been the only register to include chorionicity in same-sex pairs of twins, an irreplaceable tool allowing almost certain diagnosis of monozygosity and the timing of the division of the zygote.in monozygotic twins. We showed that twins and triplets are far from being an homogenised group and demonstrated differences between these groups important enough to introduce these variables in the standard methodology of twin research. Examples are: Weinberg rule, sex ratio and duration of gestation.


Stable fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (FCNPs) with excellent water-solubility were prepared firstly by one-step ultrasonic treatment from the blending of glucose and sodium hydroxide. Then, the fluorescence calcium alginate fibers were successfully prepared through wet spinning, using the mixture of FCNPs and sodium alginate solution as the spinning dope. The fluorescent property of FCNPs and fibers were investigated using fluorescence spectrophotometer. Single fiber strength tester was used to measure the strength of the fluorescence fibers. The results showed that both FCNPs and fibers emitted bright blue color under 350nm wavelength UV irradiation. The strength of the fibers was improved when the content of FCNPs in the fibers achieved certain value.


China and the Legacy of Deng Xiaoping documents a turning point in the Chinese communist revolution that elevates Deng to a role equal to that of Mao. Dr. Marti explores post-Tiananmen domestic political wrangling and offers the first documentation of Deng's efforts to link all the major elements of society - the PLA, the Party, the revolutionary elders, and the regional governors - into a coalition whose survival depends on the success of his economic policies. Understanding this sense of commitment to China's longterm goals has significant implications for predicting the outcome of the current struggle between the hardliners and reformers. By providing a new interpretation of Chinese behavior, China and the Legacy of Deng Xiaoping adds to the current debate among policy makers and academicians over the future direction ofChinese policy.


Structure of knowledge exists in people's brains and affects their actions and learning modes. According to previous studies, humans can embed knowledge into carriers and transfer it to others. Human beings are able to not only acquire knowledge from carriers but also to rebuild it in their minds. Therefore, we analyze structure of knowledge of humans through knowledge carriers, in terms of object, practice, cognition, and interaction. The aim of this study is to provide a perspective of management and psychology and understand how knowledge structure affects technology adoption among engineers in a wafer manufacturing plant. We conducted field studies and observed our subjects' approaches in dealing with problems that they faced at work. In addition, these same subjects were interviewed to understand their thoughts, feelings and comments on solving problems. Using data from our qualitative field study, we chose a case from our database and present it to illustrate how a novice becomes an expert. We endeavor to comprehensively describe the entire situation in which the subject developed into a mature engineer and then analyze what kinds of carriers the novice used, as well as what kinds of behavior the novice changed. After analyzing the data collected from the field study, we form three conclusions: (1) structure of knowledge grows mobility upward in dynamic conditions. (2) The growth of structure of knowledge affects one's approach to using technology. (3) The growth of structure of knowledge accelerates the speed of solving problems.


Although the challenges to achieving petascale computing within the next decade are daunting, several software and hardware technologies are emerging that could help us reach this goal. The authors review these technologies and consider new algorithms capable of exploiting a petascale computer's architecture. One petaflop per second is a rate of computation corresponding to 10/sup 15/ floating-point operations per second. To be of use in scientific computing, a computer capable of this prodigious speed needs a main memory of tens or hundreds of terabytes and enormous amounts of mass storage. Sophisticated compilers and high memory and I/O bandwidth are also essential to exploit the architecture efficiently. To mask the hardware and software complexities from the scientific end user, it would be advantageous to access and use a petascale computer through an advanced problem-solving environment. Immersive visualization environments could play an important role in analyzing and navigating the output from petascale computations. Thus, petascale computing is capable of driving the next decade of research in high-performance computing and communications and will require advances across all aspects of it.


ABSTRACT Men's uptake of HIV testing is critical to the success of "test and treat" strategies in generalized epidemics. This study sought to identify cultural factors and community processes that influence men's HIV testing uptake in the baseline year of an ongoing test-and-treat trial among 334,479 persons in eastern Africa (SEARCH, NCT#01864603). Data were collected using participant observation at mobile community health campaigns (CHCs) (n = 28); focus group discussions (n = 8 groups) with CHC participants; and in-depth interviews with care providers (n = 50), leaders (n = 32), and members (n = 112) of eight communities in Kenya and Uganda. An 8-person research team defined analytical codes and iteratively refined them during data collection using grounded theoretical approaches, and textual data were coded using Atlas.ti software. Structural and cultural barriers, including men's mobility and gender norms valorizing risk-taking and discouraging health-seeking behavior, were observed, and contributed to men's lower participation in HIV testing relative to women. Men's labor opportunities often require extended absences from households: during planting season, men guarded fields from monkeys from dawn until nightfall; lake fishermen traveled long distances and circulated between beaches. Men often tested "by proxy", believing their wives' HIV test results to be their status. Debates about HIV risks were vigorous, with many men questioning "traditional" masculine gender norms that enhanced risks. The promise of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prolong health was a motivating factor for many men to participate in testing. Flexibility in operating hours of HIV testing including late evening and weekend times along with multiple convenient locations that moved were cited as facilitating factors enhancing male participating in HIV testing. Mobile testing reduced but did not eliminate barriers to men's participation in a large-scale "test & treat" effort. However, transformations in gender norms related to HIV testing and care-seeking are underway in eastern Africa and should be supported.


The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence of pathogenic mycoplasma species in the turkey population of Turkey. Tracheal samples randomly collected from a total of 624 apparently healthy meat-type turkeys at a commercial abattoir located in the north of the country were examined by culture and genus- and species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for mycoplasma. In the direct plating onto solid specific media, mycoplasma growth was observed from 1.4% (9/624) of the samples, which were confirmed to belong to the Mycoplasma genus by genus-specific PCR. Mycoplasma iowae (MI) and M. meleagridis (MM) were identified by the species-specific PCR from eight and one of the samples, respectively. However, genus-specific PCR amplification was obtained from 2.6% (16/624) of the samples which produced turbidity in the liquid media. Interestingly, these positive samples were different from those obtained from solid agar and mycoplasma growth was not observed when the broth samples were inoculated onto solid media. In the species-specific PCR analysis of the broth samples, MI, MM and M. gallisepticum were identified from twelve, two and two samples, respectively. The inconsistency between the results obtained from liquid and solid media raises questions about the efficiency of isolation procedures for mycoplasma and this warrants further investigation.


This study's main objective was to identify reactions triggered when individuals partaking in an intercultural communication interaction believe that there is a discrepancy between the way they identify themselves ethnically and the way they are perceived. In addition, I examined how their reactions can influence the interactions in question.The study showed that reactions caused by perceived misconceptions of one's ethnic identity are context-dependent. While evaluations of the counterpart's attitude are of importance (whether it's positive, neutral, or negative) the reactions are also influenced by circumstances such as one's former experiences with the problem, language skills, and the nature of the relationship with the other party involved. The course of the interaction is, among other things, affected by the counterparts' personality and their response to being reprimanded.


Background: Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most common fetal congenital defects, and until nowadays, most of them are bypassed without prenatal diagnosis. In this study, we found the incidence of fetal CHD in high-risk mothers, various indications of fetal echocardiography (FE), and their postnatal outcome in developing nation with limited resources. Materials and Methods: A total of 106 cases of antenatal mothers, who are having risk factors such as abnormal obstetric screening, diabetes mellitus, and family history, are included in the study group. The FE was done for pregnant mothers between the age groups of 20 and 40 years at different gestational ages after 20 weeks of pregnancy in the Postgraduate Department of Pediatrics, GMC, Srinagar, between January 2016 and January 2018. Results: The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 30.63 ± 4.3 weeks. The mean age of mothers at diagnosis was 29.99 ± 3.6 years. We identified indications for FE in 106 cases. The most common indication was abnormal cardiac findings in obstetrical screening sonography (30.18%). Among the 106 FE results, 80 (75.47%) were normal, eight (7.54%) were minor abnormalities, three (2.8%) were significant cardiac anomalies, eight (7.5%) were complex cardiac anomalies, and 60.7 (6.6%) were arrhythmias. The most common CHD was hypoplastic left heart syndrome (n = 4). Ninety-one neonates were examined by postnatal echo. We analyzed differences between FE and postnatal echo. There were minor differences in nine cases (9.89%) and major in only two (2.19%) cases. Transplacental fetal therapy was given in four cases. Two cases had fetal tachycardia that was reverted to sinus rhythm and two cases had complete heart block in which heart block persisted despite transplacental therapy. Conclusion: FE is a very useful tool for prenatal diagnosis of CHD. It has proven itself in the diagnosis and management of fetal arrhythmia, even in developing countries with limited resources.


Airway management is an essential skill in providing care in trauma situations. The video laryngoscope is a tool which offers improvement in teaching airway management skills and in managing airways of trauma patients on the far forward battlefield. An Operational Assessment (OA) of videolaryngoscope technology for medical training and airway management was conducted by the Center for Advanced Technology and Telemedicine (at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE) for the US Air Force Modernization Command to validate this technology in the provision of Out of OR airway management and airway management training in military simulation centers. The value for both the training and performance of intubations was highly rated and the majority of respondents indicated interest in having a video laryngoscope in their facility.


Objectives: To determine the frequency of pressure ulcers in patients with spinal cord injury. To comparefrequency of pressure ulcers in complete and incomplete spinal cord injury using ASIA impairment scale.Study Design: Cross sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine Rawalpindi, from Jun 2013 to Jan 2014.Material and Methods: After permission from the hospital ethical committee and informed consent, spinal cord injury (SCI) patients were included from the outdoor and the indoor departments of Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine Rawalpindi from June 2013 to January 2014. Patients were divided in two groups of complete SCI and incomplete SCI on the basis of American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale. SPSS version 17 was used for data analysis.Results: Total 62 SCI patients were included. Mean age of patients was 36 ± 0.93 SD. Males were more in number 79% (49). On ASIA scoring 51.6% (32) were in ASIA 'A' followed by 19.4% (12), 17.7% (11) and 11.3% (7) patients in ASIA 'B', 'C' and 'D' respectively. SCI was complete in 51.6% (32) and incomplete in 48.4% (30). PU were present in 32.3% (20) patients. PU were in stage 4 in 30% (6) patients. PU were more frequent in ASIA 'A' injuries followed by "B", "C" and "D" involving 43.8%, 25%,18.2% and 14.3% of patients respectively. Pressure ulcers (PU) were common in complete injuries involving 43.8% (14) than in incomplete injuries 20% (6) (p=0.041).Conclusions: Pressure ulsers were more common complication detected after spinal cord injury with morefrequency in complete spinal cord injury.


The present study focuses on the influence of the PEO (Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) treatment on the tribological behaviour of the AA2618/20 % vol. Al2O3p composite, dry sliding against induction hardened UNI C55 steel. Particle-reinforced Al based composites offer a higher wear resistance by comparison with the corresponding unreinforced alloys, however, the presence of critical loads and/or velocities which lead to transition towards severe wear regime, was often observed. In such conditions, the composite can show higher wear rates than those of unreinforced alloys. For this reason, surface modifications, such as PEO, might contribute to improve wear resistance. In this paper, topography, microstructure, phase constitution and surface hardness of the PEO-treated composite were investigated and its tribological behaviour was studied by dry sliding tests using a block-on-ring tribometer. The results were compared with those from the uncoated composite, demonstrating a very positive effect of the PEO treatment, which moved transitions from mild to severe wear towards more severe test conditions, in terms of both load and velocity.


The traditional task of managing and monitoring a network has never been a trivial one. With recent changes in computing and networking, the area of distributed systems management faces new challenges and increasing complexity. Research in the relevant field reveals that, while there are many research and commercial solutions available, some of them are based on proprietary standards. Others focus on monitoring, while lacking the ability to actively make modifications and fine- tuning. Some others have a narrow target group. This paper proposes a framework for the management of distributed applications. The managed hosts are treated as integral parts of the deployment and not as stand alone, isolated entities. The framework is based on SNMP and is not limited to monitoring. On the contrary, it is capable of carrying out SNMP-SET commands, actively modifying the run-time parameters of the managed application. Finally, it can perform the management of a variety of distributed systems, ranging from small clusters to larger scale deployments such as computational or data grids.


Child protection social workers in England are required to make many decisions in their day-to-day work, including whether to accept a referral, undertake a child protection investigation, pursue care proceedings, or close the case. Many of these decisions involve implicit or explicit predictions about the likelihood of future actions, events, and outcomes. This paper presents the results of a study in which social workers and social work students in England were asked at two time points, six to eight months apart, to read a series of case vignettes and make forecasts about the likelihood of different actions, events, and outcomes. The accuracy of these forecasts was measured to determine 1) the aggregate level and range of forecasting accuracy, 2) whether forecasting accuracy is stable over time, 3) whether different vignettes are harder or easier to forecast and 4) whether personal or professional factors are predictors of forecasting accuracy. On average, respondent's forecasts were 6% better than you would expect by chance, although there was significant variation within the sample. Nearly three-quarters of the respondents who made forecasts more accurately than chance at Time 1 did so again at Time 2. Four of the vignettes were found to be consistently easier to forecast, and four were consistently more difficult. No personal or professional characteristics were found to be significant predictors of forecasting accuracy. There are few straight-forward decisions in social work and the question of how best to support practitioners as they undertake this critical aspect of their role will continue to be an important focus for research.


A large body of research findings suggests that verbal cues to deception can boost deception-detection accuracy rates to levels significantly above chance. This thesis examines the effectiveness of, and influences on, one of the most popular and widely used verbal lie-detection approaches, Reality Monitoring (RM). The RM approach has advantages not only in terms of its underpinnings in memory research and theory, but also its ease with regard to practical application. The RM approach assumes that deceptive verbal accounts, because they are artificial and not based directly on actual experience, differ from truthful accounts according to a variety of criteria (truthful accounts contain more vivid, spatial, temporal and affective information, etc.). However, so far, as in many other areas of lie-detection research, research in the area of RM has lacked methodological standardisation; consequently, we know little of the potential effects of contextual and other moderating variables on RM measures. In view of this, the primary aims of the present thesis were a) to assess whether, if conveyed in a standard format, the RM approach has any value overall in distinguishing between truthful and deceptive accounts, and b) if it does, to investigate the circumstances under which it might give optimal results; i.e. to assess some of the main factors which may moderate its efficacy in this respect. To these ends, six experimental studies were conducted which looked at truthful and deceptive accounts (generated by participants in the laboratory using video and autobiographical sources) and considered the effects of a number of different moderators; these included, first and second-language effects, modality (i.e. written vs. spoken discourse), absence/presence of others, demand characteristics effects, scoring systems (rating scales vs. raw frequencies) and standardisation for account length. Overall, results indicated that in most studies there was evidence that total RM scores, as determined by the procedures applied here, successfully discriminated between truthful and deceptive accounts. However, results varied when RM criteria were considered individually, and when the influence of various moderators was assessed. For example, frequency measures of spatial and temporal information were found to be two of the most consistently effective diagnostic RM criteria. However, overall, RM was a more effective diagnostic tool before accounts were standardised for length; indeed, total RM scores failed to distinguish between truthful and deceptive accounts after accounts had been standardised for length. Also, the presence of others and modality (written or spoken) were two key moderator variables whose impact on total RM scores varied depending on whether or not the accounts were standardised for length. A number of other related variables were also considered; for example, truthful accounts were longer than deceptive accounts in both duration and length and the number of words produced per second was significantly greater for truthful accounts. Implications for research and practise are discussed; though perhaps most important in this respect was the finding that, despite the overall success of RM in discriminating truthful from deceptive accounts, RM criteria were not generally discriminating after standardisation for word-count or length. Moreover, a number of the moderators affected RM scores regardless of whether they were derived from truthful or deceptive accounts. This suggests that we may still be a long way from developing a method (such as the use of normative criteria) that could be used in the field to classify individual cases. Nevertheless, in the meantime, at the very least, the present results suggest that when judging the veracity of accounts using RM criteria, the scoring and other moderating variables identified in this thesis should be investigated systematically, and measured and applied consistently, if researchers wish to compare and replicate findings within and across studies.


This paper illustrates an intelligent testing system, designed in the requirement for the testing of compressed natural gas engine ECU. This system is a virtual environment for ECU's testing and debugging, it provides all kinds of sensor signals, switch signals and various simulated actuators for ECU. PC can configure the system's settings and receive testing results through USB. When receiving testing datum, PC judges whether ECU is in normal status according to the datum and saves them in files. Consequently automatic testing is realized.


The extent to which a symbolic time–series (a sequence of sounds or letters) is a typical word of a language, referred to as WORDLIKENESS, has been shown to have effects in speech perception and production, reading proficiency, lexical development and lexical access, short–term and long–term verbal memory. Two quantitative models have been suggested to account for these effects: serial phonotactic probabilities (the likelihood for a given symbolic sequence to appear in the lexicon) and lexical density (the extent to which other words can be obtained from a target word by changing, deleting or inserting one or more symbols in the target). The two measures are highly correlated and thus easy to be confounded in measuring their effects in lexical tasks. In this paper, we propose a computational model of lexical organisation, based on Self–Organising Maps with Hebbian connections defined over a temporal layer (TSOMs), providing a principled algorithmic account of effects of lexical acquisition, processing and access, to further investigate these issues. In particular, we show that (morpho–)phonotactic probabilities and lexical density, though correlated in lexical organisation, can be taken to focus on different aspects of speakers' word processing behaviour and thus provide independent cognitive contributions to our understanding of the principles of perception of typicality that govern lexical organisation.


Background:Anatomic, physiologic, and behavioral studies in animals suggest that spinally released oxytocin should produce analgesia in humans and may also protect from chronic pain after injury. In this article, the authors report preclinical toxicity screening of oxytocin for intrathecal delivery. Methods:Intrathecal oxytocin, 11 &mgr;g (6 U) or vehicle, was injected intrathecally in 24 rats, followed by frequent behavioral assessment and histologic examination of spinal contents 2 or 14 days after injection. In three dogs, a range of intrathecal oxytocin doses (18 to 550 &mgr;g in 0.5 ml) was injected followed by physiologic, biochemical, and behavioral assessments. Ten dogs were then randomized to receive five daily injections of intrathecal oxytocin, 550 &mgr;g in 0.5 ml, or vehicle with similar assessments and, necropsy and histologic analysis were conducted 2 days later. Results:In rats, intrathecal oxytocin resulted in transient scratching and itching behaviors, without other differences from vehicle. There was no behavioral, gross anatomic, or histologic evidence of neurotoxicity. Dose ranging in dogs suggested mild effects on motor tone, blood pressure, and heart rate at the 550 &mgr;g dose. Repeated boluses in dogs did not produce behavioral, biochemical, neurological, gross anatomic, or histologic evidence of neurotoxicity. Conclusions:Substances, including natural neurotransmitters, may be toxic when administered in pharmacologic doses in the spinal cord. This preclinical toxicity screen in two species suggests that bolus injections of oxytocin in concentrations up to 1,100 &mgr;g/ml are unlikely to cause neurotoxicity. The authors also support cautious clinical application of intrathecal oxytocin under regulatory supervision.


The aim of higher education is to enable students to acquire knowledge and to exercise cognitive skills in order support them in their preparation for a professional career. Rather than transferring knowledge in face-to-face contact the modern teacher has to design a stimulating learning environment. The success of educational models, like Problem-Based-Learning and Active Learning is often explained by the motivating effect of discussing real-life problems in small groups of students. The technology of virtual reality provides new possibilities to involve students in learning activities. No longer do groups of students (and their teacher) have to meet at a fixed time and place. Simulations and gaming can motivate students to engage in activities that make them learn. The biggest challenge for the teacher is to imagine what is motivating for a present day student.


Summary.  Anticoagulation with activated protein C (APC) reduces the mortality of severe sepsis. We investigated whether the circulating protein C (PC) pool could be utilized for sustained anticoagulation by endogenous APC. To generate APC without procoagulant effects, we administered the anticoagulant thrombin mutant W215A;E217A (WE) to baboons. In preliminary studies, administration of high dose WE (110 μg kg−1 i.v. bolus every 120 min; n = 2) depleted PC levels by 50% and elicited transient APC bursts and anticoagulation. The response to WE became smaller with each successive injection. Low dose WE infusion (5 μg kg−1 loading + 5 μg kg−1 h−1 infusion; n = 5) decreased plasma PC activity by 15%, from 105% to 90%, to a new equilibrium within 60 min. APC levels increased from 7.5 ng mL−1 to 86 ng mL−1 by 40 min, then declined, but remained elevated at 34 ng mL−1 at 240 min. A 22‐fold higher dose WE (n = 5) decreased PC levels to 60% by 60 min without significant further depletion in 5 h. The APC level was 201 ng mL−1 at 40 min and decreased to 20 ng mL−1 within 120 min despite continued activator infusion. Co‐infusion of WE and equimolar soluble thrombomodulin (n = 5) rapidly consumed about 80% of the PC pool with significant temporal increase in APC generation. In conclusion, low‐grade PC activation by WE produced sustained, clinically relevant levels of circulating APC. Limited PC consumption in WE excess was consistent with the rapid depletion of cofactor activity before depletion of the PC zymogen. Reduced utilization of circulating PC might have similar mechanism in some patients.


The purpose of this study was to determine if the educational objectives of the revised national coaching certification theory program (NCCP) represent the important and necessary skills needed to be an effective coach in both contemporary and future Canadian society. A study sample of experts in coach education in Canada (n = 75) agreed to participate in the investigation which was based on a research protocol known as the Delphi technique. Results of the study indicate that coach education experts in Canada generally agreed with the educational objectives at each level of the program in both the present and the futures data. Further, the experts seemed to favour a socio-psychological orientation to the curriculum content at level 1 and level 2 and a balance between the biophysical and the socio-psychological sports science areas at level 3.


Metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) structures based on thin GeO[SiO2] and GeO[SiO] films on Si substrates were fabricated with indium-tin-oxide as a top electrode. The samples were divided it two series: one was left as deposited, while the second portion of MIS structures was annealed at 500 °C in argon for 20 min. The structural properties of as-deposited and annealed non-stoichiometric germanosilicate (GeSixOy) films were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy, Raman and infrared absorption spectroscopy, spectral ellipsometry, and transmittance and reflectance spectroscopy. It was found that the as-deposited GeO[SiO] film contained amorphous Ge clusters. Annealing led to the formation of amorphous Ge nanoclusters in the GeO[SiO2] film and an increase of amorphous Ge volume in the GeO[SiO] film. Switching from a high resistance state (HRS OFF) to a low resistance state (LRS ON) and vice versa was detected in the as-deposited and annealed MIS structures. The endurance studies showed that slight degradation of the memory window occurred, mainly caused by the decrease of the ON state current. Notably, intermediate resistance states were observed in almost all MIS structures, in addition to the HRS and LRS states. This property can be used for the simulation of neuromorphic devices and related applications in data science.


On 22 October 2008, the UK Office of Fair Trading ("OFT") issued three publications setting out its analysis of competition in newspaper and magazine distribution in the UK. These publications…


To help shed light on the implications of intergenerational transfers for wealth inequality, this paper examines whether or not individuals who receive intergenerational transfers from their parents are more likely to leave bequests to their children than those who do not using data for Japan and the United States. The estimation results show that the receipt of intergenerational transfers from parents and/or parents-in-law increases the likelihood of individuals' leaving bequests to their own children in both Japan and the United States, which in turn is likely to contribute to the persistence or widening of wealth disparities. However, such a tendency is found to be stronger among less better-off households in both countries, and this may help alleviate the disequalizing effect of intergenerational transfers on the distribution of wealth, at least to some extent. JEL codes: D10, D31, D64, E21, I24


Although rainfall estimation employing microwave links from cellular telecommunication networks is recognized as a new promising measurement technique, its potential for long‐term large‐scale operational rainfall monitoring remains to be demonstrated. This study contributes to this endeavor by deriving a continuous series of rainfall maps from a large 2.5 year microwave link data set of, on average, 3383 links (2044 link paths) covering Netherlands (∼3.5 × 104 km2), a midlatitude country (∼5°E, ∼52°N) with a temperate climate. Maps are extensively verified against an independent gauge‐adjusted radar rainfall data set for different temporal (15 min, 1 h, 1 day, 1 month) and spatial (0.9, 74 km2) scales. The usefulness of different steps in the rainfall retrieval algorithm, i.e., a wet‐dry classification method and a filter to remove outliers, is systematically assessed. A novel dew filter is developed to correct for dew‐induced wet antenna attenuation, which, although a relative underestimation of 6% to 9% is found, generally yields good results. The microwave link rainfall estimation technique performs well for the summer months (June, July, August), even outperforming interpolation of automatic rain gauge data (with a density of ∼1 gauge per 1000 km2), but large deviations are found for the winter months (December, January, February). These deviations are generally expected to be related to frozen or melting precipitation. Hence, our results show the potential of commercial microwave links for long‐term large‐scale operational rainfall monitoring.


In the last decades, management accounting faced increasing challenges to adopt new approaches, designed to fit the changes in the economic environment and to correct perceived inefficiencies in existing controlling structures. This paper focuses on one of those recent developments, viz. value-based management (VBM). Since VBM is claimed to be changing financial management at the highest level in some of the world's largest companies, this literature review compares the value-based management approaches of six consultants, viz. Stern Stewart & Co, Marakon Associates, McKinsey & Co, PriceWaterhouseCoopers, L.E.K. Consulting and HOLT Value Associates and tries to assess the potential of their management frameworks.Value-based management can be defined as an integrated management control system that measures, encourages and supports the creation of net worth. Although VBM is more than metrics, we first focused on a non-exhaustive number of value-based metrics, divided in two segments, the listed perspective-segment and the non-listed perspective. Since metrics are a means and not the goal of a VBM-program, we compared not only the metrics used by the six consultants, but also analysed their value-based management constructs as a whole. This analysis was based on the fundamental components of a holistic VBM-program, as defined by several researches on value-based management. This comparison revealed some clear similarities between the approaches, but also demonstrates distinctions and different accents. There is for instance a clear unanimity about the focus on maximizing shareholder value, about the conviction that the interests of all stakeholder groups are best served when putting the shareholder first and about the impact of value-based management on collaboration. Notwithstanding the similarities, they all six suggest using different types of measures, combine different systems and processes, have other views on strategy development and advocate their own training & education program.


ARIES had a successful gravitational microlens project during 1998-2002. A similar monitor for Transient Events in galaxies at high redshift lensed by rich galaxy-clusters provides a challenging possibility with important cosmological implications. Rich galaxy-clusters at intermediate redshifts are powerful gravitational lenses which produce multiple images, in the shape of giant arcs of 5-20" extent, of distant background galaxies in their field. Weak lens shear of the background galaxy distribution can reliably trace the lens mass profile. Multiple images of supernovae or GRBs in the background galaxies can be recorded in a systematic monitor of the system. An unlensed high redshift supernova might not be observable, but when lensed by a galaxy-cluster, it will stand out because the point event brightens relative to the host. The color profile of a high redshift lensed point event will be much more reliable than an unlensed one due to much less host contamination. An estimate of the time delay enables observation of the full light curve of the subsequent images of the event. ARIES can have outside collaboration for multiband simultaneous lightcurves of other images. The measured time delay and position of images of the transient event provide better cosmological constraints including distance scale of the Universe. The Devasthal telescope can detect one or more events by monitoring half a dozen cluster fields over three years time.


To face it, it is quite challenging to draw distinctive borders of women issues when it comes to Romantic poets of English literature. These poets were reforming many issues of the contemporary culture of England such as valuing the nature, which was deteriorated by Industrial Revolution of the period, and emphasizing intuition over reason. However, the changes those poets endeavouring to create might not be considered as revolutionary since these poets could not manage to stay away from the traditions of their societies. The aim of this paper is to analyse the place of women in Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, The Eolian Harp and Christabel": how he sexualised women and what were the cultural expectation from women at the time. Allocating an exaggerated feminine aspect to women nearly climaxes in one of Coleridge's memorable poems "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". Coleridge attends sexualising women in "Christabel" with the help of specific word choice. Additionally, it might be put forward that Coleridge gives significance to virginity, which is identified with the Blessed Virgin Mary in Christianity when Coleridge's being 'a staunch Anglican in religion' is taken into consideration. In most of the patriarchal societies, virginity equates purity, which is utilized by men to suppress women. Moreover, negative attitudes of Coleridge towards his wife, Sara Fricker, must be concentrated on to have an insight into the poet's views on women. Considering the attitudes of Coleridge towards his wife, the assertions above on sexualisation of women and cultural expectations from them in the eyes of Coleridge might be conceived as accurate.

Keywords: Sexualisation, Women, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Cultural Expectations


As data collection for public transportation improves and customers' appetite for information grows, there has been a growing interest in performance measurement systems that better reflect customer experience and quantify the impacts of service while accounting for ridership. A fair amount of research has been dedicated to developing and refining these kinds of metrics, with a particular focus on comparing customers' expected and actual waiting time on train platforms or at bus stops. Despite this, only a limited number of transit agencies have implemented such measures. This paper presents a set of metrics developed by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) that calculates the additional time customers spend waiting for and riding buses in excess of the schedule, termed additional bus stop time (ABST) and additional travel time (ATT) respectively. Trip time performance, termed customer journey time performance (CJTP), is also computed. The methodology leverages MTA's origin–destination (OD) ridership model and bus location data to calculate these values for each individual passenger. Measuring at the passenger level means that impacts of service delays or changes can be weighted by the number of passengers affected, unlike past bus-level measures. This enables the design of service management techniques that benefit the most riders possible. The form of the metrics, which puts service impacts in easy-to-understand terms that reflect actual customer experience, likewise provides the opportunity to better engage with customers. MTA is among the first to make these metrics regularly available to the public, and the first to publicly report them for buses.


About the book:
This collection examines the profound transformations that have characterised cities of the advanced capitalist societies in the final decades of the 20th century. It analyses ways in which relationships of contest, conflict and cooperation are realised in and through the social and spatial forms of contemporary urban life. In particular, the essays focus on the impact of economic restructuring and changing forms of urban governance on patterns of urban deprivation and social exclusion. These processes, they contend, are creating new patterns of social division and new forms of regulation and control.


The spectral type is a key parameter in calibrating the temperature which is required to estimate the mass of young stars and brown dwarfs. We describe an approach developed to classify low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in the Trapezium Cluster using red optical spectra, which can be applied to other star-forming regions. The classification uses two methods for greater accuracy: the use of narrow-band spectral indices which rely on the variation of the strength of molecular lines with spectral type and a comparison with other previously classified young, low-mass objects in the Chamaeleon I star-forming region. We have investigated and compared many different molecular indices and have identified a small number of indices which work well for classifying M-type objects in nebular regions. The indices are calibrated for young, pre-main-sequence objects whose spectra are affected by their lower surface gravities compared with those on the main sequence. Spectral types obtained are essentially independent of both reddening and nebular emission lines.

Confirmation of candidate young stars and brown dwarfs as bona fide cluster members may be accomplished with moderate resolution spectra in the optical region by an analysis of the strength of the gravity-sensitive Na doublet. It has been established that this feature is much weaker in these very young objects than in field dwarfs. A sodium spectral index is used to estimate the surface gravity and to demonstrate quantitatively the difference between young (1–2 Myr) objects, and dwarf and giant field stars.


Many conservation professionals are familiar with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Ramsar Convention, and the World Heritage Convention. Regional instruments, such as those focusing on Africa, Antarctica, or Europe, are also conspicuous features of the conservation arena. Other international wildlife agreements focus on particular species, such as polar bears or albatrosses, or particular transboundary protected areas, such as the huge Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (see table 1). These agreements are collectively known as international wildlife law (Bowman et al. 2010). The binding agreements themselves are typically accompanied and informed by an evolving set of nonbinding instruments, such as Conference of the Parties (COP) decisions and action plans.


In our increasingly hurried and high-tech society, patients and families hope that those who care for them are interested in the depth and uniqueness of their lives. Viewing persons as stories enables the understanding that events and experiences in life occur within a unique context for each individual. This article considers the healing potential of story within the healthcare milieu. Story involves an interpretation of events and experiences, and may communicate more truth about the patient than extracted data from traditional history taking. Viewing persons as ongoing and unfolding stories provides a perspective from which healthcare providers intentionally seek and listen for story. This article presents examples of stories encountered in research and clinical practice, the value of story and metaphor in the clinical setting, ways of attending to one's own story, and ways of encouraging and hearing the stories of others.


The deposit of Bou Ouzzal's barite is located in the eastern extreme of the Moroccan Hercynian Massif-
Central, to approximately 7 km to the south of Khenifra. The mineralization occurs in the paleozoic schists
and late Visean limestones. The barite appears in the shape of veins and karst associated with oxides and
iron hydroxides. This deposit is distinguished by his great heterogeneity and the variability of his composition.
In spite of the fact that the region has been an object of numbers mining works from 1922, date in which
the deposit was discovered, the analytical studies are scarce and half-close to the mineralization. The aim
of the present note is concentrated on the detailed description of the different generations of barite, his
distribution and relation with the iron's minerals. The samples have been studied by polarizing microscopy,
SEM, XRD, XRF and EPMA.
This work is the preliminary result of the collaboration established between the University Mohammed VAgdal
and the University Complutense of Madrid within the framework of the Spanish-Moroccan Intervarsity
Cooperation's program of the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation «AECI».


Understanding the surface structure and termination of semiconductor thin films during epitaxial growth is critical since it affects the structural, interfacial and electronic properties of epilayers and device structures. The structural properties and surface bonding configuration of InN layers grown by high pressure chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) have been characterized using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The HREELS analysis of these InN layers shows that the surface is predominantly terminated with NH 2 species. This is in contrast to previous work on HPCVD-grown InN layers, which showed only NH species on the nitrogen terminated surface. The presence of NH 2 related modes of vibration is the indication of the orientation of the surface other than c-plane. Key words : HREELS; Indium nitride; NH 2 The Himalayan Physics Vol.2, No.2, May, 2011 Page: 35-37 Uploaded Date : 1 August, 2011


This letter presents a method for satellite image classification aiming at the following two objectives: 1) involving visual attention into the satellite image classification; biologically inspired saliency information is exploited in the phase of the image representation, making our method more concentrated on the interesting objects and structures, and 2) handling the satellite image classification without the learning phase. A two-layer sparse coding (TSC) model is designed to discover the "true" neighbors of the images and bypass the intensive learning phase of the satellite image classification. The underlying philosophy of the TSC is that an image can be more sparsely reconstructed via the images (sparse I) belonging to the same category (sparse II). The images are classified according to a newly defined "image-to-category" similarity based on the coding coefficients. Requiring no training phase, our method achieves very promising results. The experimental comparisons are shown on a real satellite image database.


We have performed therapeutic embolization of the hepatic artery and its branches in 15 patients, 14 with metastatic neoplasm and one with postoperative hepatobiliary hemorrhage. In the latter patient, bleeding ceased on embolization of the right hepatic artery and did not recur. The median survival time of the 14 patients who had hepatic embolization was six months. The mean survival time in our three patients with metastatic gastric leiomyosarcoma was 24 months, whereas our five patients with metastases from carcinoma of the colon had a mean survival time of only five months. On the basis of this experience we conclude that hepatic artery embolization is advisable in patients with hormonal effects of metastatic disease and in patients with massive hepatomegaly related to metastases from gastric leiomyosarcomas, and may be indicated in patients with hepatic artery hemorrhage.


Evaluations of programmes — for example, labour market interventions such as employment schemes and training courses — usually involve comparison of the performance of a treatment group (recipients of the programme) with a control group (non-recipients) as regards some response (gaining employment, for example). But the ideal of randomisation of individuals to groups is rarely possible in the social sciences and there may be substantial differences between groups in the distributions of individual characteristics that can affect response. Past practice in economics has been to try to use multiple regression models to adjust away the differences in observed characteristics, while also testing for sample selection bias. The Propensity Score approach, which is widely applied in epidemiology and related fields, focuses on the idea that "matching" individuals in the groups should be compared. The appropriate matching measure is usually taken to be the prior probability of programme participation. This paper describes the key ideas of the Propensity Score method and illustrates its application by reanalysis of some Irish data on training courses.


BACKGROUND
High importance is given to plantar pressure monitoring in the field of biomedical engineering for the diagnosis of posture related ailments associated with diseases such as diabetes and gonarthrosis.

OBJECTIVE
This paper presents the proof-of-concept development of a new high resolution plantar pressure monitoring pad based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors.

METHODS
In the proposed configuration, the FBG sensors are embedded within layers of carbon composite material (CCM) in turn conforming to an arc shape. A total of four such arc shaped sensors are instrumented in the pad at the locations of the forefoot and the hind foot. As a test of the pad, static plantar pressure is monitored on normal subjects under various posture conditions. The pad is evaluated both as a standalone platform as well as a pad inserted inside a standard shoe.

RESULTS
An average pressure sensitivity of 1.2 pm/kPa and a resolution of approximately 0.8 kPa is obtained in this special configuration. The pad is found to be suitable in both configurations- stand-alone pad as well as an insert inside a standard shoe.

CONCLUSION
The proposed set up offers a cost-effective high resolution and accurate plantar pressure measurement system suitable for clinical deployment. The novelty of the developed pressure pad lies in its ability to be used both as platform type as well as inserted in-sole type sensor system.


Signal modeling techniques ranging from basis expansions to parametric approaches have been applied to audio signal processing. Motivated by the fundamental limitations of basis expansions for representing arbitrary signal features and providing means for signal modifications, we consider decompositions in terms of functions that are both signal-adaptive and parametric in nature. Granular synthesis and sinusoidal modeling can be viewed in this light; we interpret these approaches as signal-adaptive expansions in terms of time-frequency atoms that are highly correlated to the fundamental signal structures. This leads naturally to a discussion of the matching pursuit algorithm for deriving decompositions using over complete dictionaries of time-frequency atoms; specifically, we compare expansions using Gabor atoms and damped sinusoids. Such decompositions identify important signal features and provide parametric representations that are useful for signal coding and analysis-modification-synthesis.


High-quality, long-duration commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) are worth consideration by corporate defined-benefit pension plans that are shifting asset allocations from equities to fixed income for de-risking. The author's research suggests that high-quality, long-duration CMBS can be a viable alternative to long corporate bonds in a plan's fixed-income allocation, given the sector's growing market size, more stable and predictable cash flows, reasonably high correlation to long-duration corporate bonds, and relatively low default risk. An allocation to AAA-rated long CMBS can also diversify and mitigate the issuer concentration risk inherent in allocations to high-quality, long-duration corporate bonds, particularly for larger plans. For plans with allocation to equities, adding high-quality CMBS can reduce funded-ratio risk at the plan level, because these securities are less correlated than corporate bonds to equities.


The study of silanes and polymers with special functions is increasing and the development of materials from silane-based polymers follows this trend. In this way, the hydrolysis of 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) was studied as a function of the hydrolysis time in solutions with 50% of alcoholic solvents by infrared spectroscopy. It was verified that it was possible to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the chemical reactions involving the hydrolysis / condensation of GPTMS and the main kinetics variations during the process. The results suggest that up to 30 minutes of hydrolysis, the predominant reactions are hydrolysis of the alkoxy groups, with the generation of the Si-OH groups and alcohol, in this case methanol. From 30 minutes, there is a large amount of silanols in the solution that tend to condense and form siloxane groups, which has this reaction accelerated from 60 minutes. Already, from 70-80 minutes, the reactions tend to decrease the kinetics, due to the absence of silanols and the hydrolysis / condensation process.


One of humankind's greatest natural resources is the electromagnetic spectrum and the antenna has been instrumental in harnessing this resource. The aim of the thesis is to Design and fabricate a coaxial fed rectangular Microstrip Antenna and study the effect of antenna dimensions Length (L), Width (W) and substrate parameters relative Dielectric constant (re), substrate thickness on Radiation parameters of Band width and Beam width. A Microstrip antenna consists of conducting patch on a ground plane separated by dielectric substrate. Low dielectric constant substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation. The conducting patch can take any shape but rectangular and circular configurations are the most commonly used configuration. Other configurations are complex to analyze and require heavy numerical computations. A Microstrip antenna is characterized by its Length, Width, Input impedance, and Gain and radiation patterns. The length of the antenna is nearly half wavelength in the dielectric; it is a very critical parameter, which governs the resonant frequency of the antenna. In view of design, selection of the patch width and length are the major parameters. The dielectric constant (permittivity) plays a major role in the overall performance of a patch antenna. It affects both the width, in turn the characteristic impedance and the length resulting in an altered resonant frequency. The Bandwidth of the patch antenna depends largely on the permittivity (er) and thickness of the dielectric substrate. Ideally, a thick dielectric, lower permittivity (er), low insertion loss is preferred for broadband purposes. Desired Patch antenna design is initially simulated by using IE3D simulator. And Patch antenna is realized as per design requirements. From the result I observed that the experimental antenna parameters are coinciding with simulated results. Beam width of a Microstrip element can be increased by choosing a smaller element, thus reducing W and L. For given resonant frequency, these dimensions may be changed by selecting a substrate having a higher relative permittivity.


It has been demonstrated in recent studies by that wars occurred with greater frequency in Europe in periods of cold climate over the past millennium, and food scarcity is the explanation. However, the issue of whether the climate-war relationship holds consistently across the European continent has been insufficiently explored. In the present study, we seek to advance the macroscopic understanding of the climate-war association in Europe via the statistical analysis of fine-grained paleo-climate and historical warfare data covering the period 1400–1999, with a specific focus on how regional geographic factors mediate the association. Our statistical results show that the climate-war correlation varied across Europe. At multi-centennial time-scale, temperature-war correlation was stronger in Eastern Europe, in part because of the region's greater dependence on agriculture and in part due to the region's prevailing continental climate. At multi-decadal to centennial time-scale, the temperature-war correlation in Europe was periodically distorted when population pressure was unleashed via a significant decline in the rate of population growth or through industrialization. Furthermore, the regional disparity in terms of population growth rate and pace of industrialization might be responsible for the diverse trends and trajectories of the temperature-war correlation in Eastern Europe and Western Europe. Our results may help to resolve some major controversies about the climate-conflict link.


There is a strong need for science-based risk assessment that utilizes known data from diverse sources to arrive at accurate assessments of human health risk. Such assessments will protect the public health without mandating unreasonable regulation. This paper utilizes 30 years of research on three "known human carcinogens": formaldehyde, vinyl chloride (VC), and ethylene oxide (EO), each of which forms DNA adducts identical to endogenous DNA adducts in all individuals. It outlines quantitative data on endogenous adducts, mutagenicity, and relationships between endogenous and exogenous adducts. Formaldehyde has the richest data set, with quantitative data on endogenous and exogenous DNA adducts from the same samples. The review elaborates on how such data can be used to inform the current risk assessment on formaldehyde, including both the biological plausibility and accuracy of projected risks. Finally, it extends the thought process to VC, EO, and additional areas of potential research, pointing out needs, nuances, and potential paths forward to improved understanding that will lead to strong science-based risk assessment.