Family communication is essential to create positive environment in a family. This type of communication involves on the interaction among the family members such as between the parents with the children and vice versa. The study of family communication is attributed to the understanding towards the factor of social problems among the youths, conficts in marriage and other consequences of degrading in terms of human interpersonal communication. Family communication play significant role in developing youth personality. Islam emphasizes the role of parents in nurturing their children to have Muslim identity that become an asset for the ummah. Muslim personality is the source of goodness and constructive elements in the society. Positive interactive between parents and adolescents in families would lessen towards health risk behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and others. However, nurturing children according to the Islamic values in modern-globalized environment is quite challenging. Family communication and interaction is lessen due to the increasing usage of technology. Research findings on deliquencies behaviors among Malay youths showed that family institutions have contributed to the increasing rate of social ills in societies (Azizi Yahya & Badrulzaman Baharom,(nd). This article will highlight the influence of family communication in developing ummah by reviewing Family Communication Pattern Theory.This theory shows consistency with Islamic teachings the role of parents as agents of religious socialization in developing Muslim personality.


The World Health Report 2007 - A Safer Future : Global Public Health Security in the 21st Century marks a turning point in the history of public health, and signals what could be one of the biggest advances in health security in half a century. It shows how the world is at increasing risk of disease outbreaks, epidemics, industrial accidents, natural disasters, and other health emergencies which can rapidly become threats to global public health security. The report explains how the revised International Health Regulations (2005), which came into force this year, helps countries to work together to identify risks and act to contain and control them. The regulations are needed because no single country, regardless of capability or wealth, can protect itself from outbreaks and other hazards without the cooperation of others. The report says the prospect of a safer future is within reach -- and that this is both a collective aspiration and a mutual responsibility.


The Rubik's Cube is a 3D combination puzzle. Speedcubing is the activity of solving Rubik's Cubes as fast as possible. In this paper, we identified and quantified key factors that enable some speedcubers to be faster than others. Knowledge of these factors could allow speedcubers to focus their practice deliberately into specific areas, accelerating their improvement. We hypothesized that a low fraction of pause times, low regrip frequency, and low move counts would show the strongest correlations with faster solves. To test this, we analyzed 69 solve videos frame by frame across a wide variety of ability levels, as well as survey data collected from 1,385 speedcubers. To our knowledge this study represents the most comprehensive factor study of speedcubing to date. We discovered that the following factors correlate most strongly with solve times: frequency of regrips and rotations, fraction of time spent pausing, cross move count, number of algorithms known, turn speed, duration of pause in transition between cross and first two layers (F2L) steps, and orientation of the last layer (OLL) and permutation of the last layer (PLL) recognition time. Based on our findings, we generated specific recommendations for how speedcubers of different ability levels might most efficiently improve their solve times.


Digital soil mapping (DSM) is an effective mapping technique that supports the increased need for quantitative soil data. In DSM, soil properties are correlated with environmental characteristics using statistical models such as regression. However, many of these relationships are explicitly described in mechanistic simulation models. Therefore, the mechanistic relationships can, in theory, replace the statistical relationships in DSM. This study aims to develop a mechanistic model to predict soil organic matter (SOM) stocks in Natura2000 areas of the Cantabria region (Spain). The mechanistic model is established in four steps: (a) identify major processes that influence SOM stocks, (b) review existing models describing the major processes and the respective environmental data that they require, (c) establish a database with the required input data, and (d) calibrate the model with field observations. The SOM stocks map resulting from the mechanistic model had a mean error (ME) of −2 t SOM ha−1 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 66 t SOM ha−1. The Lin's concordance correlation coefficient was 0.47 and the amount of variance explained (AVE) was 0.21. The results of the mechanistic model were compared to the results of a statistical model. It turned out that the correlation coefficient between the two SOM stock maps was 0.8. This study illustrated that mechanistic soil models can be used for DSM, which brings new opportunities. Mechanistic models for DSM should be considered for mapping soil characteristics that are difficult to predict by statistical models, and for extrapolation purposes.


: Pneumoperitoneum signals gastrointestinal perforation and, as a rule, requires prompt laparotomy. However, we have recently encountered infants with severe respiratory distress who developed pneumoperitoneum without any gastrointestinal leak. These 10 patients were managed without operations. Three patients survived the respiratory distress and subsequently manifested no gastrointestinal disturbances. Five patients who died of pulmonary disease after conservative management of pneumoperitoneum had autopsies that revealed no gastrointestinal disease. We found no clinical or radiographic signs of peritonitis in these patients. Paracentesis and gastrointestinal x-rays revealed no gastrointestinal perforation. These critically ill newborns were thereby spared an unnecessary laparotomy. This experience confirms previous reports in the literature that, by clinical and radiographic correlations, "medical" pneumoperitoneum can often by distinguished from "surgical" pneumoperitoneum in critically ill infants with respiratory distress who may not easily tolerate an unnecessary laparotomy.


Abstract We sought to evaluate how PROMIS patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures correlated with disease characteristics in systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis patients at diagnosis. Newly diagnosed AL patients were recruited at two centres (N = 61). Patients completed the PROMIS Global Health v1.2, PROMIS-29 Profile v2.0 and Fatigue 8a v1.0. We assigned disease severity based on stage, presence of cardiac AL, and number of organs involved. We evaluated a) known groups validity by comparing PROMIS T-scores by disease severity, b) internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha and c) convergent/discriminant validity based on correlations across the domains and summary scores. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, NT-proBNP cut-off level corresponding to normal/mild vs moderate/severe PRO scores was determined. The median age was 68 (48–83) years with 58% males. Sixty-six percent had cardiac involvement and 25% had 3 or more organs involved with AL amyloidosis; 14% had stage 1, 28% stage 2, 36% stage 3 and 16% stage 4 disease. PROMIS measures had acceptable to excellent internal consistency and expected patterns of correlations. PROMIS Global Physical Health score was worse than the Global Mental Health Score at diagnosis; Physical function, fatigue and anxiety were the most impaired domains. PROMIS Global Health summary scores discriminated across AL amyloidosis stage and number of organs involved. Physical Function showed the strongest effects across known groups by stage, cardiac involvement and number of organs involved followed by Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities. A diagnostic NT-proBNP cut-off of 4200 pg/ml identified patients with moderate/severe PRO scores for these domains. Our results provide evidence for reliability and validity of select PROMIS short form measures in AL amyloidosis at diagnosis.


The Antimicrobial properties of the ethanolic leaf extract of four indigenous plants, Laportia ovalifolia, Spondias mombin, Ficus exasperata and Ageratum conyzoides, on four bacterial isolates (Stapshylococcus aureus, P aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella taphi),were investigated, The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these plants for each of the test organisms was evaluated. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts was determined by the Well diffusion method. The ethanolic leaf extract of all the plants inhibited the test organisms. The widest spectrum of antimicrobial activity was recorded for the ethanolic leaf extracts of S. monbin against P aeruginosa (17.5±0.7 mm) S. aureus (12.0±1.4 mm), E. coli (11.5±0.7 mm), and S. typhi (9.0±0.7mm). This was followed by the ethanolic leaf extract of F. exasperata which showed zone of inhibition of (10.0±1.4 mm) on E. coli (8.0±0.7 mm) on S. aureus, (6.5.5±0.7 mm) on , P. aeruginosa and (6.0±0.7mm) on S. typhi. The antimicrobial activity of Laportia ovalifolia against the organisms was minimal compared to that of S. mombin and F. exasperata. The ethanolic leaf extract of this plant had a narrow antibacterial spectrum against the tested organisms ranging from 8.0 ±1.4mm against S. aureus to 3.0± 1.4mm against S. typhi. The MIC showed that the extracts exhibited antimicrobial properties at concentrations ranging from 12.5ml-200ml and compared favourably with Ciprofloxacine (the positive control) at a concentration of 200 ml. The results obtained in this investigation were discussed in line with the use of the plants under investigation as medicinal plants.


Sustaining a resilient and reliable water cycle is a global challenge, which inevitably needs proper understanding and action at many levels. One quarter of the world's population depends on water from forested catchments, where behavior of atmospheric water nonetheless governs the forest-water interactions and thus the ultimate water availability.  As per a coarse estimation the water vapors comprise one quarter of 1% of atmospheric mass being equivalent to just 2.5 centimeters of liquid water over the entire Earth. Such water availability raises more tangible concerns for most people than do temperature and carbon. Ever escalating populations and living standards are badly impacting the earth's surface in variety of ways, as 1.5 million Km2 of dense tree cover were reported to be lost between 2000-2012, leading to highly impeded access to fresh water. Majority of studies of how forest land use and its change influences climate and hydrology rely on models (mostly imperfect owing to pitiable/incomplete process understandings and poor parameterization). It is projected that land cover changes have caused a 5 to 6 % reduction in global atmospheric wetness. A plethora of alike estimations/inferences are included herein to offer relevant R&D insights on core theme of this paper, by encircling reviews of few global observations and findings towards forest influences on quality and quantity of water. With increasing demand for agricultural and urban land (owing to population/affluent life-styles) majority of forests are put under pressure. At this juncture tropical regions like India remains more crucial, as their water and land use policies are often influenced to big extent by many perceived effects from hydrological functioning of forested catchments. This paper offers certain food for thought by summarizing relevant scientific consensus of key aspects of forest-water relationships and couple of wider aspects towards 'forest-water interactions' and 'water quality and pollution facets. Apprehensions and knowledge gaps about hydrological impacts of forest management and also the emerging futuristic R&D issues are elaborated with specified line of sights on effects of forests and forest management on various stream flow parameters, soil erosion, stream sedimentation, water quality, landslides and water uses. Owing to their inherent capabilities and capacities, the forests govern available moisture for tree growth, evapotranspiration (ET), soil infiltration, ground water recharge, and runoff; hence could be projected as futuristic 'water towers'. Hydraulic redistribution of water in soil remains other important activities by the forest, where tree root structures plays a vital role to facilitate both upward and downward water dynamics. Even under low to intermediate tree cover each tree remains capable to improve soil hydraulic properties even up to 25 m from its canopy edge, with higher hydrologic gains in comparison to associated additional losses (transpiration and interception). Among most profound and alarming insights offered by this write up are; critical knowledge gaps on understanding importance of forests to water, trends of findings from a few catchments based hydrological experiments on water yield, roles forest may play in regulating water fluxes and rainfall patterns. Other key messages offered for water and forest policy makers includes issues like water use by forests, flood flows, water quality, erosion, climate change, energy forest, and forest water productivities.


Many approaches to work-related stress risk assessment suggest the integration between a phase where objective data are collected and analyzed, and a phase where results of data collection and analysis are discussed and compared with information coming from the workers. However, stress researchers have criticized the use of self-report job stress measures, because of their potential distortions, and have called for an approach based on the use of objective measures. The Italian law for work-related stress risk assessment, closer to the latter approach, prescribes a two-stage procedure: first, a set of objective measures and then, conditionally to the outcome of the first stage, a set of subjective measures. In this article, we analyze, on the basis of psychometric principles, the tool used for the objective stage in the most adopted method in Italy. Such a tool is a checklist for which we discuss a number of issues, suggesting it is not methodologically well founded. Given the fact that assessment outcomes have a sensible impact on workers' safety measures, we conclude these weaknesses affect the practice of work-related stress risk assessment.


In frogs' isolated urinary bladders, contribution of cytosolic guanylate cyclase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase to regulation of osmotic permeability was studied. ODQ (25-100 microM), an inhibitor of cytosolic guanylate cyclase induced an increase of vasotocin-activated osmotic permeability but had no effect on the hormone-activated transepithelial urea transport. In isolated mucosal epithelial cells ODQ (50 microM) decreased the concentration of intracellular cGMP. In these cells L-NAME (0.5 nM), an inhibitor of NO synthase, also decreased the level of cGMP whereas cAMP was significantly increased. 8-pCPT-cGMP (25 and 50 microM), a permeable cGMP analogue which selectively activates protein kinase G, inhibited vasotocin-induced increase of water transport along osmotic gradient indicating that protein kinase G is involved in regulation of water reabsorption. The data obtained show that NO/cGMP signalling system in the frog urinary bladder appears to be a negative modulator of vasotocin-activated increase of osmotic permeability.


To our knowledge, the association of umbilical flora and infections has not been studied yet. The aim of this study was to identify the causative agents for trocar site infections and to highlight whether there is association between umbilical flora and trocar site infections. One hundred consecutive patients who had undergone laparoscopic surgery were studied. Microbiological samples were taken from the umbilicus before (group 1) and after (group 2) antisepsis with povidone-iodine. Microbiological assessment was done for wounds suspected to be infected, and the wounds with positive cultures were classified as group 3. The incidence of wound infection was 8%. One hundred percent of the infections were associated with the extraction trocar. Eighty-nine percent of all of the infections occurred after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, whereas 11% occurred after laparoscopic appendectomy. The micro-organisms in group 3 did not belong to the skin flora, unlike the micro-organisms in groups 1 and 2, but hospital-acquired pathogens were responsible for the infections. The umbilical flora and the bile are not the source of the surgical site infections after laparoscopic surgery in our study despite the considerations in the literature.


Long computation time is required for transient stability analysis of power systems because it can be expressed as combination of differential and algebraic equations. In order to finish the calculation within a practical amount of time, it is an effective approach that applying Parareal method as one of parallel computing technique to transient stability analysis. In the Parareal method, the accuracy of the result is gradually updated through iterative procedures in combination with rough estimation of entire waveform and detailed calculation for each decomposed time window. Based on the Parareal method, the authors have developed a new stability assessment method by using chaos theory. If an operating point is in unstable region, the trajectory has the chaotic property, "sensitive dependence on initial conditions". Therefore, it is possible to assess the stability by detecting the convergence characteristics of the estimated waveform at each iterative procedure by the Parareal method. The effectiveness of the proposed method was tested by using IEEJ WEST10 system model.


English has successfully overwhelmed Indonesian like tsunami as an imperialistic language. The meaning of imperialism here, however, differs from the conventional meaning as it is invited imperialism, not coerced imperialism.The influence of English in Indonesian is discussed in terms of modernization, globalization, economy, and history. The linguistic tsunami effects are overwhelming, staggering, and unstoppable. The data for this article were collected from various sources, and it was found that the number of English words (pure and modified) is indeed confounding. Virtually English words have penetrated all walks of life. Unfortunately, there is no way we can prevent English influence on Indonesian, it is simply inevitable and we cannot do anything about it. Seen from linguistic purism, we have lost the battle in fighting off English influence; but seen from the eye of a descriptive linguist, it is an unpreventable historical phenomenon. It is a lingusitic dynamism in which language is altered and enriched by a continuous input from other languages, the most influential language being the major donor of loanwords of the receiving language. If it is considered a problem, the solution is to change our attitude to realize that any living language continues undergoing modifications and we should be willing to accommodate them. It is the dialectics of world history.


Parkia speciosa (petai) pods are rarely used and considered as waste despite their phenolic and flavonoid content. Phenolic and flavonoid content in plants are known to exhibit antioxidant activity. Antioxidants are known to potentially act agains radical and mediate the damage by structural stabilization. This research was conducted to analyze the antioxidant potential of petai pods using DPPH method. Analysis showed the IC50 of petai pods ethanolic extract was 75.72 ppm, which indicate strong acting antioxidant. Standardization of extracts were determined to manage the quality of extract, including the analysis of density, water content, ash values, and quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid content. Research outcome indicate the extract retain its quality during storage and use which confrmed to standardization requirements of water content and ash values. Total phenolics and flavonoid obtained were 272.45 mg/gGAE and 243.2029 mg/gQE respectively. Based from this research, petai pods ethanolic extract present strong antioxidant activity which was contributed by high existing content of flavonoid and phenolic compounds.


The electrophysiological characteristics of afferent renal nerves (renal mechanoreceptors [MR] and renal chemoreceptors [CR]) are discussed with reference to the literature on this subject published in the last 25 years. Recent information gained from histochemical and electrophysiological studies is provided in a description of the central projections of these nerves. The electrophysiology of renal MR is discussed in the context of their location within the kidney and the mechanical stimuli that lead to their excitation. Arterial, venous, tissue, and ureteral locations are considered. The special characteristics of renal CR are described and the stimuli responsible for their activation are discussed.


Scientists are enthusiastic about storing carbon in terrestrial sinks and geological reservoirs in order to obviate the need for lifestyle-changing reductions in fossil-fuel use. Estimating relative costs of various options depends on how permanence is assessed and whether physical carbon is discounted. We demonstrate that, in carbon markets, terrestrial sinks credits cannot be traded one-for-one for emission reduction credits and the conversion factor would depend on how long sinks keep CO2 out of the atmosphere as compared with emission reductions and, discounting physical carbon. As a result, the authority could not determine a conversion factor and the market would be required to do so.


TiO2 (B) has attracted considerable attention in recent years because it exhibits the largest capacity among all studied titania polymorphs, with high rate performance for Li intercalation being achieved when this material is nanostructured. However, due to the complex nature of its lithiation mechanism and practical challenges in probing Li structure in nanostructured materials, a definitive understanding of the lithiation thermodynamics has yet to be established. A comprehensive mechanistic investigation of the TiO2 (B) nanoparticles is therefore presented using a combination of in situ/operando X-ray pair distribution function (PDF) and electrochemical techniques. The discharge begins with surface reactions in parallel with Li insertion into the subsurface of the nanoparticles. The Li bulk insertion starts with a single-phase reaction into the A2 site, a position adjacent to the b-channel. A change of the Li diffusion pathway from that along this open channel to that along the c-direction is likely to occur at the composition of Li0.25TiO2 until Li0.5TiO2 is attained, leading to a two-step A2-site incorporation with one step kinetically distinct from the other. Subsequent Li insertion involves the C' site, a position situated inside the channel, and follows a rapid two-phase reaction to form Li0.75TiO2. Due to the high diffusion barrier associated with the further lithiation, Li insertion into the A1 site, another position adjacent to the channel neighboring the A2 sites, is kinetically restricted. This study not only explores the lithiation reaction thermodynamics and mechanisms of nanoparticulate TiO2 (B) but also serves as a strong reference for future studies of the bulk phase, and for future calculations to study the Li transport properties of TiO2 (B).


Background and objective: Abnormal uterine bleeding due to endometrial abnormalities is a common diagnostic challenge facing the radiologist and referring gynecologist. This study was aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of transvaginal ultrasound, transabdominal ultrasound and diagnostic curettage in the detection of endometrial pathologies in symptomatic women.

Methods: A prospective comparison study of transvaginal ultrasound, transabdominal ultrasound and diagnostic curettage was conducted for evaluation of endometrial pathology in Maternity Teaching Hospital, Erbil city,Kurdistan region of Iraq, from September13th, 2013 to September14th, 2014. The study included 100 women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding.Ultrasound findings were compared with histopathological results. The statistical package for the social sciences (version 17) was used for data entry and analysis.

Results: The mean age (± SD) of sample size was 47 ±8.57 years. The mean parity was 5.17 ± 2.71. The highest percentages of women were in age group 40-59 years (73%). Of the total sample, more than half (52%) had regular cycles, 25% had irregular cycles and 23% were in menopausal state. In more than half of cases the indication for ultrasounds was for menorrhagia, followed by postmenapousal and intermenstrual bleeding (23% and 21%, respectively). Of 98 women (2 women were excluded from analysis), 19% had atrophic endometrium and 67% had endometrial hyperplasia in histopathological finding. Transvaginal ultrasound sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 92.9%, respectively while transabdominal ultrasound sensitivity and specificity were 92.8% and 65%, respectively.

Conclusion: Transvaginal ultrasound scanning is an excellent tool for the determination of whether further investigation with histopathological examination of endometrial biopsy is necessary or not for women presented with abnormal uterine bleeding.


Through an analysis of the Canadian case, this article explores the tension between the universal and the particular in modern constitutional imagination, arguing that the points of friction between these two "logics" of constitutionalism are invaluable entry points into understanding the defining features of various constitutional cultures. The article argues that to understand Canadian constitutional culture, both at the structural level and also in the finer strokes surrounding given issues, one must appreciate that Canadians are the children of two constitutional logics: that of the local, the particular, and harmonious relations between diverse communities achieved through political compromise, and that of the universal, the metaphysical, and of a faith in the reason of legal principle. Examining issues of religious and cultural difference, judicial review, and indigenous rights, the article uses Canadian constitutionalism to illustrate that the points at which the march of the logic of universal reason meets resistance in the particular are key junctures for understanding a country's constitutional culture.


Previous reports in the literature indicate that primate species differ in their iron metabolism. Analyses were carried out of 229 serum samples of 18 different species, including marmosets, lemurs, woolly monkeys, colobines, macaques, baboon and great apes, for transferrin saturation (%TS), an indicator of iron absorption. In correspondence with our expectations based on the literature, lemurs and marmosets had significantly higher %TS values than great apes and macaques/baboon. The findings corroborate patterns previously described in individual studies, and underline that further efforts should be made to understand the reasons and consequences of these differences in iron metabolism.


Learning technologies is necessary in the learning process, because it can
spread the information widely, evenly, fast, uniform and integrated so that the
message can be delivered in accordance with the content in question. Technology can
be a medium for faculty in order to realize the learning process that is effective,
efficient, and productive in accordance with the needs and demands of students. This
study aimed to determine differences in learning achievement Micro Economics
course student of Economics Faculty of Teacher Education UNLAM seen from the use
of multimedia, learning styles and learning motivation of students.
The research method used was a 2x3x2 factorial quasi-experimental. This
research makes the entire population as the entire population of students taking
courses in Micro Economics odd semester 2012/2013 as respondents, amounting to
72 students. Data collection using tests, questionnaires and documentation. Data
were analyzed using three-way ANOVA analysis.
Conclusions derived from this research are: 1) there are differences in
learning achievement of students who use the Micro Economic multimedia with
conventional media, 2) there are differences in student achievement visual, auditory
and kinesthetic, 3) there are differences in student achievement Micro Economics
Economics Education courses FKIP UNLAM that have high and low motivation, 4)
there is an interaction effect between the use of multimedia to the type of student
learning styles, 5) there is no interaction effect between the use of multimedia on the
level of student motivation, 6) there is an interaction effect between type of learning
style with the level of student motivation, and 7) there is no effect of the interaction
effect of the use of multimedia, learning style type, and level of student motivation to
learn.
Learning technologies is necessary in the learning process, because it can
spread the information widely, evenly, fast, uniform and integrated so that the
message can be delivered in accordance with the content in question. Technology can
be a medium for faculty in order to realize the learning process that is effective,
efficient, and productive in accordance with the needs and demands of students. This
study aimed to determine differences in learning achievement Micro Economics
course student of Economics Faculty of Teacher Education UNLAM seen from the use
of multimedia, learning styles and learning motivation of students.
The research method used was a 2x3x2 factorial quasi-experimental. This
research makes the entire population as the entire population of students taking
courses in Micro Economics odd semester 2012/2013 as respondents, amounting to
72 students. Data collection using tests, questionnaires and documentation. Data
were analyzed using three-way ANOVA analysis.
Conclusions derived from this research are: 1) there are differences in
learning achievement of students who use the Micro Economic multimedia with
conventional media, 2) there are differences in student achievement visual, auditory
and kinesthetic, 3) there are differences in student achievement Micro Economics
Economics Education courses FKIP UNLAM that have high and low motivation, 4)
there is an interaction effect between the use of multimedia to the type of student
learning styles, 5) there is no interaction effect between the use of multimedia on the
level of student motivation, 6) there is an interaction effect between type of learning
style with the level of student motivation, and 7) there is no effect of the interaction
effect of the use of multimedia, learning style type, and level of student motivation to
learn.
Keywords: multimedia, learning style, learning motivation, micro economic.


The objective of this article is to analyze a qualitative study which reviewed a community's perception about the organized crime group the Templar Knights in Michoacan, considering three analytical categories: cultural factors, the focus of institutional decay, and the theory of institutional legitimacy. The results of this study supported the cultural tendency to explain organized crime in the region of "Tierra Caliente" in Michoacan. However, an integral explanation for the emergence of organized criminal groups with a social base would have to come from a dual focus that considers a structural connotation, referring to the economic levels and welfare of the people, as well as a cultural explanation which considers a complexity of social factors which in turn create a appropriate environment for organized crime. The study's results seem to confirm that organized criminal groups in Michoacan have an important social presence. Therefore, the strategy of fighting crime in Mexico should be oriented towards the problem's social and structural causes and not only follow a police and militaryoriented focus.


Beswick, F. W., Holland, P., and Kemp, K. H. (1972).Brit. J. industr. Med.,29, 298-306. Acute effects of exposure to orthochlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and the development of tolerance. Of the many compounds capable of producing irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract two, ω-chloroacetophenone and orthochlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS), have been used as riot control agents. The latter, CS, has been in use for more than 10 years and is currently still in service. When dispersed as a smoke consisting of 1-micron diameter particles CS will produce lachrymation and pain and discomfort in the upper respiratory tract and chest. Exposed individuals become apprehensive and highly motivated to escape from the smoke. Recovery from these effects occurs within minutes of the affected individual reaching fresh air. The present study reports the effects produced by CS aerosol on 35 healthy male volunteers who were exposed in such a way that the total dose of the agent received by each man was greater than that which he might have received in an actual riot; this was achieved by taking advantage of the fact that adaptation to the effects of CS occurs if exposure is gradual and to low concentrations. In addition to the clinical observations, cardiological, respiratory, and biochemical observations were made. No abnormalities were observed in the electrocardiogram, respiratory function tests or the blood biochemistry and cell constitution. Such changes that were observed could be ascribed to the emotional stress and discomfort of the experiment.


The paper presents a novel approach for dynamic bandwidth allocation in geostationary satellite networks. Each satellite gateway (SG) uses a local adaptive predictor to forecast the future input traffic flow along with a local predictive (receding-horizon) controller to generate a bandwidth request to the network control center (NCC). In turn, the NCC globally shares out the available bandwidth among the requesting SGs according to a suitable fair resource allocation policy. Simulation experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of efficient bandwidth usage and low packet delivery delays under different traffic load conditions.


Generic knowledge plays an important role in the packing and unpacking of texts used in a wide-ranging institutionalized socio-rhetorical context. If, on the one hand, it imposes constraints on an uninitiated genre writer to conform to the conventions and rhetorical expectations of the relevant professional community, on the other hand, it allows an experienced and established writer of the genre to exploit conventions to create new forms to suit specific contexts. Unfortunately, however, this privilege to exploit generic conventions to create new forms becomes available only to those few who enjoy a certain degree of visibility in the relevant professional community; for a wide majority of others, it is more of a matter of apprenticeship in accommodating the expectations of disciplinary cultures. This paper reviews current research to investigate the way the power and the politics of genre is often exploited by the so-called established membership of disciplinary communities to keep outsiders at a safe distance.


In the last years the demand on weight reduction in the automotive industry has led to a strong interest for various composite applications. Due to the complexity of those usually highly anisotropic materials virtual product development is one of the key factors to understand the load carrying behavior of such parts. Furthermore enhanced CAE tools and models are necessary to ensure an efficient and robust product development.


Building supervised targeted sentiment analysis models for a new target domain requires substantial annotation effort since most datasets for this task are domain-specific. Domain adaptation for this task has two dimensions: the nature of targets and the opinion words used to describe sentiment towards the target. We present a data sampling strategy informed by domain differences across these two dimensions with the goal of selecting a small number of examples, thereby minimizing annotation effort. This obtains performance in the 86-100% range compared to the full supervised model using only ∼4-15% of the full training data.


This letter considers the well-established Poisson impulse noise model with a random amplitude area distributed according to the /spl epsiv/-mixture Gaussian probability density function. This model is used to develop fast converging truncated Fourier-Bessel (FB) series expressions, required to evaluate accurately the performance of a binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation scheme as part of a densely populated asynchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (A/DS-CDMA) configuration. The average error probability of the correlation receiver is easily and quickly obtained here, even for the case of a large number of users (K=100), unlike earlier attempts in this area in which the use of other analysis approaches (e.g., closed-form approach or Taylor series expansion approach) could not exceed the limit of K=2 and K=24 in an /spl epsiv/-mixture impulsive and/or Gaussian noise environment, respectively.


Objective: Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a rare disease that has very high mortality and morbidity. Despite the high mortality rate of the disease, treatment is still controversial today. In this study, we discussed the treatment of patients who were treated and followed up due to the toxic epidermal necrolysis in our hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a s tudy of children diagnosed as toxic epidermal necrolysis in our hospital between January 2011 and April 2013. We retrospectively analyzed response to the treatment. Results: We followed five patients in this period with a clinical diagnosis of toxic epidermal necrolysis. The median age at diagnosis was nine years (min: 2, max: 15), and three of them were male. Toxic epidermal necrolysis occured in three of the patients after the use of anticonvulsants, in one of the patients after use of antibiotic and in one of the patients after the use of antihypertensive. Three of the patients were given combination of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (1 g/kg) with corticosteroid (1 mg/kg/day), two of the patients only were given IVIG (1 g/kg/day). In two patients, corticosteroid therapy was given for five days. In one case who was given corticosteroid therapy for seven days and with lesions more severe according to SCORTEN developed gram-negative sepsis in clinical follow. Especially patients developed toxic epidermal necrolysis after anticonvulsant showed more severe clinic and longer recovery period. Conclusion: Improvement was observed in all patients. When only IVIG therapy compared to corticosteroid plus IVIG treatment, there were no superiority to each other.


Although initially considered as harmful, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are now also recognized as important signaling molecules affecting various cellular processes. For example, they contribute to the response to hormones, growth factors, or hypoxia, and defense reactions against mechanical or chemical stress. Therefore, different ROS-generating, ROS-utilizing, and ROS-degrading systems in different intracellular compartments play an important role. On the one hand, this leads to a functional specialization wherein proteins, which participate in a specific ROS-regulated pathway in one compartment, may have another ROS-unrelated specific function in another compartment. On the other hand, this also adds a layer of protection by keeping unwanted side reactions to a minimum. Accordingly, the intracellular communication between different cellular compartments is an important mechanism to achieve proper responses and adaptations at the cellular level.


Monitoring air quality is relevant in order to assess current condition of a surrounding since it has a big impact for the occupant's health. Considering that we spend about 90% of our time in indoor environments, it is very important to monitor indoor air quality in real time to detect problems in the quality of air and ventilation system. This paper aims to compare the indoor air quality in Cainta, Rizal area and Pasay City area by using Arduino Uno and MQ-135 sensors with the use of Internet of things (IOT). The air qualities in two areas are measured for 24 hours, and monitor the changes in parameters such as CO, LPG and ethanol. The areas still shows good air quality index, sudden changes only occur by sudden exposure of chemicals near the sensor such as air freshener. Increase rate of ventilation is primarily solution to prevent possible health issues.


In this work, we introduce a Poisson process stochastic block model for recurrent interaction events, where each individual belongs to a latent group and interactions between two individuals follow a conditional inhomogeneous Poisson process whose intensity is driven by the individuals' latent groups. The model is semiparametric as the intensities per group pair are modeled in a nonparametric way. First an identifiability result on the weights of the latent groups and the nonparametric intensities is established. Then we propose an estimation procedure, relying on a semiparametric version of a variational expectation-maximization algorithm. Two different versions of the method are proposed, using either histogram-type (with an adaptive choice of the partition size) or kernel intensity estimators. We also propose an integrated classification likelihood criterion to select the number of latent groups. Asymptotic consistency results are then explored, both for the estimators of the cumulative intensities per group pair and for the kernel procedures that estimate the intensities per group pair. Finally, we carry out synthetic experiments and analyse several real datasets to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of our approach.


Music elicits emotions and acts as a cultural definer of class values, political beliefs, and economic life. Students are intrinsically drawn to and possess an innate ability for interpreting music. Music, moreover, activates learning in ways other content sources cannot; yet, it is utilized infrequently in social studies classrooms as a historical inquiry tool. Harnessing its emotive and seductive power, music as a primary source naturally scaffolds understanding of the zeitgeist through sensory engagement and lyrical analyses. Focusing on Born in the U.S.A. (Springsteen, 1984), authors demonstrate how examining music can impart views often absent from mass media portrayal of historical events and eras. A music listening and analysis tool is employed as a heuristic for critically interpreting music to explore the past. The historical thinking processes presented offer an inquiry-oriented curricular model for integrating music and social studies.


Transmission line impedance parameter estimation forms an essential part in modeling and monitoring of electricity networks. The accuracy of the estimated parameters has a direct impact on various functions of network operation, such as state estimation, fault location, and dynamic thermal line rating. Impedance parameters can be estimated from voltage and current measurements taken at the ends of the transmission line. Previous research has produced a range of methods with the purpose of maximizing the accuracy of the estimated values. However, the input measurements from the line ends can contain systematic errors that are introduced by the instrumentation channel and significantly reduce impedance parameter accuracy, which is not taken into account by most of the existing methods. In this paper, a novel method is presented that estimates correction factors for the systematic errors and, thus, increases the accuracy of impedance parameter values. The performance of the new method is compared with an existing one in a case study on laboratory measurements.


Tobacco smoking is considered to be one of the main risk factors in the development of chronic pain. Long-term chronic exposure to nicotine and other forms of tobacco have been shown to be associated with an increased incidence of pain. Studies have shown that acupuncture can help smokers to reduce their desire to smoke, reduce their withdrawal symptoms, and avoid a relapse after treatment. However, little has been reported about the effects of acupuncture on pain sensitivity caused by long-term smoking. Models of hyperalgesia were established in rats exposed to nicotine for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks of continuous nicotine exposure, electroacupuncture at bilateral acupoints Zusanli (ST36) and Taichong (LR3) was performed 20 minutes per day for 6 days at a continuous wave with a frequency of 2 Hz and a stimulus intensity of 1 mA. The results revealed that electroacupuncture treatment increased the mechanical response threshold of hind paw of nicotine-dependent rats with hyperalgesia and up-regulated the protein expression of pain-related factors μ-opioid receptor, β-endorphin and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 in the spinal cord and midbrain periaqueductal gray and the protein expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 in the spinal cord. These findings suggest that electroacupuncture treatment has positive analgesic effects on pain sensitivity caused by long-term chronic nicotine exposure. One possible mechanism for the improved analgesia is that electroacupuncture increases the expression of pain-related factors in the spinal cord and midbrain periaqueductal gray. This study was approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of Miami (#18-167) on December 12, 2018.


Economic crime and corruption has been an issue throughout Chinese history. While there may be scope for discussion as to the significance of public confidence in the integrity of a government, in practical terms the government of China has had to focus attention on maintaining confidence in its integrity as an issue for stability. Since the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and its assumption of power and in particular after the 'Opening' of the Chinese economy, abusive conduct on the part of those in positions of privilege, primarily in governmental organisations, has arguably reached an unprecedented level. In turn, this is impeding development as far as it undermines public confidence, accelerates jealousy and forges an even wider gap between rich and poor, thereby threatening the stability and security of civil societies. More importantly, these abuses undermine the reputation of the CCP and the government. China naturally consider this as of key significance in attracting foreign investment and assuming its leading role in the world economy. While there have been many attempts to curb economic crime, the traditional capabilities of the law and particularly the criminal justice system have in general terms been found to be inadequate. This thesis examines the existing law relating to fraud and corruption, as a mechanism for reducing the incidence and impact of such abuses and offers appropriate recommendations for rendering it more efficient and efficacious. The author discusses the legal history of economic crime control, followed by the various initiatives that have been undertaken at different levels of government to curb economic crime and corruption since the foundation of the People's Republic of China. This thesis also assesses the existing legal and institutional regime for the protection of victims of economic crime. China's stand against corruption is then placed in the context of various international initiatives, in particular those involving the United Nations. The primary objective of this thesis is to assess the law and its administration in China in the fight against economic crime and corruption and to facilitate a better understanding and control of the issues relating to the prevention of this phenomenon, in the promotion of China's economic and political stability.


Folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism and methylation reactions have been implicated in the secretory function of the pancreas. Because vitamin B-12 deficiency perturbs folate metabolism, we determined the effects of nitrous oxide inactivation of methionine synthase on the compartmentation of folate metabolism in rat pancreas. Rats were exposed to an atmosphere of nitrous oxide and oxygen (80 and 20%, respectively) for 18 h; control rats breathed air. Folate coenzyme concentrations were determined by HPLC and Lactobacillus casei microbiological assay of the cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions of pancreas, which contained 62 and 46%, respectively, of the total folate. In pancreas of control rats, cytosolic folates were 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (31% of total folates), tetrahydrofolate (54%) and 5and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate (6 and 8%, respectively). In the rats exposed to nitrous oxide, cytosolic 5-methyltetrahydrofolate concentrations were significantly greater (59% of total folates) and tetrahydrofolate concentrations were significantly lower (32%) than in controls; however, total cytosolic folate levels were unaffected by nitrous oxide exposure. In controls, mitochondrial folates were composed of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (9% of total folates), tetrahydrofolate (60%) and 5and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate (22 and 10%, respectively). Exposure to nitrous oxide led to significantly lower total mitochondrial folates (1.49 { 0.18 vs. 0.75 { 0.29 nmol/g, control vs. nitrous oxide, P õ 0.05). This was due to a significantly lower concentration of tetrahydrofolate and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, but not of 5-methylor 10-formyltetrahydrofolate. The activity of methionine synthase was 85% lower (P õ 0.001) in pancreatic extracts of rats exposed to nitrous oxide than in controls. These results show that cytosolic folates accumulate in pancreas as the 5-methyl derivative at the expense of other reduced folates, as happens in liver. However, in contrast to results in liver, the mitochondrial folate concentration was lower in the pancreas of rats exposed to nitrous oxide, and this decline was limited to the 5-formyland tetrahydrofolate derivatives. J. Nutr. 127: 1772–1775, 1997


AbstractPhytocapping is an emerging technology gaining interest as an alternate capping sys-tem in the management of closed landfills, particularly where leachate production occurs primarily through groundwater intrusion rather than surface infiltration. A field trial was undertaken at a former putrescible landfill to compare the performance of a phytocap and an engineered cap. The engineered cap comprised compacted subsoil, overlain by a gravel drainage layer, overlain by sandy clay loam topsoil. The phytocap comprised a layer of topsoil only. A range of native trees, shrubs and grasses were planted into each cap, and irrigated daily with landfill leachate of varying strength (0, 40 or 100%). Laboratory and field-testing evaluated the effect of leachate on soil physical and chemical properties. Deterioration in the topsoil's hydraulic properties impaired lea-chate infiltration and encouraged surface erosion for both systems. Laboratory studies found that aggregate instability due to slumping was the major cause for the decline in soil hydraulic properties. The topsoil sorbed appreciable amounts of added ammonium, organic nitrogen and organic carbon, and transformed much of the added ammonium to nitrate within a 14-day period. Thus, the capping system has the potential to remove leachate contaminants if the hydraulic properties of the topsoil can be improved. The trial has shown the importance of correct testing prior to selecting soil materials for use in capping systems where infiltration of leachate and rainwater is encouraged rather than discouraged.Key words: nitrogen, carbon, phytocap, phytoremediation, landfill leachate, capping systems


Universal algebra uniformly captures various algebraic structures, by expressing them as equational theories or abstract clones. The ubiquity of algebraic structures in mathematics and related fields has given rise to several variants of universal algebra, such as theories of symmetric operads, non-symmetric operads, generalised operads, PROPs, PROs, and monads. These variants of universal algebra are called notions of algebraic theory. In this paper, we develop a unified framework for them. The key observation is that each notion of algebraic theory can be identified with a monoidal category, in such a way that algebraic theories correspond to monoid objects therein. To incorporate semantics, we introduce a categorical structure called metamodel, which formalises a definition of models of algebraic theories. We also define morphisms between notions of algebraic theory, which are a monoidal version of profunctors. Every strong monoidal functor gives rise to an adjoint pair of such morphisms, and provides a uniform method to establish isomorphisms between categories of models in different notions of algebraic theory. A general structure-semantics adjointness result and a double categorical universal property of categories of models are also shown.


The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction using semiconductor nanostructures has received considerable attention in tackling energy and pollution problems. Although several semiconductor photocatalysts have been developed, materials satisfactory in all aspects (e.g., economical and eco-friendly with high efficiency) are still to be developed. Herein, a new and efficient noble-metal-free CdS/MoS2@Ni2P ternary nanohybrid photocatalyst is prepared using a combined hydrothermal and metal–organic framework template strategy. The designed nanostructures show an appealing hydrogen evolution rate, which is 69.29-fold higher than the bare CdS nanostructures and almost 6-fold higher than the CdS–Pt nanocomposites, with an apparent quantum efficiency of 24.4%. Furthermore, the rate enhancement factor of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution in the presence of MoS2 and Ni2P on CdS is much larger than that of several cocatalyst-modified CdS nanostructures reported earlier. The enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate is attributed to better migration and separation efficiency in CdS/MoS2@Ni2P than bare CdS, which is supported by photoluminescence, dynamics, photocurrent, and impedance studies. We anticipate that the work presented here may open up new insights for the utilization of low-cost CdS/MoS2@Ni2P hybrid nanostructures as a substitute for noble metals for effective photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.


Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is one of the common reasons for female patients to consult a gynecologist. AUB include bleeding from structural causes like polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, chronic endometritis, proliferative endometrium, fibroids, carcinoma and pregnancy related complication and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Methods: A prospective study done in one year duration among 210 patients of 20-70 years age group. A tissue sample is taken after endometrial curettage and examined by a pathologist for various lesions. The results: Largest number of AUB patients were about 31-40 years age group. The most common cause of AUB is endometrial hyperplasia. AUB is found in more multiparous women and menorhhagia is a most common bleeding pattern. Conclusion: Endometrial curettage is a sensitive tool for AUB diagnosis. Very little pathology can escape this investigating tool. It also avoids unnecessary hysterectomy.


Two trials were conducted to determine the effects of irradiation of individual ingredients or the whole diet on growth performance in nursery pigs. The response was similar for both trials with pigs fed diets containing irradiated spray-dried animal plasma or soybean meal having increased (P<0.05) ADG compared with pigs fed the control diet with no irradiated ingredients or the complete diet that was irradiated. Also, ADFI (P<0.05) was higher for pigs consuming the diet with irradiated soybean meal compared with those fed the irradiated whole diet. Pigs fed irradiated spray-dried animal plasma also had superior F/G (P<0.05) compared with those fed diets containing irradiated microingredients or if all ingredients had been irradiated before manufacturing. Therefore, irradiation of certain feed ingredients can improve growth performance in nursery, whereas irradiation of all ingredients in the diet or the whole diet does not enhance performance.


The aim of the article is to present trophic types (i.e non-systematic groups feeding on the same kind of food) of the nematodes. Seven trophic types (covering all known species) are described: (1) microbivores (nematodes feeding on unicellular microorganisms) with two examples: C. elegans and the nematodes of two families: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae, (2) parasites of Vertebrates, (3) parasites of Invertebrates with example of the family Acugutturidae, (4) parasites of plants with two examples: Tylenchorhynchus dubius and Heterodera schachtii, (5) parasites of fungi, (6) predatory nematodes, (7) omnivores (nematodes feeding on different kinds of food). Basic information on the anatomy of the alimentary canal and feeding behaviour of the nematodes are also provided.


The Chinese A share market has recently attracted great interest from global investors because of its size and increased importance to the global financial market. The A share market has unique market characteristics and a regulatory environment that make it challenging for institutional investors. The article examines the efficacies of factor strategies by applying well-known equity factors in China A. It demonstrates that traditional factor strategies, with proper design, can deliver attractive risk-adjusted return relative to the cap-weighted benchmark. From the authors' review of the past literature along with their empirical study, they find that some characteristics of the Chinese stock market influence factor performance and factor strategy design. Notably, the traditional price momentum factor did not work in China A. Instead, a sentiment factor based on return reversal and analyst information can better capture local investors' behavioral patterns. In addition to carrying out their empirical study, the authors look into a large body of academic research for economic and behavioral explanations of factor anomalies. Their findings provide strong support for factor-based investment strategies in Chinese A shares. TOPICS: Analysis of individual factors/risk premia, factor-based models, style investing, emerging markets Key Findings • The China A stock market has unique characteristics and a regulatory environment that influence factor performance and factor strategy design. • The authors review the academic research on factor investing, discuss the economic and behavioral fundamentals, and show evidence of the factor anomalies in the China A shares. They show that size, value, low vol, and quality factors can deliver attractive excess returns over the cap-weighted benchmark. • The study also finds that the traditional momentum factor failed to deliver positive excess return in the testing period. A sentiment factor is shown to robustly deliver excess returns and may more accurately capture the behavioral patterns that are unique to local market investors.


Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a cytokine produced during infection and inflammation, mediates some of the endocrinological alterations that parallel these processes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether human recombinant IL-1 (hrIL-1) affects aldosterone output as well as renin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release, two key factors in the regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion. We observed that intravenous administration of hrIL-1 into conscious unrestrained rats elicited a marked and rapid rise in aldosterone plasma levels in a dose-dependent manner. The hrIL-1-induced increase in aldosterone levels was associated with enhanced renin activity and increased ACTH levels in plasma. Furthermore, aldosterone levels of IL-1-injected rats were positively correlated with plasma renin activity (PRA), suggesting that the renin-angiotensin system contributes to the changes observed in the levels of the mineralocorticoid hormone. ACTH seems also to be implicated in the aldosterone response to hrIL-1 because the profile of the kinetic curves of changes in the levels of the pituitary hormone and aldosterone was similar. Pretreatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin markedly reduced the increase in aldosterone plasma levels and PRA induced by IL-1, indicating that prostaglandins are involved in these effects of the cytokine. These results suggest that IL-1 may play an important role in the control of homeostasis during infectious and inflammatory diseases.


We provide empirical evidence of both (1) price dispersion and (2) credit rationing in the corporate loan market. We argue that these properties are caused by two factors: an adverse selection resulting from the information asymmetry between lenders and borrowers, and search frictions in matching borrowers with lenders. We develop a model of loan markets in which lenders post an array of heterogeneous contracts, then borrowers tradeoff terms of loan contracts and matching probability between themselves. We show that a unique separating equilibrium exists where each type of borrower applies to a certain type of contract.


In 1979, Valiant showed that the complexity class VPe of families with polynomially bounded formula size is contained in the class VPs of families that have algebraic branching programs (ABPs) of polynomially bounded size. Motivated by the problem of separating these classes, we study the topological closure VPe, i.e., the class of polynomials that can be approximated arbitrarily closely by polynomials in VPe. We describe VPe using the well-known continuant polynomial (in characteristic different from 2). Further understanding this polynomial seems to be a promising route to new formula size lower bounds. Our methods are rooted in the study of ABPs of small constant width. In 1992, Ben-Or and Cleve showed that formula size is polynomially equivalent to width-3 ABP size. We extend their result (in characteristic different from 2) by showing that approximate formula size is polynomially equivalent to approximate width-2 ABP size. This is surprising because in 2011 Allender and Wang gave explicit polynomials that cannot be computed by width-2 ABPs at all! The details of our construction lead to the aforementioned characterization of VPe. As a natural continuation of this work, we prove that the class VPN can be described as the class of families that admit a hypercube summation of polynomially bounded dimension over a product of polynomially many affine linear forms. This gives the first separations of algebraic complexity classes from their nondeterministic analogs.


Despite its endemicity and economic significance in Ethiopia, there was no sero-surveillance report of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Bale Zone. With this regard the study was conducted in Dello Mena and MaddaWalabu districts of Bale zone with the objectives of determining the seroprevalence of PPR and associated risk factors. A cross sectional study was conducted from March 2017 to May 2017 on weaned goat and camel which were randomly selected from 5 kebeles of each study districts. Accordingly, serums collected from 768 animals (that is, 384 from each district) were tested using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. An overall seroprevalence of 12.9% was recorded with relatively higher seroprevalence in Dello Mena (13.8%) compared to Madda Walabu district (12%). From 4 putative risk factors investigated by the study, species (goat 19%; camel 2.5%; i£2=43.623; p=0.000) and age (adult 16.9%; young 7.2%; i£2= 15.472; p=0.000) revealed statistically significant association with PPR seropositivity on Chi-square analysis. In addition, multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that goats were found more likely infected by the disease (Adjusted Odds Ratio=9.522; p=0.000), while adult animals more likely survive infection and become seropositive compared to young animals (Adjusted Odds Ratio= 2.713; p=0.000). PPR found very important health problem in the study areas, especially in goats and younger animals. Due to high sero-prevalence in the study area due attention should be given on the eradication of the disease via organized active surveillance and vaccination of unvaccinated segment of the population, especially younger animals, on annual base.

 Key words: Camel, Dello Mena, goat, Madda Walabu, Peste des Petits ruminants, risk factors, seropositivity.


This paper studies the fiscal incidence of a fiscal reform consisting of a reduction in employers' social insurance contributions financed by a tax based on the value added. In a closed economy with two sectors calibrated thanks to the French National Accounts, a "social VAT" leads to a rise in labor incomes which is usually higher than the rise of capital incomes. In case of perfect intersector mobility of production factors, a reduction in 1 percentage point of the social contributions leads to a rise in net labor incomes which is 0:51 to 0:66 percentage point higher than the rise of the interest rate. For a low intersector mobility the gains of workers, even though unequally distributed, remain higher than that of capitalists. In an open economy when the international capital mobility is sufficiently high, workers are more inclined to suffer from the reform.


Rare earth metals are an important strategic resource. Due to scarce reserves, and large consumer demand, it is facing the crisis of resource depletion. Marine are the largest deposits sites in the world. In the long growth history, marine autogenic sedimentary mineral, such as polymetallic nodules, crusts with large quantities, not only contain the enrichment of Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni and other valuable metals, but also contain extremely rare earth elements (REE) in the crust. Thus, in the process of developing marine mineral resources, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni and other metals are used, while it is possible for the development and utilization of the associated rare earth mineral. Marine may become a new field of rare earth resources development.


Imitation Learning is the task of mimicking the behavior of an expert player in a Reinforcement Learning(RL) Environment to enhance the training of a fresh agent (called novice) beginning from scratch. Most of the Reinforcement Learning environments are stochastic in nature, i.e., the state sequences that an agent may encounter usually follow a Markov Decision Process (MDP). This makes the task of mimicking difficult as it is very unlikely that a new agent may encounter same or similar state sequences as an expert. Prior research in Imitation Learning proposes various ways to learn a mapping between the states encountered and the respective actions taken by the expert while mostly being agnostic to the order in which these were performed. Most of these methods need considerable number of states-action pairs to achieve good results. We propose a simple alternative to Imitation Learning by appending the novice's action space with the frequent short action sequences that the expert has taken. This simple modification, surprisingly improves the exploration and significantly outperforms alternative approaches like Dataset Aggregation. We experiment with several popular Atari games and show significant and consistent growth in the score that the new agents achieve using just a few expert action sequences.


Hydroxyapatites (HAps) with nano-sized structures are promising materials in various biomedical areas, but the synthesis of high quality particles is still challenged by the insufficient precision of size and morphology, as well as the presence of severe agglomeration. An inadequate knowledge of the early nucleation, growth and transformation might limit our exploration and application of HAp. Here, we report a novel oil/water microemulsion-hydrothermal hybrid strategy for the preparation of highly dispersive HAps with tailored morphologies and controlled size. Through the synergetic effect of the oleic acid and microemulsion system, a well-dispersed HAp nucleus was first generated at 2 h. By tuning the ensuing hydrothermal conditions from room temperature to 140 °C, the nucleus would grow from spherical to needle-like nanoparticles. The size of the particles could be regulated by the alteration of the hydrothermal temperature. In addition, we experimentally demonstrated the complete evolution of HAp growth and transformation at a critical temperature of 90 °C by quenching the reaction at various intervals. The obtained particles were explored as potential cellular delivery carriers and polymer fillers.


Anaphylactic shock is a sudden, life-threatening allergic reaction associated with severe hypotension. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is implicated in the cardiovascular dysfunctions occurring in various shock syndromes, including anaphylaxis. Excessive production of the vasodilator NO causes inflammatory hypotension and shock, and it is generally accepted that transcriptionally regulated inducible iNOS is responsible for this. Nevertheless, the contribution of NO to PAF-induced shock or anaphylactic shock is still ambiguous. We studied PAF and anaphylactic shock in conscious mice. Surprisingly, hyperacute PAF shock depended entirely on NO, produced not by inducible iNOS, but by constitutive eNOS, rapidly activated via the PI3K pathway. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is generally regarded as the principal vasorelaxing mediator of NO. Nevertheless, although methylene blue partially prevented PAF shock, neither 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) nor sGCalpha1 deficiency did. Also, in 2 different models of active systemic anaphylaxis, inhibition of NOS, PI3K, or Akt or eNOS deficiency provided complete protection. In contrast to the unsubstantiated paradigm that only excessive iNOS-derived NO underlies cardiovascular collapse in shock, our data strongly support the unexpected concept that eNOS-derived NO is the principal vasodilator in anaphylactic shock and define eNOS and/or PI3K or Akt as new potential targets for treating anaphylaxis.


It is showed that, in general, classical and quantum dispersion relations are different due to the presence of the Bohm potential. There are exact particular solutions of the quantum (wave) theory which obey the classical dispersion relation, but they differ in the general case. The dispersion relations may also coincide when additional assumptions are made, such as WKB or eikonal approximations, for instance. This general result also holds for non–quantum wave equations derived from classical counterparts, such as in ray and wave optics, for instance. Explicit examples are given for covariant scalar, vectorial and tensorial fields in flat and curved spacetimes.


Benzylpenicillin acylase, which hydrolyzes benzylpenicillin to 6-aminopenicillanic acid, was found to be widely distributed among members of the Schizomycetes, particularly in gram-negative bacteria, and in the genus Nocardia. The hydrolysis of a series of biosynthetic and semisynthetic penicillins by freeze-dried cells of a strain of Nocardia and of Proteus was studied. Benzylpenicillin was the preferred substrate; all departures from the benzylpenicillin side-chain structure led to reduction of substrate activity (the greater the departure, the greater the reduction in activity). Penicillin amides and methyl esters were also hydrolyzed, as were suitable N-acyl derivatives of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. Occurrence of an enzyme activity which hydrolyzes benzylpenicillinamide to benzylpenicillin was detected in certain strains of yeasts.


Three-step laser excitation was used to populate and observe members of Rydberg series in neutral iron with high effective quantum numbers. These series converge to the ground and to the first excited state of singly ionized iron. The photoionization threshold was also observed. Analyses of the Rydberg series yield the value 63 737(1) cm−1 or 7.9024(1) eV as the ionization potential of neutral iron.


Learning meaningful representations that disentangle the underlying structure of the data generating process is considered to be of key importance in machine learning. While disentangled representations were found to be useful for diverse tasks such as abstract reasoning and fair classification, their scalability and real-world impact remain questionable. We introduce a new high-resolution dataset with 1M simulated images and over 1,800 annotated real-world images of the same robotic setup. In contrast to previous work, this new dataset exhibits correlations, a complex underlying structure, and allows to evaluate transfer to unseen simulated and real-world settings where the encoder i) remains in distribution or ii) is out of distribution. We propose new architectures in order to scale disentangled representation learning to realistic high-resolution settings and conduct a large-scale empirical study of disentangled representations on this dataset. We observe that disentanglement is a good predictor for out-of-distribution (OOD) task performance.


Di-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are prominent environmental contaminants and their biological activity in fish may be more significant than previously thought. Four weeks after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with 50 or 250 microg 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (2HxCB)/g fish, rainbow trout livers were removed and frozen at -80 degrees C or microsomes were prepared. Microsomal ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was approximately one and two orders of magnitude greater than controls in fish treated with 50 and 250 microg 2HxCB/g fish, respectively. Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) Western immunoblot relative optical density increased with 2HxCB dose. Hepatic CYP1A1 mRNA levels were approximately threefold greater in fish treated with 250 microg 2HxCB/g fish than in controls, while hepatic CYP1A1 mRNA levels in fish treated with 50 microg 2HxCB/g fish were not significantly induced. There was no increase of CYP1A3 mRNA in 2HxCB-treated fish. The study showed 2HxCB induced hepatic EROD activity, CYP1A protein, and CYP1A1 mRNA content in rainbow trout.


The theoretical construction known as maximum sustained yield (MSY) exists in three realms: as science, as policy, and as a legal concept. Despite substantial criticism by scientists and economists, MSY remains at the heart of fisheries science and fisheries management. This paper suggests that its institutional resilience springs more from its policy and legal roles than from its scientific strength. Maximum sustained yield was adopted as the goal of American fisheries policy in 1949. Between 1949 and 1955, the State Department pushed for its adoption internationally. In this paper, I first look briefly at the relationship between fishing and foreign policy goals during this period. Second, I look at how fishing was understood during 1949, when the American High Seas Fishing Policy was adopted. Third, I look at the actions of the 1955 International Technical Conference on the Conservation of the Living Resources of the Sea and how American actions shaped the development of fisheries science and the modern fishery management process.


There is a sharp separation between the scholarly literature of originalists and professional historians. Originalists cite one another, but regularly ignore recent work by historians. Historians are generally happy to return the favor. Engagement between the two communities is too often limited to methodological disputes and amicus briefs. As a result, historical inquiry offers less to constitutional law than it might, and constitutional lawyers offer less to history than they could. Some of this separation is due to unavoidable methodological tension, but those tensions have not always frustrated productive dialogue. Originalism, in fact, emerged as an important theory of constitutional interpretation because of developments in professional historiography. Post-Revisionist approaches to the historiography of Reconstruction inspired and legitimated the book that set originalism on its current trajectory: Raoul Berger's Government by Judiciary. The revolution in the historiography of the founding embodied in Gordon Wood's Creation of the American Republic offered originalists other opportunities. It was not methodological disagreements but technological, institutional, and disciplinary developments since the 1980s that separated history and originalism. Those trends have mostly accelerated in the twenty-first century, but the role historians played in creating originalism suggests opportunities for productive dialogue still exist and should be pursued.


The parallel scaling (parallel performance up to 48 cores) of NAMD package has been investigated by estimation of the sensitivity of interconnection on speedup and benchmark results—testing the parallel performance of Myrinet, Infiniband and Gigabit Ethernet networks. The system of ApoA1 of 92 K atoms, as well as 1000 K, 330 K, 210 K, 110 K, 54 K, 27 K and 16 K has been used as testing systems. The Armenian grid infrastructure (ArmGrid) has been used as a main platform for series of benchmarks. According to the results, due to the high performance of Myrinet and Infiniband networks, the ArmCluster system and the cluster located in the Yerevan State University show reasonable values, meanwhile the scaling of clusters with various types of Gigabit Ethernet interconnections breaks down when interconnection is activated. However, the clusters equipped by Gigabit Ethernet network are sensitive to change of system, particularly for 1000 K systems no breakdown in scaling is observed. The infiniband supports in comparison with Myrinet, make it possible to receive almost ideally results regardless of system size. In addition, a benchmarking formula is suggested, which provides the computational throughput depending on the number of processors. These results should be important, for instance, to choose most appropriate amount of processors for studied system.


The development of a model capable of predicting the long term (seasonal) . distribution of water quality constituents within Great Salt Lake was undertaken as a portion of the ongoing Great Salt Lake project at Utah State University. The overall goal of the project is the development of a modeling framework to assist relevant decision making bodies in the comprehensive management of the Great Salt Lake system. Phase I of the project provided the overall structural framework for management of the Great Salt Lake system, identified data needs, and established priorities for the development of submodels for incorporation into the overall framework. Phase II of the project involves the process of developing submodels, and Phase III will be concerned with application of the framework of models to specific management problems. This study provides, as part of the second phase of the Great Salt Lake project, a model capable of predicting the long term distribution of quality constituents within the lake. This capability is a necessary component of the modeling framework since it will allow the investigation of the effects which alternative water quality management plans will have on the distribution of water quality constituents within the lake. The water quality model of the lake is based on the application of the advection-diffusion equation to the three-dimensional transport of a quality constituent. The modeling technique is formulated by discretizing the system as a network of nodes interconnected by channels in both thf! horizontal and vertical directions. This representation of the system allowed the horizontal transport to be treated mathematically as one-dimensional. The resulting modeling technique is applicable to any lake, estuary, or bay in which the concentration gradients must be described in all three coordinate directions. In applying the model to Great Salt Lake a two-layered vertical network was employed due to the physical characteristics of the system. The model was further simplified by describing vertical transport by diffusion alone. Using observed total dissolved solids concentrations, a method was developed during the study for establishing the vertical diffusion coefficient as a function of depth. A unique feature of this water quality modeling technique is that it allows the seasonal distribution of a quality constituent to be studied without the necessity of developing a hydrodynamic model of the system. The advective transport is designed to be input to the model based on observed long term circulation patterns. In the case of Great Salt Lake, circulation patterns are not yet well known. However, approximate patterns have been established from some observations to date, and those were used to provide preliminary tests of the validity and response characteristics of the model. These tests have demonstrated that the model will be a practical and useful tool for monitoring the distribution of quality constituents within the lake.


This thesis investigates the effectiveness of Corporate Governance (CG) reforms in Pakistan. Using a sample of 160 Pakistani firms from 2003 to 2013 and governance data collected manually from the annual reports, this thesis investigates seven closely related and important corporate issues that are related to the compliance of governance rules. Specifically, it aims to : (i) investigate the degree of CG compliance with 2002 Pakistani Code of CG (PCCG); (ii) determine whether the introduction of 2002 PCCG has improved Pakistani CG practices; (iii) investigate the determinants of CG compliance and disclosure for Pakistani listed firms; (iv) test the nexus between CG compliance with the 2002 PCCG and firms' cost of capital (COC); (v) investigate the impact of different individual CG mechanisms on listed firms COC; (vi) examine how different ownership structures impact on firms' COC; and (vii) analyse relationship between CG structures and Cost of Equity (COE) as well as Cost of Debt (COD) for Pakistani listed firms. These empirical investigations report some important results. First, the reported findings suggest that Pakistani firms have responded positively to governance disclosure requirements over the eleven year period from 2003 to 2013. The results also show that the introduction of the PCCG in 2002 has improved CG standards by Pakistani listed firms. Second, the reported results related to the determinants of CG compliance demonstrate that significant and positive association between institutional, government and foreign ownership with CG compliance. However, findings relating to the determinants of CG compliance show a negative and significant association between board size and block ownership with CG compliance and disclosure. The study finds no significant relationship between director ownership, audit firm size and the presence of female board members with the constructed Pakistan Corporate Governance Index (PCGI). Third, the investigation on the relationship between CG and COC report a significantly negative nexus between PCGI and firms' COC. The investigation on the association between ownership structures and COC report a negative and significant nexus between block ownership with firms' COC. Further, a number of robustness analyses performed in this study suggest that the empirical results reported in this study are generally robust to the alternative CG variables, alternative COC variables and potential endogeneity problems.


This study examined the structural relationship between teachers' career adaptability, emotional intelligence, striving for goals, and setting life goals. We hypothesized that emotional intelligence would predict career adaptability, and that this relationship would be mediated by striving for goals and setting life goals. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 263 teachers, whose ages ranged from 21 to 69, with SEM and bootstrapping procedures employed. The results indicated that teachers' striving for goals and setting life goals directly predicted their career adaptability and fully mediated the effect of emotional intelligence on career adaptability. We address the possible explanations and study limitations.


Exponential voltage was proposed as a stimulus in the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) test because it is much more similar to the theoretical one than the sinusoidal signal. For the correct execution of the ADC test, the distortion of the exponential stimulus must be assessed by evaluating the amplitude and the time coefficient of the fundamental and the superimposed exponential components that best fit the real exponential voltage. To achieve this goal, the Prony-like method is proposed in this paper. Two problems arise: the a priori evaluation of the degree of polynomial function that best fits the input samples, and the number of exponential components that have to be evaluated. To overcome these problems, two proper sub-routines are pointed out allowing operation without a priori information and in accordance with the physical model of the signal. The results of experimental tests are shown in order to assess the correctness and the accuracy of the proposed procedure.


Using results from a 25-year study of thinning in a northwestern Pennsylvania Allegheny hardwood stand, we assess whether and how thinning method affected carbon sequestration and merchantable volume production. Plots were thinned to similar residual relative density by removing trees from different portions of the diameter distribution. Plots that were thinned from below had greater volume production and carbon sequestration rates than plots that were thinned from the middle or thinned from above. Control plots, which were not thinned, also had higher carbon sequestration rates than plots thinned from the middle and higher merchantable volume production and carbon sequestration rates than plots thinned from above. In this forest type, changing stand structure by thinning can affect carbon sequestration and stand growth either positively or negatively. Those effects can be significant, with long-term implications for the growth of the stand. In general, structures that favored volume production also favor carbon sequestration.


This research project is aimed at studying the impact of automated accounting system on the payroll preparation in large organisations selected from both Lagos and Ota. In an attempt to study the impact of automated accounting system on payroll preparation; data were collected through administration of questionnaires to various large organisations located in Ota and Lagos. The data were analysed and average mean score were. The four hypotheses were tested using correlation co-efficient, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mean score and using goodness of fit test (chi-square). The study showed that computerisation is an effective tool of communication and achievement of organisational goals; however majority of the respondents remained indifferent as to whether computerisation reduces the labour force. The result of the hypothesis tested also showed that application of modern computer packages may not necessarily bring permanent solution to accounting and payroll processing problems in organisations. The causes of errors, frauds and irregularities etc in many organisations had been traced to unscientific and/manual mode of processing accounting information. This has resulted, on many occasions to a substantial loss of return on investment. Finally, Conclusion was drawn and recommendations were made based on the findings of the study.


This paper introduces a novel silicon-on-insulator (SOI) lateral radio-frequency (RF) bipolar transistor. The fabrication process relies on polysilicon side-wall-spacer (PSWS) to self-align the base contact to the intrinsic base. The self-aligned base and emitter regions greatly reduce the parasitic components. In this unique design, the critical dimensions are not limited by lithography resolution. With the control of the SOI film thickness or SWS width, the device can be optimized for higher speed, gain, breakdown, or current drive capability. Furthermore, with no additional mask, both common-emitter and common-collector layout configurations can be realized, providing more flexibility to the circuit design and more compact layout. The experimental f/sub T//f/sub max/ of the high-speed device are 17/28 GHz, the second fastest reported f/sub T/ for lateral bipolar junction transistors (LBJT) so far. As for the high-voltage device, the measured f/sub T//f/sub max/ of 12/30 GHz and BV/sub CEO/ of over 25 V produces a Johnsons product well above 300 GHz /spl middot/V. This figure is currently the closest reported data to the Johnsons limit for lateral BJTs. This technology can easily be integrated with CMOS on SOI. Therefore, it is feasible to build fully complimentary bipolar and MOS transistors on a single SOI substrate to form a true complementary-BiCMOS process. This silicon-based lateral SOI-BJT technology is a promising candidate for realizing future RF SoC applications.


This paper proposes a new method to construct an approximate Topological Graph based on the traditional constructing voronoi diagram by discrete grids, which combines the PRM (Probabilistic Roadmap Method) path planning thought. By means of the approximate topological graph and the hierarchical thought, the efficiency of path planning is improved. Meanwhile, this method can reduce the unnecessary collision detection and can be effectively used in the path planning of mechanical produce. In the end, this method is analyzed and evaluated, and meanwhile some improvements and simulations about this method are given.


Stroke is the second most common cause of death and the leading cause of disability in the world. About 30% of the people that are affected by stroke die within a year; 25% of the patients that survive stroke remain in need of care after a year. Therefore, stroke is a major burden for health care costs. The most common subtype is ischemic stroke. This type is characterized by a reduced and insufficient blood supply to a certain part of the brain. Despite the high prevalence of stroke, the currently used therapeutic interventions are limited. No therapies that aim to restore damaged neuronal tissue or to promote recovery are available nowadays. Transplantation of stem cell-derived cells has been investigated as a potential regenerative and protective treatment. Embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based cell therapy in rodent models of stroke has been shown to improve functional outcome. However, the clinical use of ESCs still raises ethical questions and implantation of ESC-derived cells requires continuous immunosuppression. The groundbreaking detection of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has provided a most promising alternative. This mini-review summarizes current literature in which the potential use of iPSC-derived cells has been tested in rodent models of stroke. iPSC-based cell therapy has been demonstrated to improve motor function, decrease stroke volume, promote neurogenesis and angiogenesis and to exert immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory effects in the brain of stroke-affected rodents.


School effectiveness research addresses the question why and how some schools are more effective than others when the differences in achievement cannot be attributed to student intake and educational background characteristics. A main aim is to identify and investigate those malleable conditions at different levels –classroom, school and above school– that can directly or indirectly explain the differences in the learning outcomes of students. As from the early phases of school effectiveness research there was a great interest in reviews and later also meta-analyses that compile the start-of the art knowledge and show evidence on factors that are associated with better student achievement.
The dissertation builds on these previous reviews and meta-analyses and it consists of four reviews and meta-analyses of effectiveness enhancing factors at school and/or classroom level: school size, school leadership, evaluation and assessment and time and homework. Depending on the data available in the primary studies, different methods for review and meta-analysis were applied.
The meta-analyses yielded small positive significant effects for school leadership, evaluation and learning time and homework. The meta-analyses did not indicate a significant effect of assessment on student learning. For school size it was found that the impact of size varied with the type if outcome variable considered. Effects of smaller schools appeared to be stronger when social cohesion and participation were the outcome variables, while for safety and attendance the available evidence favoring small schools appeared to be less convincing. School size did not seem to matter for academic achievement.
The results of this dissertation study further validate the consensus that consists of the 'factors that work' in education. At the same it also draws the attention to the divergence in the magnitudes in mean effect sizes that various meta-analyses yield when the same effectiveness enhancing factor is considered and provides insight into the many methodological and conceptual challenges in meta-analysis and school effectiveness research.


: Fiscal policy has a strong role to play in the transition to an ecologically sustainable economy. This paper critically discusses the way that green fiscal policy has been analysed in both conventional and post-Keynesian approaches. It then uses a recently developed post-Keynesian ecological macroeconomic model in order to provide a comparative evaluation of three different types of green fiscal policy: carbon taxes, green subsidies and green public investment. We show that (i) carbon taxes reduce global warming but increase financial risks due to their adverse effects on the profitability of firms and credit availability; (ii) green subsidies and green public investment improve ecological efficiency, but their positive environmental impact is partially offset by their macroeconomic rebound effects; and (iii) a green fiscal policy mix derives better outcomes than isolated policies. Directions for future heterodox macroeconomic research on the links between fiscal policy and ecological sustainability are suggested.


This article discusses two Taiwanese artists, Chen Chieh-jen and Yang Mao-Lin in relation to Taiwan's continuing debate over English language acquisition. From a multi-disciplinary perspective the question of a business language (English) is contrasted to a language that better reflects the subjective nature of language itself and the power relations that are inherent therein. Poetic language, or paronomasia, as it is discussed here, provides an outlet for Taiwan to express itself in English with all its historical and colonial history engaged.


Lambs and steers were fed low-nitrate hay and supplements which supplied 0.045 kg (lambs) or 0.114 kg (steers) of yeast culture/head/day for 14 and 12 days, respectively, prior to feeding high-nitrate sorghum-sudan hay. Nitrate consumption of lambs by 6 hours after feeding the high-nitrate (29,300 ppm NO3) hay was similar among treatments and ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 g/kg body weight/day over 3 challenge days. Similar rates of nitrate consumption occurred with steers. Blood methemoglobin concentrations, used as a measure of nitrate/nitrite exposure in lambs and steers fed yeast culture, were not lower than those of control animals. The results of the study indicate that yeast culture did not decrease the methemoglobinemia produced by consumption of high-nitrate forages by sheep or cattle.


To prevent the looming financial crisis, which might have the power to significantly curtail the current global economic growth, it is necessary to rethink even the underlying ideology of the global finance governance, resting mainly in neo-liberal thought. In practice it meant that the function to the regulatory system is to make the banks safe and the international banking system stable, while the banks should retain the freedom to make their own decisions. However, this approach collapsed when the last financial crisis hit, which created also the need to come up with novel regulatory approaches, including the control of reckless banking operations. The chapter "Staying Global and Neo-liberal or Going Somewhere Else? Banking Regulation after Crisis" written by Mika Viljanen in the book "The Reform of International Economic Governance" provides an overview and critical evaluation of regulatory approaches in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and the European Union, while the common denominator at the global level remain the so-called Basel Accords, serving as an underlying basis, inspiration and point of contention at the same time. Even though the approaches in the various countries draw an inspiration from each other, they are sufficiently different to allow a valuable comparison and to underline different local approaches to the solution of common problems. To learn more about these issues, Mika Viljanen invites the interested readers to study his chapter.