More than a firth of the world's farmers live in India, which has over a billion inhabitants to support and feed. From Independence in 1947 to the lifting of trade barriers in 2001, this book explains how the Indian Union has succeeded in becoming one of the world's leading food producers, but also why it is still a land of poverty. The various aspects of the question are addressed, from the environment (cultural and natural, local and international) to institutions and food products. The ins and outs of the green revolution are obviously discussed, but so are those of other less familiar coloured revolutions (white for dairy, yellow for vegetable oils, blue for aquaculture), not forgetting horticultural and poultry dynamics, as well as products that give India its flavour (spices, tea and other plantation crops). Three core issues are debated at the end: the unsolved problem of poverty and under-nutrition, the worrying deterioration of natural resources, and the recent economic liberalization. This half-century review, which takes the form of a handbook fora broad readership, enlightens us on both the past and future paths of the world's biggest democracy. Table of contents: Introduction. 1. The natural and cultural heritage: Nature: from sandy desert to evergreen forest; Population: a melting pot; Government: between centralism and decentralization; Land: a focus for reform and conflict. Food: a cultural issue. 2. The tropical plantation: Spices and nuts: a taste of ancient India; Tea, coffee, tobacco: colonial plantations under state boards; Cotton: between agriculture and industry; Sugar cane: a green revolution flavour. 3. The green (cereals) revolution: The motive: to assert the independence of a young nation: - hunger in British India, - agriculture or industry? - the decisive crisis; The technical solution: a 'package' of three ingredients: - high-yielding seeds (hyv), - chemical fertilizers, - irrigation; The economic solution: procurement and redistribution: - procuring goods with attractive farm prices, - redistributing stocks to consumers at low prices, - collecting and distributing savings more efficiently; The reward: cereal self-sufficiency. 4. The Anand white and yellow floods: The white revolution of milk: recycling food aid: - getting up steam, - the liberalization circuit breakers; The yellow revolution of oilseeds: an impossible mission?: - the workings of the scandal, - Sam's oilcan, - business as usual. 5. The resurgence of vitamins and proteins: horticulture: a growing nursery: - a garden for middlemen, - a slow process, - a political ground; Animal protein: hatcheries and hindrances: - cattle meat: a world apart, - aviculture: soaring over cities, - fish and shellfish: fishing for currency. 6. The failure to eradicate poverty: A multitude of poverty alleviation programmes; Centralization, bureaucracy and corruption; Chronic poverty and under-nutrition. 7. The sacking of natural resources: The water war; Environmental damages; Endangered biodiversity. 8. Market liberalization: The jump into free-market economy (1991). The GATT agreements on agriculture (1994) and after: - domestic support: a missed opportunity for domestic reform, - export support: on the offensive, - market access: a comfortable reform; A huge market to satisfy (up to 2030). 9. Conclusion. Appendices


It is the aim of the research reported in this thesis to improve the product design effectiveness of small and medium sized electronics companies in the United Kingdom. It does so by presenting a methodology for use by such firms which will enable them to specify product design capabilities which are resilient to changes in their respective business environments. The research has not, however, concerned itself with the details of particular electronics component technologies or with the advantages of viU'ious CAD or CAE products, although these are both important aspects of any design capability. Nor is it concerned with the implemefllation of the product design. capability. The methodology, which represents a significant improvement on current practice, is a structured, company-driven approach which draws extensively upon the lessons of international design best practice. It uses well-proven tools and techniques to guide firms through the entire process of creating such capabilities from the development of an appropriate Mission Statement to the identification of cost effective and appropriate design system solutions which can readily be translated into action plans for improvement. The work emphasises the importance of adopting a holistic, systems.approach which acknowledges the interrelationship between the management of the design process, as well as its operational and supporting activities. The research has been structured around the experiences of companies which have implemented electronics design syste~s and which "own" the· problem in question, Hence, a research strategy was adopted which was based upon a case study approach and upon the development of close collaborative links with two leading design automation tool vendor companies. Case study interviews were undertaken in 18 U.K. and European electronics companies and in 11 U.S., Japanese and Korean electronics firms. The work proceeded in two distinct phases. Firstly, the author participated with other researchers to jointly develop a functional specification of an electronics designers' toolset to support the process of product design in an integrated manufacturing environment. The first phase provided the context for Phase 2, the development of the AGILITY methodology for specifying product design capabilities which represents the author's individual contribution. The contribution to knowledge made by the research lies in the creation of a process methodology which, for the first time, will help U.K. electronics companies to definefor themselves product design capabilities which are robust and which support their wider business objectives. No such methodology is currently available in a form which is both accessible and affordable to smaller firms. Furthermore, the author has uncovered no evidence of the existence of such a methodology even for use by large electronics firms. Validation of the methodology is subject to an ongoing process of feedback.


Many states have farm record associations which collect individual farm data. This data are used for research, extension, and teaching purposes. However, since membership in the associations is voluntary, the question arises whether the members are representative of the population of all farmers in that area. This study compares farm record data collected through the Southeastern and Southwestern Minnesota Farm Business Management Associations (FBMA) and data obtained through the USDA's Farm Costs and Returns Survey (FCRS). Both data sets were for 1987. By design, the FCRS survey is not subject to the self-selection bias that may occur in the FBMA data. The objectives of this study are to: (1) determine which farm characteristics are statistically the same in the FBMA and FCRS data, and (2) determine the farm size ranges in which FBMA farms are statistically representative of FCRS farms'. FBMA farms were not representative of all farms in their area. FBMA farms do not include small operations. Major differences exist in total tillable acreage, rented land and livestock production, especially hogs. These combined differences result in a substantial difference in net farm income between the two farm categories. However, the FBMA farms reflect FCRS farms' solvency conditions relatively well. FBMA farms were more similar to farms with sales exceeding $60,000 per year but differences still existed. Total acreage, total sales (especially sales of hogs), total expenses, and net farm income were significantly (p<.01) higher for FBMA farms. Even at higher sales levels, FBMA farms were characterized by a higher level of livestock production and a slightly larger tillable acreage mainly due to renting additional land. Economic performance measured by net farm income and returns to total assets and family labor also was significantly (p<.01) better for FBMA farms. So even though differences in assets, liabilities, and thus solvency positions were insignificant (p>.10), the economic performance of the FBMA farms appears to be better than FCRS farms even in larger sizes. On the basis of these findings, the FBMA data cannot be used to represent all farms or even all commercial farms. It does appear that FBMA farms can be used to represent larger farms with livestock. Thus, the FBMA data is not well-suited for estimation of economic relationships to be used in aggregate economic analyses of the agricultural sector.


The dithiadiazolyl radicals are a group of heterocyclic sulfur–nitrogen-containing neutral radicals. These molecules have received a great deal of attention due to their potential as building blocks for the development of molecular magnets and molecular conductors. Both magnetic and conducting properties are directly related to solid-state structure, and as a result dithiadiazolyl radicals have been the target of numerous systematic studies into the effects of molecular structure on crystal structure. This article will trace the advances in understanding of the factors affecting solid-state structure in this interesting class of molecules.


Incentive schemes that reward participants based on their relative performance are often thought to be particularly risk-inducing. Using a novel, real-effort task experiment in the laboratory, we find that the relationship between incentives and risk-taking is more nuanced and depends critically on the availability of information about peers' strategies and outcomes. Indeed, we find that when no peer information is available, relative rewards schemes are associated with significantly less risk-taking than non-competitive rewards. In contrast, when decision-makers receive information about their peers' actions and/or outcomes, relative incentive schemes are associated with more risk-taking than non-competitive schemes. The nature of the feedback—whether subjects receive information about peers' strategies, outcomes, or both—also affects risk-taking. We find no evidence that competitors imitate their peers when they face only feedback about other subjects' risk-taking strategies. However, decision-makers take more risk when they see the gaps between their performance score and their peers' scores grow. Combined feedback about peers' strategies and performance—from which subjects may assess the overall relationship between risk-taking and success—is associated with more risk-taking when rewards are based on relative performance; we find no similar effect for non-competitive rewards.


Considerable analytic attention has focused on interviewees' talk as 'accounts', or 'versions', rather than as direct reports of attitudes or perceptions. However, despite recognition of the 'co-construction of accounts', little analytic attention has been given to the interviewer as central in the production of the talk. With this attention, we are left with an analysis of some decontextualized-features-of-talk (or discourse/identities/narrative/repertoires/rhetoric). By contrast, this article argues that interviews are inherently social encounters, dependent on the local interactional contingencies in which the speakers draw from, and co-construct, broader social norms. Through a close reading of one published paper and extracts from an interview, I document how interviewees and interviewers work to construct themselves as certain types-of-people in relation to the topic of the interview and reflexively the interview itself. I then show how a prescription from some interview methods texts document an ideal about interview practices. The analysis of the interview extracts shows this ideal-in-practice (cf. Hester and Francis, 1994). I argue that whatever ideals are practised, no single practice will gain 'better data' than the other practices. The 'data' obtained are highly dependent on and emerge from the specific local interactional context which is produced in and through the talk (and concomitant identity work) of the interviewee and interviewer. An awareness of this local context of data production is central to analysing interview data whatever analytic stance is taken when analysing the data.


This paper analyzes the problem of Gaussian process (GP) bandits with deterministic observations. The analysis uses a branch and bound algorithm that is related to the UCB algorithm of (Srinivas et al., 2010). For GPs with Gaussian observation noise, with variance strictly greater than zero, (Srinivas et al., 2010) proved that the regret vanishes at the approximate rate of O(1/√t), where t is the number of observations. To complement their result, we attack the deterministic case and attain a much faster exponential convergence rate. Under some regularity assumptions, we show that the regret decreases asymptotically according to O(e-τt/(ln t)d/4) with high probability. Here, d is the dimension of the search space and τ is a constant that depends on the behaviour of the objective function near its global maximum.


Discourse analysis considers both language forms and language functions in social interactions. This field of study provides meaningful insights into how breakdowns in communication are overcome in language acquisition by comparing and analyzing how native speakers and foreign speakers use language socially. The purpose of this paper is to study the discourse analysis in free discussion classes in Iranian students and the methods for improving their conversation skills. This is a quantitative study that 50 teachers were selected randomly. The questionnaire was the instrument to collect the data, so the questionnaires were distributed among the teachers. In discourse analysis of conversations in free discussion classes, we have found three strategies that affect the students' conversation skills. Results suggest that the teachers believe that choosing topics by students, pair work tasks, and finding new methods for expanding the students' vocabulary knowledge by teachers affect the students' fluency and accuracy.


ABSTRACT This work investigates both autoignition and combustion characteristics in highly preheated and diluted combustion of a laminar premixed stoichiometric CH4/O2/N2 mixture in a cylindrical combustor operating at elevated pressures. The analysis was carried out for a range of operating parameters, including reactant preheat temperatures of 1100–1500 K, combustor pressures of 1-10 atm, and in a highly diluted mixture, achieved by decreasing the oxygen content in the oxidizer from 21% to 3% on volume basis. Simulations were conducted using the laminar premixed adiabatic PFR (plug flow reactor) model of Ansys Chemkin Pro. Two-dimensional pictorial representation was performed using the finite volume-based CFD code Ansys Fluent 19.2. Finite-rate chemistry with the detailed chemical mechanism GRI Mech 3.0 was used for combustion analysis. Results showed that OH and HCO mole fractions decreased with increasing combustor pressure and N2 dilution (or decreased O2 content), while the mole fractions increased with reactant temperature. It was also found that, by reducing the oxygen content in the mixture, the flame stabilized far away from the combustor inlet. In contrast, an increase in combustor pressure and reactant temperature stabilized the flame toward the combustor inlet. These flame stabilization characteristics at different locations of the combustor are explained in terms of ignition delay time, which were calculated using the closed homogenous reactor (CHR) model available in the Ansys Chemkin Pro package. The flame peak temperature decreased with increased N2 dilution and increased by increasing the reactant temperature. Moreover, the peak temperature varied marginally when the combustor pressure was increased. Finally, a regime diagram was prepared to show the various combustion modes, such as HiTAC, MILD combustion, and the no ignition region as a function of O2 content and reactant temperature for different operating pressures. The CO and NO emission were reduced with an increase in pressure in the MILD combustion region.


Introduction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) negatively affects patients' emotions. However, its effect on spouses' psychological well-being remains largely unknown. This study aimed to examine psychological morbidities and their associated factors among spouses of men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and ED.

Method
This cross-sectional study included 115 women recruited through their husbands who were patients at a selected government health clinic in Malaysia. A self-administered questionnaire containing the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 and items on health-related information, marital history, sexual history and perception of husband's ED was used to assess possible depression, anxiety and stress.

Results
The prevalence of psychological morbidities was 28.7% (depression=17.4%, anxiety=25.2% and stress=10.4%). Most respondents were middle-aged [median (interquartile range)=44.0 (11.0) years], were employed (55.7%) and had a low income (81.7%). About 47.0% of the spouses had a medical problem. The mean marriage duration was 18.7 (standard deviation=7.9) years. Almost all (90.4%) had sexual intercourse (SI) within the previous month. The majority had moderate-to-high interest in SI (72.2%) with a frequency of one to two times per week (69.6%). The majority (75.7%) did not perceive their husband as having ED. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that medical illness was significantly associated with anxiety (adjusted odds ratio=2.85, 95% confidence interval=1.11-7.29, P=0.029).

Conclusion
Psychological morbidities were present among the spouses of men with T2DM and ED. Psychological well-being was significantly affected by their medical illness. Despite their husband's ED, the women declared to have regular sexual relationships and did not perceive their husband as having erectile problems.


Background Although auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) or 'voices' present a debilitating symptom of schizophrenia, they can also be observed in healthy individuals in the general population. As the origin of AVH remains largely unknown, the aim of the present thesis was to shed more light on the neurobiological basis of this symptom. With this aim, the studies presented in this thesis investigated brain activation in relation to AVH. The first part of this thesis consists of state studies which investigated brain activation during the experience of AVH. The second part describes trait studies which focussed at comparing brain activation between individuals with and without AVH. These trait studies may reveal specific mechanisms predisposing a person to experience AVH. Methods To identify brain activation related to the state of AVH, participants were instructed to indicate the presence of AVH while functional MRI scans were acquired continuously. Using this set-up, the first study investigated brain activation during AVH and compared the resulting pattern of activation to brain activation during inner speech, in a group of psychotic patients. Subsequently, the second study investigated brain activation preceding AVH and the third study focussed on calculating the reliability of AVH-related brain activation in psychotic patients. In the fourth state study, brain activation during AVH was compared between psychotic patients and a group of healthy control subjects. In addition to these state studies, two trait studies were conducted in which language lateralization and resting state connectivity were compared between individuals who presented with AVH and a group of healthy control subjects. Results These studies showed that the state of AVH is related to activation in language regions. However, in contrast to normal inner speech, AVH primarily involved activation of right hemisphere instead of left hemisphere language regions. In addition, it was shown that shortly before patients experienced AVH, changes in brain activation could be observed in the left parahippocampal gyrus which fulfils an important role in memory retrieval. Moreover, it was found that brain activation during AVH could be considered reliable. Furthermore, the last state study showed that pyschotic patients and healthy individuals showed similar activation during the experience of AVH. The first trait study revealed that although psychotic patients display decreased language lateralization, this could not be observed in healthy individuals with AVH. Finally, the second trait study showed that healthy individuals with AVH display dysfunctional resting state connectivity within the language network and between language and memory regions. Conclusion From these studies it can be concluded that AVH may be initiated by spontaneous memory retrieval. This may lead to activation of language areas, as observed during the experience of AVH, which is likely to be related to the re-experience of the retrieved memory. The observation of dysfunctional connectivity of language and memory regions during resting state provides further support for the hypothesis that dysfunction of these regions underlies AVH. In addition, the finding of common areas of activation in psychotic patients and healthy individuals suggest that AVH represent a similar phenomenon in both groups.


The fishes of the family Leiognathidae form a well-defined group and are widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific, Though small in size, a few species form dense schools in
shallow regions, offering great potentialities for commercial exploitation. They are an important source of food and fish meal. The revision collates earlier literature, supplementing with original data based on
examination of fresh material of 18 species of the three genera, Leiognathus Lacepfede, Secutor Gistel and Gazza Ruppell from the seas around India and re-examination of types of some species. The characters mainly used by earlier authors to separate the species are the presence
or absence of scales on head and chest, number of lateral line scales and their posterior limit, and proportional measurements. Since scales are markedly small and deciduous, accurate counts are difficult to obtain. Proportional measurements show a great amount of overlap amongst species which, therefore, need to be used with discretion. While meristic counts are of little taxonomic value, colour pattern has been found useful in distinguishing at least groups of species, if not species. Beside giving detailed descriptions and keys, the revision assigns a place to every nominal genus and species, gives diagnoses for all genera and species arguing the case for synonymies with whatever detail the individual cases may demand. The species described here include two new records and one new species already reported by the author from the Seas around India.


This paper
discusses scenarios that occur in the delivery of the National Education
Program, focusing the debate on the Special Education teacher professionalism
especially teachers of Islamic Studies (IET). The objective of this study is to
propose solutions to issues and challenges of the teaching profession by
presenting a model of Special Education teacher as Murabbi. The term Murabbi is selected in this model as opposed to Mursyid, Mu'allim, Muaddib, and Mudarris, because Murabbi encompasses the concept of love which is very close to
special children as applied in this element. The findings of this study have
resulted a model teacher as Murabbi particularly in the context of special education. There are eight
characteristics of effective teachers as Murabbi contribute towards upholding the special education system of the country.


With the bigger number of cars on our roads every year, also the potential danger to die or get injured in road traffic increases. Most of these accidents are due to human error, while driver assistant systems like ESP help making traffic more safe. To increase this effect, advanced driver assistant systems are under development and a whole body of research is performed all over the world to enable autonomous driving on our roads. In this context in 2004 the work for this thesis was started focusing on the question on how to enable autonomous driving in dynamic traffic scenes, especially considering dynamic obstacles. An autonomous driving demonstrator was built that was a platform for research in the field of autonomous navigation in both structured on road environments and unstructured environments like parking lots. Driving among other traffic participants needs a deep understanding of their behaviors to predict their possible behaviors and act accordingly to ensure safe driving. The algorithms presented in this thesis where widely tested on the SmartTer vehicle at EPFL and ETH and during the preparation of the DARPA Urban Challenge entry of the Tartanracing Team at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. In the SPARC project (Secure Propulsion using Advanced Redundant Control) the experiences gained from autonomous driving research where also applied to advanced driver assistant systems and showed the strong link between autonomous driving and driver assistant systems.


Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases cause approximately 46% of total deaths in Ireland. These conditions can be preventable with lifestyle changes. By 2020 the number of deaths is expected to rise to over 195,000 people. With the aim, to develop teaching programs about CVD, it is important to assess young peoples' understanding of CVD.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based research study conducted in seven pharmacies in south Dublin. Customers aged between 18-30 were requested to take part in the study. Descriptive and variable provision multivariate analysis was used in information analysis.

Results: The least recognized symptom of a myocardial infarction was dyspnea (69%). The least recognized symptom of stroke was headache (65%). In terms of where young people obtain health information, 66% learned from doctors, while family members and the internet were the main source in 18% and 17%. 35% of young people believed weight was the most factor that increased your risk of cardiovascular disease while 22% believed smoking was most important.

Discussion: There was deficiencies in cardiovascular disease knowledge among young people, especially related to MI/Stroke.


This paper describes an integrated assessment framework for uncertainty studies in global and regional climate change. In this framework, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Integrated Global System Model (IGSM), an integrated assessment model that couples an earth system model of intermediate complexity to a human activity model, is linked to the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model (CAM). Since the IGSM-CAM incorporates a human activity model, it is possible to analyze uncertainties in emissions resulting from uncertainties intrinsic to the economic model, from parametric uncertainty to uncertainty in future climate policies. Another major feature is the flexibility to vary key climate parameters controlling the climate response: climate sensitivity, net aerosol forcing and ocean heat uptake rate. Thus, the IGSM-CAM is a computationally efficient framework to explore the uncertainty in future global and regional climate change due to uncertainty in the climate response and projected emissions. This study further presents 21st century simulations based on two emissions scenarios (unconstrained scenario and stabilization scenario at 660 ppm CO2-equivalent by 2100) and three sets of climate parameters. The chosen climate parameters provide a good approximation for the median, and the 5th and 95th percentiles of the probability distribution of 21st century climate change. As such, this study presents new estimates of the 90% probability interval of regional climate change for different emissions scenarios. These results underscore the large uncertainty in regional climate change resulting from uncertainty in climate parameters and emissions, and the statistical uncertainty due to natural variability.


We present a control architecture for fast quadruped locomotion over rough terrain. We approach the problem by decomposing it into many sub-systems, in which we apply state-of-the-art learning, planning, optimization and control techniques to achieve robust, fast locomotion. Unique features of our control strategy include: (1) a system that learns optimal foothold choices from expert demonstration using terrain templates, (2) a body trajectory optimizer based on the Zero-Moment Point (ZMP) stability criterion, and (3) a floating-base inverse dynamics controller that, in conjunction with force control, allows for robust, compliant locomotion over unperceived obstacles. We evaluate the performance of our controller by testing it on the LittleDog quadruped robot, over a wide variety of rough terrain of varying difficulty levels. We demonstrate the generalization ability of this controller by presenting test results from an independent external test team on terrains that have never been shown to us.


A cylindrical model of linear MHD instabilities in tokamaks is presented. In the model, the cylindrical plasma is surrounded by a vacuum which is divided into inner and outer vacuum areas by a conducting wall. Linearized resistivity MHD equations with plasma viscosity are adopted to describe our model, and the equations are solved numerically as an initial value problem. Some of the results are used as benchmark tests for the code, and then a series of equilibrium current profiles are used to simulate the bootstrap current profiles in actual experiments with a bump on tail. Thus the effects of these kinds of profiles on MHD instabilities in tokamaks are revealed. From the analysis of the numerical results, it is found that more plasma can be confined when the center of the current bump is closer to the plasma surface, and a higher and narrower current bump has a better stabilizing effect on the MHD instabilities.


We present PhySG, an end-to-end inverse rendering pipeline that includes a fully differentiable renderer, and can reconstruct geometry, materials, and illumination from scratch from a set of images. Our framework represents specular BRDFs and environmental illumination using mixtures of spherical Gaussians, and represents geometry as a signed distance function parameterized as a Multi-Layer Perceptron. The use of spherical Gaussians allows us to efficiently solve for approximate light transport, and our method works on scenes with challenging non-Lambertian reflectance captured under natural, static illumination. We demonstrate, with both synthetic and real data, that our reconstructions not only enable rendering of novel viewpoints, but also physics-based appearance editing of materials and illumination.


In this work the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) upon the heating process of an extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and a high oleic sunflower oil (SFO) was evaluated in real time by spectrometry. Two tests were carried out, in the first VOCs emitted from both kinds of oil were measured at room temperatures (not heated, NH) and at 180°C; in the second test, VOCs emission for selected masses were monitored under increasing temperatures over time: at room temperature not heated oils (NH), 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180°C, respectively. The spectra were acquired using a Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). The total VOCs emission increased at 180°C, determined both by the rise of the amount of compounds present in the NH samples and by the formation of new masses generated by oxidative chemical reaction from triglycerides and fatty acids. From the set of results it is evident that a good control of the temperatures can be useful in reducing the quantities of masses potentially harmful to health in human food.


Corpet and Pierre (D. E. Corpet and F. Pierre, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 12: xx-xx, 2003) have reviewed the prevention studies made with the azoxymethane rat and Min mouse colon cancer models, and have shown that many agents reduce the numbers of these experimental tumors. They suggest that agents with preventive activity with little or no toxicity should be evaluated in clinical intervention studies without delay. I think that the decision to proceed to a clinical trial is more complex, and involves an understanding of the safety of the agent and of the strength and consistency of the preclinical data. However, I am also impressed by the wide range of agents that have been found to affect the development of colon cancer in animals. This suggests that human colon cancer may be the consequence of many different dietary and lifestyle deficiencies, a view supported by the observation that normal mice develop colon cancer when fed diets deficient in several food components known to prevent tumors with the azoxymethane rat model [Newmark, H. L. et al., Carcinogenesis (Lond.), 22: 1871–1875, 2001]. There is a clear need to evaluate the preventive effects of additional combinations of these agents, identified perhaps from the Corpet and Pierre review (D. E. Corpet and F. Pierre, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 12: xx-xx, 2003), or from actual human high-risk diets. With diets that increase the risk of "spontaneous cancer" in hand, the stage would be set for assessing the most effective ways to reduce colon cancer risk, again first with animal studies, then clinical trials, and then perhaps population studies.


Scenes from Suburbia: Unreal Strategies for Real Change reimagines the suburbs as a "landscape of dreams" in order to develop an alternate vision – for intrinsically the suburbs are tied to dreams of homeownership and community. Illustrations and short narratives informed by surrealism and speculative imagination provide the tools through which to investigate possible new futures for the paradigmatic suburb. In a realm between practicality and fantastical vision, these depictions strive to reveal the suburbs' latent potential to become relational landscapes providing dwellers with orientation in the world, and a sense of connection to community, city, and environment. Reimagining the suburbs infuses everyday life for suburban residents with delight and surprise.


The strength of electronic correlation effects in the spin-dependent electronic structure of ferromagnetic bcc Fe(110) has been investigated by means of spin and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The experimental results are compared to theoretical calculations within the three-body scattering approximation and within the dynamical mean-field theory, together with one-step model calculations of the photoemission process. This comparison indicates that the present state of the art many-body calculations, although improving the description of correlation effects in Fe, give too small mass renormalizations and scattering rates thus demanding more refined many-body theories including nonlocal fluctuations.


This study had the task of comparing and measuring the scores of sports athletes of different demands raised here, the basketball and athletics, in varying bioperacionais. Thirty (N = 30) athletes of the masculine gender were selected, with age between 13 and 16 years, 15 basketball athletes and 15 athletes velocitys. The variables overall coordination, cinestesic perception and reaction time , were measured by means of tests that were applied in the following order, Burpee test; Jump Cinestesic Perception and test the reaction time. Data from the testing procedures were processed and analyzed in the program SSPS 10. In the version used to the descriptive means and standard deviations for the two times of testing. In statistical inference used to test the "t" student. The test of the hypothesis of the study was to reference the value of alpha p<0.05. The basketball athletes were pointed to have a better score in this variable. The results pointed to the reaction time of driving as the variable that has obtained statistical significance between the groups.


3rd trimester ultrasound and birthweight equal or above 30 percentiles. We included singleton-pregnancies with EFW≥p40 on the ultrasound performed in our centre, that delivered after 34 weeks. Electronic fetal monitoring was performed throughout all labour, and whenever asked regional analgesia. The primary outcome was the need of instrumental or Caesarean delivery due to non-reassuring fetal status (NRFS). Secondary outcomes were: neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission; Apgar score at 5th minute <7; fetal death or neonatal death. Results: During the study period, 90 cases met the inclusion criteria: 17 cases in the study group and 73 cases in the control group. Median percentile at 3rd trimester ultrasound was 62 (40–98) and birth occurred at 39 (35.4–41.5) weeks. Median percentile at birth was 60 (1–100). Although it was not significantly different, the needed for instrumental or Caesarean delivery for NRFS was higher in the decelerated growth group (p-value 0.451). There were no differences between groups regarding secondary outcomes. Conclusions: In our study, decelerated growth was not associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. The small sample and its retrospective nature are the main limitations of our study.


Information and communication technology (ICT) plays an increasingly important role in delivering healthcare today. Healthcare professionals, including consultants, doctors and nurses, are engaged in what is seen as a radical action plan for improving the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK. A major focus of this plan is the greater empowerment of the patient, and providing them with more information about their health needs and care. Information and communication technology has the potential to effectively support the complexities involved in the communication that takes place both amongst healthcare workers themselves and between healthcare workers and their patients in both primary and secondary care both in the UK and elsewhere. This paper explores the challenges involved in human interaction and describes how AIDMAN, a clinical information system, allows for richer communication between the patient and those involved in their health.


A short-chain analogue of galactosylceramide (6-NBD-amino-hexanoyl-galactosylceramide, C6-NBD-GalCer) was inserted into the apical or the basolateral surface of MDCK cells and transcytosis was monitored by depleting the opposite cell surface of the analogue with serum albumin. In MDCK I cells 32% of the analogue from the apical surface and 9% of the analogue from the basolateral surface transcytosed to the opposite surface per hour. These numbers were very similar to the flow of membrane as calculated from published data on the rate of fluid-phase transcytosis in these cells, demonstrating that C6-NBD-GalCer acted as a marker of bulk membrane flow. It was calculated that in MDC K I cells 155 lxm 2 of membrane transcytosed per cell per hour in each direction. The fourfold higher percentage transported from the apical surface is explained by the apical to basolateral surface area ratio of 1:4. In MDCK II cells, with an apical to basolateral surface ratio of 1:1, transcytosis of C6-NBD-GalCer was 25 % per hour in both directions. Similar numbers were obtained from measuring the fraction of endocytosed C6-NBD-GalCer that subsequently transcytosed. Under these conditions lipid leakage across the tight junction could be excluded, and the vesicular nature of lipid transcytosis was confirmed by the observation that the process was blocked at 17°C. After insertion into one surface of MDCK II cells, the glucosylceramide analogue C6-NBD-GlcCer randomly equilibrated over the two surfaces in 8 h. C6-NBD-GalCer and -GlcCer transcytosed with identical kinetics. Thus no lipid selectivity in transcytosis was observed. Whereas the mechanism by which MDCK cells maintain the different lipid compositions of the two surface domains in the absence of lipid sorting along the transcytotic pathway is unclear, newly synthesized C6NBD-GIcCer was preferentially delivered to the apical surface of MD CK II cells as compared with C6-NBD-


The paper examines various pattern of the articles published in the Indian journals of top ten Universities of Odisha for the period of 2004 to 2016 and expose the results for the publications through bibliometric analysis. The paper represents the bibliometric analysis of the journal in order to evaluate the growth pattern of research productivity published in Indian journals. It explains and presents an analysis of 1858 research papers published in the Top ten universities of Odisha downloaded from Scopus online database. The study aims to analyzing research output cover mainly the number of articles, authorship pattern, subject wise distribution of articles, average number of references per articles, forms of documents cited, year wise distribution of cited journals etc. All the studies point towards the merits and weakness of the journal which will be helpful for its further development of Indian journals research output. The prediction of the authors gives a contribution to the area of LIS research by assisting the researchers, librarians and professionals as a whole.


Agent Communication Languages (ACLs) have been developed to provide a way for agents to communicate with each other supporting cooperation in Multi-Agent Systems. In the past few years many ACLs have been proposed for Multi-Agent Systems, such as KQML and FIPA-ACL. The goal of these languages is to support high-level, human like communication among agents, exploiting Knowledge Level features rather than symbol level ones. Adopting these ACLs, and mainly the FIPA-ACL specifications, many agent platforms and prototypes have been developed. Despite these efforts, an important issue in the research on ACLs is still open and concerns how these languages should deal (at the Knowledge Level) with possible failures of agents. Indeed, the notion of Knowledge Level cannot be straightforwardly extended to a distributed framework such as MASs, because problems concerning communication and concurrency may arise when several Knowledge Level agents interact (for example deadlock or starvation). The main contribution of this Thesis is the design and the implementation of NOWHERE, a platform to support Knowledge Level Agents on the Web. NOWHERE exploits an advanced Agent Communication Language, FT-ACL, which provides high-level fault-tolerant communication primitives and satisfies a set of well defined Knowledge Level programming requirements. NOWHERE is well integrated with current technologies, for example providing full integration
for Web services. Supporting different middleware used to send messages, it can be adapted to various scenarios. In this Thesis we present the design and the implementation of the architecture, together with a discussion of the most interesting details and a comparison with other emerging
agent platforms. We also present several case studies where we discuss the benefits of programming agents using the NOWHERE architecture, comparing the results with other solutions. Finally, the complete source code of the basic examples can be found in appendix.


Cloud computing model provides global and ondemand access to resources in a seamless manner with minimal interaction with the service provider. A typical cloud data center consists of several computational resources interconnected with each other through high-speed networks. In cloud the program execution can be visualized as a collection of multiple tasks represented by Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) that execute in their logical sequence. Prioritization of these tasks plays an important role to achieve high performance and improved efficiency in a cloud environment. In this paper, we propose a novel task scheduling algorithm named Median Deviation based Task Scheduling (MDTS), which uses Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) of the Expected Time to Compute (ETC) of a task as a major attribute to calculate ranks of the given tasks. We use coefficient-of-variation (COV) based technique that considers task and machine heterogeneity to estimate the ETC of a particular DAG. The proposed algorithm is evaluated under various conditions using synthetic DAGs and real world applications. Our evaluation shows that the proposed MDTS algorithm produces high quality schedules and significantly reduces the makespan of an application by up to 25.01%.


Non-compaction cardiomyopathy is a rare disease, anatomically characterized by a prominent trabecular pattern and deep intertrabecular recesses. Its clinical manifestations include severe left ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias, systemic embolism, and sudden death. In this report, two cases of patients of different ages with non-compaction cardiomyopathy are described: a male schoolboy whose pathology was associated with mitral stenosis and regurgitation and a 50-year-old female with history of high blood pressure and cardiac failure.


Until recently, 'Eyres Green' was the only commercial cultivar of oldman saltbush available for forage planting and landscape rehabilitation. 'Eyres Green' is believed to be a clonal cultivar of the ecologically and economically important octoploid dioecious species Atriplex nummularia (Lindl.), but its actual identity is unknown. The genetic relationship of the 'Eyres Green' clonal cultivar to the two subspecies A. nummularia ssp. nummularia and A. nummularia ssp. spathulata (Aellen) was assessed using nuclear microsatellite markers, principal coordinate analysis and Bayesian clustering. 'Eyres Green' clustered with ssp. nummularia in all analyses, suggesting that the cultivar was derived from an individual of this subspecies, probably from the north-eastern part of the subspecies' distribution in eastern Australia. Atriplex species are dioecous and substantially wind-pollinated. Plants of the 'Eyres Green' cultivar are female, so risk of genetic contamination from initial plantings is low, but could occur if plantings within pollination distance of natural populations set seed and establish male plants that subsequently become a source of pollen contamination.


Purpose : Women have been often underdiagnosed and undertreated when they have as high mortality as men of ischemic heart disease, such as angina. One of the reasons of women's under treatment is associated with either vague, non-traditional symptoms or longer delay in seeking professional help when they experience ischemic heart disease. This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of women's anginal pain induced by the treadmill test and to explore the potential relationship(s) between anginal pain and other psycho-physiologic factors. Method : Of 22 female patients referred to treadmill test, 7 with positive finding participated in this study. Anginal pain in the past was analyzed by Rose Questionnaire, whereas anginal pain induced by the treadmill test was identified by McGill pain scale, visual analogue scale and present pain index. Results : Women expressed more heaviness than sharp pain, and complained splitting more often than subjects in previous study that included both men and women. Pain intensity by VAS 3.64±3.94, Pain rating index was 5.14±7.29, present pain index was 1.57±1.81, duration of pain was 5.14±4.8 min. Exercise intensity was 6.0±4.63 METs, exercise duration was 364.29±141.39 sec, ST change was -2.0mm and rate of perceived exertion was 16.29±2.06. The relationships between pain intensity and pain duration, ST segment changes were significant. Correlation among pain measures was significant. Conclusion : Generalization of these pilot findings may be inappropriate, and therefore, further larger study is needed.


: Kraft lignin is an abundantly available and largely underutilized renewable material with potential for production of biobased fuels and chemicals. This study reports the results of a series of slurry hydroprocessing experiments with the aim of converting solid Kraft lignin to liquid products suitable for downstream refining in more conventional reactors. Experiments reported in this study were conducted by feeding a lignin slurry to an already hot, liquid-filled reactor to provide momentaneous heating of the lignin to the reaction temperature. This modified batch procedure provided superior results compared to the regular batch experiments, likely since unwanted repolymerization and condensation reactions of the lignin during the heating phase was avoided, and was therefore used for most of the experiments reported. Experiments were performed using both an unsupported Mo-sulfide catalyst and Fe-based catalysts (bauxite and hematite) at varied reaction temperatures, pressures, and catalyst loadings. The use of Mo-sulfide (0.1% Mo of the entire feed mass) at 425 ° C and 50 bar resulted in complete conversion of the Kraft lignin to nonsolid products. Very high conversions (>95%) could also be achieved with both sulfided bauxite or hematite at the same temperature and pressure, but this required much higher catalyst loadings (6.25% bauxite or 4.3% hematite of the total feed mass), and around 99% conversion could be achieved at higher temperatures but at the expense of much higher gas yields. Although requiring much higher loadings, the results in this study suggest that comparatively nonexpensive Fe-based catalysts may be an attractive alternative for a slurry-based process aimed at the hydroconversion of solid lignin to liquid products. Possible implementation strategies for a slurry-based hydroconversion process are proposed and


A DNA fragment encoding the sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase component of the Streptococcus mutans phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sucrose phosphotransferase system has been recovered from a plasmid-based genomic library of strain GS5. The locus, designated scrB, was found to reside within a 2.9-kilobase-pair restriction fragment present on the chimeric molecule pVA1343 (7.3 kilobase pairs). Minicell analysis of pVA1343-directed translation products revealed that the scrB product synthesized in Escherichia coli V1343 was a single peptide of Mr 57,000. This polypeptide was reactive with antiserum prepared against S. mutans intracellular invertase, which has been previously shown to have an Mr of 43,000 to 48,000. The basis of this difference in Mr was not established but may represent a posttranslational proteolytic event which occurred in S. mutans but not in recombinant V1343. Sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase purified to homogeneity from V1343 exhibited Michaelis constants of 180 mM for sucrose and 0.08 mM for sucrose-6-phosphate. Deletion analysis of pVA1343 facilitated the assignment of a coding region for the hydrolase within the insert, as well as an orientation for the transcription of scrB. scrB-defective strains of S. mutans constructed by additive integration of an insertionally inactivated scrB locus exhibited the sucrose sensitivity characteristic of this mutant class. Similar loci were detected by DNA-DNA hybridization in additional strains of S. mutans and two strains of Streptococcus cricetus, but not in single strain representatives of S. rattus, S. sobrinus, S. sanguis I and II, S. salivarius, or S. mitis.


The famous Madhyamaka philosopher Nāgārjuna has a very special way of arguing against his opponent: he often argues and concludes that a certain thesis of his opponent should be rejected while at the same time denies that he has therefore endorsed the negation of the thesis of his opponent. This special way of argumentation had a tremendous influence upon later Indian Buddhist philosophers but has invoked two different interpretations, the Prāsaṅgika and the Svātantrika, about what exactly this special way of arguments is. While Svātantrika proposes that one should establish full hetuvidya syllogisms in accord with the ultimate truth to rebut opponents, Prāsaṅgika proposes that the only legitimate Madhyamaka way of argumentation is to deny opponents' theses by merely indicating their absurdities. Strikingly, both Svātantrika and Prāsaṅgika emphasize that the negation used in the Madhyamaka arguments should be prasajyapratiṣedha. In this paper, the authors explore how Bhāviveka and Candrakīrti, two representors of Svātantrika and Prāsaṅgika respectively, had different understandings of prasajyapratiṣedha. Based on textual evidences and philosophical analysis, the authors argue that while Bhāvivek's way of using prasajyapratiṣedha in a Svātantrika argument would commit him to a certain conclusion, Candrakīrti's way of using prasajyapratiṣedha in a Prāsaṅgika argument would not have the same effect. From a rational reconstruction, the authors then propose that a Mādhyamika, one who advocates Madhyamaka ideas, should simply reject his opponent's thesis by drawing absurdity from it and should at the same time refrain from making any conclusion, and therefore the Prāsaṅgika interpretation is the right Nāgārjuna way of argumentation as shown in Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. In the end, based on Prāsaṅgika way of argumentation, the authors will provide a formal regimentation of Nāgārjuna's rebuttal. 1 This paper was supported by Harvard Yenching Institute and through New Partnership Program for the Connection to the Top Labs in the World by Ministry of Science and Technology, grant no. 106-2911-1-010-512.


Amidst multiple reinforcing social and ecological crises dominant development agencies are discursively shifting the place and role of agriculture from the periphery to the center of the development agenda. While development discourse is touting the role of smallholder agriculture in supporting development processes and multifunctional agriculture to meet sustainability objectives, the different framings of problems and solutions between the World Development Report 2008 (World Bank 2008) and the International Assessment of Agriculture Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD 2008) are exposing contradictions and tensions within dominant development discourse. This thesis explores the ways in which the reframing of agriculture as a response to food, energy, and climate crises is being constituted within and external to development discourses, and the potentials for an alternative development. I argue that we are, indeed, in a moment of transition in which the epistemic tensions within development discourse are providing space for a radical shift in how agriculture is conceptualized (and practiced) vis-à-vis food, energy, and climate crises, providing an opportunity for social movements advocating food and fuel sovereignty to flourish within the interstices of the competing visions of agriculture in development discourse. In conclusion, I explore how the discursive and political interventions of the food sovereignty movement, in a moment of declining confidence in agro-industrial food and energy systems, is reformulating the original agrarian question and establishing food sovereignty as the basis for development alternatives. In this transitional moment agrarian social movements are reclaiming the political subjectivity of peasant agriculture grounded on the social and ecological benefits of peasant agrecological practices and knowledges.


Resistance spot welding (RSW) was applied to non-combustible magnesium alloy, AX41 (Mg-4%Al-1%Ca) to investigate its weldability. The similar material joint of AX41 and dissimilar materials joint between AX41 and aluminum alloy, AA6061 were welded. Tensile shear test was carried out to evaluate joining strength in the similar and dissimilar materials RSW joints. In case of similar material joints, the maximum load obtained with tensile shear test in AX41 similar material joint was higher than that obtained in AA6061 similar material joint. Moreover, higher maximum load was obtained in a similar material joint without surface polishing compared to joint welded with surface polishing in AX41. In case of the dissimilar materials joint, the maximum load obtained was almost comparable with AX41 similar material joint, however scatter in joint strength was large. Weldability of the dissimilar materials joint became poor by applying surface polishing.


OBJECTIVE This study compared bone health in youth with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease (CD) versus type 1 diabetes alone. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a case-control study of 42 youth with coexisting type 1 diabetes and CD and 40 with type 1 diabetes matched for age, sex, diabetes duration, and HbA1c. Bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and BMC-to-lean tissue mass (LTM) ratio were measured using DXA and reported as z-scores for height. Total, trabecular, and cortical bone and muscle parameters were measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and reported as z-scores for age. RESULTS Mean age at assessment was 14.3 ± 3.1 years; diabetes duration, 8.0 ± 3.5 years; HbA1c, 8.2 ± 1.5% (66 ± 5 mmol/mol); and 25-hydroxy vitamin D, 71 ± 21 nmol/L. Comparing youth with coexisting CD versus type 1 diabetes alone, DXA showed lower BMC-to-LTM ratio (0.37 ± 1.12 vs. 0.73 ± 2.23, P = 0.007) but no difference in total BMD. Youth with coexisting CD also had lower BMC-to-LTM ratio versus the general population (P = 0.04). Radial pQCT showed lower total BMC (−0.92 ± 1.40 vs. −0.26 ± 1.23, P = 0.03) despite similar bone and muscle cross-sectional area. In multivariable linear regression, lower BMC was associated with higher insulin dose (P = 0.03) but not HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS Youth with both type 1 diabetes and CD have lower BMC relative to LTM and lower BMC, indicating abnormal trabecular and cortical bone development despite similar bone and muscle size. These findings suggest that the two conditions confer a lower bone turnover state. We recommend further examination of bone health in this population; future research should examine early interventions to improve bone health.


The mismatch between the supply and demand of rental apartments in Switzerland represents an obstacle to the transition towards a more sustainable society. The difficulty for the housing providers to accommodate the fast societal change of the demand brings about an increase in vacancies and, to minimize investment risks, a resistance to innovation in the building sector. In this context, understanding the determinants of tenants' residential mobility and location choice becomes key to designing and promoting sustainable housing. In this paper we present a new interdisciplinary framework for the decision-making process of tenants. To do so, we elucidate the main parameters of the decisions to move and where to move, based on literature review and a group discussion in the Swiss canton of Vaud with the tenants of the two housing providers SCHL and Swiss Mobiliar. We find that the desired housing function determines the tenants' housing selection. We observe that this desired function changes according to the type of trigger that pushes tenants to move. Additionally, we elicit the potential sustainability implications of the housing functions in the Swiss context. We conclude that the framework can serve as a starting point for rethinking sustainable interventions in the housing sector.


This study was carried out to determine the combined effects of recommended production technologies and farmer characteristics on coffee profitability at the farm level in Embu County, Kenya, using the profit function approach. Data were collected using semi structured questionnaires from a sample of 376 farmers who were randomly selected from six cooperative societies, using multistage stratified and probability proportional to size sampling techniques. Primary data on level of adoption of production technologies, level of usage of farm inputs, factor prices, coffee output and farmer demographics were collected. The data were entered in Excel sheets for initial analysis and tabulation then coded for primary analysis of the combined effect using the Profit function model. The results revealed that adoption of the recommended coffee varieties and rate of manure application were positive and significant in affecting coffee profitability at 5% level of significance. However, capping of coffee stems (bearing heads) had a significant negative effect on coffee profitability. Other factors that were found to have a significant negative influence on coffee profitability were the price of manure and foliar fertilizer. Surprisingly, increasing the wage rate had a significant positive influence on coffee profitability. These results portrayed that there is potential of increasing coffee profitability in the study area through adoption of the improved coffee varieties and recommended rates of manure as well as stabilizing factor prices of key inputs. In addition, paying a higher wage rate would act as an incentive and motivation for increased productivity hence increased coffee net returns.

 Key words: Input, coffee variety, manure rate, capping, marginal product, marginal value product, Profit function.


In mobile wireless IP networking domains (i.e., MANETs), the network topology may be frequently changing due to node mobility. Under such network dynamics, simulation has shown that the OSPF routing protocol performs poorly (e.g., increased overhead and data loss), but can be modified with dasiaMANET extensionspsila to better its performance. To provide complementary validation of these observations, this paper separately measures the routing protocol overhead generated by OSPF and its MANET extensions due to node mobility using an emulation testbed. The networking experiments were constructed using several off-the-shelf Linux workstations interconnected by Ethernet. Several modeling efforts were necessary to represent the network under testpsilas partial mesh connectivity, wireless interfaces, and node mobility on the immobile, non-wireless testbed. To validate these modeling efforts, the experimental results from the emulation testbed were cross-validated against OPNET simulation. For networks under test of increasing size, our emulation (and simulation) testing showed that the MANET extensions to OSPF consistently exhibited lower amounts of routing protocol overhead, and lower growth trends, when compared to OSPF. Our emulated results reaffirm previous simulation efforts.


In this session, the panel members will be confronted with two practical cases of problem situations in global software development projects. They will be asked to advise the protagonists of the cases, and to indicate if, and if so how, they have made use of the concept of culture in their advice. The panelists are people who are familiar with cross-cultural issues at many levels, through research work and experience. They receive the cases in advance. The aim of the session is to experience how culture can or cannot be used in IS practice, and to investigate what this implies for IS research. The concept of culture is widely used in the field of IS research in the network era, and the word "culture" crops up in titles of publications, panels, and conferences. But what does it mean? And how useful is it? Is it a chimaera that we IS researchers could do without? This panel assembles persons who have been working with the concept of culture in the domain of Information Systems. The panel will explore what meanings have been assigned to the concept of culture and how important these meanings are for IS researchers. The aim is not to establish what culture "is" in an absolute sense, but to investigate how the IS community can best use it. The panel starts with a working definition of culture as that which distinguishes one group of people from another. "That which distinguishes" might be values, symbols, rituals or heroes, or any kind of practice. "One group" might be an ethnic group, a nation, the members of an organization, those of a profession, a social class, or any other group, e.g. Web users. Two (unpublished) cases of actual and current events in multi-culture settings will be briefly introduced by the panel chair and interpreted by the panelists. Here are abbreviated versions of the cases.


Background: Most of the hanging cases are considered as suicidal until the homicidal and accidental are proved, because both homicidal and accidental hanging are rare. In these cases a careful forensic examination plays an important role to determine the ante mortem character of the lesion and to exclude causes of hanging other than suicidal hanging. Aim: This study we carried to know the internal and external examination findings among hanging cases. Methods: Hanging deaths with external neck injuries along with ligature mark were included in this study. In this study a total of 60 cases of deaths due to hanging, was subjected to medico legal autopsy. Results: Majority of the cases were observed in the age group of 21-40 years i.e., 41 (69.4%) out of 59 hanging deaths. Out of 59 deaths, 32 (54.2%) were females and 27 (45.7%) were males. Among neck structure injuries, majority of hanging cases had rupture / contusion of sternocleidomastoid and other strap muscles of neck, it was 57.6%. 33.8% cases had carotid intimal tear, 5% cases showed hyoid bone fracture and 3.3% thyroid cartilage. No fractures noted in Cricoid cartilage and cervical vertebra. Conclusion: Social awareness, problem solving and family support of most common age group is extremely necessary.


Component based software development (CBD) reduces development time and effort by allowing systems to be built from pre-developed reusable components. A classical approach to reduce embedded systems design and run-time complexity is to partition the behavior into a set of major system modes. In supporting system modes in CBD, a key issue is seamless composition of multi-mode components into systems.
 In addressing this issue, we have developed a mode switch logic and algorithm for component-based multi-mode systems. In this paper we introduce timing analysis for our composable mode switch.


BACKGROUND
Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer. Diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma and detection of micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes pose diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas for the dermatopathologist and clinician.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this article is to determine the utility of immunohistochemistry using antibodies specific for microphthalmia in the identification of melanocytic lesions in the skin, eye, central nervous system, and sentinel lymph nodes.

METHODS
Paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed specimens of cutaneous melanoma, including amelanotic melanoma and lentigo maligna melanoma, were stained with antibodies specific for microphthalmia. In addition, paraffin sections of extracutaneous lesions, including sentinel lymph nodes, uveal melanoma, and central nervous system melanocytomas, were stained with the specific microphthalmia antibody.

RESULTS
All cutaneous melanomas stained positively with microphthalmia, as did uveal melanomas and central nervous system melanocytomas. These findings confirm the melanocytic origin of melanocytomas and uveal melanomas and demonstrate that microphthalmia staining can be used to establish melanocytic origin of neoplasms. In addition, micrometastases were easily detected in sentinel lymph nodes.

CONCLUSION
Microphthalmia transcription factor immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool in the identification of melanocytic lesions in numerous sites. Use of this stain may facilitate detection of micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes.


Orogenic peridotite occurs as a megaboudin structurally juxtaposed with smaller boudined masses of corona troctolite, skarn, and garnet amphibolite in metasedimentary rocks of the Yukon‐Tanana Terrane, Yukon. The peridotite shows well‐developed plagioclase coronae on spinel and records cooling from ∼1000° to 600°C and decompression across the spinel‐plagioclase peridotite facies boundary at ∼0.7 GPa. The troctolite boudins record cooling to 850°C through the same facies reaction at ∼0.8 GPa. In an aureole surrounding the peridotite body, the mainly quartzofeldspathic country rock contains leucosome with garnet, orthopyroxene, and sillimanite formed from breakdown of biotite, which records temperatures of ∼900°C at pressures of at least 0.7 GPa. Exhumation of the peridotite body from the mantle during rifting of continental lithosphere at least 25 km thick subjected continental margin metasediments to conditions above the fluid‐absent metapelite solidus. The contrasting strength of upper mantle and crustal lithologies during extension may explain the structural juxtaposition and boudinage of upper mantle peridotite and troctolite on various scales. The Os isotopic compositions of the peridotite body show that it represents either relatively young mantle lithosphere with an age only slightly older than the Devonian metasedimentary rocks in which it is hosted or mantle that is metasomatized in the same events related to rifting. The rocks in the study area bear striking similarities to those in and surrounding the Zabargad (Red Sea) and Ronda (Spain) peridotite massifs and are interpreted to have formed in an Early Paleozoic preoceanic rift. Other enigmatic mantle tectonite occurrences in continental margin metasediments in Yukon and Alaska may have a similar origin.


We report, for the first time to our knowledge, the passively Q-switched laser performance of the Yb:YAl3(BO3)4 crystal operating at ~1 mum with a Cr4+:YAG crystal used as the saturable absorber. Employing a compact plano-concave resonator end pumped by a high-power diode, we obtained by using a 2 mm thick alpha -cut crystal a sigma-polarized average output power of 4.15 W at 1041.3 nm with optical-to-optical and slope efficiencies as high as 48.3% and 59%, respectively. The Q-switched output power generated with the c-cut crystal (2 mm thick) was lower due to the crystal inhomogeneity: 3.15 W with a slope efficiency of 48%. The highest pulse energy, shortest pulse duration and highest peak power achieved with the a- and c-cut crystals were found to be nearly identical, being 139 muJ, 18 ns, and 7.33 kW, respectively.


Zinc oxide (ZnO) has a wide band gap, high stability and a high thermal operating range that makes it a suitable material as a semiconductor for fabricating light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes, photodiodes, power diodes and other semiconductor devices. Recently, a new crystal growth for producing ZnO crystal boules was developed, which was physical vapor transport (PVT), at temperatures exceeding 1500 °C under a certain system pressure. ZnO crystal wafers in sizes up to 50 mm in diameter were produced. The conditions of ZnO crystal growth, growth rate and the quality of ZnO crystal were analyzed. Results from crystal growth and material characterization are presented and discussed. Our research results suggest that the novel crystal growth technique is a viable production technique for producing ZnO crystals and substrates for semiconductor device applications.


In Andean high montane areas, the establishment of exotic tree forests changes the soil dynamics and its biodiversity. Soil macrofauna act as indicators of ecosystem successional processes, and may have an important role in ecological restoration processes after clear cutting exotic tree plantations. The aim of the present study was to understand how soil macrofaunal assemblies change in areas with different ages post clear cutting of Pinus patula, and to identify the soil physico-chemical variables that better explain these variations. The macrofauna in a high montane forest was evaluated along with that of three areas with different ages post clearcutting: 0, 2.5, and 5 years after clearcutting (Yac). The effect of soil physico chemical variables on macrofauna abundance was also evaluated. Macrofauna composition changed after clearcutting. Macrofauna abundance, richness, and diversity were lower in the 0 Yac area than in the other areas. Moreover, the macrofuna similarity to the reference forest did not increase with the years after clearcutting. This is due to the changes in soil characteristics, triggered by clearcutting. Slope, temperature, bulk density, real density, loam, pH, P, Na and K were the soil variales with a positive effect on the macrofauna abundance. These physico-chemical variables should be considered when designing restoration plans for Andean forest ecosystems. Moreover, Diplopoda, Coleoptera and Chilopoda might be useful to monitor and evaluate restoration processes after Pinus spp. clearcutting, because of their high abundance, diversity and relationship with environmental conditions.


Female occupational segregation at work place limits the growth opportunities for women in Pakistan. Social and cultural patterns make the male managers to perceive women as weak creatures, less capacitated to handle the stress at work place. These sets of perception also lead to the unequal distribution of resources between male and female and also impede the growth opportunities for women in Pakistan. Indeed gender inequality is one of the arguments underlying the support for female at workforce throughout the world, but the fact is that the females have the potential to contribute to economic performance of the organization. This paper aims at exploring various dimensions of the corporate social responsibility phenomenon to see the possibilities of linking the concept dimensions to strengthening the women's position both professionally and socially which eventually may result in the overall socio-economic development of the country.


Despite Australia being heavily reliant on foreign oil, with some 80% of transport fuel coming from overseas crude oil or imported fuel, it is surprising that it does not currently have a well-developed oil policy. This article makes a case for why Australia should have a well-developed oil policy and argues that the policy should recognise and respond to Australia's high reliance on overseas crude oil or imported fuel. In this context, the article critically examines the role of motor vehicle taxes in shaping Australia's oil policy. It is submitted that the current motor vehicle taxes in Australia are not based on sound environmental tax principles, namely the precautionary principle and the polluter-pays principle, and therefore there is a need to reform motor vehicle taxes in Australia. It is also submitted that existing motor vehicle taxes are not high enough to effect behavioural changes on motorists' choice of motor vehicle and have little impact on the sustainability of oil as these taxes were mainly designed with the specific objective of raising revenue. Consequently, existing motor vehicle taxes have not halted the increase in demand for larger cars, including sports utility vehicles that consume more oil. Against this background, the article proposes a framework for motor vehicle tax reform and then offers some concluding comments.


This study focused on the water distribution in human stratum corneum and on the swelling of the corneocytes. For this purpose stratum corneum was hydrated to various levels and used either for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy or for cryo-scanning electron microscopy. The images were analyzed with respect to water localization and cell shape. The Fourier transform infrared spectra were measured to study the water-lipid interactions. The results show that water only slightly changes the lipid transitions in the stratum corneum even at a hydration level of 300% wt/wt compared to stratum corneum and that water is inhomogeneously distributed in the stratum corneum. No gradual increase in water level was observed in depth. At 57%-87% wt/wt water content the hydration level in the central part of stratum corneum is higher than in the superficial and deeper cell layers. Water domains are mainly present within the corneocytes and not in the intercellular regions. At a very high hydration level (300% wt/wt), the corneocytes are strongly swollen except for the deepest cell layers adjacent to the viable epidermis. The corneocytes in these layers are not swollen. At 300% wt/wt hydration level water domains are also present in intercellular regions. Between 17% wt/wt and 300% wt/wt the cell thickness increases linearly with the hydration level suggesting that swelling of cells mainly occurs in the direction perpendicular to the skin surface. At an increased hydration level, the corneocyte envelope more efficiently surrounds the cell content compensating for the increased cell volume. The changes in stratum corneum morphology with increasing water level have also been observed in dermatomed skin.


OBJECTIVE
Homicide-suicides are rare relative to suicides and homicides, but these lethal events are an emerging public health concern. They have a mortality count similar to meningitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, influenza, and viral hepatitis, and the rate may be increasing in the United States, especially among older persons. The goal of this case-control study was to identify factors that differentiate older married men who commit homicide-suicide from those who commit suicide only.

METHODS
A total of 20 spousal homicide-suicides involving persons age 55 years and older were ascertained in Florida between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 1999 from medical examiner records. Two suicide controls were matched to each homicide-suicide perpetrator by age, race, marital status, method of death, and medical examiner district. Perpetrator groups were compared on sociodemographic characteristics, medical variables, and autopsy findings.

RESULTS
Homicide-suicide perpetrators displayed significantly more domestic violence or were caregivers for their wives, in contrast to suicide perpetrators, who had health problems and were receiving care from their spouses. Both groups of perpetrators had reported depressed mood, and there were no differences in sociodemographic factors.

CONCLUSIONS
Depression plays a significant role in both homicide-suicide and suicide, but the associated factors are different: we see caregiving strain in perpetrators of homicide-suicide, and living with physical health disorders as a care-recipient in men who commit suicide. Marital conflict is a significant factor in some spousal homicide-suicides.


We propose a design of self-powering room-wide power usage and crowd activity sensing that uses a single point of contact on a conductive surface of furniture or everyday objects such as metal frame of table or window, desktop PC case, rack, cabinet, and so on. We utilize these surfaces for energy scavenging from capacitive reactance and electromagnetic inductance which are typically occur in indoor house and office where there are many electrical appliances. We incorporate energy store and release strategy, and treat the charge accumulation time as a function of electrical appliance usage and human activity within a certain location. In this paper, we highlight principle of operation and prototype implementation result showing sensing log of an office room for 7 days timespan.


Global warming is one of the most serious problems which human beings are currently facing. Carbon dioxide (CO2) from power plants is considered one of the major causes of global warming. In the present study, CO2 emissions from tokamak fusion power plants are compared with those from present power generating technologies. Plasma parameters are calculated by a systems code that couples the ITER physics, toroidal field coil shape and cost calculation. CO2 emissions from construction and operation are evaluated by multiplying component volume by the CO2 emission intensities of the component materials. The reactor building, balance of plant, etc., are scaled from the ITER reference power reactor (`ITER-like') by use of the Generomak model. The most important finding is that CO2 emissions from fusion reactors are less than those from photovoltaic systems and less than double those from fission reactors. The other findings are that: (i) Most CO2 emissions from fusion reactors are from materials. (ii) CO2 emissions from reactor construction account for almost 60-70% of the total, with the rest coming from reactor operation. (iii) The reversed shear reactor can reduce CO2 emissions by half compared with the ITER-like reactor. It is concluded that tokamak fusion reactors are excellent for their low CO2 emission intensity, and that they can be one of the effective energy supply technologies to solve global warming.


Automated interpretation of complex images requires elaborate knowledge and model-based image analysis, but often needs interaction with an expert as well. This research describes expert interaction with a multiagent image interpretation system using only a restricted vocabulary of high-level user interactions. The aim is to minimize inter- and intra-observer variability by keeping the total number of interactions as low and simple as pos- sible. The multiagent image interpretation system has elaborate high-level knowledge-based control over low-level image segmen- tation algorithms. Agents use contextual knowledge to keep the number of interactions low but, when in doubt, present the user with the most likely interpretation of the situation. The user, in turn, can correct, supplement, and/or confirm the results of image- processing agents. This is done at a very high level of abstraction such that no knowledge of the underlying segmentation methods, parameters or agent functioning is needed. High-level interaction thereby replaces more traditional contour correction methods like inserting points and/or (re)drawing contours. This makes it easier for the user to obtain good results, while inter- and intra-observer variability are kept minimal, since the image segmentation itself remains under control of image-processing agents. The system has been applied to intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images. Experi- ments show that with an average of 2-3 high-level user interactions per correction, segmentation results substantially improve while the variationisgreatly reduced. Theachievedlevel ofaccuracy and repeatability is equivalent to that of manual drawing by an expert.


This paper elucidates the underlying economics of the resource-based view of competitive advantage and integrates existing perspectives into a parsimonious model of resources and firm performance. The essence of this model is that four conditions underlie sustained competitive advantage, all of which must be met. These include superior resources (heterogeneity within an industry), ex post limits to competition, imperfect resource mobility, and ex ante limits to competition. In the concluding section, applications of the model for both single business strategy and corporate strategy are discussed.


When the desire for sex goes persistently missing, a few women may be untroubled but many become unhappy. Some are unhappy because they miss the pleasure, physical release, and emotional intimacy that sex can provide or because a lack of sex stands in the way of having children. Sometimes their unhappiness is social or relational: because they fear hurting, rejecting, frustrating, angering, and perhaps even losing their partner. Many endure sexual unhappiness for long periods alone, feeling too embarrassed, ashamed, unentitled, mistrustful, or hopeless to ask for help. It is difficult to speak to a strange doctor about such private distress; more difficult still given that many fear embarrassing their doctor.1 2

So women who consult doctors about sexual problems are those for whom the unhappiness has become so intractable, or is causing so many physical or relational problems, that they are forced into the open. Some present a sexual problem directly, others indirectly through secondary symptoms such as depression, recurrent vaginal discharge, or chronic pelvic pain.3

Faced with a woman in tears whose libido has disappeared and who is terrified of losing her partner, doctors can feel immense pressure to provide an immediate, effective solution. Given that most …


This paper presents the classification of vagina and pelvis from iris region based on iridology chart using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Support Vector Machine with Radial Basis Function kernel (SVM-RBF). The Circular Boundary Detector (CBD) has been introduced for localizing the iris region. This method is able to localize and segment the iris with 100% accuracy. The segmented iris was unwrapped into polar form and cropped into regions of vagina and pelvis based on iridology chart. Features obtained from the cropped regions are extracted using Principle Components Analysis (PCA) and are the inputs to SVM-RBF. Classification accuracy is computed through the comparison of each test feature vector with the target vectors. This study provides the foundation for the development of diagnostic system to monitor the health condition of human body parts.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore fieldwork dilemmas for a Pakhtun researcher, educated in the West, to research family or domestic violence in the unstable, hostile environment of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan.

Design/methodology/approach
A gender studies approach is here combined with masculinities studies, and a critical qualitative research methodology is used in this study.

Findings
The paper argues that unstable regions dominated by certain forms of masculinity require specific research approaches when conducting research and addressing a topic that is culturally taboo.

Practical implications
The paper suggests how the insider–outsider dynamic plays out for researchers who come from a particular field and return to it under changed circumstances. It also indicates how a taboo topic in a context where direct questioning is not possible might be approached through the use of vignettes.

Social implications
The paper suggests how the contradictory position of a masculinity, simultaneously bearing traces of the hegemonic and of marginalization, may be negotiated in the field.

Originality/value
Social research on the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan is rarely conducted and reported due to the unrest in this region. The paper thus contributes original insights from fieldwork carried out there. It also contributes to the limited but growing literature on conducting fieldwork in hostile environments.


On 30 June 2006 at the annual National Arts Festival in Grahamstown, South Africa, two giants of South African protest theatre, John Kani and Winston Ntshona, performed as the original cast of the landmark struggle drama Sizwe Banzi Is Dead (1972). The revival marked the first production of the play in over twenty-five years. After its brief stint at the National Arts Festival (30 June–5 July 2006), the play transferred to the Baxter Theatre in Cape Town (11 July–5 August) and then entertained a monthlong run at the State Theatre in Pretoria (17 August–17 September). After its turn at the State, the production stopped shortly at the Hilton College Theatre in KwaZulu Natal (19–23 September) before settling into an extended engagement at Johannesburg's Market Theatre (28 September to 22 October). In March 2007, the original cast revival of Sizwe traveled to the British National Theatre before finally ending its tour at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in April 2008.


This book is based on the premise that Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) in the Asia-Pacific significantly impact on the material progress of the peoples of this region. These impacts – in terms of the benefits and costs associated with RTAs – will vary greatly from country to country. The internationally acclaimed contributors examine the theoretical perspective of RTAs in relation to exchange rates, the role and goals of the WTO and agriculture.


The first neutron star binary merger detected in gravitational waves, GW170817, and the subsequent detection of its emission across the electromagnetic spectrum showed that these systems are viable progenitors of short γ-ray bursts (sGRB). The afterglow signal of GW170817 has been found to be consistent with a structured GRB jet seen off-axis, requiring significant amounts of relativistic material at large angles. This trait can be attributed to the interaction of the relativistic jet with the external wind medium. Here we perform numerical simulations of relativistic jets interacting with realistic wind environments in order to explore how the properties of the wind and central engine affect the structure of successful jets. We find that the angular energy distribution of the jet depends primarily on the ratio between the lifetime of the jet and the time it takes the merger remnant to collapse. We make use of these simulations to constrain the time it took for the merger remnant in GW170817 to collapse into a black hole based on the angular structure of the jet as inferred from afterglow observations. We conclude that the lifetime of the merger remnant in GW170817 was ≈1–1.7 s, which, after collapse, triggered the formation of the jet.


Thickness thinning is the principal quality problem in the vacuum forming process of the refrigerator inner liner. In this paper, the structural parameters of refrigerator inner liner were analyzed based on orthogonal experiments and numerical simulation. Optimized structural parameters combination scheme and the significance level of structural parameters to thickness were obtained by analyzing the results of orthogonal experiments. Validation experiment results shown that the quality of refrigerator inner liner based on the optimized structural parameters combination scheme improved effectively.


Clean air zones and further congestion charging zones are among recommendations to councils in England to reduce air pollution, in draft guidance issued by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.1

Mark Baker, director for the centre of clinical practice at NICE, said, "We can take steps now to encourage people to walk or cycle rather than drive, but these efforts will be futile if we do not have an achievable, long term plan to improve air quality. This draft guidance seeks to redesign how we work and live in cities."

The guidance recommends that councils take air pollution into account in strategic planning across all departments, focusing on reducing the pollution generated by road traffic and the public's exposure to it.

Road traffic is estimated to contribute more than 64% of air pollution recorded at urban sites. …


Abstract Many species of bats undergo annual migrations, in some cases covering distances of 1,000 km or more. However, very little is known about the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying bat migration. In contrast, the physiology of migrating birds has been studied for decades and many migration-related changes have been documented. Although bats and birds evolved flight and long-distance migration independently, they have likely experienced many similar selective pressures. We therefore suggest that knowledge of bird migration physiology can be used to generate predictions for emerging studies of bat migration physiology. In this review, we discuss major physiological and biochemical adaptations relating to fuel acquisition and fuel utilization. For each, we summarize knowledge gained from migration studies of birds and bats (if any) and make predictions of bat migration physiology. For many aspects, we predict that bats will have evolved similar physiological mechanisms to birds. However, there are some potentially major differences in the energetic models for bats and birds, including torpor, fuel selection at high-intensity exercise, and trade-offs between reproduction and migration.


Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.


Vehicle-related trauma is a common mechanism of injury in elderly (age ≥65 years) trauma patients. Several hospital-based studies have shown that patients with pedestrian injury have a higher mortality compared with those with motor vehicle collision (MVC) injury partially because of older patients found in the former group. In addition the injury patterns also differ significantly between these two mechanisms of vehicle-related trauma. The purpose of the present study is to compare the demographics, injury severity, injury patterns, and outcomes of elderly patients with pedestrian injury admitted to a surgical intensive care unit (SICU) of a Level I trauma center between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 2000 with those admitted with MVC injury. During the study period there were 187 elderly patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit with vehicle-related injury. Fifty-one per cent of the patients had MVC injury. Patients were divided into two groups based on their mechanisms of injury (pedestrian vs MVC) for comparison. There was no difference in the mean age and gender between the two groups. Injury Severity Score, admission Simplified Acute Physiology Score, and mortality were significantly higher in the pedestrian group compared with the MVC group. Using logistic regression analysis three factors were found to be independently predictive of mortality: Simplified Acute Physiology Score, intracranial hemorrhage with mass effect on CT scan, and cardiac complications.


The air plasma spray (APS) technology was used to prepare WC/NiCrAl and WC/NiCrBSi ceramic/metal composite wear preventive coating on cast iron substrate. The microstructure, microhardness, bond strength and slurry wear preventive performance of coating was measured. The results revealed that all of the coating prepared by APS has good qualities. The coating with NiCrBSi as its combining metal is better than that with NiCrAl on wear preventive performance, and coating containing more WC is supreme than that containing less WC. Finally, wear mechanics and the principle of the coating's wear preventive property was concluded.


This article examines the absolute and relative prevalence of personnel categories at three Swedish universities during the 25-year period that followed the exceptional increase in the number of entrant students, starting in the 1960s. Key issues include how the number of employees changed from 1962 to 1987, the types of services created, and what primary characteristics the new staff possessed. Distinct trends in the universities' recruitment of teachers and other staff are displayed. Naturally, the number of employees at all investigated departments at all universities increased during the period but the teachers were less formally educated than before. Furthermore, the proportion of female employees substantially increased throughout the investigation, but the gender structure at higher positions remained essentially unchanged.


Barley grass (Hordeum murinum subsp. glaucum.) is an annual weed associated with grain revenue loss and sheep carcass damage in southern Australia. Increasing herbicide resistance led to a recent investigation into effective integrated weed management strategies for barley grass in southern Australia. Field studies in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales (NSW) during 2016 and 2017 examined the effect of post-emergent herbicide applications and strategic defoliation by mowing on barley grass survival and seed production in a mixed legume pasture. Statistically significant differences between herbicide-only treatments in both years showed propaquizafop to be more than 98% effective in reducing barley grass survival and seed production. Paraquat was not effective in controlling barley grass (58% efficacy), but led to a 36% and 63.5% decrease in clover and other weed biomass, respectively, after 12 months and increased lucerne biomass by over three-fold after 24 months. A single repeated mowing treatment resulted in a 46% decline in barley grass seedling emergence after 12 months and, when integrated with herbicide applications, reduced other weed biomass after 24 months by 95%. Resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides observed in local barley grass populations led to additional and more focused investigation comparing the efficacy of other pre- and post-emergent herbicides for barley grass management in legume pastures. Haloxyfop-R + simazine or paraquat, applied at early tillering stage, were most efficacious in reducing barley grass survival and fecundity. Impact of defoliation timing and frequency on barley grass seedlings was also evaluated at various population densities, highlighting the efficacy of repeated post-inflorescence defoliations in reducing plant survival and seed production. Results highlight the importance of optimal environmental conditions and application timing in achieving efficacious control of barley grass and improving pasture growth and biomass accumulation.