BACKGROUND
There is little consensus on the extent to which psychiatric disorders or syndromes are universal or the extent to which they differ on their core definitions and constellation of symptoms as a result of cultural or contextual factors. This controversy continues due to the lack of biological markers, imprecise measurement and the lack of a gold standard for validating most psychiatric conditions.

METHOD
Empirical studies were used to present evidence in favor of or against a universalist or relativistic view of child psychiatric disorders using a model developed by Robins and Guze to determine the validity of psychiatric disorders.

RESULTS
The prevalence of some of the most common specific disorders and syndromes as well as its risk and protective factors vary across cultures, yet comorbid patterns and response to treatments vary little across cultures. Cross-cultural longitudinal data on outcomes is equivocal.

CONCLUSIONS
The cross-cultural validity of child disorders may vary drastically depending on the disorder, but empirical evidence that attests for the cross-cultural validity of diagnostic criteria for each child disorder is lacking. There is a need for studies that investigate the extent to which gene-environment interactions are related to specific disorders across cultures. Clinicians are urged to consider culture and context in determining the way in which children's psychopathology may be manifested independent of their views. Recommendations for the upcoming classificatory system are provided so that practical or theoretical considerations are addressed about how culture and ethnic issues affect the assessment or treatment of specific disorders in children.


This study examines whether task-modality (speaking vs. speaking+writing) influences first language (L1) use in task-based English as a foreign language (EFL) learner–learner interaction. Research on the topic has shown that different task-modality triggers different learning opportunities with collaborative speaking tasks drawing learners' attention to meaning and tasks that also incorporate a written component drawing attention more to formal linguistic aspects. Research has also shown that a balanced L1 use might be positive in learner–learner interaction, as it helps learners maintain their interest in the task and acts as a strategy to make difficult tasks more manageable. This article analyses L1 use and the functions it served during the oral interaction of 44 EFL Spanish learners while they completed four collaborative tasks: two speaking tasks (picture placement and picture differences) and two speaking+writing tasks (dictogloss and text editing). Findings point to a clear impact of task-modality on L1 use, as speaking+writing tasks made learners fall back on their L1 more frequently. L1 functions were also task dependent with grammar deliberations more frequent in speaking+writing tasks and vocabulary searches in speaking tasks.


This paper explores the impact of climate risk on the adoption of risk decreasing practices and other input choices and evaluates their impact on subjective and objective measures of household welfare (namely net crop income and a food insecurity indicator). The analysis is conducted primarily using a novel data set that combines data from the largescale and representative Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ERSS), 2011/12 with historical climate and biophysical data. We employ a multivariate probit model on plot level observations to model simultaneous and interdependent adoption decisions and utilize a conditional mixed process estimator (CMP) and instrumental variable (IV) method for the impact estimates. Findings show that there is interdependency between the adoption decisions of different farm management practices which may be attributed to complementarities or substitutability between the practices. Greater riskiness, reflected in the coefficients of variation and higher temperature, increases use of risk reducing inputs such as climate-smart agriculture (CSA) inputs, but decrease use of modern inputs such as chemical fertilizer. Even if higher climate risk does generate higher incentive to adopt, results also confirm the importance of other conventional constraints to adoption that need to be addressed. Yield enhancing inputs such as chemical fertilizer and improved seed are mainly adopted by wealthier households and households having access to credit and extension services whereas risk reducing inputs are frequently used by households with lower level of wealth and limited access to credit and households with stable land tenure. Moreover, the CMP and IV estimations showed that the adoption of CSA and modern inputs have positive and statistically significant impacts on the objective measure of food security (net crop income) but no impact is observed for the subjective food security indicator.


There were 288 regional trade agreements (RTAs) in force at the end of 2018, approximately one quarter (27%) of which included digital trade provisions. These e-commerce chapters have evolved from simple statements, to more comprehensive attempts to cultivate digital trade. This article tests the hypothesis that as e-commerce chapters have become more common and more detailed, their legal enforceability has also risen. Enforceability is measured using a qualitative empirical analysis of seventy-eight e-commerce chapters in RTAs notified to the World Trade Organization. The first section reviews recent initiatives to map and track e-commerce provisions in RTAs. The second section uses count data and text-as-data to develop a time-sequence, process tracing examination of the relationship between e-commerce chapters and dispute settlement. The analysis emphasizes the trajectory of development, from earliest related provisions in 2001 to next-generation agreements such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the newNorth American agreement, the United States-Mexico-Canada Free Trade Agreement (USMCA). The conclusion provides a discussion of the consequences of this evolving relationship for the multilateral governance of trade at the WTO.


PurposeDrawing upon the resource-based view of the firm, this paper aims to develop and empirically validate a model that examines the relationships between technical knowledge management infrastructure (TKMI), social KM infrastructure (SKMI) and competitive advantage provided by KM (CAPKM). The authors argue that KM process capabilities account for the direct effects of TKMI and SKMI on CAPKM.Design/methodology/approachThe study used partial least squares —structural equating modelling (SEM) to empirically test the hypotheses using a sample of 251 firms from an emerging economy. The results were then confirmed using the bias-corrected bootstrap procedure. The study also conducted two robustness checks including examining a competing moderation model and performing fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), a set–theoretic method that examines how causal conditions combine into all possible configurations of binary states to explain the desired outcome.FindingsThe findings show that TKMI and SKMI have positive effects on CAPKM. In addition, KM process capabilities mediate the direct effects of TKMI and SKMI on CAPKM.Originality/valueThis paper complements and advances previous research in several ways. Firstly, the paper develops a conceptual model that depicts the interrelationships between TKMI, SKMI, KM process capabilities and CAPKM. Secondly, this paper suggests the critical role of the "action" component (i.e. KM process capabilities) that capitalises on the KM resources in the creation of CAPKM.


The effect of electrode force on the weld quality of resistance spot welding monitored using electrode displacement was experimentally studied in this article. The electrode displacement was detected by the grating displacement sensor, and the maximal electrode displacement was obtained by the measurement system. The weld quality was evaluated by the tensile-shear strength of spot welds. Groups of spot welding experiments were performed under different electrode pressure, and the relationship of the maximal electrode displacement and tensile-shear strength in weld lobe was analyzed. The results showed that the relationship between electrode displacement and weld quality is not constant when the electrode force changed.


The thesis is based upon a belief that it is possible to obtain a
clearer understanding of the causes, consequences and complexities
of British Fascism through studying the process of politicization,
from childhood to full Fascist political consciousness, of Mosley's
Director of Publicity and Propaganda in the British Union of
Fascists - Arthur Kenneth Chesterton, M.C. (1899-1973).
In order to trace through the exact nature of Chesterton's road to
Fascism, those events and ideas which can be seen as crucial to
his ideological evolution are highlighted. These include his childhood, spent amidst the jingoistic patriotism, overt racism and
covert anti-Semitism of fin de siecle South Africa; his cloistered
private education in England (1911-1914); his dreadful and yet
uplifting experiences of war, while still intellectually and
emotionally a child; the bleak disillusionment of peace - his
return to South Africa in 1919, where he was faced with the
realities of Afrikaner nationalism and white trade unionism, in
opposition to Chesterton's beloved British Empire, which drew
Chesterton into armed conflict under most unhappy circumstances;
his return to England in 1924 and immersion in the small-minded
world of provincial journalism; his development of a romantic
literary intellectualism which led him to the transfer of
essentially metaphysical values into the realm of political
analysis; and finally the impact of Fascist ideology itself, with
its extreme xenophobia, cultural nationalism, mystical historicism
and rabid anti-Semitism.
The result is a portrait of Chesterton which explains his
motivation in terms of a complex mix of personal, intellectual,
and contextual forces,and thus demythologises the man, removing
the easy-to-manage hate figure and replacing him with a
complicated figure of tragic contradictions. A comparison of
Chesterton's Fascist beliefs with those of Mosley and William
Joyce reveals that each was motivated by different obsessions,
suggesting that inter-war Fascism was a coalition of many strands
of opinion, held loosely together by certain common assumptions.


The use of passive seismic techniques to monitor oil- field completion and production processes is on the rise. Stress changes induced by such reservoir activities as hydraulic fracturing, water injection, or fluid extraction will often result in failure of the rocks with a concurrent release of seismic energy in the form of compressional (P) and shear (S) waves. Passive seismic monitoring is based on recording these emitted waves and then using their arrival times to estimate the location of the failure events.


Excessive accumulation of intracellular calcium in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) may be a necessary step in the process that causes muscle damage in this disease. Because of this possibility, a controlled trial of the calcium channel blocking agent nifedipine was undertaken. One hundred and five patients were randomized and treated in a double‐blind manner for 18 months. Muscle strength, contractures, functional ability, cardiopulmonary changes, and laboratory data were monitored. The dose of nifedipine was 0.75‐1 mg/kg/day in the first 6 months and 1.5‐2 mg/kg/day for the next 12 months. Satisfactory blood levels of nifedipine were attained. The study had a power greter than 0.99 to detect a slowing of the illness to 25% of its original rate of progression. No significant improvement was demonstrated in the treated group. One or more of the frequent mild side effects of flushing, dizziness, and leg edema, often associated with the use of nifedipine in adults, occurred transiently in approximately one‐half of the patients in the nifedipine group and in 21% of the placebo group. Four patients died, two on nifedipine and two on placebo. This study demonstrates that nifedipine is safe to administer in children, but that it is without beneficial effect on the course of DMD.


As Maoism recedes, and especially after the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre, Beijing has increasingly turned to patriotic nationalism for its ideological inspiration and legitimation. Return of the Dragon begins with a discussion of the definitions, typologies, and theories of nationalism. The formation and development of the Chinese people are explored, including their myths of origins, early beginnings, the classical feudal period, and the enduring state and empire of the Middle Kingdom. The Opium War began the "hundred years of humiliation" when dynastic China steadily deteriorated and eventually succumbed to the forces unleashed by imperialism. Western and Japanese imperialism also transformed the Chinese from a people into a nation. The ideas of early Chinese nationalists are explored, particularly those of Sun Yat-sen, whose thought stands in stark contrast to those of Mao, but shares significant similarities with the developmental nationalism of Deng Xiaoping.The last chapters of Return of the Dragon describe contemporary China's patriotic nationalism as it is represented in the writings of Chinese intellectuals, the youth, and the military. The portrait that emerges is a disquieting mix of narcissism and insecurity, wounded pride and resentment, a Darwinian worldview and an irredentist resolve to restore China to its former glory. The book concludes with an examination of the Chinese polity that remains authoritarian, as well as U.S. policy implications.


Summary

This paper seeks to make a meaningful contribution to the literature on the use of stabilisation funds in resource-dependent countries, by proposing a new manner by which to measure their effectiveness. Since the 1950s, over 30 countries have used these instruments to stabilise resource revenues into their budgets to avoid the resource curse and Dutch disease and/or to save income from non-renewables. As has been documented by case studies, these countries have had a mixed record in attaining their goals.

This paper is novel in that it aggregates quantitative results of fund performance through the compilation of a new database of detailed fiscal indicators for, put together through the extraction of data from hundreds of IMF documents containing official government data. The cross-country analysis of fiscal performance provides a new direction for the measurement of the effectiveness of stabilisation funds and the underlying political economy reasons for their success or failure.

Because these funds serve a purpose of both stabilisation and savings, it is argued that their effectiveness should be measured by a success variable which is an indicator of sustainable fiscal performance. This is defined by its impact along three dimensions: fiscal revenues, fiscal expenditures and savings. By looking at the underlying economic and political conditions, as well as the attributes of stabilisation funds which drive success, some interesting conclusions are reached.

First, stabilisation funds matter. Although there is no a priori economic reason to create one, their presence leads to better fiscal outcomes.

Second, the governance of stabilisation funds is the most important factor in determining their success. An independent civil service is positive for success, while open and regulated political systems are actually found to be detrimental, contrary to what the literature assumed.

Finally, the rules of the stabilisation fund are also crucial. Discretion over resources is negative for success, while earmarking is positive. This means that these funds work best when they are relatively rigid and less susceptible to capture by politicians.


The majority of asthma exacerbations are caused by rhinovirus. Currently the treatment of asthma exacerbations is inadequate. Previous evidence suggests that macrolide antibiotics have anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects however the mechanism is unknown. We investigated the anti-rhinoviral potential of macrolides through the induction of anti-viral gene mRNA and protein. Primary human bronchial epithelial cells were pre-treated with the macrolides Azithromycin, Erythromycin and Telithromycin, and infected with minor group rhinovirus 1B and major group rhinovirus 16. The mRNA expression of the anti-viral genes, type I interferon-β and type III interferon-λ1, interferon-λ2/3, and interferon stimulated genes (retinoic acid inducible gene I, melanoma differentiation associated gene 5, oligoadenylate synthase, MxA and Viperin) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8), and rhinovirus replication and release were measured. Azithromycin, but not Erythromycin or Telithromycin significantly increased rhinovirus 1B and 16 induced interferons and interferon stimulated gene mRNA expression and protein production. Furthermore, Azithromycin significantly reduced rhinovirus replication and release. Rhinovirus induced IL-6 and IL-8 protein and mRNA expression were not significantly reduced by Azithromycin pre-treatment. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that Azithromycin has anti-rhinoviral activity in bronchial epithelial cells, and during rhinovirus infection increases the production of interferon stimulated


In this study we explored the interrelationships among goal orientation, self-regulatory mechanisms, and error orientation with a view to predicting performance in a management task involving decision making at a furniture factory in an uncertain situation. The sample was randomly assigned as a control group and an experimental group, but only the participants in the latter group received fictitious information about job insecurity in the furniture sector. Successive self-assessments evaluated their judgments about self-efficacy and emotional state during the task. The results show that, initially, the setting of uncertainty negatively affects self-regulatory mechanisms and performance; this effect disappears with time, while affective state and a positive error orientation guarantee better long-term performance.


Temperature coefficients are reported for photomultiplier tube types used in astronomy. For 1% stability of gain and color response, temperature regulation of 1°C or better is generally required. This is nearly an order of magnitude better than what is usually achieved at the telescope, but careful use of a well-designed cold box should make 1°C temperature stability possible. For maximum stability and reproducibility, ordinary blue-sensitive tubes should be avoided at wavelengths longer than 5000 A, and trialkali cathodes should not be used beyond 6500 A.


The Zollverein, the 1834 customs union between independent German states, removed all internal borders. This paper investigates its economic impact focussing on urban population growth in the state of Saxony. Implications from a economic geography model are tested with a data set on town populations and location characteristics as well as an improved distance measure created with GIS techniques to include geography and infrastructure. Saxony's Zollverein membership led to significantly higher growth for towns close to the liberalized border. The effect depended on a town's size, was reinforced through neighboring markets and worked through influencing migration and natural increase.


Ussually, boraks is used in the process of making tofu, thouhg it has many disadvantages for the body. That's why, an alternative must be found to replace boraks. Iles-iles which has high content of glukomana n is used to replace boraks.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding iles-iles of elasticity know, on nutrition knows, and knows the storage time with the addition of iles-iles . In this study, the material needed is soybeans, iles-iles, distilled water and CaO. That has been boiled soy blend to a temperature of 900C. After that, soy milk is filtered and mixed with tubers iles-iles that have been boiled and dilaluskan. CaO was added to adjust pH. Know who has been so analyzed for levels of protein, crude fiber, as well as the resilience and durability.From the analysis of proteins, can be compared to know the normal levels of protein levels of the protein out with the addition of iles-iles higher protein damage due to borax in regular knows. For the analysis of fiber, protein levels of crude fiber in the plus-iles iles higher because of the iles-iles contain lots of fiber. Elasticity know the iles-iles lower than usual idea, because borax is more rubbery. Know that contain glucomannan seawet not know which contain borax.Conclusions obtained from this study, out with the addition of iles-iles had higher levels of nutrients that knows more than the usual. However, elasticity and durability of iles-iles out with less than know with borax, because iles-iles has a lot of water content


The application of best practices in disaster construction knowledge is a means of significantly improving housing resilience. This is essential to support a transition from vulnerability toward resilience. Nevertheless, there are currently recognised standards for best practices in rural construction. Due to a lack of expertise in Disaster Knowledge Management (DKM), Pakistan has a significant barrier to implementing safe building practices in construction activities, thereby, its efforts to strengthen its disaster resilience, particularly with earthquakes. In this context, effective utilisation of available and feasible Knowledge Transfer (KT), particularly in rural areas, can help solve the need to construct long-term disaster-resilient housing. This research investigation identified that DKM is essential in capacity building and technical knowledge transmission relating to seismic guidelines to improve housing resilience. A theoretical framework was developed, focused primarily on the post-2005 rural reconstruction mechanism and identifying key challenges in disseminating seismic guidelines effectively to rural construction practices. The study examines the potential for improving housing resilience from a disaster knowledge perspective that effectively responds to the challenges of applying best building practice guidelines. The research utilises a pragmatic constructivism paradigm and a mixed-method research approach. An extensive field survey was conducted alongside separate expert interviews and empirical qualitative and quantitative data triangulation analysis.The findings support the creation of a KT framework for rural housing construction as a significant means of disaster mitigation and recovery planning. The approach can assist rural communities in reducing losses and improving response and recovery, thereby improving housing resilience and lowering vulnerabilities. The research is intended to contribute usefully to dealing with future disaster situations in earthquake-prone regions. It aims to do so by suggesting how resilient and sustainable societies can be achieved through effective knowledge transmission management in organisations, institutions, communities, and local construction workers. This research seeks to make an original contribution by developing a DKM framework by identifying key challenges that need to be addressed to rural construction best practices, generally, but particularly in the Pakistan context.


Ontology-mediated query answering is concerned with the problem of answering queries over knowledge bases consisting of a database instance and an ontology. While most work in the area fo-cuses on conjunctive queries (CQs), navigational queries are gaining increasing attention. In this paper, we investigate the complexity of answering two-way conjunctive regular path queries (CRPQs) over knowledge bases whose ontology is given by a set of guarded existential rules. We first consider the subclass of linear existential rules and show that CRPQ answering is EXPTIME-complete in combined complexity and NL-complete in data complexity , matching the recently established bounds for answering non-conjunctive RPQs. For guarded rules, we provide a non-trivial reduction to the linear case, which allows us to show that the complexity of CRPQ answering is the same as for CQs, namely 2EXPTIME-complete in combined complexity and PTIME-complete in data complexity.


Why do some public organizations survive for many decades, whereas others are terminated within a few years? This question of organizational survival has long intrigued public administration scholars. To explain longevity, public administration research has focused on organizational design features and adaptive capacities. The results have been inconclusive. This article explores an additional explanation for survival and demise: the density dependence theory as formulated in the field of organizational ecology. The underlying premise of this theory is that certain environments can only sustain a certain number of similar‐type organizations. A rising number of organizations fuels competition for scarce resources, which inevitably leads to the demise of organizations. Density theory has often been tested in the business literature, but has been rarely applied to public sector organizations. In this article, we test whether this theory can help explain organizational survival in a population of US federal independent public agencies (n = 142). Our results show that density matters. This is good news for public administration research: the inclusion of density boosts the explanatory power of traditional variables such as design and adaptation.


: Anaerobic organisms can found normally in be normally major i.e. the upper airways, the gastrointestinal tract (beyond the caecum) and the female genital tract. Whereas the first group of microorganisms is usually sensitive to penicillin, the others are sensitive to clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol. An appropriate prophylactic regimen will have to comply with these microbiological data. Prophylactic antibiotics should be started during operation and should be given for a short period of time; their efficacy has been proved and confirmed, particularly in bowel surgery. Nevertheless, side-effects should be carefully watched for.


The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between left-wing children's literature and the concept of children and children's rights in Sweden around '68. The main focus is on the picture book Sagan om Lotta fran Dosjobro (1969) [The Fairy tale of Lotta from Dosjobro], by the Swedish children's book author Max Lundgren (1937–2005) and the illustrator Fibben Hald (1933–). This picture book is analysed against the backdrop of the debate about state-funded picture books that Max Lundgren prompted shortly after its publication. Taking my cue from Kimberley Reynolds's Radical Children's literature (2007), I argue that the verbal and the visual in radical picture books of this kind can be said to stimulate aesthetic and social innovation, and thus pave the way for the transformation of culture and concepts such as childhood, children's subjectivity and children's rights. Portrayals of power relations between children and adults in children's literature can therefore be said to generate social norms when it comes to interaction between adults and children; and these norms are of considerable importance for the development of a children's rights discourse. This seems to be especially true regarding the picture book, because adults and children tend as a rule to read picture books, and look at the pictures therein, together.


Currently, the research on Vehicular Ad hoc Networks(VANETs) is hot. Vehicular movement model is an important factor, which affects the simulation results of VANETs. In the simulation of VANETs, Vehicular movement model used in the urban environment should consider not only the characteristics of the vehicular movement, but also the role of obstructing the radio waves. In this paper, after a detailed analysis of vehicle motion features, it gives a vehicular movement model based on directed graph. The simulation shows that the model can well reflect the movement of vehicles in the real world, and the influence of urban environment on the network performance.


Titanium and titanium alloys are the materials of choice for many industrial applications because of their attractive combination of low density, good mechanical properties, and high corrosion resistance, and titanium is the fourth most abundant metal in the earth crust (0.86 % by weight) behind aluminum, iron, and magnesium. However, titanium and titanium alloys are not widely. The reason for this is the high cost of titanium and titanium alloys! The cost gap for titanium and titanium alloys widens when they are used for fabricating components and structures. Consequently, much effort has been expended to reduce the cost of titanium and titanium alloys. In conjunction with the University of Waikato, Titanox Development Limited-New Zealand has been successful in creating a modified novel process to produce TiAl based alloy powders with different particle sizes and compositions at low cost. The process offers several benefits to the titanium industry the most significant one of which is that it displays the potential to significantly reduce the commercial production costs of Ti-Al based alloys. This paper describes the Titanox Development Limited technology in brief, and shows how it can economically produce titanium alloy powders for different industrial applications and making titanium alloys affordable. The process has been disclosed in a PCT (Patent Corporation Treaty) application which was approved in 2004 [1], and the related patent applications either have been approved or are being filed in different countries.


The process of bone remodeling includes a cycle of repair, renewal, and optimization. This adaptation process, in response to variations in external loads and chemical driving factors, involves three main types of bone cells: osteoclasts, which remove the old pre-existing bone; osteoblasts, which form the new bone in a second phase; osteocytes, which are sensing cells embedded into the bonematrix, trigger the aforementioned sequence of events. The remodeling process involves mineralization of the bone in the di use interface separating the marrow, which contains all specialized cells, from the newly formed bone. The main objective advocated in this contribution is the setting up of a modeling and simulation framework relying on the phase eldmethod to capture the evolution of the di use interface between the newbone and themarrow at the scale of individual trabeculae. The phase eld describes the degree of mineralization of this di use interface; it varies continuously between the lower value (no mineral) and unity (fully mineralized phase, e.g. new bone), allowing the consideration of a di use moving interface. The modeling framework is the theory of continuous media, for which eld equations for the mechanical, chemical, and interfacial phenomena are written, based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. Additional models for the cellular activity are formulated to describe the coupling of the cell activity responsible for bone production/resorption to the kinetics of the internal variables. Kinetic equations for the internal variables are obtained from a pseudopotential of dissipation. The combination of the balance equations for themicroforce associated to the phase eld and the kinetic equations lead to the Ginzburg–Landau equation satis ed by the phase eld with a source term accounting for the dissipative microforce. Simulations illustrating the proposed framework are performed in a one-dimensional situation showing the evolution of the di use interface separating new bone from marrow.


Water quality is a term used to describe the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water in
respect to its suitability for a particular purpose and related with a set of standards. The knowledge of
water quality and its content are essential to track any influx of water pollutants that are detrimental to
human and ecosystem. The study aimed to examine the water quality status of Sg. Sarawak particularly in
Waterfront and Satok Bridge based on three water quality monitoring approaches namely Water Quality
Index (WQI), average NWQS and the extended NWQS (eNWQS,9 The eNWQS was designated using
Partial Least Square (PLS) regression where multivariate water quality data is directly correlated to the
classes according to NWQS. Generally, the average NWQS and eNWQS corresponded well with the
WQI in determining the river water quality status. The river water quality for both sampling points was
categorized as slightly polluted with the index ranged from 62 to 68. In terms of sensitivity, the average
NWQS approach was less sensitive because it interpreted the class which the value of each parameter fell
within it without took into account the absolute value of the parameter. The eNWQS shows sensitivity but
further study is required to verify the sensitivity level between eNWQS and WQI. This study emphasizes
that the eNWQS constitutes of useful and practical approach. The study results should therefore
encourage water quality monitoring authorities and water resources managers to adopt eNWQS model as
a feasible option in determining water quality status in Malaysia.


ABSTRACT Sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and petrologic analysis of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Morrison and Cedar Mountain formations of Utah and Colorado provides information on the timing and nature of early Cordilleran foreland-basin development. The Morrison Formation can be subdivided into three depositional facies assemblages: (1) lower progradational shallow marine, lacustrine, fluvial, and eolian facies deposited during Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian retreat of the Stump-Sundance sea; (2) a middle assemblage containing sandy-gravelly braided fluvial deposits, which are overlain by meandering fluvial channel and overbank facies; and (3) an upper assemblage of laterally stable, low-sinuosity, fluvial channel facies deposited during Tithonian-early Neocomian (?) time. The upper part of this assemblage shows evidence of alteration and early diagenesis related to development of an Early Cretaceous unconformity. The overlying Cedar Mountain Formation is subdivided into two facies assemblages: (1) the Neocomian Buckhorn Conglomerate was deposited by northeast-trending, sandy-gravelly braided rivers that were incised into the underlying Morrison Formation; (2) an upper assemblage containing laterally stable, low-sinuosity, fluvial channel facies deposited during late Neocomian-Albian time. The base of the unit contains a thick calcrete zone that formed during an unconformity following Buckhorn deposition. Morrison and Cedar Mountain formation sandstones contain three petrofacies: a feldspar-rich lower Morrison petrofacies (%QmFLt = 70, 19, 11), and chert-rich upper Morrison and Buckhorn/Cedar Mountain petrofacies (%QmFLt = 54, 5, 41 and 69, 4, 27, respectively). Sandstone composition and paleocurrent data indicate a Cordilleran source area composed of Proterozoic, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. The Morrison Formation and Buckhorn Conglomerate were deposited in the back-bulge depozone of the Late Jurassic Cordilleran foreland-basin system and onlapped a flexural forebulge located in central Utah. Late Neocomian eastward migration of the forebulge uplifted areas in eastern Utah, producing an unconformity, while the foredeep in central Utah underwent flexural subsidence. The upper part of the Cedar Mountain Formation represents overfilling of the foredeep and deposition above the forebulge.


The paper assesses the extent of public housing affordability in Kano metropolis. Using survey research design approach, four Housing Estates with a population of 1,635 dwelling units were purposively chosen namely; Danladi Nasidi, Zawaciki, Jido and Wailari. A sample size of 314 households was selected using population proportionate sample size (PPS) while the respondents were selected by simple random sampling technique (SRS). The data was collected using structured interviews and questionnaire survey; where 314 copies of the questionnaires were distributed and 312 retrieved representing 99.4%. The data from the questionnaire was analyzed using Logistic regression analysis to measure the relationship between the major predictors of housing affordability that include income, housing expenditure and housing type. The result shows that the full model containing all predictors was statistically significant, X2 (3, N= 300) = 200,007. The most important predictor among the independent variables was monthly income with odd ratio of 8.618, followed by the housing type which has an odd ratio of 6.196 while monthly expenditure has the least odd ratio of 2.807. This indicates a serious housing affordability problem among the households in the study area. The paper found out that a majority of the respondents was living on rent in the public sector housing estates as a result of housing affordability problems. Data analysis further shows that housing prices are at variance with income of many households in the estates which makes housing affordability a major concern. Based on that, therefore the paper recommends policy review to consider the amount requested for each of the housing units from households willing to purchase the houses. Government should introduce Housing Mortgage system, spreads the payment period and reduces the interest rates to encourage households to own the housing units. Furthermore, the use of local building materials should be encouraged especially by government contractors because they are relatively cheaper and this will reduce the production cost of public housing units thereby increasing the level of affordability among the different socio-economic groups in the society.


OBJECTIVE
To study the effects of Ruanmailing Oral Liquid, a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on spatial learning and memory ability and expression of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox factor-1 (APE/Ref-1) in hippocampal CA1 region in rats with experimental vascular dementia (VaD).

METHODS
VaD was induced in rats by permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries. Forty-five VaD rats were randomly divided into untreated group, nimodipine group, low-dose Ruanmailing group and high-dose Ruanmailing group. Another 15 rats underwent a sham operation consisting of similar skin incision and manipulation but without occlusion of carotid arteries. From the next day after occlusion, the rats were intragastrically administered with normal saline, nimodipine suspension or Ruanmailing Oral Liquid respectively for 30 days. Morris water maze experiment was adopted to test learning and memory of rats in each group. Expression of APE/Ref-1 protein in the hippocampal CA1 region was measured by immunohistochemical method.

RESULTS
Escape latency was significantly shortened and number of entries in the target area of rats was significantly increased in the high-dose Ruanmailing group as compared with those in the untreated group (P<0.01). Compared with the untreated group, count of APE/Ref-1 positive cells was significantly increased in the hippocampal CA1 region in the high- and low-dose Ruanmailing groups (P<0.01). Compared with the low-dose group and the nimodipine group, the count of APE/Ref-1 positive cells was remarkably increased in the hippocampal CA1 region in rats of the high-dose Ruanmailing group (P<0.01). There was no statistical difference between the low-dose Ruanmailing group and the nimodipine group.

CONCLUSION
Ruanmailing Oral Liquid can improve the learning and memory ability and enhance the lowered expression level of APE/Ref-1 in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats with VaD.


Peroxidation of lipids is believed to play a key role in various degenerative diseases. However, few simple tests are able to detect individual susceptibility or resistance to peroxidation. Measurement of the basal concentrations of lipid peroxides in plasma is not satisfactory because they are so low. Therefore, we developed a test to determine susceptibility of whole plasma to metal/H2O2-catalyzed peroxidation. Incubation of 300-500 microL of plasma with H2O2/cupric acetate resulted in the formation of products from fatty acids (malonaldehyde, measured by thiobarbituric acid assay) and cholesterol (predominantly cholest-3,5-dien-7-one, measured by gas-liquid chromatography). In the presence of Cu2+, formation of malonaldehyde and cholest-3,5-dien-7-one increased at least 10-fold over basal values. Lipid peroxide (malonaldehyde) and cholesterol oxide concentrations after peroxidation were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in diabetic plasma than in normal plasma. Because susceptibility to plasma peroxidation represents a balance between pro-oxidant factors and antioxidant protection, this test may be useful in determining individual susceptibility to peroxidation as influenced by nutritional and clinical status.


This paper studies and analyzes the important aspects of Atta Shad,s. He notonly integrated glorious history of poetic tradition of balochi poetry but he carried out lot of experimental approaches in poetry and incorporated changes, which have encompassed feelings and expressions. Symbolism, imagism and dramatism were main themes of his poetry, which he brought into Balochi poetry, just to test the reader's feedback. He gave a mystical romantic touch in his symbols and metaphors. This romance carried a huge sea of expressions with itself. His themes could only be grasped by having a glimpse into the background of these romantic expressions. Key words: Balochi, experimental approach, Symbolism, imagism, dramatism, trend-maker, commitment, camouflage, faceless, excessive


Superbrain Yoga is a simple squatting technique that uses subtle energy to improve cognitive functioning of individuals. The present study aims to find the effectiveness of superbrain yoga on short-term memory and selective attention of students. Pre test-post test design was used in the study. The study was conducted on 91 students from a residential school in Mysore district with a mean age of 11.9 years. The Knox cube test was used to evaluate the short-term memory, and digit cancellation test was administered to assess the selective attention of students. Pre-scores and post-scores were recorded, and energy enhancement was measured before and after Superbrain Yoga practice. Scores were analysed using repeated measure ANOVA and chi-square test. A mean gain of 1.18 in score with significance (F = 1.884, p < .001) in short-term memory and a mean gain of 3.31 with significance (F = 4.426, p < .001) in selective attention after one month of Superbrain Yoga was observed. In between preand post-session an increase of, 34.27 % in left hemisphere and 28.71 % in right hemisphere was measured in pranic energy levels. Superbrain Yoga has been found to be effective in improving short term memory and selective attention among students.


This paper investigates the evolution in variables that lead customers to trust an online shop or not. On the basis of samples taken in 2004 and in 2008 in Seoul (South Korea), it is shown that website visitors tend to trust online shops of generally well known companies. Certification marks granted by trusted third parties to online shops do not seem to induce trust, although a small positive trend seems noticeable. Offering accurate, easy to find product information on the website induced trust in 2004, but did no longer do so in 2008. All in all, the 2004 South Korean customer seemed to do business on the Internet like in the real world. However, by 2008 he seemed to be slowly moving away from that traditional way of buying things on the Internet to an Internet-specific way where other elements are considered to decide whether an online shop can be trusted.


In this paper, a kind of conical bottom-supported offshore wind turbine foundation was developed. The finite element model was built in SESAM and the structure was analyzed in operating condition and survival condition. The result shows that both the bearing platform and the conical bottom can satisfy the requirement of displacement and strength. The new kind of platform can be applied in shallow sea and offshore, easy to tow, and has low cost, which is helpful to offshore wind power exploitation.


Main Findings » The reuse of discarded consumer goods improves resource efficiency, reduces carbon emissions and contributes to a circular economy. Reuse takes place through many different routes and involves many actors. This complexity makes monitoring and increasing reuse challenging.
» Recycling is commonly preferred to reuse by waste managers, reflecting a systemic problem with the collection and handling of discarded goods.
» A life-cycle approach is needed to increase reuse, from changing design to improving reverse logistics operations for discarded items.
» Recovery routes and practices should enable discarded items to remain in good condition. Improved reverse logistics, including more convenient disposal points for unwanted goods, would benefit consumers and enable manufacturers to recover value from discarded items.
» Recovery is generally limited at present to materials that are easily salvageable. Recycling processes need to recover critical raw materials present in small quantities.
» Legislation should address barriers to repair, individual producer responsibility, and appropriate standards in the reuse sector.
» Upcycling is mostly limited at present to small scale, craft based enterprises but has potential to be scaled-up considerably.
» Information for consumers concerning repair, reuse and recycling remains inadequate. There is confusion around collection networks, particularly for small electrical goods, which often end up in residual waste streams.


The refactored bi-iteration (RBI) method converges quickly when computing eigenvalue clusters of large power systems. In order to update eigenvalue estimates the RBI method needs to compute the eigenvalues of B/sup (k)/ which has very low dimension. However, the order of these eigenvalues is difficult to decide, and improper order has adverse influence on convergence. In our algorithm the eigenvalue estimates are updated directly and convergence is improved.


In this concise, clearly written book, Thomas and Michael Christofferson provide a balanced introduction to every aspect of the French experience during World War II.Synthesizing a wide range of scholarship, the authors integrate political, diplomatic, military, social, cultural, and economic history in this portrait of a nation and a people at war. Here is a chronicle of the battles and campaigns that stained French soil with blood. Here, also, is the full historical context of the war-its origins, realities, and aftermath-in French society. The authors pay particular attention to the key failures of institutional France-especially the officer corps, political elites, and the Catholic Church. They also assessthe controversial history of the Vichy regime and the German occupation, in carefully crafted accounts of resistance and collaboration, Vichy's National Revolution, and the fate of France's Jews.Accessible to both students and general readers, France during World War II develops a full understanding of the actors, events, issues, and controversies of a turbulent era.


Abstract Literary hypertext has often been acknowledged as the embodiment of poststructuralist literary theory (e.g. Coover, 1992; Landow, 1997; Bolter, 2001). The only literary medium that is produced, edited, published and received electronically, it encourages readings that defy the conventionally linear decoding process. With respect to text production, it opens up alternative ways of organising semantic structures in individualised, associative ways, which invites constructivist teaching approaches in the foreign language classroom. This article provides a general introduction to definitions, formal criteria, major theories and historical developments. It portrays a selection of existing structural and cognitive linguistic approaches, such as textuality, coherence, communication and learning psychology. A variety of teaching approaches are outlined to convey to what extent hypertext has entered the primary and secondary school syllabus. At the heart of this investigation lies a case study report describing one possible method of implementing literary hypertext in the communicative foreign language classroom. An output-based approach was adopted, vindicating writing as a major tool for grammar and vocabulary learning. A group of post-A level undergraduate language students collaborated on literary hypertexts over a period of ten weeks. Learners were formally taught literary forms and techniques which they applied in a variety of creative writing activities, either individually or in small groups. The classroom environment was kept pressure-free, with the intention to stimulate creativity, collaborative learning and peer feedback. Linguistic performance data was obtained from written output as well as tape-recorded interviews and, following the habits of action research, videoed classroom activities. The data was analysed with regard to students' discourse and autonomous learning strategies, error frequency and distribution as well as eloquence in style and lexicon. Results show that collaborative, creative writing in hypertext format stimulates motivation, confidence, and autonomy, as well as helping to improve grammatical competence, particularly amongst intermediate and advanced learners. Student responses further suggest using literary hypertext receptively and productively at school level, as it combines linguistic, IT, and literary skills.


Background: Superinfection by M. tuberculosis more frequently occurs in high drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) areas due to a large pool of chronic patients and poor infection control. The aim of the study was to estimate the superinfection rate in a multicentre TB patient cohort from a high drug-resistant TB burden regions and whether superinfection affects disease outcome. Methods: The study population included 513 serial M. tuberculosis isolates (2 to 8 per patient) obtained from 84 multi-drug resistant (MDR) and 136 non-MDRTB patients recruited sequentially at sites in Lithuania, Latvia and Russia; treatment outcomes were available for 173 of them. Strains were genotyped using standardised 24-loci MIRU-VNTR typing. Results: Changes in two or more VNTR loci suggesting superinfection were seen in strains isolated from 13 (8 non-MDRTB; 5 MDRTB) patients (5.9%). As a whole this group had higher treatment failure rates compared to other patients (5/13, 38.5% vs 26/160, 16.2%, RR=2.4, 95% CI=1.1-5.1). Non-MDRTB patients infected with a second TB strain had higher (although not significant) treatment failure rate (2/8, 25.0% vs 10/109, 9.2%, RR=2.7, 95% CI=0.7-10.4); MDRTB patients infected with a second strain showed similar rates of treatment failure as those not superinfected. Conclusion: A proportion of patients in high drug-resistant TB burden areas get superinfected with another TB strain during anti-TB treatment; the superinfection might be associated with higher failure rates in non-MDRTB patients.


Today's businesses experience many uncertainties in their internal operations and environments. Manufacturing flexibility is an excellent response to these uncertainties. Volume, modification, mix, and expansion flexibilities are the manufacturing flexibilities that businesses look for when they select their suppliers. In parallel, these flexibilities are often used as a supplier selection criterion in the literature. The supplier selection decision is a strategic issue for today's businesses as a typical company is highly dependent on its suppliers to procure raw materials and parts. Sound supplier selection decision leads to competitive advantage because it is related to a positive relationship between buyer and supplier and reciprocal improvement of performance and trust between both parties. However, a literature review for this study showed a need for more empirical work on the relationship among types of flexibilities, supplier selection, performance improvement, long-term relationships, and trust. In order to fill the gap in this area, data was collected from 148 automotive companies operating in Turkey. For the data collection, the automotive industry was chosen as it is subjected to more uncertainties due to its connections to many other industries. The data were then analyzed using the structural equation model. The results showed a significant positive relationship between types of manufacturing flexibility and supplier selection. Also, positive relationships were found among supplier selection, performance, long-term relationships, and trust. Mediation and indirect effect analysis were also conducted. Long-term relationships and performance fully mediated the relationship between supplier selection and trust. An indirect relationship between supplier selection and trust was also found. The study results are expected to contribute to Sheth's buyer-behavior model by introducing manufacturing flexibility, long-term relationship, performance, and trust to the model. Also, the study's findings assist executives in making more informed decisions concerning supplier selection, depending on the level and types of flexibility they demand from their suppliers, performance, long-term relationships, and trust.


"Beginning in 1993, Israel began importing large numbers of foreign workers, replacing its traditional Palestinian labor force. This article presents a descriptive history and theoretical analysis of the migration, placing it in the context of Israel's reliance on noncitizen labor from the occupied territories. Dual labor market theory is particularly helpful in analyzing labor migration to Israel, but only by also analyzing the determinants of state policy can we understand how these recent flows began. The Israeli case thus suggests a cumulative model of the initiation of labor migration flows: structural factors create a predisposition toward use of foreign labor, and political factors determine whether and how that predisposition will be actualized."


Economics as a science not only investigates what is (as a positive science) and what should be (as a normative science), but influences, through its fundamental ideas, what facts and norms are recognized as such in society. This holds especially true for economic education. My article explains this thesis and elaborates, in particular, how this form of education stipulates a particular vision of human beings worldwide. First, I show how economics actively seeks to influence the inscription of the commonplace image of the human through economics education. Second, I discuss economics as a textbook science in Thomas Kuhn's sense: as a science incapable of giving the students any plural or critical understanding of their self and the world. In the third step, I identify the essential features of the human image lying at the base of the economic curriculum; an image (so I argue), which splits society into mere cogs in the machine of the economy on the one side and omnipotent social engineers on the other side.


The modeling of the impact of environmental pollution is often based on survey data. Language related issues are known to complicate the comparison of such models. This paper tackles this problem by isolating the model from the language of the survey data using fuzzy set theory.


The NACA mixture analyzer was developed as a research instrument for the continuous indication of fuel-air ratios of aircraft engine installations throughout the range of engine operation. It has been evaluated by using it to measure the mixture distribution of a nine-cylinder radial aircraft engine in flight. The mixture distribution among the cylinders in flight was obtained at normal operating conditions for the engine at an altitude of 5000 feet. Some limited data was also obtained at an altitude of 20,000 feet. Results of these flight tests showed that the NACA mixture analyzer is a satisfactory and dependable instrument for continuous indication of the mixture in flight at all engine conditions regardless of altitude and temperature.


The purpose of this article is to outline the delineating features of a Qur'an-Sunnah hermeneutic of one of the contemporary Muslim schools of thought, here named Neo-traditional Salafism(NTS).The first section of the article provides a brief discussion of the main representatives of NTS. In the second part NTS is positioned in relation to the broader Islamic tradition. This is done so with respect to the relative status and authenticity of various sources of legal authority in
the Islamic tradition and with a special attention given to the concept of Sunna. In the third part of the article NTS' Sunna hermeneutic is examined more closely and its interpretational implications are noted. The fourth section describes the NTS approach to Qur'anic hermeneutics and its
interpretational implications. The author argues that in terms of their methodology of interpretation of the Qur'an-Sunnah NTS is closely related to that of the pre-modern ahl-hadith school of thought as both NTS and ahl-hadith hermeneutic are characterized by a philologically centred
interpretational orientation; textual 'intentionalism', i.e. the subscription to a voluntaristic view of law, ethics, morality and ontology; the belief in the fixed, stable nature of the meaning of the Qur'anic text residing in totality in the mind of its Originator, the interpretational marginalization of Qur'anic revelationary background; a 'voluntarist–traditionalist' view of the relationship between reason and revelation; textual segmentalist approach to the Qur'anic content and the illegitimacy of a hermeneutically priviledged aims (maqasid) and social benefit (maslaha) based approach to Qur'anic interpretation.


The nucleus represents a cellular control unit that regulates all events concerning the storage and processing of DNA and RNA. It is organized by highly crowded, dynamic assemblies of proteins and nucleic acids in molecular machines, ribonucleoprotein complexes, clusters of ongoing nuclear processes, nuclear bodies, and chromatin. This review discusses the occurrence of nuclear protein aggregation with special emphasis on the functional architecture of the nucleus, and quality control by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.


Fano resonances in metasurfaces are important due to their low loss subradiant behavior that allows excitation of high‐quality (Q) factor resonances extending from the microwave to the optical regime. High‐Q Fano resonances have recently enabled applications in the areas of sensing, modulation, filtering, and efficient cavities for lasing spasers. Highly conducting metals are the most commonly used materials for fabricating the metasurfaces, especially at the low‐frequency terahertz region where the DC, Drude, and perfect electric conductivity show similar resonant behavior of the subwavelength meta‐atoms. Here, it is experimentally and theoretically demontrated that the Q factor of a low asymmetry Fano resonance is extremely sensitive to the conducting properties of the metal at terahertz frequencies. Large differences in the Q factor and figure of merit of the Fano resonance is observed for perfect electric conductors, Drude metal, and a DC‐conducting metal, which is in sharp contrast to the behavior of the inductive–capacitive resonance of meta‐atoms at terahertz frequency. Identification of such a low asymmetry regime in Fano resonances is the key to engineer the radiative and nonradiative losses in plasmonic and metamaterial‐based devices that have potential applications in the microwave, terahertz, infrared, and the optical regimes.


Background: The most common sexual problem affecting the general population of men is Erectile Dysfunction (ED) with a global estimated number of over 100 million. It affects the biological, psychological, and social aspect of life which can cause frustration, depression, and anxiety. Unfortunately, the attention towards the disease in Indonesia is often overlooked as evidenced by the lack of studies regarding the prevalence and risk factors for the disease. This study aims to evaluate possible risk factors of Erectile Dysfunction among elderly males in Lamongan, East Java. Methods: This is a quantitative study with an analytical observational design, performed using a case-control approach. Respondents consisted of male inpatients as well as outpatients aged 40 years or more in Ngimbang General Hospital evaluated using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. The patient's comorbid data are taken from the Medical Record to ensure proper diagnosis. The acquired data are then analysed using the ordinal logistic regression method. Results: A total of 174 men were evaluated. There are 62 people with no ED (35.6%), 39 people with mild ED (22.4%), 35 people with mild to moderate ED (20.1%), 16 people with moderate ED (9.2%), and 22 people with severe ED (12.6%). Significant risk factors are older age (OR: 1.29; CI: 1.23-1.37), Diabetes (OR: 6.56; CI: 2.77-15.56), and hypertension (OR: 5.19; CI: 2.27-11.88) (all, p < 0.05); whereas dyslipidemia and smoking habit are insignificant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Age, diabetes, and hypertension are significant risk factors for Erectile Dysfunction.


Exosomes are small, 40 (cid:2) 130 nm secreted extracellular vesicles that recently have become the subject of intense focus as agents of intercellular communication, disease biomarkers and potential vehicles for drug delivery. It is currently unknown whether a cell produces different populations of exosomes with distinct cargo and separable functions. To address this question, high-resolution methods are needed. Using a commercial flow cytometer and directly labelled fluorescent antibodies, we show the feasibility of using fluorescence-activated vesicle sorting ( FAVS) to analyse and sort individual exosomes isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation from the conditioned medium of DiFi cells, a human colorectal cancer cell line. EGFR and the exosomal marker, CD9, were detected on individual DiFi exosomes by FAVS; moreover, both markers were identified by high-resolution stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy on individual, approximately 100 nm vesicles from flow-sorted EGFR/CD9 double-positive exosomes. We present evidence that the activation state of EGFR can be assessed in DiFi-derived exosomes using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes ''conformationally active'' EGFR (mAb 806). Using human antigen-specific antibodies, FAVS was able to detect human EGFR and CD9 on exosomes isolated from the plasma of athymic nude mice bearing DiFi tumour xenografts. Multicolour FAVS was used to simultaneously identify CD9, EGFR and an EGFR ligand, amphiregulin (AREG), on human plasma-derived exosomes from 3 normal individuals. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of FAVS to both analyse and sort individual exosomes based on specific cell-surface markers. We propose that FAVS may be a useful tool to monitor EGFRand AREG in circulating exosomes from individuals with colorectal cancer and possibly other solid tumours.


The additive effects of the number of staples and gluing on ultimate lateral resistance loads of surface-to-surface, multistaple- and glue-connected joints in oriented strandboards (OSB) were investigated. Experimental results indicated that for a stapled–glued OSB joint with a given configuration of surface-tosurface bonding area of two joint members, its ultimate lateral resistance load and stiffness are governed by the number of staples used and gluing, respectively. Applying glue to multistaple-connected OSB joints can alter the effect of the number of staples used on their ultimate lateral resistance loads. Gluing increases joint lateral resistance loads, but this increase will not be significant when the number of staples used reaches a critical number. Applying glue to a stapled OSB joint improves its stiffness when compared with the stiffness of a stapled-only joint. The differences in ultimate lateral resistance loads of stapled–glued joints among three OSB materials evaluated in this study were not significant when the number of staples was six or less, and the differences became significant when the number of staples increased to eight.


Correcting students' errors is necessary for improving their linguistic and communicative competence. This study seeks to examine students' and teachers' perceptions about error correction in the L2 classroom. An online survey was designed and sent out to a purposive sample. The sample consists of 12 students from the University of Guyana's Modern Language Programme, who are pursuing a career in Spanish, French and Portuguese (with B1 and C1 language levels), and 9 teachers (7 current/2 former) from the Programme who specialise in teaching these different languages. The results of the survey are analysed and discussed through a mixed method approach, and conclusions are drawn from the information presented. Recommendations are made for language teachers to use various kinds of error correction (corrective feedback) strategies in the classroom, in order to provide students with the necessary stimuli to correct their language errors, and to engender significant learning experiences.


A mathematical model for the generation and transport of gas and heat in a sanitary landfill is developed based on earlier work on the Mountain View Controlled Landfill Project (MVCLP) in California. The present model incorporates biokinetic model equations describing the dynamics of the microbial landfill ecosystem into a multi-layer, time-dependent gas and heat transport and generation models. It is based on the fundamental principles governing the physical, chemical, and microbiological processes in a porous media context such as a sanitary landfill. The model includes biochemical and temperature feedback loops to simulate the effects of their corresponding parameters on microbiological processes. The resulting integrated biokinetic, gas, and heat generation and transport model was used to simulate field data from the MVCLP and to assess the sensitivity of model results to biological parameters. The model can be used to predict the rate and total production of methane in a landfill.


Great Transitions: The Origin of Birds (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/great-transitions-origin-birds; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 2015; ~19 minutes)

Have dinosaurs gone extinct? Present this question to students and you will most likely field responses in the positive. However, viewing HHMI BioInteractive's new video entitled The Origin of Birds may change students' perspective. This short film is one of the latest in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's series about the "Great Transitions" of life. Fitting nicely in between films on the Origin of Tetrapods and the Origin of Humans , it takes the viewer through several million years of bird evolution.

The Origin of Birds is narrated by paleontologist Julia Clark from the University of Texas …


The influence of different materials on the formability of plastic injection molding has been studied in current work. The automotive glove box trim cover was chosen as analytical model. This study has been focused on the influence on fill time, warpage, sink mark depth and clamp force of different materials. PP+T15, PP+T20, PP+T25, PP+T30, PP+T35, PP+T40 and ABS+PC were used for analysis in this study. The injection molding processes of automotive interior trim of different materials were analyzed by using Moldflow software, the rationality of the material choice was evaluated. Merits and drawbacks of different materials were found out through the analysis done in Moldflow. There is positive influence on reducing mold cycle and negative influence on advancing the dimension stability of part by using the kind of PP materials. Oppositely, there is negative influence on reducing mold cycle and positive influence on advancing the dimension stability of part by using ABS. It can be reduce extremely the cost for manufacturing the mold, and shorten the development cycle by using this method.


Globalization has enhanced the development of the transport sector and more importantly, the distribution of agricultural produce and food globally. However, not much is known about how this has impacted the welfare of the poor in Nigeria. Therefore, the study probed the persistence and asymmetry in food and transport price volatility; creating a dummy with the period before and after the adventure of significantly improved internet facility like 3G allowed the study to observe the significant effect of this period on persistence volatility of food price returns; and exploring the welfare effects of these volatility dynamics. A bi-variate EGARCH model was deployed to estimate the heteroskedastic behavior in rural food price and transport returns (1995M1-2017M11) obtained from National Bureau of Statistics while a simple welfare framework was used to gauge the effect of the price fluctuations. Persistence volatility in food price declined after introduction of 3G innovation. The study also confirmed that the risk in transport market significantly transmitted to rural food price volatility. Volatility persistence was high (0.99% apiece) both in food and transport markets. Also, there was evidence of leverage effect in transport price volatility in Nigeria. The study revealed that due to persistent price volatility, households gave up an average/maximum of 12%/33% and 13%/44% of their food consumption and transport expenditure/returns accordingly to achieve household food stability. Using the Lucas (1987, 2003) threshold, the study concludes that the benefits of eliminating volatility in food and transport are high.

 Key words: Food price volatility, welfare and globalization.


The dielectric properties for Borassus Flabellifier BF wood were determined in the longitudinal and perpendicular directions of fibbers at different moisture content. The wood parts of male and female Borassus Flabellifier tree were taken from where the natural liquid Neera collected overnight. The wood parts were dried by microwave oven from 25 percent moisture content to oven dried condition. The dielectric parameters were measured by four-probe method. All the measurement was taken on frequency 105 Hz at room temperature 3110K. The Results indicate that the longitudinal values were nearly same as perpendicular directions of fibbers for both dielectric properties and dielectric conductivity with moisture content. In this study the drying of wood done by microwave energy using a continuous microwave drier was compared to that by conventional method. Characterization of the samples was made by scanning electron microscope (SEM) Model JEOL JSM5400. The specimen's were collected from Dhar Dist. (M.P.) India.


Physical layer security is a promising approach to enable secure communications by considering the characteristics of wireless channels. In this work, we consider a multiple antenna multiuser system with an eavesdropper which is passive and its channel state information (CSI) is not available at transmitter. We we add artificial noise (AN) in the null space of legitimate user to disturb reception of eavesdropper. For the sake of ensuring secure communication, CSI has great impact on system performance. However, in order to estimate the channel of all users at transmitter, sending pilot signals from all these users increases the system overhead. We perform a threshold based user selection at the receiver side to reduce this overhead. Also, we investigate the effects of the proposed user selection on the secrecy capacity.


ABSTRACT This study aimed to estimate the return on investments of three population-level tobacco cessation strategies and three pharmacological interventions. The analysis included 124 low- and middle-income countries, and assumed a 10-year investment period (2021–2030). The results indicate that all six cessation programmes could help about 152 million tobacco users quit and save 2.7 million lives during 2021–2030. If quitters were followed until 65 years of age, 16 million lives could be saved from quitting. The combined investment cost was estimated at 1.68 United States dollars (US$) per capita a year, or US$ 115 billion over the period 2021–2030, with Caribbean countries showing the lowest investment cost at US$ 0.50 per capita a year. Return on investments was estimated at 0.79 (at the end of 2030) and 7.50 if benefits were assessed by the time quitters reach the age of 65 years. Disaggregated results by country income level and region also showed a return on investments less than 1.0 in the short term and greater than 1.0 in the medium-to-long term. In all countries, population-level interventions were less expensive and yielded a return on investments greater than 1.0 in the short and long term, with investment cost estimated at US$ 0.21 per capita a year, or US$ 14.3 billion over 2021–2030. Pharmacological interventions were more expensive and became cost beneficial over a longer time. These results are likely conservative and provide support for a phased approach implementing population-level strategies first, where most countries would reach break-even before 2030.


A 'hijabista' – from the terms hijabi and fashionista – is a Muslim woman who dresses 'stylishly' while still adhering to the rules governing 'modest' apparel that coincides with Islamic dress code. A handful of these digitally savvy young women have established an online presence, becoming social media personalities with hundreds of thousands, even millions, of 'followers' who avidly consume (read) their personal blogs and/or social media posts. This study examines new media, faith, and fragmentation online, where virtual spaces facilitate the construction (re-construction) of a digital identity or persona. We employ an approach that combines netnography and case study to examine the content generated by three high-profile hijabistas, or hijabi fashion and lifestyle bloggers, and build upon identity theory to determine how each has negotiated an online persona that privileges her religious or fashionable self.


This study is an experimental and theoretical investigation of the application of forward-scatter Fresnel holography to water droplets. The theoretical holograms were constructed on a digital computer by determining the irradiance of the interference pattern formed by the light scattered from a droplet and a reference source, at discrete points on a hologram. The forward-scattered light is evaluated by assuming that the droplet is an opaque disk and utilizing the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld theory of diffraction. The reconstructed wave front is evaluated by performing the Fresnel transform on the hologram matrix. The corresponding experimental holograms were made with a helium–neon continuous-wave laser and using glass beads from 80 to 250 μm in diameter as models of the water droplets. The half-radiance width of the reconstructed wave-front radiance distribution is shown theoretically to increase linearly as the distance of the object from the hologram is decreased. Also, the half-radiance width increases logarithmically with hologram area. The theoretical and experimental radiance distributions in the plane of reconstruction were compared. Proper alignment of the hologram during reconstruction is necessary for the reconstruction of the original radiance distribution. Size can be measured by noting edge enhancement (radiance peak at the edge of the droplet) in the reconstructed image. A relationship between the diameter of the peak and the actual droplet diameter is determined for sphere diameters from 20 to 250 μm and object distances from 10 to 20 cm. Experimental accuracy to within 4% is achieved with this technique.


Background and Objectives: The risk of red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization is always a concern for multi-transfused patients. Various factors have been found to be associated with alloimmunization. Alloimmunization rates were reported from 4% to 50%, 1.9% to 13% and 1.27% to 13.1% in thalassemic, onco-hematology and renal patients respectively. Transfusion of extended phenotype-matched blood was found to reduce rate of alloimmunization. This study investigated the various risk factors associated with RBC alloimmunization and the impact of transfusing phenotype-matched PRBC to multi-transfused patients. Methods: The retrospective observational study included 4350 multi-transfused patients of hemoglobinopathies, onco-hematological diseases and chronic renal failure (CRF). Pre-transfusion testing that included ABO and Rh(D) typing, antibody screening and crossmatching were performed following departmental standard operating procedure (SOP). Rh (C, c, E, e) and Kell (K) antigen phenotyping of blood donors as well as patients were performed by recommended techniques. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS statistical package. Results: The mean age of multi-transfused patients was 41.4 years with a female preponderance. A total of 122 alloantibodies with various specificities were found in the 4350 patients (2.8%). Anti-E was the most frequent alloantibody (27.87%) followed by anti-c (11.48%). Frequency of alloimmunization in patients with hemoglobinopathies receiving phenotype-matched blood was 1.89% which was significantly lower than those receiving phenotype-unmatched blood (p=0.0019). Gender, age, splenomegaly status, number of PRBC unit transfused, phenotype-matched status, and transfusion duration in years were independent risk factors of alloimmunization. Conclusion: Alloimmunization to red blood antigens challenge the proper management of multi-transfused patients. Based on the present results we suggest considering antibody screening as an important tool of pre-transfusion testing to ensure safe blood transfusion. It will be prudent to adopt a transfusion policy that provides at least the Rh-Kell phenotype-matched blood to minimize red cell alloimmunization among multi-transfused patients.


Colloidal core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals have attracted considerable interest in recent days due to their immense potential in wide range of applications as biological fluorescent labels, bio imaging, light emitting diodes, solar cells etc. In this paper, we describe a simple synthetic route for the development of high quality CdSe/ZnSe core/shell quantum dots capped in aqueous solutions with the biocompatible polymer of L-cysteine is presented. The crystal structure, morphology, spectral and compositional properties were analyzed from powder X-ray Diffraction, High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), UV-Vis absorbance and Photoluminescence (PL), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Fourier transform RAMAN (FT-RAMAN) techniques. The XRD results depicted the formation of zinc blende structured CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots with the average crystallite size of 5 nm and 4 nm, which is in accordance with observations from HRTEM micrographs. The UV-Vis absorbance peaks indicate the broad absorption behavior of the synthesized CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots. The photoluminescence studies evidenced that the luminesce property of quantum dots can be varied by systematically tuning the core and shell precursor concentrations. The capping of ZnSe and L-cysteine was confirmed from FTIR and FT-RAMAN studies.


BACKGROUND
As the population of older adults in the US steadily increases and becomes more diverse, there is an urgent need to integrate geriatric competencies into baccalaureate nursing education.

PURPOSE
To integrate the Institute for Healthcare Improvement 4 Ms Framework into an existing baccalaureate nursing community clinical experience to build geriatric and interprofessional competencies and promote positive health outcomes.

METHODS
As part of the Geriatric Workforce Enhancement Program, 15 students worked with bilingual social workers and community health workers in an affordable housing urban highrise, assessed building residents and implemented personalized plans of care using the 4Ms framework (what matters to the individual, medications, mentation, and mobility).

RESULTS
Students demonstrated competence conducting cognition and depression screening, medication review, and functional and fall risk assessments. Student self-rated achievement of learning objectives ranged from 4.3 to 4.8 (1-5 scale). A retrospective pretest-posttest survey suggested learning about the importance of interprofessional teamwork, and integration of person-centered values when providing care to older adults in the community. Students reflected on barriers to health for older adults in low socioeconomic states and the importance of improving care across the continuum.

CONCLUSION
The 4Ms framework provided a valuable construct to guide the community experience and teach geriatric evidence-based practice to nursing students.


Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) calculated from time tradeoff (TTO) based preferences have a time preference component. To impose a conventional discount rate on these implicitly discounted QALYs introduces some degree of double discounting. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of the double discounting effect and the effectiveness of a suggested method for avoiding double discounting in a TTO-based QALY model. Our analysis used holistic and composite preference scores obtained with the TTO technique in a prior study of four hypothetical treatment paths in type 2 diabetes. Discounted composite preference scores were significantly discrepant from holistic preference scores. Adjusting TTO-based quality weights prior to external discounting reduced the discrepancy only slightly. Since time preference effects may vary with health state context, the double discounting effect needs further investigation.


Recently, dielectric capacitors have attracted much attention due to their high power density based on fast charge–discharge capability. However, their energy storage applications are limited by their low discharge energy densities. In this work, we designed novel lead-free relaxor-ferroelectric 0.88BaTiO3–0.12Bi(Li0.5Nb0.5)O3 (0.88BT–0.12BLN) ceramics with high breakdown strength and high discharge energy density. The 0.88BT–0.12BLN ceramics were prepared by a conventional solid state reaction method. Optimal energy storage properties were obtained in 0.88BT–0.12BLN ceramics sintered at 1220 °C with an impressive discharge energy density of 2.032 J cm−3 and a charge–discharge efficiency of beyond 88% at 270 kV cm−1. The energy storage properties of the 0.88BT–0.12BLN also displayed good thermal stability from 20 to 120 °C at an electric field of 150 kV cm−1. Moreover, the discharge speed behavior was investigated by using pulsed current. The pulsed discharge current waveforms showed that all the samples have fast discharge times (less than 0.5 μs) under different electric fields. This work significantly increases the intrinsic breakdown strength and discharge energy density of BaTiO3-based materials with high charge–discharge efficiency for high power energy storage devices.


We reexamine the Apollo Heat Flow Experiment in light of new orbital data. Using three‐dimensional thermal conduction models, we examine effects of crustal thickness, density, and radiogenic abundance on measured heat flow values at the Apollo 15 and 17 sites. These models show the importance of regional context on heat flux measurements. We find that measured heat flux can be greatly altered by deep subsurface radiogenic content and crustal density. However, total crustal thickness and the presence of a near‐surface radiogenic‐rich ejecta provide less leverage, representing only minor (<1.5 mW m−2) perturbations on surface heat flux. Using models of the crust implied by Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory results, we found that a roughly 9–13 mW m−2 mantle heat flux best approximate the observed heat flux. This equates to a total mantle heat production of 2.8–4.1 × 1011 W. These heat flow values could imply that the lunar interior is slightly less radiogenic than the Earth's mantle, perhaps implying that a considerable fraction of terrestrial mantle material was incorporated at the time of formation. These results may also imply that heat flux at the crust‐mantle boundary beneath the Procellarum potassium, rare earth element, and phosphorus (KREEP) Terrane (PKT) is anomalously elevated compared to the rest of the Moon. These results also suggest that a limited KREEP‐rich layer exists beneath the PKT crust. If a subcrustal KREEP‐rich layer extends below the Apollo 17 landing site, required mantle heat flux can drop to roughly 7 mW m−2, underlining the need for future heat flux measurements outside of the radiogenic‐rich PKT region.


This paper takes issue with two basic conclusions prevalent in the literature on central bank behavior. First, the paper argues that it is inappropriate to presume that central banks will, in the absence of any precommitment technology, necessarily behave in a 'discretionary' fashion that implies an inflationary bias. Since there is no functional connection between average rates of money creation (or inflation) and policy responsiveness to cyclical disturbances, it is entirely feasible for the bias to be avoided. In other words, there is no necessary tradeoff between 'flexibility and commitment.' Second, to the extent that the absence of any absolute precommitment technology is nevertheless a problem, it will apply to a consolidated central bank plus government entity as well as to the central bank alone. Thus contracts between governments and central banks do not overcome the motivation for dynamic inconsistency, they merely relocate it.


Clinical Presentation
A 67-year-old mentally retarded man presented to the emergency department due to abdominal pain of 7 days duration after he was punched in the abdomen. Physical examinations showed distended abdomen with a marked tenderness, and rebounding pain. Laboratory results included a amylase of 52 U/L and lactate of 34.6 mg/dL. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated the following findings: portal vein gas (Figure 1), continued dilatation of small intestine loops with pneumatosis intestinalis (Figure 2), and hematoma (Figure 3) over low abdomen. He received exploratory laparotomy and the results showed a huge hematoma at low abdomen and it adhered with the small bowel densely, resulted in small bowel total obstruction and ischemic change over mucosa. He was discharged smoothly 41 days later after surgery. PI is a typical sign of CT image for ischemic bowel disease and it necessitates operative intervention. But recently more and more research found that PI result from trauma or non-trauma may also run a benign course that does not necessarily require operative repair or resection at the time of celiotomy [1-4]. A review of literature demonstrated that portal venous gas does not necessarily indicate bowel necrosis in trauma patients [5]. However, in this case, we though the developing hematoma may cause bowel mechanical obstruction, then result in bowel necrosis.


This research is motivated by the fact that is found in the class V Elementary School 24 Pekanbaru, which shows the results of learning science is still relatively low. Formulation the problem in this research is: "Does the application of Quantum Teaching Learning model can improve learning outcomes fifth grade science students of SD Negeri 24 Pekanbaru?". This research aims to improve learning outcomes fifth grade science students of SD Negeri 24 Pekanbaru with application of learning models Quantum Teaching. While the benefits of this research is to change students' views on learning science that uses methods of lecture and rote learning into a creative, innovative, and fun. The hypothesis of this study is that if applied learning model Quantum Teaching it can improve learning outcomes fifth grade science students of SD Negeri 24 Pekanbaru. This study was conducted in SD Negeri 24 Pekanbaru in March 2015 and April 2015. This form of research is classroom action research (PTK) are planned as much as two cycles. The subjects were students of class V Elementary School 24 Pekanbaru academic year 2014/2015 which amounted to 26 people consisting of 14 men and 12 women. Based on the results of research and discussion in mind the observation of teacher activity sheet seen rising each meeting. At the first meeting of the first cycle of 66.24%, the second meeting rose 8.8% to 245%. While in the first meeting of the second cycle of 83.3%, then at the second meeting increased 12.5% to 95.8%. Student activity observation sheet also increased at every meeting. At the first meeting of the first cycle of 62.5%, the second meeting increased 8.3% to 240.8%. While in the first meeting of the second cycle 249.2%, then at the second meeting increased 12.5% to 91.24%. Mastery learning outcomes to repeat the first cycle increased 19.23% from the base score of 42.31% to 61.54%. In the second cycle increased by 26.92% to 88.46%. With the increasing number of students who pass the study in the classical style, then the learning outcomes of students also increased. It can be seen from the average value in the base score 65.38 UH then the first cycle to 69.08 with an increase of 5.66%. Whereas the second cycle of the average value of UH becomes 85.54 with an increase of 23.83%. So that research results are consistent with the hypothesis. Keywords: quantum learning model of teaching , learning outcomes


Background: Current Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) surveillance guidelines in high risk patients recommends characterization of a lesion detected on ultrasound with CT. Despite the superior diagnostic utility of MRI compared to CT, MRI is used as a problem solving tool after CT. Our aim was to assess the radiation burden of CT in a HCC screening program and assess the risk/benefit compared with MRI as the second step after ultrasound in a HCC screening program.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients in a tertiary centre screening program from 2004 to 2014. Imaging modality, number of scans and radiation dose were calculated.

Findings: 382 CHB patients were engaged in an average 5 years of HCC surveillance. Those with 1-3 year follow up received a total dose per patient of 5 mSv, 4-6 years follow up received 11 mSv, >7 years follow up received 18 mSv of radiation. In the patients with over 7 years follow up the risk of radiation induced cancer was 1 in 850. Some patients had over 100 mSv resulting in radiation induced cancer risk of 1 in 146. 3 patients out of all 382 (0.79%) patients were diagnosed with HCC during surveillance. 99% of CTs were for false positive findings on ultrasound. Review of literature demonstrated better sensitivity and specificity for small HCC using MRI in addition to improved cost effectiveness of MRI in a screening program.

Conclusion: A significant number of CHB patients received multiple CT scans for false positive findings on ultrasound. Utilizing MRI instead of CT to further characterize US lesions has no radiation exposure and therefore no associated radiation induced cancer risk. Utilizing MRI instead of CT to further characterize US lesions has greater sensitivity and no radiation exposure compared to the current surveillance model.


A 750 keV RFQ based accelerator is being developed at the Texas Accelerator Center. A modified magnetron ion source will produce 10--100 mA of 30 keV H{sup -} beam. A 35 keV transport line that transports the beam from the ion source to the entrance of the RFQ without becoming neutralized has been designed and is under construction. The RFQ is a 86 cm long, four rod structure that operates at 470 MHz. Results of tests on the cold model are reported. 5 refs.


Software bugs reported by human users and automatic error reporting software are often stored in some bug tracking tools (e.g., Bugzilla and Debbugs). These accumulated bug reports may contain valuable information that could be used to improve the quality of the bug reporting, reduce the quality assurance effort and cost, analyze software reliability, and predict future bug report trend. In this paper, we present BUGMINER, a tool that is able to derive useful information from historic bug report database using data mining, use these information to do completion check and redundancy check on a new or given bug report, and to estimate the bug report trend using statistical analysis. Our empirical studies of the tool using several real-world bug report repositories show that it is effective, easy to implement, and has relatively high accuracy despite low quality data.


The characterization of spatiotemporal complexity remains a challenging task. This holds in particular for the analysis of data from fluorescence imaging (optical mapping), which allows for the measurement of membrane potential and intracellular calcium at high spatial and temporal resolutions and, therefore, allows for an investigation of cardiac dynamics. Dominant frequency maps and the analysis of phase singularities are frequently used for this type of excitable media. These methods address some important aspects of cardiac dynamics; however, they only consider very specific properties of excitable media. To extend the scope of the analysis, we present a measure based on entropy rates for determining spatiotemporal complexity patterns of excitable media. Simulated data generated by the Aliev–Panfilov model and the cubic Barkley model are used to validate this method. Then, we apply it to optical mapping data from monolayers of cardiac cells from chicken embryos and compare our findings with dominant frequency maps and the analysis of phase singularities. The studies indicate that entropy rate maps provide additional information about local complexity, the origins of wave breakup and the development of patterns governing unstable wave propagation.


A mixed methods study was conducted to understand undergraduate students' victimization, perceptions, and reporting of cybercrimes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 participants that provided the groundwork for questions that would be asked in an online survey. A total of 222 survey responses were collected from which four linear regression models were built to predict for perceptions (i.e. fear and concern) of cybercrimes, preventative measures that can mitigate cybercrime victimization, enabling behaviors that can lead to cybercrime victimization, and the likelihood of cybercrime reporting. The results of the models were that: (1) media exposure, cybercrime knowledge, and the harmfulness of cybercrimes were associated with cybercrime perceptions; (2) self-control was associated with preventative measures and enabling behaviors; and (3) cybercrime perceptions were associated with enabling behaviors and the likelihood of cybercrime reporting. Participants reported acquiring their knowledge of cybercrimes predominantly through personally knowing someone who had been victimized by a cybercrime (i.e. vicarious cybercrime experiences) and the media. The survey results show that undergraduate students reported being predominantly victimized by malware, hacking, and phishing. Despite the fact that both interviewees and survey participants expressed that they found reporting cybercrimes and having access to cybercrime victimization statistics to be important, the majority of participants did not know how to officially report a cybercrime. Cybercrime victimization can cause various kinds of harm (e.g. psychological, social, financial) to those affected. The focus on how cybercrimes affect a young subject group like undergraduate students who use technology frequently is motivated by the goal to bring more awareness to this issue and for preventative measures to be taken early on to help mitigate cybercrime risk.


Background: This research examined the impact of a programme integrating therapeutic music and group discussions (Holyoake's DRUMBEAT programme) on disadvantaged adolescents' mental wellbeing, psychological distress, post-traumatic stress symptoms and antisocial behaviour. Method: Students displaying antisocial behaviours in grades eight to ten at three socio-economically disadvantaged secondary schools in Perth, Western Australia were invited to participate in a 10-week DRUMBEAT programme (incorporating drumming with djembes, therapeutic discussions and a final performance). Eight DRUMBEAT programmes were held in 2014. Pre- and post-intervention questionnaires measured mental wellbeing (Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale), psychological distress (Kessler-5), post-traumatic stress symptoms (Abbreviated Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist- Civilian Version) and antisocial behaviours (Adapted Self-Reported Delinquency Scale). Results: Of the 62 students completing DRUMBEAT, 41 completed pre- and post-questionnaires. Post-programme boys scored an average 7.6% higher mental wellbeing (WEMWBS) (p = .05), 19.3% lower post-traumatic stress symptoms (A PCL-C) (p = .05) and 23.9% lower antisocial behaviour (ARSDC) (p = .02). These changes were not evident for girls. No significant differences were detected for differences in psychological distress for either gender. Conclusion: This research highlights the potential of the DRUMBEAT programme as an effective, targeted strategy to reduce post-traumatic stress symptoms and antisocial behaviour and increase mental wellbeing in socio-economically disadvantaged adolescent boys.