ABSTRACTWayang kulit (leather puppet) is a universal art work and is owned by different countries. In Indonesia, leather puppet has significant roles in Javanese community life. Among such roles is that it is perfomed in ritual purposes. There are some ritual functions performed by Javanese people. With descriptive qualitative method, it was known that presently only two types of leather puppet exist. The first type is performed in such types of ruwatan as ruwatan sukerta. The second type is performed in such purifying rituals as the bersih desa (village purification) ritual. In general, the rituals remain consistent and only little modification is made in order to be more practicalKeywords: leathre puppet, ruwatan sukerta, bersih desa.INTRODUCTION:Wayang (puppet) has been popular among the people of Indonesia. Wayang has been internalized in the heart of the Indonesian people. Wayang has been performed in television and enjoyed by millions of people throughout the nation, even those in remote areas. Wayang performance can also be enjoyed through the radio. Wayang is a very flexible art expression, either as a religious medium or artistic entertainment. Wayang embraced many forms of art such as painting, decoration, dance, music, vocal art, drama, scupture, and many others. These combinations enrich performance art and visual art (Heri Dono, 1993: 29). Such forms of art in wayang can be enjoyed collectively. Wayang is inseparable from the Javanese because Javanese wayang is more popular than others. Javanese is the largest ethnic in Indonesia. At least 41.7% of Indonesian population is Javanese people.Leather puppet performance through television has made it even more popular and famous. Since wayang is performed in television, some changes have occured. While in the past wayang was an oral literature art, at present time it transforms into a merely performance art. In television wayang has been transformed into auditory-visual peformance. Cosequently, the performance of wayang in the television has put forward the visual aspect rather than the literature. Such literature content as janturan and suluk has been reduced and are only performed in particular scenes. On the other hand, musical composition play is performed more frequently. The niyaga (performers in gamelan orchestra) are well dressed, while the pesindhen (singers in gamelan orchestra) sit with their back to the wayang, who were traditionally opposite. Consequently the spectators can clearly see the faces of the artists (C. Bakdi Sumanto, 2003: 9-10).The appearance of leather puppet show in television has made the art activities more competitive to capture the market. However, with the diminishing aspects traditionally contained in the wayang as the noble art has gradually lost its self-identity and dignity. Has has transformed itself into a money-oriented art, althoug it has not been comparable to modern art such as music to which nearly all people, in particular the young, love very much and which generates large financial benefits. The successful performance of modern arts is closely related to the professional management and administration, with long and serious preparation. The performance of wayang purwa which is a variant of a performance art has to be managed like a modern art with seriuos and professional management. The problem is whether there is any sponsor who is willing to manage this traditional art.Historically, leather puppet has been long konwn in Indonesia, at least atthe tenth century, popularly known as ringgit (Pandam Guritno, 1988:3). At that time, the shapre of the purwa leather puppet was not identified but was told in the theme of serat Harjuna Wiwaha (Mahabarata). The materials used to make wayang was animal leather known as walulang inukir (walulang/lulang in Javanese means leather, while inukir means carved). Therefore, literally walulang inukir means the leather which was carved to represent a particular figure. …


Nouns are more stable than Verbs: Patterns of semantic change in 19th century English Eyal Sagi Northwestern University Abstract: It has been hypothesized in the literature that nouns are acquired earlier than verbs because they are more concrete and involve fewer relations. This hypothesis also predicts that the meaning of nouns should be more stable over time and across speakers. In this paper I use Latent Semantic Analysis of a 19th century literary corpus containing works from British and American authors to test this prediction. I examined the variability in the vector representations of frequently used nouns and verbs based on the culture of the author and the time period. The results show the nouns vary less than verbs between the two cultures and across time. Moreover, these differences still exist when the concreteness of the words is taken into account. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the relational nature of verbs contributes to their difficulty and variability beyond its effect on the verb's concreteness.


In the context of growing concerns about the mental health of children and adolescents in the United Kingdom, it is recognised that social support offered by parents, peers and teachers plays an important role in the emotional and psychological well-being of young people. This thesis (Volume One) was produced as part of the written requirements for the Doctoral training in Educational Psychology. It contains four chapters. Chapter One provides an overview of the volume of work and foregrounds my identity and epistemological position. Chapter Two provides a critical review of the theoretical and research literature on social support for children and young people. Chapter Three reports on findings from a small-scale study carried out with adolescent girls within a friendship group at a secondary school. The research employed qualitative methods to explore participants' lived experience of social support, and data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Chapter Four comprises final reflections on IPA as a methodology and the contribution of the study to my practice as an educational psychologist (EP).


BACKGROUND
The use of opioids as analgesics is becoming increasingly widespread, which may have repercussions in patients with urticaria or asthma, as these agents frequently cause adverse reactions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
We present three patients who developed allergic reactions after receiving codeine: two patients who developed acute urticaria, and a third asthmatic patient receiving specific immunotherapy who developed bronchospasm. Skin prick-testing (SPT) and intradermal reaction (IDR) tests with various opioids were performed, followed by controlled oral challenge. Prick tests and IDR were also carried out in 20 controls.

RESULTS
Similar SPT and IDR results were recorded in the three patients and in the controls. In the case of controlled oral challenge with codeine, patient 1 suffered bronchospasm, while patient 2 developed generalized urticaria. The test was not performed in the third patient. All of the patients tolerated tramadol 50 mg without problems. We advised the use of tramadol as analgesic and fentanyl or remifentanil as anesthetics.

DISCUSSION
In these types of manifestation, the pharmacological properties of the opioids used are highly important, particularly as regards their histamine-releasing potential. Codeine, morphine and pethidine present the greatest histamine-releasing capacity, while tramadol, fentanyl and remifentanil do not release histamine and their use is thus recommended in pulmonary disease requiring opioid administration. Cutaneous symptoms are more frequently caused by opioids than by respiratory symptoms, since these drugs act on the MTC mast cell population, which is more prevalent in the skin than in the lungs. Some of this action is inhibited by naloxone.

CONCLUSIONS
In most patients, these reactions are not IgE-mediated. Consequently, SPT and IDR are of little diagnostic value, and controlled oral challenging with the suspect drug or with one of the non-histamine releasing agents should be used. The patch test is useful in occupational contact dermatitis.


ABSTRACT Bioelectrical impedance vector-analysis (BIVA) describes cell-mass, cell function and hydration status of an individual or a group. The goal of the present investigation was to provide bioelectrical impedance data for 525 male road cyclists (155 professionals, 79 elite, 59 elite-youth, and 232 amateurs) at the time of their optimal performance level. Data were plotted on the resistance-reactance (R-Xc) graph to characterize cyclists group vectors using BIVA. Compared to the general male population, the mean vector position of the road cyclists indicates a higher body cell mass (BCM) and phase angle (p<0.001). The vector position of the high-performance, compared to the amateur cyclists showed similar patterns with higher BCM and phase angles and higher reactance values for the high-performance athletes (p<0.001). The bio-impedance data were used to calculate the 50%, 75%, and 95% tolerance ellipses of each group of cyclists. The characteristic vector positions of the road cyclists indicate normal hydration and greater muscle mass and function of the high-performance cyclists compared to amateur cyclists and the normal population. The cyclists specific tolerance ellipses, particularly the high-performance cyclists might be used for classifying a cyclist according to the individual vector position and to define target vector regions for lower level cyclists.


The synthesis of π-conjugated polymers starting from unfunctionalized aromatic monomers via sequential bromination/direct arylation polycondensation was investigated. The developed protocol provides a step-economical access to the polymers in a one-pot fashion, without the need for prior preparation and purification of dibrominated aromatic monomers or organometallic monomers. Benzyltrimethylammonium tribromide was effective for the bromination of 10-(2-octyldodecyl)phenothiazine and 4,4′-didodecyl-2,2′-bithiophene, and the obtained dibrominated aromatic monomers were used for the subsequent direct arylation polycondensation without isolation and purification. The direct arylation polycondensation reaction yielded the corresponding donor–acceptor-type π-conjugated polymers in moderate to good yields. The sequential protocol was also applicable to the synthesis of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) from 3-hexylthiophene. The obtained polymers served as semiconducting materials in organic light-emitting diodes and organic photovoltaics.


The paper focuses on the comparative analysis of the Russian Association for Engineering Education (RAEE) accreditation criteria and CDIO Syllabus requirements. The RAEE is responsible for professional accreditation of engineering programs in Russia and is striving for international recognition of the Russian accredited programs and graduates' qualifications. The CDIO INITIATIVE is an innovative educational framework for producing the next generation of engineers. The comparative analysis of CDIO Syllabus and RAEE Criterion 5 for accreditation of Bachelor engineering educational programs in Russian technical universities is worth considerable attention. The analysis shows entire consentaneity or principal equivalence of the RAEE Criterion 5 requirements for Bachelor's competencies and CDIO Syllabus topics. Special emphasis is placed on both RAEE Criteria and CDIO Syllabus when designing curriculum for engineering programs at Russian HEIs. The paper aims to illuminate the experience of National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University. Advancement of engineering education is a challenging task to implement the strategy of economy modernization and technological development in Russia subsequently bringing it to the best international standards.


# GPs oppose MPs' proposals on removing patients from lists {#article-title-2}

The General Practitioners Committee opposes the suggestion of the select committee on public administration that GPs' powers to remove patients from their lists should be qualified by changing their terms of service.

In their response to the health service ombudsman's annual report the MPs said that GPs should give reasons to the health authority for removing a patient from their lists and that the authority would have to approve the removal (15 May, p 1309). At present there is no contractual obligation to give reasons, but the GPC agrees that it is good practice and common courtesy to give a reason. In its 1996 guidance on removing patients the committee says that "when trust has irretrievably broken down it is in the patient's interest to find a new GP."

The GPC believes that the select committee's recommendation that patients should have a right of appeal if they thought that they had been wrongly removed would be counterproductive.

The ombudsman's report also deals with complaints in primary care, and the GPC emphasised that when GPs faced complaints they should be considered innocent until proved guilty. The medical defence organisations …


Older adults in rural areas have unique challenges to maintain well-being. The goal of this project was to examine those unique factors related to successful aging in a sample of older women living in a rural area in the Midwest using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Mental and physical health, personality traits, cognitive abilities (i.e., working memory, vocabulary and attention), and activity levels were assessed. A semi-structured interview using a life narrative approach was also used to explore habits, family relationships and lifestyles over the past 20 years. The women were administered the following measures: 1) Big Five Factor Personality Inventory (John, 1990); 2) The Florida Cognitive Activities Scale (Schinka et al., 2005); 3) Geriatric Depression Scale (Brink et al., 1982); 4) A series of cognitive tasks to assess working memory, vocabulary, and attention; and 5) the Identity Style (revised) measure. All of the women indicated that they felt they were aging successfully. Many of the women also reported having very healthy diets, moderate to high levels of exercise, and included many redemption sequences in their life stories (i.e., a negative event leading to an emotionally positive outcome). Current self-rated health was related to Extraversion (r = -.45), Openness (r = -.36), and Neuroticism (r = .35). Interestingly, the women's educational level was related to their current level of cognitive activities (r = .39) as well as depression score (r = -.36). These findings present support for the importance of leading a healthy lifestyle and also indicate that many factors including personality traits as well as education may play a role in how well


The heated-probe method of measuring sediment conductivity has been successfully adapted to making a multipoint determination in situ over the full gradient interval of a heat-flow measurement. A probe 2.3 m long and 1 cm in diameter can complete both the gradient and conductivity measurements in 30 min on the ocean floor. The first two stations show that agreement between the theory of the method and the experimental data is good, and that in situ sediment conductivity at 2.1 x 1O-j cal "C' cms' is consistent with representative values obtained by steady state laboratory methods.


This thesis claims that in recent years a vibrant critical exchange between contemporary art and Christianity has been increasingly prompted through an accelerating programme of art installations and commissions for ecclesiastical spaces. Crucially, rather than a 'religious art' reflecting Christian ideology, as in an earlier age might have been expected, current practices frequently initiate interventions that question the values and traditions of the host space, or present objects and events that challenge its visual conventions. I will argue that this exchange offers potential for the mutual enrichment of both art and its sacred contexts, extending the limits of art and its value for the church. Inversely, I will allege that it has the negative potential to create new visual orthodoxies. In the light of these developments, the thesis asks, what are the conditions of possibility for art in ecclesiastical spaces, and how can these conditions be addressed? What viable language or strategies can be formulated to understand and enhance its role within the church? Focusing on concepts drawn from anthropology, comparative religion, art theory and twentieth-century philosophy, what this research attempts to formulate is a series of categories that develop an effective vocabulary with which to address the conditions for art projects now, and prospects for the future. The categories proposed are necessarily contingent, introduced as modes for thought rather than fixed conditions of experience, but with an aim to expand, as well as attempt to understand, the effective place for and experience of contemporary art in churches. The overarching theme is that of an encounter between contemporary artistic practices and media and ecclesiastical spaces, within a context in which art's legitimacy continues to be contested at the same time that it is increasingly invited to take part in the life of the church.


Increasing water demand and water scarcity around the world requires the development of robust and efficient methods for water purification in the coming decades. Here, we report a photocatalytic water purification method using visible light (532 nm) utilizing 5 nm gold nanoparticles and their enhancement when attached on the surface of silica nanospheres as an inactive support to prevent nanoparticle coalescence or sintering. This is a non-toxic, low-cost, and easy photocatalytic process which provides high decomposition rates. Decomposition of the methyl orange dye is tested as a reaction model and trichloroethylene is selected as an example of a real water pollutant. When irradiated at their plasmon resonant frequency, the gold nanoparticles generate hydroxyl radicals that degradate organic pollutants into non-toxic molecules representing a basic mechanism of photocatalytic water purification.


This paper aims to investigate the exponential and Gaussian density profiles of the gaseous halo of the Milky Way galaxy for scale heights of |z| ≤ 1000 pc. The density profile of the neutral hydrogen HI and that of the ionized iron Fe II is considered. The data of different values of scale heights and central number density from the literature have been used in order to determine the density profiles. More specifically, six density profiles of HI and two density profiles of Fe II have been determined. In addition, the average of both cases has been calculated and the results showed that the density of neutral hydrogen is significantly higher than that of the ionized iron.


Infusion pumps can administer fluids in ways that would be impractically expensive or unreliable if performed manually by nursing staff. For example, they can administer as little as 0.1 mL per hour injections (too small for a drip), injections every minute, injections with repeated boluses requested by the patient, up to maximum number per hour (e.g. in patient-controlled analgesia), or fluids whose volumes vary by the time of day.


Using the innovative solid-state loading (milling-assisted loading, MAL) method to confine caffeine to cylindrical pores (SBA-15, ∅ = 6 nm) gives the opportunity to explore the original physical states of caffeine and their subsequent transformation using low-frequency Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and microcalorimetry investigations. It was shown that MAL makes possible the loading of the selected form in the polymorphism of caffeine. While form II has similar structural and dynamics properties in confined and bulk forms, the confined rotator phase (form I) exhibits clear differences with the bulk form inherent to its orientational disorder. Interestingly, the two confined forms of caffeine undergo an exothermic disordering transformation upon heating into a physical state at the border between a nanocrystallized orientationally disordered phase and an amorphous state, not existing in the bulk form. The melting of this new physical state was observed at 150 °C, i.e. 85 degrees below the melting temperature of the bulk form I, thus demonstrating the confinement of caffeine. It was also found that the liquid confined to pores of 6 nm mean diameter recrystallizes upon cooling, which can be explained by the very disordered nature of the recrystallized state.


About the book: This is a comprehensive and authoritative reference collection in the philosophy and methodology of the social sciences. The source materials selected are drawn from debates within the natural sciences as well as social scientific practice.

This four volume set covers the traditional literature on the philosophy of the social sciences, and the contemporary philosophical and methodological debates developing at the heart of the disciplinary and interdisciplinary groups in the social sciences. It addresses the needs of researchers and academics who are grappling with the relationship between questions of knowledge construction and the problems of social scientific method.


The chapter addresses the relationship between church/ecclesial practices and disability. Traditionally, disability ecclesiology focuses on how and in what way ecclesial practices contribute to the exclusion or inclusion of people living with various kinds of disability. The chapter takes as its starting point new trends in ecclesiological research by asking in what way non-ecclesial practice can be understood to be of relevance to ecclesiology. The example is Marte Wexelsen Goksøyr's performance of the poem "Voggesang for ein bytting" at the National Theatre in Oslo. This performance can be understood as the embodiment of a physical altar piece depicting Mary and Jesus with Down syndrome. I argue that this expression can be understood as a disability-sensitive decentred church.


Axestemys montinsana is a trionychid turtle that was originally named and described from the Scarritt Quarry of the early Tiffanian interval of the Melville Formation in the Crazy Mountains Basin of Montana. We report the discovery of a skull attributable to this taxon from the Torrejonian interval of the Nacimiento Formation in Kutz Canyon, San Juan Basin, New Mexico. This identification of the first San Juan Basin record of Axestemys is based on comparison to the holotype skull, which compares closely with the New Mexican specimen. Thus, it is identified as an Axestemys based on its large (length) and triangular-shaped skull as well as the presence of a wide, smooth, unsculptured border of the carapacial callosity in an associated carapace fragment. The San Juan Basin and holotype specimens differ from other Axestemys in the extent of the parietals, with the frontal and postorbital broadly separating the parietals from the orbits. Furthermore, the anterior elongation of the cavum tympani in the New Mexican specimen is similar to the holotype of A. montinsana . This first New Mexican record of Axestemysmontinsana extends the known range of A. montinsana south from Colorado, resulting in a range covering the Rocky Mountain region from Montana to New Mexico. It also fits with models of little or no provinciality of vertebrates in the western USA during the Paleocene.


BACKGROUND
Hospitalization presents an opportunity for physicians to discuss advance directives with patients and to encourage completion of health care proxies.

OBJECTIVE
To prospectively promote discussion and documentation of treatment-specific directives about life-sustaining interventions (cardiopulmonary resuscitation, admission to critical care units, mechanical ventilation, electrical cardioversion, and vasopressor therapy) among unselected medical inpatients in a community teaching hospital.

METHODS
We conducted a time-series intervention trial from January 1, 1991, through June 30 1993, divided into three phases. During the education phase, we provided reminders, education, and feedback to attending physicians; during the intervention phase, we promoted a new documentation form for directives to be used by attending physicians; during the control phase, no interventions occurred. We studied consecutive patients (N = 1780) admitted to the hospital acute medical service in each of the following 10 periods: three in the education phase (n = 598), three in the intervention phase (n = 826), and four in the control phase (n = 356). The primary outcome measures were the frequency and content of directives documented by attending physicians in their patients' hospital charts. Secondary outcome measures included physicians' and patients' attitudes about directives, surveyed repeatedly.

RESULTS
The proportion of inpatients with directives increased significantly during the intervention phase (62.5% vs 23.6% during the education phase and 25.3% during the control period, P < .001, Pearson chi 2 test). During the final intervention phase, 227 (83.2%) of 273 inpatients had directives documented in the hospital chart. Increases in clinically important ("impact") directives usually involved intensive care, not do-not-resuscitate status. Overall, 366 (86.7%) of 422 physician-attested directives agreed with the treatment preferences of interviewed patients (kappa ranges, 0.53 to 0.79). Physicians' attitudes about and interest in directives improved.

CONCLUSIONS
Institutional interventions can facilitate attending physicians' documentation of treatment-specific directives about life-sustaining care for most medical inpatients. More research is needed to confirm the effect of these efforts on quality and cost of hospital care, patients' autonomy, and their eventual execution of durable directives and proxies.


An ion trap mass spectrometer is conventionally featured with an electron multiplier as its detector. However, an electron multiplier can typically work at pressures below 20 mTorr with a high voltage applied, which limits the further miniaturization of ion trap mass spectrometers. In this work, a low noise Faraday detector was developed and integrated in our miniature mass spectrometer instrument, and a post data processing method was applied to improve its performance. A limit of detection of 1 ng mL-1 was achieved, and quantitation performance and mass resolution were characterized. This technology could be useful in the further development of miniature mass spectrometers by increasing background pressures.


It is still a matter of debate as to which parameters should be used for noninvasive diagnosis of renovascular disease by renal Doppler sonography (RDS). The accuracy of RDS in the detection of renal artery stenosis (RAS) was tested in 95 consecutive, moderate to severe hypertensive patients (I-II World Health Organization [WHO] stages). Reno-aortic ratio (RAR) for peak systolic velocity (PSV) was also calculated to assist in the diagnosis of significant (>50%) RAS. Paired receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was plotted for evaluating the relationship between sensitivity and specificity for each parameter. In a subset of 57 kidneys, the influence of blood pressure and age on intraparenchymal parameters was evaluated. Measurements of maximal peak systolic velocity (PSV) at the site of stenosis, RAR for PSV, and minimum acceleration index in the main renal artery showed high accuracy (areas under the ROC curve 0.97, 0.88, and 0.80, respectively). Among intraparenchymal parameters, early systolic accel eration showed the best area under the ROC curve (0.90), but provided a low positive predictive value (29%) and was significantly influenced by blood pressure (multiple r=0.56; p=0.001). Pulsatility and resistive indices were found to be less powerful as absolute values, and both significantly influenced by blood pressure and age (multiple r= 0.60 and 0.50; p=0.001, p=0.02, respectively). However, interindividual variance of intrarenal indices should be minimized by calculation of side difference, although this procedure would become misleading or impossible in patients with bilateral RAS or a single kidney, respectively. These results support the use of extraparenchymal parameters for noninvasive detection of RAS, and emphasize that intrarenal parameters cannot be considered as absolute values.


By using a new kind of single-beam normalized photo-acoustic tomography spectroscopy (PAS-CT) technology with non-damage detection, the photo-acoustic tomography spectroscopy, optical absorption properties and photosynthetic pigment content of the green and yellow leaves of Osmanthus fragrans were studied. The results show that: photo-acoustic tomography spectroscopy could be obtained from different chopping frequency and different sample position. The more photosynthetic pigment content the leaves of Osmanthus fragrans contains, the bigger optical absorption coefficient and the higher photosynthetic efficiency they have. In the research, we could find that the photosynthetic pigment content of the green leaves of Osmanthus fragrans is higher than that of the yellow ones. As a result, the optical absorption coefficient and the photosynthetic efficiency of the green ones are higher than the yellow ones. The photo-acoustic tomography spectroscopy technology could be a kind of non-damage detection to confirm the growth of trees.


Received Accepted ٢٨.٣.٢٠١٠ ١٤.١١.٢٠١٠ ABSTRACT Background: Newborn babies are known to have risk for occurrence developmental dysplasia of the hip so early clinical screening test is very important to detect this problem and prevent further abnormal growth. The aim of this study is to find the rate of occurrence of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) among newborn babies and establish good screening program. Patients and methods: From August ٢٠٠٦ to March ٢٠٠٩ in AL-Khansaa Maternity and Children Teaching hospitals, ٩٥٩٢ newborn babies were examined clinically using Barlows and ortolani tests for detecting DDH. Results: Only ١٦٢ newborn babies out of ٩٥٩٢ examined babies had DDH and it was found more common among female and more on left side than right side. Female sex, rural residence, first born baby breach, caesarean section positive family history, multiple pregnancy post-mature babies, high birth weight (>٣٥٠٠ g). Conclusion: The occurrence of neonatal DDH is still form a major problem among newborn babies causing a lot of morbidity need to follow up to avoid further complicating problem.


Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (1878-1972), popularly called C.R. or Rajaji, is usually remembered as free India's Governor-General, or the first Indian Head of State. At one time considered Gandhi's heir, this brilliant lawyer from Salem was regarded in pre-independence years as one of the top five leaders of the Congress along with Nehru, Prasad, Patel and Azad. This biography written by Rajaji's grandson, the noted historian and biographer Rajmohan Gandhi, highlights Rajaji's role in the events preceding Partition. A statesman and conciliator of conflicts between stalwarts, he was perhaps the sole Congress leader in the forties to admit to the likelihood of Partition. He prophesied even then that Pakistan might break up in twenty-five years! Later, C.R. became a strident critic of Nehru and the Congress. As a founder of the Swatantra party in the fifties, he attacked the 'permit-license Raj' fearing its potential for corruption and stagnation, even while the tide was in favour of Nehru's socialistic pattern. Meticulously researched, using C.R.'s private papers, his contemporaries' archives, extensive interviews with eye-witnesses and contemporary accounts and newspapers, this intensely personal, yet objective account gives us an unparalleled portrait of one of the outstanding Indians of this century.


With increased search for least-cost alternative feed resource in animal production, this study was conducted to determine the visual properties, chemical composition and cost analysis of three differently processed discarded vegetable-bovine blood-rumen content mixture as potential alternative feed resource. These mixtures were obtained by mixing whole bovine blood, discarded vegetable and rumen content at ratio 1:1:1 under different processing methods. The processed mixtures obtained were in three categories: discarded vegetable-fresh bovine blood-fresh rumen digesta (D1), discarded vegetable-ensiled bovine blood-fresh rumen digesta (D2) and discarded vegetable-fresh bovine blood-ensiled rumen digesta (D3). The mixtures were cooked and sun-dried to constant moisture content and thereafter were subjected to particle size reduction. Chemical composition of the products indicated a good potential nutritional quality with metabolizable energy and crude protein contents ranging from 9.66 to 10.49 MJ/kg and 40.79 to 50.21, respectively. Crude fibre concentrations were relatively low (8.39-13.14) for most of the products compared to conventional protein sources. Visual assessment of processed mixtures revealed D1 to be brownish in colour while D2 and D3 tend towards grey. In terms of odour, all three test mixtures were strongly pungent. Processed mixture D1 had an intermediate texture (it was neither finely ground nor coarse) where D2 and D3 had a finely ground texture. Cost analysis revealed a lower production cost for the three processed mixtures indicating its adequacy to replace soybean and other plant and animal protein sources in terms of their cost/kg inclusion in diet. Processed mixtures can serve as suitable replacements for soybean meal in terms of chemical constituents and reduced cost/kg feed for animal.


There are several biological processes causing aging and damage to buildings. Partly this is due to natural ageing of materials, and partly it is caused by excess moisture. The demands on durability, energy balance and health of houses are continually rising. For mould development, the minimum (critical) ambient humidity requirement is shown to be between RH 80 and 95 % depending on other factors like ambient temperature, exposure time, the type and surface conditions of building materials. For decay development, the critical humidity is above RH 95 %. Mould typically affects the quality of the adjacent air space with volatile compounds and spores. Decay development forms a serious risk for structural strength depending on moisture content, materials, temperature and time. The worst decay damage cases in Finland are found in the floors and lower parts of walls, where water accumulates due to different reasons. Modelling of mould growth and decay development based on humidity, temperature, exposure time and material will give new tools for the evaluation of durability of different building materials and structures. The models make it possible to analyse the critical conditions needed for the start of biological growth, but it is also a tool to measure the progress of mould and decay development under different conditions. Numerical simulation makes it possible to evaluate the risk and development of mould growth on the structure surfaces. Thus the moisture capacity and moisture transport properties in the material and at the surface layer have to be taken into account in the simulations. In practice there are even more parameters affecting mould growth, e.g. thickness of the material layers combined with the local surface heat and mass transfer coefficients. Therefore, the outcome of the simulations and in-situ observations of biological deterioration may not agree. In the present paper, results on mould growth in different materials and wall assemblies will be shown and models on the risk of mould growth and decay development will be evaluated. 1 H. Viitanen, T. Ojanen, R. Peuhkuri and L. Paajanen are senior research scientists, VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland 2 J. Vinha is senior assistant and senior research scientist, K. Salminen is research scientist and K. Lähdesmäki is assistant research scientist, Faculty of Built Environment, Department of Civil Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.


Competition in the market for health care has followed different patterns, and some health care systems have opted for mixed markets where public organisations compete alongside private ones. Empirical evidences on these market structures are however mixed. In this article we argue that public hospitals which have different objectives than private ones and faces different constraints, are also perceived differently by patients. For this reason we model the market for hospital care as Salop circle with a centre where the public hospital is located; private providers are located on the circle. We show that, depending on the difference in the productivity advantage, mixed markets may outperform both the benchmark (one public hospital at the centre) and private competition (N private providers competing along the circle), but the welfare distribution of these improvements should be carefully analysed. In some cases monopoly franchise on the mixed market should be introduced to redistribute these benefits.


As enforced the regulation of fuel efficiency, the electrification of automotive components in internal combustion vehicle has been applied instead of hydraulic pressure. A typical example of such parts is the EPS (electric power steering), and it is applied to most automotive at present. In electric power steering system, the core component is motor. The reduction of cogging torque and torque ripple is required to improve steering feeling and reduce NVH (Noise Vibration Harshness) in EPS. Generally the skewed design of stator or rotor is applied in order to reduce cogging torque and torque ripple. This paper propose the design and analysis methodology of Brusheless PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) which is applied to skewed stator. The proposed methodology is as follows: First Intial Design PMSM with skewed stator for EPS, Second Optimal design using RSM (Response surface method), Third Performance Analysis such as Phase Back EMF, Inductance, Load torque using FEA (Finite Element Method). Finally, the reliability of proposed design methodology will be verified through the experiments of prototype sample.


Lemierre's syndrome (postanginal septicaemia/human necrobacillosis) was first defined and described in 1936 by Lemierre, a French Physician and Professor in Microbiology, although the first case report of human necrobacillosis was published in 1900 by Courmont and Cade [1,2]. Lemierre's syndrome has come to be known as the "forgotten" disease, as very few cases have been reported since the introduction and widespread use of antibiotics [3,4]. In the preantibiotic era, Lemierre's Syndrome was associated with a mortality rate of approximately 90% [1]. Currently, the associated mortality rate is estimated to range from 5% to 10% [5-7]. Since 1974, less than 100 cases have been reported [8,9]. This can be explained by the fact that more throat infections received early treatment with the widespread use of antibiotics, leading to the decrease in the incidence of Lemierre's disease. The syndrome is characterised by a recent history of oropharyngitis with persistent fevers, followed by septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and dissemination of the infection to multiple sites distant to the pharynx [10]. Fusobacterium species are responsible in most cases. It affects previously healthy adolescents and young adults.


SUMMARY Force-controlled series elastic actuators (SEAs) are the widely used components of novel physical human–robot interaction applications such as assistive and rehabilitation robotics. These systems are characterized by the presence of the "human in the loop" so that control response and stability depend on uncertain human dynamics. A common approach to guarantee stability is to use a passivity-based controller. Unfortunately, existing passivity-based controllers for SEAs do not define the performance of the force/torque loop. We propose a method to obtain predictable force/torque dynamics based on adaptive control and oversimplified human models. We propose a class of stable human-adaptive algorithms and experimentally show advantages of the proposed approach.


Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the clinical and histological differences of using a combination of alloplastic beta triphasic calcium phosphate (β-TCP) and a cross-linked collagen membrane versus autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF-L) in ridge preservation after dental extraction. Material and methods: Fifty-one patients were included in this observational case-series study. Dental extractions were performed, after which 25 patients were grafted with β-TCP and 26 with PRF-L. After four months of healing, clinical, radiological, histomorphometric and histological evaluations were performed. Results: A significantly higher percentage of mineralized tissue was observed in samples from the PRF-L grafted areas. Cellularity was higher in PRF-L grafted areas (osteocytes in newly formed bone per mm2 = 123.25 (5.12) vs. 84.02 (26.53) for PRF-L and β-TCP, respectively, p = 0.01). However, sockets grafted with PRF-L showed a higher reduction in the bucco-lingual dimension after four months of healing (2.19 (0.80) vs. 1.16 (0.55) mm, p < 0.001), as well as a higher alteration in the final position of the mid muco-gingival junction (1.73 (1.34) vs. 0.88 (0.88) mm, p < 0.01). Conclusion: PRF-L concentrate accelerates wound healing in post-extraction sockets in terms of new mineralized tissue component. However, the use of β-TCP biomaterial appears to be superior to maintain bucco-lingual volume and the final position of the muco-gingival junction.


The social-ecological systems framework was designed to provide a common research tool for interdisciplinary investigations of social-ecological systems. However, its origin in institutional studies of the commons belies its interdisciplinary ambitions and highlights its relatively limited attention to ecology and natural scientific knowledge. This paper considers the biophysical components of the framework and its epistemological foundations as it relates to the incorporation of knowledge from the natural sciences. It finds that the mixture of inductive and deductive reasoning associated with socially-oriented investigations of these systems is lacking on the ecological side, which relies upon induction alone. As a result the paper proposes the addition of a seventh core sub-system to the social-ecological systems framework, ecological rules, which would allow scholars to explicitly incorporate knowledge from the natural sciences for deductive reasoning. The paper shows, through an instructive case study, how the addition of ecological rules can provide a more nuanced description of the factors that contribute to outcomes in social-ecological systems.


This paper studies the fuzzification of the Pareto dominance relation and its application to the design of Evolutionary Many-Objective Optimization algorithms. A generic ranking scheme is presented that assigns dominance degrees to any set of vectors in a scale- independent, nonsymmetric and set-dependent manner. Different fuzzy-based definitions of optimality and dominated solution are introduced. The corresponding extension of the Standard Genetic Algorithm, so-called Fuzzy-Dominance GA (FDGA), will be presented as well. To verify the usefulness of such an approach, the approach is tested on analytical test cases in order to show its validity.


There is a great interest in increasing the efficiency of the transport system in Sweden, which makes the High Capacity Transports (HCT) an attractive solution. To gain more knowledge about HCT vehicles and their effects on traffic safety, infrastructure and environment, the Swedish government is undertaking a large research program focused on HCT vehicles in Sweden. One of the projects in the HCT program was "Performance based standards for high capacity transport in Sweden". This project started at the end of 2013 to investigate the applicability of a regulatory framework based on performance based standards in Sweden, taking into consideration the winter road conditions. This paper presents a summary of the main outcomes of the project, which ended in 2017.


Abstract. Understanding the drivers of atmospheric ozone variations in the Arctic is difficult because there are few long-term records of vertical ozone profiles in this region. We present 12 years of ozone profiles over Summit Station, Greenland (72.6 N, 38.4 W; 3200 meters) that were measured from 2005 to 2016. These profiles are subjected to data screening and are extended to 60 km using a robust extrapolation method. The total column ozone and the partial column ozone in four atmospheric layers (troposphere to upper stratosphere) are analyzed. The monthly mean total column ozone reaches a maximum of about 400 DU in April, then decreases to minimum values between 275 and 300 DU in the late summer and early fall. The partial column ozone values peak at different times between late winter and early summer. There is a positive trend in the total column that is likely due to increases in springtime ozone, however, these trends are not robust given the short period of record. A stepwise multiple regression analysis is performed to determine the primary drivers of ozone variations over Summit Station. This analysis shows that the variations in total column ozone are due primarily to changes in the tropopause pressure, the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), and the volume of polar stratospheric clouds. The eddy heat flux is also important for variations in the partial column ozone in the different altitude regions. The importance of the QBO appears to be a unique characteristic for ozone variations over the Greenland Ice Sheet (when compared to other nearby Arctic Stations) and may be related to the fact that Greenland is particularly sensitive to the phase of the QBO.


This study aims to perform the results of the investigation of the Kara Sea carbonate system (CS) changes and the factors that determine it. The important feature of the Kara Sea water structure is strong stratification caused mainly by the Ob' and Yenisey rivers discharge which is estimated as 81% of the total continental runoff to sea. Occurring climate changes, as an increase in the total volume of the Arctic Ocean water (due to melting of glaciers, sea ice decline and river runoff increase), air temperature and CO2 concentration growth should affect greatly the Kara Sea CS. However, riverine water influence seems to be the main driver of future acidification of the Kara Sea water due to permafrost thawing as it stores a great amount of buried carbon. An increase of carbon (mainly inorganic) flow to the sea will lead to carbonate equilibrium shift, oxidation of organic matter and release of CO2 that ultimately leads to a decrease in pH and therefore acidification. The area of the riverine plume depends on the amount of freshwater flowing into the sea and the conditions of the wind forcing. According to the data from Shirshov Institute cruises within the plume area aragonite saturation is below 1 that shows its state as acidified. Prevalence of pCO2 values in the freshened surface layer over the atmospheric shows that atmospheric carbon dioxide, apparently, cannot serve as the main driver for the acidification of the surface waters of the Kara Sea. At the shallow shelf to the north of the Ob′ Inlet mouth we observe acidification of the whole water column from surface to the bottom layer due to elevated riverine discharge and increase of flowing terrestrial carbon.


High-quality teleseismic data digitally recorded by the National Seismic Network during 1988-1995 have been analysed to tomographically reconstruct the aspherical velocity structure of the upper mantle beneath the Italian region. To improve the quality and the reliability of the tomographic images, both direct (P, PKPdf) and secondary (pP,sP,PcP,PP,PKPbc,PKPab) travel-time data were used in the inversion. Over 7000 relative residuals were computed with respect to the IASP91 Earth velocity model and inverted using a modified version of the ACH technique. Incorporation of data of secondary phases resulted in a significant improvement of the sampling of the target volume and of the spatial resolution of the heterogeneous zones. The tomographic images show that most of the lateral variations in the velocity field are confined in the first ~250 km of depth. Strong low velocity anomalies are found beneath the Po plain, Tuscany and Eastern Sicily in the depth range between 35 and 85 km. High velocity anomalies dominate the upper mantle beneath the Central-Western Alps, Northern-Central Apennines and Southern Tyrrhenian sea at lithospheric depths between 85 and 150 km. At greater depth, positive anomalies are still observed below the northernmost part of the Apenninic chain and Southern Tyrrhenian sea. Deeper anomalies present in the 3D velocity model computed by inverting only the first arrivals dataset, generally appear less pronounced in the new tomographic reconstructions. We interpret this as the result of the ray sampling improvement on the reduction of the vertical smearing effects.


Differences in vocabulary between fields make it difficult or impossible to search for a familiar concept in collections of data from an unfamiliar field, which is why reference librarians are invaluable. But on the Internet, where databases are proliferating and librarians are nowhere to be seen, users need another way to cross these "semantic barriers." Now, by using a supercomputer to comb through millions of abstracts in different fields, searching for patterns of association between key terms, information scientists laid the groundwork for a system that can suggest keywords for finding known concepts in unfamiliar databases. Computers/Math


Muslims and islam are unquestionably a part of European social life. In recent times, however, different events, such as the enlargement of the EU and the fact that muslims to a higher extent demand their rights, have brought a number of questions to the fore concerning muslims and islam in Europe. Moreover, we can see an increasing level of islamophobia in contemporary Europe, but also that the EU has launched several programs to increase both the diversity and the unity throughout the Union and to combat islamophobia. However, most of these programs focus on islam as religion and muslims in general, and such a narrow viewpoint runs the risk of missing important issues.In this new context it would be interesting to widen the scope and ask what place not only the muslim community and islam, but also sharia (an important element in islam), may have in future Europe – especially when it comes to muslim identity?My main objects are to see how the concept of sharia is constructed in the debates in the European Parliament, how that discourse relates to a social practice – the increasing islamophobic ideas in Europe – and what effect this may have on muslim identity in a European context.The results shows that the Parliament constructs sharia as, for example, something archaic, threatening, inhuman and misogynistic. In that sense, the discourse fits in with the predominant order of discourse regarding islam and muslims (in Europe) – and strengthen it. Though my results are neither absolute nor uniform, they show, persuasively enough, that sharia (as it is seen by the Parliament) is not consistent with and can not be included in or accepted by "European norms and values". However, this must be said with one reservation: sharia is not always excluded as a whole. Still, it is not difficult to maintain that it is sharia as such that activates the (negative and) excluding connotations. Thus, an "approved" European muslim identity, as it seems, can not have too close connections with sharia, if (any) at all. Moreover, there is a risk that muslims themselves take on a restricting practice concerning their identity. In all, this will to a large extent circumscribe the possible muslim identities in Europe.To form a substantial and really pluralistic diversity in Europe, the EU, and others, must liberate itself from the logic of these discourses. But this is not an easy thing to do. One way that might be profitable, is to challenge the prevailing discourse with new narratives – narratives and voices that for the most part must come from the muslims themselves. Despite the fact that these voices do exist, as has been shown, the question is how and under what circumstances they can be seen – or rather heard. Unfortunately the answer is not to be found in this thesis; the need of further research is obvious.


Background & Aim: The high prevalence of various diseases in elderly people may cause polypharmacy. Administration of the multiple drugs in elderlies makes them prone to side effects and problems related to drug therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of polypharmacy and its related factors among elderlies in Gonabad, 2011. Material & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 323 elderlies were selected through random stratified sampling method. Data were collected using a 30-item questionnaire including demographic sheet, drug use pattern and its related factors. Validity and reliability of the first questionnaire was determined using content validity and internal proportion and consistency respectively (α -Cronbach's= 0.72). Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi-square and ANOVA using SPSS-PC (v.19). Results: Over 72.1% of the subjects were taking medications. The mean number of medications was 4.06 ± 0.3 per day. Polypharmacy was found in 56.6% of the subjects. Polypharmacy had a significant relationship with sex (P <0. 0001), occupation (P = 0.004) and medication adherence (P = 0.017). Conclusion: According to the findings, polypharmacy is a common problem in the elderlies. Therefore, nurses could play an important role in preventing the risks of polypharmacy in elderly people, through educating seniors and their care givers.


An electric solar wind sail is a recently introduced propellantless space propulsion method whose technical development has also started. The electric sail consists of a set of long, thin, centrifugally stretched and conducting tethers which are charged positively and kept in a high positive potential of order 20 kV by an onboard electron gun. The positively charged tethers deflect solar wind protons, thus tapping momentum from the solar wind stream and producing thrust. The amount of obtained propulsive thrust depends on how many electrons are trapped by the potential structures of the tethers, because the trapped electrons tend to shield the charged tether and reduce its effect on the solar wind. Here we present physical arguments and test particle calculations indicating that in a realistic three-dimensional electric sail spacecraft there exist a natural mechanism which tends to remove the trapped electrons by chaotising their orbits and causing them to eventually collide with the conducting tethers. We present calculations which indicate that if these mechanisms were able to remove trapped electrons nearly completely, the electric sail performance could be about five times higher than previously estimated, about 500 nN/m, corresponding to 1 N thrust for a baseline construction with 2000 km total tether length.


Si film electrodes for Li micro-film batteries were fabricated on a Cu substrate and a Ci/Cu film. In the structural properties, FE-SEM observation demonstrated difference in surface morphologies of Si films with different under layers. Surface of the Si film deposited consists of clusters and average size of the cluster was 165 nm for Si/Cu film and 80 nm for Si/C/Cu film. Si film has amorphous phase in spite of different under layers; Cu substrate and C/Cu film. In the electrochemical properties, the carbon-inserted film showed a good cycleability compared with Si/Cu electrode. It is believed that the insertion of carbon film as a buffer film absorbed the stress generated during charge-discharge process and improved cycle performance of Si anode electrode.


This work discusses the effect of the crystal structure of Ni–Sn and Cu–Sn intermetallic catalysts on phenol hydroxylation. All catalysts were prepared via the mechanical alloying (MA) technique which is a green process for catalyst preparation. The results showed that the prepared catalysts consisted of monoclinic (Ni3Sn4 and Cu6Sn5) and hexagonal (Ni3Sn and Cu6Sn5(HT)) crystal structures. The catalytic activity of all synthesized catalysts for phenol hydroxylation demonstrated that both Ni3Sn4 and Ni3Sn exhibited better catalytic activity than Cu6Sn5 and Cu6Sn5(HT), and Ni3Sn, having a hexagonal crystal structure, showed the best catalytic activity (>97% conversion) at 363 K, 3 h, 1 : 4 phenol : H2O2, and 50 mg of catalyst content, giving CAT (60.28% yield) and HQ (36.82% yield) with no over-oxidation of CAT and HQ as time elapsed.


S2/FM94 glass fibre reinforced epoxy is an aerospace-grade composite currently bonded with aluminium alloys and installed in parts of the Airbus A380 fuselage. In addition to its abrasive and hard nature, S2/FM94 glass fibre is sensitive to thermal effects developed during the drilling process, and therefore using coolants becomes necessary. However, conventional oil and water-based coolants are not suitable for drilling of composites. Cryogenic coolants on the other hand are an attractive choice for machining composites and are environmentally friendly. In this study, a new environmentally friendly cryogenic cooling technique in a liquid nitrogen bath was used for the drilling of S2/FM94 glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite. The aim was to investigate the effect of drilling parameters and cryogenic cooling on cutting forces, surface roughness, hardness and delamination factor at hole entry and exit sides. The workpiece was drilled within a cryogenic bath. In this way, both cryogenic workpiece cooling and tool cooling were obtained. In addition, the drill geometry is fixed and only the cutting parameters (i.e. spindle speed and the feed rate) are varied under dry and cryogenic conditions. The results indicate that the spindle speed and cryogenic cooling had the most significant influence on the cutting forces and surface roughness parameters (Ra and Rz), while the use of cryogenic cooling had the most significant influence on increasing the hardness and size of delamination at entry and exit sides of the holes.


Purpose: This paper reviews the papers on statistical quality control issues which are published in Journal of the Korean Society for Quality Management (KSQM) since 1965. The literature review is purposed to survey a variety of statistical quality control issues. Methods: By grouping all of statistical quality control issues into 3 categories:; quality inspections, control charts, and process capability analysis. Results: Grouping all of papers on statistical quality control published in journal of the KSQM for 50 years into 3 categories, we provide a chronological roadmap for individual categories, and summarize the contents and contributions of surveyed papers. Conclusion: The review paper is expected to provide future direction to improve statistical quality control theories and applications in manufacturing and service industries.


The variable structure multiple model (VSMM) approach to the maneuvering target tracking problem is considered. A new VSMM design, the minimal submodel-set switching (MSMSS) algorithm for tracking a maneuvering target is presented. The MSMSS algorithm adaptively determines the minimal set of models from the total model set and uses this to perform multiple models (MM) estimation. In addition, an iterative MSMSS algorithm with improved maneuver detection and termination properties is developed. Simulations results demonstrate that, compared with a standard interacting MM (IMM), the proposed algorithms require significantly lower computation while maintaining similar tracking performance. Alternatively, for a computational load similar to IMM, the new algorithms display significantly improved performance.


Brazil has committed itself to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 36.1% and 38.9% compared to projected emissions for 2020. In order to accomplish this, the deforestation in the Amazon will have to be reduced by 80% and in the savannah region (Cerrado) by 40% by that year. Concurrently, Brazil is the country with the greatest potential to increase its agricultural production and contribute to the challenge of feeding an increasing world population. Moreover, agribusiness is a key sector of the Brazilian economy for income generation and promotion of foreign exchange. This article discusses the economic impact of a restrictive policy of deforestation on the agricultural and livestock sector and the national economy using a computable general equilibrium model. The results point to low losses in GDP from the limited deforestation scenario as compared with the baseline, but non negligible impacts in the agricultural, livestock and food sector.


Activation of G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRS) by agonists leads to receptor phosphorylation, internalization of ligand receptor complexes, and desensitization of hormonal response. The role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor 1, PTHR1, is well characterized and known to regulate cellular responsiveness in vitro. However, the role of PTHR1 phosphorylation in bone formation is yet to be investigated. We have previously demonstrated that impaired internalization and sustained cAMP stimulation of phosphorylation deficient (PD) PTHR1 leads to exaggerated cAMP response to subcutaneous PTH infusion in a PD knock-in mouse model. To understand the physiological role of receptor internalization on PTH bone anabolic action, we examined bone parameters of wild type (WT) and PD knock-in female and male mice following PTH treatment. We found a decrease in total and diaphyseal BMD in female but not in male pd mice compared to WT controls at 3-6 months of age. This effect was attenuated at older age groups. PTH administration displayed increased bone volume and trabecular thickness in the vertebrae and distal femora of both WT and PD animals. These results suggest that PTHR1 phosphorylation does not play a major role in the anabolic action of PTH.


Adult crickets have stereotyped patterns of motor output which are generated by the central nervous system, and which serve as a standard against which emerging nymphal patterns can be measured. The neural circuits generating these patterns are not functional at hatching. The pattern elements appear in an ordered sequence over the course of the last four molts. The circuits are completely functional before the final molt. Circuits which might be prematurely activated are suppressed in the nymph by descending inhibition from the brain.


Purpose of reviewRecent data on the high burden of HIV among transgender women have stimulated interest in addressing HIV in this vulnerable population. This review situates the epidemiologic data on HIV among transgender women in the context of the social determinants of health and describes opportunities for effective interventions. Recent findingsTransgender women experience unique vulnerability to HIV that can be attributed to multilevel, intersecting factors that also influence the HIV treatment and care continuum. Stigma and discrimination, lack of social and legal recognition of their affirmed gender, and exclusion from employment and educational opportunities represent fundamental drivers of HIV risk in transgender women worldwide. SummaryInterventions to improve engagement in HIV prevention, testing, care, and treatment among transgender women should build on community strengths and address structural factors as well as psychosocial and biologic factors that increase HIV vulnerability and prevent access to HIV services.


ABSTRACT This essay surveys a 20-year period of the author's studio-based research into "spatial montage" and windowing, elaborating on his use of space imagery in a symbolic system describing the critique of fantasy::reality through symbols that are still used in the contemporary world—how the mythic dimensions of interpreting the "heavens" collide and contradict contemporary scientific interpretations. "Visionary" art is the dynamic focus, with the Moon as the central icon, providing a direct means for the author to consider ambiguities and complexities of symbolic transformation: earlier descriptions of heavens and Earth provide a visionary subtext to scientific exploration. The author considers himself a "revisionary" artist whose work engages the implicit semiotics of visionary film/visual music to problematize the pseudoscientific theories found there.


BACKGROUND: Diagnostic strategies based on empirical testing and treatment to identify herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in neonates may not be appropriate for older children in whom the most common presentation of severe infection is encephalitis, a rare and clinically recognizable condition. METHODS: Use of acyclovir in infants and children in 6 common non-HSV infection–related diagnosis-related groups was characterized between 1999 and 2012 at 15 US pediatric hospitals by using the Pediatric Health Information System database. Characteristics of non-neonatal patients at 1 institution tested for HSV encephalitis over a 6.5-year period were then analyzed to identify factors associated with potentially unnecessary testing and treatment. RESULTS: Acyclovir use increased from 7.6% to 15.6% (P < .001) from 1999 to 2012. Much of this increase came in infants 30 to 60 days of age (82.7% increase, P < .001) and in patients with milder disease severity (44.8% increase, P < .001). Length of stay was increased by 2 days for children treated with acyclovir (P < .001). At our institution, 1394 HSV cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reactions were performed in children >30 days old, with only 3 positive results (0.22%). Comparison of the 3 subjects with positive testing and 55 with negative testing revealed that all cases, but only 4% (95% confidence interval 1.2%–14.0%) of noncases had clinical characteristics typical of HSV encephalitis. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies for diagnosis and empirical treatment of suspected HSV encephalitis beyond the neonatal period have trended toward the approach common for neonates without evidence of an increase in disease incidence. This may result in increased medical costs and risk to patients.


Within the last couple of years, the competence centre for e-learning and multimedia at the Freie Universitat Berlin (CeDiS) established a manufacture like production process for e-learning content, which is primarily targeted to large projects, i.e. projects with several authors and an arbitrary volume of content to produce. The most important cornerstones of the production process are an XML document format and an authoring tool for this document format. Unfortunately both were designed only to meet the requirements of two nation-wide projects, which were lead-managed by CeDiS. The work described in this paper is dedicated to the generalization of that manufacture like production process, especially the development of an adaptable XML document format for e-learning contents and the corresponding editor. The document format SCDL (Sharable Content Description Language) we specified as XML Schema, is a general document format for modular e-learning content. Besides common features like multimedia integration, it provides a mechanism for deriving project specific document formats from the general format by restriction and not by extension. This mechanism shall prevent that software solutions have to be adapted for any derived document format. Furthermore it fosters the possibilities of re-using and exchanging content. Based on Microsoft InfoPath we are developing an authoring tool for the SCDL document format. The currently available prototype already provides a comfortable user interface for the authors, which shows a structural, 'semi-WYSIWYG' view of the document. The features implemented so far are sufficient for simple applications, but important components like mathematical formulas and special media elements are still to add.


Walker, who point out that there is a much lower incidence of postmenopausal osteoporosis in black women despite a diet that is often poorer in calcium. Our published studies have shown that black women have thicker skin and a higher skin collagen content than white women. The well recognised increased incidence of keloid formation and uterine fibroid,s also indicates an excessive connective tissue response that may protect women of African origin from postmenopausal osteoporosis. We are concerned by Mr AW Fowler's repeated condemnation ofoestrogen treatment for the menopause. His belief that the menopause is a psychological condition that does not require treatment must be seen as a outdated spiritual comment rather than an informed medical view. Certainly lifestyle, exercise, and diet are important in this condition, but if women want to avoid postmenopausal osteoporosis they must rely on oestrogen treatment. J WW STUDD M BRINCAT S SAWAS M DOOLEY J C MONTGOMERY


ABSTRACT.: Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is a possible etiologic factor contributing to neonatal hypocalcemia. In adults, parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion is negatively feedback regulated by acute changes in serum IVIg concentration, but paradoxically Mg deficiency may lead to functional hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia. We hypothesized that in neonates, Mg administration will cause changes in PTH secretion and serum Ca concentration that will be inversely related to serum Mg status. We also hypothesized that Mg administration will result in increased calcitonin (CT) secretion. Thirty-nine newborn infants with birth weights >1500 g were studied on day 3 of life. Ten received placebo, and 29 intravenous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), 6 mg elemental Mg/kg body weight, over I h. Serum Mg, Ca, PTH, and CT were measured at time 0 (baseline, preinfusion) and 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h postinfusion. In both groups combined, baseline PTH correlated with baseline Mg (r = 0.72, p < 0.005), and with baseline Ca (r = 0.68, p < 0.005). In the control group there was no change in serum Mg, Ca, PTH, and CT during the study period. In magnesium sulfate-infused infants: 1) serum Mg concentration rose from 1.80 ± 0.06 to 2.82 ± 0.07 mg/dl (mean ± SKM, 0.001); 2) the change from baseline in serum PTH at 1, 6, and 12 h postinfusion correlated inversely with baseline Mg (p < 0.05); 3) the change from baseline in serum Ca at 1, 2, and 24 h postinfusion correlated inversely with baseline Mg (p < 0.005); 4) serum CT remained unchanged. We conclude that Mg plays an important role in neonatal calcium metabolism. PTH and Ca responses to magnesium sulfate infusion were inversely related to neonatal serum Mg concentrations, consistent with the hypothesis tested. Mg infusion, however, did not affect neonatal serum CT concentrations.


Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) have been well established as factors involved in the development of carer burden. However, it is not clear which symptoms are most burdensome for carers and which caregiver factors may be involved. This study aims to explore symptoms associated with executive functioning deficits and their impact on three dimensions of carer burden and positive gain. It also aims to discover whether behaviour management strategies used by carers, and their level of experiential avoidance, had an independent impact on these factors.,A total of 110 dementia caregivers completed five self-report measures as part of a cross-sectional design: the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX), Zarit Burden Interview, Positive Aspects of Caregiving Questionnaire, Dementia Management Strategies Scale and Experiential Avoidance in Caregiving Questionnaire (EACQ).,Executive functioning deficits (DEX) were found to account for most variance in burden, with DEX subscales impacting differentially on the three dimensions of burden and positive gain. The use of negative management strategies was associated with higher levels of burden, as was Active Avoidant Behaviour (a subscale of the EACQ), whereas positive management strategies were associated with positive gain.,In line with previous findings, symptoms associated with executive functioning deficits were the most significant factor in the development of carer burden. The findings relating to behaviour management strategies and experiential avoidance suggest that these could be potential mediating mechanisms in this relationship. Further research is required to explore this in detail, and to consider implications for targeted carer interventions.


Methodology for regression beyond the mean has been a goal of researchers for many years. This discussion provides some additional context for the important ideas in the present paper, by recounting some of the historical background to the GAMLSS approach and pointing to the power and appeal of fully probabilistic regression analysis in the setting of Bayesian nonparametrics.


We investigate the mechanism, design, modeling and fabrication of a scalable high resolution, low cost and lightweight refreshable 2.5D tactile pin array controlled by electrostatic adhesive brakes. By replacing linear actuators in motorized shape displays with a high voltage solid-state circuit that can be fabricated with printable electronics techniques, we can decrease the cost and complexity of such devices. Electrostatic adhesive brakes, made by patterning interdigital electrodes on high dielectric constant thin films, are used to hold metal pins' positions and provide contact force to the user's fingertip. We present designs of two high resolution brake modules which are 1.7 mm pitch with 0.8 mm width pins and 4 mm pitch with 1.58 mm width pins with a maximum measured dynamic loading force of 76.3 gf and static loading force of 28 gf on an individual pin (for the later size). A small demonstration of 4 × 2 pin array with a 4 mm pitch size within a row and 2.5 mm pitch size between the rows, using 1.58 mm width pins, was created. We also characterized the refresh time to be 37.5 ms for each brake, which enables refreshable actuated pin displays.


Objective: An ARSA is diagnosed when the vessel arises separately from the aortic arch and courses behind the trachea, instead of from the brachiocephalic trunk. It is detected by applying color Doppler at the level of the three-vessel-trachea view. An ARSA is found in approx. 1.5% of the normal population and was described to be more common in fetuses with Trisomy 21. The aim of the present study was to find out the prevalence of this vascular variant in fetuses with Trisomy 21. Patients: In the four years study (2004–2008) fetuses with trisomy 21 between 11 weeks and term and a documented course of the right subclavian artery (RSA) were included in the evaluation. Results: A total of 66 fetuses could be assessed and an ARSA was found in 13 cases (19.6%). The prevalence was the same in the group undergoing 11–14 weeks screening (7/33 = 21%). Conclusions: This study confirms earlier observations on the common finding of an ARSA in fetuses with trisomy 21, but the prevalence is lower than first described. 20% prevalence in trisomy 21 fetuses versus 1,5% in the normal population results in a likelihood ratio of 13× increased risk. This sign can be added to first and second trimester genetic scan.


Background
An evidence-based school nutrition policy that helps increase the availability and accessibility of healthy foods is needed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Aims
This study investigated the compliance of selected schools with Saudi nutrition policy and assessed the nutritional value of food offered in such schools using the Institute of Medicine (IOM) standards.

Methods
A total of 76 boys public high schools were randomly selected from four areas in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Principals and canteen managers were interviewed using validated questionnaires. Schools were observed using a food checklist.

Results
Meals offered in Saudis schools come prepackaged with minimal cooking in schools. From a calorie perspective, there was not a significant difference between the food allowed and food not allowed. For the Saudi policy, 94.7% of the schools scored in between category 2 and 3 (moderate compliance). For the IOM standards, 96.1% of the schools scored in category 1 (low alignment).

Conclusions
While the Saudi policy is clear on what should not be served in school cafeterias, it fails to provide guidance on what must be served to improve the nutritional value of meals provided.


The genomic library of Staphylococcus aureus O15 has been constructed on the EMBL-3 vector. The synthetic oligonucleotide probes to N- and C-end regions of alpha-hemolysin permitted identification of the recombinant bacteriophage clone RS-1 containing a gene for this protein. The restriction map of the cloned fragment has been constructed for restriction endonucleases SalGI, EcoRV, PstI, PvuII. Expression of the alpha-hemolysin gene in phagolysate of the recombinant clone RS-1 (1000 units per ml) has been demonstrated.


BACKGROUND
Major advances in the treatment of perinatal asphyxial-hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (PA-HIE) followed the translation of hypothermia animal studies into successful randomized controlled clinical trials that substantially influenced the current standard of care.

OBJECTIVES
To present our preliminary experience with the first cases of clinical application of therapeutic hypothermia for PA-HIE in what we believe is the first report on nonexperimental hypothermia for PA-HIE from Israel.

METHODS
We reviewed the medical records, imaging scans, electroencephalograms and outcome data of the six identified asphyxiated newborns who were managed with hypothermia in our services in 2008-2009.

RESULTS
All asphyxiated newborns required resuscitation and were encephalopathic. Systemic hypothermia (33.5 degrees C) was begun at a median age of 4.2 hours of life (range 2.5-6 hours) and continued for 3 days. All six infants showed a significantly depressed amplitude integrated electroencephalography background, and five had electrographic seizures. One infant died (16%) after 3.5 days. Major complications included fat necrosis and hypercalcemia (n=1), pneumothorax (n=1), and meconium aspiration syndrome (n=2). None of the infants developed major bleeding. Neurodevelopmental followup of the five surviving infants at median age 7.2 months (4.1-18.5 months) revealed developmental delays (Battelle screening), with their motor scores ranging from -1 to +1 standard deviation (Bayley scale). None developed feeding problems, oculomotor abnormalities, spasticity or seizures.

CONCLUSIONS
Our preliminary experience with this novel modality in a large Tel Aviv neonatal service is consistent with the clinical findings of published trials.


Architecture is more than just the idea of form and space as an object, and we are more than just a subjects in space. We are people who are trained in the discipline of architecture. The virtuoso's of our craft and are masters in the use and design of various form and space. Designers who invest body and spirit into manipulating space to impart a dynamic response on the human body. By manipulating and designing around the perception of time, utilising elements such as light, shadow and colour to evoke a reaction to enhance the spatial condition experienced. This research proposes to question how the use of real-time virtual environments (RTVE's) can be used as an application to aid in establishing an experience driven design that attempts to control the intangible, temporal qualities of the real world.
The principal aim of this thesis is to challenge and critique. Through a series of virtual environments and case studies that are temporal and ephemeral in nature. The research is to act as a reflective design application that can enhance and reconnect the human body to the virtual realm. This research asks: "how can real-time virtual environments re-establish the presence of the human body in digital design through the investigation of temporal qualities such as light, shadow and movement within architecture?" Through investigating these qualities, the research subsequently asks: "How can we use these observations to build a more responsive and evocative architecture that is centred on temporal moments?"In conclusion this research concludes with a hyper-temporal application that presents the temporal elements discussed in literature and more. Utilizing RTVE's as a platform to enhance and accommodate for a holistic, experience driven design. Allowing one to manipulate and distort time within the design application tool. One that highlights architectural moments that are memorable through the various times in a day, month and year. Imposing a qualitative measure of light, shadow and atmosphere as a means to judge the quality of space. Engagement of the human body within digital design allows inhabitants and designers to stop and reflect on design decisions.
Stopping to purely...
'dwell in time'.


There is a continuing need to develop advanced nitrogen (N) management practices that increase N use efficiencies and reduce nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3 -N) leaching. Our goal was to evaluate the use of geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), modeling and remote sensing for reducing residual soil NO 3 -N and NO 3 -N leaching in a center-pivot irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) field. Specific objectives were: 1) to determine if productivity zones delineated using precision agriculture technologies could also correctly identify unique areas within corn fields that differed in residual soil NO 3 -N and NO 3 -N leaching potential; and 2) evaluate the potential to use remote sensing of crop productivity to reduce NO 3 -N leaching losses. This study was conducted in northeastern Colorado during the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons in a 70 ha (173 ac) center-pivot irrigated commercial cornfield. For the first objective, initial and final soil samples after harvesting were collected at known locations in high, medium and low productivity areas across this field. For the second objective initial and final soil samples after harvesting were collected in a low productivity area where in season N management was conducted based on remote sensing data. Crop yields and total N were determined on plant samples located at the soil sampling coordinates. The N reflectance index was used to determine the in season N application. Remote-sensing-based N fertilization treatment occurred whenever the mean N reflectance index was lower than 0.95 and/or more than 50 percent of the area had an N reflectance index less than 0.95. For both studies, the nitrate leaching economic analysis package and GIS were used to evaluate NO 3 -N leaching losses. We found that GIS, GPS, and modeling technologies can be used to identify and simulate the spatial residual soil NO 3 -N patterns. Productivity zones delineated using precision agriculture technologies identified areas within corn production fields that differed in residual soil NO 3 -N and NO 3 -N leaching potential. This spatial variability was negatively correlated with the soil texture (P<o.ooi), having lower residual soil NO 3 -N on the lower productivity sandier areas, which also had a higher NO 3 -N leaching potential. The N Reflectance Index method can maximize the synchronization of in season N applications with corn N uptake needs to increase N use efficiencies and reduce NO 3 -N leaching losses by 47 percent when compared to traditional practices (P<0.0001).


The most common complication faced by petroleum engineers is the description of a reservoir, both accurately and efficiently. Inadequate and insufficient reservoir characterization lead most enhanced oil recovery and secondary recovery projects to fail and also makes it difficult to deal with heterogonous reservoir. An accurate description of a reservoir is vital to the reservoir management and achieving maximum oil recovery. Reservoir characterization plays a very important role in descripting the storage and flow capacity of a reservoir and also plays a decisive role in reservoir simulation. The main objective of this research is to identify reservoir barriers and productive zone using reservoir characterization, in this study some of the most useful methods such as Flow Zone Indicator (FZI), Discrete Rock Type (DRT), Winland R35 methods were applied to 4 different wells to identify the rock types and flow units developing a static reservoir characterization model. To achieve the objective of this research the static model is transformed into a dynamic model by introducing graphical method such as stratigraphic flow profile (SFP), stratigraphic modified Lorenz plot (SMLP) and modified Lorenz plot (MLP) to easily quantify reservoir flow units based on physical structure, storage capacity, flow capacity, rock type and reservoir process speed. The physical structure permits the flow units to be interpreted in a stratigraphic model arrangement, determining well-to-well correlation schemes; the main aim of understanding the flow unit's characterizations is to identify the barriers, speed zones and baffles.


EUV photoacid generation efficiency has been described primarily in terms of the EUV photon absorption by the PAG or the resist matrix and the production of low energy photoelectrons, which are reported as being ultimately responsible for the high quantum efficiencies reported in EUV resists (<1). Such observation led to a number of recent studies on PAGs with variable electron affinity (EA) and reduction potential (Ered) presumably conducive to a differential EUV photoelectron harvesting efficiency. However, such studies either did not disclose the PAG chemical structures, replaced the EUV source with an e-beam source, or lacked a fundamental discussion of the underlying physical mechanisms behind EUV PAG decomposition. In this work, we report the EUV photospeed of a methacrylatebased resist formulated with a battery of openly disclosed isostructural sulfonium PAGs covering a wide range of EA's and Ered's, to unveil any preferential photoelectron scavenging effect. In parallel, several iodonium PAGs are also tested in order to compare the direct EUV photon absorption route to the photoelectron-based decomposition path. Contrarily to what has been widely reported, we have found no direct correlation whatsoever between photospeed and the calculated EA's or experimental Ered's for the isostructural sulfonium PAGs studied. Instead, we found that iodonium PAGs make more efficient use of the available EUV power due to their higher photoabsorption cross-section. Additionally, we determined a cation size effect for both PAG groups, which is able to further modulate the acid generation efficiency. Finally, we present a formal explanation for the unselective response towards photoelectron harvesting based on the stabilization of the PAG cation by bulky substituent groups, the spatial and temporal range of the transient photoelectron and the differences in electron transfer processes for the different systems studied.


We analyze the effect of Wiener phase noise on the capacity and signal-to-interference-plus-noise (SINR) ratio. Our analysis includes phase noise at the transmitter and receiver end of an OFDM communication link. We see that the capacity and SINR are random variables whose distribution depends on the phase noise and the fading channel. Using a Taylor series approximation, we show that the random variable, characterizing the phase noise, in the performance metrics can be expressed as a sum of correlated gamma variables with rank-deficient square-root normalized covariance matrix. The approximation holds well when the ratio between the subcarrier spacing and the 3dB bandwidth of the oscillator power spectral density is at least one order of magnitude, which for most practical oscillators is the case. In earlier literature, the probability density function of a sum of correlated gamma variables with full-rank square-root normalized covariance matrix was derived. We extend these results to the rank-deficient case and apply them to the random variable of our case. With the probability density functions characterizing the phase noise and the fading channel at hand, we proceed to obtain closed-form statistical measures of capacity and SINR. The simulations show the good agreement with our analytical expressions.


Recent years have seen major advances in the technology of radiation oncology allowing for a transition from 2‐D radiation therapy (RT) to 3‐D conformal RT, intensity modulated RT (IMRT), image‐guided RT (IGRT), adaptive RT (ART), and 4‐D imaging and motion management in RT. Brachytherapy procedures have evolved both for high dose rate (HDR) techniques as well as permanent implants, and image‐guided brachytherapy is the modern standard. While a number of publications have defined accuracy needs in radiation oncology, most of these reports were developed in an era with different radiation technologies and date back to the 1980s and 90s. In view of modern treatment procedures, improvements in dosimetry methodologies, and new clinical dose‐volume data, the AAPM 2011 summer school dealt with uncertainties in external beam radiation therapy and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is completing a new guidance document on "Accuracy Requirements and Uncertainties in Radiation Therapy". This symposium will review the latest information on accuracy requirements and uncertainty considerations in radiation therapy in terms of radiobiological rationale, clinical needs and a practical reality check. Learning Objectives: 1. To review historical and current data related to accuracy and uncertainties in the overall radiation treatment process. 2. To provide a radiobiological rationale for accuracy considerations in RT. 3. To provide a clinical rationale for accuracy considerations in RT. 4. To review recent data demonstrating realistically achievable accuracy levels in RT.


We introduce a new markerless 3D face tracking approach for 2D video streams captured by a single consumer grade camera. Our approach is based on tracking 2D features in the video and matching them with the projection of the corresponding feature points of a deformable 3D model. By this we estimate the initial shape and pose of the face. To make the tracking and reconstruction more robust we add a smoothness prior for pose changes as well as for deformations of the faces. Our major contribution lies in the formulation of the smooth deformation prior which we derive from a large database of previously captured facial animations showing different (dynamic) facial expressions of a fairly large number of subjects. We split these animation sequences into snippets of fixed length which we use to predict the facial motion based on previous frames. In order to keep the deformation model compact and independent from the individual physiognomy, we represent it by deformation gradients (instead of vertex positions) and apply a principal component analysis in deformation gradient space to extract the major modes of facial deformation. Since the facial deformation is optimized during tracking, it is particularly easy to apply them to other physiognomies and thereby re-target the facial expressions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique on a number of examples.


Handling symmetries in optimization problems is essential for devising efficient solution methods. In this article, we present a general framework that captures many of the already existing symmetry handling methods. While these methods are mostly discussed independently from each other, our framework allows to apply different methods simultaneously and thus outperforming their individual effect. Moreover, most existing symmetry handling methods only apply to binary variables. Our framework allows to easily generalize these methods to general variable types. Numerical experiments confirm that our novel framework is superior to the state-of-the-art symmetry handling methods as implemented in the solver SCIP on a broad set of instances.


Work as an employed health professional comes with a great number of challenges. Health professionals are often oblivious to the legal and regulatory framework that governs their employment situation. At least three legal frameworks are of relevance in each employer-employee relationship in the South African public healthcare sector, namely the Labour Relations Act, the Public Service Act and the profession-specific Acts such as the Health Professions Act, the Nursing Act or the Pharmacy Act, respectively. Starting with two cases where the profession-specific Act has been used by the employer against the employed health professional, rather than the legislation regulating the employer-employee relationship, it will be illustrated how the three Acts and their regulatory environment are structured. Based on this illustration, the impact that the creation of employer-generated complaints has on the employer-employee relationship, and on the system at large, will be discussed.


Injury prediction and mitigation are common overarching goals of modern biomechanical research. This research is fundamental to preventing and mitigating injuries sustained by those exposed to dangerous conditions including but not limited to occupational hazards, warfighter risks, automotive accidents, etc. Unlike traditional mechanical system research, biological systems are difficult and costly to test resulting in a need for robust and accurate numerical simulations. Models of the cervical spine are complex, nonlinear systems that must accurately model dynamic loading, large deflections, elastic, and viscoelastic behavior. In addition to individual complexities, population variance in both material properties and shape must be taken into account for accurate injury prediction.As part of a hierarchical validation and verification (V&V) methodology, lateral impact cadaveric cervical spine experiments were compared to a high fidelity statistical shape finite element model (SSFEM) of the cervical spine and head. Specimens were mounted to a sled and accelerated using a pendulum impact with 1, 2, and 3 m/s impact velocities. The kinematics of the head and all individual cervical vertebrae were recorded with a Vicon motion capture system along with sled acceleration data. Sled accelerations were used as input boundary conditions for the probabilistic study using the SSFEM. Head and vertebrae rotations between the experimental and model responses were then compared.A latin hypercube probabilistic analysis was performed for each impact velocity to determine the probabilistic response of each rotation metric. When comparing these responses, both the average and variation must be taken into consideration. This is accomplished using a quantitative validation metric based on the area between the cumulative distribution functions (CDF) of experimental response and the computed probabilistic response. Our results showed a very good match between the model and experiment at the higher impact velocities and a slightly stiffer response at lower rates. These results are consistent with previous validation studies performed with this SSFEM.By expanding the validation data set with lateral impact loading, greater confidence in the model is obtained under different loading modes. This confidence allows the model to be used for probability of injury predictions as well as to identify important system variables in preventing injuries. High fidelity numeric modeling allows for rapid and cost effective assessment of hazardous loading conditions and safety equipment compared to experimental modeling. The knowledge gained from these modeling studies is fundamental and necessary for safe and effective design and injury mitigation.© 2013 ASME


Background: Health of swimming pools is important to maintain health of swimmers that in case of failure to comply of health standards, can be lead to health problems and the transmission of infectious diseases to swimmers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the water quality of swimming pools in Sanandaj city and compare of their results with the national standards. Methods: In this cross n sectional study, 108 water samples were collected from 9 swimming pools of Sanandaj city. Some parameters including residual chlorine, pH, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, temperature and also microbial parameters such as heterotrophic bacteria, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, fecal streptococcus, total coliform, and fecal coliform were evaluated. Results: The results of the study showed that residual chlorine, pH, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, and temperature in 80.5, 72.2, 60.1, 52.7, 30.5, and 100 of samples, respectively, which were in desirable limit. Also the population of total coliform, fecal coliform, and Staphylococcus aureus in 32.4, 45.3, and 96.3 of samples, respectively, were in desirable ranges. Conclusion: Based on the results, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, and also population of total coliform and fecal coliform of some samples didnrt have conformity with standards that indicates the need for continuous monitoring of swimming pools water quality.