Mastitis is one of the most important diseases in dairy milk systems. Molecular studies of the principal agents that are involved, as well as tests of bacterial sensitivity to plant extracts, are currently the most common forms of research related to this disease. The aim of the present study was to molecularly characterize isolates from cases of subclinical mastitis and to investigate the production of biofilm associated with extracts from Hymenaea martiana. The phytochemical screening of the crude ethanolic extract (CEE) confirmed the presence of phenolic substances, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates that were assessed exhibited variations, with a notably high sensitivity to gentamicin. After the addition of the extract, 77.3, 81.8 and 86.3% of the isolates exhibited a reduction in biofilm production in the ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane fractions, respectively. An extensive production of biofilm can be observed in the isolates that were not in contact with the natural extract. However, when in contact with the plant extract, there was a reduction in biofilm production, thereby demonstrating the therapeutic potential of the natural extract of H. martiana in mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp.

 Key words: Mastitis, pathogens, resistance genes, sensitivity tests.


This chapter analyses policy options to promote local content in Uganda as it transitions to an oil-producing country. It contends that productive linkages between oil and gas exporters and domestic suppliers in a range of 'connected' goods and services sectors can be a source of broad-based economic growth. However, the success of policy initiatives or extensive regulatory requirements will ultimately hinge on domestic firm capabilities to overcome barriers to entry into the global industry. The analysis comprises an evaluation of existing local content policies in Uganda, a mapping of the natural resource value chain, and an assessment of domestic firm capabilities to supply the anticipated demand for goods and services from the oil and gas industry.


Three new open-framework metal borophosphates, [Na(6)Co(3)B(2)P(5)O(21)Cl]·H(2)O (JIS-4), K(5)Mn(2)B(2)P(5)O(19)(OH)(2) (JIS-5), (NH(4))(8)[Co(2)B(4)P(8)O(30)(OH)(4)] (JIS-6), have been prepared under ionothermal conditions using ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Emim]Br) as the solvent. They are the first examples of metalloborophosphate prepared by the ionothermal method. Their structures are determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The 3-D open framework of JIS-4 is made of CoO(5)Cl octahedra, CoO(5) square pyramids, and PO(4) and BO(4) tetrahedra forming 12-ring channels along the [010] direction. It is noted that JIS-4 is the first 3-D open-framework structure in the family of borophosphate with the B/P ratio of 2/5, which features a borophosphate cluster anionic partial structure. Such cluster anionic partial structures connect with MnO(6) octahedra and MnO(5) trigonal bipyramids resulting in the formation of the 2-D layer structure of JIS-5 with the same B/P ratio as JIS-4. The 2-D layer structure of JIS-6 belongs to the largest family of borophosphate with a B/P ratio of 1/2 which features a unique 1-D chain anionic partial structure. Crystal data for JIS-4, orthorhombic, Pnma, a = 14.0638(8) Å, b = 9.8813(7) Å, c = 14.0008(10) Å, V = 1945.7(2) Å(3), and Z = 2; for JIS-5, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 14.4939(3) Å, b = 9.2539(3) Å, c = 14.8031(4) Å, β = 101.4600(10)°, V = 1945.88(9) Å(3), and Z = 4. For JIS-6, triclinic, P1, a = 9.6928(3) Å, b = 9.8747(3) Å, c = 10.0125(2) Å, α = 62.057(2)°, β = 82.456(2)°, γ = 76.095(2)°, V = 821.60(4) Å(3), and Z = 1.


How do people decide between several options presented to them? Normative accounts suggest the utilities of options are fixed, but subjective accounts suggest utilities depend on context. In the current paper, we propose a novel model of choice that may help reconcile these accounts. We propose that choice behavior may depend on an "Intentional Selection Assumption": when people are presented with multiple options, they assume the options were intentionally selected by a person with specific questions in mind. Inferences about the intentional selection of options inform the chooser about the features that are intended to be most relevant. In this way, context can affect the desirability of a particular option, without requiring shifting utilities over features. Two behavioral experiments support the claim that participants are sensitive to intentional selection. We discuss the importance of taking choosers' assumptions about intentional selection into account in future investigations of choice behavior.


This paper discusses cash waqf innovation in Indonesia by exploring the experience of Islamic financial institutions and Islamic philanthropy organizations . The increase of opportunity to gain public fund from the Muslim middle-class has lead to the dynamics and inovatove waqf (endowment) management. This article focuses on the socio-economi context that fueled the incease of cash waqf practice, and various innovative forms of Islamic phinathropy. This paper argues that the concept of cash waqf has been translated in various ways, and there have been different forms of cash waqf management. This suggests that people put much attention to ideas of maslahat (the benefit of society) in practicing cash waqf instead of simply rigidly following Islamic jurisprudential rule or positive law


Heterogeneous object modeling and fabrication has been studied in the past few decades. Recently the idea of digital materials has been demonstrated by using Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes. Our previous study illustrated that the mask-image-projection based Stereolithography (MIP-SL) process is promising in fabricating such heterogeneous objects. In the paper, we present an integrated framework for modeling and fabricating heterogenous objects based on the MIP-SL process. Our approach can achieve desired grading transmission between different materials in the object by considering the fabrication constraints of the MIP-SL process. The MIP-SL process planning of a heterogeneous model and the hardware setup for its fabrication are also presented. Test cases including physical experiments are performed to demonstrate the possibility of using heterogeneous materials to achieve desired physical properties. Future work on the design and fabrication of objects with heterogeneous materials is also discussed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


This is a textbook on Fluidics to provide the control engineer with sufficient information for the straightforward design of systems using fluidic devices and to offer a vocabulary as a common language for the control engineer, the manufacturer of fluid devices and the project engineer. The author became conversant with most of the design methods while he was employed, since February 1963, by the Franklin Institute Research Laboratories in the development of high-performance electric, hydraulic and pneumatic control systems, the Conrac Corporation in July 1964 and the Cutler Controls in 1968. The Harry Diamond Laboratories provided the later financial support and technical direction.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the designed cultural ecology of a hip-hop and computational science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) camp and the ways in which that ecology contributed to culturally sustaining learning experiences for middle school youth. In using the principles of hip-hop as a CSP for design, the authors question how and what practices were supported or emerged and how they became resources for youth engagement in the space.

Design/methodology/approach
The overall methodology was design research. Through interpretive analysis, it uses an example of four Black girls participating in the camp as they build a computer-controlled DJ battle station.

Findings
Through a close examination of youth interactions in the designed environment – looking at their communication, spatial arrangements, choices and uses of materials and tools during collaborative project work – the authors show how a learning ecology, designed based on hip-hop and computational practices and shaped by the history and practices of the dance center where the program was held, provided access to ideational, relational, spatial and material resources that became relevant to learning through computational making. The authors also show how youth engagement in the hip-hop computational making learning ecology allowed practices to emerge that led to expansive learning experiences that redefine what it means to engage in computing.

Research limitations/implications
Implications include how such ecologies might arrange relations of ideas, tools, materials, space and people to support learning and positive identity development.

Originality/value
Supporting culturally sustaining computational STEM pedagogies, the article argues two original points in informal youth learning 1) an expanded definition of computing based on making grammars and the cultural practices of hip-hop, and 2) attention to cultural ecologies in designing and understanding computational STEM learning environments.


Summary To separate the saponin rich fraction of Trigonella foenum graecum (TFG) seeds and to evaluate its influence on blood pressure in normal and hypertensive rats. The ethanolic extract of TFG seeds was fractionated with cold diethyl ether to obtain saponin rich fraction. Albino rats of Wistar strain of either sex weighing between 200 to 250 g were used for the hypertension models. Hypertension was induced by 1K-1C Goldblatt method. Systolic BP was measured by Harward non invasive BP apparatus and Biopack data acquisition system. The treatment was given as a single dose at two different dose levels of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg bodyweight. The saponin rich fraction of TFG seeds showed significant, dose dependent antihypertensive activity. The extract did not show any observable decrease in blood pressure in normal non hypertensive rats. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of TFG saponins as a potential treatment for hypertension.


Computer-generated three-dimensional animation holds great promise for synthesizing utterances in American Sign Language (ASL) that are not only grammatical, but welltolerated by members of the Deaf community. Unfortunately, animation poses several challenges stemming from the necessity of grappling with massive amounts of data. However, the linguistics of ASL can aid in surmounting the challenge by providing structure and rules for organizing animation data. An exploration of the linguistic and extra linguistic behavior of the brows from an animator's viewpoint yields a new approach for synthesizing nonmanuals that differs from the conventional animation of anatomy and instead offers a different approach for animating the effects of interacting levels of linguistic function. Results of formal testing with Deaf users have indicated that this is a promising approach. Computer animation, nonmanual signals, brows, American Sign Language


The realization of a space-efficient support hardware for built-in self-testing (BIST) is of immense significance in the synthesis of very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits. This paper presents a new zero-aliasing compaction approach of test data outputs with an application specifically targeted to digital embedded cores-based system-on-chips (SOCs), which facilitates the design of such space-efficient BIST support hardware. The suggested technique takes advantage of some well-known concepts of conventional switching theory, together with those of strong and weak compatibilities of response data outputs in the selection of specific gates for merger of an arbitrary but optimal number of output bit streams from the module under test (MUT), based on optimal generalized sequence mergeability, as developed and applied by the authors in earlier works. This is novel in the sense that zero aliasing is realized without any modification of the MUT, while a maximal compaction is achieved in almost all cases in reasonable time utilizing some simple heuristics. The method is illustrated with design details of space compactors for ISCAS 85 combinational benchmark circuits using simulation programs ATALANTA, FSIM, and COMPACTEST, confirming the usefulness of the approach for its simplicity, resulting low area overhead, and full fault coverage for single stuck-line faults, thereby making it suitable in a VLSI design environment. With advances in computational resources in the future, the heuristics adopted in the design algorithm may be further improved upon to significantly lower the simulation CPU time and storage


This research examines the decision-making process of computer users with reference to deletion and preservation of digital objects. Of specific interest to this research is whether people provide different reasons for deleting or preserving various types of digital object dependant upon whether they are making such decisions at home or at work, whether such decisions are to any extent culturally determined, and whether they consider others in the course of making such decisions.

This study considers the sociological implications of such decisions within organisations, and various psychological errors to be expected when such decisions are made. It analyses the reasons given for these decisions, within the contexts of home and work computing. It quantifies the frequency with which these activities are undertaken, the locations in which such objects are stored, and what aids the user in making such decisions.

This research concludes that, while computer users generally desire their digital objects to be organised, they are not provided with adequate support from their computer systems in the decision to delete or preserve digital objects. It also concludes that such decisions are made without taking advantage of metadata, and these decisions are made for the same reasons both at home and at work: there is no discernible difference between the two contexts in terms of reasons given for such decisions. This study finds no correlation between subjects' culture and reasons given for deletion / preservation decisions, nor does it find any correlation between age and such reasons. This study further finds that users are generally averse to conforming to records management policies within the organisation.

For archivists and records managers, this research will be of particular interest in its consideration of the usage of and attitudes towards records management systems. Specifically, in organisations possessing formal records management systems, this research investigates the frequency with which individuals violate records management procedures and why they consider such violations to be necessary or desirable. This research also argues towards a more proceduralised decision-making process on the part of the ordinary user and a deeper integration between records management systems and computer operating systems.

Designers of formal information systems should consider this research for its implications regarding the way in which decisions are affected by the context in which those decisions are made. Information systems design may be best suited to understanding---and ameliorating---certain types of cognitive error such that users are enabled to make better deletion and preservation decisions. User interface designers are uniquely positioned to address certain cognitive errors simply by changing how information is presented; this research provides insight into just what those errors are and offers suggestions towards addressing them.

For sociologists concerned with institutional memory, this research should be of interest because the deletion and preservation decisions of members of an organisation are those which shape the collection of digital artefacts available for study. Understanding the reasons for these decisions is likely to inform what interpretations can be drawn from the study of such collections. Also of interest to sociologists will be the variety of reasons given for deletion or preservation, as those reasons and decisions are what shape, to some extent, institutional memory.


This essay draws on Jacques Derrida's theories of performativity to explore how a performance by Lenny Bruce dramatizes the positive productive potentials of language's breaking force. Because this performance dramatizes how Bruce's comedy act gets reinscribed and reinvented in multiple contexts that produce a wide array of effects, it provides a way to look at how language, in this case, humorous appeals in the form of jokes, is always already interrupted by its future instantiations and can never fully be contained in a given context, not even the context of the intentions of the human consciousness. This performance shows us that persuasive appeals do not emerge from a fully realized self-present subject and, therefore, gives us reason to question who or what is at the center of the rhetorical situation if it is no longer a stable human subject.


The electric powered wheelchair (EPW) currently provides mobility for an estimated 330,000 people with disabilities in the USA and is expected to rise due to the aging of the baby boomers and injured troops returning from war. Even though the EPW was developed to provide an increase in mobility, current designs are primarily for usage in indoor environments. As a result, when users leave the confines of their home they may encounter hazardous environments such as uneven terrain and architectural barriers. These types of environments increase the users' risk of tipping or falling out of the wheelchair which may lead to serious injury or death.

The Mobility Enhancement Robotic Wheelchair (MEBot) was developed to increase user safety and to provide the ability to overcome uneven terrain and architectural barriers. MEBot provides advanced features to increase the users' safety including self-leveling, curb climbing, and driving wheel position selection. The self-leveling feature maintains the position of the seating system when driving up, down, or across slopes which decreases the possibility of the user tipping or falling out of the wheelchair. The curb climbing feature allows the user to overcome up to an 8 inch curb. Finally, selecting the driving wheel position allows the user to configure MEBot as either a front wheel drive, mid wheel drive, or rear wheel drive power chair. With the addition of the advanced features, MEBot increases the safety and ability of the user to drive in outdoor environments while maintaining maneuverability when used in an indoor environment.


In 2015-2016 the Finnish-Swedish Archaeological Project in Mesopotamia (FSAPM) initiated a pilot study of an unexplored area in the Tūr Abdin region in Northern Mesopotamia (present-day Mardin Province in southeastern Turkey). FSAPM is reliant on satellite image data sources for prospecting, identifying, recording, and mapping largely unknown archaeological sites as well as studying their landscapes in the region. The purpose is to record and document sites in this endangered area for saving its cultural heritage. The sites in question consist of fortified architectural remains in an ancient border zone between the Graeco-Roman/Byzantine world and Parthia/Persia. The location of the archaeological sites in the terrain and the visible archaeological remains, as well as their dimensions and sizes were determined from the ortorectified satellite images, which also provided coordinates. In addition, field documentation was carried out in situ with photographs and notes. The applicability of various satellite data sources for the archaeological documentation of the project was evaluated. Satellite photographs from three 1968 CORONA missions, i.e. the declassified US government satellite photograph archives were acquired. Furthermore, satellite images included a recent GeoEye-1 Satellite Sensor Image from 2010 with a resolution of 0.5 m. Its applicability for prospecting archaeological sites, studying the terrain and producing landscape models in 3D was confirmed. The GeoEye-1 revealed the ruins of a fortified town and a fortress for their documentation and study. Landscape models for the area of these sites were constructed fusing GeoEye-1 with EU-DEM (European Digital Elevation Model data using SRTM and ASTER GDEM data) in order to understand their locations in the terrain. * Corresponding author


This paper presents the results of the WMT12 shared tasks, which included a translation task, a task for machine translation evaluation metrics, and a task for run-time estimation of machine translation quality. We conducted a large-scale manual evaluation of 103 machine translation systems submitted by 34 teams. We used the ranking of these systems to measure how strongly automatic metrics correlate with human judgments of translation quality for 12 evaluation metrics. We introduced a new quality estimation task this year, and evaluated submissions from 11 teams.


A new microwave photonic signal processing structure that has the ability to realise frequency and phase shifting operation is presented. The proposed structure uses Serrodyne phase modulation in a dual-polarisation binary phase shift keying (DP-BPSK) dual-drive Mach Zehnder modulator to shift the frequency of an input microwave signal. This has the advantage over the conventional frequency mixers that the unwanted frequency components adjacent to the frequency translated microwave signal can be largely suppressed. It is suitable for use in deception jamming in electronic countermeasures systems. The phase shifting operation is realised by controlling the bias voltages of the DP-BPSK modulator. The dual-function microwave photonic signal processor has a simple structure and a wide bandwidth. The structure enables commercial modulator bias controllers to be used to provide long-term stable performance. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate a wide operating frequency range of 3 to 16 GHz, an over 35 dB suppression on the spurious signals and 0° to 360° phase shift on the frequency translated microwave signal. Using bias controllers to maintain a large spurious suppression ratio of around 35 dB is also demonstrated.


Background Early detection and appropriate intervention for children with hearing impairment is important for maximizing functioning and quality of life. The lack of ear and hearing services in low income countries is a significant challenge, however, evidence suggests that even where such services are available, and children are referred to them, uptake is low. The aim of this study was to assess uptake of and barriers to referrals to ear and hearing services for children in Thyolo District, Malawi. Methods This was a mixed methods study. A survey was conducted with 170 caregivers of children who were referred for ear and hearing services during community-based screening camps to assess whether they had attended their referral and reasons for non-attendance. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 caregivers of children who did not take up their referral to explore in-depth the reasons for non-uptake. In addition, 15 stakeholders were interviewed. Thematic analysis of the interview data was conducted and emerging trends were analysed. Results Referral uptake was very low with only 5 out of 150 (3%) children attending. Seven main interacting themes for non-uptake of referral were identified in the semi-structured interviews: location of the hospital, lack of transport, other indirect costs of seeking care, fear and uncertainty about the referral hospital, procedural problems within the camps, awareness and understanding of hearing loss, and lack of visibility and availability of services. Conclusion This study has highlighted a range of interacting challenges faced by families in accessing ear and hearing services in this setting. Understanding these context specific barriers to non-uptake of ear and hearing services is important for designing appropriate interventions to increase uptake.


From a humble information system wikis have evolved in both business organizations and educational institutions, catering to, among other uses, training and education. The current work focuses on wikibased learning and aims to address a visible gap in research. Much previous work is but prescriptive guidelines and self-reflections. While attempts exist involving some assessments of wiki-related teams, they use short-term teams and place their concern on only outcomes. We advocate examination of mature teams as well as the interaction process. The current study pays attention to two aspects earlier suggested salient: learners' prior wiki experience and instructor's support. It offers in-depth understanding of wiki effectiveness in collaborative learning environments, operationalized using project teams. A theoretical model is developed, proposing wikis to positively affect learning outcomes of self-reported learning, process satisfaction, positive social environment and a sense of community, through the processes of task-related and socio-emotional activities. The model posits wiki experience and instructor support to enhance these activities. Tested using two separate wikis (Mediawiki and Confluence) over a protracted period of one semester, our findings show strong support for wiki effectiveness, contributing to research areas such as wikis and small groups. Implications for wiki development and instructional use are derived.


Responsible research and innovation (RRI) is growing in importance, and alongside this growth is an acknowledgement that for research and innovation projects to be successful, stakeholders must be involved from the outset. When developing guidelines for practice, stakeholders will often be presented with a document to ratify rather than one to develop or revise. This gap in stakeholder engagement has been recognised and addressed by the development of the requirements tool. This tool was originally created to provide a systematic approach to the development of guidelines for the governance of RRI, but it was quickly recognised that the tool can bridge the gap and involve stakeholders from the outset, thereby increasing the likelihood of buy-in. This paper presents the second validated use of the tool that was used to inform the revision of guidelines for the introduction of a universal design for learning (UDL) at a UK University. The resulting revised guidelines for practice and their adoption by those tasked with producing them provide further evidence of the value and flexibility of the tool and its potential for its continued use in the future development or revision of guidelines.


The olivacine derivative 9-hydroxy-5,6-dimethyl-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-6H-pyrido(4,3-b)-carbazole-1-carboxamide (S 16020) exhibits a potent antitumor activity. However, when administered in cancer patients, its blood clearance increases after repeated administrations, whereas the volume of distribution remains constant, suggesting that the drug is able to induce its own metabolism. The aim of this work was to identify the enzymes involved in S 16020 metabolism and determine whether this molecule is an enzyme inducer in human hepatocytes in primary cultures. Among a battery of cDNA-expressed cytochromes P450 (P450s) and flavin monooxygenase (FMO), only CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and FMO3 were able to generate detectable amounts of metabolites of S 16020. In primary hepatocytes, S 16020 behaved as a CYP1A inducer, producing an increase in CYP1A2 protein, acetanilide 4-hydroxylation, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation, and chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation to an extent similar to that of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a prototypical CYP1A inducer. The levels of other P450 proteins, including CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4, and related activities were not affected by S 16020. In primary hepatocytes, pretreatment of cells with S 16020 or TCDD produced a significant and similar increase of S 16020 metabolism, consistent with the previous indications on the role of CYP1As. We conclude that CYP1As and FMO3 are the major phase I enzymes involved in the metabolism of S 16020 and that this molecule is a potent hydrocarbon-like inducer able to stimulate its own metabolism in primary human hepatocytes and liver.


The article examines Al Jazeera's internal guidelines. It focuses attention on the broadcaster's editorial policies and practices, how they are created, the way they shape news content, and whether they are documented or not. It attempts to shed light on the role of external stakeholders and regulatory devices with a say on the editorial line and subsequently the type of internal editorial policies and practices journalists are required to pursue. It presents a comparative study and analysis of the network's two major and most influential channels, namely Al Jazeera Arabic and Al Jazeera English, the arguments in support of their editorial policies and practices, and the arguments opposing them. It scrutinizes how different forms of internal guidelines and regulatory frameworks affect the network's discourse, ties with its financiers, and relations with the outside world. Finally and based on the findings obtained through interviews, and linguistic discourse analysis, the article outlines how internal guidelines come into being in the case of Al Jazeera and how they eventually influence the final product.


17117 Background: Gefitinib (GEF) may act by inhibiting anti-apoptotic signals transduced by mutant EGFR kinase (Science 305:1163,04). Cell culture assays with cell death endpoints could be informative for GEF activity.

METHODS
We tested 568 biopsies of fresh human tumors (TUM) with 2 concentrations of GEF (22 and 11 μg/ml) for 96 hrs, each with 2 separate cell death endpoints (DISC and MTT), detailed methods http://weisenthal.org/w_ovarian_cp.pdf . Results classified as resistant (RES), intermediate (INT), or sensitive (SEN) based on means and standard deviations of training set data (ref ibid), reported prospectively to 3 different physicians: surgeon, pathologist, and oncologist. Assay evaluability rate > 90%.

RESULTS
Based on overall % control cell death, the following TUM showed (on average) no greater RES or SEN than the universe of 568 assays: NSCLC (n = 72), colon (33), breast (106), ovarian (109), melanoma (23), pancreatic (20), endometrial (12). The following showed (on avg) significantly greater RES: soft tissue sarcomas (n = 24), carcinoid/islet (16), renal (15), and mesothelioma (8). For NSCLC, there was no avg difference between female (32) vs male (35) or untreated (34) vs previously treated (38). For 32 unRxd pts with survival data, there was no significant difference in overall surv for 20 pts with prospectively reported GEF RES (GR) assays vs 12 pts with SEN or INT (GSI) assays. For 31 pts with prior chemoRx (med surv = 155 days), there was significant survival disadvantage for 14 pts with prospectively reported GR vs 17 pts with GSI (median 85 vs 380 days, P2 < 0.0001, HR 3.7; 95% C.I. 2.6-19). For pts with known post-assay Rx, there were 7 pts with GSI subsequently receiving GEF or erlotinib (ERLOT), with med surv = 485 days; 9 pts with GSI not receiving GEF or ERLOT, med surv = 135 days; 10 pts with GR not receiving GEF or ERLOT, med surv = 76 days, and 3 pts with GR receiving GEF or ERLOT, med surv = 75 days. Survival of group of 7 pts was significantly greater than those of groups of 9, 10, and 3 pts (P2 = 0.02, P2 < 0.0001, and P2 = 0.002, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
GEF-induced cell death in cultures of fresh TUM from prev-treated NSCLC pts may identify pts with favorable prognosis, particularly when treated with GEF or ERLOT. [Table: see text].


Although staggered arrangements in bolted connections can offer good area usage especially for narrow members, it has the most complex stress fields. In this paper, a 3D finite element model was developed to analyze single and double lapped bolted composite plates. The modeling technique was validated with published experimental and numerical works. Different bolt arrangements were selected combined with other parameters like number of bolts, clamping force, and friction coefficient. The staggered bolt arrangements in composite plates were studied and compared with other different bolting patterns. It was found that in the absence of clamping force, part of load will be transferred by friction due to the effect of secondary stresses, which can be increased by increasing the friction coefficient. Furthermore, the staggered patterns produced horizontal forces that could cause cracks in the composite material if it was not taken into consideration during the composite laminates design.


The IMS Question and Test Interoperability (QTI) standard has had a restricted take-up, in part due to the lack of tools. This paper describes the 'ASDEL' test delivery engine, focusing upon its architecture, its relation to item authoring and item banking services, and the integration of the R2Q2 web service. The tools developed operate with a web client, as a plug-in to Moodle, or as a desktop application. The paper also reports on the load testing of the internal services and concludes that these are best represented as components. The project first developed a Java library to implement the system. This will allow other developers and researchers to build their own system or incorporate aspects of QTI they want to implement


As a social democratic welfare state, Denmark has offered universal and generous benefits promoting equality and diminishing stigmatisation; provision is almost entirely taxfinanced and public services play an important role. Consequently, welfare state spending has been traditionally high. Thus, one would expect that globalisation and low economic growth will threaten this welfare state arrangement. However, the example of Denmark shows that high public expenditure on the welfare state could be conserved. Albeit, in the last decade this small country in the North of Europe has gained much attention as role model for successful welfare state restructuring. The question is thus, how did Denmark readjust its welfare state to the changed environment? Therefore the present paper focuses on policy developments in four major welfare programmes: health care, labour market, old-age pensions and family since the 1970s. By comparatively contrasting these developments the paper is furthermore able to identify patterns in the process of readjusting the Danish welfare state.


Obviously for the Nigerian capital market to enhance economic growth and development and compare favourably with those of developed market economies, investors will need to be abreast with the happenings and great benefits of the stock market. In this case a lot depends on considerable control of the interest rate, the degree of freedom permitted the exchange in dealing with pricing of securities, strict maintenance of professional standards and other purposeful innovations. NESG Economic Indicators Vol. 13 (2) 2007: pp. 36-47


I investigate the normative status of an unexamined category of emotions: 'lyrical' emotions about the transience of things. Lyrical emotions are often accused of sentimentality—a charge that expresses the idea that they are unfitting responses to their objects. However, when we test the merits of that charge using the standard model of emotion evaluation, a surprising problem emerges: it turns out that we cannot make normative distinctions between episodes of such feelings. Instead, it seems that lyrical emotions are always fitting. Although this claim is counterintuitive, the price of denying it is to hold that such emotions are never fitting—an equally strange result. If this is correct, then the commonplace discourse of sentimentality surrounding lyrical emotions lacks normative moorings.


This qualitative study seeks to examine the experiences of pupils identified with special educational needs and disability (SEND) in a London special school, and better understand what constitutes authentic voice and participation. The research focuses on pupils labelled as having Complex Mixed Needs (CMN) who may be considered "harder to reach" (Porter, 2009, p. 349) because of their speech and communication difficulties, learning disabilities or complex health needs.
I was motivated to undertake this research by the introduction of Education, Health and Care plans (EHCp) proposed by the Children and Families Act 2014 (CFA) and the updated SEND Code of Practice (CoP) (DfE, 2015), because legislation appears to be championing inclusive practice and enabling unprecedented opportunities to ensure pupils have a say in key issues that affect them.
This research scrutinises aspects of SEND reform and contends that while new legislation enshrines pupil voice and participation in law there appears to be no coherent plan for how this is to be implemented. The concept of voice as speech is far from straightforward and I argue for a reconceptualisation of voice beyond speech. This study examines how voices are heard and if pupils' experiences of participation correspond to the principles outlined in the EHCp process.
The methodology applied is child-focused and encompasses an action research (AR) approach. This sits well with the emancipatory principles of critical disability theory because it places the voices of pupils identified with CMN at the forefront of research. The Draw, Write and Tell (DWT) approach was utilised to access 19 pupils' perspectives which provided rich and complex visual, written, verbal and non-verbal data.
This research has important implications for education policy and practice and makes a series of recommendations for change. It advances the debate about pupil voice and participation and establishes that a visual, child-friendly methodology can be employed to support pupils identified with CMN to have their say.


Ulster-Scots is a contemporary case of ethnicity-building, materialising in Northern Ireland at the end of the 20th century. As the 'Troubles' began to be reinterpreted as being about cultural identity in the 1980s, avenues were sought through which to find a 'Protestant-ness' comparative to the considerably more developed discourse of Irishness. It was at this point that Ulster-Scots emerged. While its initial decades were marked by derision, hostility, and resistance, it has gained considerable ground in recent years. This article outlines the development of Ulster-Scots from its beginnings in the late 1980s to the present. Utilising in-depth interviews with a variety of current and historical actors, I contend that this development entailed three phases. First, grass-roots educationalists operated independently while unionist elites lobbied for official recognition. In a second phase, the official recognition and institutionalisation of Ulster-Scots in the wake of the Good Friday Agreement initiated a process wherein the Ulster-Scots Agency came to be established as the key player in the field. A third phase began in the early 2010s with the Agency establishing a monopoly over the processes of Ulster-Scots peoplehood-making.


The ratios of photoionization cross sections of the 1σg and 1σu shells of the N2 molecule for the vibrational transitions to the v′ = 0 and v′ = 1 core-ionized states in the photon energy region between 440 and 550 eV have been measured. The calculations in the random phase approximation well reproduce the experimental data. The variation of the ratio with photon energy is attributed to the interference modulation that is caused by coherent photoemission from the two atoms, as an analogue of the Young's double-slit experiment. The calculations extended up to 1.8 keV allow connecting the modulation with the onset of transitions to the states of increasing orbital angular momentum which occurs at increasing photon energies and demonstrate that the main contribution to these modulations comes from the σ continuum states.


In any social analysis, one can attribute observed behavioural outcomes to actions and inactions of people (agents) or to the presence or absence of certain structures or systems. The dualism of agent and structure is resolved through the concept of duality as proposed by Anthony Giddens in his structuration theory (ST). Though ST has been applied in other disciplines, it is either less known or applied in psychology. This paper sought to examine ST as a framework for understanding the interdependent relationship between structure and agents in the light of offering explanatory framework in social science research or policy formulation. It concluded with an integrated model comprising elements of both Bandura's social-cognitive theory and Giddens' ST.


We describe a newly discovered effect, termed chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS), which offers promise for the use of organic materials to manipulate electron spins. CISS has been reported for electron transmission and conduction through organic molecules. In particular, the electron transport through chiral molecules is spin selective, and the consequent spin polarization is very large as compared to inorganic spin filters. This phenomenon is unanticipated, as organic molecules are known for their small spin–orbit coupling (SOC) and the molecules used are not magnetic. Results are presented in which spin polarization was measured for photoelectrons and for bound electrons transmitted through various chiral molecules. In addition a CISS based memory device is presented, demonstrating the new horizons opened by this effect.


Well-designed and publicly available datasets of bugs are an invaluable asset to advance research fields such as fault localization and program repair as they allow directly and fairly comparison between competing techniques and also the replication of experiments. These datasets need to be deeply understood by researchers: the answer for questions like "which bugs can my technique handle?" and "for which bugs is my technique effective?" depends on the comprehension of properties related to bugs and their patches. However, such properties are usually not included in the datasets, and there is still no widely adopted methodology for characterizing bugs and patches. In this work, we deeply study 395 patches of the Defects4J dataset. Quantitative properties (patch size and spreading) were automatically extracted, whereas qualitative ones (repair actions and patterns) were manually extracted using a thematic analysis-based approach. We found that 1) the median size of Defects4J patches is four lines, and almost 30% of the patches contain only addition of lines; 2) 92% of the patches change only one file, and 38% has no spreading at all; 3) the top-3 most applied repair actions are addition of method calls, conditionals, and assignments, occurring in 77% of the patches; and 4) nine repair patterns were found for 95% of the patches, where the most prevalent, appearing in 43% of the patches, is on conditional blocks. These results are useful for researchers to perform advanced analysis on their techniques' results based on Defects4J. Moreover, our set of properties can be used to characterize and compare different bug datasets.


Since the outbreak of a SARS epidemic last year, significant advances have been made on our understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between the SARS coronavirus (CoV) and the immune system. Strong humoral responses have been found in most patients following SARS-CoV infection, with high titers of neutralizing Abs present in their convalescent sera. The nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV appear to be the dominant antigens recognized by serum Abs. CD4+ T cell responses against the N protein have been observed in SARS patients and an HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope in the S protein has been identified. It is likely that the immune responses induced by SARS-CoV infection could also cause pathological damage to the host, especially in the case of proinflammatory cytokines. There is also evidence suggesting that SARS-CoV might be able to directly invade cells of the immune system. Our understanding on the interaction between SARS-CoV, the immune system and local tissues is essential to future diagnosis, control and treatment of this very contagious disease.


Multi-Roll Stretch forming process is a new flexible process which is used for forming hyperbolic-degree surface pieces. Using the Multi-point flexible floating clamping system, the metal sheet can be more easily formed, and the flexibility can be much higher, which the ordinary floating clamping cannot have. A series of finite element simulations and experiments have been done for the process of forming saddle-shaped parts using Multi-Point flexible floating clamping system, and ordinary floating clamping system. The results show that the quality of the part formed using flexible floating clamping system is better.


CD28 costimulation is crucial for priming of CD8+ T cell responses to pathogens, however its role in the later phase of the primary and in the secondary immune responses is not clear. To dissect the role of CD28, C57Bl/6 mice were primed intranasally with influenza virus and then treated with a non-depleting blocking anti CD28 antibody at days 6 and 8 post infection. The frequency and absolute number of virus-specific CD8+ T cells were reduced in anti CD28 treated (3.9±0.4%; 1.9±0.5x105) vs. untreated mice (11.5±1.2%; 7.4±1.7 x105). We found that anti-CD28 treatment induces apoptosis of virus-specific CD8+ cells while it did not affect the number of actively dividing cells. To study the role of CD28 during secondary CD8+ T cell responses, C57Bl/6 mice were primed with flu virus strain PR8 and day 60 memory cells were transferred into C57Bl/6 or CD80−/−CD86−/− deficient mice. Mice were then rechallenged with flu virus strain X31 and 7 days post rechallenge CD80−/−CD86−/− deficient mice exhibited a reduction in virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the lung, compared to C57Bl/6 mice (1.2±0.7x106 vs. 5.8±1.1x106, respectively). Failure of memory CD8+ T cells to expand in the absence of CD28 costimulation is due to a failure to downregulate Bcl-2 and to cell cycle arrest. Thus, effector and memory CD8+ T cells require CD28 costimulation to generate optimal immune responses against pathogens.


This study of 241 female college students examined the relationship among binge-eating, dieting, and stress, assessed at two different times. The results of path analysis showed significant paths both from binge-eating to dieting and from dieting to binge-eating were significant. In other words, binge-eating often results in dieting, and dieting often results in binge-eating, which becomes a vicious circle. The path from stress to binge-eating was significant, but not the path from binge-eating as a way of coping.


This study aims to determine the economic profile of domestic inter-city transport driver Pekanbaru-Bangkinang and tofind out how what is being done inter-city transport drivers to meet the economic needs of the family. Population of this research is all driver sub-urban which status and ownership of the vehicle is a rental that has been married as many as 11 sub-urban transport drivers.This study used quantitative descriptive method with quantitative and qualitative data analysis. The collection of data through observation and questionnaires.The theory used is the theory of economic sociology, the theory of a survival strategies and the theory of patron-client. The results can be generalized that the income of the transport drivers suburban still being sufficient for household so that they meet the needs of families with pursuing a strategy of how to get a lot of passengers, and by working together with his wife for earning money for family life, as his wife opened a small shop at home and using a strategy of active, passive strategies, and networking strategies for survival. Home ownership status generally is proprietary with the physical condition ofthe househas been largely permanent which have private wells and generally have been using an electric kilometer. When family get illness usually taken to the nearest health centers and clinics, while in education, all children can educated although not up to the college level. Keywords: household economy , survival strategies, minibus transport drivers


Fault Tolerant Control (FTC) systems are crucial in industry to ensure safe and reliable operation, especially of motor drives. This paper proposes the use of multiple controllers for a FTC system of an induction motor drive, selected based on a switching mechanism. The system switches between sensor vector control, sensorless vector control, closed-loop voltage by frequency (V/f) control and open loop V/f control. Vector control offers high performance, while V/f is a simple, low cost strategy with high speed and satisfactory performance. The faults dealt with are speed sensor failures, stator winding open circuits, shorts and minimum voltage faults. In the event of compound faults, a protection unit halts motor operation. The faults are detected using a wavelet index. For the sensorless vector control, a novel Boosted Model Reference Adaptive System (BMRAS) to estimate the motor speed is presented, which reduces tuning time. Both simulation results and experimental results with an induction motor drive show the scheme to be a fast and effective one for fault detection, while the control methods transition smoothly and ensure the effectiveness of the FTC system. The system is also shown to be flexible, reverting rapidly back to the dominant controller if the motor returns to a healthy state.


Three methods were simultaneously employed to investigate vapor-deposited water ice films (90-145 K) in a high-vacuum chamber: grazing-angle Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)-reflection absorption spectroscopy to characterize ice phase; optical interference methods to monitor ice density, growth rate, and film thickness; and gas phase mass spectrometry to monitor sublimation flux during annealing. The results of this work were used to further describe the physical properties of amorphous and crystalline ice, with the goal of achieving greater consensus regarding the structure, density, and vapor flux of amorphous ice. Amorphous and crystalline ice were clearly distinguishable using grazing-angle FTIR spectroscopy. Vapor-deposited films (deposited between 0.1 and 10 nm s -1 ) appeared amorphous at temperatures below 105 K and crystalline above 120 K. Between 110 and 115 K, amorphous ice, crystalline ice, or a mixture of both was observed, inconsistent with the prediction that ice will be crystalline in this regime [Kouchi et al., 1994]. Upon annealing (1-2 K min -1 ), amorphous ice underwent a phase change to crystalline ice between 147 and 154 K. The density of ice at 90 K was slightly greater (0.94 ± 0.01 g cm -3 ) than the density of ice above 110 K (0.93 ± 0.01 g cm -3 ), consistent with literature values for bulk amorphous (excluding micropores) and crystalline ice. Sublimation flux was examined in light of the proposed existence of two metastable phases of amorphous ice: low-density amorphous and restrained amorphous [Jenniskens et al., 1998]. No supporting evidence was provided; however, our techniques cannot rule out their proposed existence.


We have previously shown by examining the anchorage dependence, density-dependent inhibition of growth, LETS protein and microfilament bundles that the transformed phenotype of the parental tumours are suppressed in hybrids between rat embryo fibroblast (REF) and mouse tumour cells (TA3B). Hybrids between TA3B and Syrian hamster sarcoma cells (BHK-B1) also show suppression. We now demonstrate that tumorigenicity in nude mice is also suppressed in TA3B X REF and B1 X TA3B hybrids. Tumours arise from the suppressed hybrids by the selective outgrowth of variants with properties different from the majority of cells inoculated. These tumour variants always had an altered cytoskeletin but 1 out of 14 cases retained anchorage-dependent growth. Selection in culture for anchorage-independent growth selected for tumorigenicity. The coordinate suppression of the transformed phenotype and tumorigenicity could be explained by postulating a pleiotropic control mechanism affecting both. However, the occasional dissociation of tumorigenicity from anchorage dependence in the variants suggests that the targets for the control mechanism must be different.


We prove that there is no sparse hard set for P under logspace computable bounded truthtable reductions unless P = L. In case of reductions computable in NC1, the collapse goes down to P = NC1. We parameterize this result and obtain a generic theorem allowing to vary the sparseness condition, the space bound and the number of queries of the truth-table reduction. Another instantiation yields that there is no quasipolynomially dense hard set for P under polylogspace computable truth-table reductions using polylogarithmically many queries unless P is in polylog-space. We also apply the proof technique to NL and L. We establish that there is no sparse hard set for NL under logspace computable bounded truth-table reductions unless NL = L, and that there is no sparse hard set for L under NC1-computable bounded truth-table reductions unless L = NC1. We show that all these results carry over to the randomized setting: If we allow two-sided error randomized reductions with con dence at least inversely polynomial, we obtain collapses to the corresponding randomized classes in the multiple access model. In addition, we prove that there is no sparse hard set for NP under two-sided error randomized polynomialtime bounded truth-table reductions with con dence at least inversely polynomial unless NP = RP.


Recent experiment showed that nano-fibers composite ceramics, fabricated through SHS process, could acquire high toughening and strengthening. Composite ceramics are mainly composed of fiber eutectic with random orientation, in which nanometer sized zirconia fibers are dispersed within the alumina matrix. First, it can be visualized that tensile force is transmitted from the matrix to the nano-fiber by means of shear stress that develop along the fiber- matrix interface. Then the shear stress on the surface of the fiber eutectic is obtained. It related to the volume fraction and slenderness ratio of the nano-fibers, and external strain of the fiber eutectic. The maximum shear stress is at the ends of the fiber eutectic perpendicular to applied tensile stress. As maximum shear stress on the surface of the fiber eutectic is equal to the critical shear stress, the composite ceramics would crack. So the applied tensile stress on composite ceramics arousing the surface crack of the fiber eutectic is gotten.


This article examines the role that the embodied experiences of the performer might play in the analysis of contemporary music. In particular, it examines how this information might provide clues to the ways certain compositional decisions could be read by the analyst and listener, considering that notation alone does not convey every aspect of the 'work' of the performance of a piece of music, and therefore of its sounding result. Here, I describe and analyse the music of the solo organ piece in four movements, Song to God (1994), by the British composer Chris Newman, in order to explore how information about the music gained through performance might contribute to its analytical assessment. This is not a well-known work within the contemporary organ repertory, and its composer is also not a well-known figure within contemporary music, and so a further aim of this analysis is to make the material and content of the piece accessible to a wider range of performers and listeners, along with the music's particular pleasures and challenges.1 In particular, my analysis focuses on types of repetition in the music, both across its movements and in its use of borrowed materials from Newman's other works. Questions of patterned musical organisation are drawn out, specifically in relation to the issues created by the timbral changes notated by the composer and the challenge of their realisation. The work with the instrument that is required to realise these changes, despite the 'portability' that recommends them, is an important part of understanding the construction of the work. Finally, this analysis considers the source materials of the music and their original contexts, as far as they can be known. This allows the consideration of the music in context, and the relevance of these materials to listeners when they are transferred to their new context in this organ piece.


Study Design. Systematic review. Objective. To assess whether electrotherapy relieves pain or improves function/disability in adults with mechanical neck disorders (MND). Summary of Background Data. The effectiveness of electrotherapy as a physiotherapy option has remained unclear. Methods. Databases were searched from root to March 2003. Independent reviewers conducted selection, data abstraction, and quality assessment. Relative risk and standard mean differences were calculated. Results. Fourteen comparisons were included. For the pain outcome, we found limited evidence of benefit, ie, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy resulted in only immediate post-treatment pain relief for chronic MND and acute whiplash (WAD). Other findings included unclear or conflicting evidence (Galvanic current for acute or chronic occipital headache; iontophoresis for acute, subacute WAD; TENS for acute WAD, chronic MND; PEMF for medium- or long-term effects in acute WAD, chronic MND); and limited evidence of no benefit (diadynamic current for reduction of trigger point tenderness in chronic MND, cervicogenic headache; permanent magnets for chronic MND; electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) for chronic MND). Conclusions. In pain as well as other outcomes, the evidence for treatment of acute or chronic MND by different forms of electrotherapy is either lacking, limited, or conflicting.


A modified Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) procedure was adopted in conjunction with Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) method to assess the effect of Single Effect Distillation (SED) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) lab-scale systems on the biological stability of industrial water. Industrial water was collected from a local Industrial Water Works, pre-treated with alum coagulation and cartridge filtration, before being subjected to advanced water treatment. The results obtained in this study indicated that AOCs in the SED product water were in the range of 70–80 μg acetate-C/L, while those in the RO product water ranged from 30–40 μg acetate-C/L in the 15-min permeate to 55–65 μg acetate-C/L in the 3-hr permeate. The above findings suggested that product water of both systems were potentially biologically unstable and would likely lead to bacteria regrowth during its distribution and storage. Removal efficiencies of lab-scale RO and SED systems on AOC were as high as 90%, dependent on the concentration of AOC-NOX in the industrial water. The RO system had much higher organic removal efficiencies in terms of AOC and DOC than the SED system. Organics removed from both feed waters were found to be concentrated in the brine water and rejected water in SED and RO systems respectively.


In this paper, an efficient and reliable neural active power filter (APF) to estimate and compensate for harmonic distortions from an AC line is proposed. The proposed filter is completely based on Adaline neural networks which are organized in different independent blocks. We introduce a neural method based on Adalines for the online extraction of the voltage components to recover a balanced and equilibrated voltage system, and three different methods for harmonic filtering. These three methods efficiently separate the fundamental harmonic from the distortion harmonics of the measured currents. According to either the Instantaneous Power Theory or to the Fourier series analysis of the currents, each of these methods are based on a specific decomposition. The original decomposition of the currents or of the powers then allows defining the architecture and the inputs of Adaline neural networks. Different learning schemes are then used to control the inverter to inject elaborated reference currents in the power system. Results obtained by simulation and their real-time validation in experiments are presented to compare the compensation methods. By their learning capabilities, artificial neural networks are able to take into account time-varying parameters, and thus appreciably improve the performance of traditional compensating methods. The effectiveness of the algorithms is demonstrated in their application to harmonics compensation in power systems


This thesis investigates context-aware wireless networks, capable to adapt their behavior to the context and the application, thanks to the ability of combining communication, sensing and localization. Problems of signals demodulation, parameters estimation and localization are addressed exploiting analytical methods, simulations and experimentation, for the derivation of the fundamental limits, the performance characterization of the proposed schemes and the experimental validation.
Ultrawide-bandwidth (UWB) signals are in certain cases considered and non-coherent receivers, allowing the exploitation of the multipath channel diversity without adopting complex architectures, investigated. Closed-form expressions for the achievable bit error probability of novel proposed architectures are derived.
The problem of time delay estimation (TDE), enabling network localization thanks to ranging measurement, is addressed from a theoretical point of view. New fundamental bounds on TDE are derived in the case the received signal is partially known or unknown at receiver side, as often occurs due to propagation or due to the adoption of low-complexity estimators. Practical estimators, such as energy-based estimators, are revised and their performance compared with the new bounds.
The localization issue is addressed with experimentation for the characterization of cooperative networks. Practical algorithms able to improve the accuracy in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) channel conditions are evaluated on measured data. With the purpose of enhancing the localization coverage in NLOS conditions, non-regenerative relaying techniques for localization are introduced and ad hoc position estimators are devised.
An example of context-aware network is given with the study of the UWB-RFID system for detecting and locating semi-passive tags. In particular a deep investigation involving low-complexity receivers capable to deal with problems of multi-tag interference, synchronization mismatches and clock drift is presented. Finally, theoretical bounds on the localization accuracy of this and others passive localization networks (e.g., radar) are derived, also accounting for different configurations such as in monostatic and multistatic networks.


Purpose – The study aims to examine why material waste is generated in a production process in the corrugated cardboard industry and identify the products that cause the most waste, and how the classification can be used as a basis for addressing these wastes.Metholodgy – To meet the purpose of the report, a case study has been conducted in collaboration with Stora Enso Packaging AB in Jonkoping. The authors first created a theoretical framework that was continously compared and analyzed with the empirical data gathered through observations, interviews and document studies. The empirical data has generated an analysis and discussion of the study's main area.Background – Material waste is a form of waste in the corrugated board industry which creates unnecessary costs in the material flow. These costs are part of what is called quality costs, costs that are estimated at 10-30% of the company's revenue in the Swedish industries.Findings – Based on empirical data collected and studied literature the authors have identified three main reasons why material waste occurs in a production process of the corrugated board industry. The three reasons are; lack of standardized work, lack of internal communication and the lack of quality controls of raw materials. The findings also present how product classification can be used identify the products which causes the most material waste.Conclusions – The authors believe that the main reason behind a lot of the material waste that occurs in the studied process is its varying input. Various grades of raw materials and various settings of the machine makes it difficult to achieve a stable process, which leads to the occurance of material waste.Implications – The identified material waste and its cause is only designed for a corrugated board industry and the shortcomings that the properties of a typical process industry contributes to. The report is based on a case study in the corrugated board industry and could be generalized to most businesses within the same segment. The work, however, may have to be adapted for other activities depending on varying conditions.Keywords – Corrugated cardboard industry, process industry, material waste, ABC analysis,,fishbone,diagram.


The decay Λ 0 b → Λ + c pp π − is observed using pp collision data collected with the LHCb detector at centre-of-mass energies of √ s = 7 and 8 Tev, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3fb − 1 . The ratio of branching fractions between Λ 0 b → Λ + c pp π − and Λ 0 b → Λ + c π − decays is measured to be Two resonant structures are observed in the Λ + c π − mass spectrum of the Λ 0 b → Λ + c pp π − decays, corresponding to the Σ c ( 2455 ) 0 and Σ ∗ c ( 2520 ) 0 states. The ratios of branching fractions with respect to the decay Λ 0 b → Λ + c pp π − are In all of the above results, the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The phase space is also examined for the presence of dibaryon resonances. No evidence for such resonances is found.


After more than five years have passed since the start of the global financial crisis, many European countries are still suffering from financial instability, surging sover- eign debt, economic stagnation or decline, high unemploym ent and political turmoil. We compare consequences and policy measures during Europe?s current crisis with those in Japan in the 1990s after the burst of a real estate and asset price bubble. We show that despite marked differences, there are many simila rities both in eco- nomic outcome and policy reactions. Given the complexity, severity and persistence of Europe?s multiple crises, the threat of a Lost Decade similar to the one Japan has witnessed may not be unlikely. The paper concludes by presenting some of the les- sons learned from Japan and Europe.


Measures obtained from diffusion-weighted imaging provide objective indices of white matter development and injury in the developing preterm brain. To date, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been used widely, highlighting differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) between preterm infants at term and healthy term controls; altered white matter development associated with a number of perinatal risk factors; and correlations between FA values in the white matter in the neonatal period and subsequent neurodevelopmental outcome. Recent developments, including neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) and fixel-based analysis (FBA), enable white matter microstructure to be assessed in detail. Constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) enables multiple fibre populations in an imaging voxel to be resolved and allows delineation of fibres that traverse regions of fibre-crossings, such as the arcuate fasciculus and cerebellar–cortical pathways. This review summarises DTI findings in the preterm brain and discusses initial findings in this population using CSD, NODDI, and FBA.


This paper describes a torque transducer system which measures the force of reaction on the stationary member of a rotating machine delivering or receiving power. The transducer system is not interposed between the driver and the driven machine. It is used as a sub-base in setting up the machine whose torque is to be measured. The transducer has a torque rating but no speed rating. Its torque rating can be changed by interchanging sets of hollow cylindrical springs. Some data are given to show its versatility, and its time-and investment-saving possibilities.


This thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Pharmacy (M.Pharm) in East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.


This paper addresses the issues concerning the impact of music on cyberspace globalisation. It points out that Internet access is limited to only one per cent of the wealthiest human population. It also looks into the future of cyberspace music and predicts that most of the cyberspace activities are going to be unleashing one of many of humanity's predispositions – the predisposition to steal. Cyberspace represents a perfect medium for concealing a person's identity and for the masking of any of the responsibility that is expected from socially acceptable human behaviour. With these aspects in mind, the paper concentrates on the Internet's distribution of pirated software and the trading of MP3 files. The paper also focuses on commercial music whose economic impact on the development of music technology allows 'academic musicians' to appropriate most of the tools that otherwise would not have been developed for 'academic' use.


The Transylvanian Plain (TP) is an important agricultural production area of Romania that is included among the areas with the lowest potential of adapting to climate changes in Europe. Thermal and hydric regime monitoring is necessary to identify and implement measures of adaptation to the impacts of climate change. Soil moisture and temperature regimes were evaluated using a set of 20 data logging stations positioned throughout the plain. Each station stores electronic data regarding ground temperature at 3 depths (10, 30, 50 cm), humidity at a depth of 10 cm, air temperature (at 1 m) and precipitation. For agricultural crops, the periods of drought and extreme temperatures require specific measures of adaptation to climate changes. During the growing season of crops in the spring (April - October) in the south-eastern, southern, and eastern escarpments, precipitation decreased by 43.8 mm, the air temperature increased by 0.37°C, and the ground temperature increased by 1.91°C at a depth of 10 cm, 2.22°C at a depth of 20 cm and 2.43°C at a depth of 30 cm compared with values recorded for the northern, north-western or western escarpments. Water requirements were ensured within an optimal time frame for 58.8-62.1% of the spring row crop growth period, with irrigation being necessary to guarantee the optimum production potential. The biologically active temperature recorded in the TP demonstrates the need to renew the division of the crop areas reported in the literature.


Germany's local governments face considerable pressures: Budget restrictions, increasing citizens' expectations concerning service quality, sociodemographic distractions, and environmental issues – to name just a few. From the beginning of the Internet era, governments have tried to exploit modern ICT. For some time now, the focus has been on a new eGovernment dimension: Open Government. The basic idea is to get citizens more involved in local issues. In line with the Social media paradigm, Open Government targets openness, closeness to people and participation. From a technological perspective, it is evident that this political agenda requires robust ICT, enabling fast, flexible and affordable solutions, tailored to specific local needs. This paper outlines the path from eGovernment to Open Government and presents an affordable Open Government platform, the OpenGovernment Suite, which fits into the general IT roadmap of the German Government.


Social, political, and environmental pressures continue to drive the development of sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based materials. Accordingly, natural fiber composites (NFCs) are being developed and used for a range of low- and high- performance applications, such as packaging, automotive parts, and construction materials. As the use of NFCs become more widespread, there is a rising need to investigate the effect of weathering on this emerging class of materials. Previous studies on the moisture and freeze-thaw induced deterioration of NFCs have focused primarily on composites with high fiber contents (>50% by volume). Due to factors, such as low cost, bio-renewability, and enhanced mechanical properties, most commercially available NFCs maximize the content of natural fibers. However, high fiber contents also increase susceptibility to the deleterious effects of environmental aggressors (e.g., moisture and temperature).
Since limited data exists on the durability of low-fiber content NFCs, this study investigates the moisture-induced deterioration of NFCs with low fiber content and explicitly analyzes the added effects due to freezing and thawing. Results from a combination of environmental conditioning and X-ray tomography provide and visual evidence of the effect of moisture-induced damage in low-fiber NFCs. Results also show that this deterioration is exacerbated by below-freezing temperatures. Investigating the response of NFCs to such environmental aggressors as demonstrated in this study provides an evidenced-based approach for material design, which ultimately depends on both the intended application and expected environmental conditions.


The ester product of the vegetable oil−alcohol transesterification reaction (biodiesel) is the best and the most popular diesel fuel alternative. The refining of the transesterification reaction products is technically difficult and brings an extra cost. Also, the purity level of the biodiesel must conform to European Union standards for alternative diesel fuels. The target of this study was to investigate the refining of the product mixture obtained by the transesterification reaction (with an alkali catalyst) of neutralized rapeseed oil (extracted from the seeds of the rape plant cultivated in the Thrace region of Turkey) with methanol. To obtain pure biodiesel conformable to the standards, methods of washing with hot distilled water, dissolving in petroleum ether and then washing with distilled water, and neutralization with H2SO4 (1:1) were tested in the refining step. Washing with hot distilled water at 50 °C was chosen as the best refining process. The purity of the biodiesel obtained was about 99%.


Introduction. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgery is one of the most commonly performed and successful orthopedic procedures in the United States. More than 300,000 primary THAs and 40,000 revision THAs performed in the United States every year. While the need for revision surgeries can stem from a variety of causes, there have been, to the author's knowledge, no studies attempting to correlate the concentrations of certain inflammatory cytokines to metal ion concentrations found in the tissue surrounding the implant, amount of polyethylene wear, or strength of the interface of the modular taper. The purpose of this study was to begin to look at those factors to see if any were indicative of implant survivorship, as well as to see if metal ion content contributes to implant longevity. The testing for this group of well-functioning implants will be useful as a baseline when comparing the same types of testing for failed implants. Methods. A total of nineteen cadaveric total hip implants were obtained from two sources, the Medical Education and Research Institute (Memphis, TN) and RestoreLifeUSA (Elizabethton, TN). The bearings for these implants were either metal on polyethylene or ceramic on polyethylene. Synovial fluid and tissue samples were taken from the joint for testing. Head dissociation was performed, in which an Instron 4505 was used in accordance with ASTM Standard F2009-00 to remove the head from the stem of the implant, recording force. Corrosion scoring was performed on taper surfaces by three scorers. The polyethylene acetabular liner was measured on the superior side with a micrometer to determine how much material loss was evident compared to the inferior side. These three values were then correlated to the testing performed using the synovial fluid and tissue. The synovial fluid was analyzed for inflammatory cytokines IL-6, MCP-1, IL-1β, MIP-3α, M-CSF, IL-8, IL-2, and TNF-α using a premixed Luminex screening assay. These results were given in picograms per milliliter. An anterior and posterior synovial tissue sample was analyzed for the presence of metal ions cobalt, chromium, and titanium using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). All of these results were compiled and analyzed together to search for potential correlations. Results. There were no significant differences in dissociation forces between the groups of implants with head corrosion score 1 and head corrosion score 2. The comparison of MCP-1 to the dissociation force produced a correlation coefficient of 0.64 (p-value 0.05) and the comparison of MIP-3α to the dissociation force produced a correlation coefficient of 0.67 (p-value 0.03). However, when the graphs of these correlations were observed, it seemed likely that this correlation was due to one sample pulling the graph in a positive direction which is demonstrated by the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the correlation coefficient (0.011 to 0.90 for MCP-1, and 0.069 to 0.91 for MIP-3α). When comparing polyethylene wear to the inflammatory cytokine concentrations, no significant correlations were seen. There was a positive correlation between cobalt and chromium levels and dissociation force (r=0.56 for cobalt, r=0.66 for chromium), and a negative correlation between titanium levels and dissociation force (r=-0.30). The positive relationship was opposite of what was expected, as more metal debris should mean the implant surfaces are losing material, which should therefore decrease the strength of the taper connection. The 95% confidence interval for the correlation coefficients included zero for cobalt and titanium, and was fairly wide for chromium (0.11 to 0.90). When observing cytokines and metal ion presence, most relationships were very scattered with low correlation coefficients. However, for cobalt, strong positive relationships were seen for IL-6 (r=0.67, CI: 0.19 to 0.89), MCP-1 (r=0.76, CI: 0.33 to 0.93), and MIP-3α (r=0.60, CI: 0.066 to 0.86). When looking at confidence intervals, there seemed to be a mild correlation between cobalt and IL-6 and a moderate correlation between cobalt and MCP-1. No meaningful relationships were seen for any cytokines with chromium or titanium, so it may be useful to select cytokines known to be responsive to those two metals in particular for future studies. When comparing metal levels between the two corrosion levels seen in the heads, there were no statistically significant differences in any of the metals between implants with a corrosion score of one and those with a corrosion score of two. Discussion. This study was limited by the fact that the sample size for this study was very low. With only nineteen total implants, it was difficult to draw meaningful conclusions. Additional implants are being recruited in order to increase this sample size for future studies. Additionally, it was difficult for meaningful correlations to be seen when comparing any factor to the inflammatory cytokine concentrations, as these values were clustered around the lower limit of detection. However, this was expected with well-functioning implants. While it is difficult to draw meaningful conclusions when used as a correlation, this data will be useful when comparing cytokine concentrations of a group of failed implants. This group is able to serve as a baseline value for each type of testing performed, and will help to make sense of the same testing of failed implants in the future.


This paper attempts a critical exposition of leadership challenge of Nigeria, especially in this 21 st century. The paper examines the extent to which inept and corrupt leadership have over the years, adversely affected the development of Nigeria as a nation. It further argues that the western model of leadership which our past and present leaders copied seem to have failed in providing desired answers to perennial challenges confronting Nigeria, hence the need for paradigm shift. The study adopts descriptive approach and content analysis as its methodological orientation. The paper, however, concludes that official corruption which has hitherto cascaded Nigeria's developmental efforts certainly emanated from poor leadership and needs to be addressed if Nigeria must attain greater heights by the year 2020. The paper therefore recommends among others, the need for Nigerians to urgently reflect back on the values, visions and aspirations of Nigeria's founding fathers and the institutionalization of leadership training centres at local government levels across the country as platform for the emergence of credible leaders at local, state and national levels in Nigeria.


Interlanguage pragmatic (ILP) competence is vitally important for EFL learners to avoid embarrassment which could happen in an interaction between speakers from different cultural backgrounds. The present research aimed to investigate the EFL learners' ILP competence and its variations by gender while conducting speech acts, understanding conversational implicature and performing routines. The participants were 390 Chinese English majors. The data was collected with the ILP competence test and semi-structured interviews. The ILP competence test was developed for the Chinese context by the present researchers. The quantitative data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and independent T-test. The qualitative data were analyzed with content analysis. The results indicated that the EFL learners' ILP competence was at the medium level. Significant differences existed at the overall level and in conducting speech acts and performing routines at the category level according to gender. Significant differences were also found in the four aspects of conducting speech acts: 1) correct speech acts, 2) typical expressions, 3) amount of speech and information, and 4) levels of formality, directness and politeness. In addition, in some individual items in understanding conversational implicature and performing routines, significant differences were found. Overall, the females performed better than their male counterparts.


It is presented a report of an extracurricular course of Astronomy, performed in a Brazilian extracurricular school, making use of Role Playing Games (RPG) implementation in classroom, based on theoretical Physics and Astronomy contents. During four months, six private school students (ages 13-16) had Astronomy classes with the Journey to Mars theme. Students had to experience how they could plant on Mars, to construct and after to launch their rocket, to perform Spatial Physics, Mechanics and Astronautics calculations. In this work it is presented the specific story "Journey to Mars" in details, with the soundtrack used, how much time had been spent with each scene, and other useful issues; and the reactions of students and teacher are also presented. The results, obtained by the constructivism perspective, indicates good engagement by the students, as well the achievement of effective learning. This is an unabridged RPG report that can be adapted and replicated in other scholar contexts.


Despite high consultation rates, little is known about predictors of primary care use by older people. A survey of patients aged > or = 65 years from two London practices included details on physical health and functioning, psychological measures, social support, and socioeconomic measures. The response rate was 75% (1704/2276). We obtained consent to link the survey data to subjects' computerised primary care records for 92% (1565/1704) of responders. Individual factors (physical ill health, anxiety, female sex), social factors (frequent telephone contact with friends or family), and practice factors independently predicted consultation in the year post survey. Although physical ill health was the most important, the other factors had independent effects and may be useful in understanding the increase in consulting by older people.


This paper offers a novel index to identify pricing trends in the housing market, based on the difference between sellers' initial asking price and the final transaction price of the same property (the "Willingness to Compromise" Index). To construct this index, we use data from ``Yad2``, the leading classified ads website in Israel, on individual ads for real estate properties offered for sale and data reported by the Israel Tax Authority on final transactions. We then apply the index to 28,933 real-estate transactions in 28 Israeli cities between 2015 and 2017. Our analysis documents a significant increase in the willingness to compromise between the third quarter of 2016 and the third quarter of 2017. This increase was observed in nearly all cities in the sample, including when controlling for property characteristics. Our findings also suggest that the increase in willingness to compromise was greater in cities where lotteries associated with the government-subsidized ''Buyer's Price'' project were held, compared with other cities


In this paper, we analyze the economic structure of the world of wizards as depicted in the Harry Potter books, which we term Potterian economy, and offer an economist's perspective on it. We look at the economic structure of the life of Harry Potter and his co-actors as an economic model that governs the social organization of their economic activities. Our goal is to study and understand the internal consistency of the Potterian economic model and explore the relationships between its assumptions and the situation in the real world, as reflected in the Potterian model. To accomplish this, we focus on a textbook version of Solow's economic growth model, which economists often use for studying the process of nations' income determination and which serves as a standard benchmark for comparative economic growth studies. The analysis of the Potterian economy reveals that the Potterian model fits quite well the predictions of the economic growth model. We discuss potential implications of this finding, and explore the link between Potterian economic structure and performance in a broader context by discussing the link between economic institutions and economic outcomes.


Although many theoretical models of sympatric speciation propose that genes responsible for assortative mating amongst incipient species should be associated with genomic regions protected from recombination, there are few data to support this theory. The malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, is known for its sympatric cryptic species maintained by pre-mating reproductive isolation and its putative genomic islands of speciation, and is therefore an ideal model system for studying the genomic signature associated with incipient sympatric speciation. Here we selectively introgressed the island of divergence located in the pericentric region of the X chromosome of An. gambiae s.s. into its sister taxon An. coluzzii through 5 generations of backcrossing followed by two generations of crosses within the introgressed strains that resulted in An. coluzzii-like recombinant strains fixed for the M and S marker in the X chromosome island. The mating preference of recombinant strains was then tested by giving virgin recombinant individuals a choice of mates with X-islands matching and non-matching their own island type. We show through genetic analyses of transferred sperm that recombinant females consistently mated with matching island-type males thereby associating assortative mating genes with the X-island of divergence. Furthermore, full-genome sequencing confirmed that protein-coding differences between recombinant strains were limited to the experimentally swapped pericentromeric region. Finally, targeted-genome comparisons showed that a number of these unique differences were conserved in sympatric field populations, thereby revealing candidate speciation genes. The functional demonstration of a close association between speciation genes and the X-island of differentiation lends unprecedented support to island-of-speciation models of sympatric speciation facilitated by pericentric recombination suppression.


The purpose of this paper was to describe an unusual manifestation of a sarcoma of the spleen and to raise awareness for spontaneous rupture of the splenic vessels in patients with splenic tumors. A 70-year-old man was admitted to our institution, suffering from left upper quadrant abdominal pain. Upon physical examination, a large and tender abdominal mass was palpated. Abdominal computed tomography showed a heterogenous enlarged spleen with active contrast extravasation from the splenic artery, free intraperitoneal fluid, and a retroperitoneal hematoma. The patient was treated with angioembolization of the splenic artery. Because of rebleeding, splenectomy was performed. Pathology revealed the spleen to be involved with an unclassified malignant spindle cell neoplasm. We concluded that in the case of spontaneous rupture of the splenic artery, accompanied with a radiologic appearance of an enlarged spleen, the diagnosis of sarcoma should be included in the differential diagnosis.


In this paper, a semi-active impact control system, which consists of a new Magnetorehological elastomer (MRE) absorber with variable stiffness, is proposed and its vibration control with impact load is investigated. An impact testing platform is established and mechanical property of fabricated MRE is tested. Based on Newton's law the appropriate mathematical model of MRE absorber system is established. PID controller for MRE absorber system is designed to reduce the effect of impact load. Finally, the effectiveness of control strategy is verified by numerical simulation.


Recent advances in computer-visualization technology have brought urban historians new tools for analyzing the growth of historic cities. This paper examines both the prospects and problems involved in using this technology to map the development of urban form. Using a computer model of Cairo in two different periods of the Middle Ages, the author has attempted to reconstruct the physical reality of the city and to animate the city so that modernday observers may experience its principal streets. While the work has shown computer simulation to be a significant tool for helping urban historians understand the built environments of the past, it has also exposed possible pitfalls in the seductive potential of such simulations.


We describe a transformation which takes a higher-order program, and produces an equivalent first-order program. Unlike Reynolds-style defunctionalisation, it does not introduce any new data types, and the results are more amenable to subsequent analysis operations. We can use our method to improve the results of existing analysis operations, including strictness analysis, pattern-match safety and termination checking. Our transformation is implemented, and works on a Core language to which Haskell programs can be reduced. Our method cannot always succeed in removing all functional values, but in practice is remarkably successful.


The process of pore formation during the casting of reverse osmosis membranes is analyzed. The process consists of two steps. The first step is the evaporation step, where the cast polymer solution is allowed to dry for 1 ∼ 100 s. The second step is the gel formation step, where the cast is soaked in water leaving behind the membrane in form of a gel. The evaporation step gives rise to a thin (∼0.1 μm) skin of high density and very small pores which is chiefly responsible for desalination. The gel forms the backing (∼100 to 250 μm) and contains large pores.

It is shown that low evaporation rates accompanied by shrinkage during evaporation gives rise to an instability leading to the formation of the skin region. The evaporation effect is fast, is confined to the skin region, and gives rise to very small pores. The gel formation is shown to be a very slow process which cannot interfere with the skin formation due to the vast differences in their rates of formation. It also gives rise to larger pores. All key features of the above experimental observations are explained.

The kinetics of the process depend on the diffusion coefficients D and Dp of the solvent and the polymer. However, the main factor is the solution chemistry of the polymer-solvent system which controls both the effectiveness of the skin and the gel formed. For the first time, the relevant thermodynamic parameters which determine the extent and sizes of pore formation have been obtained.


On-chip global interconnect exhibits clear frequency dependence in both resistance (R) and inductance ( L). In this paper, its impact on modern digital and radio frequency (RF) circuit design is examined. First, a physical and compact ladder circuit model is developed to capture this behavior, which only employs frequency independent R and L elements, and thus, supports transient analysis. Using this new model we demonstrate that the use of dc values for R and L is sufficient for timing analysis (i.e., 50% delay and slew rate) in digital designs. However, RL frequency dependence is critical for the analysis of signal integrity, shield line insertion, power supply stability, and RF inductor performance.


Impressionism is considered as the beginning of modern art. Impressionism had redesigned the whole art of painting. The innovations brought by Impressionist art had performed exchange on almost every field; from point of view of the artists, to the subjects they chose, and the way they process the subjects. These changes opened the way for new breaks in the history of art and deserved the title of the pioneer of modern art. It is necessary to look at the innovations brought about by art of impressionism. These innovations can be listed as follows: Instead of noble subjects, ordinary subjects were chosen, light was scientifically examined, colors were given side by side, and workshops were preferred instead of open air. To seize the moment fast works were provided therefore canvas sizes were kept small. Instead of a linear perspective, the air perspective with colors was preferred. Impressionism is the cafes, rivers, railway stations, streets and all other public spaces that urbanization offers to the community. In portraits, the subjects are ordinary people. All impressionist issues are up to date. For this reason, impressionism is the most important stage of modern art by destroying the classical academic tradition.


The author considers English for Specific Purposes methodology as a counterpart of general foreign language teaching methods. High school students may achieve significant results in communicative competence development, which is not the case for ESP, since it has never been a part of a high school curriculum. The reason for the gap between the target situation needs and the existing proficiency of learners is the absence of generally accepted criteria in content, methodology, course organization, assessment, and learning outcomes with reference to international standards. Language education is being considered as the study of social and pedagogical phenomenon which has a practical value. Though the subject of research was not new for Ukrainian scholarly circles, it lacked a special systematic pedagogical study. The above problem requires a special analysis of the experience of Ukrainian schools in foreign language teaching in the second half of the XX century in order to specify the modern conditions of the Ukrainian system of learning a foreign language and to mark its prospects.


An uninsulated inside coil configuration of the water fraction meter designed by Hammertech AS has been investigated. The general principle behind the water fraction meter is to detect induced eddy currents in conductive water in the presence of a time-varying magnetic field. In the conventional arrangement of the meter an alternating current is sent through a conductive coil wound on the outside of an electrically insulating flow pipe, thereby detecting the water component of multiphase flows. By placing an uninsulated copper coil on the inside of the pipe, a large interface capacitance is formed between the coil metal and the water in the flow, leading to increased sensitivity to the water component of the flow. Static experiments have been conducted with an inside coil configuration and compared to an outside coil configuration with similar dimensions. The measurements were done with the pipe completely filled with water, and with a varying water conductivity. The static experiments show that the inside coil arrangement has far greater sensitivity to water than the outside coil. However, the inside coil used in the experiments can only be applied at conductivities up to 0,3 S/m when the pipe is filled with water.


Abstract The development of photographic reproduction in the late nineteenth century permitted images in a range of visual media to be published in the press. Focusing on the popular scientific monthly Knowledge, this paper explores the evidentiary status of reproductions of astronomical photographs. After succeeding its founder Richard Anthony Proctor in 1889, the new editor of Knowledge, Arthur Cowper Ranyard, introduced high-quality collotype reproductions into each number of the magazine. One of Ranyard's main interests was the structure of the Milky Way, evidence for which was only available through astronomical photographs. As Ranyard reproduced photographs in support of his arguments, he blurred the boundaries between the published collotype, the source negative and the astronomical phenomena themselves. Since each of these carried different evidentiary value, the confusion as to what, exactly, was under discussion did not go unremarked. While eminent astronomers disputed both Ranyard's arguments and the way in which they were presented, Knowledge disseminated both striking astronomical images and also a broader debate over how they should be interpreted.