In this paper we argue that chess databases have a significant potential as a test-bed for techniques in the area of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD). Conversely, we think that research in Artificial Intelligence has not yet come up with reasonable solutions for the knowledge representation and reasoning problems that are posed by knowledgebased computer chess programs, and consequently argue that KDD techniques could be useful for the advancement of various types of knowledgebased computer chess systems. Although we cannot present any concrete results, we hope to outline some fruitful directions for further research and exchange of ideas between the KDD and computer chess communities.


The Permian-Triassic sedimentary sequence of China includes one of the most complete and fossiliferous Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundaries known. Closely spaced sampling across the boundary, which is an important extinction event for most organisms, has produced good conodont faunas that show little diversity change. A drop in conodont abundance is the only apparent response to the extinction event. A low concentration of iridium in the boundary clay (0.002 part per billion �20 percent), as well as in samples immediately below and above, that range from 0.004 to 0.034 part per billion do not support the proposal of an extraterrestrial impact event at this boundary in China.


End-to-end speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) without relying on intermediate text representations is a rapidly emerging frontier of research. Recent works have demonstrated that the performance of such direct S2ST systems is approaching that of conventional cascade S2ST when trained on comparable datasets. However, in practice, the performance of direct S2ST is bounded by the availability of paired S2ST training data. In this work, we explore multiple approaches for leveraging much more widely available unsupervised and weakly-supervised speech and text data to improve the performance of direct S2ST based on Translatotron 2. With our most effective approaches, the average translation quality of direct S2ST on 21 language pairs on the CVSS-C corpus is improved by +13.6 BLEU (or +113% relatively), as compared to the previous state-of-the-art trained without additional data. The improvements on low-resource language are even more significant (+398% relatively on average). Our comparative studies suggest future research directions for S2ST and speech representation learning.


: We evaluated 21 pregnant patients with severe disorders of haemostasis by retrospective chart analyses, 15 patients were treated with intravenous heparin (10.000 to 20.000 I.U.) during and after surgery. Eighteen of 21 patients developed renal failure and 8 died. Postoperative bleeding complications making laparotomies mandatory occurred in 10 patients. These bleeding complications are seen in relation to the heparin treatment instituted immediately after surgery. We do not favor the administration of heparin during the immediate obstetrical postoperative period, the more as Antithrombin III-concentrate is now available. Surgical intervention in order to achieve haemostasis is of paramount therapeutic importance. Drainage of infections remains furthermore the most important task in those obstetrical emergency cases where infections play a predominant role. To maintain or to re-establish the normovolemic perfusion ameliorates the rheological conditions which should monitored with care.


To improve knowledge of the life history of Dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli (True, 1885) that are incidentally caught by the Japanese salmon mothership fishery in the northwestern North Pacific, a 34-day cruise was conducted during August-September, 1982, after the fishing season. A total of 710 Dall's porpoise were sighted and 80 were caught using hand-held harpoons. The species' southern limit was at 41°N latitude, at a surface water temperature of l8°-l9°C, and overlapped the range of Lissodelphis and Lagenorhynchus. Distribution of the truei-type was limited to the Japanese coastal waters and the number sighted was negligible east of 155°E. Density of Dall's porpoise was higher in the western and northern parts of the research area, and somewhat lower in the southeast. More Dall's porpoise rode the ship's bow wave during mid-day than in the morning or evening, and in areas where the surface water temperature was 11°C or above. In areas with a surface water temperature of 11°C or below, most of the Dall's porpoise avoided the ship. The latter areas had a high number of mother-calf pairs and calves possibly weaned, none of which rode the bow wave. Adults not accompanying calves were sighted in both areas. School size was not different between the two areas. Most of the specimens were taken in the southern part of the study area. Males predominated and most were 2 to 6 years old, around the age of attainment of sexual maturity. Lactating individuals were significantly scarce in the sample. The dalli-type reached sexual maturity at a smaller body length than the truei-type. Based upon comparisons of results from this cruise with those obtained from the salmon mothership fishery since 1978, we conclude that, during the season from June through September, (I) females in the state of late pregnancy, lactation, or pregnancy and simultaneous lactation are mainly distributed in the northern area, and (2) the southern area is mainly occupied by males and some females not accompanied by calves. 1 Present address: Far Seas Fisheries Research Laboratory, 5-7-1 Orido, Shirnizu-shi, Shizuoka-ken 424, Japan. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., No. 35, 1984, 107-128 108 KASUYA AND JONES


This paper is a report by the team that took home the trophy in the first ABSEL Georgia Southern College (GSC) Multinational Game Competition, which was held during the winter, 1986. It discusses the tools that were used to analyze the data and convert it into information and knowledge needed to make the decisions, how the team was selected and the simulation itself. The assumptions and theories used by the team are also discussed. The paper describes the group dynamics, including how the team members interacted, especially when encountering severe problems with one team member. This paper was written in drafts produced by the three team members and consolidated into a single paper by their team advisor.


Corrosion protection is one of the important performance properties of organic coatings. In this study, an attempt has been made to develop a high temperature coating. Different compositions of silicone and polyester resins are taken and mixed well with the addition of a hardener. The binder system is applied on the pre-treated cold rolled steel panels. Physical and mechanical properties are evaluated. Thermal resistance of the coating system is done according to specification of ASTM D2485 standards. DSC and TGA analyses are carried out to study the glass transition temperature and temperature dependence of the sample prepared respectively. Corrosion protection ability of the system is evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and immersion studies. From the thermal studies, the coating containing 40% silicone and 60% polyester has withstood up to 498 K.


Learning management system (LMS) is a learning platform for both full time and distant learning students at the International Islamic University in Malaysia (IIUM). LMS becomes a tool for IIUM to disseminate information and learning resources to the students. The objectives of this study were to O investigate students' attitudes toward the use of LMS, O to verify the impact of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on attitude towards use of learning management system, O to examine the differences in attitudes toward the use of LMS between distance learning and full time students. There were 120 (70 full time and 50 distance learning) students at the Institute of Education responded for the study. The collected data was analysed using descriptive statistics, t-test and Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA). The results of the study showed that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness determine students' attitudes toward the use of LMS. However, this study did not find any significant differences between distance learning and full time students. According to the findings the study recommended that the University should continue using LMS because it is useful for both distance learning and full time students. Further suggestions are made to customize and upgrade the LMS suitable for innovative teaching and learning.


Circular splicing systems are a formal model of a generative mechanism of circular words, inspired by a recombinant behaviour of circular DNA. Some unanswered questions are related to the computational power of such systems, and finding a characterization of the class of circular languages generated by circular splicing systems is still an open problem. In this paper we solve this problem for complete systems, which are special finite circular splicing systems. We show that a circular language L is generated by a complete system if and only if the set Lin(L) of all words corresponding to L is a pure unitary language generated by a set closed under the conjugacy relation. The class of pure unitary languages was introduced by A. Ehrenfeucht, D. Haussler, G. Rozenberg in 1983, as a subclass of the class of context-free languages, together with a characterization of regular pure unitary languages by means of a decidable property. As a direct consequence, we characterize (regular) circular languages generated by complete systems. We can also decide whether the language generated by a complete system is regular. Finally, we point out that complete systems have the same computational power as finite simple systems, an easy type of circular splicing system defined in the literature from the very beginning, when only one rule is allowed. From our results on complete systems, it follows that finite simple systems generate a class of context-free languages containing non-regular languages, showing the incorrectness of a longstanding result on simple systems.


This thesis describes techniques for efficiently performing polymorphic type
inference for functional programming languages in the presence of subtype
relationships. We permit subtype relationships which are based on implicit
coercion functions between primitive types or type constructors, such as
between integers and reals or between lists of arbitrary type and sets of the
same type. Coercions between different kinds of functions are also
pennitted. In particular, finite database functions can be coerced to general
functions. This makes functional languages useful as database query and
update languages.
In the first chapter we describe basic notation, and define a subtype ordering
to be a partial order on type variables and type constructors, satisfying
certain conditions which ensure that the inequalities in a subtype ordering
always have a solution. We define a number of operations for manipulating
subtype orderings, which exploit the representation of subtype orderings as
transitively reduced directed acyclic graphs. Generic operations such as
addition are given a type scheme containing a subtype ordering which
constrains the bound variables. Colouring of type variables imposes a
further constraint, which allows a type scheme to be given to the equality
function.
The second chapter defines a simple functional language and gives inference
rules which type-annotate expressions. A number of additional rules are
derived, including a rule for applying a substitution to a typing assertion. We
provide a rewrite rule semantics for typed expressions, and show that this
preserves typing information and is Church-Rosser. Since coercions produce
a unique result and commute with primitive operations, including equality,
we conjecture that type-annotating an expression is semantically
unambiguous.
In the third chapter we give a sound and complete, but naive, type inference
algorithm which is inefficient, since intermediate subtype orderings rapidly
become large. Standardisations and simplifications, which reduce the size of
subtype orderings without loss of generality, lead to a more efficient type
inference algorithm, which is quartic-time for expressions, but which we
expect to be linear for typical user programs.
The fourth chapter applies this work to database query and update, using the
Functional Data Model. A case study involving a hospital database shows the
utility of subtype inference.


RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy networks) is a routing protocol recently standardized by the IETF. RPL has been designed to operate in energy-constrained networks with thousands of nodes, and therefore it is one of the most promising candidate routing protocols for Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) networks. In this paper a performance evaluation of RPL is presented. An extensive study of the protocol is carried out with particular focus on Trickle, the algorithm adopted to control routing update distribution across the network. The performance of the protocol is analyzed considering different Trickle parameters in order to capture their impact on route formation and node power consumption. Results highlight that the nondeterministic nature of Trickle can lead to sub-optimal route formation especially when high message suppression is per-formed. In order to mitigate this issue, an enhanced version of the protocol, namely Trickle-F, is proposed in order to guarantee fair broadcast suppression. Trickle-F is demonstrated to be effective in obtaining more efficient routes with the same power consumption of the original version.


BCN–TiO2 was prepared by doping Ti(OH)4 with graphite-like structure BCN in an annealing process at 400[°C] for 2[h]. The catalyst samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Graphite-like structure BCN was detected by XRD. The results showed that with graphite-like structure BCN doped in, the crystal size became smaller than pure TiO2. Also B, C, N were detected in crystal lattice of TiO2, in which Boron was in the form of Bx+, Carbon substituted some of the lattice oxygen atoms as Ti-C, and Nitrogen was in the form of Ti-N and Ti-O-N.


We quantify how central bank unconventional monetary policy, in the form of funding facil-ities, reduced the banking sector's intrinsic fragility in the euro area in 2014-2021. We estimate a micro-structural model of imperfect competition in the banking sector that allows for multiple equilibria with bank runs, banks' default and contagion, and central bank funding. Our framework incorporates demand and supply for insured and uninsured deposits, for loans to firms and households, and borrowers' default. We use confidential granular data for the euro area banking sector, including information on banks' borrowing from the European Central Bank (ECB). We document the presence of alternative equilibria with run-type features, but also that central bank interventions exerted a crucial role in containing this risk. Our counterfactuals show that, on average across equilibria, a 1 percentage point reduction in the ECB lending rate leads to a 1.4 percentage points reduction in banks' default probability.


The importance and advantages of the use of finite deformation theory in the analytical description of the influence of biasing states in general and acceleration in particular on the accurate prediction of the behavior of precision resonant devices is noted. The unknown intermediate biasing state is defined and the electroelastic equations are presented referred to the known reference coordinates. The useful equation for the perturbation in eigenfrequency was obtained from these equations. The detailed mode shapes of both surface wave and contoured resonators are presented, as are the equations of the extension and flexure of thin plates for the determination of the biasing states. Some results on acceleration sensitivity for both surface wave and contoured resonators are presented and contrasted.


A systematic study of the inhibiting effects of polyols, mono- and oligosaccharides, dextran and polyethyleneglycols on thermal inactivation of cytochrome P-450 in rabbit liver microsomes has been carried out. In a phosphate buffer (pH 6.6, 50 degrees) the stabilizing effect increases in the following order: glycol less than ramnose less than glucose less than sorbitol less than maltose less than xylose = = glycerol (15% vol.). The kinetics of thermal inactivation of the rabbit microsomal cytochrome P-450 have been studied within the temperature range of 45-54 degrees at increasing concentrations of glycerol. For all the temperatures studied in the absence and presence of glycerol the thermal inactivation of P-450 is characterized by two phases, the first being described by the first order constants. Glycerol lowers the rate of thermal inactivation of cytochrome P-450 as well as the activation parameters delta H* and delta S* of thermal inactivation. There exists a linear relationship between decreasing values of delta H* and delta S* and increasing concentrations of glycerol in the medium. The effects of polyols on the thermal inactivation of P-450 is discussed in terms of alteration of solvent and microsomal membrane structures.


Bulk crystals of 6H and 4H silicon carbide have been grown by PVT method. 6H-SiC were obtained in optimized near-to-equilibrium growth conditions in order to improve the crystal quality and to provide the 6H seeds for 6H to 4H-SiC conversion. In experiments of 6H to 4H polytype transformation a set of invariable growth conditions was applied: C-face seed, C-rich atmosphere, on-axis seed orientation, pre-heating of the source material, slightly convex crystallization front and optimized geometry of the growth system. Other growth parameters were varied to optimize the polytype conversion, e.g.: structural quality of the seed, intentionally added impurity (N and/or Sc), initial growth stage recipe, argon pressure and temperature gradient - resulting in variety of growth rates and temperatures of the seed. Special attention was paid to seed passivation and a scheme of temperature and inert gas pressure changes during growth. Crystals were characterized by KOH etching, X-ray diffraction, optical and AFM microscopy. A reproducible method of 75% efficient conversion was elaborated. A large central surface free of micropipes was observed with characteristic six symmetrical ridges as well as the increased concentration of nitrogen. The parasitic 15R-SiC polytype was nucleated on the vicinal part of the crystallization front of 6H-SiC and 4H-SiC crystals.


The assessment conducted in July and August 2008 collected data from interviews with providers or heads of HIV services as well as cohort data from medical records and registers used for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) antiretroviral therapy (ART) and HIV care services. The first cohort made of patients already on ART was defined as patients who had a documented ART initiation date in their medical records as of June 2007. The second cohort the "pre-ART" cohort consisted of patients who had tested HIV-positive were in HIV care but who had not initiated ART in the first three months of HIV care. A third cohort was drawn from PMTCT registers and consisted of prenatal care clients who had tested HIV-positive and for whom data might be available for a potential period of 18 months. The assessment found that for both the pre-ART and the ART cohorts adherence to standards of care during the initial visit at the assessed sites was good. It was better among ART patients compared to pre-ART patients and generally better among children compared to adults. Basic HIV care standards of HIV typing weighing clinical staging and CD4+ T cell count assessment were all performed in at least 65% of patients. Adherence to standards of care was lower in the second semester of care for both cohorts. A number of clinical activities that were not conducted during clinical visits represent low-effort opportunities for providing care including clinical staging weight-taking and patient counseling. Retention of patients in HIV care was found to be poor. Six months after initiating care two out of three pre-ART patients and 45% of ART patients were lost to follow-up comparing unfavorably with retention figures from other studies in the African context. While some sites worked with local groups providing community HIV care coordination of this care was a challenge. Reliance on information documented in medical records and registers limited this assessment which was illustrated when medical record data for the ART cohort patients were compared with pharmacy data.


The combination of multisource remote sensing and geographic data is believed to offer improved accuracies in land cover classification. For such classification, the conventional parametric statistical classifiers, which have been applied successfully in remote sensing for the last two decades, are not appropriate, since a convenient multivariate statistical model does not exist for the data. In this paper, several single and multiple classifiers, that are appropriate for the classification of multisource remote sensing and geographic data are considered. The focus is on multiple classifiers: bagging algorithms, boosting algorithms, and consensus-theoretic classifiers. These multiple classifiers have different characteristics. The performance of the algorithms in terms of accuracies is compared for two multisource remote sensing and geographic datasets. In the experiments, the multiple classifiers outperform the single classifiers in terms of overall accuracies.


OBJECTIVE
A major bottleneck hindering utilization of electronic health record data for translational research is the lack of precise phenotype labels. Chart review as well as rule-based and supervised phenotyping approaches require laborious expert input, hampering applicability to studies that require many phenotypes to be defined and labeled de novo. Though International Classification of Diseases codes are often used as surrogates for true labels in this setting, these sometimes suffer from poor specificity. We propose a fully automated topic modeling algorithm to simultaneously annotate multiple phenotypes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Surrogate-guided ensemble latent Dirichlet allocation (sureLDA) is a label-free multidimensional phenotyping method. It first uses the PheNorm algorithm to initialize probabilities based on 2 surrogate features for each target phenotype, and then leverages these probabilities to constrain the LDA topic model to generate phenotype-specific topics. Finally, it combines phenotype-feature counts with surrogates via clustering ensemble to yield final phenotype probabilities.

RESULTS
sureLDA achieves reliably high accuracy and precision across a range of simulated and real-world phenotypes. Its performance is robust to phenotype prevalence and relative informativeness of surogate vs nonsurrogate features. It also exhibits powerful feature selection properties.

DISCUSSION
sureLDA combines attractive properties of PheNorm and LDA to achieve high accuracy and precision robust to diverse phenotype characteristics. It offers particular improvement for phenotypes insufficiently captured by a few surrogate features. Moreover, sureLDA's feature selection ability enables it to handle high feature dimensions and produce interpretable computational phenotypes.

CONCLUSIONS
sureLDA is well suited toward large-scale electronic health record phenotyping for highly multiphenotype applications such as phenome-wide association studies .


Background: Students typically need substantial assistance in writing research proposals since few have relevant experience. Aims: To describe a course for assisting students to write a research proposal. Method: Workshops consisted of a short lecture on writing a specific proposal component, a proposal outline, and an interactive class format using worksheets. Advising individual student groups was shared between the course instructor and project adviser. Rating scales were used for summative evaluation. Results: Proposals written during the course were rated higher ( p <0.05) than were proposals written without the course. The mean knowledge rating was substantially higher on the post-test (4.3 on a scale of 0 to 5) than on the retrospective pretest (1.4; p <0.001). Conclusion: A course developed to enable students to write a proposal for a research study in which mentoring was shared between the project adviser and the course instructor, a focus on the writing aspects of proposal development, and a workshop class format, was associated with higher ratings of quality as well as higher ratings of knowledge learned.


It needs a scientific and complete index system for a comprehensive evaluation on the safety of foods in some region or some country. And the use of advanced evaluation technologies is also an important work of food safety evaluation. The paper eliminated the redundant data in index membership for object classification by defining distinguishable weight and extracted valid values to compute object membership. The improved algorithm of membership degree transformation includes three calculation steps which can be summarized as "effective, comparison and composition", which is denoted as M (1,2,3). The paper applied the new algorithm in fuzzy evaluation on the safety of foods. Evaluation results show the validity of the improved model and the model can achieve the dynamic evaluation of the safety of foods in some region or some country.


Motion estimation is an open research field in control and robotic applications. Sensor fusion algorithms are generally used to achieve an accurate estimation of the vehicle motion by combining heterogeneous sensors measurements with different statistical characteristics. In this paper, a new method that combines measurements provided by an inertial sensor and a vision system is presented. Compared to classical modelbased techniques, the method relies on a Pareto optimization that trades off the statistical properties of the measurements. The proposed technique is evaluated with simulations in terms of computational requirements and estimation accuracy with respect to a classical Kalman filter approach. It is shown that the proposed method gives an improved estimation accuracy at the cost of a slightly increased computational complexity.


Optic neuritis (ON) may rarely mimic optic nerve tumor, index of suspicion should be kept high. A 34-year-old woman presented to a major academic institute with a history of right-sided ocular pain and progressive visual loss in the same eye. Her magnetic resonance imaging showed markedly thickened optic nerve; her workup for inflammatory pathology was negative; she was diagnosed as a case of optic nerve tumor and was planned for surgery. Patient for second opinion came to a tertiary care institute where on proper history taking and evaluation she was diagnosed and treated on the lines of ON and she improved. The diagnosis of ON is a clinical one, it may mimic optic nerve tumor in rare cases.


The Dynamic Finite Element (DFE) formulation is a superconvergent, semianalytical method used to perform vibration analysis of structural components during the early stages of design. It was presented as an alternative to analytical and numerical methods that exhibit various drawbacks, which limit their applicability during the preliminary design stages. The DFE method, originally developed by the second author, has been exploited heavily to study the modal behaviour of beams in the past. Results from these studies have shown that the DFE method is capable of arriving at highly accurate results with a coarse mesh, thus, making it an ideal choice for preliminary stage modal analysis and design of structural components. However, the DFE method has not yet been extended to study the vibration behaviour of plates. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop a set of frequency-dependent, trigonometric shape functions for a 4-noded, 4-DOF per node element as a basis for developing a DFE method for thin rectangular plates. To this end, the authors exploit a distinct quasi-exact solution to the plate governing equation and this solution is then used to derive the new, trigonometric basis and shape functions, based on which the DFE method would be developed.


intervals to repeat the sets, and whether they are preferably taken under identical or disparate conditions: let us say, one taken by a doctor, one by a nurse, and if both these are female then the third by a male-all in different premises and under different auspices. Three retrospective sets would be a reasonable, less satisfactory alternative and in fact such a matrix of readings-from the insurance doctor, the GP, and the specialist physicianis probably the commonest diagnostic base used in practice. A minimum of three sets would be needed too in view of selection effects when high values are screened for: ''regression to the mean" is an important matter not even considered by Dr O'Brien and Professor O'Malley. In this case the last set of the series is the most significant. A 3 x 3 blood pressure matrix may be the maximum which can be studied without unmanageable complexity. As the authors indicate, the readings taken with a patient standing give little extra information. The same can be said of exercise. The next requirement is to relate the blood pressure, redefined, to outcome in the short and long term, and with and without intervention. This would check not at first accuracy but relevance: a thing far more to be desired. Comparison with intramuscular manometry or continuous recording, or both, is also of interest but "validation" probably proceeds the reverse way to what we imagine.


There has been limited research addressing whether behavioural change in relation to smoking is maintained throughout pregnancy and the effect on perinatal outcomes. A cohort study addressed lifestyle behaviours of 907 women who booked for antenatal care and delivered in a large urban teaching hospital in 2010–2011. Adverse perinatal outcomes were compared for "non-smokers", "ex-smokers" and "current smokers". Of the 907 women, 270 (30%) reported smoking in the six months prior to pregnancy, and of those 160 (59%) had stopped smoking and 110 (41%) continued to smoke at the time of the first antenatal visit. There was virtually no change in smoking behaviour between the first antenatal visit and the third trimester of pregnancy. Factors associated with continuing to smoke included unplanned pregnancy (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3, 2.9), alcohol use (OR 3.4; 95% CI 2.1, 6.0) and previous illicit drug use (OR 3.6; 95% CI 2.1, 6.0). Ex-smokers had similar perinatal outcomes to non-smokers. Current smoking was associated with an average reduction in birth weight of 191g (95% CI −294, −88) and an increased incidence of intrauterine growth restriction (24% versus 13%, adjusted OR 1.39 (95% CI 1.06, 1.84). Public Health campaigns emphasise the health benefits of quitting smoking in pregnancy. The greatest success appears to be pre-pregnancy and during the first trimester where women are largely self-motivated to quit.


We have studied on allelopathy of plants and developed methods to identify the effective substances in root exudates, leaf leacheate, and volatile chemicals emitted from plants. We found traditional cover plants that show allelopathic activity are useful for weed control. It could eliminate the use of synthetic chemicals for this purpose. Allelopathy is a natural power of plants to protect themselves by producing natural organic chemicals. Some endemic plants in Asia, already known by farmers in the region, as either cover crops used in intercropping, hedgerow, or agroforestry, were found to possess strong allelopathic abilities. Our group identified several allelochemicals from these plants. These allelopathic cover crops, mostly leguminous plants, provide protein rich food, and grow easily without artificial fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. In this regards, these allelopathic cover crops could save food shortage in rural area, and are useful for environmental conservation. Screenings of allelopathic plants by specific bioassays and field tests have been conducted. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) are two promising species for the practical application of allelopathy. An amino acid, L-DOPA, unusual in plants, plays an important role as allelochemical in Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens). Hairy vetch is the most promising cover plant for the weed control in orchard, vegetable and rice production and even for landscape amendment in abandoned field in Japan. We have isolated "cyanamide", a well known nitrogen fertilizer, from Hairy vetch. This is the first finding of naturally produced cyanamide in the world.


Seneca His Tenne Tragedies (1581) was the first printed collection of Seneca's tragedies in English. This article re-examines this publication in the context of early modern production of collected unannotated editions of Seneca's tragedies on the European mainland, and of the editorial and intellectual interests of its compiler, Thomas Newton. It identifies Newton as something of an early modern 'print professional', who was involved in the production of a wide variety of texts, translations, and commendatory poetry, and who used a variety of sophisticated strategies in print to draw attention to and to promote his own capacities and achievements; and it shows how the Tenne Tragedies participates in these practices. Attending to Newton's activities alongside Jasper Heywood's translation of Hercules furens reveals significant discontinuities in approach between the Tenne Tragedies and one of its constituent texts. Heywood's translation first appeared in 1561 in a parallel-text format that was not designed for inclusion in a single-language collection such as the Tenne Tragedies, as one early modern reader's response to the translation in this later printed context may show. Newton's presentation of the Tenne Tragedies volume, and his particular attitude towards 'Seneca', complicates current critical understanding of the reception and uses of Senecan tragedy in Elizabethan England, and of any 'project' of Senecan translation in the period, which may be more an effect of Newton's editorial proclivities, combined with modern understanding of Seneca as a single author, than reflective of attitudes towards Senecan tragedy in early modern England more generally.


In the current study, a solar tower–based energy system integrated with a thermal energy storage option is offered to supply both the electricity and freshwater through distillation and reverse osmosis technologies. A high‐temperature thermal energy storage subsystem using molten salt is considered for the effective and efficient operation of the integrated system. The molten salt is heated up to 565°C through passing the solar tower. The thermal energy storage tanks are designed to store heat up to 12 hours. The temperature variations in the storage tanks are studied and compared accordingly for evaluation. The effect of operating temperatures on the freshwater production and overall system efficiency is determined. About 24.46 MW electricity is generated in the steam turbine under sunny conditions. Furthermore, the storage subsystem stores heat during sunny hours to utilize later in cloudy hours and night time. The produced power decreases to 20.17 MW in discharging hours due to temperature decrease in the tank. The electricity generated by the system is then used to produce freshwater through the reverse osmosis units and also to supply electricity for the residential use. A total flowrate of 240.02 kg/s freshwater is obtained by distillation and reverse osmosis subsystems.


PURPOSE
We investigated the feasibility and safety of intraprostatic administration of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and determined the histological changes induced by this approach.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 36 healthy male beagle dogs 2.2 to 3.6 years old weighing 10.0 to 14.8 kg were randomly assigned to 6 experimental groups. Four groups were given intradermal BCG vaccination and 6 weeks later they were given 0 (group 1), 10 (group 2), 5 x 10 (group 3) or 10 (group 4) BCG organisms intraprostatically. An additional group received prevaccination, followed 6 weeks later by a dose of 10 BCG organisms intraprostatically and then 6 weeks of antibiotics (group 5). Another group receiving no prevaccination and 5 x 10 BCG organisms intraprostatically at week 6 were included (group 6).

RESULTS
Adverse reactions (ARs) were seen in 12 dogs, including inguinal lymphadenopathy in 3, an anal lesion in 5, constipation in 7 and dysuria in 3. There was a trend toward an increased incidence of ARs in high dose groups 3 and 4, fewer ARs in group 5 and no ARs in group 6. There was minimal evidence of systemic dissemination of BCG in any group. Post-necropsy histological analysis indicated higher inflammation as well as glandular destruction in high dose groups 3 and 4. Antibiotics did not seem to lessen the histological response to intraprostatic BCG injection (group 5). Interestingly in nonvaccinated group 6 the level of inflammation as well as glandular destruction was higher.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that intraprostatic BCG administration in dogs is a safe and well tolerated procedure. It is free of major or long lasting serious complications.


Fosfomycin (cis-1,2-epoxypropyl phosphonic acid) is a cell wall synthesis-inhibiting antibiotic. We investigated the effect of fosfomycin on several indices of neutrophil function. Neutrophil phagocytosis was analysed by flow cytometry. Cytosolic calcium kinetics were assessed fluorometrically and neutrophil bactericidal ability was assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Intracellular reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) production was analysed by flow cytometry and extracellular ROI by cytochrome c reductase assay. After fosfomycin incubation, phagocytosis was unaffected as assessed by the FACS assay. Fosfomycin incubation resulted in enhanced bactericidal ability, in increased intracellular calcium concentrations, elevated extracellular ROI production and decreased chemotaxis but it did not affect intracellular ROI production and chemokinesis.


The research during the construction of the M-50 highway has allowed the study of the silica levels that constitute the most important Neolithic flint mine in the Iberian Peninsula. A group of more than 3.800 extraction pits were realized to obtain cherts and opals that appear among Mg smectites beds (Aragonian deposits). The description of the nodular and stratiform silica levels and the study of their types and distribution have been done at geological sections obtained during the archaeological excavations. Three petrological types of siliceous rocks (chert, opal and opaline chert) are established and defined according to their mineralogy and microfacies. Cherts are constituted only by quartz and locally minor amounts of moganite. Opals contain opal CT, Mg smectites and minor quartz. Opaline chert is defined when the proportion of quartz is higher than 50%. All the types of siliceous rocks reproduce bioturbation structures as well as other structures found in the host rocks (grains, intraclasts, brecciation). The silica levels at the base of the columns are constituted only by chert and were formed by the silicification of nodular and lenticular dolomite levels included in the Mg-smectites beds. The rest of the siliceous levels are composed of opals and opaline cherts and were formed by silicification of Mg-smectites. The outer part of the opaline chert has a higher content in opal and clay relicts whereas the inner part is mainly microcrystalline quartz. This change is consequence of the recrystallization of the opal (aging) producing a more compact silica rock. The main silicification occurred under the groundwater table because the structure of the host rocks is conserved in the silica rocks. A general question is whether the silica that precipites is introduced by groundwater or it is released from the dissolution of clays during their replacement.


A pseudo[2]rotaxane formed from a dimethoxypillar[5]arene host and an amide-functionalized pyridine derivative guest was constructed in CHCl3, which could further assemble into a linear supramolecular polyrotaxane upon adding Pd(OAc)2via the incorporation of metal–ligand coordination. Furthermore, the obtained polyrotaxane could self-assemble to form a supramolecular gel at high concentration, which showed external stimuli-responsiveness.


The aim of this study is to analyze how Stockholm police department presents the result. The picture the police present corresponds badly with the real outcome. The priority seams to be to create a facade of a well functioning organization to satisfy external expectations rather than show the results in a correct way. This trend is not unique for the police. This type of strategy can be attractive to adapt, but have several negative effects in a long term. For example it's difficult to develop good policework, when the organization has such a focus.


Grand Challenges are complex issues that require collaborative innovation among heterogeneous actors who draw upon contradictory institutional logics. While existing literature shows how social enterprises and individual organizations reconcile tensions between economic and environmental logics, scholars know less about how and when a broad set of actors adopt practices and priorities that balance economic and environmental values. This article explores how three agricultural cooperatives act as metaorganizations and facilitate collaborative innovation and sustainable transitions to address grand challenges regarding land use. We find that the cooperatives stimulate awareness of environmental challenges and local experimentation, orchestrate collaborative solutions by enrolling and engaging a broad set of actors, and coordinate the diffusion of novel practices across the institutional field. We add new insights into producer cooperatives' role as metaorganizations in facilitating the creation, validation, and diffusion of practices that balance business and sustainability. Based on our findings, we argue that by metaorganizing, producer cooperatives can galvanize field-level shifts in institutional logics through framing, knowledge sharing, and knowledge brokering mechanisms.


Analysis of slaughter data leads to substantial intermediate supply elasticities with respect to price for mutton and lamb, goat and k1dmeat, and beef and veal, due mainly to mcreased fmishmg of younger ammals to heavterweights. Long-term elasticities are m the range of 0.65 to 2.00, 1.36 to 1.78, and -0.97 to 3.44, respectively Forp1gmeat and poultrymeat, those long-run supply responses can be regarded as virtually unbounded in the positive direct10n. Analysis of milking animals and milk produced leads to somewhat mcons1stent results for ewes and goat does-numbers milked appear to respond positively to meat pnces and negatively to milk pnces. The supply elasticity for number of covvs milked, however, appears to be substantial and positive. Demand analysts, subject to many stochastic prior restraints across the four classes of meat, leads to adverse trends against agnate meats and positive trends for other meats. Substantial positive income elastic1ties are estimated for all meats. The pnce-demand matrix is consistent and orthodox except for an asymmetric tendency.


The storage of fingerprints is an important issue as this biometric modality is more and more deployed for real applications. Considering minutiae templates as sensitive information, a key question concerns the secure and privacy management of this digital identity. Indeed, if an attacker obtains the minutiae template of a subject, he/she will be able to generate a fingerprint having the same characteristics. Instead of directly storing the minutiae templates, the authors propose in this study a new adaptation of BioHashing to generate a cancellable template in the context of un-ordered set of noisy minutiae features. To the authors knowledge, little interest has been paid in the literature to the question of protecting minutiae template by BioHashing until now. Using the FVC2002 benchmark database, they show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in term of privacy preservation. They show how the proposed method copes with irreversibility and diversity properties and therefore can be efficient in a realistic context.


This thesis describes an investigation into the design
of an optimal control system for an A.C. -D. C. Power Transmission
System.
The steady-state operation of the plant is considered first,
and the relationships between some important parameters in the
system are established. The dynamic performance of the system is
then considered, and an optimal controller for the system is
designed using Pontryagin's Principle.
Several computer programs were written to analyse and confirm
the mathematical models developed in the thesis and good agreement
was obtained between the computed values and the results obtained
from the literature, over a range of operating and transient
conditions.


We provide sufficient conditions for the validity of the first-order approach for two-period dynamic moral hazard problems where the agent can save and borrow secretly. The first-order approach is valid if the following conditions hold: (i) the agent has non-increasing absolute risk aversion utility (NIARA), (ii) the output technology has monotone likelihood ratios (MLR), and (iii) the distribution function of output is log-convex in effort (LCDF). Moreover, under these three conditions, the optimal contract is monotone in output. We also investigate a few possibilities of relaxing these requirements. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. JEL classification: C61; D81; D82; D86; E21


Background: Dermal elastosis is considered the histological 'gold standard' for evaluation of skin photoaging, but the relation of the level of dermal elastosis to other histological indicators of photoaging is not clear. Objective: To investigate how various proposed histological measures of photoaging compare with the level of dermal elastosis. Methods: Prospective, community-based study in Southeast Queensland, Australia, among 89 participants aged 40–82 years. Quantitative histology was used to evaluate 8 biomarkers of photoaged skin, and associations between grades of dermal elastosis and each of the other 7 biomarkers were analysed using ordinal logistic regression models with proportional odds assumption, using histological grades of elastosis as the outcome. Results: Older age, male sex and high outdoor exposure levels were confirmed as predictors ofhigh levels of dermal elastosis. After adjustment for age and sex, the only significant positive association with increasing elastosis grades was the proportion of p53-positive cells. Epidermal thickness, interdigitation index proportion of surface covered with melanin (% Fontana-Masson staining) and glycosaminoglycan content were not associated with elastosis in either crude or adjusted models. Conclusions: Amonga range of suggested biomarkers of photoaged skin, only p53-positive cells appear to be strongly associated with the level of dermal elastosis.


Graphene nanoribbons hold great promise for future applications in nanoelectronic devices, as they may combine the excellent electronic properties of graphene with the opening of an electronic band gap – not present in graphene but required for transistor applications. With a two-step on-surface synthesis process, graphene nanoribbons can be fabricated with atomic precision, allowing precise control over width and edge structure. Meanwhile, a decade of research has resulted in a plethora of graphene nanoribbons having various structural and electronic properties. This article reviews not only the on-surface synthesis of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons but also how their electronic properties are ultimately linked to their structure. Current knowledge and considerations with respect to precursor design, which eventually determines the final (electronic) structure, are summarized. Special attention is dedicated to the electronic properties of graphene nanoribbons, also in dependence on their width and edge structure. It is exactly this possibility of precisely changing their properties by fine-tuning the precursor design – offering tunability over a wide range – which has generated this vast research interest, also in view of future applications. Thus, selected device prototypes are presented as well.


Abstract Thematic and environmental geology mapping has been applied in recent years by the British Geological Survey (BGS) in cities, towns, urban fringes, rural areas and major estuaries. Experience in Scotland indicates that the separate portrayal of particular aspects of the drift and solid geology, former underground mining, and geotechnical properties are of greatest benefit to planners and civil engineers concerned with land use and ground stability. The maps prepared for this purpose may have an additional application in the field of resource assessment. BGS always emphasises that these maps are interpretations of the data available at the date of compilation, that they are only to be used for preliminary studies, and that they are not intended as a substitute for on-site investigation. This paper illustrates some of the pitfalls of a too literal use of thematic mining information maps and indicates ways in which these have evolved to assist the user. Early thematic maps depicted areas of undermining assumed to be (a) within 30 m of surface and (b) at depths greater than 30 m below surface. Known and suspected mining were not differentiated. Modifications were introduced for the Glasgow district, such that only areas of mining shown on mine plans were depicted: no areas of suspected mining were shown. Separate maps were prepared to show areas of total known mining; current mining; known mining within 30 m of rockhead together with locations of shafts and boreholes encountering shallow workings; and mining for minerals other than coal and ironstone. Recent work in Coatbridge and Fife has resulted in further modifications, including the presentation of separate shaft atlases. Attempts have been made to construct seam atlases although these are not available as part of the portfolios. In Fife, known and inferred shallow mining are differentiated, and shown on the same map. Each modification has reflected an attempt to clarify the presentation of known and inferred mining. The maps have, however, been prepared in response to the requirements of different customers, and while it is generally agreed that it is valuable to portray the extent of mining known from mine plans, opinions differ on the desirability and usefulness of showing inferred areas. The latter classification is considered to be beneficial by national and regional planners and also by city engineers. However, there is concern about the release of such maps on open file to the general user who is not fully informed of the background and nature of mining maps. Areas outlined as 'undermined' should not automatically be subjected to planning blight, and a recognition is required that engineering problems in urban areas only occur if property was not planned, designed and constructed with reference to the state of undermining.


Jamming attacks target a wireless network creating an unwanted denial of service. 5G is vulnerable to these attacks despite its resilience prompted by the use of millimeter wave bands. Over the last decade, several types of jamming detection techniques have been proposed, including fuzzy logic, game theory, channel surfing, and time series. Most of these techniques are inefficient in detecting smart jammers. Thus, there is a great need for efficient and fast jamming detection techniques with high accuracy. In this paper, we compare the efficiency of several machine learning models in detecting jamming signals. We investigated the types of signal features that identify jamming signals, and generated a large dataset using these parameters. Using this dataset, the machine learning algorithms were trained, evaluated, and tested. These algorithms are random forest, support vector machine, and neural network. The performance of these algorithms was evaluated and compared using the probability of detection, probability of false alarm, probability of miss detection, and accuracy. The simulation results show that jamming detection based random forest algorithm can detect jammers with a high accuracy, high detection probability and low probability of false alarm.


Until now, electronics materials have mainly been manufactured from Sn-Pb alloy plating. However, there is a problem in that Pb pollutes the environment. Therefore, Sn-Pb alloys are principally prohibited for use in electronic components by RoHS instruction. Therefore, the development of an alternative material to Pb is required from now on. However, whisker generation has become a problem when an alternative material to Sn-Pb alloy is used. In this study, various investigations are conducted employing Sn-Cu, Sn-Bi and Sn-Pb alloys on the basis of microstructure control for the best plating material to prevent whisker generation when used as an alternative material to Pb. As a result, the difference in crystal grain morphology was clarified between these three kinds of plating materials through conducting FIB processing and detailed SIM observation. Therefore, the residual and contact stresses generated by the process of putting the FPC into a connector cannot be easily be relieved in the case of Sn-Cu plating film, the microstructure of which has fine columnar grains. Increasing the Bi contents improved whisker generation and growth characteristics. Whisker generation and growth were suppressed in the case of applying a Sn-Bi alloy whose Bi content was larger than 2wt%. In this case, grain size was also increased with the increase of Bi content. Therefore, material selection and control of grain morphology are extremely important for suppressing whisker generation and growth.


Hyperbranched polymers have received considerable attention in recent years due to their unusual properties arising from their unique molecular architecture and convenient synthesis by one-step polymerization of ABm (m ≥ 2) type monomers. However, hyperbranched polymers obtained by general synthetic methods have two disadvantages. First, the branching structure is not perfect; polymer topology is not well controlled. Second, the molecular weight is also not well controlled, and the molecular weight distribution is broad. These defects stem from the fact that the ABm monomers are generally polymerized by polycondensation or polyaddition, which proceeds through a step-growth polymerization mechanism. Herein we describe a new approach to controlled polymerization of AB2 monomer from a core molecule in a chain-growth polymerization manner by using the change of substituent effects between the monomer and the polymer. Furthermore, properties of the obtained hyperbranched polyamides, synthesis and self-assembly of well-defined polystyrene-b-hyperbranched polyamides were also investigated.


The Royal London Exempt Property Unit Trust has proposed to redevelop land on the corner of Pollard Street and Great Ancoats Street in the Ancoats area of Manchester (centred on SJ 8539 9807). In consideration of the development proposals, Manchester City Council attached a condition to planning consent that required an appropriate scheme of archaeological investigation to be carried out in advance of development. In the first instance, an archaeological desk-based assessment of the site was undertaken, which concluded that the site merited physical investigation prior to redevelopment (UMAU 2006). In particular, the footprint of a large cotton mill that had been established on the site in 1803-04 was considered to be of especial archaeological interest.
In the light of the conclusions drawn by the desk-based assessment, the County Archaeologist for Greater Manchester recommended that a programme of archaeological evaluation was carried out. It was recommended that this comprised the excavation of seven trenches, with a total combined length of some 135m, intended to establish the presence or absence of buried remains and assess their significance. The trenches were targeted on elements of the mill's former steam-power plant, an infilled canal basin immediately to the rear of the mill, and other buildings that formed part of the early mill complex. In March 2010, Oxford Archaeology North (OA North) was commissioned to carry out this scheme of work.
During the evaluation significant archaeological deposits were located across the site. As a result of theses findings, two areas of the site were extended forming a single area of excavation, centred within the footprint of the proposed development. This phase of work followed immediately on from the evaluation, and was undertaken in April 2010.
Three clear phases in the development of the site was identified. The earliest phase represented the early development of the site as a cotton mill, and the expansion of the building subsequently to incorporate at lest two steam engines. The excavation allowed elements of this steam-power plant to be exposed and recorded. The surviving remains included a series of foundation beds for the steam engines, flues, and internal floors. However, the buried remains exposed during the excavation were dominated by structures that dated to the later nineteenth century, and represented the remodelling of the cotton mill by a railway company for use as a grain warehouse. The final phase of development dated to the twentieth century, when the site was used as a goods warehouse.


Two new 2-dodecyl benzotriazole (BTz) based donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) type polymers were synthesized and characterized in terms of their electrochemical and spectral properties. These DAD type polymers were synthesized electrochemically from furan or thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (TT) endcapped BTz monomers. Furan based and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene based monomers showed monomer oxidations at 1.15 and 1.25 V, respectively, which eased the formation of conducting polymer films without overoxidation. Cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry studies showed that both materials are multicolored electrochromic polymers. Results and comparison with properties of other BTz based DAD type polymers are highlighted in detail.


Politicians in Ireland aim to radically transform access to healthcare by changing the current two-tiered system to a single-tier, universal healthcare service ensuring access to healthcare on the basis of medical need; not ability to pay. Successful implementation of this vision requires enabling a health system with the capacity to deliver in fact. Bedevilled with long waiting lists , emergency department bottlenecks, path dependent fragmentation and chronic under-resourcing of the primary and community care domains (to name a few of the challenges apparent), the Irish health system needs to forge practical paths to a level of integration greater than (although encompassing) the integrated care programmes already in train. This paper, based on initial findings of a systematic review of the 'organisational challenges of implementing universal healthcare policies in countries with a GDP per capita greater than $22,000' is oriented towards policy-makers, health system designers, enablers and providers - particularly those working in a context where health reform is focussed on implementing universal and integrated care models. Our initial search identified 1,784 papers (having removed duplicates) and after 5 screening stages resulted in 9 papers for review. These include a range of study types, and report findings from the USA, Australia, Canada, UK, Italy and Taiwan. Findings highlight the variety of policy instruments used to deliver universal healthcare, these include legislation, social health insurance and Medicare subsidies at the policy level; they also note service implementation processes, design, performance evaluation and leadership programmes aimed at greater system cohesion and integration at the practice level. The challenges and opportunities identified from our analysis relate primarily to provider practice and collaboration - both themes central to the development of integrated care. We find that providers experience better continuity of care and hence job satisfaction in some universal access settings, but also come up against systemic barriers to the shared decision-making, information flows and new role requirements necessary for integrated and universal access to care. The difficulty of changing role definitions and expectations is also apparent in our theme of collaboration. Getting stakeholders to engage in transparent peer-review, shifting fixed mind-sets and behaviours, optimum pacing of policy implementation for engagement, and systemic constraints that disable the renegotiation of professional differences on teams (for example) are also identified as important challenges. These findings can inform politicians and policy-makers as they express a vision and plan for the 'Future of Healthcare in Ireland' over the next 10 years (http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/oireachtasbusiness/committees_list/future-of-healthcare/). More broadly they offer pertinent evidence for those eager to better understand the processes of health system transition and transformation through a practical lens. We conclude on the basis of our review that universal healthcare implies a health system designed for integrated care. Making the explicit link between universal healthcare and integrated care on the basis of the organisational challenges and opportunities inherent to both policy directions is innovative and useful for health system reformers generally.


This paper considers the role of the designer as a mediator in planning and policy delivery. It discusses the implications for a definition of design arising from a doctoral research project that examines design's contribution to community development. Design continues to expand into new territories of practice, seeking to reframe its purpose as a catalyst for organisational innovation and systemic transformation. Fry (2009) describes the potential of design as a "pathfinding means to sustain action countering the unsustainable while also creating more viable futures." Co-design, service design and transformation design are terms that describe new approaches within design that have been applied to complex social issues such as health, inequality, crime and social exclusion (Lee, Y., Cassim, J. 2009). However, support of action on such issues has largely been explored through the use of creative methods applied through the design process. If design is to effectively assist sustained and meaningful transformation, it must develop an understanding of practice suited to social organisation. This paper asserts that if design is to realise its potential as a catalyst for behavioural change, cultural re-orientation and social innovation then it is crucial to first re-design design. The paper discusses findings from a field case study conducted in Clackmannanshire, a region of Central Scotland. Local community planning objectives on issues related to health and wellbeing was used as an anchor from which to navigate beyond conventional boundaries and explore actions. In essence: the project was rooted in a real-world policy context, but unconstrained in its methods or scope. The objectives were two-fold: to understand issues relating to effective planning and delivery, and to recognise the transferable attributes of design practice in such a context. The paper argues that an effective design intervention must focus less on the objective of problem solving and more on mediation as a method for design in its new age. Conceptualising design practice with social mediation at its core has profound implications for the required skills of the design practitioner. It therefore seems reasonable that engagement with new challenges and contexts of practice will require fresh approaches to education and training. The paper concludes by identifying some policy implications for design education and practice.


OBJECTIVE
This multisite randomized trial addressed risks and benefits of staying on long-acting injectable haloperidol or fluphenazine versus switching to long-acting injectable risperidone microspheres.

METHOD
From December 2004 through March 2008, adult outpatients with a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Patient Edition diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were taking haloperidol decanoate (n = 40) or fluphenazine decanoate (n = 22) were randomly assigned to stay on current long-acting injectable medication or switch to risperidone microspheres and followed for 6 months under study protocol and an additional 6 months naturalistic follow-up. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to examine the primary outcome (time to treatment discontinuation), and random regression models were used to examine secondary outcomes.

RESULTS
Groups did not differ significantly in time to treatment discontinuation through 6 months of protocol-driven treatment. When the 6-month naturalistic follow-up period was included, time to treatment discontinuation was significantly shorter for individuals assigned to switch than for individuals assigned to stay (10% of stayers discontinued versus 31% of switchers; P = .01). Groups did not differ with respect to psychopathology, hospitalizations, sexual side effects, new-onset tardive dyskinesia, or new-onset extrapyramidal symptoms. However, those randomized to switch to long-acting injectable risperidone microspheres had greater increases in body mass (increase of 1.0 body mass index [BMI] versus decrease of -0.3 BMI; P = .00) and prolactin (maximum increase to 23.4 ng/mL versus decrease to 15.2 ng/mL, P = .01) compared to those randomized to stay.

CONCLUSION
Switching from haloperidol decanoate or fluphenazine decanoate to risperidone microspheres resulted in more frequent treatment discontinuation as well as significant weight gain and increases in prolactin.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00044655.


Historical evidence suggests that Mafias originally formed to provide enforcement of legitimate property rights when state enforcement was weak. We provide a general equilibrium model of Mafias as enforcement coalitions which protect property from predators. Both the level of predation and the type of enforcement ≥ self-enforcement, specialized competitive enforcement and Mafia enforcement ≥ are endogenous. We identify the conditions under which a coalition emerges and persists and show that Mafias are most likely to be found at intermediate stages of economic development. We also show that Mafias might provide better enforcement to the rich than would a welfare-maximizing state, suggesting a difficulty in the emergence and persistence of state provision of enforcement.


The increasing demand for high-value food products in developing countries is creating incentives for expansion of supermarket chains as an alternative marketing system to the traditional marketing channels. However, smallholder farmers especially those in the vicinity of the urban cities and county capital townships in Kenya do not use supermarket channels effectively due to a number of factors. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors influencing the choice of participation in the supermarket supply channel as compared to that of traditional market channel. Data for the study were collected from a sample of 120 farmers 60 supplying to supermarket supply chains and 60 supplying to traditional marketing channels. Multistage random sampling procedure was used to construct the sample. Descriptive statistics and the logit regression model were used as the methods of analysis. The results reveal that farmers participating in supermarket supply chain have significantly higher value of revenues, farm sizes, number of labourers, labour costs and input costs as compared to those supplying to traditional markets. Ultimately they had a higher gross margin of Kshs 35,346.00 compared to a loss of Kshs 1847.00 realized by the farmers supplying to traditional markets. Empirical results of the logit model indicated that the marginal probabilities for farm size, labour cost, education level, extension assistance, method of supply, group participation and formation of a supply relationship significantly influenced the choice of supermarket supply chain. Hence public and private policy needs to support the development of smallholder technical, social and institutional environments that can help them to get over the scale problem. Supermarkets can help in a number of ways such as providing technical and financial support, reviewing buying practices and treating smallholder farmers as equal partners.


We report on the morphological, electrical and optical characteristics of Carbon nanotube (CNT) films on different transparent substrates, obtained using spray deposition. The effect of different substrate materials on the characteristics of spayed CNT films with varying thickness is investigated. While film morphology is shown to depend on the underlying surface characteristics, no significant changes in work function are observed. These results are compared to films deposited onto flexile substrates. Further, time-resolved THz spectroscopy reveals picosecond transient photoconductivity dynamics in sprayed CNT films on flexible PET substrates.


Abstract Background A COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infection is defined as SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antigen detected ≥ 14 days after completion of a final vaccine dose. CDC's May 25 MMWR report of 10,262 vaccine breakthrough infections in the U.S. is likely an underestimate. Herein, we report Veterans Health Administration (VHA) breakthrough cases, focusing on hospitalizations and deaths. Methods We extracted COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections tested between 1/19/2021 and 4/30/2021 from the VHA Corporate Data Warehouse (including screening tests). We reviewed medical records of cases who died and/or were hospitalized within 14 days of SARS-CoV-2 positive test for clinician documentation of conditions deemed high risk for COVID-19 and to confirm hospitalization or death was related to COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequencing (Clear Labs platform) and antigen testing (Abbott BinaxNOW) from available patient samples were performed and Pangolin lineage determined. Results 1,142 COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections were identified. 357/1,142 (31.3%) were hospitalized and/or died. 1,085 (95%) were male (Table 1), and median age was 72.5 years (74 years for hospitalized/deceased patients). COVID-19 infection contributed to hospitalization and/or death in 139 (38.9%) cases. The remaining 218 (61.1%) were hospitalized or died of causes apparently unrelated to COVID-19. Smoking and heart conditions were seen most frequently among hospitalized/deceased breakthrough cases (Table 2). Variant B.1.1.7 was predominant, present in 17/27 (63%) total samples sequenced, and 13/21 (61.9%) hospitalized/deceased. (Table 3). Of 21 sequenced hospitalized/deceased cases, SARS-CoV-2 antigen positivity was present in 11 (52.4%). Conclusion Compared to CDC reported breakthrough infections, VHA cases were more male, older, and hospitalized/died at higher frequency. Further study is needed to determine the contribution of specific underlying conditions, COVID-19 vaccine formulations and variants on hospitalization and death among COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections. Sequencing efforts for breakthrough cases should be intensified, particularly for those presenting with more severe infections. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures


Glutarylation of lysine residues occurs in proteins involved in cellular metabolism and is regulated by diet. Protein posttranslational modifications regulate diverse cellular functions. Lysine residues are subject to methylation, ubiquitylation, and sumoylation, as well as acylation involving acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA), succinyl-CoA, or malonyl-CoA. Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) is a member of class III histone deacetylases (HDACs) that has desuccinylase and demalonylase activity. Glutaryl-CoA is an intermediate in the catabolism of lysine and tryptophan. Tan et al. reported the discovery of lysine glutarylation and deglutarylation and showed that glutarylation of mitochondrial metabolic proteins was altered by diet and disease. Western blot analysis with an antibody that specifically recognized glutaryl-lysine revealed glutarylation of proteins in several prokaryotic and eukaryotic species. Mass spectrometry–based comparison of synthetic glutarylated peptides and glutaryl-lysine–enriched peptides derived from bacteria and HeLa cells, as well as analysis of glutarylated peptides from HeLa cells grown in the presence of isotopically labeled glutarate, confirmed the existence of glutarylation. In vitro assays identified SIRT5 as the only HDAC with deglutarylation activity. The livers of Sirt5 knockout mice had globally increased glutarylation, including 683 lysines in 191 proteins that were enriched for proteins that function in cellular metabolism and localize in the mitochondria. The protein with the greatest number of glutarylated lysines was carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase1 (CPS1), a long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase in the urea cycle. Sirt5 knockout mice and the media of HeLa cells with SIRT5 knockdown had more ammonia, a result consistent with inhibition of CPS1. The livers of fasted wild-type mice showed different patterns of glutarylation than those of mice fed a normal diet, and fruit flies fed with tryptophan showed globally increased glutarylation. Protein glutarylation was increased in samples from patients with glutaric acidemia caused by mutation in the gene encoding glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH), which converts glutaryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA, and in those from GCDH knockout mice. CPS1 activity was reduced in hepatocytes of both Sirt5 and GCDH knockout mice. Thus, glutarylation is among a growing number of lysine posttranslational modifications important for the cellular metabolic homeostasis. M. Tan, C. Peng, K. A. Anderson, P. Chhoy, Z. Xie, L. Dai, J. Park, Y. Chen, H. Huang, Y. Zhang, J. Ro, G. R. Wagner, M. F. Green, A. S. Madsen, J. Schmiesing, B. S. Peterson, G. Xu, O. R. Ilkayeva, M. J. Muehlbauer, T. Braulke, C. Mühlhausen, D. S. Backos, C. A. Olsen, P. J. McGuire, S. D. Pletcher D. B. Lombard, M. D. Hirschey, Y. Zhao, Lysine glutarylation is a protein posttranslational modification regulated by SIRT5. Cell Metab. 19, 605–617 (2014). [PubMed]


In 2007, Routledge published Theory for Performance Studies as part of its Theory 4 series, listing Philip Auslander as author. When, in August, The Chronicle of Higher Education revealed that much of the book was lifted word-for-word from the template for the series, Theory for Religious Studies by Timothy K. Beal and William E. Deal, TDR editor Richard Schechner convened via email and phone conversations a TDR Forum, asking leaders in the field to respond to the book and the series. Schechner and other respondents address issues of plagiarism, corporate takeovers of academic publishing, and the dumbing down of performance studies, asking why a notable scholar such as Auslander would undertake such an egregious piece of scholarship. Deal and Beal answer some questions put to them by Schechner, and Routledge's Claire L'Enfant and Talia Rodgers offer their perspectives.


The authors report a case of a preterm infant at 29 weeks of gestation who gradually developed a Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I) with hydrocephalus due to a premature unilateral fusion of the posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. Brain ultrasonography results in the 1st week of life were normal. Follow-up ultrasonography showed progressive development of triventricular hydrocephalus. Brain MRI demonstrated the presence of a CM-I and a deformation of the occipital bone. A complementary CT scan was obtained, showing a closure of the right posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis, resulting in a deformation of the posterior cranial fossa. This case shows the close relationship between a malformation of the skull base and the secondary development of a brain malformation. The authors discuss the anatomy of the occipital bone and suggest a probable theory for the premature closure of this synchondrosis and the consequent development of a CM-I. The originality of this case lies in the observation of the natural history of a brain malformation in a preterm infant.


Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Aleksandras Stulginskis University. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. MATHEMATICAL COMPETENCES AND COMPETENCE-BASED MATHEMATICS LEARNING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT


In this article we discuss cross-cultural similarities and variations in parents' engagement in the everyday activities in which their preschool-age children engage, focusing on mothers' and fathers' presence in the same setting as their children, the impact of their presence on the types of activities in which the children engaged, and the extent of mothers' and fathers' involvement with their children in those activities. The data were gathered from different societies - the United States, Korea, Russia, Estonia, and Kenya. They reveal that the children were involved primarily in play (more than in lessons, work, or conversation), and this was unaffected by the presence of either parent. However, parents were relatively less likely to be involved in their children's play than in the other activities. Mothers, not surprisingly, were more likely to be found in the same setting as their children and, even when taking account of their greater presence, were more likely to be involved with their children than were fathers.


In this article, the author makes a study on the etiology of accident buildings and summarizes the similarity of them in the loess region. Meanwhile, the underpinning technology and ground treatment method in Loess Region has been researched. Then recommend several strengthening methods of the underpinning which suit for similar accident buildings in Loess Region. Finally, the article points out that there as on able selection of the Underpinning reinforcement Scheme must consider the damage reasons and the feature of the building in loess region and the construction environment and the economic factors.


The nondelegation doctrine is dead. It is difficult to think of a more frequently repeated or widely accepted legal conclusion. For generations, scholars have maintained that the doctrine was cast aside by the New Deal Court and is now nothing more than a historical curiosity. In this Article, we argue that the conventional wisdom is mistaken in an important respect. Drawing on an original dataset of more than one thousand nondelegation challenges, we find that, although the doctrine has disappeared at the federal level, it has thrived at the state level. In fact, in the decades since the New Deal, state courts have grown more willing to invoke the nondelegation doctrine. Despite the countless declarations of its demise, the nondelegation doctrine is, in a meaningful sense, alive and well.


Protein–DNA complexes were formed when nuclear extracts from embryogenic rice suspension cultures or maize embryos were incubated with an abscisic acid–VIVIPAROUS1 (VP1) response element (Em1a) from the Em promoter. Monoclonal antibodies generated to GF14, a 14-3-3 protein from plants, resulted in gel retardation of the Em1a–protein complexes. Antibodies generated to the C and N termini of GF14 detected protein isoforms in rice nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts, but no differences in distribution of the GF14 isoforms were recognized between the nucleus and cytoplasm or when abscisic acid–treated and untreated tissues were compared. When recombinant GF14 fusion proteins from rice were added to nuclear extracts, novel complexes were formed that required the dimerization domain of GF14. Chemical cross-linking showed that GF-14 interacted with the basic leucine zipper factor EmBP1, which binds specifically to Em1a, and with VP1, which transactivates Em through Em1a. GF14 proteins from rice were shown to interact with VP1 in yeast through the dimerization domain of GF14. Our results indicated that GF14 interacts with both site-specific DNA binding proteins (i.e., EmBP1) and tissue-specific regulatory factors (i.e., VP1) and may provide a structural link between VP1 and the Em1a transcriptional complex.


Some combinations of wave length and wave height under certain operational condi-tions may lead to dangerous unstable motions for ships in accordance with the IS Code. The susceptibility of a ship to dangerous phenomenon will depend on the stabil-ity parameters, ship speed, hull shape and ship size. This signifies that the vulnerabil-ity to dangerous responses, including capsizing, and its probability of occurrence in a singular sea state may differ for each ship. During navigation periods these unstable motions are able to be encountered, which may lead to a cargo or equipment damage and the unsafety of the persons on board. The main reason for these causes is rarely known and currently there are just few work such as the International Maritime Organ-ization guidelines which tries to ensure adequate dynamic stability (IMO, MSC.1/Circ.1228, 2007). Ship routing systems are gaining importance in the maritime sector as the use of these systems can lead to the reduction of fuel usage and reduce costs. Therefore, a mitiga-tion of carbon emis¬sions and improvement of maritime safety happens due to the avoidance of bad weather conditions. The implementation of pathfinding algorithms to determine the optimal ship routing has been widely used for transoceanic distances. However, the evaluation of short distance routes with ship-weather routing algorithms is still scarce, due to the low spatial resolution of wave fields. Mixing both concepts, that is to say, implementing the ship routing system with com-mon unstable motions makes the algorithm more complete and useful than it was. Thus, equipping ships with these systems will be profitable for the officers because they will be able to modify the stablished route or, at least, alter the course depending on the danger faced. Results derived from such calculations should only be regarded as a supporting tool during the decision-making process.


1. Blood flow was measured in the renal cortex and medulla of anaesthetized rats by the hydrogen washout method. The effects of dopamine infusion were measured. 2. Low doses of dopamine (20 and 65 n‐mole.kg‐1.min‐1) caused only small increases in renal blood flow, and a higher dose (200 n‐mole.kg‐1.min‐1) caused vasoconstriction. After alpha‐blockade with phenoxybenzamine (9 mumole.kg‐1), all doses of dopamine caused vasodilatation in the cortex and medulla of the kidney. 3. This dopamine‐induced renal vasodilatation was almost abolished by sulpiride (0.7 mumole.kg‐1.min‐1), but was only slightly attenuated by propranolol (10 mumole.kg‐1). 4. Sulpiride did not significantly alter the renal blood flow responses to noradrenaline or isoprenaline, or the blood pressure responses to histamine, acetylcholine, 5HT, noradrenaline and isoprenaline. 5. In normal rats, infusion of sulpiride generally caused a reduction in renal cortical blood flow. This response showed a positive correlation with the initial blood pressure. 6. It is concluded that there are specific dopamine receptors in the renal vasculature of the rat, and that dopamine may play a role in the normal control of renal blood flow.


The 5-benzoyl-4,6-diphenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-thioxopyrimidin ( 1 ) have been prepared via Biginelli cyclocondensation reaction in acetic acid under reflux condition in good yield (93%). Reactions of 1 and iodomethane to afford thiopyrimidine compounds 3 and 5 . Also, the acetylation of compounds 1 and 3 gave 3-acetyl thioxopyrimidine 2 and methylthiopyrimidine 4 , respectively. Thioxopyrimidine derivative 6 was synthesized from 1 and POCl3/DMF. Furthermore, the starting compound 1 were cyclized with various bromo compounds to the thiazolopyrimidine 7 , 8 , 9 and pyrimido[2,3-b]thiazine 10 derivatives, in approximately 55–78% yields. The purpose of synthesizing the thioxopyrimidine derivatives is because of the high biological activities. All of these derivatives have been characterized by analytical and spectroscopic studies and the reaction mechanism is discussed.


This study attempts to implement the Islamic mode of dream interpretation as well as assess its significance in religious conversion by examining the Muslim converts' form of dreams, whereby their dreams were studied in terms of religious dream imageries and dream elements, and eventually, the impacts of religious dream imageries and dream elements to them. It is discovered that the religious dream imageries of the seven participants were explicit and implicit with specific forms of messages such as paradise and hell revealed through dream, reminder dreams, contemplate-like dreams, and 'saviour' dreams. Results also reveal that the 10 most frequent dream elements recounted by the seven participants were garment (robe), servant of God, turban, elderly person, imam (religious leader), lights, mosque, prayer mat, Qur'an, and sky. The results expose that the impacts of the religious dream imageries and dream elements to the participants were that they either seek for an answer, followed the instructions or hints given in the dreams, or straight away made the decisions to embrace Islam - all of which eventually led them to their conversions to Islam. Thus, dream imageries and dream elements are two aspects that rely on one another in the course of interpreting dreams. The participants' dreams show that dreams facilitated the reception of religious beliefs by providing personal experiential confirmation of incoming information or events to dreamers.


Studies of industrial symbiosis (IS) focus on the physical flows of materials and energy in local industrial systems. In an ideal IS, waste material and energy are shared or exchanged among the actors of the system, thereby reducing the consumption of virgin material and energy inputs, and likewise the generation of waste and emissions. In this study, the environmental impacts of an industrial ecosystem centered around a pulp and paper mill and operating as an IS are analyzed using life cycle assessment (LCA). The system is compared with two hypothetical reference systems in which the actors would operate in isolation. Moreover, the system is analyzed further in order to identify possibilities for additional links between the actors. The results show that of the total life cycle impacts of the system, upstream processes made the greatest overall contribution to the results. Comparison with stand‐alone production shows that in the case studied, the industrial symbiosis results in modest improvements, 5% to 20% in most impact categories, in the overall environmental impacts of the system. Most of the benefits occur upstream through heat and electricity production for the local town. All in all it is recommended that when the environmental impacts of industrial symbiosis are assessed, the impacts occurring upstream should also be studied, not only the impacts within the ecosystem.


In recent years, major international data portals or aggregators have conducted large-scale studies on the expectations of their data providers and uses in terms of Intellectual Property Rights. One can cite here EUROPEANA, GBIF, but also the European Commission itself with its public surveys on OpenAccess and OpenScience. In order to enable large scale reuse and automated applications, many networks promote complete free access and re-use of data and information without any restrictions or ad hoc requirements. Indeed, terms of use or specific requirements that have to be checked and respected (often at the individual record level) are considered to be major barriers for rapid and large scale re-use of content. It is a challenge for modeling tools and complicates the development of applications and software. On the other hand, data owners and producers have genuine and legitimate arguments for requiring specific terms for access or re-use of the content, such as requests to be cited, excluding commercial use, or having to restrict access to respect national legislations or the rules on protection of private data. While quite a large number of data providers could be convinced to adhere to Public Domain or Creative Commons licenses, recent surveys have shown that a substantial amount of data is not mobilized to the extent it could be because data custodians are wary of the long term implications and re-use of their knowledge without citing their contribution. While TDWG has of course always promoted free and open source software and encouraged free sharing of data, it is in the context of this new group, not the intention to decide which IPR statements to use, nor to enter the lengthy debate on the matter. However strong from the results of the many surveys on IPR conducted by several partners and in the framework of several associated projects, TDWG has a good understanding of the issues and expectations of its community. Currently TDWG standards, like ABCD or Darwin Core have, both at metadata and data level, concepts relating to IPR statements. The goal of such a TDWG group would thus be to revisit the concepts on IPR statements in the standards and reflect on controlled vocabularies, so that mobilization, re-use of data and development of applications can be eased, without asking data providers to renounce to some of their rights, access or re-use requirements.


The role of collaboration in scientific and scholarly research is changing due to advances in Web technology. In particular, the need for collaborative science has generated demands for working environments that facilitate human communication and resource sharing among research communities. The Collaborative Orthopaedic Research Environment (CORE) project provides an infrastructure that combines clinical, educational and research activities in a Virtual Research Environment (VRE) for orthopaedic researchers to collaborate in the design, analysis, and dissemination of experiments. An overview of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) concepts is presented in this report before moving on to discuss the benefits and rationale of using a SOA in the context of the CORE project. A user requirements study conducted to guide the authors in designing the CORE VRE is also reported.


BACKGROUND
Little is known about international variation in mortality after severe trauma. This study examines variation in mortality, injury severity, and case management among countries from a recent prospective multinational trauma trial.

METHODS
This trauma trial was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, multicenter comparison of recombinant activated factor VII versus placebo in severely injured bleeding trauma patients. Differences in baseline patient characteristics, case management, and clinical outcomes were examined for the 11 countries recruiting most patients. Between-country differences in mortality were examined using regression analysis adjusting for case mix and case management differences. Global predictors of mortality were also identified using multivariate regression analysis.

RESULTS
Significant differences were observed between countries in unadjusted mortality rates at 24 hours (p = 0.025) and 90 days (p < 0.0001). When adjusting for differences in case mix and case management, the between country differences in mortality at 24 hours and 90 days remained significant. Consistent independent predictors of 24-hour, 24-hour to 90-day, and 90-day mortality were admission lactate >or=5 mmol/L (odds ratio: 9.06, 3.56, and 5.39, respectively) and adherence to clinical management guidelines (odds ratio: 4.92, 5.90, and 3.26, respectively). On average, the damage control surgery guideline was less well adhered to than the RBC transfusion and ventilator guidelines. There was statistically significant variation between countries with respect to adherence to the RBC transfusion guideline.

CONCLUSIONS
Considering international variation in mortality when designing or interpreting results from multinational trauma studies is important. Significant differences in mortality persisted between patients from different countries after case mix and case management adjustment. Adherence to clinical guidelines was associated with improved survival. Stratification, case mix adjustment, and use of guidelines on damage control surgery, transfusion, and ventilation may mitigate country-driven variation in mortality.


This study investigates possible variation in post-mortem histories during the Neolithic period in southwestern Sweden based on microscopic studies of human bone. Numerous megalithic graves were built in this region and good preservation conditions have left a rich skeletal record. After more than a hundred years of research, it is still a controversy whether or not these skeletal assemblages were the result of primary burials, or ossuaries where skeletonized remains were deposited. In this study we apply histological analysis to obtain insights into post-mortem histories and taphonomic processes affecting the human remains, potentially including funerary rituals. This type of analysis records the condition and traces of degradation found in skeletal material at a microscopic level. Human skeletal material from four different megalithic tombs in the Falbygden area has been sampled and analysed by thin-section light microscopy, and by scanning electron microscopy. The results of the study provide evidence of variation and changes in burial conditions for skeletal remains from the different graves, also for remains from the same grave. Extent of bioerosion varied, from extensive to moderate/arrested, to none. Bone samples from the same graves also differed in the type of staining and mineral inclusions, showing that the non-bioeroded samples relatively early post-mortem must have experienced an anoxic environment, and later a change to an aerated environment. This could be taken as an indication of primary burial somewhere else, but more likely reflect a special micro-environment occurring temporarily in some graves and parts of graves after the tombs were filled with soil and sealed by roof slabs. The study illustrates the usefulness of bone histological analysis in the reconstruction of post-mortem histories, revealing variations not discernible at macro-level that may aid in the interpretations of funerary rituals. However, the results also highlight the issues of equifinality. Based on current data and knowledge, several scenarios are possible. Further histotaphonomic work is advisable, including archaeological remains from megalithic tombs, and bones from taphonomic experiments.


In carcinogenicity experiments with animals where the tumor is not palpable it is common to observe only the time of death of the animal, the cause of death (the tumor or another independent cause, as sacrifice) and whether the tumor was present at the time of death. These last two indicator variables are evaluated after an autopsy. Defining the non-negative variables T1 (time of tumor onset), T2 (time of death from the tumor) and C (time of death from an unrelated cause), we observe (Y,Δ1,Δ2), where Y = min{T2,C},Δ1 =1 {T1≤C}, and Δ2 =1 {T2≤C}. The random variables T1 and T2 are independent of C and have a joint distribution such that P(T1 ≤ T2) = 1. Some authors call this model a "survival-sacrifice model". [20] (generally to be denoted by LJP (1997)) proposed a Weighted Least Squares estimator for F1 (the marginal distribution function of T1), using the Kaplan-Meier estimator of F2 (the marginal distribution function of T2). The authors claimed that their estimator is more efficient than the MLE (maximum likelihood estimator) of F1 and that the Kaplan-Meier estimator is more efficient than the MLE of F2. However, we show that the MLE of F1 was not computed correctly, and that the (claimed) MLE estimate of F1 is even undefined in the case of active constraints. In our simulation study we used a primal-dual interior point algorithm to obtain the true MLE of F1. The results showed a better performance of the MLE of F1 over the weighted least squares estimator in LJP (1997) for points where F1 is close to F2. Moreover, application to the model, used in the simulation study of LJP (1997), showed smaller variances of the MLE estimators of the first and second moments for both F1 and F2, and sample sizes from 100 up to 5000, in comparison to the estimates, based on the weighted least squares estimator for F1, proposed in LJP (1997), and the Kaplan-Meier estimator for F2. R scripts are provided for computing the estimates either with the primal-dual interior point method or by the EM algorithm. In spite of the long history of the model in the biometrics literature (since about 1982), basic properties of the real maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) were still unknown. We give necessary and sfficient conditions for the MLE (Theorem 3.1), as an element of a cone, where the number of generators of the cone increases quadratically with sample size. From this and a self-consistency equation, turned into a Volterra integral equation, we derive the consistency of the MLE (Theorem 4.1). We conjecture that (under some natural conditions) one can extend the methods, used to prove consistency, to proving that the MLE is √n consistent for F2 and cube root n convergent for F1, but this has presently not yet been proved.