PurposeThe role of energy efficiency and particularly energy performance certificates (EPCs) has emerged as a topical and important aspect of real estate markets. Various studies have been carried out investigating the perceived capitalisation effects of energy efficiency on property prices. There, however, remains divergence of opinion whether the capitalisation effect is truly in existence with extant research showing differing magnitudes of effects, if any. To date, no study (that the authors are aware of) has investigated the nature of the transition between EPC bands and price effects. The purpose of this study is to add to the research of the energy efficiency of housing to examine the nature of the likelihood of property characteristics being associated with higher EPC scores and value.Design/methodology/approachThis research undertakes a suite of methodological tests to investigate the more latent relationships between EPC bands and pricing behaviour using 3,797 achieved sales prices within the Belfast housing market. Binary logit regression models are specified in conjunction with a Polytomous Universal Model to examine the likelihood of EPC bands falling within a particular property type and the likelihood of any pricing effects.FindingsThe findings show the differing property types to comprise very distinct and complex relationships in terms of price and EPC banding. The binary logit model estimations for both terrace properties and apartments reveal an increased likelihood to obtain higher EPC scores, with the semi-detached sector displaying a "mixed effect" with detached property revealing decreased probability of having superior energy performance and decreased likelihood of having poorer energy performance. The ordinal model estimations indicate that sales price comprises no relationship with energy performance, inferring that there is no increased probability of an increase in sales price with higher EPC rating.Originality/valueThis research offers new insights and focus on achieving a better understanding of the nexus between energy performance and property characteristics using alternative modelling approaches. This provides more exploratory insights into the complex relationships and offers awareness for policy discourse in terms of targeting properties which will tend to be poorer in energy efficiency.


Analysis of distortions of the crystal lattice within individual mineral grains is central to the investigation of microscale processes that control and record tectonic events. These distortions are generally combinations of lattice rotations and elastic strains, but a lack of suitable observational techniques has prevented these components being mapped simultaneously and routinely in earth science laboratories. However, the technique of high‐angular resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR‐EBSD) provides the opportunity to simultaneously map lattice rotation and elastic strain gradients with exceptional precision, on the order of 0.01° for rotations and 10−4 in strain, using a scanning electron microscope. Importantly, these rotations and lattice strains relate to densities of geometrically necessary dislocations and residual stresses. Recent works have begun to apply and adapt HR‐EBSD to geological minerals, highlighting the potential of the technique to provide new insights into the microphysics of rock deformation. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the technique, to identify caveats and targets for further development, and to suggest areas where it offers potential for major advances. In particular, HR‐EBSD is well suited to characterizing the roles of different dislocation types during crystal plastic deformation and to mapping heterogeneous internal stress fields associated with specific deformation mechanisms/microstructures or changes in temperature, confining pressure, or macroscopic deviatoric stress. These capabilities make HR‐EBSD a particularly powerful new technique for analyzing the microstructures of deformed geological materials.


Herbal plant ethno pharmacy study in Butonse has been coducted from January to april 2014 in Binongko Sub-districtm Wakatobi Regency of South East Sulawesi. This research aimed to find out various species and plant organs used, kinds of diseases healed, and the way to use the herbal plants by Butonese in Binongko Sub-district. This was a descripive research using qualitative method.The sample was taken through snowball technique with 17 informans by using questiomnaire. Based on the research result, it was obtained 53 species of plants and divided into 35 families that used as medicine.The most used plants were family of Euphorbiaceae of 6 species. It was found 3 kinds of unique plants used such as tali putri, daun picah, and kayu kuda. The organs used were leaf, fruit, stem, tuber, root, rhozome. Latex, flower, stem skin, and wood skin. The most used plant's organ was the leaves of 56%. The wey is by boiling, pounding, chewing, squeezing, slicing, smearing, burning, dropping, soaking, consuming directly, gratting, attachng, and having smoke. The most way used is by boiling and pounding for 34% each.

Key words: Ethno pharmacy, plant herbal, Butones.


Localization of an isotropic source using energy measurements from randomly deployed sensors is considered. In particular, an optimization problem that does not require knowledge of the underlaying energy decay model is proposed, and a condition under which the optimal solution can be computed is given. This condition employs a new geometric construct introduced here, called the sorted order-K Voronoi diagram. We give centralized and distributed algorithms for source localization in this setting. Finally, analytical results and simulations are used to verify the performance of the developed algorithms.


Executive function (EF) is essential for humans to effectively engage in cognitively demanding tasks. In adults, EF is subserved by frontoparietal regions in the multiple demand (MD) network, which respond to various cognitively demanding tasks. However, children initially show poor EF and prolonged development. Do children recruit the same network as adults? Is it functionally and connectionally distinct from adjacent language cortex, as in adults? And is this activation or connectivity dependent on age or ability? We examine task-dependent (spatial working memory and passive language tasks) and resting state functional data in 44 adults (18-38 years, 68% female) and 37 children (4-12 years, 35% female). Subject-specific functional ROIs (ss-fROIs) show bilateral MD network activation in children. In both children and adults, these MD ss-fROIs are not recruited for linguistic processing and are connectionally distinct from language ss-fROIs. While MD activation was lower in children than in adults (even in motion- and performance-matched groups), both showed increasing MD activation with better performance, especially in right hemisphere ss-fROIs. We observe this relationship even when controlling for age, cross-sectionally and in a small longitudinal sample of children. These data suggest that the MD network is selective to cognitive demand in children, is distinct from adjacent language cortex, and increases in selectivity as performance improves. These findings show that neural structures subserving domain-general EF emerge early and are sensitive to ability even in children. This research advances understanding of how high-level human cognition emerges and could inform interventions targeting cognitive control. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study provides evidence that young children already show differentiated brain network organization between regions that process cognitive demand and language. These data support the hypothesis that children recruit a similar network as adults to process cognitive demand; and despite immature characteristics, children's selectivity looks more adult-like as their executive function ability increases. Mapping early stages of network organization furthers our understanding of the functional architecture underlying domain-general executive function. Determining typical variability underlying cognitive processing across developmental periods helps establish a threshold for executive dysfunction. Early markers of dysfunction are necessary for effective early identification, prevention, and intervention efforts for individuals struggling with deficits in processing cognitive demand.


The strength of interaction between neurons in the sensorimotor cortex of rabbits was compared before and after the formation of a hidden excitatory focus (dominant) in this cortical area. In control experiments the interactions between the neurons was significantly stronger in cases when the influence of the neurons with higher spike amplitude on the neurons generating lower-amplitude pulses was assessed. This difference disappeared in the dominant focus.


This book chapter reveals the politics of representation underlying depictions of non-Western cities in the literature on third world development. Development discourse is preoccupied with imaginary differences and hierarchies, it argues, and the places it describes are not grounded in any empirical reality. The 'third world city' is a Western invention, an imaginative construction that has helped to sustain a geometry of power and control that the West has exerted in one form or another since the first days of colonialism.


Patients in the intensive care unit are at high risk of glutamine depletion and subsequent complications. Several controlled studies and a metaanalysis have concluded that glutamine supplementation has beneficial effects on the clinical outcome of critically ill and surgical patients. These results may be explained by glutamine's influences on the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, cell protection, and the gut barrier. In addition, glutamine may also improve glucose metabolism by reducing insulin resistance.


Integrated Geophysical investigation involving the Very Low Frequency Electromagnetics (VLF-EM), Magnetics and Electrical Resistivity methods were carried out around the proposed Theatre and Media Arts Complex within the Federal University Oye-Ekiti. The study is aimed at assessing the competence of the subsurface materials for the proposed building. Six (6) traverses were established in the area in the W-E and N-S directions along which the VLF-EM, Magnetics and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data were acquired. The dipole-dipole data were acquired along four separate traverses. Nineteen (19) Schlumberger Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) stations were occupied within the study area. VLF-EM filtered real positive peak anomalies were identified in the area with the highest amplitude observed along traverse 2 at 82.5 m. The magnetic profiles identified high and low magnetic anomalies in the area with the major EM anomaly in traverse 2 revealed as high magnetic intensity. KH curve type is the dominant in the area and four major geoelectric layers were delineated in the area namely the topsoil (composed of clay, sandy clay, clayey sand and laterite), laterite, weathered layer (composed mainly of clay and sand) and fractured/fresh basement bedrock. The depth to bedrock ranges from 1.9-26.4 m. The lateritic layer below the topsoil is very thick beneath VES 6 (12.1 m). The Dipole-Dipole inverted 2-D resistivity image shows suspected basement depressions, fractures or lithological boundary which correlates with the results obtained from the other geophysical techniques. The resistivity and thickness maps of the area show that the topsoil is weak (clayey) in the northern and southern parts, lateritic in the central part, although generally thin (<1.5 m) and that the materials above the weathered layer (where they are lateritic) should be able to bear the load of the building even though it is rarely greater than 4 m in thickness. It could be deduced however, that the central portion of the study area which is expected to host the foundation of the proposed building is competent for the building construction purpose.


ABSTRACT. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine is delivered to children aged 3–59 months as seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) in areas where transmission is highly seasonal such as Chad and other Sahelian countries. Although clinical trials show a 75% reduction in malaria cases, evidence of SMC's impact at scale remains limited. Using data from the Chadian National Health Management Information System, we analyzed associations between SMC implementation during July–October and monthly district-level malaria incidence (suspected and confirmed outpatient cases) among children aged 0–59 months at health facilities in 23 health districts with SMC implementation during 2013–2018. Generalized additive models were fitted with separate cyclic cubic spline terms for each district to adjust for seasonality in cases. SMC implementation in Chad was associated, compared with no implementation, with lower monthly counts of both suspected (rate ratio [RR]: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72–0.94. P = 0.006) and confirmed malaria cases (RR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71–0.93, P = 0.003), representing around 20% reduction in malaria incidence. Sensitivity analyses showed effect sizes of up to 28% after modifying model assumptions. Caution should be exercised in interpreting our findings, which may not be comparable with other studies, and may over- or underestimate impact of SMC; not all malaria cases present at health facilities, not all suspected cases are tested, and not all facilities report cases consistently. This study's approach presents a solution for employing readily available routine data to evaluate the impact of health interventions at scale without extensive covariate data. Further efforts are needed to improve the quality of routine data in Chad and elsewhere.


The objective of this work is the modeling and the simulation of the motoneuronal pool and associated neurons of the gastrocnemius muscle of the cat. The motoneuron model that we propose is a mixture of a simple threshold crossing model with that including synaptic and potassium channel conductances. The behavior of the resulting model was compared with data obtained from the literature regarding the AHP (afterhyperpolarization), f x I curve, frequency response, among other tests. The model showed a good fit to biological data and at the same time was simple enough to be employed in a motoneuronal network simulator. The structure of the neuronal network to be simulated is presented briefly in this paper.


Local food has received much attention in recent years not only through academic study but also through media-driven initiatives to promote more sustainable food systems. Whether these initiatives are correct in assuming that local food will drive more sustainable consumption and production, however, is moot. This review examines the literature relating to local food and reveals some mixed messages. In particular, in relation to our pre-conceived notions about local food providing a more 'wholesome' means of supply, messages relating to food miles and production simplicity may be misleading. The food miles issue, when taken literally in terms of transport efficiency, appears perverse as does environmental impacts connected with simpler processing and packaging of local food. However, there are counterbalancing economic and social welfare gains that may be attributable to local food that are less emblematic but just as relevant.


Objective: To determine if nonobstetrical abdominal surgery during pregnancy in Women's Hospital at the University of Southern California School of Medicine was associated with increased rates of preterm delivery or spontaneous loss. Preoperative diagnostic accuracy was also evaluated. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all cases of nonobstetrical abdominal surgery in our institution during a 7-year period from November 1991 to November 1998. Results: One hundred-six cases of nonobstetrical abdominal surgery were identified. Eighty-eight women underwent laparotomy and 18 had laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Seventy-three women had emergent surgery and 31 had elective surgery. Seventy-six percent (80/106) of subjects had the same preoperative and postoperative diagnoses. We obtained delivery data for 62 of 106 (59%) subjects. Eleven of 62 (18%) subjects who had nonobstetrical abdominal surgery during pregnancy delivered preterm (< 37 weeks' gestation). This was not significantly different from the institutional preterm delivery rate of Women's Hospital (8999/56305 [16%]) (P = 0.84). Two of 106 (2%) women experienced spontaneous pregnancy loss following surgery; both occurred in the second trimester. Conclusions: Nonobstetrical abdominal surgery during pregnancy in Women's Hospital was not associated with higher frequencies of preterm deliveries or spontaneous losses than our institutional rates.


O b j e c t . The authors investigated the effect of a collagen-based sealant, Gel Amidon Oxyde (GAO), in the prevention of epidural scar adhesions in an adult rat model of laminectomy. M e t h o d s . Seventy-two adult Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent an L5‐6 laminectomy, after which the dura mater and the left L-4 and L-5 nerve roots were exposed. In the 36 animals that received GAO, the sealant was applied over the dura and around the nerve roots, and it was used to fill the laminectomy cavity before it polymerized. In 36 control animals, the same surgical treatment was performed, but the rats did not receive GAO. During the early postoperative period, a significant decrease in the occurrence of epidural hematoma was found in the GAO-treated rats. In contrast to findings in control rats, a thin white connective tissue layer was found between the dura and surrounding muscles after GAO had degraded and been absorbed. One month posttreatment, no epidural scar adhesion was found between the tissue layer and the dura in the GAO-treated animals. Three months postoperatively, both gross inspection and histological examination further confirmed that formation of epidural adhesions was significantly inhibited in the rats treated with GAO. No special inflammatory reaction was observed, and the healing of skin and muscle lesions was not affected by either treatment. C o n c l u s i o n s . The data obtained in this study suggest that the GAO collagen‐based sealant may be an effective biomaterial to prevent epidural adhesions in vivo after laminectomy.


Optimal scheduling of real-time tasks on multiprocessor systems is known to be computationally intractable for large task sets. Any practical scheduling algorithm for assigning real-time tasks to a multiprocessor system presents a trade-oo between its computational complexity and its performance. The performance of a scheduling algorithm is measured in terms of the additional number of processors required to arrive at a schedule without deadline violations as compared to an optimal algorithm. In this study, new schedulability conditions are presented for homogeneous multipro-cessor systems where individual processors execute the rate-monotonic scheduling algorithm. The conditions are used to develop new strategies for assigning real-time tasks to processors. The performance of the new strategies is shown to be signiicantly better than suggested by the existing literature. Under the (realistic) assumption that the load of each real-time task is small compared to the processing speed of each processor, it is shown that all processors can be almost fully utilized. Task assignment strategies are proposed for scenarios where the task set is known a priori (oo-line schemes), and where the real-time task set can change dynamically (on-line schemes).


Osteoporosis and traffic accident are major factor that causes bone fracture in Indonesia. One of solution for the bones fracture treatment is by using fixation implant that has similar characteristics with the human bones. Stainless Steel (SS) 316L is one of biomaterial that has been used as an implant material due to its corrosion resistance, good biocompatibility, and excellent mechanical properties. However, the bioactivity properties of the material is needed to improve by coating it with hydroxyapatite (HA). In this research, HA was coated to the surface of 316L SS by using investment casting technique. A slurry of HA was poured into casting cavity surface prior to metal casting process, and then followed by sintering at temperatures of 850 o C, 900 o C, and 950 o C. Characterization of HA coating layer on specimen surface was conducted by Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX). Hardness of  the samples was measured by Vickers Hardness Tester. Result of the experiment shows that the invvestment casting is successfully to coat the HA on the SS 316L surface. Pouring method produces HA layer with thickness (spongy and porous surface) in the range of 60 µm – 110 µm. The increasing of sintering temperature increases the hardness number of the surfaces, and affect the purity of HA, but it is not related to coating thickness. Optimum sintering temperature is obtained at 900 o C which produces the best calcium and phosphate ratio. The investment casting method is found as a simple and non-expensive technique that can be used to coat HA powder to SS 316L that produces good properties and optimum crystallinity of HA that suitable for orthopedic implant application.


We argue that to a better understanding of the causes of unemployment in Morocco, it seems very important to study endogenously the consequences of the interaction between the structure of the labor market and the presence of the minimum wage. Indeed, it was argued that unemployment in Morocco can be caused by the existence of monopsony power of firms offering jobs that do not seem quite decent to workers and this may also explain the large size of the informal sector. It is this fact which justifies the establishment of an appropriate policy in the minimum wage and study its impact on employment in Morocco. This is our current research agenda.


Drafting effective trust resolutions to take account of the interface between taxation law and trust law has never been a straightforward exercise. That said, the situation has become increasingly more challenging in recent years following significant judicial decisions and the Commissioner's release of numerous practice statements, decision impact statements and other pronouncements. Treasury has now sought to intervene by developing the new trust streaming measures, and further large-scale legislative reform is now proposed. In this climate of significant uncertainty, the task remains to provide practical solutions to clients to these complex issues. This article is intended to provide some useful and practical observations on the drafting of effective trust deeds and trust resolutions. A number of case studies are provided to illustrate the key principles. The new trust streaming measures have been addressed in some detail, given their significance for the 2012, 2013 and possibly later income years.


The stationary energy-transport equations for semiconductors in three space dimensions are numerically discretized. The physical variables are the electron density, the energy density, and the electric potential. Physically motivated mixed Dirichlet-Neumann boundary conditions are employed. The numerical approximation is based on a hybridized mixed finite-element method with Raviart-Thomas-Nedelec elements, applied to the dual-entropy formulation of the energy-transport model. For the solution of the nonlinear discrete system, a Newton scheme with adaptive potential stepping and two decoupling Gummel-type strategies with reduced rank extrapolation are proposed. Multigate field-effect transistors in two dimensions and three dimensions are numerically simulated.


̳Traditional' theories of learning as pratical dimensions of psychology majorly tend to focus their interest on humans' inner factors that influence the process of learning such as intelligences, motivation, interest, attitude, concentration and aptitude. They never connect it with instruments and technological inventions such as multimedia, cyber celluler, internet, even social organization, cultural values, traditions etc., while these are very influential nowdays towards the progress and behaviors of human life. As such the application of connectivism theory of learning which connect those dimensions of life with learning activities, is now and then insparable from any effort to promote the quality of humans' learning itself, including in teaching and learning languages.


A poly(Toluidine Blue O) (poly-TBO) modified electrode was successfully prepared by repeated sweeping the applied potential from -0.6 to + 0.8 V (vs. SCE) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in borate buffer solution at pH 9.1 containing 0.1 M NaNO3 and 0.4 mM Toluidine Blue 0 (TBO). The poly-TBO modified GCE shows electrocatalytic activity toward NADH oxidation in phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0, with an overpotential of ca. 350 mV lower than that at the bare electrode. The photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of NADH at this electrode was also successfully investigated by using cyclic voltammetry and amperometry at constant potential. When the modified electrode surface was irradiated with a 250 W halogen lamp, a photoelectrocatalytic effect was observed for NADH oxidation and the current was increased about 2.2 times. The applied potential was selected at +100mV for amperometric and photoamperometric detection of NADH. A linear calibration graph for NADH was obtained in the range between 1.0 x 10(-5) and 1.0 x 10(-3) M and between 5.0 x 10(-6) and 1.0 X 10(-3) M for amperometric and photoamperometric studies, respectively. The effect of some interfering compounds, such as ascorbic acid and dopamine on the electrocatalytic and photoclectrocatalytic oxidation of NADH was tested. (Less)


This is a qualitative study, which aims at looking closer into how eight students look upon their own English perceiving skills. A qualitative interview method was used to interview eight students in upper secondary school. The participants were four girls and four boys. The result from the interviews have been presented under three different headings, which are as follows: Motivation, Classroom and Acquisition. A lot of studies have been done on the subject of language learning and it has resulted in many theories, and the ones that seemed relevant for this study have been brought up and connected to the answers the students gave. Most of the students felt motivated to learn English and the main reason was their future job plans. In the classroom, the participants thought that the teacher's behaviour and attitude towards the English subject was the most important factor to motivate them. The interview results showed that the student's thought that the best way to learn English was through media, foremost by speaking and writing with their friends on the computer. Those answers can be connected to something that the Russian psychologist Lev S. Vygotskij presents with the socio-cultural theory, were he promotes the idea that the best way to learn a new language is to interact with other people.


Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released from dead neutrophils at the site of inflammation represent webs of neutrophilic DNA stretches dotted with granule-derived antimicrobial proteins, including lactoferrin, and play important roles in innate immunity against microbial infection. We have shown the coexistence of NETs and fibrin meshwork in varied fibrinopurulent inflammatory lesions at both light and electron microscopic levels. In the present study, correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) employing confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy was performed to bridge light and electron microscopic images of NETs and fibrin fibrils in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, autopsied lung sections of legionnaire's pneumonia. Lactoferrin immunoreactivity and 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) reactivity were used as markers of NETs, and fibrin was probed by fibrinogen gamma chain. Of note is that NETs light microscopically represented as lactoferrin and DAPI-colocalized dots, 2.5 μm in diameter. CLEM gave super-resolution images of NETs and fibrin fibrils: "Dotted" NETs were ultrastructurally composed of fine filaments and masses of 58 nm-sized globular materials. A fibrin fibril consisted of clusters of smooth-surfaced filaments. NETs filaments (26 nm in diameter) were significantly thinner than fibrin filaments (295 nm in diameter). Of note is that CLEM was applicable to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of autopsy material.


Abstract. One of the major challenges in avalanche hazard assessment is the correct estimation of avalanche release area size, which is of crucial importance to evaluate the potential danger that avalanches pose to roads, railways or infrastructure. Terrain analysis plays an important role in assessing the potential size of avalanche releases areas and is commonly based on digital terrain models (DTMs) of a snow-free summer terrain. However, a snow-covered winter terrain can significantly differ from its underlying, snow-free terrain. This may lead to different, and/or potentially larger release areas. To investigate this hypothesis, the relation between avalanche release area size, snow depth and surface roughness was investigated using avalanche observations of artificially triggered slab avalanches over a period of 15 years in a high-alpine field site. High-resolution, continuous snow depth measurements at times of avalanche release showed a decrease of mean surface roughness with increasing release area size, both for the bed surface and the snow surface before avalanche release. Further, surface roughness patterns in snow-covered winter terrain appeared to be well suited to demarcate release areas, suggesting an increase of potential release area size with greater snow depth. In this context, snow depth around terrain features that serve as potential delineation borders, such as ridges or trenches, appeared to be particularly relevant for release area size. Furthermore, snow depth measured at a nearby weather station was, to a considerable extent, related to potential release area size, as it was often representative of snow depth around those critical features where snow can accumulate over a long period before becoming susceptible to avalanche release. Snow depth – due to its link to surface roughness – could therefore serve as a highly useful variable with regard to potential release area definition for varying snow cover scenarios, as, for example, the avalanche hazard assessment for transport routes or ski resorts.


Introduction The evolution of critical care medicine started in the 1960s and guidelines for the design and staffing of critical care units were developed further during the following decades. The purpose of maternal high dependency or critical care is to provide specialized care to the sick parturient both antenatally and postpartum. The critically ill parturient is unique in that the needs of both the mother and fetus have to be considered. Delivering high-quality care to this high-risk group can be challenging and involves a multidisciplinary approach. The needs of such patients can be quite complicated and may require input from obstetric, anesthetic, medical, and surgical teams. Although detailed guidelines for parturients in need of critical care are sparse, several national professional organizations have made recommendations pertaining to the role of critical care in the management of the obstetric patient [1]. Since the early 1990s, a multitude of reports, mainly retrospective with small sample sizes, has provided descriptive analyses of intensive care utilization by critically ill parturients. Such reports reflect significant variations in definitions of major morbidity, patient populations, unit design, admission criteria, usage rates, and outcomes [2–8]. Differences in access to healthcare, nursing policies, hospital settings, and management protocols add to the observed variations, which make comparisons of prognostic factors, standards of care, and recommendations for improvement difficult. Therefore, proposing maternal morbidity as an indicator for quality measures of maternal services is hampered.


A technique has recently been described by Blanckaert and his colleagues that specifically and accurately quantifies unconjugated bilirubin, diconjugated bilirubin, and the C-8 and C-12 isomers of monoconjugated bilirubin. This technique has now been used to determine the distribution pattern of bilirubin and its ester conjugates in 91 sera from 65 patients with hepatobiliary disease, and the results were compared with two conventional diazo assays. Both diazo assays yielded values for total bilirubin concentration that were markedly and unpredictably higher than those obtained by the new technique, and the direct-reacting fraction by diazo assay showed little or no agreement with the fraction of total ester conjugates determined by the new method. Previous studies using the new method had shown that bilirubin conjugates are undetectable in sera from healthy adults or individuals with Gilbert's syndrome, but they were found in 89 of the 91 present patient sera. The fraction of total serum bilirubin represented by C-8 monoconjugates, C-12 monoconjugates, diconjugates, and total ester conjugates was higher in patients with biliary obstruction than in those with parenchymal liver disease, but extensive overlap between groups prevented determination of these conjugated species from being diagnostically useful. Overall, bilirubin ester conjugates in serum consisted of 30% C-8 monoconjugates, 37% C-12 monoconjugates, and 33% diconjugates, while urine contained predominantly diconjugates.


Gelastic seizure is a rare form of epilepsy defined as automatic bouts of laughter without mirth commonly associated with a hypothalamic hamartoma. Surgical treatment of hypothalamic hamartomas is associated with a high risk of complications because of the close vicinity of adjacent structures such as the optic tracts and mammillary bodies. This case was an 11-year-old girl who presented with gelastic seizure and complicated partial seizure. She developed gelastic seizure at a frequency of 10 bouts per day. She was found to have an elliptical mass close to the left hypothalamus. The signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was consistent with hypothalamic hamartoma. The patient underwent surgical resection by a subtemporal approach. Pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of hypothalamic hamartoma. Postoperative MRI demonstrated that the hypothalamic hamartoma was successfully resected. Twenty four months after surgery, complicated partial seizure in this patient has improved to Engel's class 1a and gelastic seizure has improved to Engel's class IIIa.


Abstract A distributed power generating system can run in an off-grid or off grid mode and can be powered by either sustainable or nonrenewable energy sources. The widespread use of renewable energy sources, like grid-connected solar systems, presents distribution networks with additional technological difficulties, such as accidental islanding. Utility employees who are islanding may not be aware that a circuit is still energized, which might be harmful. On islanding detection in gird-connected PV systems, several proposed solutions were considered. In order to examine their current limits, this study aims to develop an islanding detection system for grid connected solar systems under various fault conditions using intelligent detection method (IDM). To use and monitor the many grid-connected PV system characteristics in this context, numerous sensors and controllers were proposed. The controller will carry out the islanding detection based on the sensor data's categorization of defect. The circuit breaker will do the islanding, and an intelligent technique has been proposed to identify the islanding condition under different fault condition. For real-time realization, a 1 kW grid-connected solar system had been used, and an artificial neural network (ANN) was employed as a smart approach to identify the islanding mode under various fault conditions.


Multidrug-resistant bacteria present a major threat to public health that urgently requires new drugs or treatment approaches. Here, we conduct integrated proteomic and metabolomics analyses to screen for molecular candidates improving survival of mice infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which indicate that L-Alanine metabolism and phagocytosis are strongly correlated with mouse survival. We also assess the role of L-Alanine in improving mouse survival by in vivo bacterial challenge experiments using various bacteria species, including V. parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Functional studies demonstrate that exogenous L-Alanine promotes phagocytosis of these multidrug-resistant pathogen species. We reveal that the underlying mechanism involves two events boosted by L-Alanine: TLR4 expression and L-Alanine-enhanced TLR4 signaling via increased biosynthesis and secretion of fatty acids, including palmitate. Palmitate enhances binding of lipopolysaccharide to TLR4, thereby promoting TLR4 dimer formation and endocytosis for subsequent activation of the PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways and bacteria phagocytosis. Our data suggest that modulation of the metabolic environment is a plausible approach for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria infection.


We use quantitative metrics to characterize the variation of C IV λ1549 broad absorption lines (BALs) over 3-6 (rest-frame) years in a sample of 13 quasars at 1.7 ⩽ z⩽ 2.8 and compare the results to previous studies of BAL variability on shorter timescales. The strong BALs in our study change in complex ways over 3-6 yr. Variation occurs in discrete regions only a few thousand kilometers per second wide, and the distribution of the change in absorption equivalent width broadens over time. We constrain the typical C IV BAL lifetime to be at least a few decades. While we do not find evidence to support a scenario in which the variation is primarily driven by photoionization on multiyear timescales, there is some indication that the variation is produced by changes in outflow geometry. We do not observe significant changes in the BAL onset velocity, indicating that the absorber is either far from the source or is being continually replenished and is azimuthally symmetric. It is not possible in a human lifetime to expand the timescales in our study by more than a factor of a few using optical spectroscopy. However, the strong variation we have observed in some BALs indicates that future studies of large numbers of BAL QSOs will be valuable to constrain BAL lifetimes and the physics of variation.


An increasing number of experiments at the Belle, BNL, CERN and SLAC accelerators are confirming the violation of time reversal invariance (T). The violation signifies a fundamental asymmetry between the past and future and calls for a major shift in the way we think about time. Here we show that processes which violate T symmetry induce destructive interference between different paths that the universe can take through time. The interference eliminates all paths except for two that represent continuously forwards and continuously backwards time evolution. Evidence from the accelerator experiments indicates which path the universe is effectively following. This work resolves the long-standing problem of modeling the dynamics of T violation processes. It shows that T violation has previously unknown, large-scale physical effects and that these effects underlie the origin of the unidirectionality of time. It has implications for cosmology and the Wheeler-DeWitt equation of canonical quantum gravity. Finally it provides a view of the quantum nature of time itself.


ABSTRACT Heo, K.-Y., and Ha, T., 2016. Producing the Hindcast of Wind and Waves Using a High-Resolution Atmospheric Reanalysis around Korea. In: Vila-Concejo, A.; Bruce, E.; Kennedy, D.M., and McCarroll, R.J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 1107 - 1111. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) and its variational data assimilation system (WRFDA) are applied to all of the surrounding seas of the Korean Peninsula for a high-resolution regional atmospheric reanalysis study. Observational data are assimilated every 6 h, and the results are verified against unassimilated observations. In this study, three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) has been adopted to improve the model's initial conditions and to generate the final high-resolution analysis. For the hindcast of the meteorological data, the real-time analysis field obtained from the global final analysis (FNL) operated by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) is taken as the initial and 6 h forecast files and as initial and lateral boundary conditions. For the wave hindcast, we used the third-generation spectral wave model, WAVEWATCH III (WW3). Both nested wave models consist of a coarse 9 km model covering the East Asian marginal seas and a nested 2 km resolution model covering all of the surrounding seas of Korean Peninsula forced with 20 km and 4 km resolution hindcasts of winds, respectively. A comparison against in-situ observations of wind and sea states reveals significant improvement in the mean values and upper percentiles of wind vectors and significant wave height. Improvement is also found in the mean wave period. The reanalysis data of wind with the data assimilation technique and waves in this study is also useful for computing the design wave.


Due to the migration of industry from the use of traditional 2D CAD tools to Building Information Modelling (BIM) process, and the growing awareness of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste issues, researchers are interested in compiling the use of BIM for C&D Waste issues. BIM is commonly used for the Design, Construction and Maintenance phases of an asset; however, the use of BIM for the End-of-Life management is still in its infancy. This paper proposes to reconsider the asset lifecycle by incorporating a sustainable End-of-Life, as a phase, in BIM context. Recommendations are given to push the BIM potential up to the asset End-of-Life management. Based on the results of a literature review assessing the current use of BIM for the asset End-of-Life, a conceptual framework was drawn. A set of eleven stakeholders, involved in the asset lifecycle, from inception to deconstruction were interviewed to improve the conceptual framework. The research reveals the impacts and barriers for the integration of the deconstruction phase into the asset lifecycle. Consequently, a theoretical framework for the asset lifecycle from inception to deconstruction in BIM environment is created to change the linear system to a circular economy.


We report the results from a combined experimental and numerical investigation of buckling in a novel variant of an elastic column under axial load. We find that including a regular line of centred holes in the column can prevent conventional, global, lateral buckling. Instead, the local microstructure introduced by the holes allows the column to buckle in an entirely different, internal, mode in which the holes are compressed in alternate directions, but the column maintains the lateral reflection symmetry about its centreline. The internal buckling mode can be accommodated within a smaller external space than the global one; and it is the preferred buckling mode over an intermediate range of column lengths for sufficiently large holes. For very short or sufficiently long columns a modification of the classical, global, lateral buckling is dominant.


The modified iterative method (MIM) is discussed. The MIM is a method for obtaining the completely continuous operator eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. The authors correct the formulation and demonstration of the MIM substantive theorem, demonstrate the MIM correlation with a moment method and give some numerical results. The ordinary successive approximation method, which is used to calculate the first eigenvalue and its eigenfunction, consists of multiple iterations by the operator of any initial function for all vanishing next eigenfunctions in its decomposition. When the iterative process becomes stable the final result is obtained from the last two iterations. The MIM allow the use of all iterations with the initial function simultaneously to get the information about all eigenfunctions, not only about the first one. In this case there is a need for far fewer iterations to achieve a prescribed precision. It is also possible to separate each eigenfunction, even those which correspond to eigenvalues with closely placed magnitudes.


Lectures on science and technology constitute one of the most noteworthy activities used to promote STEM-related degrees (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics). This research seeks to identify the factors that pose an obstacle to promoting science and engineering via scientific and technical lectures to secondary school students, as well as their positive aspects, based on the experiences of teaching staff who conduct such lectures. An exploratory study consisting of 16 interviews was conducted with lecturers of different ages, qualifications and academic profiles at the University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM). The software ATLAS.ti was used to perform the qualitative analysis. The results of the interviews reveal obstacles related to secondary schools, the speakers, and the university environment, mainly focusing on organisational aspects. Similarly, positive aspects have been found with regard to students, speakers, the University and society in general, all of which are geared towards promoting these studies and communicating scientific knowledge. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that science and technology lectures may be a good outreach tool, but they require greater organisational and institutional support.


The energy requirements of gamma-ray bursts have in past been poorly constrained because of three major uncertainties: the distances to bursts, the degree of burst beaming, and the efficiency of gamma-ray production. The first of these has been resolved, with both indirect evidence (the distribution of bursts in flux and position) and direct evidence (redshifted absorption features in the afterglow spectrum of GRB 970508) pointing to cosmological distances. We now wish to address the second uncertainty. Afterglows allow a statistical test of beaming, described in an earlier paper. In this paper, we modify a standard fireball afterglow model to explore the effects of beaming on burst remnant dynamics and afterglow emission. If the burst ejecta are beamed into angle ζm, the burst remnant's evolution changes qualitatively once its bulk Lorentz factor Γ ≲ 1/ζm: before this, Γ declines as a power law of radius, while afterward, it declines exponentially. This change results in a broken power-law light curve whose late-time decay is faster than expected for a purely spherical geometry. These predictions disagree with afterglow observations of GRB 970508. We explored several variations on our model, but none seems to be able to change this result. We therefore suggest that this burst is unlikely to have been highly beamed and that its energy requirements were near those of isotropic models. More recent afterglows may offer the first practical applications for our beamed models.


Top-down fabricated GaN nanowires, 250 nm in diameter and with various heights, have been used to experimentally determine the evolution of strain along the vertical direction of 1-dimensional objects. X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence techniques have been used to obtain the strain profile inside the nanowires from their base to their top facet for both initial compressive and tensile strains. The relaxation behaviors derived from optical and structural characterizations perfectly match the numerical results of calculations based on a continuous media approach. By monitoring the elastic relaxation enabled by the lateral free-surfaces, the height from which the nanowires can be considered strain-free has been estimated. Based on this result, NWs sufficiently high to be strain-free have been coalesced to form a continuous GaN layer. X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and cathodoluminescence clearly show that despite the initial strain-free nanowires template, the final GaN layer is strained.


This research aim to analyse brand association base on guarantee dimension (quarantee), personal identifications, social identification, and status and study consumer respon from is fourth of dimension in the case of willingness (consumer willingness) to accept extension from brand (extension brand), to recommend brand, and to pay at the price of premium and yield e-commerce framework base on web and apply the framework mentioned as promotion media and marketing/sale of Reebok shoe.

 This research is done/conducted to Reebok shoe customer/client. To get responder at this research use method intake off sample is sampling purpose. To get primary data, this research use kuesionere. After responder answer the kueisionere, tabulation result and tested to use regretion analysis to look for coefficient from correlation and its influence.

Besides, in this research of design framework e-commerce to Reebok shoe.

Result of this research affirm that quarantee, personal identification, social identification not have an effect on significant to accepting extension from brand, while status have an effect on significant to accepting extension from merk and recommend to others. While personal identification have an effect on significant to recommending others, while social identification have an effect on significant to paying at the price premium. From result of research most people have understood about e-commerce and regarding ordering use well guarated goods e-commerce facility until target correctly people a lot have trust it, while for the payment of to use Indonesian people online credit card facility not yet accustomed used the facility. Interaktif Web can become marketing development strategy, using product e-commerce, using e-commerce facility can know newest product information swiftly and is accurate, given by logo, animation. Reebook shoe design-design in web , this web have security to bed paid attention, payment not have to visit to its shop, Reebok give e-commerce facility and developing it for the influence of Reebok brand association to consumer respon do you support do not support the existence of the service.

Information which you expect transaction procedure, information which you expect progress work of documentation (visualitation) most ok to people when e-commerce framework if applied to become interaktif web need information above.


This book analyzes some of the most recent advances in the field of decision making and fuzzy systems applied to business and economics presented at the International Conference on Modeling and Simulation (MS'12 Rio de Janeiro), 10 13 December, 2012. In this conference, a special focus is given to the fundamental concept of sustainable development. Other key applications in business, economics and finance are also considered. In general, it is very useful for graduate students and researchers interested in pursuing research that combines quantitative techniques such as modeling and simulation and decision making with business and economic problems. This is especially useful when dealing with complex environments where the information is very uncertain and additional mathematical and statistical techniques are needed in order to understand the specific situations considered.


While the European Union (EU) is longing for stability in its Western Balkans backyard, democracy and rule of law are often left behind. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, ethnically divided leaders declare their commitment for EU reforms but agree on blocking them at the same time. In this deadlock on the level of politics , this paper seeks to explore the impact of the EU on the policy level through administrative actors. Against this backdrop, EU Cohesion policy in the Western Balkans – conveyed by the Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA) – which is aimed at erasing socioeconomic differences between regions can also generate strong EU leverage. The requirements of the Cohesion policy are known for changing institutional setups in previous enlargements and promoting Multi-level Governance. Through Cohesion, the EU Commission acts with informality and flexibility. Therefore, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, to what extent does the EU empower administrative actors to bypass the political division? Does the policy promote Multi-level Governance and cross-ethnic relations or is it captured by ethnicisation? To answer these questions, as part of the Cohesion policy, the crossborder programme Interreg IPA CBC Croatia – Bosnia and Herzegovina – Montenegro 2014-2020 will be analysed. The transnational programme actors' will provide insights from the impact of the EU in the deeply divided Bosnian context.


Abstract Four phosphate-based glass formulations in the system P45Mg24Ca16Na(15−x)Znx, referred to as P45Znx (x = 0, 5, 10 and 15 mol%), were prepared using a melt quenching process. The effect of ZnO addition on density, molar volume, thermal properties and degradation rates were studied. An increase in the glass transition, crystallisation, melting and liquidus temperatures were seen when replacing Na2O with ZnO. The molar volume of the bulk glasses was seen to decrease with increasing ZnO content. The dissolution rate of the zinc-free glass was 2.48 × 10−8 kg m−2 s−1 and addition of 5 mol% ZnO resulted in a reduction of the dissolution rate to 1.68 × 10−8 kg m−2 s−1. However, further addition of ZnO from 5 mol% to 15 mol% increased the dissolution rate of the glass system. The glasses were deliberately crystallised and XRD studies identified the Z n2P2O7 phase for glass code P45Zn5, and Zn(PO3)2 phase for P45Zn10 and P45Zn15 glasses. Cyto-compatibility studies were conducted using MG63 cells for 14 days. An overall increase in the metabolic activity and DNA concentration of cells was seen from day 1 to day 14 for all glass formulations investigated. However, increasing ZnO content from 0 to 15 mol% seemed to have a negative effect on the cellular activity. Interestingly, a remarkably higher ALP activity was seen at day 14 for glass codes P45Zn5 and P45Zn10 in comparison with the TCP control and the P45Zn0 glass.


This article attempts to examine an issue regarding the reintegration of disengaged Al-Shabaab combatants in Somalia. Nowadays, some countries have undergone current generation disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR), known as third-generation DDR; in the Somali context, although DDR is designed to disengage and rehabilitate defectors of Al-Shabaab for their reintegration into society, in practice, its implementation is not preceded by conventional approaches to conventional DDR, and it has suffered from various problems and contradictions. Previous research and information on the subject are extremely limited, due to a severe security situation. Accordingly, the author conducted interviews in Somalia in 2016 and 2019 with disengaged combatants and community members, to examine conditions necessary for good reintegration. The findings of the interviews revealed a gap in understanding between ex-combatants and members of the community, which significantly undermines the prospect of successful reintegration. A detailed analysis of the findings firstly shows that two problems exist regarding rehabilitation: a lack of knowledge, and an absence of accountability and transparency; secondly, further associated problems, such as severe unemployment, unstable security, financial difficulty, and distrust of the current government, which has devastating consequences for reintegration.


Abstract Until the early twentieth century, for hundreds of years, the housing prototype in Seoul has been a courtyard house where a central open space is surrounded by building blocks and fence. Through the twentieth century, as new modern types of houses emerged, the housing culture began to change and consequently this prototype began to make transformations. This evolutionary process necessarily accompanied the functional change of room activities; some rooms acquired more activities and some lost them; and some has lost all the activities and became extinct. This paper attempts to analyse the housing evolution in Seoul by measuring the ″space-activity interactions″. Through the analysis, it is found that, at the collective level, the basic home activities are preserved through the formal change of the house. Without leaving the domestic field, they are decomposed into separate elements, re-distributed into other spaces, and then re-combined to characterise a new type of space. This is the internal spatial mechanism by which the old house is gradually transformed into a new house.


Today, importance of flexibility and
reconfigurability needs to be addressed when designing and implementing a
cost-effective and responsive manufacturing system. Such a system should be
able to accommodate dynamic changes of product varieties and production volumes
by maximizing its production capability and minimizing its production costs,
this is particularly useful for a SME (small and medium-sized enterprises) to
remain competitive in the market. For a manual assembly line, it is always a
good practice using a highly skilled workforce that each assembly worker is capable
of performing multiple tasks. Ideally, each worker is fully trained to complete
assigned tasks of a unit from start to finish. This paper presents a case study
of incorporating 5S management rules into an assembly system using so-called
skillful and dynamic walking workers as a combination of lean management
approaches to improve productivity and efficiency of a shop floor production
line at a local plant.


The work presented herein is intended to treat the main theoretical and technical concepts that compose Building Information Modelling (BIM) in an organised and comprehensive way. In the initial parts of this work the very fundamentals of this new approach are addressed, putting special attention in the technological shifts that support BIM and the main efforts and challenges that are to be faced.
In essence, BIM technology allows the generation of accurate virtual representations of a project, which include all of their physical and functional characteristics. These BIM models are then used to simulate the conception, design, construction, operation and eventual demolition of a facility. The combination of these models with specific simulation and analysis tools allows BIM users to take solid informed decisions throughout the whole lifecycle phases of the project. But beyond technology, BIM unfolds a whole new set of design and construction capabilities with regard to traditional practices. These workflows encourage all project stakeholders to collaborate from initial design stages, creating changes in roles and relationships amongst them.
In this line, the work visits the path towards collaborative workflows, pointing out the main changes that appear at a business and organisational level. In order to contrast how BIM differs from traditional approaches, current AEC industry practices are overviewed. This puts in evidence the areas in which BIM provides new or improved capabilities. The advantages resulting of BIM implementation are then described, emphasising on the obstacles that have to be overcome beforehand.
Finally, after an adequate knowledge base is acquired, a set of practical examples are developed in an attempt to contrast and evaluate the capabilities of BIM technology. In these examples, a generic building project is developed in a realistic and consistent way. The developed example emphasises on simulating a design process by exploring the roles of owners, structural engineers, architects and contractors. The concepts that have been reviewed throughout the length of the work are put into practice in this final part. To conclude, several lines of development for future works are proposed based on the gained experience.


The p53 protein is an important tumor-suppressor that is negatively regulated by MDM2, itself a p53-induced protein. Here we used nutlin-3A, a reversible inhibitor of MDM2, to activate the p53 response in HCT116 cells and isogenic miRNA-processing defective Drosha and Dicer knockout sublines, to determine the role of miRNAs in this feedback loop. We provide evidence that miRNAs inhibit MDM2 mRNA and protein levels when cells are exposed to nutlin-3A twice, separated by a period of recovery. Surprisingly, MDM2 transcripts with the longest 3'UTRs escaped miRNA-mediated repression, while specific isoforms with shorter 3'UTRs were attenuated in parental cells and over-expressed in the miRNA processing defective knockouts. We propose that miRNA recognition sites are placed in a more accessible context within these shorter 3'UTR variants. Thus, polyadenylation site selection represents a novel regulatory mechanism in the p53 response, with the potential to impact the p53-MDM2 feedback loop and p53-mediated tumor suppression.


Rationale IL-13, a Th2 cytokine, plays pivotal role in pathogenesis of bronchial asthma by inducing airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), mucus hyperproduction, and submucosal thickness. IL-13 mediates airway responses via IL-13 receptor a1 and IL-4 receptor. Recent studies show that a decoy receptor for IL-13, namely IL-13 receptor a2 (IL-13R a2), mitigates IL-13 signaling and function. However, the mechanism(s) of regulation of IL-13R a2 generation and its role in IL-13 signal transduction is not clear. This study provides evidence for regulation of IL-13R a2 production and secretion and IL-13-dependent STAT6 signaling by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in human primary bronchial epithelial cells (HBEpCs). Methods/Results LPA (1 μM) treatment of HBEpCs, in a time-dependent fashion, increased IL-13R a2 gene expression without altering the mRNA levels of IL-13 R a1 and IL-4 R. Furthermore, LPA (1 μM) stimulated secretion of IL-13 R a2 into the cell culture medium as evidenced by Western blotting with anti-IL-13 Ra2 antibody. Pretreatment with PTx (100 ng/mL, 3 hours), or JNK inhibitor, or c-jun siRNA attenuated LPA-induced IL-13R a2 secretion. Overexpression of phospholipase D (PLD) 1 or 2 catalytically inactive mutants or pretreatment with 1-butanol, but not 3-butanol, attenuated LPA-induced IL-13R a2 secretion as well as phosphorylation of JNK. Pretreatment of HBEpCs with 1 μM of LPA for 6 hours attenuated IL-13-induced phosphorylation of STAT6 but not the IL-4-induced phosphorylation of STAT6. In addition, replacement of media from LPA- (1 μM, 6 hours) challenged cells with fresh media or transfection with IL-13R a2 siRNA reverted IL-13-induced phosphorylation of STAT6. Conclusions We show here that LPA induces IL-13R a2 expression and secretion via PLD and JNK/AP-1 signaling and that pretreatment with LPA down-regulates IL-13 signaling in HBEpCs. These data suggest a novel mechanism of regulation of IL-13R a2 and IL-13 signaling that may be of physiological relevance to asthma and airway remodeling. Supported by NIH grant HL 71152 to V.N.


It is estimated that in 1997,1 million percutaneous coronary interventions will be performed worldwide. This dramatic growth in nonsurgical coronary revascularization has primarily occurred because of the development of innovative techniques and catheters, including coronary stents. Despite this growth and the improved success rates for these procedures, acute ischemic complications following balloon angioplasty remain an important problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. 1,2 In addition, postprocedure elevation of cardiac enzymes has been associated with an increased incidence of late adverse cardiac events even when successful revascularization is achieved. 3 Kong et al 4 recently reported a more than 2-fold increase in late cardiac mortality (mean duration >3.5 years) in patients with a mild elevation (1.5 × upper limit of normal) in the creatine kinase enzyme following balloon angioplasty. In this study, creatine kinase elevation predicted an increased risk of late mortality, which was independent of clinical variables, severity of


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
To prospectively evaluate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the spine with the use of a newly developed non-Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (non-CPMG) single-shot fast spin-echo (SS-FSE) sequence and its effect on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty-four patients were enrolled after written informed consent. DWI of the spine was obtained with an echo-planar imaging (EPI)-based sequence followed by a non-CPMG SS-FSE technique. SNR and ADC values were measured over a lesion-free vertebral corpus. A quality score was assigned for each set of images to assess the image quality. When a spinal lesion was present, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and ADC were also measured. Student t tests were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS
Mean SNR values were 5.83 +/- 2.2 and 11.68 +/- 2.87 for EPI and non-CPMG SS-FSE DWI, respectively. SNR values measured in DWI using parallel imaging were found to be significantly higher (P < .01). Mean ADCs of the spine were 0.53 +/- 0.15 and 0.35 +/- 0.15 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s for EPI and non-CPMG SS-FSE DWI, respectively. Quality scores were found to be higher for the non-CPMG SS-FSE DWI technique (P < .05). Overall lesion CNR was found to be higher in DWI with non-CPMG SS-FSE.

CONCLUSION
The non-CPMG SS-FSE technique provides a significant improvement to current EPI-based DWI of the spine. A study including a larger number of patients is required to determine the use of this DWI sequence as a supplementary tool to conventional MR imaging for increasing diagnostic confidence in spinal pathologic conditions.


We have investigated the mechanism of the inhibition of phagosome- lysosome (P-L) fusion in macrophages known to occur after infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and by the mouse pathogen Mycobacterium microti. We have used an M. microti infection and have studied, first, the saltatory movements of periphagosomal secondary lysosomes by means of visual phase-contrast microscopy (a similar use of the method having been previously supported by computer analyses). The movements became slow or static after ingestion of live but not of heat-killed M. microti. They were unaffected by a fusiogenic mycobacterium M. lepraemurium. Second, we studied the behavior of a normally fusiogenic unrelated organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, after its phagocytosis by cells already containing live M. microti ingested 18 h previously. We observed, using a fluorescent assay of fusion, that many of these yeast phagosomes now also failed to fuse with the lysosomes; in contrast, when the host M. microti had been heat killed the yeast phagosomes fused normally. These observations were extended by ultrastructural quantitative analyses of P-L fusion, which confirmed the nonfusion of phagosomes of live M. microti and, more particularly, the change to nonfusion from the normal fusion behavior of the separate phagosomes of accompanying yeasts. Third, we have assembled evidence against the likelihood that these M. microti-induced phenomena are nonspecific, i.e., secondary to a general depression of activity of heavily infected host cells. The evidence includes the feasibility of adjusting the degree of infection so as to facilitate visual assessment of organelle movements without the presence of detectable damage to the cells studied; the absence of lysosomal stasis after comparable infection with another mycobacterium of comparable virulence (M. lepraemurium); and the reversibility of the stasis. We conclude that inhibition of lysosome saltatory movements (and consequently its secondary effect on the associated yeasts) is a significant, specifically induced phenomenon. From these observations and considerations, therefore, in conjunction with the analogous inhibition of lysosomal movements in normal macrophages by some chemical inhibitors of P-L fusion, and our suggestion that this association is causally related, we now suggest that M. microti-induced focal lysosomal stasis is also the main means by which the inhibition of P-L fusion is brought about by this organism. This concept is strengthened by the observations on S. cerevisiae, which provide strong evidence that stasis can cause suppression of fusion.


Ecological character displacement, mostly seen as increased differences of size in sympatry between closely-related or similar species, is a focal hypothesis assuming that species too similar to one another could not coexist without diverging, owing to interspecific competition. Thus, ecological character displacement and community-wide character displacement (overdispersion in size of potential competitors within ecological guilds) were at the heart of the debate regarding the role of competition in structuring ecological communities. The debate has focused on the evidence presented in earlier studies and generated a new generation of rigorous, critical studies of communities. Character displacement research in the past two decades provides sound statistical support for the hypothesis in a wide variety of taxa, albeit with a phylogenetically skewed representation. A growing number of studies are strongly based in functional morphology, and some also demonstrate actual morphologically related resource partitioning. Phylogenetic models and experimental work have added to the scope and depth of earlier research, as have theoretical studies. However, many challenging ecological and evolutionary issues, regarding both selective forces (at the inter- and intraspecific level) and resultant patterns, remain to be addressed. Ecological character displacement and community-wide character displacement are here to stay as the focus of much exciting research.


This study scrutinized blogs written by American expatriates in twenty-first-century China. The primary objectives were to explore how China is represented in such blogs and to understand the discursive processes through which the American bloggers utilize the blogging technology to narrate their perceptions of the Chinese realities. Drawing on the postcolonial and discursive perspectives, we have determined that the blogs examined here consist of a distinct discursive space of cultural representation and contestation. They were also interpreted as a digital extension of conventional Euro-American travel writing as they share with the genre a set of rhetorical conventions and face the same set of problems of representing the cultural Other. These assumptions guided the discourse analyses of the blogs, written by three American individuals. The study revealed that the bloggers used three prominent metaphors to convey their perceptions of contemporary China, which echo the conventional Western knowledge of the country. During the process, the bloggers were concerned with the Chinese censorship of the internet and they faced challenges from the nationalistic Chinese readers.


In 1993 the Dutch Ministry of Public Health initiated a campaign about Toxocara and toxocariasis. Before and after the campaign, 200 and 105 veterinarians, respectively, were interviewed by telephone to get an impression about awareness of the problem. Before the campaign, 29% and 51% of veterinarians knew when puppies and kittens, respectively should be dewormed for the first time. Fourteen percent of respondents knew the correct anthelmintic dosing interval, and 60% knew the prevalence of T. canis infection in newborn pups. Of the respondent 90% advised, wrongly, anthelmintic treatment during pregnancy and 17% correctly advised post-partum deworming. Seventy-three percent of the respondents correctly estimated the risk of infection of humans with T. cati and T. canis. After the campaign, which was remembered by 99% of the respondents, there was a significant improvement in the number of veterinarians who knew the correct interval for deworming, routine and post-partum deworming, and infection risk for humans. It can be concluded that while this campaign improved knowledge of certain aspects of the zoonosis, in general, knowledge was still inadequate.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of therapeutic electrical stimulation (TES) applied to antagonists of spastic leg muscles on gross motor function in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Twelve children between 5 and 12 years of age completed a 24-month crossover study in which six were randomly assigned to receive TES for the first 12 months and the remaining six for the last 12 months. Physiotherapy and a home training program were not altered. All were evaluated blindly in terms of tests of motor function and video recordings at the start and at 12 and 24 months. At the end of the study parents/carers gave a subjective assessment of the effect of TES. No significant effect of TES on motor or ambulatory function was found on the blinded evaluation, but parents of 11 of the 12 children stated that TES had a significant effect. We conclude that it is unlikely that TES has a significant effect on motor and ambulatory function in spastic diplegia.


Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of RNA molecules that do not encode proteins. Studies show that ncRNAs are not only involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, metabolism and other physiological processes, but also involved in the pathogenesis of diseases. Cardiac remodeling is the main pathological basis of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have shown that the occurrence and development of cardiac remodeling are closely related with the regulation of ncRNAs. Recent research of ncRNAs in heart disease has achieved rapid development. Thus, we summarize here the latest research progress and mainly the molecular mechanism of ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), in cardiac remodeling, aiming to look for new targets for heart disease treatment.


We studied the allelic frequency distributions and statistical forensic parameters of 21 new short tandem repeat (STR) loci and the amelogenin locus, which are not included in the combined DNA index system (CODIS), in a Russian ethnic minority group from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. A total of 114 bloodstain samples from unrelated individuals were extracted and co-amplified with four fluorescence-labeled primers in a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system. Using capillary electrophoresis, the PCR products of the 21 STR loci were separated and genotyped. A total of 161 alleles were observed in the Russian ethnic minority group, and corresponding allelic frequencies ranged from 0.0044 to 0.5965. The 21 non-CODIS STR loci of the Russian ethnic minority group were characterized by high genetic diversity and therefore may be useful for elucidating the population's genetic background, for individual identification, and for paternity testing in forensic practice.


In a hybrid speech model, both voiced and unvoiced components can coexist in a segment. Often, the voiced speech is regarded as the deterministic component, and the unvoiced speech and additive noise are the stochastic components. Typically, the speech signal is considered stationary within fixed segments of 20-40 ms, but the degree of stationarity varies over time. For decomposing noisy speech into its voiced and unvoiced components, a fixed segmentation may be too crude, and we here propose to adapt the segment length according to the signal local characteristics. The segmentation relies on parameter estimates of a hybrid speech model and the maximum a posteriori (MAP) and log-likelihood criteria as rules for model selection among the possible segment lengths, for voiced and unvoiced speech, respectively. Given the optimal segmentation markers and the estimated statistics, both components are estimated using linear filtering. A codebook-based approach differentiates between unvoiced speech and noise. A better extraction of the components is possible by taking into account the adaptive segmentation, compared to a fixed one. Also, a lower distortion for voiced speech and higher segSNR for both components is possible, as compared to other decomposition methods.


In the context of a severe economic crisis and austerity, new ideas were put forward to reform cohesion policy to enhance its effectiveness and the return on investment. Among them, financial engineering instruments, such as JESSICA, expected to offer a means to 'do more with less' in this difficult budgetary context. In the case of such instruments, EU funds are not offered as grants co-financing investment projects, but rather are used to provide repayable assistance to projects, a form of support. Such revolving funds approach is in stark contrast with the grant-based assistance typically offered as part of EU cohesion policy and was expected to increase the sustainability and effectiveness of interventions. But does it fulfil those expectations? This paper examines JESSICA through the conceptual lens of policy instruments literature. It verifies whether JESSICA is actually fit for its purpose of supporting sustainable urban development. It also gauges the impacts of instrument on the behaviour of the actors involved in its implementation at the sub-national level. The findings indicate that JESSICA is a flawed and overly complex instrument that instead of doing 'more with less' only allows for achieving 'less with less'. However, it still exerts a positive influence on the sub-national authorities involved by promoting cross-sectoral interactions and facilitating learning. It also promotes a change in the approach to EU cohesion policy and public investment more generally, putting more emphasis on economic viability of investment.


This analysis seeks to evaluate the impacts of an open-pit coal mine located in the north of Colombia. It was used as the main tool CALPUFF, model Lagrangian, to determine the dispersion and transport of PM10 due to the emissions of the mining activities. The model was calibrated and validated with the environmental concentrations data of PM10 in 5 receivers. It was determined the contributions above of 45 km distances from sources. We use the concept of intake fraction, which is defined as the fraction of material or its precursor released from a source that finally is inhaled or ingested by a population. The results of the model show that the PM10 can be transported over long distances. to 50 km from the industrial zone of the mine, the average contribution of emissions of the mine can reach 9.12 µg/m 3 and to 60 km contributions of 6.13 µg/m 3 . The modelling estimates that simulations of domain extending about 45 km from the source would only capture on average 54.83% of the total population intake fractions of PM10, and less for many geographic settings. The results show that the emission of PM10 is a problem of pollution on a regional scale. This analysis can serve as input to the competent authorities for better environmental management.


This article presents a hierarchical cooperative relay-based heterogeneous network (HCRHeNet) to support both unicast and multicast services, where hierarchical cooperative relay nodes are deployed to provide a cost-effective coverage extension based on the convergence of heterogeneous radio networks. The underlined HCR-HeNet divides its coverage into three layers: hierarchical cooperative basic layer, homogeneous cooperative enhanced layer, and heterogeneous cooperative extended layer. In the hierarchical cooperative basic layer, highspeed data transmission is enabled using highorder modulation and coding schemes for unicast services, and hierarchical modulation schemes for multicast services. In the homogeneous cooperative enhanced layer, where users may be located near a cell boundary and thus need the help of relay nodes, cooperative homogeneous diversity gain can be achieved. In the heterogeneous cooperative extended layer, heterogeneous cooperative diversity gain guarantees the convergence and interworking of multiradio access networks. The key techniques in the physical and MAC layers are identified. Issues in the application of cognitive radio and self-organized networking techniques in HCR-HeNet are also discussed. Finally, a physical layer testbed for the proposed HCR-HeNet with multicast services is introduced.


In this issue of the journal, van Deurzen et al report on the occurrence of in transit (interval or intercalated) lymph node metastasis in breast cancer (see page 1314) .1 The phenomenon they describe relates to small lymph nodes which were recognised as lymph nodes only during step sectioning of the afferent lymphatic vessels that had also been removed during sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. Of 17 patients investigated, three demonstrated such in transit nodes, connected to the afferent lymphatic of the SLN, and one of these nodes contained a small metastasis measuring 3.4 mm. Although the specific patient also had metastasis in the SLN, and her therapy was not influenced by the finding, the authors propose that such nodal deposits might be the sources of locoregional recurrence.

The term in transit metastasis comes from the melanoma practice, and the authors also refer to the similarity of the reported phenomenon with the in transit metastasis of melanoma. However, in transit metastases of melanoma are defined as recurrences/metastases developing between the site of the primary tumour (at least 2 cm away from it to arbitrarily distinguish them from satellite lesions, which have the same prognostic impact than in transit lesions) and the regional lymph nodes. They are generally not associated with lymph nodal structures, despite the fact that they are listed among the pN categories of the TNM classification.2 3 They are intralymphatic at the beginning and develop from lymphatic emboli. Such lymphatic emboli are the sine qua non of lymphogenic metastases in all organs, and lymphangiogenesis may contribute to their increased frequency in melanoma.4 Although lymphangiogenesis could not be documented in primary breast carcinomas,5 6 it may still play some role in it,7 and the presence of lymphatic invasion in breast cancer is associated …


Experiments with various topically applied compounds have demonstrated that 2-mercaptoethylamine HCI (MEA) and N(2-mercaptoethyl)-dimethylamine HCI (MEDA) are very potent agents that cause depigmentation in treated areas only. When applied to the skin of black guinea pigs, they inhibited melanogenesis, acted selectively on melanocytes, decreased melanocyte density significantly, and rendered the few remaining melanocytes degenerative. In epidermis from MEDA-treated areas, melanocytes could be detected only rarely by electron microscopy. Those that were found contained few melanized melanosomes, many vacuoles, and swollen mitochondria. Depigmentation by any exogenous agent can result from destruction or loss of melanocytes; interference with (1) the biosynthesis of premelanosomes and melanosomes, (2) the conversion of tyrosine to dopa to melanin, (3) the biosynthesis of tyrosinase or the active center of the enzyme, (4) the transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes; and alteration of the melanin present in melanosomes. Depigmentation by MEDA appears to result from selective destruction or degeneration of melanocytes.


Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes (groups I and II) were determined by a newly developed C14 assay in which antibodies against group-specific recombinant proteins of the NS4 region were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The genotypes determined by the C14 assay were compared to those determined by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 50 patients. The HCV genotypes determined by both methods were consistent in 78% of the patients. The results of the assays were not contradictory in any patient. The sensitivity of the C14 assay was as high as over 90%. Frequency of HCV genotypes was studied in 300 patients with chronic liver diseases type C by using the C14 assay. The prevalence of groups I and that of II in patients with chronic hepatitis were 73% and 21%, the correspondence figures in those with liver cirrhosis 80% and 13%, and in those with hepatocellular carcinoma 81% and 13%, respectively. The clinical characteristics were similar between the patients with group I and II HCV infections in each disease category. In conclusion, the C14 assay is useful for epidemiological studies of HCV genotypes, and group I is a major HCV genotype of chronic liver diseases type C in Japan.


Physical activity might be a viable tool for enhancing mental wellbeing because, in general, physical activity has been found to be related to more positive affect and higher satisfaction with life. The way we think, feel, and act changes with age, so it may be that physical activity, wellbeing, and the link between physical activity and wellbeing change with age too. Without consideration for developmental changes, study findings are decontextualized and difficult to translate into people's lives. Aiming to become better equipped to use physical activity as a tool to intervene with wellbeing, we explored a lifespan perspective of physical activity and wellbeing. In this review, we (1) discuss physical activity, wellbeing, and the link between physical activity and wellbeing at different life stages, (2) highlight the need to consider interpersonal and intrapersonal differences in these constructs, and (3) identify gaps in the literature that, if filled, would further enhance our understanding of physical activity and wellbeing across the lifespan.


This paper explores the potential of personal narrative in promoting empathy-based social change. It begins with the premise that humans are storytelling animals; we use narrative to make sense of the self and the world around us. Moreover, when stories are shared, a kinship is created between storyteller and listener based on the empathic response between the two. After reviewing the literature on both the value of narrative inquiry in psychological research and the science regarding the effect of stories on the brain, I propose a story exchange methodology that I believe could be used to increase empathic understanding around issues of gender. Scholarship on gender suggests that the socially constructed gender binary promotes essentialism and limiting hegemonic norms as well as mythologizing the perceived innate differences that separate us by gender. This paper explores the potential of story exchange to blur or dismantle the gender binary towards realizing a common humanity. Reflecting on the collective evidence presented in this paper, I argue that experiencing someone's story, through which one can imagine being in the other's place, has the potential to effect change on an interpersonal and larger scale through increased empathy and understanding.


The study aims to develop interactive learning media using Adobe Flash Professional CS6 software on Earth and Universe materials for third-grader students in primary school. The types of the study are research and development which carried out by using Borg and Gall's model development and modified into 7 development steps, which are (1) research and information collecting; (2) planning; (3) develop preliminary form of product; (4) preliminary field testing; (5) main product revision; (6) main field testing; and (7) operasional product revision. The study was conducted on April 2018 in two primary schools in Salatiga. The subjects of the study involved 10 third-grader students of primary school on preliminary field testing and 32 third-grader students of primary school on the main field testing. The results of validity test from the media expert obtained an average scores of 3,9 with a good category. The results of validity test from the material expert obtained average scores of 2.95 with good enough category. The result of students questionnaire on preliminary field testing showed the average scores of 4.5 and the result of the students questionnaire on main field testing showed the average scores of 4,6 with a very good category. Then, the result of teachers questionnaire showed an average of 5.0 on preliminary field testing and 4.8 on main field testing with a very excellent category. Based on the validation of material experts, media experts, the results of questionnaire responses of both students and teachers, interactive learning media that developed by adobe flash software of earth and the universe materials are suitable in learning for third grader of Primary School students and can enhance students' interest in learning materials and build students' learning motivation.


We evaluated bone microhardness at the interface with hydroxyapatite-coated stainless-steel pins used in an external fracture fixation system. Pins were transversally inserted into the diaphyses of sheep tibiae and were loaded in for 6 weeks. Uncoated pins were implanted as controls. Microhardness analysis, based on the measure of the resistance of the bone to the penetration of a small diamond pyramid, yielded an accurate and reproducible measure of the mineralization degree and of the orientation of collagen fibers. Bone tissue close to the pin is less hard than bone tissue far from it. Moreover, the presence of hydroxyapatite coating on the pins did not significantly affect bone hardness; actually, the mean hardness at the interface with the pins was 56.9 Vickers degrees, whereas at the interface with the uncoated pins it was 62.2. It can be concluded that, 6 weeks postsurgery, the bone growing into the threadings of a loaded screwed implant reached maturity at a degree lower than that of the host bone in both uncoated and coated implants.


A novel self-balanced internal combustion engine is presented. The new engine has a modular structure composed of two cylinders arranged in opposite way. It is characterized by an innovative system of linking between the pistons and the shaft, which has three toggles. One of these is on the middle of the shaft, whereas the others two are placed symmetrically. Thanks to this particular shape of the shaft, the pistons can move with the same timing and so the new engine comes back to be perfectly auto-balanced. Moreover, the fatigue life prediction of the shaft has been studied through numerical methods. In particular, two different approaches have been compared to estimate the maximum number of working cycles: the first is based on a "static" resistance criterion, the second considers the multiaxial nature of the stress and is based on the maximum shear stress (critical) plane criterion. The stress distribution on the shaft during the usual working conditions has been evaluated by a FEM package. Results highlight that the critical plane approach is more conservative than the "static" one.


Improvement over classical dynamic feedback linearization for a unicycle mobile robots is proposed. Compared to classical extension, the technique uses a higher-dimensional state extension, which allows rejecting a constant disturbance on the robot rotational axis. The proposed dynamic extension acts as a velocity scheduler that specifies, at each time instant, the ideal translational velocity that the robot should have. By using a higher-order extension, both the magnitude and the orientation of the velocity vector can be generated, which introduces robustness in the control scheme. Stability for both asymptotic convergence to a point and trajectory tracking is proven. The theoretical results are illustrated first in simulation, and then experimentally on the autonomous mobile robot Fouzy III.


In Flamingos, Ulrike Almut Sandig's collection of eleven stories, narrative perspective comes under constant challenge so that these superficially simple texts reveal on closer inspection a multi-layered complexity. The following close readings of a selection of stories will outline how intimately Sandig's narrative approach links form and content. The stories focus on the solitary or 'odd' individual, on gaps or missing pieces in the sequence of events, on the Fluchtpunkte or vanishing points that the seemingly limited narrative perspective in each story leads to. The stories with their detached tone and understated manner are about an unstable, uncentred world. Cumulatively these views from the margins build up a bigger picture, a mosaic composed from otherwise only loosely connected pieces. Whilst Sandig's texts challenge the reader through their complex handling of the narrative perspective, they also query through their innovative form the authority of particular ways of viewing and ordering the world both ideologically and aesthetically.


UMI Arabic language lecturers using audio-visual will be helped in learning Arabic. The development and advancement of technology provide a variety of audiovisual alternatives. The reality is that UMI lecturers generally use audiovisuals which are still limited to tapes and videos whose numbers are very limited. For this reason, in the process of learning Arabic, it needs to be great attention from lecturers in preparing teaching materials accompanied by media that can support the occurrence of active, innovative and productive learning processes, so that students not only memorize and know vocabulary but are able to apply all the vocabulary and grammar he understands in everyday conversation. This study aims to describe the effectivenessof learning Arabic with audiovisual media. This type of research is field research using a descriptive qualitative approach. The object of the research is the application of audiovisual media in learning Arabic Language students of West Asian Literature, Faculty of Literature and Students of Arabic Language Education, Faculty of Islamic Religion, University of Indonesia. Methods of collecting data with questionnaires, interviews, observation, and documentation. Data processing methods are carried out in three stages, namely preparation, data collection stage and data processing stage. The process of data analysis using data triangulation methods,namely: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The three components are interrelated and carried out together in the process of concluding the final results of the study. The output that will be achieved is the publication of effective audiovisual use textbooks in learning Arabic.


The OpenFOAM® transport equation started in the late 1980s, with a source term provided by very bright minds. The computational library was advected for several years, after which, knowing that diffusion is very important for stability purposes and to help avoid unwanted divergences, the appropriate terms were added to the equation, by making it open-source.
Nowadays, the advantages and freedom promoted by OpenFOAM® are widely recognized, but it is also clear that its perseverance requires efficiently combining the advances promoted by source terms with the dissemination assured by a proper balance of the transport promoted by advection, and the homogenization granted by diffusion. In fact, the large number of high quality source terms available at different locations of the currently large computational mesh, must be both advected and diffused to maximize its impact.
The current OpenFOAM® Governance seeks to provide additional support for promising source terms and is also engaged in several efforts to maximize OpenFOAM® advection and diffusion. The OpenFOAM® Journal, an initiative from the Technical Committee for Documentation and Tutorials, is an example of one of those efforts. The Journal aims at contributing to an enhanced, rigorous and stable transport of OpenFOAM®.
The Journal's Editorial Team consists of a group of enthusiasts who put forth their best efforts to have a simple but fully functional journal, which we hope will both serve and involve everyone from the multiphase OpenFOAM® computational domain. Its success will allow for the enlargement of domain boundaries, an increase in the order of dissemination and continued advancement towards the desired convergence. We must acknowledge the strong support of the OpenFOAM® Governance Committee, OpenCFD and all other contributing parties, whose support was crucial in order to materialize this project.Looking forward to the participation of all the FOAMers….Miguel Nóbrega and József Nagy


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Abstract The complete larval development of Parapagurodes constans is described, based on laboratory rearing. The species has four zoeal stages plus the megalopa. Each stage is described and illustrated, and detailed comparisons are made with other pagurid larvae in closely related species of Parapagurodes and other pagurid genera.