Many studies have been focused on innovation and patents, less emphasis is given to trademarks, even though these intellectual property assets are more widely used by firms of all types across the whole economy. Various international treaties have been established in order to harmonize the different trademark's registration procedures across countries, and to simplify the application process for applicants targeting multiple countries. The aim of this paper is to make a review of some of the empirical studies done by scholars with trademarks in focus. Which are the motives that urge firms to register a trademark. How are trademarks related to innovation and firm's size. At the end the paper concludes with some key messages on trademarks and their use by firms. Keywords: trademarks, innovation, empirical studies, intellectual property


A fractal is a property of self-similarity, each small part of the fractal object is similar to the whole body. The traditional box-counting method (TBCM) to estimate fractal dimension can not reflect the self-similar property of the fractal and leads to two major problems, the border effect and noninteger values of box size. The modified box-counting method (MBCM), proposed in this study, not only eliminate the shortcomings of the TBCM, but also reflects the physical meaning about the self-similar of the fractal. The applications of MBCM shows a good estimation compared with the theoretical ones, which the biggest difference is smaller than 5%.


A key feature of the new digital plasma control system installed on the TCV (Tokamak à Configuration Variable) tokamak is its possibility to rapidly design, test and deploy real-time algorithms. It accommodates hundreds of diagnostic inputs and actuator outputs, and offers the possibility to design advanced control algorithms with better knowledge of the plasma state and to coherently control all TCV actuators, including poloidal field coils, gas valves, the gyrotron powers and launcher angles of the electron cyclotron heating and current drive system together with diagnostic triggering signals. It encompasses plasma control applications ranging from basic experiments of coil current and density control to advanced experiments of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and plasma profile control. The system consists of multiple nodes, each of which may have a local analog to digital (ADC) and/or digital to analog (DAC) card; all nodes are connected to a reflective memory (RFM), providing a deterministic method of sharing memory between them. Recently, a generalized plasma position and shape controller based on the real-time (RT) Grad-Shafranov solver RTLIUQE was developed and implemented, providing the basis for future high performance plasma operation with advanced plasma configurations. The controller design is based on an isoflux control scheme and utilizes singular value decomposition (SVD), to respect the limits on poloidal field coils currents by limiting the controlled parameters to the set that can be more easily controlled. The controller is capable in principle of providing improved equilibrium control especially for unconventional plasma scenarios, for e.g. reliable control of 'snowflake' equilibria with closely spaced x-points, i.e. the 'exact' snowflake, and the development of negative triangularity plasmas in H-mode. An addition of a new node on the digital control system has enhanced the real time computational capacity and hosts the real-time transport code RAPTOR (rapid plasma transport simulator), an advanced density profile reconstruction algorithm including real-time fringe jump correction, as well as a plasma state monitoring, supervision and actuator management algorithm. In future, more signals from existing TCV diagnostics, including multiview pinhole x-ray diagnostics, Thomson scattering, visible image processing and magnetic signals for MHD mode analysis will be added to expand the capabilities of the digital control system.


This article argues that the disciplining of noncitizens becomes a constitutive characteristic of neoliberalism. Examining two narratives about bodily deprivation in detention centers, the study pursues the psychic life of statelessness through tragic testimonies that not only point to subjection, induced through techniques of humiliation, but also to the neoliberal contradiction between "inclusion" and practices of regulation. Readings interrogate the problem of normativity in neoliberalism. In particular, the article argues against normative presuppositions about both race and gender, demonstrating how this leads to the denial of medication and death in detention facilities.


NLP models are used in a variety of critical social computing tasks, such as detecting sexist, racist, or otherwise hateful content. Therefore, it is imperative that these models are robust to spurious features. Past work has attempted to tackle such spurious features using training data augmentation, including Counterfactually Augmented Data (CADs). CADs introduce minimal changes to existing training data points and flip their labels; training on them may reduce model dependency on spurious features. However, manually generating CADs can be time-consuming and expensive. Hence in this work, we assess if this task can be automated using generative NLP models. We automatically generate CADs using Polyjuice, ChatGPT, and Flan-T5, and evaluate their usefulness in improving model robustness compared to manually-generated CADs. By testing both model performance on multiple out-of-domain test sets and individual data point efficacy, our results show that while manual CADs are still the most effective, CADs generated by ChatGPT come a close second. One key reason for the lower performance of automated methods is that the changes they introduce are often insufficient to flip the original label.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used by many for nanoimprint applications due to its affordability, ease of preparation, mechanical flexibility, compatibility with imprint resists and transparency to UV light. However PDMS is notoriously flexible, tacky and permeable to air. Here fluorinated ethylene–propylene (FEP) is considered as a viable and versatile alternative material for nanoimprint stamps. FEP possesses many of the desirable nanoimprint attributes associated with PDMS but crucially also features a range of complementary characteristics, including an order of magnitude more mechanical strength allowing it to handle higher loads than PDMS, an intrinsically non-stick surface and is compatible with oxygen sensitive resists. Unlike elastomeric polymers, FEP is glassy so patterning may be realised via hot embossing. Not only is this a facile and rapid means of physical structuring but it also facilitates combinatorial patterning, providing a versatility beyond that of traditional casting materials. Due to the intrinsically slow creep of FEP both micro- and nanopatterning are successfully performed sequentially. Feature sizes from 45 nm were successfully realised via the hot-embossing method. To further demonstrate the potential of the material, a modified computer numerical control machine is used. It is capable of photo-, nanoimprint- and laser lithography in conjunction with patterned FEP foils. The tool is used to perform pattern transfer into a developmental nanoimprint resist from Micro Resist Technology, mr-NIL210 XP, and Nano SU-8 3005 negative tone photo resist from MicroChem. Ultimately three-tier lithography is performed in unison and advantageous step-and-repeat performance is achieved with fabricated FEP imprint stamps as they demould more compliantly and resist pressure and contamination better than PDMS.


The purpose of this project is in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Bachelor of Science (Hon) in Information Technology. The Design and development of this Bank customers Management system provides a more secured approach in managing bank customer's information which strengthens the relationships between banks and their customers by providing the right solutions that uses a multi-level security to improve customer satisfaction. The technology used in developing this project is ASP.NET, and the programming language used to develop this project is C# and the IDE used is Microsoft Visual Studio 2013 professional in designing the front end while the back end uses Microsoft SQL Server 2012.


This paper studies the effect of punishment severity on jury decision-making using a large archival data set from the Old Bailey Criminal Court in London from 1715 to 1900. We take advantage of two natural experiments in English history, which result in sharp decreases in punishment severity: the offense specific abolition of capital punishment in the 1800s and the temporary and unexpected halt of penal transportation during the American Revolution. Using a difference-in-differences design to study the former and a pre-post design to study the latter, we find that decreasing expected punishment (especially via the end of the death penalty), had a large, significant and permanent impact on jury behavior, generally leading to the jury being "harsher". Moreover, we find that the size of the effect differs with defendants' gender and criminal history. These results raise concerns about the impartiality of juries as well as the implicit assumption often made when designing and evaluating criminal justice policies today - that the chance of conviction is independent of the harshness of the penalty.


An all aluminum cylinder block with a Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) cylinder bore was developed which made it possible to re-design the base engine for high performance with a bore-to-bore distance as narrow as 5.5mm. The cylinder block is an open deck type and the MMC preform consists of alumina-silica fibers and mulite particles. A laminar flow die cast process was selected to ensure defect-free MMC bore quality. To insure good lubrication, electrochemical machining was applied to the bore surface. By use of radioisotope(RI) measurements, MMC reinforcement was optimized for wear characteristics. Particular attention was paid to use of fuels with high sulfur levels.


This article considers the approach of the popular Russian émigré newsmagazine Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya [Illustrated Russia] to so-called preservationism — simply put, the tendency to preserve prerevolutionary Russian culture in exile. More specifically, this article studies preservationism in the everyday life of the Russian interwar diaspora. Due to its long run, broad scope, and large readership, the magazine is a unique and invaluable document, offering significant insight into the social and cultural life of Russian émigrés. In order to gain an understanding of preservationism in Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya, a close reading of the periodical will be conducted, centred around questions such as whether the magazine covered any aspects of prerevolutionary Russian culture at all, and, if so, which and how? Focusing on three key elements of Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya's editorial content, this article demonstrates that preservationism in popular and everyday culture as presented in this periodical differs markedly from its high-culture counterpart (such as highbrow literature and visual arts, for example). What stands out in Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya's approach is that prerevolutionary Russian life and culture are rarely covered and, more importantly, never truly glorified. Instead, coverage of the Russian émigré community itself makes up a central part of the magazine's content. When it comes to preserving Russian culture and identity, Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya pleads for finding a middle ground between preserving the home culture and adapting to the host culture. In doing so, the magazine frequently stresses readers' individual responsibility to seek connection with their Russian identity instead of relying on leading émigré figures and institutions.


A notion of type assignment on Curryfied Term Rewriting Systems is introduced that uses Intersection Types of Rank 2, and in which all function symbols are assumed to have a type. Type assignment will consist of specifying derivation rules that describe how types can be assigned to terms, using the types of function symbols. Using a modified unification procedure, for each term the principal pair (of basis and type) will be defined in the following sense: from these all admissible pairs can be generated by chains of operations on pairs, consisting of the operations substitution, copying, and weakening. In general, given an arbitrary typeable GTRS, the subject reduction property does not hold. Using the principal type for the left-hand side of a rewrite rule, a sufficient and decidable condition will be formulated that typeable rewrite rules should satisfy in order to obtain this property.


Francium is the heaviest species among the alkali elements. Due to its properties, francium is said to be of advantage in measurements of tiny observations, such as atomic parity violation and electric dipole moment. Before executing experiments with francium, it must be produced artificially because it is one of the most unstable elements. We produced francium with the nuclear fusion reaction of an oxygen beam and gold target, ionized the produced francium through a thermal ionization process, and extracted the ion with electrostatic fields. However, the thermal ionization process is known to ionize not only an objective atom but also other atomic species. Therefore, a Wien filter was installed to analyze the composition of the ion beam and purify the beam. This allowed us to improve the beam purity from ∼10(-6) to ∼10(-3).


This article summarises the existing international structures in Europe which collate data produced by surveillance systems in individual countries. The surveillance of influenza, tuberculosis, and other infections in Europe is undertaken by the World Health Organisation (WHO), the European Community (EC), and national and international organisations set up to study specific diseases. The surveillance of foodborne infections, rabies, travel-associated legionellosis and AIDS/HIV is undertaken by WHO collaborating centres or WHO/EC programmes. Research into immunisation and sexually transmitted diseases other than HIV is carried out through EC concerted action programmes. The Maastricht treaty, if ratified, may lead to changes in the way communicable disease surveillance is undertaken in the EC.


Holocene climate fluctuations and human activity since the Neolithic have shaped present-day Mediter-ranean environments. Separating anthropogenic effects from climatic impacts to better understand Mediterranean pale-oenvironmental changes over the last millennia remains a challenging issue. High-resolution pollen analyses were un-dertaken on two cores from the Palavasian lagoon system (Herault, southern France). These records allow reconstruction of vegetation dynamics over the last 4500 years. Results are compared with climatic, historical and archeological archives. A long-term aridification trend is highlighted during the late Holocene, and three superimposed arid events are recorded at 4600–4300, 2800–2400 and 1300–1100 cal BP. These periods of high-frequency climate variability coincide in time with the rapid climatic events observed in the Atlantic Ocean (Bond et al., 2001). From the Bronze Age (4000 cal BP) to the end of the Iron Age (around 2000 cal BP), the spread of sclerophyllous taxa and loss of forest cover result from anthropogenic impact. Classical Antiquity is characterized by a major reforestation event related to the concentration of rural activity and populations in coastal plains leading to forest recovery in the mountains. A major regional deforestation occurred at the beginning of the High Middle Ages. Around 1000 cal BP, forest cover is minimal while the cover of olive, chestnut and walnut expands in relation to increasing human influence. The present-day vegetation dominated by Mediterranean shrubland and pines has been in existence since the beginning of the 20th century.


Half of Haiti's population can be characterized as extreme poor, and face widening gaps in equality, increasing social marginalization, no sustainable livelihood options and increasing food prices. In response to this, Haiti's largest microfinance institution, Fonkoze, provided extremely poor households with a series of protective and promotional inputs for 18 months to help them build sustainable livelihoods. Importantly, the programme does not seek to graduate members 'out of poverty' but to a point where their livelihoods are strong enough to participate in a 'small credit' programme that seeks to further develop their assets and savings, and with significant hand-holding, ultimately graduate them into mainstream microfinance. This article seeks to explore the effectiveness of the intervention and its implications for the lives of Haiti's poorest, as well as reflect upon our understanding of the pathways out of extreme poverty.


For thousands of years humans have grappled with the idea of Nature. This enduring question has left its poignant mark in a multiplicity of images, stories, works of art, and philosophical and religious systems. In this text, Michael Tobias seeks to unravel the aesthetic, psychological and philosophical impact that the Earth has had on humanity. It is an overview of the new field of ecological aesthetics. Comprised of 10 autobiographical essays, the book is illustrated with art and images brought together in an ecological context. The author examines the mystical links between Vivaldi, Giorgione and Dosso Dossi and draws parallels between the Age of Exploration and the rise of the "interior landscape" in the works of van Eyck and Vermeer. Tobias examines the ancient cultures of the Mediterranean, the ascetics of Sinai and Tibet, and the Pure Land Buddhists. He introduces the reader to the Jains of India, whose life-style is one of the most ecologically balanced in all of human history. In profiling various artists of 19th-century Europe and America, Tobias discovers incisive continuities among such luminaries as British poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, Austrian impressionist Emilie Mediz-Pelikan, and American intimist painters Ralph Blakelock and George Inness. Tobias finds a common, transcendent instinct that affirms rebirth over destruction in the lives of explorer Francis Kingdon Ward, storyteller Hugh Lofting, philosopher Nikos Kazantzakis, and film character King Kong. He concludes his lyrical investigations in the Antarctic, where he ponders the future of humanity and its role as caretaker of the Earth. Ultimately, the survival of humankind and of all other species hinges upon our willingness to uphold and celebrate the truth, beauty and very sanctity of Nature.


Understanding the learning dynamics of neural networks is one of the key issues for the improvement of optimization algorithms as well as for the theoretical comprehension of why deep neu-ral nets work so well today. In this paper, we introduce a random matrix-based framework to analyze the learning dynamics of a single-layer linear network on a binary classification problem, for data of simultaneously large dimension and size, trained by gradient descent. Our results provide rich insights into common questions in neural nets, such as overfitting, early stopping and the initialization of training, thereby opening the door for future studies of more elaborate structures and models appearing in today's neural networks.


One way to lower the fuel consumption in future vehicles is to replace mechanically driven systems by electrical. The drawback with this solution is the increasing number of electrical loads, which creates more electromagnetic emissions that could disturb the surrounding environment. Many of the electrically driven loads are controlled by pulse width modulation, which could be a source of electromagnetic interference. In this paper, different solutions are tested with the intention to decrease the disturbances from a pulse width modulated system. The proposed methods do not require any extra components or costs, and implies altering the switching frequency and the frequency content of the voltage pulses from the system. It is shown that both a randomly varying switching frequency and an increase in rise and fall times for the voltage pulses are feasible ways to decrease the conducted emissions from a pulse width modulated system


From the giant bottlenosed whale and the West Indian manatee to the crabeater seal and hourglass dolphin, from the pygmy sperm whale to the spotted-necked otter, marine mammals are among the most fascinating - and most watched - of the Earth's many animal species. Some, such as dolphins, are known for their intelligence, friendliness toward humans and sophisticated social behaviour. In addition, all these animals are sources of fascination for the special adaptations they have undergone for life in and around the water, for their unique methods of communication ("whale song") and for the endangered status of many species. Ronald M. Nowak offers a comprehensive guide to this fascinating and varied order of mammals. The book includes scientific and common names, the number and distribution of species, measurements and physical traits, habitat, daily and seasonal activity, population dynamics, home range, social life, reproduction, longevity and status of threatened species. A foreword by John E. Heyning is written for the general reader, while a more detailed and substantive introduction by Randall R. Reeves and Brent S. Stewart discusses issues in greater depth for the specialist. Illustrated with more than 140 detailed black-and-white photographs, this book is aimed at marine mammal experts and enthusiasts alike.


Background Malnutrition is a condition most commonly arising from the inadequate consumption of nutrients necessary to maintain physiological health and is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia. Malnutrition occurring in the hospital setting is caused by insufficient monitoring, identification, and assessment efforts. Furthermore, the ability of health care workers to identify and recognize malnourished patients is suboptimal. Therefore, interventions focusing on the identification and treatment of malnutrition are valuable, as they reduce the risks and rates of malnutrition within hospitals. Technology may be a particularly useful ally in identifying malnutrition due to scalability, timeliness, and effectiveness. In an effort to explore the issue, this scoping review synthesized the availability of technological tools to detect and identify hospital malnutrition. Objective Our objective was to conduct a scoping review of the different forms of technology used in addressing malnutrition among adults admitted to hospital to (1) identify the extent of the published literature on this topic, (2) describe key findings, and (3) identify outcomes. Methods We designed and implemented a search strategy in 3 databases (PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL). We completed a descriptive numerical summary and analyzed study characteristics. One reviewer independently extracted data from the databases. Results We retrieved and reviewed a total of 21 articles. We categorized articles by the computerized tool or app type: malnutrition assessment (n=15), food intake monitoring (n=5), or both (n=1). Within those categories, we subcategorized the different technologies as either hardware (n=4), software (n=13), or both (n=4). An additional subcategory under software was cloud-based apps (n=1). Malnutrition in the acute hospital setting was largely an unrecognized problem, owing to insufficient monitoring, identification, and initial assessments of identifying both patients who are already malnourished and those who are at risk of malnourishment. Studies went on to examine the effectiveness of health care workers (nurses and doctors) with a knowledge base focused on clinical care and their ability to accurately and consistently identify malnourished geriatric patients within that setting. Conclusions Most articles reported effectiveness in accurately increasing malnutrition detection and awareness. Computerized tools and apps may also help reduce health care workers' workload and time spent assessing patients for malnutrition. Hospitals may also benefit from implementing malnutrition technology through observing decreased length of stay, along with decreased foregone costs related to missing malnutrition diagnoses. It is beneficial to study the impact of these technologies to examine possible areas of improvement. A future systematic review would further contribute to the evidence and effectiveness of the use of technologies in assessing and monitoring hospital malnutrition.


Solution culture experiments were carried out to study the kinetics at cotyledon stage (11-day-old) and the effect of different NO3 - /NH4 + on NO3 - and NH4 + uptake at seedling stage (31-day-old) with two cultivars of sugar beet, including Tianyan7 and Tianyan8. NO3 - uptake by sugar beet seedlings at cotyledon stage (11-day-old) reached equilibration after 2 hours of adaptation, and NH4 + uptake reached equilibration after 6 hours of adaptation. Km values of NH4 + uptake by Tianyan7 were lower than Tianyan8, and Vmax values were higher. It was benefit for Tianyan7 to uptake NH4 + . The kinetics of NO3 - and NH4 + uptake by the cultivars changed after cultivated in nutrient solution contained different NO3 - /NH4 + for 20 days. NO3 - uptake by sugar beet was stimulated by lower concentration of NH4 + in the nutrient solution. The NH4 + uptake by sugar beet changed complicatedly. Even cultivated in nutrient solution contained pure NH4 + , the uptake ability of Tianyan7 was higher. Above all, it showed that NH4 + uptake of Tianyan7 was higher than Tianyan8, and when NO3 - /NH4 + was 1:4 it reached the highest. This experiment provided a theoretical basis to realize the highly effective ammonium assimilation for sugar beet through the experiment. (Nature and Science. 2004;2(3):70-78).


The formation process of intermetallic compound under Ni+ion implantation into pure Al was studied at lower temperature below room temperature. Ion implantation was carried out using 250KeV ion accelerator. Cascade damage was introduced Ni+ions implantation at 223K without new phase nucleation. However, when Ni+ions were implanted at room temperature, the grown larger plate-like phases were observed during implantation up to 1x1017 Ni+/cm2. Ni concentration in Al matrix and newly formed phase were 0.3-0.5 and 8.5-13.3at%,respectively. It was identified that the formed phases were close to the ordered orthorhombic structure of Al3Ni type. It was also confirmed from observation with high resolution HVEM that these phases grew with continuous ion implantation. Thus it was clarified that cascades act as preferential nucleation site for intermetallic compound, and the phases nucleated at cascades coalesce in the growth process of each phase during continuous implantation through ion irradiation enhanced diffusion.


Purpose: The paper discusses challenges, implications and prospects of research in institutions of higher education in Africa. It posits that research has been accorded insufficient attention and resources by many African governments and institutions of higher education by extension. Methodology: It involved review of relevant literature from textbooks, Journal Articles and personal experiences. Findings: The challenges of research in Africa are not purely academic. They are caused by failure of the governments to put in place policies that recognize the fundamental impact research activities could have on governance and efficient use of public resources. Consequently, research has been accorded insufficient attention and resources by governments and institutions of higher education. These are manifested in deficiency in training of student researchers, preference for synthetic research rather than innovative and creative types, theoretical approach to teaching research resulting to inadequately prepared personnel to meet international standards. Besides, poor remuneration of researchers has resulted in movements of staff from institutions of higher education to lucrative jobs in the country and brain drain. This has impacted negatively on the quality of research in terms of skills, facilities and the general research environment. However, use of ICT will make the research process easier and improve dissemination. There is need to encourage partnerships between private and public institutions and collaboration locally and regionally.


The complexity of the organs that the mammalian reproductive system consists of, necessitates a general view of the systematization and short description of each structure involved. The following domestic mammals are subject of this chapter: cat (Felis catus), dog (Canis familiaris), pig (Sus scrofa domestica), large ruminant (Bos Taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus), and horse (Equus caballus). The anatomy of the reproductive system of laboratory animals and the nonmammalian animal models follow the description of domestic mammals' anatomy (König and Liebich, 2004; Nickel et al., 1984). The laboratory animals are the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), the mouse (Mus musculus), and the rat (Rattus norvegicus). The nonmammalian animal models are the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis L.) and the zebrafish (Brachidanio/Danio rerio). The English anatomical terms are translated from Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV) (2012, op. cit. as ICVGAN) and fromGheorgheM.Constantinescu andOskar Schaller, Illustrated Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature 4th edn, Thieme (2012, op. cit.). For the corresponding terms in humans, the following reference is suggested: Heinz Feneis and Wolfgang Dauber, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy Based on the International Nomenclature (2000, op. cit.).


A discursive canon around transhumanism and posthumanism as beliefs in the efficacy and necessity of technology as the beneficial transformer of human life "for the better" is well-established in the Western philosophical tradition. However, none of the theorists and protagonists of this technological reconfiguration of humanity could ever have predicted that what they envisaged would be propelled into manifestation with as dramatic and phenomenal momentum such as has been ushered in by the mainly technology-driven interventions introduced in various measures globally to curb the SARS-CoV2 virus. The effect of these responses to the pandemic, it is here demonstrated, have set humanity into a technogenesis, a transformative ontological process headed towards a machinistic and de-anthropic life idealised by posthumanists. Apropos, a set of three intertwined tasks are here executed. Firstly, I explicate my foregoing claim, namely, how at the helm of the variety of measures to control Covid-19 is a discernible socio-scientific movement that is directed at inaugurating and regularising a posthumanist consciousness and de-anthropic modes of sociality. Secondly, I venture a critical understanding of "the Covid-19 moment" that exposes the quadripartite alliance of a postmodernist Western philosophy, technoscience, commercial interests, and politics as the systemic drivers of this technocratic philosophical anthropology. Thirdly, or rather concurrently, taking the work of Nick Bostrom as the theoretical heuristic advocating human technological transformation, I normatively alert of the ramifications of this emerging human ontology.


Hospitality education plays an important role in matching and bridging the needs and expectations of hospitality students and industry players by enabling to meet demands and the qualification needs of firms, and influencing employment decisions of graduates. SMM seeks companionship with customers that have similar interests via social media avenues so as to develop a long lasting relationship and as a result, drive more revenues. For that matter this study was to study the role of social media marketing towards increasing hospitality training demand and guided by the following research objectives: to identify brands of social media marketing platforms accessible for the study area; to determine how social media marketing can be employed to increase hospitality training demand; and to assess effectiveness of social media marketing platforms towards increasing of hospitality training demand. Research design was descriptive and both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Simple Random sampling was applied to select sampling units at secondary schools including former NCT students Alumni and hospitality industry organizations. The total numbers of sample size were 133. Non- probability sampling method used was purposive sampling which applied to select respondent from each sampling unit. In this technique the selected homogeneous respondents were chosen by using reasonable judgments and understanding of researcher, due to the fact that the respondent chosen were mostly likely to provide desired data. Findings of the study show that majority of the respondents use social media. Hence there is a need to utilise SMM as the most preferred mode of presentation so as to be able to capture the interest of the current and future students and stakeholders. This study recommends that most preferred social media like Facebook, Instagram and YouTube, LinkedIn and twitter should also include forums and discussions that could be targeted towards training needs and demands of the market.


Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis induced by a variety of stimuli, including chemotherapy drugs and glucocorticoids. It is generally accepted that Bcl-2 exerts its antiapoptotic effects mainly by dimerizing with proapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family such as Bax and Bad. However, the mechanism of the antiapoptotic effects is unclear. Paclitaxel and other drugs that disturb microtubule dynamics kill cells in a Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)-dependent manner; antibody to FasL inhibits paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. We have found that Bcl-2 overexpression leads to the prevention of chemotherapy (paclitaxel)-induced expression of FasL and blocks paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. The mechanism of this effect is that Bcl-2 prevents the nuclear translocation of NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes, a transcription factor activated by microtubule damage) by binding and sequestering calcineurin, a calcium-dependent phosphatase that must dephosphorylate NFAT to move to the nucleus. Without NFAT nuclear translocation, the FasL gene is not transcribed. Thus, it appears that paclitaxel and other drugs that disturb microtubule function kill cells at least in part through the induction of FasL. Furthermore, Bcl-2 antagonizes drug-induced apoptosis by inhibiting calcineurin activation, blocking NFAT nuclear translocation, and preventing FasL expression. The effects of Bcl-2 can be overcome, at least partially, through phosphorylation of Bcl-2. Phosphorylated Bcl-2 cannot bind calcineurin, and NFAT activation, FasL expression, and apoptosis can occur after Bcl-2 phosphorylation.


This paper describes the crowd image analysis challenge that forms part of the PETS 2009 workshop. The aim of this challenge is to use new or existing systems for i) crowd count and density estimation, ii) tracking of individual(s) within a crowd, and iii) detection of separate flows and specific crowd events, in a real-world environment. The dataset scenarios were filmed from multiple cameras and involve multiple actors.


Sir We read with interest the recent article by Schreinemacher et al. and would like to comment on some of the biomaterials employed by these authors. Of the prostheses mentioned as composites, really only three can be considered as such (Proceed, Parietex and C-Qur). The other meshes evaluated (Timesh and Ultrapro) are hybrid prostheses. Ultrapro is also partially absorbable. According to their structure, hybrids show entirely different behaviour at the intraperitoneal level. This is because they induce a different pattern of mesothelial deposition. In experiments1 in which mesothelial cells were cultured and seeded on different prosthetic materials, we observed that on the reticular type of prostheses, mesothelial cell deposition was interrupted due to the pores in the material. However, when the seeded surface was a composite prosthesis, because of the presence of a smooth layer, whether degradable (chemical barrier) or not (physical barrier), the endothelial cells were deposited as an even, continuous monolayer. These findings have been confirmed in in vivo animal models2 or even in sequential laparoscopy studies in which implants were monitored over real time in individual animals3. Using this last model, we have been able to directly observe adhesion formation in vivo. We agree with the authors that when a composite or laminar (ePTFE) prosthesis is placed in an intraperitoneal position, most adhesions appear at the sites of anchorage, whether this has been achieved using sutures or tackers4. J. M. Bellón Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá de Henares, Crta. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33·600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6673


The article results from a qualitative research on the perception of health of the Guarany Mbyá ethnic group held in 3 villages in the South of Brazil. The cultural characteristics of the group were surveyed in the literature, observed in fieldwork and confirmed in the 20 open interviews conducted with community members and health professionals from the National Health Foundation (FUNASA), responsible for the basic assistance to the villages. The results show that the Mbyá consider the cultural shock with the surrounding society the main factor of illness, emphasizing the importance of preserving and enhancing their traditional way of living for maintaining the health of individuals and communities. The data allow to associate their health representations to the land and social justice problems experienced by the groups. They point to the importance of improving the training of the technical health staff, specifically related to the understanding of the inter-ethnic differences between the Mbyá and Western culture to ensure the effectiveness of treatments and programs. The analyses also highlights positive and negative aspects of the operationalization of health care in the villages and in the final considerations are given suggestions aiming its improvement.


We propose a model of artificial emotions for adaptation and implicit coordination in multi-robot systems. Artificial emotions play two roles, which resemble their function in animals and humans: modulators of individual behavior, and means of communication for social coordination. Emotions are modeled as compressed representations of the internal state, and are subject to a dynamics depending on internal and external conditions. Being a compressed representation, they can be efficiently exposed to nearby robots, allowing to achieve local group-level communication. The model is instantiated for a navigation task, with the aim of showing how coordination can effectively emerge by adding artificial emotions on top of an existing navigation framework. We show the positive effects of emotion-mediated group behaviors in a few challenging scenarios that would otherwise require ad hoc strategies: preventing deadlocks in crowded conditions; enabling efficient navigation of agents with time-critical tasks; assisting robots with faulty sensors. Two performance measures, throughput and number of collisions, are used to quantify the contribution of emotions for modulation and coordination.


We demonstrate the optical characteristics of YVO4:Eu3+ phosphor in close proximity to Ag nanofilm to create a highly efficient emitting layer in mirror-type self-emissive displays. The propagating surface plasmon mode induced between the dielectric layer (MgO) and the Ag nanofilm activates the electric dipole transition of Eu3+ ions. The transmittance of a 100 nm-thick Ag nanofilm is zero in the visible wavelength range, making this nanofilm a good reflector in the visible wavelength range and capable of fulfilling a mirror function. The emission of an YVO4:Eu3+ phosphor layer with a 100 nm-thick Ag nanofilm was enhanced to the point that it was eight times higher than that of a reference sample without Ag nanofilm. Therefore, the present work shows potential for application to mirror-type displays with high luminous efficacy.


Two stability results of the metric regularity under set-valued perturbation are established. As the perturbation is of addition type, the first result assumes that the graph of the sum mapping is locally closed, the perturbation mapping is locally Lipschitz in the sense of Hausdorff metric with the diameter of its image at the reference point being bounded above by a given scalar, while the second result replaces the local closedness of the graph of the sum mapping by both mappings being of closed graph. Compared to a known result, we allow the diameter of the image of the perturbation mapping at the reference point to vary in a larger area and we apply the Ekeland variational principle only once while the known result using twice. We present an example to which our results can be applied but not the known results.


When everything is destined to be designed, design disappears into the everyday. We simply don't see it anymore because it's everywhere. This is the vanishing act of design. At this moment design registers its redundancy: our products, environments and services have been comprehensively improved. Everything has been designed to perfection and is under a permanent upgrade regime. Within such a paradigm, design is enmeshed with the capitalist logic of reproduction. But this does not come without conflicts, struggles and tensions. Chief among these is the situation of design in a planetary procession toward decay. Our dispense culture prompts a yearning for longevity. The computational compulsion to delete brings alive a desire to retrieve objects, ideas and experiences that refuse obsolescence. Society is growing more aware of sustainability and alert to the depletion of this world. For the ambitious designer, it's time to take the next step: designing the future as a collective relation attuned to life.


Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a classical and important multivariate technique for exploring the relationship between two sets of continuous variables. CCA has applications in many fields, such as genomics and neuroimaging. It can extract meaningful features as well as use these features for subsequent analysis. Although some sparse CCA methods have been developed to deal with high-dimensional problems, they are designed specifically for continuous data and do not consider the integer-valued data from next-generation sequencing platforms that exhibit very low counts for some important features. We propose a model-based probabilistic approach for correlation and canonical correlation estimation for two sparse count data sets. Probabilistic sparse CCA (PSCCA) demonstrates that correlations and canonical correlations estimated at the natural parameter level are more appropriate than traditional estimation methods applied to the raw data. We demonstrate through simulation studies that PSCCA outperforms other standard correlation approaches and sparse CCA approaches in estimating the true correlations and canonical correlations at the natural parameter level. We further apply the PSCCA method to study the association of miRNA and mRNA expression data sets from a squamous cell lung cancer study, finding that PSCCA can uncover a large number of strongly correlated pairs than standard correlation and other sparse CCA approaches.
Journal of Statistical Research 2022, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 73-98


A new protocol was developed to synthesize (enantioenriched) thioethers and selenoethers from (chiral) benzylic trimethylammonium salts and di(hetero)aryl disulfides or diselenides. These syntheses were promoted by the presence of weak base and did not require the use of any transition metal, and resulted in the target products with good to excellent yields (72-94%). Using quaternary ammonium salts synthesized from enantiomerically enriched amines led to highly enantiopure benzylic thioethers and selenoethers (94-99% ee) with configurations reversed from those of their enantioenriched quaternary ammonium salts.


We present the POL-2 850 μm linear polarization map of the Barnard 1 clump in the Perseus molecular cloud complex from the B-fields In STar-forming Region Observations survey at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. We find a trend of decreasing polarization fraction as a function of total intensity, which we link to depolarization effects toward higher-density regions of the cloud. We then use the polarization data at 850 μm to infer the plane-of-sky orientation of the large-scale magnetic field in Barnard 1. This magnetic field runs north–south across most of the cloud, with the exception of B1-c, where it turns more east–west. From the dispersion of polarization angles, we calculate a turbulence correlation length of 5.0 ± 2.″5 (1500 au) and a turbulent-to-total magnetic energy ratio of 0.5 ± 0.3 inside the cloud. We combine this turbulent-to-total magnetic energy ratio with observations of NH3 molecular lines from the Green Bank Ammonia Survey to estimate the strength of the plane-of-sky component of the magnetic field through the Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi method. With a plane-of-sky amplitude of 120 ± 60 μG and a criticality criterion λc = 3.0 ± 1.5, we find that Barnard 1 is a supercritical molecular cloud with a magnetic field nearly dominated by its turbulent component.


We consider the problem of packing fixed-length patterns into a permutation, and develop a connection between the number of large patterns and the number of bonds in a permutation. Improving upon a result of Kaplansky and Wolfowitz, we obtain exact values for the expectation and variance for the number of large patterns in a random permutation. Finally, we are able to generalize the idea of bonds to obtain results on fixed-length patterns of any size, and present a construction that maximizes the number of distinct large patterns.


Abstract. Based on a set of climate simulations utilizing two kinds
of Earth system models (ESMs) in which observed ocean hydrographic data are
assimilated using exactly the same data assimilation procedure, we have
clarified that the successful simulation of the observed air–sea CO2 flux
variations in the equatorial Pacific is tightly linked to the
reproducibility of coupled physical air–sea processes. When an ESM with a
weaker ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillations) amplitude than that of the
observations was used for historical simulations with ocean data
assimilation, the observed equatorial anticorrelated relationship between the
sea surface temperature (SST) and the air–sea CO2 flux on interannual to decadal timescales could not be represented. The simulated
CO2 flux anomalies were upward (downward) during El Niño (La
Niña) periods in the equatorial Pacific. The reason for this was that the
non-negligible correction term in the governing equation of ocean
temperature, which was added via the ocean data assimilation procedure,
caused an anomalous, spurious equatorial upwelling (downwelling) during El
Niño (La Niña) periods, which brought more (less) subsurface layer
water rich in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to the surface layer. On the
other hand, in the historical simulations where the observational data were
assimilated into the other ESM with a more realistic ENSO representation, the
correction term associated with the assimilation procedure remained small
enough so as not to disturb an anomalous advection–diffusion balance for the
equatorial ocean temperature. Consequently, spurious vertical transport of
DIC and the resultant positively correlated SST and air–sea CO2 flux
variations did not occur. Thus, the reproducibility of the tropical air–sea
CO2 flux variability with data assimilation can be significantly
attributed to the reproducibility of ENSO in an ESM. Our results suggest
that, when using data assimilation to initialize ESMs for carbon cycle
predictions, the reproducibility of the internal climate variations in the
model itself is of great importance.


ABSTRACT Purified and surfactant-modified Tunisian clays were investigated for their capacity to remove cationic and anionic dyes (crystal violet, CV and methyl orange, MO) from aqueous solution. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and potentiometric acid-base titration. Batch-sorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the influence of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature on the adsorption of dyes. Pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, intra-particle diffusion and Elovich kinetic models were considered to evaluate the kinetic parameters. To understand the interaction of the dye with the adsorbent, Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevish isotherms were applied. Thermodynamics studies were conducted to calculate the changes in free energy (Δ°G), enthalpy (Δ°H) and entropy (Δ°S). A difference in the maximum adsorption capacity was observed, suggesting that the retention of dyes was influenced by structure, functional groups of dyes and surface properties of the adsorbents. Moreover, different mechanisms may control the removal of dyes. The purified Tunisian clays are excellent adsorbents for removal of the cationic dye CV and its modified form is suitable for removal of the anionic dye, MO, from aqueous solution.


Synthesis of an adaptive parameter identifier is developed for linear dynamic systems with finitely many lumped delays in the state vector and control input. The state of the system is assumed to be available for measurements. Once the parameter identifiability is guaranteed the simultaneous on-line identification of the system parameters and delays is achieved by the adaptive identifier proposed. Theoretical results are supported by numerical simulation.


Despite growing interest in biomass over the last number of years, bio-energy derived from biomass currently contributes to a very small share of the total Spanish energy market. How individual farmers choose to respond to the opportunities presented by these relatively novel crops has still received scarce attention. In this paper, farmers'intentions towards the adoption of energy crops are analyzed. A survey of 201 farmhouseholds in Southern Spain is explored using a non-parametric approach based on classification tree algorithms. The main outcome of this analysis is that off-farm labour factor affects the adoption of energy crops on farm, together with farm specializations, size of owned land and farmer's education. While the study confirms the relevance of the main determinants available from the literature, need for further research is emphasised.


This article addresses cultural policy in post-Communist Romania, focusing on the justifications for support of culture and the arts. The objectives are to clarify values legitimizing public support and to determine their effect on the meaning and impact of cultural policy. The author argues that justifications of public funding—instrumental or intrinsic—depend on how successive governments represent the roles conferred to culture and the arts, as well as on the particular ideas of culture and art they promote. Policy discourse after 1989 has been characterized by its nourishment of a persistent instrumental ideology that gradually connected to the international debate and has been dominated by a traditional, narrow conception of culture and art, which conflicts with a modern conception. Until recently, the fluctuations and conflicts between different values and ideas of culture and art have worked to constrain cultural policy, disrupting its implementation and altering its effects.


textabstract The abstract mathematical theory of partial differential equations (PDEs) is formulated in terms of manifolds, scalar fields, tensors, and the like, but these algebraic structures are hardly recognizable in actual PDE solvers. The general aim of the Sophus programming style is to bridge the gap between theory and practice in the domain of PDE solvers. Its main ingredients are a library of abstract datatypes corresponding to the algebraic structures used in the mathematical theory and an algebraic expression style similar to the expression style used in the mathematical theory. Because of its emphasis on abstract datatypes, Sophus is most naturally combined with object-oriented languages or other languages supporting abstract datatypes. The resulting source code patterns are beyond the scope of current compiler optimizations, but are sufficiently specific for a dedicated source-to-source optimizer. The limited, domain-specific, character of Sophus is the key to success here. This kind of optimization has been tested on computationally intensive Sophus style code with promising results. The general approach may be useful for other styles and in other application domains as well.


Cruelty and evil behaviors, widespread among human beings, have inspired many authors to examine the reasons and justifications for violence which destroys the life of man. This study inspects two plays, The Homecoming by Harold Pinter (1930-2008) and Yousif Nightmares by Barzan Faraj to show how the family members, as Machiavellian individuals, exploit and confront one another only for their own interest. The research observes the cruel nature of man in these texts written in two different periods by two playwrights who were born in two distinct countries with diverse social and cultural background. Harold Pinter is a British writer and wrote the play in 1964 and Barzan Faraj is a Kurdish playwright and wrote his play in 2001. The characters are tied by blood, but have no regard for one another's emotions. The needy are ignored and the females are exploited. The psychological study of the oppressors and the oppressed is based on Roy F. Baumeister's theory on evil and the origin of cruelty. Baumeister (1999) summarizes the roots of evil into lust (desire), egotism, revenge, fundamentalism and idealism. He believes that evil and violence have deep roots in the history of human kind and the problem is that most people who commit evil acts do not themselves regard their actions as evil. The study focuses on egotism and desire and concludes that the characters perform physical, verbal and sexual assaults without feeling guilty or showing regret. This shows that man creates several motives to commit crimes, and violence is part of human nature


The report deals with some problems of differential diagnosis between primary and metastatic ovarian tumors in 78 patients treated for breast cancer (without local recurrence). Clinical symptoms, results of palpation, evidence supplied by surgical intervention, data of cytological examination of exudates and even the findings of express histological analysis of bioptates fail to provide a sufficient improvement on diagnosis. Final diagnosis can be obtained by means of an all-round histological examination only. The extent of surgical procedure should match the operation of choice for primary ovarian tumor. Since ovarian involvement is rather frequent in breast cancer patients, they should be followed up by the gynecologist in the course of the whole survival time.


Background Benzodiazepines (BZD) have to be reconciled within 24 h of admission to avoid withdrawal symptoms. On the other hand, it's important to check the discharge report to avoid treatment discrepancies. Purpose To find out the accuracy of BZD reconciliation at admission and discharge in our hospital. Material and methods Observational prospective study carried out in a tertiary care hospital over two months. Patients over 65 years and without a relevant psychiatric condition were selected. The BZD prescribed at admission was compared with patient's home treatment. Clinical data was obtained from the electronic clinical history and electronic prescription. The discharge report was also checked for BZD indications. Reconciliation was classified as "reconciled" (same BZD and same half-life), "partially reconciled" (change to another BZD with different half-life) or "not reconciled". At discharge, physicians' indications were revised. Results 110 patients were included. The median age was 81 (65–95). They were 71 women (64%) and 39 men (36%). At admission the results were: 1) "Reconciled": 63 patients (57.3%); 2) "Partially reconciled": 9 patients (8.2%) and 3) "Not reconciled": 38 patients (34.5%). At discharge, physicians indicated the following: 1) "Same treatment": 69 patients (62.7%); 2) "No mention of BZD": 25 patients (22.7%); 3) "BZD combination": 5 patients (4.5%); 4) "Changed to other BZD": 5 patients (4.5%) and 5) "Withdrawal": 2 patients (1.8%). 4 patients (3.6%) died during the hospitalisation. Conclusion Almost a third part of patients don't have their treatment suitably reconciled. It might occur that treatment was changed because it was not warranted, regardless of reconciliation. At discharge, physicians use phrases like "same treatment" or don't mention anything about BZD. This can lead to treatment discrepancies with Primary Care. References and/or acknowledgements No conflict of interest.


The interannual variability of the sea ice in the Southern Ocean and its evolution projected for the end of the 21st century are investigated using observations and different types of models. First of all, none of the known atmospheric modes of variability are able to explain much of the total sea ice extent variability in the Southern Ocean. However, they have large influences on the local and regional scales. In particular, the response of the sea ice to the Southern Annular Mode is characterized by a dipole between the Ross Sea and the region around the Antarctic Peninsula caused by a low pressure anomaly in the Amundsen Sea in high SAM-index years. Secondly, the sea ice extent in the different regions seems to be mostly uncorrelated, showing that the total sea ice cover cannot be seen as a single entity, but merely as a combination of regional covers. Finally, it is shown why the projected distribution of sea ice is not a simple extrapolation of the current sea ice trends. The mechanisms responsible for the regional variability of the future sea-ice extents are discussed.


The article illustrates how the private-public-led urban development disenfranchised Ruwa residents' rights to control the planning of their local environments and affordable access to basic public amenities and services in their town. Ruwa was one of the first postcolonial towns in Zimbabwe to emerge and develop using the private-public approach. The study uses Henri Lefebvre's notion of the 'right to the city' as analytical lens. Lefebvre presents a vision for urban areas, in which residents manage urban space for themselves, beyond the control of private capital. In the same vein, this article argues that, although the private-public partnership approach was instrumental in the development of Ruwa Town, residents were left out of decision-making processes, yet they were the major stakeholders in the development process. Residents should take charge of development processes in their areas through grassroots participation. The study used mixed research tools which drew data from primary documents, statistical records, and interviews with various stakeholders of Ruwa Town development.


This paper compares the effects of prolonged stimulation with CCK-33 or CCK-8 on the secretion of individual enzymes from the pancreas of the anaesthetised guinea-pig. Quantitative analysis of the individual secre-tory proteins was achieved using a newly developed, reversed-phase, high-per-formance, liquid chromatography technique. Using this system, it was possible to separate and quantify each of the nine major proteins present in a small sample of pancreatic juice in 40 min. Because spontaneous pancreatic secre-tion was very slow in the anaesthetised guinea-pig, the cholecystokinin (CCK) peptides were administered against a background infusion of secretin. Secretin alone produced a small rise in total protein release with the secretion of all individual proteins being increased in parallel. Doses of CCK-33 and CCK-8 which increased total protein secretion by a similar amount had contrasting effects on the release of individual proteins. CCK-33 produced a parallel re-lease of all proteins over a period of 2 h. By contrast, after 1-h stimulation with CCK-8, the secretion of proteins became nonparallel. These data suggest that CCK-33 and CCK-8 may provoke slightly different intracellular responses within the pancreatic acinar cell.


Selective pressures imposed by pathogens have varied among human populations throughout their evolution, leading to marked inter-population differences at some genes mediating susceptibility to infectious and immune-related diseases. A common polymorphism resulting in a C529 versus T529 change in the Cadherin-Related Family Member 3 (CDHR3) receptor is associated with rhinovirus-C (RV-C) susceptibility and severe childhood asthma. Given the morbidity and mortality associated with RV-C dependent respiratory infections and asthma, we hypothesized that the protective variant has been under selection in the human population. Supporting this idea, a recent cross-species outbreak of RV-C among chimpanzees in Uganda, which carry the ancestral 'risk' allele at this position, resulted in a mortality rate of 8.9%. Using publicly available genomic data, we sought to determine the evolutionary history and role of selection acting on this infectious disease susceptibility locus. The protective variant is the derived allele and is found at high frequency worldwide, with the lowest relative frequency in African populations and highest in East Asian populations. There is minimal population structure among haplotypes, and we detect genomic signatures consistent with a rapid increase in frequency of the protective allele across all human populations. However, given strong evidence that the protective allele arose in anatomically modern humans prior to their migrations out of Africa and that the allele has not fixed in any population, the patterns observed here are not consistent with a classical selective sweep. We hypothesize that patterns may indicate frequency-dependent selection worldwide. Irrespective of the mode of selection, our analyses show the derived allele has been subject to selection in recent human evolution.


Distribution patterns and population structure of the euphausiids Nyctiphanes simplex and Euphausia eximia were examined In the Callfornia Current off the west coast of Baja California, Mexico with emphasis on the southern part near Bahia Magdalena, in relation to temperature zooplancton biomass, distance from the coast as a functlon of depth, and interannual variability. The data were collected in 6 surveys from May 1986 to October 1987. High densities of N. simplex were found in the shallow coastal waters ( E. eximia the maximum abundance occurred offshore at stations with depths of 200 to 3000 m. These distribution patterns (offshore-inshore) remained relatively constant throughout the surveys, but the latitudinal distributions showed important variations in relation to the current patterns of the region and seasonal differences in the upwelling events, particularly near Bahia Magdalena (24 to 25° N). Both species displayed continuous breeding, with 25 to 77% of the adult female N simplex in different fertilized stages. A slightly lower proportion of E. eximia females were reproductively active (37 to 48%). The breeding areas, indicated by early stages (calyptopes) and adults in the reproductive phase, showed that N. simplex is dependent on the upwelling system along Baja Callforia. High densities are maintained during spring and summer, then decrease during autumn as the physical environment changes. The population dynamics of E. eximia indicated breeding areas offshore with a continuous recruitment. Breeding areas were found in regions of relatively low biological production. Maximum abundance occurred during autumn.


PURPOSE
As of June 1992, five patients with sickle cell disease had been treated by matched sibling bone marrow transplantation in the United States.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Three patients underwent transplantations for complications related to sickle cell disease, two with previous cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) and one who had had multiple severe vasoocclusive crises. Two patients had other indications for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: one had acute myeloid leukemia and the other had Morquio's disease. The patients' ages ranged from 3 to 10 years, and four were girls. Ages of the donors ranged from 4 to 13 years; four of the donors were boys and three carried the sickle cell trait. For four patients, the preparative regimen consisted of busulfan and cyclophosphamide given either alone or combined with antithymocyte globulin (ATG). The patient with leukemia was prepared with cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation (TBI). The regimens for prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) included various combinations of cyclosporine A, methotrexate, and prednisone.

RESULTS
The patient with Morquio's disease failed to engraft but underwent a successful retransplantation from the same donor. All patients eventually demonstrated donor engraftment and the donor's hemoglobin electrophoretic pattern posttransplant. Two patients had moderately severe GVHD of the skin and gastrointestinal tract, which resolved with prednisone therapy. One of these patients developed transient chronic GVHD involving the skin. Other acute complications included mild venoocclusive disease of the liver, central line infection with bacteremias, uterine hemorrhage in one patient, and pseudomonas sepsis in another.

CONCLUSIONS
Both patients who underwent transplantation after CVAs have experienced subsequent neurological events. However, with a median follow-up of 16 months (range 8 months to 9.3 years), all patients are surviving in good to excellent clinical condition and appear to have benefitted from treatment by bone marrow transplantation.


Background Perineum sunning/tanning is a potentially harmful yet popular new health trend cultivated by a viral social media post, famous public figures, and subsequent media coverage. Objective Our primary objective is to evaluate public interest in perineum sunning/tanning. Methods Using an observational study design, we extracted data from Google Trends for the terms "perineum sunning," "perineum tanning," "Metaphysical Meagan," and "Josh Brolin"; and Twitter (via SproutSocial) for "perineum sunning" and "perineum tanning" from November 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019. UberSuggest was used to investigate monthly search volumes and user engagement. We used data from Google Trends and Twitter to construct autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to forecast public interest in perineum sunning and perineum tanning had the post on social media never occurred. Next, we performed an integral function to calculate the cumulative increase in "perineum tanning" from the day after the post occurred to the end of the year as the area between the forecasted values and the actual values. Using Welch t tests, we compared forecasted and actual values for "perineum sunning" and "perineum tanning" using Twitter and Google Trends data over 1-, 2-, and 4-week periods after the social media post to determine if the increased volumes were statistically significant over time. Lastly, we monitored Google Trends for "perineum sunning" and "perineum tanning" through September 30, 2020, to capture trends during the summer months. Results Before the Instagram post went viral, there was no search interest in perineum sunning. ARIMA modeling for perineum tanning forecasted no increase in searches (0.00) if the post had not gone viral, while actual interest conveyed a relative cumulative increase of 919.00% from the day the post went viral through December 31, 2020. The term "perineum sunning" was mentioned on average 804 (SD 766.1) times daily for this 7-day period, which was also significantly higher than predicted (P≤.03), totaling 5628 tweets for these 7 days. The increased volume of tweets and relative search interest from Google Trends remained significantly higher for both terms over the 1-, 2-, and 4-week intervals. User engagement showed that nearly 50% of people who searched for "perineum sunning" were likely to click a returned link for more information. Continued observance of search interest in perineum sunning demonstrated interest spikes in the summer months, June and July 2020. Conclusions Google Trends and Twitter data demonstrated that one social media post claiming non–evidence-based health benefits of regular sun exposure—without the use of sunscreen—generated significant public interest. Medical journals, dermatologists, and other health care professionals are obligated to educate and correct public misperceptions about viral wellness trends such as perineum sunning.


Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a highly promising therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, most patients do not get full therapeutic benefit from DBS, due to its critical dependence on electrode location in the Subthalamic Nucleus (STN). For this reason, we believe that the development of a novel surgical tool for DBS placement, i.e., an automated intraoperative closed-loop DBS localization system, is essential. In this paper, we analyze single unit spiking activity of 120 neurons in different STN locations collected from 4 PD patients. Specifically, for each neuron, we estimate a point process model (PPM) of the spiking activity for different depths within the STN by which we are able to detect pathological bursting and oscillations. Our results suggest that these signatures are more prominent in the dorsolateral part of the STN. Therefore, accurately placing the DBS electrode in this target may result in maximal therapeutic benefit with less power effort required by DBS. Furthermore, PPMs might be an effective tool for modeling of the STN neuronal activities as a function of location within the STN, which may pave the way towards developing a closed-loop navigation tool for optimal DBS electrode placement.


ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has become a partisan political issue instead of purely a public health issue in the U.S. Partisan media bias leads to conflicting messages and drastic differences in preventive behaviors and risk perceptions between Democrats and Republicans. Guided by partisan media bias literature and framing theory, this study examined partisan media bias in the U.S. national and local newspapers regarding COVID-19 using computational methods. It visualized the trends of COVID-19 news articles published by left-leaning, least biased, and right-leaning media as well as revealed frames that were used in partisan media to report COVID-19. Findings demonstrated that partisan media covered certain COVID-19 frames more frequently than others. Even though left-leaning, least biased, and right-leaning media did not differ in the likelihood of publishing COVID-19 articles and they did not publish a significantly different number of COVID-19 articles, partisan media used each COVID-19 frame significantly differently. Specifically, least biased media was more likely than left-leaning media and right-leaning media to discuss the stay-at-home order. Other frames were not significantly differently applied by different partisan media. Implications for COVID-19 news reporting and message design as well as the lessons for politics and health policy are provided.


Efforts internationally are underway to assess the quality of journalism education, a process that inevitably considers curriculum and the preparation of journalists able to meet professional standards. This article discusses three such efforts: the ongoing work of the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (ACEJMC) based in the United States; the UNESCO Model Curricula for Journalism Education for Developing Countries and Emerging Democracies introduced at the 2007 Asian Media Information and Communication Centre (AMIC) conference in Singapore; and development journalism, a concept that originated as an alternative to the traditional Western model of journalism in Asian countries like the Philippines and India in the 1970s. These efforts encompass an explicit endorsement of the role of the press in promoting democracy, development, or both. 'Journalism education is an art, not a science, and there can be no universal formula for preparing students for journalistic careers, just as there can be no universal model of a press system. Any system of journalism education and its institutions must infuse students with theory and practical skills, must nurture their sense of curiosity, and must enable them to understand the role of the press in their widely divergent societies' This article contends that the UNESCO model curricula, regardless of the strengths of its content, would be difficult to bring to fruition and to sustain--even in many developed countries--due to the financial demands that implementation would place on colleges and universities and its reliance on standard Western journalism practices. The purpose of this article is not to criticise the obvious ties of the UNESCO model curricula to Western journalistic theory and practice. Rather, it questions UNESCO's omission of discussion of alternative journalism models, in particular development journalism, in defending and advocating for its model. That omission reflects a mindset that illuminates how the model curricula are ambitious in theory but unlikely in practice. This article uses "Western model" as a generic term to refer to mainstream press organs that have editorial independence from governments or political parties, have adequate financial resources to sustain that independence, and that display a professional commitment to fairness, balance, accuracy, and ethical conduct by their journalists. Those terms differentiate between independent media--news organs autonomous from editorial control by political parties, individual politicians and their family or friends, and quasi-state entities--from opposition media with funding from and editorial control by such entities and individual. Importantly, "Western model" is not intended to describe any particular national version, whether in the developed world--such as the United States, Japan, Canada, Australia, France, or Great Britain--or in developing countries--such as India or South Africa. It can be argued that because the Western press model in its various forms is dominant in the most advanced, industrial, and post-industrial countries, it must inherently be the most effective at promoting and sustaining development. Under that argument, which the current UNESCO curricula assumes, that is the desirable model that journalists and news organisations in developing countries should master to further economic and other forms of growth in their own nations. This would seem to be a foundational premise of those who designed the curricula. There is unlikely to be a synthesis between the UNESCO curricula and one that encourages the practice of development journalism. Development journalism has interventionist and intentional characteristics that conflict with the objective and free-market orientations of Western journalism as reflected in the UNESCO curricula. In analysing the UNESCO model, it is evident that intentionality or intervention are omitted as objectives for journalism training and practice, and thus the model is inherently Western in ideology, content, and preferred practice. …


OF DISSERTATION SMOOTH SUBDIVISION SURFACES: MESH BLENDING AND LOCAL INTERPOLATION Subdivision surfaces are widely used in computer graphics and animation. CatmullClark subdivision (CCS) is one of the most popular subdivision schemes. It is capable of modeling and representing complex shape of arbitrary topology. Polar surface, working on a triangle-quad mixed mesh structure, is proposed to solve the inherent ripple problem of Catmull-Clark subdivision surface (CCSS). CCSS is known to be C continuous at extraordinary points. In this work, we present a G scheme at CCS extraordinary points. The work is done by revising CCS subdivision step with Extraordinary-Points-Avoidance model together with mesh blending technique which selects guiding control points from a set of regular sub-meshes (named dominative control meshes) iteratively at each subdivision level. A similar mesh blending technique is applied to Polar extraordinary faces of Polar surface as well. Both CCS and Polar subdivision schemes are approximating. Traditionally, one can obtain a CCS limit surface to interpolate given data mesh by iteratively solving a global linear system. In this work, we present a universal interpolating scheme for all quad subdivision surfaces, called Bezier Crust. Bezier Crust is a specially selected bi-quintic Bezier surface patch. With Bezier Crust, one can obtain a high quality interpolating surface on CCSS by parametrically adding CCSS and Bezier Crust. We also show that with a triangle/quad conversion process one can apply Bezier Crust on Polar surfaces as well. We further show that Bezier Crust can be used to generate hollowed 3D objects for applications in rapid prototyping. An alternative interpolating approach specifically designed for CCSS is developed. This new scheme, called One-Step Bi-cubic Interpolation, uses bicubic patches only. With lower degree polynomial, this scheme is appropriate for interpolating large-scale data sets. In sum, this work presents our research on improving surface smoothness at extraordinary points of both CCS and Polar surfaces and present two local interpolating approaches on approximating subdivision schemes. All examples included in this work show that the results of our research works on subdivision surfaces are of high quality and appropriate for high precision engineering and graphics usage.


Abstract : The objective of this effort was to modify the RADC trajectory program orbit program and various radar cross section programs were modified to run on the RADC HIS 6180 computer under the GCOS system software. The RADC trajectory program was modified to include the capability of processing multiple (20) radar sites and multiple (20) targets in the program so that various radar parameters could be determined. This type of information is essential in performing radar coverage analyses for systems such as COBRA TALON, SEEK SAIL, COBRA DANE and COBRA JUDY. This portion of the effort is documented in Vol 1. Vol 2 documents a procedure for punching cards in ASCII format and reading the data onto a HP cassett for subsequent plotting with an HP 9820 calculator system. Vol 3 documents some Radar Signature and Radar Scattering computer programs. A three dimensional plot program contained in this volume has been incorporated into the Interactive Radar Simulator for plotting three dimensional antenna patterns and cross section aspect angle histories. (Author)


The Internet and social media are transforming journalism, news, and the audience as we knew them. Much of the discourse about these developments has been led by new-media triumphalists. By contrast, this Article seeks to provide a more nuanced and balanced view. It takes as a given the influence of social media on journalism, and seeks to identify the particular kinds of dangers that flow from that influence in order to inoculate the modern press against them. Social networking has already led to changes in: (1) newsgathering and dissemination practices, (2) the expectations and engagement of the audience, (3) traditional journalistic output and professional norms of neutrality, and (4) the institutional role and power of the press. These changes have had consequences for reporting standards, for journalistic goals of accuracy, completeness, contextualization, accountability, for the vigor of investigative journalism, and for the power of press institutions. Simply put, social media have invited important challenges to the democracy-supporting, watchdog role of the press. Changing journalistic practices may lead to heightened legal liability for defamation or invasion of privacy claims against the press. In addition, legislative and administrative developments that privilege privacy and consumer protection over press economics may have the inadvertent effect of deterring free, high quality news production. Perhaps most importantly, concerns about press responsibility and the difficulty of defining the press in the new environment are likely to set back attempts to (1) promote a revival of the First Amendment's Press Clause and (2) pass a federal reporter's privilege. These developments press against the power and effectiveness of the press. This Article argues that without waging a Luddite war on the new, participatory journalism out of misplaced nostalgia for the heyday of the daily newspaper, we nevertheless need to focus on ways to shore up the function of the accountability press.


We investigate a novel light source design for efficient collection of UV light from multiple LEDs. The design is based on a truncated cone with a large circular lid incorporating LEDs on one side, and a small circular exit aperture (diameter of 9 mm) on the other side. The exit aperture size allows a simple coupling with secondary optics of a microscope for hyperspectral imaging that requires a wide spectrum of frequencies of illuminating light. The light collection efficiency was optimized with respect to cone length and diameter of the LED lid. In all simulations, we use a highly UV-reflecting aluminum coating on the inner surfaces of the cone. The influence of the LED positions on the cone efficiency is determined by varying the LED distance from the central axis as well as the interLED distance. We found the maximum efficiency of the cone is realized for LEDs positioned at the center, and the shorter is the inter-LED distance, the better is the performance of the light source.


Abstract To analyze the alteration of lipid profile and inflammatory markers in the serum of patients with gouty arthritis (GA), the levels of serum lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs) were measured in the serum of 69 gout patients, 35 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 23 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS)/spondyloarthropathy (SpA), and 25 patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The serum levels of apoprotein A1 (Apo-A1) were significantly decreased in patients with gout when compared with RA, AS/SpA, and OA patients. The serum levels of CRP were significantly increased in gouty patients when compared with RA, AS/SpA, and OA patients. Furthermore, the serum levels of ESR were significantly increased in patients with gout compared to patients with OA. Correlation analysis indicated that the levels of Apo-A1 were negatively correlated with serum ESR and CRP (r = −0.475, P < .001; r = −0.380, P = .001, respectively) in the patients with GA. Taken together, this study gives us a better understanding of the relationships between serum lipid profile and inflammatory markers in gout patients.


Not since today, it is known that war is a business that brings unimaginable profits, which is well recognized by equipment manufacturers and mercenaries. The concept of mercenary is nothing new to the world, you can even be tempted to say that the profession of mercenary can compete with other oldest professions for the title of "world's oldest profession". Modern hireling, to a large extent,differs from that in antiquity and later periods. Clientele of this type of services increased and the tasks carried by mercenaries changed. Unfortunately, often Private Military Companies (PMC) are being used for nefarious purposes.


I study the implications of learning by doing in production for optimal monetary policy using a basic New Keynesian model. Learning-by-doing is modeled as a stock of skills that accumulates based on past employment. The presence of this learning-by-doing externality breaks the 'divine coincidence' result, that by stabilising inflation the output gap will automatically be closed, for a variety of shocks that are important in explaining the buseiness cycle. In this context, the policy maker must consider the impact on future productivity of any trade-off between output and inflation today. The appropriate inflation-output trade off is between inflation today and the present value of deviations in the output gap. The approach to optimal monetary policy follows Woodford (2010) permitting a study of variations in key parameters and steady states which is uncommon in the literature that relies on a quadratic approximation to the utility function. Exploiting this variation I find that learning induces a small increase in the importance of the output gap under a cost-push shock for the (more realistic case) of a distorted steady state. The welfare costs of business cycles are shown to be significantly larger even under the optimal policy.


Vasectomy already been accepted by the society as easy and effective method for male contraceptive. However, some patients want to restore their fertility status due to divorce or re-marriage cases. Techniques in performing vasectomy reversal are varying with their own advantages and disadvantages. One of the techniques is double layer microscopy vasectomy reversal. We evaluate the success rate of this technique based on the semen analysis. The success rate was good with around 98.5% patients with complete follow up had sperm in their semen analysis [MP1]  . However, total success of follow up were very low (5 out of 19 patients) even though the cost of reversal vasectomy was quite expensive (around 3.000$USD). Lost to follow up rate of reversal vasectomy was 26%.


The study explores how news messages carrying parts of the populist ideology contribute to a polarization of public opinion about populism. It combines a content analysis of news coverage on two policy areas (N = 7,119 stories) with a two-wave panel survey (N = 2,338) in four European metropolitan regions (Berlin, Paris, London, Zurich). In three regions, unopposed media messages with a populist stance have a conditional effect on populist attitudes that depends on prior convictions. A higher dose of exposure to populist news coverage enhances both prior agreement and disagreement with populism. While the observed interaction patterns vary between regions, the general picture suggests that populist messages in the news foster polarization between public support and disapproval of populism.


The public is becoming increasingly distrustful of hazardous waste management activities. However, public trust is a requisite condition for effective environmental management of hazardous waste sites. Without trust, it is unlikely that such institutions can effectively convince the public that a site is safe and can be reused. The authors of this article conducted a study of the social, economic, psychological, demographic, and political factors that may affect environmental risk assessment and communication at the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Nuclear Weapons Site (SRS). Public trust was a central focus of this study. A population survey was conducted to evaluate the level of public mistrust and correlates of public mistrust among residents living near the SRS. In this sample, several groups of respondents demonstrated high levels of trust. Respondents living upriver from SRS and respondents whose county was economically dependent on SRS voiced high levels of trust. Respondents who were predisposed toward accepting additional hazardous waste or accepting public health risks for economic gain also showed high levels of trust. Findings suggest that public trust is influenced by a variety of factors including personal traits, experiences, and economic needs.


In March 2011 the FTC issued a report entitled "The Evolving IP Marketplace" (the "Report"). In this Report, the FTC assumes as fact that the IP marketplace suffers a pervasive problem of "patent hold-up" in which patentees take advantage of the "sunk costs" of infringers to extract excessive royalties from licensees, and proposes to "fix" that supposed problem by weakening the remedies available against an infringer that does not voluntarily take a license. Instead, the FTC's recommendations would disrupt and discourage voluntary licensing, discourage investment in innovation, and damage both industry participants and consumers. The FTC proposes that damages for patent infringement be limited to the "incremental value" provided by the patent over the "next best alternative," and that courts calculating damages should fix the "hypothetical negotiation" at a time before the infringer has made any investments specific to the infringement, rather than at the time of first infringement (as under current law). In the case of standardized technologies, the FTC contends that the "hypothetical negotiation" should always be fixed prior to the adoption of the relevant standard. The Report also recommends further narrowing the cases in which an injunction could be obtained against an infringer. Following issuance of the Report, the FTC conducted a public workshop concerning patents and standards in June of 2011, and solicited public comment, receiving comment from a large number of industry participants of varying interests, as well as standards-setting organizations ("SSOs"), academics, industry analysts, and others. Issues of patent remedies and incentives for innovation are often dealt with in the academic literature as a matter of pure economic theory, using radically simplified economic models in a vacuum of empirical information. For this paper, in sharp contrast, we reviewed the entire record from the FTC workshop and public comment, and analyze the FTC's recommendations in light of the real-world facts and perspectives provided by the commentators. We conclude that the FTC's starting assumption that there is a systemic "patent hold-up" problem is empirically unfounded, and that indeed the great weight of industry comment says that there is not. In standardized industries in particular, SSOs uniformly report that their existing licensing policies have avoided any hold-up problems. We further conclude that the recommendation to cap patent damages by an "incremental value" measure is both theoretically incorrect and impossible for courts to apply, and that any attempt to do so would severely discourage investment in innovation. We also find that the proposal to move the time of a "hypothetical negotiation" analysis is misguided, and would encourage infringement at the expense of the voluntary negotiation of licenses - a value-destroying shift that again would discourage investment and damage consumers as well as industry participants. Finally, we find no justification for any further restriction of the patentee's right to injunctive relief beyond the limitations imposed by the Supreme Court's decision in eBay.


Amide bond formation is one of the most executed reactions in chemistry and biology. This is largely due to the ubiquity of the amide functional group in biological molecules, natural products and pharmaceutically important drugs. We report here the development of "SuFExAmide": a new sulfur-fluoride exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry based protocol for the efficient amidation of carboxylic acids via acyl fluoride intermediates. We have developed benzene-1,3-disulfonyl fluoride as a cost effective, powerful and versatile coupling agent, which delivers challenging secondary and tertiary amides in excellent yields from sterically hindered and electron-deficient amines. The straightforward method offers significant benefits over existing protocols in terms of substrate scope, efficiency and ease of operation and is demonstrated by the synthesis of 44 amides, including GNF6702, an antiprotozoal drug candidate. In the majority of cases, the amide products are obtained in high yield without the need for excess reagents or chromatographic purification.


Machine translation (MT) is now widely and freely available, and has the potential to greatly improve cross-lingual communication. In order to use MT reliably and safely, end users must be able to assess the quality of system outputs and determine how much they can rely on them to guide their decisions and actions. However, it can be difficult for users to detect and recover from mistranslations due to limited language skills. In this work we collected 19 MT-mediated role-play conversations in housing and employment scenarios, and conducted in-depth interviews to understand how users identify and recover from translation errors. Participants communicated using four language pairs: English, and one of Spanish, Farsi, Igbo, or Tagalog. We conducted qualitative analysis to understand user challenges in light of limited system transparency, strategies for recovery, and the kinds of translation errors that proved more or less difficult for users to overcome. We found that users broadly lacked relevant and helpful information to guide their assessments of translation quality. Instances where a user erroneously thought they had understood a translation correctly were rare but held the potential for serious consequences in the real world. Finally, inaccurate and disfluent translations had social consequences for participants, because it was difficult to discern when a disfluent message was reflective of the other person's intentions, or an artifact of imperfect MT. We draw on theories of grounding and repair in communication to contextualize these findings, and propose design implications for explainable AI (XAI) researchers, MT researchers, as well as collaboration among them to support transparency and explainability in MT. These directions include handling typos and non-standard grammar common in interpersonal communication, making MT in interfaces more visible to help users evaluate errors, supporting collaborative repair of conversation breakdowns, and communicating model strengths and weaknesses to users.


Background Young minority men in the US bear a disproportionate burden of STI, but comprise one of the population groups least likely to access services. STI service utilisation is not only constrained by access to quality care but also potentially impacted by socio-cultural factors, including STI-related stigma and shame, which can undermine efforts to promote testing and treatment. STI-related stigma and shame may also provide a disincentive for young men to participate in partner notification programs, including partner-delivered therapy. We hypothesised that young men who perceive increasing levels of social stigma related to STI would be less likely to seek out STI-related services or notify their sexual partners about STI. Methods Between June and July, 2010, 108 African American young men (15—24 years) responded to a brief, self-administered intercept survey on a hand-held device. Recruitment was conducted on the street and in residential areas of a low income urban neighbourhood with elevated STI rates. The survey included socio-demographic questions, an 11 item scale measuring STI-related stigma and shame, and questions regarding STI testing history, preferences for notifying partners, and interest in partner delivered therapy. The association between stigma and shame scores and STI testing and partner notification preferences was evaluated with multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for age and education. Results The median (range) STI-stigma score was 12 (5–25) and the shame score was 15 (6–30); higher scores indicate more stigma or shame. Most participants had ever been tested for STI (73%), indicated willingness to personally notify their main partners (72%) or other partners (66%), and said they would deliver STI therapy to a partner (68%). Increasing STI-related stigma was significantly associated with a history of STI testing, such that every SD increase in stigma score was associated with 50% decreased odds of having been tested (OR: 0.5, 95% CI 0.3 to 1.0). Participants with higher levels of stigma and shame were also significantly less likely to be willing to personally notify their partners of STI or to deliver therapy. Conclusions STI-related stigma and shame, common in this population, could undermine STI testing, treatment, and partner notification programs. Efforts to expand access to care should be accompanied by efforts to change socio-cultural attitudes and norms around STI testing and treatment.


Objective. To describe the clinical, laboratory, pathologic, and radiographic imaging characteristics of a series of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and radiographic imaging evidence of heterotopic ossification of their temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Methods. Children were identified through search of an administrative database of imaging results at Seattle Children's Hospital. Retrospective chart review was performed to collect data on each patient's clinical and laboratory characteristics, systemic therapies, timing and number of TMJ intraarticular corticosteroid injections (IAS), TMJ symptoms, and TMJ findings on physician examination. TMJ imaging studies for which heterotopic ossifications were reported were reviewed. Pathology specimens were reviewed for the 2 children who underwent synovial biopsy of their TMJ. Results. Twelve children were identified. The average duration between onset of JIA and detection of heterotopic ossification of TMJ on an imaging study was 36 months (range 19–94). Half the children had abnormal mouth-opening for age when the calcifications were first detected. In each case, the heterotopic ossification was first detected by computed tomography scan, and in 11 of the cases they were associated with synovial pannus formation as documented on an imaging study. Two children underwent synovial biopsy, which revealed reactive parosteal osteochondromatosis in one case and findings consistent with an intraarticular rheumatoid nodule in the other. Conclusion. Heterotopic ossifications of the TMJ may be seen in children with JIA and are associated with particularly severe TMJ arthritis, joint destruction, and pannus formation. Pathology from these joints suggests that the heterotopic ossification may result from multiple pathological processes.