One-hundred and seventy-seven high-school students and two-hundred responded to a survey assessing their motivation (goal orientations, expectancies, and values), self-regulation (cognitive, behavior, and emotion), learning processes, academic behaviors, and grades in the favorite and least favorite classes. First, multiple pathways to academic success were examined by comparing how motivation leads to academic outcomes (learning processes, academic behaviors, and grades) via self-regulation in high school and college by using structural equation modeling. As expected, the findings support the stance that there are different ways to achieve academic success. Surprisingly, emotion regulation mediated the relations between motivation and learning processes in favorite classes. Additionally, combinations of self-regulation were examined separately for type of class (favorite/least favorite) and age group (high school/college) using latent class analyses. As expected, these regulatory profiles mediated the relations between motivation and academic outcomes, found with structural equation modeling. Interestingly, students in the attention regulation profile, who were high on attention but low on other regulatory capacities, performed lower than those who tend to be high regulators. However, those who were members in the emotion regulator profile did not differ from high regulators. Behavior regulation was a mediator for college students but not high school students. The findings underscore the importance of considering cognitive, behavior, and emotion regulation in considering the relations between motivation to academic outcomes.


Farm animals play an important role in translational research as large animal models of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The mechanistic investigation of zoonotic diseases of the GI tract, in which animals can act as asymptomatic carriers, could provide important information for therapeutic approaches. In veterinary medicine, farm animals are no less relevant, as they can serve as models for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of GI diseases in the target species. However, farm animal-derived cell lines of the intestinal epithelium are rarely available from standardised cell banks and, in addition, are not usually specific for certain sections of the intestine. Immortalised porcine or bovine enterocytic cell lines are more widely available, compared to goat or sheep-derived cell lines; no continuous cell lines are available from the chicken. Other epithelial cell types with intestinal section-specific distribution and function, such as goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells and intestinal stem cells, are not represented in those cell line-based models. Therefore, intestinal organoid models of farm animal species, which are already widely used for mice and humans, are gaining importance. Crypt-derived or pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoid models offer the possibility to investigate the mechanisms of inter-cell or host–pathogen interactions and to answer species-specific questions. This review is intended to give an overview of cell culture models of the intestinal epithelium of farm animals, discussing species-specific differences, culture techniques and some possible applications for intestinal organoid models. It also highlights the need for species-specific pluripotent stem cell-derived or crypt-derived intestinal organoid models for promotion of the Three Rs principles (replacement, reduction and refinement).


The nonlinear transport properties and the magnetoresistance of a junction between La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 and Nb(1.0%)-doped SrTiO3 were studied. The striking feature in the present magnetoresistance data is the appearance of a step-like magnetoresistance hysteresis that typically occurs in magnetic tunnelling junctions with two ferromagnetic electrodes. This is unexpected, since the structures under study contain only one ferromagnetic layer. Therefore this tunnelling magnetoresistance is attributed to spin filtering by an insulating, but ferromagnetic interfacial layer in this manganite/Nb:SrTiO3 bilayer system. From the measured values for the tunnelling magnetoresistance the spin polarization of the interfacial layer is derived.


This thesis examines the political ideas of the Labour Party between 1983 and 1992. It adopts two detailed case studies: Labour's economic policy and Labour's social policy. Part I provides an historical context of Labour's political ideas and Part II analyses the political ideas content of Labour's social and economic policy between 1983 and 1992. This includes the work of 'Labour intellectuals', 'thinker-politicians' and official party documents, notably the Policy Review. The thesis shows the need for an historical context based on three factors. First, the history of Labour's political ideas, discussed in Part I, illustrates the extent to which former debates re-emerge; to a large extent, Labour continued in the 1980s to be pre-occupied with traditional arguments. Second, Labour's economic and social policy thinking was, at least in part, a reflection on its own 'record' in government. An historical context inevitably includes an analysis of Labour's own post-war economic and social policy thinking. Third, the immediate political context between 1983 and 1992 is also central to an understanding of Labour's ideas over this period. This includes the impact of Thatcherism, its policy and ideas, as well as the effect of fundamental economic and social change. However, it is the first which is most important. The history of Labour's ideas is noticeably neglected in the literature on the period. This thesis constitutes an attempt to redress the balance.


Computer-based information systems are playing an increasingly important role in organizational decision-making. Although high level managers are not in imminent danger of extinction, many managerial functions have been substantially altered or replaced by computer systems. These developments are viewed here as an extension of bureaucratic rationalism, the peculiar innovative spirit of large-scale enterprise. Advanced information technology in large organizations appears to promote the elaboration of hierarchically structured control mechanisms, and to further the resolution of complex decision tasks into routine procedures. Since the technology could in principle be used to support radically different modes of organization, an explanation must be sought in the evolution of bureaucracy. Efforts to improve productivity and efficiency affect the distribution of power and authority, so that technical innovation in management raises serious ethical and political problems. Historical observations and empirical results point to a contradiction between bureaucratic rationalism and individual autonomy. This contradiction is revealed in the impact of computer applications on the conduct of certain classes of decision-makers. Policy issues are transformed into technical questions, and opportunities for exercising independent judgment are diminished as analysis of means displaces exploration of ends. I will attempt to show how this transformation is accomplished in the rationalization of functions which typically accompanies the introduction of computer systems.


This paper proposes a hierarchical control scheme which applies optimization method into DC microgrids in order to improve the system overall efficiency while considering the State-of-Charge (SoC) balancing at the same time. Primary droop controller, secondary voltage restoration controller and tertiary optimization tool formulate the complete hierarchical control system. Virtual resistances are taken as the decision variables for achieving the objective. simulation results are presented to verify the proposed approach. Keywords—hierarchical control; state-of-charge; efficiency; genetic algorithm; consensus algorithm


The continuation of China's remarkable economic growth will depend on continued increases in electricity supply. China has commenced a program of electricity sector restructuring, with the announced aim of relying on markets and competition to provide incentives for attracting private investment and encouraging efficiency. However, a close examination of the generation markets being created suggests that truly free wholesale prices are likely to be both high and volatile. This may be the reason that these prices have not yet been freed — and it may not bode well for true market liberalization in the future.


The neglect of northern English estates has concealed unusual features that mark them as different from southern manorial regimes. This thesis reveals several of these by examining the local administration of the bishopric of Durham during the pontificate of Walter Skirlaw, in a time when ad- hoc adaptations to the effects of the Black Death crystallized into permanent machinery. Evidence for this comes from the bishopric halmote court books. These unique books were the primary court record but also documented the bishop's rights in the estate. Their nature and internal references to other records provide a convenient window onto the changes occurring in this period. The township was the basic bishopric administrative unit in County Durham, and in many ways it had not changed since the eleventh century or before. The Durham township retained a communal identity, often functioning as a corporation. The bishop relied extensively on the township for the smooth running of the estate, while the townships looked to the bishop for justice and organization. Village officers, such as the reeve, continued to play important roles for both bishop and villagers without suffering from divided loyalties. The halmote was the focus of the estate administration, and in it we see adaptions to contemporary problems such as the decline of serfdom, vacant land and judicial stagnation. Tenants and officials were reprimanded, rules were enforced, private litigation was heard, and the bishop's rights were ruthlessly enforced. Although it was a villain court, free men appreciated the convenience of the halmote and used it to transact their business. In all of this, the Durham township was a prominent and willing partner with the bishop, and both gained immensely from this cooperation.


Since 2004 policy makers at the state level have been proposing legislation to prevent local municipalities from developing or deploying some form of broadband Internet infrastructure. As of June 2006, 35 states have addressed the municipal broadband issue in some way. Many of the bills that have passed have done so through amendment and compromise. Many of the bills that have died in committee have failed to pass because of the failure of legislators, private providers and municipalities to compromise. We have compiled a database of all municipal wireless initiatives in the United States. As of June 2006, we have a total of 357 entries. We have queried every state in which legislation has been passed or is pending regarding municipal wireless initiatives. Drawing from one subsection of fields from the database, we have compiled the statuses of all cities within those states concerning their efforts to build municipal wireless broadband networks. In this paper, we present a typology of five municipal responses to this legislation.


OBJECTIVE
To further clarify the anticancer mechanisms of Liujunzi decoction and provide possible targets for the treatment of advanced-stage nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by re-analyzing differential gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Liujunzi decoctiontreated NSCLC patients receiving first-line chemotherapy.

METHODS
The PBMC gene expression microarray data set GSE61926 was retrieved from a high throughput gene expression database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by paired sample t-test and the multiple ratio method. Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed using the DAVID database. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using interaction gene library retrieval tools and Cytoscape software.

RESULTS
A total of 162 DEGs were identified, with 67 upregulated genes and 95 downregulated genes. The functional distribution of Gene Oncology (GO) genes showed that DEGs were mostly concentrated in extracellular regions, calcium ion binding, and transcriptase activity. KEGG pathway analysis showed that cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions were significantly enriched. PPI network analysis screened out the top 10 central protein-coding genes with the highest nodal degree: IL2, PIWIL4, DICER1, PIWIL2, SAA1, XCL1, IL22RA1, ARHGAP11A, DCP1A, and GDNF. Among them, the central protein-coding gene with the highest node degree was IL2. In addition, the central protein-coding genes with high node degrees and high molecular complex detection (MCODE) scores were PIWIL4, DICER1, PIWIL2, and DCP1A, all of which are related to tumor development.

CONCLUSIONS
One signaling pathway and 10 central protein-coding genes related to anticancer mechanisms were screened by re-analysis of GSE61926 data. IL2, PIWIL4, DICER1, PIWIL2, and DCP1A may have important roles in the mechanism of Liujunzi decoction treatment against NSCLC. Our results suggest that the anticancer mechanism of Liujunzi decoction may be related to gene silencing by RNA and the biological processes of piwi-interacting RNA and other small RNAs.


Despite some suppositions about the difficulties of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) to adapt the process improvement models and standards, there exist few systematic researches concerning this respect. This paper describes the statistical results of a survey of 81 software development companies in Santa Catarina, which compares MSEs with medium and large enterprises (MGES) considering factors that may influence the adoption of a program of process improvement software. Following a methodology for planning, execution and statistical analysis of results, the conclusion reached was that in 49% of the surveyed factors, exist significant differences between the two groups of companies.


Summary Paragraph The COVID-19 pandemic is having a catastrophic impact on human health. Widespread community transmission has triggered stringent distancing measures with severe socioeconomic consequences. Gaining control of the pandemic will depend on interruption of transmission chains until protective herd immunity arises. Ferrets and related members of the weasel genus transmit SARS-CoV-2 efficiently with minimal clinical signs, resembling spread in the young-adult population. We previously reported an orally efficacious nucleoside analog inhibitor of influenza viruses, EIDD-2801 (or MK-4482), that was repurposed against SARS-CoV-2 and is in phase II/III clinical trials. Employing the ferret model, we demonstrate in this study high SARS-CoV-2 burden in nasal tissues and secretions that coincides with efficient direct-contact transmission. Therapeutic treatment of infected animals with twice-daily MK-4482/EIDD-2801 significantly reduced upper respiratory tract SARS-CoV-2 load and completely suppressed spread to untreated contact animals. This study identifies oral MK-4482/EIDD-2801 as a promising antiviral countermeasure to break SARS-CoV-2 community transmission chains.


Modelling of LHCD with transport calculations is performed with the JETTO transport code, which has been upgraded by implementing the Fast Ray Tracing Code to calculate self-consistent LH power deposition profiles. Heat and particle transport models that are able to reproduce the experimental JET temperature and density profiles are used in JETTO for predictive high performance modelling. Application of 3.5 MW LHCD power provides an inverted q profile across 50-70% of the plasma radius whereas, without LHCD, the q profile is monotonic during the flat-top phase. The results predict that the fusion power is about 60% higher for high performance DT plasmas in the optimized shear scenario with 3.5 MW LHCD applied during the high performance phase than without LHCD at Bt = 3.4 T and Ip = 3.9 MA on JET. In addition, the width of the internal transport barrier (ITB) is 0.25-0.30 m larger and the ITB can be sustained for a longer time with LHCD.


Abstract This research consists mainly of introducing the hydroarchaeological method, especially as related to issues of drought. The article outlines how this multidisciplinary method can provide insights into the success and failures of an archaeological site, in this case the Maya site of Palenque. We also detail convincing evidence that shows that the Maya of Palenque did not leave their city because of deficiencies of water, as some paleoclimatologists and archaeologists have asserted. The first logical step toward understanding any settlement's water system is to use basic hydrologic methods and theory and to understand the local watershed. There is great potential for watershed-climate modeling in developing plausible scenarios of water use and supply and of the effect of extreme conditions (flood and drought), all of which cannot be fully represented by atmosphere-based climate and weather projections. The research demonstrates how the local watershed, land-use, and ecological conditions interact with regional climate changes. The archaeological implications for this noninvasive "virtual" method are many, including detecting periods of stress within a community, estimating population by developing caps based on the availability of water, and understanding settlement patterns, as well as assisting present local populations in understanding their water cycle.


Herein, a well-defined nanostructure with leaf-like WO3 nanoflakes decorated on g-C3N4 was constructed via a facile impregnation and subsequent annealing method. The prepared WO3/g-C3N4 exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the selective oxidation of alcohols under mild conditions, and satisfactory yields to the corresponding carbonyl compounds were achieved without using non-green additives and organic solvents. It was found that the enhanced catalytic activity could be attributed to the enlarged specific surface area, the well-defined nanostructure, and the strong interactions between WO3 and g-C3N4. The distribution of WO3 nanoflakes on the g-C3N4 support increased the number of catalytically active sites for this reaction. XPS analysis suggested that a synergistic electron effect occurred because of the electron transfer from g-C3N4 to WO3. Moreover, the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, oxidant amount and catalyst dosage on catalytic activity were investigated. Recycle studies showed that the catalyst could be readily recovered and no obvious decrease in catalytic efficiency was observed after seven cycles. The present catalytic system can afford a wide substrate scope for both aryl and alkyl alcohols with superior conversion and selectivity. Also, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed to better illustrate the catalytic process. This work might provide a facile construction of a well-defined WO3/g-C3N4 catalyst for the selective oxidation of alcohols using a sustainable approach.


Saliency theory is among the most influential accounts of party competition, not least in providing the theoretical framework for the Comparative Manifesto Project one of the most widely used data collections in comparative politics. Despite its prominence, not all empirical implications of the saliency theory of party competition have yet been systematically tested. This article addresses five predictions of saliency theory, the central claim of which is that parties compete by selective issue emphasis rather than by direct confrontation. Since a fair test of the theory's assumptions needs to rely on data that measures party issue saliency and party positions independently, this article draws on new manifesto data from the Austrian National Election Study (AUTNES). Analysing all manifestos issued for the 2002, 2006 and 2008 general elections, it shows that saliency theory correctly identifies some features of party competition. For instance, parties disproportionally emphasise issues they "own". Yet, the core assumption of saliency theory that parties compete via selective issue emphasis rather than direct confrontation over the same issues fails to materialise in the majority of cases.


We define the sample area in the plane perpendicular to the long axis of conventional and alternative time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes based on the finite element numerical analysis of Knight et al. [1997] and the definition of spatial sensitivity ofKnight [1992]. The sample area of conventional two‐ and three‐rod probes is controlled by the rod separation. Two‐rod probes have a much larger sample area than three‐rod designs. Low dielectric permittivity coatings on TDR rods greatly decrease the sample area. The sample area of coated rod probes decreases as the relative dielectric permittivity of the surrounding medium increases. Two alternative profiling probes were analyzed. The separation of the metal rods of Hook et al. [1992] probes controls the size of the sample area. Reducing the height or width of the rods improves the distribution of sensitivity within the sample area. The relative dielectric permittivity of the probe body does not affect the sample size. The sample size of the Redman and DeRyck [1994] probe is also controlled by the rod separation. Two alternative surface probe designs [White and Zegelin, 1992; Selker et al., 1993] are shown to have similar sample areas.


Purpose: To investigate the osteoconductive effect of a chitosan scaffold in a rat skull defect model. Previous publications have demonstrated the osteoinductive properties as scaffold materials with growth factors; however, whether chitosan alone has osteoconductive ability is unclear. This study used cross-linked chitosan scaffolds for in vivo evaluation of scaffold-supported bone regeneration in rat calvarial defects using histopathological analysis and examination of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium, phosphorus, and calcitonin serum levels. Materials and Methods: Scaffolds were made of cross-linked chitosan. After the defect was filled with the scaffold, the periosteum was carefully repositioned and sutured to stabilize the scaffold. The effects of the scaffold on wound repair were examined microscopically. Morphological radiographic and histopathological analyses of wound repair ratios were performed at 3 and 4 weeks after the defects were made. Results: Using the cross-linked chitosan biomaterial of the wounds. The amount of regenerated bone measured was significantly greater in the chitosan-treated group than in the control group. The ALP level in the chitosan group at 4 weeks was higher than at baseline and at the 4-week follow-up in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The results show that cross-linked chitosan has an osteoconductive effect on bone regeneration in vivo.


The ease of ordering snacks through online applications after the COVID-19 pandemic makes it difficult for parents to control the halal snacks consumed by their children. In fact, there are still many parents who do not understand what halal snacks are like. Whereas the knowledge and behavior of parents greatly influence the way children choose whatever snacks to consume. This community service activity is expected to increase understanding of the role of parents in familiarizing children with halal snacks. The methods are: a) the lecture method, used to convey knowledge about changes in the halal logo in Indonesia, the urgency, ways, and creative media to familiarize children with halal snacks; b) the question and answer method, used to provide feedback to parents as well as to get parents' feedback on the material that has been delivered during the activity; (3) the practical method, used to practice making a variety of simple creative media that can easily familiarize halal snacks on child. The results of this activity are: (1) parents' enthusiasm is very high; (2) parents' knowledge about ways and creative media to familiarize halal snacks increased, in the high category, seen from the average pretest 5.74 and the average posttest  9.0. The suggestion from this service activity is that the committee should not only invite parents but also invite their children together. This is to create a bond between parents and children in implementing the consumption of halal products in the area closest to the child.


Abstract Chronic active lesions are promotors of neurodegeneration and disease progression in multiple sclerosis. They harbour a dense rim of activated innate immune cells at the lesion edge, which promotes lesion growth and thereby induces damage. Conventional MRI is of limited help in identifying the chronic active lesions, so alternative imaging modalities are needed. Objectives were to develop a PET-based automated analysis method for phenotyping of chronic lesions based on lesion-associated innate immune cell activation and to comprehensively evaluate the prevalence of these lesions in the various clinical subtypes of multiple sclerosis, and their association with disability. In this work, we use 18 kDa translocator protein-PET imaging for phenotyping chronic multiple sclerosis lesions at a large scale. For this, we identified 1510 white matter T1-hypointense lesions from 91 multiple sclerosis patients (67 relapsing–remitting patients and 24 secondary progressive patients). Innate immune cell activation at the lesion rim was measured using PET imaging and the 18 kDa translocator protein-binding radioligand 11C-PK11195. A T1-hypointense lesion was classified as rim-active if the distribution volume ratio of 11C-PK11195-binding was low in the plaque core and considerably higher at the plaque edge. If no significant ligand binding was observed, the lesion was classified as inactive. Plaques that had considerable ligand binding both in the core and at the rim were classified as overall-active. Conventional MRI and disability assessment using the Expanded Disability Status Scale were performed at the time of PET imaging. In the secondary progressive cohort, an average of 19% (median, interquartile range: 11–26) of T1 lesions were rim-active in each individual patient, compared to 10% (interquartile range: 0–20) among relapsing–remitting patients (P = 0.009). Secondary progressive patients had a median of 3 (range: 0–11) rim-active lesions, versus 1 (range: 0–18) among relapsing–remitting patients (P = 0.029). Among those patients who had rim-active lesions (n = 63), the average number of active voxels at the rim was higher among secondary progressive compared to relapsing–remitting patients (median 158 versus 74; P = 0.022). The number of active voxels at the rim correlated significantly with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (R = 0.43, P < 0.001), and the volume of the rim-active lesions similarly correlated with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (R = 0.45, P < 0.001). Our study is the first to report in vivo phenotyping of chronic lesions at large scale, based on 18 kDa translocator protein-PET. Patients with higher disability displayed a higher proportion of rim-active lesions. The in vivo lesion phenotyping methodology offers a new tool for individual assessment of smouldering (rim-active) lesion burden.


Airborne archaeological prospection in arable crops relies on detecting features using contrasts in the growth of the overlying crop as a proxy. This is possible because thecomposition of the soil in the features differs from the unmodified subsoil, and this exerts influence on the state of the crop. This influence is expressed as changes in crop canopydensity, structure, and in periods of resource constraint, variations in vegetation stressand vigour. These contrasts are dynamic, and vary temporally with local weather, andspatially with variations in drift geology and land use. This means that the archaeologicalfeatures have no unique spectral signature usable for classification. Rather, contrast isexpressed as relative, local variation in the crop.
The extent to which the features are detectable using a particular technique is dependanton the strength of the contrast and the ability of the sensor to resolve it. Current practicerelies heavily on photography in the visible spectrum, but other sensors and processingtechniques have the potential to improve our ability to resolve subtle contrasts. This isimportant, as it affords the opportunity to extend the detection temporally and in soiltypes not normally considered conducive to detection.
This work uses multi-temporal spectro-radiometry and ground-based survey to studycontrast at two sites in southern England. From these measurements leaf area index, vegetationindices, the red-edge position, chlorophyll fluorescence and continuum removalof foliar absorption features were derived and compared to evaluate contrast. The knowledgegained from the ground-based surveys was used to inform the analysis of the airbornesurveys. This included the application of vegetation indices to RGB cameras, theuse of multi-temporal and full-waveform LiDAR to detect biomass variations, and the useof various techniques with hyper-spectral imaging spectroscopy. These methods providea demonstrable improvement in contrast, particularly in methods sensitve to chlorophyllfluorescence, which afford the opportunity to record transient and short term contraststhat are not resolved by other sensors.


The second in a series of anti-Lincoln satires by Bromley & Co. This number was deposited for copyright on July 1, 1864. The artist conjures up a ludicrous vision of the supposed consequences of racial equality in America in this attack on the Republican espousal of equal rights. The scene takes place in a park-like setting with a fountain in the shape of a boy on a dolphin and a large bridge in the background. A black woman (left), "Miss Dinah, Arabella, Aramintha Squash," is presented by abolitionist senator Charles Sumner to President Lincoln. Lincoln bows and says, "I shall be proud to number among my intimate friends any member of the Squash family, especially the little Squashes." The woman responds, "Ise 'quainted wid Missus Linkum I is, washed for her 'fore de hebenly Miscegenation times was cum. Dont do nuffin now but gallevant 'round wid de white gemmen! . . . " A second mixed couple sit at a small table (center) eating ice cream. The black woman says, "Ah! Horace its-its-its bully 'specially de cream." Her companion, Republican editor Horace Greeley, answers, "Ah! my dear Miss Snowball we have at last reached our political and social Paradise. Isn't it extatic?" To the right a white woman embraces a black dandy, saying, "Oh! You dear creature. I am so agitated! Go and ask Pa." He replies, "Lubly Julia Anna, name de day, when Brodder Beecher [abolitionist clergyman Henry Ward Beecher] shall make us one!" At the far right a second white woman sits on the lap of a plump black man reminding him, "Adolphus, now you'll be sure to come to my lecture tomorrow night, wont you?" He assures her, "Ill be there Honey, on de front seat, sure!" A German onlooker (far right) remarks, "Mine Got. vat a guntry, vat a beebles!" A well-dressed man with a monocle exclaims, "Most hextwadinary! Aw neva witnessed the like in all me life, if I did dem me!" An Irishwoman pulls a carriage holding a black baby and complains, "And is it to drag naggur babies that I left old Ireland? Bad luck to me." In the center a Negro family rides in a carriage driven by a white man with two white footmen. The father lifts his hat and says, "Phillis de-ah dars Sumner. We must not cut him if he is walking." Their driver comments, "Gla-a-ang there 240s! White driver, white footmen, niggers inside, my heys! I wanted a sitiwation when I took this one." The term "miscegenation" was coined during the 1864 presidential campaign to discredit the Republicans, who were charged with fostering the intermingling of the races. In the lower margin are prices and instructions for ordering various numbers of copies of the print. A single copy cost twenty-five cents "post paid."
Entered . . . 1864 by Bromly & Co. . . . New York.
Title appears as it is written on the item.
Weitenkampf, p. 141-142.
Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)
Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1864-38.


This is a study of Istanbul's periodic bazaars and an attempt to place them in the context of contestation over urban space, urban poverty and informality. The periodic bazaars in the city are either disappearing or being moved to the outskirts. These trends reflect and reproduce spatial unevenness in the city, manifesting new forms of social exclusion and polarization. The city's increasingly commodified urban space has become an arena of social and economic contestation. We address these questions by focusing on the story of the relocation of one of Istanbul's most popular periodic bazaars, the Tuesday bazaar in Kadikoy. Our analysis reveals that the relocation and reorganization of bazaars in Istanbul in the 2000s have largely been driven by rising real-estate prices in the city: land has simply become too precious a commodity to be left to the bazaaris. Furthermore, in the context of a pervasive neoliberal discourse on urban renewal and modernization that promotes the notion of a hygienic city, the bazaaris, it seems, have become the new undesirables of the urban landscape, leaving them under double siege from the commodification of public land and from spatially defined social exclusion.


We revisit the problem of baryons in the large N limit of Quantum Chromodynamics. A special case in which the theory of Skyrmions is inapplicable is one-flavor QCD, where there are no light pions to construct the baryon from. More generally, the description of baryons made out of predominantly one flavor within the Skyrmion model is unsatisfactory. We propose a model for such baryons, where the baryons are interpreted as quantum Hall droplets. An important element in our construction is an extended, 2+1 dimensional, meta-stable configuration of the $\eta'$ particle. Baryon number is identified with a magnetic symmetry on the 2+1 dimensional sheet. If the sheet has a boundary, there are finite energy chiral excitations which carry baryon number. These chiral excitations are analogous to the electron in the fractional quantum Hall effect. Studying the chiral vertex operators we are able to determine the spin, isospin, and certain excitations of the droplet. In addition, balancing the tension of the droplet against the energy stored at the boundary we estimate the size and mass of the baryons. The mass, size, spin, isospin, and excitations that we find agree with phenomenological expectations.


A two-dimensional vibrational system with a strong nonlinear coupling is studied using a quantum-classical mixed mode self-consistent-field approach. The classical equations of motion as well as the time-dependent Schrodinger equation are solved for respective modes under the influence of the average fields generated by the other modes. This vibrational system was previously shown to be chaotic under classical mechanical treatment but quantum mechanical observations pointed out to highly regular behaviour. The results of the mixed mode calculations give periodic trajectories, regular Poincare maps and Lyapunov numbers, k = 0. These observations support the previous findings that during the transition from classical to quantum mechanics, regularity dominates the dynamical behaviour.


For long, historians have considered the telegraph as a tool of power, one that replaced the colonial government's a posteriori structures of control with a preventive system of authority. They have suggested that this revolution empowered colonial governments, making them more effective in their strategies of communication and rule. In this dissertation, I test these assumptions and analyze the use of telegraphic communication by Ceylon's colonial government during the second half of the nineteenth-century; to determine not only the impact of the telegraph on political decision-making but also how the telegraph and politics became embedded together, impacting on colonial government and its decision-making and on everyday administrative processes. I examine telegraphic messages alongside other forms of correspondence, such as letters and memos, to gauge the extent to which the telegraph was used to communicate information between London and Ceylon, and the role that the telegraph played locally, within Ceylon, between the Governor General and the island's regional officials. I argue that, contrary to conventional ideas, the telegraph did not transform colonial government practices. Rather, the medium became entrenched in a multi-layered system of communication, forming one part of a web of colonial correspondence tactics. While its role was purposeful, its importance and capacities were nevertheless circumscribed and limited.


Documentary heritage is permanently subject to suffering from physical, chemical, and/or biological alterations. Biological deterioration by microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) causes undesirable changes on material properties. Microorganisms affect different organic, natural or synthetic substrates (cellulose, polycarbonates), metals, and compounds of optical and magnetic devices (CD, VHS). Paper made by vegetal fibers, functional additives (glue, optical polishers, consolidating agents), and inks with organic bindings are used as sources of nutrients. The environmental microorganisms that form the microbial charge of indoor air at repositories (archives, libraries) storing cultural heritage can deteriorate the different supports of heritage importance and affect human health as allergies and skin affections. The aims of this research were to study microbial contamination of the environment and its influence on biodeterioration by the biofilm formation and to analyze the relationship between environment microbiota and biofilm formation in materials stored at three archives in Argentina and in two repositories of the National Archive of the Republic of Cuba.


Silicon carbide is expected to be a hard thermoelectric material which can be used at high temperature. Recently, a low dimensional structure has been fabricated as new materials such as thin films. We made thin films of SiC by the evaporation technique with several metal dopants which are silver, nickel and copper. These dopants act as p-type acceptors and could reduce the resistance of SiC and raise the performance as thermoelectric materials. In the 5 wt.% Ag doped samples, the thermoelectric power is about 10 /spl mu/V/K at 500/spl deg/C and the temperature dependence of the thermoelectric power is weak in all samples. The thermoelectric power is smaller than that of the bulk samples with the same dopants for SiC/Cu and SiC/Ag, and larger for SiC/Ni. The electrical conductivity increases as temperature increases. SiC/Ag thin films have large conductivity compared with the bulk samples. In the SiC/Ni films, the conductivity is also enhanced and the thermoelectric properties are improved at high temperature.


There is wide agreement among conservation activists and scientists alike that loss and alteration of habitat are the leading threats to biodiversity in America. Suburbs and exurbs, though, are only beginning to acknowledge that they are the problem in the struggle to stem the tide of sprawl and other economic processes producing ecosystem-wide habitat degradation today. A recent resurgence in academic and activist attention to local governments in America is reconsidering them as viable solutions to this problem. But most of this dialogue is being based upon a mistaken conception of local governance. Much of the legal scholarship on local environmentalism has ignored the reality of our localism and its role in the creation of the ever-expanding built landscape in America. This paper argues that this lack of realism in the current debate about local environmental law renders it blind to the vices of local governments and some of their sham conservation measures, but also to their counterintuitive virtues and possibilities for real conservation progress. Local government's deep connection to private property entrepreneurialism is what has made it so practically powerful in resisting so many state and federal environmental initiatives. But it may well be this dimension of our localism that renders it uniquely fit to the tasks of real habitat protection and restoration in the twenty-first century.


Abstract The Neoproterozoic sulfur isotope (δ34S) record is characterized by anomalously high δ34Spyrite values. Many δ34Spyrite values are higher than the contemporaneous δ34Ssulfate (i.e., δ34Spyrite > δ34Ssulfate), showing reversed fractionation. This phenomenon has been reported from the Neoproterozoic post-glacial strata globally and is called "Neoproterozoic superheavy pyrite." The commonly assumed biogenic genesis of superheavy pyrite conflicts with current understanding of the marine sulfur cycle. Various models have been proposed to interpret this phenomenon, including extremely low concentrations of sulfate in seawaters or pore waters, or the existence of a geographically isolated and geochemically stratified ocean. Implicit and fundamental in all these published models is the assumption of a biogenic origin for pyrite genesis, which hypothesizes that the superheavy pyrite is syngenetic (in the water column) or early diagenetic (in shallow marine sediments) in origin and formed via microbial sulfate reduction (MSR). In this study, the Cryogenian Datangpo Formation in South China, which preserves some of the highest δ34Spyrite values up to +70‰, is studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) at unprecedented spatial resolutions (2 μm). Based on textures and the new sulfur isotope results, we propose that the Datangpo superheavy pyrite formed via thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) in hydrothermal fluids during late burial diagenesis and, therefore, lacks a biogeochemical connection to the Neoproterozoic sulfur cycle. Our study demonstrates that SEM-SIMS is an effective approach to assess the genesis of sedimentary pyrite using combined SEM petrography and micrometer-scale δ34S measurements by SIMS. The possibility that pervasive TSR has overprinted the primary δ34Spyrite signals during late diagenesis in other localities may necessitate the reappraisal of some of the δ34Spyrite profiles associated with superheavy pyrite throughout Earth's history.


Background: People with intellectual disability, have been shown to become high and frequent users of primary health care services—both general population health professionals and intellectual disability specialists. Aim: The aim of this paper has been to assess differences of Health and Safety Activities children with intellectual disabilities on the Supports Intensity Scale-Children's Version and to confirm assumptions that support needs are confounded with age, IQ andgender.Methods:The sample included 377 children with intellectual disabilities in Bosnia and Herzegovina aged 5-16. Most respondents also had the presence of other, concurrent conditions and disorders. Using IQ, the sample was equalized to the level of intellectual functioning, and this data was obtained from the findings and opinions of the Commission for the Categorization of Children with Special Needs.Results:It was found at the multivariate level there are statistically significant differences between respondents of different ages and IQ in values of type, frequency and time of duration of support. No significant differences between boys and girls were identified at the multivariate level. Healthcare professionals and intellectual disability specialists must work as a team to guarantee any person with intellectual disability possibility to come as close as possible to the standard levels of well-being and health-related quality of life of the general population.


Nowadays, the customer satisfaction is the major duties and responsibilities of organizations management. On the other hand, employees as the internal customers play a vital role in the organizations' achievement. So, organizations should try to determine their staff's needs to maintain, improve and enhance service quality and attract their satisfaction. In this regard, the present study has assessed the internal service quality (ISQ) of service units in Isfahan Steel Mill Company. To do so, by using the standard questionnaire of SERVQUAL model and based on the model of service quality gap, the internal service quality in several units are measured and service quality gap is determined in the five dimensions of service quality. In following, the TOPSIS Technique is used to prioritize the service quality dimensions based on the given gap. According to the given results, there is a meaningful gap between the perceived and desired quality in the service units. In addition, based on the prioritizing of service quality dimensions by TOPSIS Technique, the tangible and reliability dimensions respectively had the highest and lowest priority in the service units of aforementioned company.


Sillimanite grade Dalradian schists composed of pelites, impure psammites, quartzites and calcite marbles, all containing amphibolites, were intruded and hornfelsed (giving hornfels sillimanite, garnet and cordierite) by a plutonic basic to acid igneous rock series now metamorphosed and folded. Important folding (denoted D2, D3, D4, and D5) as been recognized with a major southward facing D2, anticline, the Cashel antiform, being repeatedly folded by D3, which was a very strong phase, and accompanied and followed by D3-D4, major ductile slides and thrusting. Although the meta-igneous suite includes rare peridotites (olivine Fo75-87,) and anorthosites, it is mostly hornblende-augite-labradorite or bytownite-metagabbro and later quartz diorite or trondhjemite gneiss, which has injected the earlier more basic rocks. Variably preserved igneous layering in the basic rocks indicates that the whole intrusive basic sheet is flat-lying and inverted, lying on the inverted limb of the Cashel antiform. About 460 Ma ago the D3-D4, Mannin thrust carried the igneous complex, including the largely crystallized gneisses and the cover of Dalradian metasediment, over a now largely mylonitized set of acid volcanic rocks (rhyolites or ignimbrites) which enclose a separate suite of massive amphibolites intruded or extruded into the acid volcanic rocks before the thrusting. The base of the overthrust metagabbro sheet, which had cooled to albite-epidote-amphibolite facies conditions, was ground down into a fine-grained NNW lineated amphibolite. The volcanic rocks, the Mannin thrust, and the overlying basic complex, were folded by D4, and D5, into a domed structure. About 400 Ma the aplopegmatitic facies of the Inish Granite intruded and caused hornfelsing and folding while the Galway Granite was intruded in the south. Lamprophyric sills and dykes and porphyry dykes were followed by the final phase of the Inish Granite. The southward facing folding and thrusting of the Connemara Dalradian block and the gabbro-gneiss emplacement are major elements in the Caledonide history of the British Isles. It is postulated that there was a tectonic and genetic connection between the gabbro-gneiss intrusion into these Dalradian rocks, the unusually rapid decrease in metamorphic pressure already documented for Connemara and the exceptionally southern position of the Connemara block.


Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (BAZNAS) as a sharia social financial institution offers the latest technology in the process of socialization, service and zakat fundraising. The new model offered is ZakaTech, an online payment model that makes it easier for a muzaki (zakat payer) to fulfill his or her responsibility to pay zakat in the midst of the covid-19 pandemic. In addition, the distribution of zakat funds using ZakaTech method is considered very effective in helping mustahik, especially helping the poor who are economically affected by the covid-19 pandemic. This paper aims to analyze the strategy of developing zakat model with Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) approach. The results show that the main strategy needed in terms of developing ZakaTech is the ability of human resources (amil zakat) in managing and analyzing data in the era of big data using digital services. The main elements involved in ZakaTech development in Indonesia include the government as a regulator, educational institutions (including universities), and existing industries (pentahelix).


BACKGROUND
Taxane-based chemotherapy has been associated with an increased risk of radiation pneumonitis in patients with breast cancer. To obtain additional information about this association, we investigated the association between paclitaxel chemotherapy and radiation pneumonitis in patients participating in a phase III randomized study.

METHODS
Five hundred and twenty-four breast cancer patients were prospectively and randomly assigned to receive either four cycles of paclitaxel followed by four cycles of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide (FAC) or eight cycles of FAC. One hundred and eighty-nine of these patients (100 in the paclitaxel-FAC group and 89 in the FAC group) subsequently underwent radiation therapy in our institution and had medical records available to review for pulmonary symptoms. In addition, a radiologist who was unaware of the type of treatment scored chest x-ray changes after radiation treatment. Crude rates of radiation pneumonitis were compared with chi-square or Fisher's exact test, and actuarial rates were assessed with Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests. All statistical tests were two-sided.

RESULTS
No difference in the rate of clinically relevant radiation pneumonitis was observed between the two groups (5.0% in the paclitaxel-FAC group versus 4.5% in the FAC group; difference = 0.5%, 95% CI = -6.6% to 5.5%; P = 1.00). Oral steroids for pneumonitis were taken by two patients in the paclitaxel-FAC group but by none in the FAC group, and no patient was hospitalized for or died of radiation pneumonitis. The paclitaxel-FAC group (39.3%) had a higher rate of radiographic changes after irradiation than the FAC group (23.7%; difference = 15.6%, 95% CI = -0.11% to 28.8%; P = .034).

CONCLUSION
Patients with breast cancer treated with sequential paclitaxel, FAC, and radiation therapy appeared to have a very low rate of clinically relevant radiation pneumonitis that was no different from that of patients treated with FAC alone.


There are various image filtering approaches in computer vision and image processing that are effective for some types of noise, but they invariably make certain assumptions about the properties of the signal and/or noise which lack the generality for diverse image noise reduction. This study describes a novel generalised guided image filtering method with the reference image generated by signal subspace projection (SSP) technique. It adopts refined parallel analysis with Monte Carlo simulations to select the dimensionality of signal subspace in the patch-based noisy images. The noiseless image is reconstructed from the noisy image projected onto the significant eigenimages by component analysis. Training/test image are utilised to determine the relationship between the optimal parameter value and noise deviation that maximises the output peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The optimal parameters of the proposed algorithm can be automatically selected using noise deviation estimation based on the smallest singular value of the patch-based image by singular value decomposition (SVD). Finally, we present a quantitative and qualitative comparison of the proposed algorithm with the traditional guided filter and other state-of-the-art methods with respect to the choice of the image patch and neighbourhood window sizes.


Renal artery stenosis (RAS) causes renovascular hypertension and renal damage, which may result from tissue inflammation. We have previously shown that the kidney in RAS exhibits increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, but its contribution to renal injury remained unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that MCP-1 contributes to renal injury and dysfunction in the stenotic kidney. Methods Kidney hemodynamics, function, and endothelial function were quantified in pigs after 10 weeks of experimental RAS (n = 7), RAS supplemented with the MCP-1 inhibitor bindarit (RAS + bindarit, 50 mg/kg/day orally, n = 6), and normal controls (n = 8). Renal inflammation was assessed by the immunoreactivity of MCP-1, its receptor chemotactic cytokine receptor 2, and NFκB, and oxidative stress by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase expression and in-situ superoxide production. Renal microvascular density was evaluated by micro-CT and fibrosis by trichrome staining, collagen-I immunostaining, and hydroxyproline content. Results After 10 weeks of RAS, blood pressure was similarly elevated in RAS and RAS + bindarit. Compared with normal controls, stenotic RAS kidneys had decreased renal blood flow (5.4 ± 1.6 vs. 11.4 ± 1.0 ml/min/kg, P < 0.05) and glomerular filtration rate and impaired endothelial function, which were significantly improved in bindarit-treated RAS pigs (to 8.4 ± 0.8 ml/min/kg, P < 0.05 vs. RAS). Furthermore, bindarit markedly decreased tubulointerstitial (but not vascular) oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, and slightly increased renal microvascular density. The impaired renovascular endothelial function, increased oxidative-stress, and fibrosis in the contralateral kidney were also improved by bindarit. Conclusion MCP-1 contributes to functional and structural impairment in the kidney in RAS, mainly in the tubulointerstitial compartment. Its inhibition confers renoprotective effects by blunting renal inflammation and thereby preserving the kidney in chronic RAS.


Author(s): McOmber, Britta | Advisor(s): Hecht, Susanna | Abstract: In the state of California, dams are aging, underfinanced, and in many cases ill-maintained. The Oroville Dam Spillway Failure in February 2017 demonstrates that even dams with satisfactory condition ratings can be at risk of failing from a combination of climatic, political, economic, and structural factors. It is therefore necessary to look beyond the condition assessment of a dam and instead consider the hazard potential status. California has 833 High Hazard Potential (HHP) dams – which the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers defines as dams that would cause significant loss of life, property destruction, or environmental damage in the case of failure or misoperation (2016).Expanding on previous literature on the sociodemographic determinants of flood-risk in cases of sea-level rise, climate change, high precipitation, and storm events, this project analyzes variables of social vulnerability within HHP dam inundation boundaries. I rely on a series of geostatistical analyses, two-tail independent samples statistical tests, and multiple linear regressions to answer the overarching research question – Who is most vulnerable to dam-induced floods in California? The data underpinning this research comes from the National Inventory of Dams, statewide dam inundation boundary maps, and the 2012 -2016 American Community Survey. Results from independent samples t-tests show that individuals and households are disproportionately located within hazardous dam flood zones if they are U.S. Citizens, live with a disability, are less educated, are unemployed, are single parents, have lower median household incomes, live at, below, or near the federal poverty line, and identify as either Black and African American, American Indian and Native Alaskan, or Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander. Furthermore, people whose highest educational attainment is a high school degree, unemployed individuals, those living with disabilities, Hispanic or Latino individuals, female-headed households, renters, and people who identify as Black and African American, American Indian and Native Alaskan, Asian, and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander represent variables of social vulnerability that are statistically significant predictors of living within a hazardous dam flood zone. This project therefore reveals the spatial and social characteristics of vulnerability to dam-induced flood risk in California. Planners and policymakers can use this information to improve existing disaster management and response plans by incorporating targeted and specific strategies to reduce the flood-risk of highly vulnerable populations. My findings also provide information necessary for planners and policymakers to address and mitigate the existing social and spatial inequalities in dam inundation zones to create a more environmentally just California.


Abstract. The volume, heat and freshwater transports in the Fram Strait are estimated from geostrophic computations based on summer hydrographic data from 1984, 1997, 2002 and 2004. In these years, in addition to the usually sampled section along 79° N, a section between Greenland and Svalbard was sampled further north. Quasi-closed boxes bounded by the two sections and Greenland and Svalbard can then be formed. Applying conservation constraints on these boxes provides barotropic reference velocities. The net volume flux is southward and varies between 2 and 4 Sv. The recirculation of Atlantic water is about 2 Sv. Heat is lost to the atmosphere and the heat loss from the area between the sections averaged over the four years is about 10 TW. The net heat (temperature) transport is 20 TW northward into the Arctic Ocean, with large interannual differences. The mean net freshwater added between the sections is 40 mSv and the mean freshwater transport southward across 79° N is less than 60 mSv, indicating that most of the liquid freshwater leaving the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait in summer is derived from sea ice melt in the northern vicinity of the strait. In 1997, 2001 and 2003 meridional sections along 0° longitude were sampled and in 2003 two smaller boxes can be formed, and the recirculation of Atlantic water in the strait is estimated by geostrophic computations and continuity constraints. The recirculation is weaker close to 80° N than close to 78° N, indicating that the recirculation is mainly confined to the south of 80° N. This is supported by the observations in 1997 and 2001, when only the northern part of the meridional section, from 79° N to 80° N, can be computed with the constraints applied. The recirculation is found strongest close to 79° N.


This study aimed at investigating to what extent critical thinking (CT) is manifested in the questions of three English textbooks commonly used in Intensive Reading course for undergraduate English majors of China. For this purpose, the after-text reading comprehension questions in English Through Culture, Contemporary College English and Think English were coded and classified based on Bloom et al. (1956). Two major findings have emerged. First, as far as the simple questions are concerned, the lower-order questions are more prevalent in the EFL textbooks, but a gradual increase in compilers' awareness of incorporating CT cultivation into textbooks is observed over time, with higher-order questions outnumbering their counterparts in Think English. As regards the composite questions, Think English has the highest percentages of upward questions, wavy questions and upward waveform questions, three types of composite questions most beneficial to CT cultivation. Therefore, the recently published Think English satisfactorily fulfills the educational objective of fostering English majors' CT skills in terms of its questioning design. The study concludes by discussing its implications and suggestions for future avenues of research.


Mutual interaction between electromagnetic and gravitational fields can be treated in the framework of the general theory of relativity. This poses a difficult problem but different approximations can be introduced in order to grasp interesting effects and to describe mechanisms which govern astronomical objects. The electromagnetic field near a rotating black hole is being explored here. By employing an analytic solution for the weak electromagnetic field in vacuum, we plot the surfaces of constant flux and we show how the field is dragged around the black hole by purely geometrical effects of the strong gravitational field. We visualize the complicated structure of magnetic lines and we also mention possible astrophysical applications of more realistic situations involving the presence of plasma. The entangled and twisted field lines result in reconnection processes which accelerate the particles injected into the vicinity of the black hole. Such acceleration mechanisms of the electromagnetic origin are considered as a possible source of high-speed plasma jets emerging from numerous nuclei of galaxies where black holes reside.


A simple experimental set-up is described to measure the electromagnetic shielding property of high Tc superconducting samples. Measurements were performed using HTSC materials in the form of laser ablated thin films, powders and sintered pellets. Samples used were Gd-123 in pure and doped form as well as a few Bi-based superconducting ceramics. For comparison, similar measurements were carried out on metals like aluminium, copper and μ metal. Very effective shielding was observed for HTSC materials compared to the conventional materials mentioned above. However it also depended on the sample types and poor shielding was observed for powdered HTSC material in comparison to thin films prepared by laser ablation.


Considering importance of N protein for study of viral pathogenesis or development of immunodiagnostic assay, we reported effects of several conditions on purity and homogeneity of recombinant SARS-CoV N protein expressed in E. coli BL21. The SARS-CoV N gene was reverse transcribed and amplified by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. The amplicons were cloned into pGEX-6P1 and followed by subcloning of the target gene into pQE-80L. After inserting the recombinant plasmid (pQE80-N) into E. coli, the recombinant protein (6 x His tag-N protein fusion) was expressed by inducing the bacterial cells with 0.1-0.5 mM isopropyl-1-thio-Dgalactopyranoside (IPTG) for 1-5 h. The protein recombinant were extracted from the bacterial cells by NTT buffer containing 0-20 mM imidazol, and followed by Ni-NTA affinity resin purification. The results showed that induction of E. coli BL21 with 0.2 mM IPTG for 4 h and followed with lysis of bacterial cells in NTT buffer containing 10 mM imidazol were optimal conditions to obtain the pure recombinant SARS-CoV N protein.


BACKGROUND
Differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs) account for about 1% of all human malignancies. Cervical lymph nodes metastases and recurrences in the thyroid bed frequently occur. Furthermore, about 10-15% of patients develop distant metastases. Therefore, patients must undergo life-long follow-up.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of Thyroglobulin measurement in FNAB washout (FNAB-Tg) in the detection of local metastasis in patients affected by or evaluated for thyroid cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In a 3-year period, a total of 83 consecutive patients coming to our attention at the Ear-Nose-Throat (ENT) Outpatients Service of the National Cancer Research Center "Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Italy, because of the finding of one or more cervical lymph node(s), were enrolled in the study. After collection of the cytological specimen, the needle used for performing FNAB was then washed in 1 ml of normal saline. 89 FNAB washouts were collected from the same number of lymph nodes and subsequently investigated for Thyroglobulin levels using a sequential chemiluminescent-immunometric assay.

RESULTS
Comparing the cytological or, when performed, histological diagnoses with the results of FNAB-Tg, we found that in 24 cases of lymph node metastases from PTC (19 lymph nodes from patients at the first diagnoses and 5 lymph nodes from PTC patients in follow up) the mean level of Thyroglobulin was 1840.11 ng/ml; range: <0,2 to 11440 ng/ml. In the group of PTC patients (27 lymph nodes) with lymph nodes negative for metastatic involvement at cytology (i.e. no lymph node recurrence at follow-up), as well as in the cases of subjects without PTC and submitted to FNAB because of the appearance of lymph node(s) classified as reactive at cytology (37 lymph nodes), FNAB-Tg was lower than or equal to 0.2 ng/ml. As expected, the Thyroglobulin level was not detectable (< 0.2 ng/ml) also in a lymph node FNAB from a case of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.

CONCLUSION
In our study, FNAB-Tg was not detectable in all node negative patients showing, when considering together all the lymph node metastases, a 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity.


Date Presented 04/06/19
 OT perceives the inclusion of people with disabilities to be mandatory, at large, and specifically in health professions. However, during training of students as OTs, and especially during fieldwork, issues might arise due to disabilities. This qualitative research outlines key issues in supervision of students with disabilities. Findings point to practical recommendations in how supervisors, academia, and field placement can remove obstacles during fieldwork.
 Primary Author and Speaker: Ruth Shoham
 Contributing Authors: Naomi Schreuer, Dalia Sachs


BACKGROUND: The association between exacerbations of asthma and weather or air pollution is not well understood. The relationships between visits to the emergency room for asthma attacks and the meteorological, aerobiological, and chemical characteristics of the outdoor air have been evaluated. METHODS: The number of daily attendances for asthma attacks at the emergency room of Oulu University Central Hospital was recorded over one year together with daily meteorological readings (temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, rainfall), levels of air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), total suspended particles (TSP)), and pollen counts (birch, alder, pine, willow, total pollen). The relationship between the number of attendances and the measured variables was then analysed by multiple regression and stepwise discriminant analysis. RESULTS: The total number of attendances during the year was 232, with lower figures in summer and higher in winter. No association was found between visits for asthma attacks and airborne pollen levels or meteorological factors except for temperature, which had a low inverse correlation with attendance. The most significant correlations were found between asthma visits and the levels of NO2; those for SO2, TSP, and H2S were also significant. Intercorrelations between SO2 and temperature or NO2 and between temperature and TSP or NO2 were also found, but only NO2 correlated significantly with attendances after standardisation for temperature. CONCLUSIONS: Increased levels of pollutants, especially NO2, were associated with attacks of asthma, but the explanation for this is unclear. Air pollen levels were not associated with asthma attacks and only temperature among the meteorological factors had a small association with asthma.


Starting with the ideals of universalism and de-familisation, this article analyses the role of the state, the family and the market as providers of care for older people in different social groups in Sweden in the 2000s. The analysis is based on data from the Swedish Living Conditions Surveys for the years 2002–2003 and 2009–2010, with a total of 1,805 individuals in need of practical help aged 65 years and older.In the 2000s the number of beds in residential care was reduced by one fourth, thus increasing family care considerably in all social groups. However, there was an interaction between class and gender. The help given by daughters increased primarily among older people with lower levels of education while the help given by sons increased primarily among those with higher education, making the help given by sons and daughters equally common in this latter group.Stimulated by the introduction of a tax deduction on household services and personal care in 2007, privately purchased services also increased. These services, however, still play a marginal role, in particular for older people with lower levels of education. A class-related pattern remains in that family care is more common among older people with less education whereas privately purchased services are more common among those with higher education. Thus, even if there is a trend of re-familisation in all social groups, the dualisation of care challenging universalism remains, and working class daughters are still the most affected by the cutbacks.


Taxol-based combination chemotherapy remains the predominant treatment for cancer. However, taxane related drug resistance and neurotoxicity have promoted us to develop substitute treatment strategies. Kinesis spindle protein which is crucial for bipolar spindal formation and duplicate chromosome separation in early phase of mitosis, has emerged as an attractive target for cancer chemotherapy. The Aim of study was to investigate the mechanism of inhibition of kinesis spindle protein that plays an essential role in establishing mitotic spindle bipolarity, by the novel small molecular inhibitor. Antiproliferative activity of triterpene fraction of cucumis trigonus(TF25CT) in cancer cell line was accessed by cell viability assay (MTT and SRB). TF25CT showed dose dependent inhibition of cell proliferation of cancer cells. The antiproliferative effect of TF25CT was also associated with induction of apoptosis as well as morphology changes and DNA fragment. The morphology of Apoptosis nuclei was quantified using Hoechst stating and PI fragmentation. The degree of DNA fragmentation was analyzed by using agarose gel electrophoresis. The observations indicate that induced apoptotic- liked in morphological changes such as cell shrinkage and blebbing. Suppression of microtubule dynamics is responsible for the ability of TF25CT to inhibit the mitotic progression and cell proliferation using fluorescent microscope, we examined the effect of TF25CT on dynamics of individual microtubule in two living human cancer cell line. Taken together the kinesis protein inhibitor represents an imported compound for further investigate as novel anticancer therapeutics. Citation Format: Viralkumar Laxmanbhai Patel, Ashish D. Wadhwani, Vijayan P. Triterpene fraction of Cucumis trigonus, a novel microtubule inhibitor and antitumor agent, induces cell death in cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B53.


The New York State Historical Association, established in 1899, had evolved by the middle of the twentieth century into what has been called "the Cooperstown Idea"—programs for the scholar, the teacher, the student, the enthusiast. Its fundamental mission was to help citizens connect with their history. The program was known for its leadership and innovation. Over the past few decades, challenges connected with resources, changing demographics, and technology have occasioned a reexamination of the Association's role and mission. Reflecting on these challenges, and drawing lessons from its own past, the Association has developed and continues to evolve a number of new strategies, including collaboration to expand institutional reach, expanding its role in National History Day, assembling focus groups for advice on exhibits and programs, increasing the range of its public events to attract new audiences, experimenting with new approaches to interpretation, developing blogs and other social media approaches, and strengthening its graduate training program for future museum professionals.


An enigma has emerged in the UK mortgage possessions data. As expected, possessions in England and Wales have been decreasing in line with falling unemployment and interest rates, but in Scotland, possessions are actually on the increase. This puzzling pattern in the data forms the rationale for a model of the determination of house possessions in Scotland. The paper examines a range of data north and south of the border and puts forward a number of hypotheses to explain the apparent conflicting trends in the level of possessions. An econometric model is then developed with the aim of testing these hypotheses in order to throw light on Britainis possessions paradox.


The results of unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations of flow around a square cylinder using two-dimensional hybrid meshes were presented in this paper. The first part examined the accuracy of various RANS turbulence models, i.e. the standard model, RNG model, realizable model, standard model, SST model, and RSM, by comparing their results with available experimental data. Despite the limits imposed by the RANS approach and the relatively inexpensive two-dimensional computations, the main features of this complex flow can be predicted reasonably well. Among the computations using various RANS models compared here, the SST model shows the best agreement with the experiment. The second part investigated the effects of corner cutoffs on unsteady flow characteristics around a square cylinder by using the SST model. Especially the detailed near-surface flow structure around the cylinder was focused on, aiming at giving an explanation for the drastic modification of the aerodynamic characteristics as the corner shape is slightly changed.


Recent progress in motion planning has made it possible to determine homotopy inequivalent trajectories between an initial and terminal configuration in a robot configuration space. Current approaches have however either assumed the knowledge of differential one-forms related to a skeletonization of the collision space, or have relied on a simplicial representation of the free space. Both of these approaches are currently however not yet practical for higher dimensional configuration spaces. We propose 2D topological task projections (TTPs): mappings from the configuration space to 2-dimensional spaces where simplicial complex filtrations and persistent homology can identify topological properties of the high-dimensional free configuration space. Our approach only requires the availability of collision free samples to identify winding centers that can be used to determine homotopy inequivalent trajectories. We propose the Winding Augmented RRT and RRT* (WA-RRT/RRT*) algorithms using which homotopy inequivalent trajectories can be found. We evaluate our approach in experiments with configuration spaces of planar linkages with 2-10 degrees of freedom. Results indicate that our approach can reliably identify suitable topological task projections and our proposed WA-RRT and WA-RRT* algorithms were able to identify a collection of homotopy inequivalent trajectories in each considered configuration space dimension.


Abstract The Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) has obtained spectra of volcanoes on the surface of the jovian satellite Io. Fits to data using a silicate cooling model allow us to constrain lava eruption rates and eruption age. The thermal signatures of the hot spots are indicative of active and cooling silicate lava flows. For large, active hot spots maximum ages of flow surfaces detected by NIMS typically range from days to months, although in one case it is nearly 30 years. Mass eruption rates for the main hot spots are in the range 7 m3 s−1 to 79 m3 s−1, using an average flow thickness of 1 m. These mass eruption rates are orders of magnitude less than those implied for large thermal outbursts on Io: the eruptions observed during June 1996 are most likely of a different eruption style, on a much smaller scale. The observation analyzed here may be representative of the current background level of volcanic activity on the anti-jove hemisphere of Io. The global mass eruption rate from these "non-outburst" hot spots is calculated to be 43 km3/year, equivalent to a global resurfacing rate of about 1 mm/year, about 10% of the minimum required global resurfacing volume. The total observed energy output from the 14 hot spots analyzed is 3.6×1012 W. Normalized globally, these hot spots contribute approximately 10% of Io's radiometric heat flux.


In this work, the MIMO Gaussian bidirectional broadcast channel (BBC) with common messages is studied. The problem is motivated by the concept of bidirectional relaying in a three-node network, where a half-duplex relay node establishes a bidirectional communication between two other nodes using a decode-and-forward protocol and thereby adds an own multicast message to the communication. The capacity region of the broadcast phase is derived and the corresponding transmit covariance matrix optimization problem is analyzed in detail. Thereby, it is shown that the transmit covariance optimization problem is strongly connected to the corresponding one of the MIMO Gaussian BBC without common messages. In particular, this knowledge can be exploited to transfer results such as optimal transmit strategies from one scenario to the other one.


Objective: To examine the relationship between antiphospholipid antibody positivity (expressed as the lupus anticoagulant) and cognitive dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: Cross-sectional comparisons of lupus anticoagulant (LA) positive (N = 39) and negative (N = 79) patients and controls (N = 35) on a cognitive test battery; 22 LA-positive and 53 LA-negative patients who had never experienced neuropsychiatric events (never-NP–SLE) were also compared separately. Results: LA-positive patients were 2 to 3 times more likely than were LA-negative patients to be designated as cognitively impaired. As a group, LA-positive patients, particularly those in the never-NP–SLE group, demonstrated lower performance primarily on tasks of verbal memory, cognitive flexibility, and psychomotor speed. Conclusions: LA positivity is associated with subclinical nervous system compromise, and a pattern of deficits compatible with subcortical involvement, possibly on the basis of ongoing LA-related microthrombotic events or vasculopathy. (JINS, 1997, 3, 377–386.)


Over the recent decades, automation systems, process control systems, process and laboratory information systems as well as management information systems have been introduced to the sugar industry and have been developed to a high standard today. These tools offer the advantage of much improved data availability/accessibility and a tremendous decrease in labour costs as well as improving factory operations. However, in other industries (e.g., the petrochemical industry) even more advanced expert systems are already state-of-the-art. The "missing link" between the current data & information architecture and the implementation of expert systems is a consistent on-line mass and energy balance for sugar factories.


The current study was conducted with the aim to described the light and electron microscopic features of jejunal and ileal Peyer`s patches of three-month old calves. The samples of jejunum and ileum portion of small intestine of three-month old calves were taken and processed for light microscopic, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy examinations. Histologically, jejunal Peyer`s patches were characterized by pear-shaped lymphoid follicles with large dome and interfollicular area. Ileal Peyer`s patches were composed of long sac like follicles with poor developed interfollicular area and an inconspicuous corona. The Follicle Associated Epithelium (FAE) is composed of absorptive epithelial cells or enterocytes and intraepithelial lymphocytes but lack of goblet cells and specialized cells or membranous cells (M cell). The jejunal Peyer`s patches consist more intraepithelial lymphocytes than that of the ileal peyer`s patches. The number of intraepithelial lymphocyte was significantly higher (p<0.05) in villi than those of crypts. Most of the intraepithelial lymphocytes were found in the subnuclear position below the nuclear level of the enterocytes. Electron microscopic examination revealed that the FAE of jejunal Peyer`s patches had scattered membranous cells or microfolds (M cells). M cells of jejunal Peyer`s patches were columnar shaped with luminal surface that bulged toward the intestinal lumen. M cells of dome epithelium of small intestine in calves were covered by blunt microvilli that were irregular, short and thick. These microvilli differed from microvilli of absorptive epithelial cells (enterocytes). Membranous bound particles were found in the dome epithelium of jejunal and ileal Peyer`s patches.


BACKGROUND
Masticatory movement occurs complicatedly and bilaterally. Although tongue plays an important role in mastication, bilateral tongue function during mastication has not been clarified yet.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of food properties on posterior tongue activity and coordination of muscles bilaterally by electromyography (EMG).

METHODS
Twenty healthy adults (10 males and 10 females; mean age 28 years; range: 22-33 years) participated in this study. Three test foods, gummy jelly (hard food), sponge cake (soft food requiring crushing), and mashed potatoes (soft food not requiring crushing), were used. Bilateral masseter N-EMG (surface electromyography for measuring the muscle activity of posterior tongue) and submental EMG were carried out while the participants chewed three test foods. The participants were instructed to masticate three test foods only on the right side and only on the left side unilaterally.

RESULTS
In the case of gummy jelly, N-EMG activity on the mastication side was significantly larger than that on the non-mastication side (p < 0.01). Regarding temporal relationship between the masseter and N-EMG activity, in the case of gummy jelly, the percentage of cases where the N-EMG peak was observed during masseter muscle EMG bursts was significantly higher than those for sponge cake and mashed potatoes (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION
N-EMG activity on the mastication side was significantly larger than that on the non-mastication side in the mastication of hard foods. Tongue showed activity pattern changes and coordinated with the masseter muscle depending on the food texture.


Introduction: Pediatric poisoning is a common emergency worldwide. Routine surveillance is necessary for public health officials and physicians to update strategies for pediatric poisoning prevention and management. In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiology of poisoning among children admitted to the emergency department. Methods: In this study, the epidemiological features of 110 cases of poisoning brought to Malatya Training and Research Hospital Pediatric Emergency Service between March 2020 and December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed and examined. Results: Hospital admissions are most frequently seen in the age groups of 1–3 (52.7%) and 12–18 (23.6%) years. Of 110 poisoning cases, 56.4% were drug poisoning and 54.5% of them were girls. While there are no symptoms in 74.5% of the cases, the most common symptom is abdominal pain with 40.7%. 92.7% of the patients needed intensive care. Only 45.5% of the cases were followed up and gastric lavage was performed with activated charcoal in 23.6% of them. Discussion and Conclusion: Childhood poisoning has an important place among the reasons for admission to the hospital. Early detection of poisonings and appropriate approach are lifesaving. Parenting advice and protective safety measures are important.


The purpose of this paper is to test the twin deficit hypothesis and empirical relationship between current account balance and budget deficit while including other important macroeconomic variables such as growth, interest rates, money supply (M3) in Kenya from 1963-2012. The study was based on co integration analysis and error correction model (ECM). The results reveal a long-run association between the trade deficit and the fiscal deficit. The findings indicate that the Keynesian view fits well for Kenya since the causality runs from budget deficit to current account deficit. We detected unidirectional causation between the twin deficits, running from budget deficit to current account directly and indirectly through budget deficits which raise real interest rates, crowd out domestic investment, and cause the currency to appreciate in relation to the other currencies and further deteriorates the current account deficit.


The
study reports on a group of EFL learners studying listening and speaking intensive
course at Qassim University, KSA. The study reports on engaging the sample of
the study in awareness-raising and practicing suprasegmentals of the English
language. For achieving the objectives of the study and raising the
participants' self-perceptions and efficacy in listening comprehension, and
speech intelligibility a shadowing technique was implemented. The shadowing
cycle is a comprehensive one built upon cognitive and technical norms. Results
of the study showed a systematic pattern of participants and endorsement for
native speakers, improvement in their perceptions of suprasegmentals, and
listening comprehension as well. Furthermore, results revealed the
participants' familiarity with suprasegmentals and their ability to implement
them in their oracy.


The main purpose of this paper is to explore how librarians in Indian Central Universities are using Cloud Computing tools into their daily library services and works. A structured questionnaire was designed & personally distributed as well as mailed to 407 respondents. Responses show that librarians are heavily reliant on cloud computing tools and majority of them are using various devices and want to imply the same to improve library services. Economics, delivery models and service layers and the user`s preference of cloud computing are the core drivers of this phenomena. However, majority of the librarians showed their concern over the security.


Introduction: Kidney biopsies (KBs) are performed in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) to diagnose non-diabetic or hypertensive kidney disease (NDHKD) potentially requiring specific management compared to diabetic and or hypertensive nephropathy (absence of NDHKD). Indications for KB are based on the presence of atypical features compared to the typical course of diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we assessed the association of different patterns of atypical features, or KB indications, with NDHKD. Methods: Native KBs performed in patients with T2D were analyzed. Data were collected from the patients' records. KB indications were determined according to the presence of different atypical features considered sequentially: (1) presence of any feature suggesting NDHKD which is not among the following ones, (2) recent onset of nephrotic syndrome, (3) low or rapidly declining estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), (4) rapid increase in proteinuria, (5) short duration of diabetes, (6) presence of hematuria, or (7) normal retinal examination. Results: Among the 463 KBs analyzed, NDHKD was diagnosed in 40% of the total population and 54, 40, 24, and 7% of the KBs performed for indications 1–4 respectively. Conversely, no patient who underwent KB for indications 5–7 displayed NDHKD. Logistic regression analyses identified eGFRCKD-EPI >15 mL/min/1.73 m2, urinary protein-to-Cr ratio <0.3 g/mmol, hematuria, HbA1c <7%, and diabetes duration <5 years as predictors of NDHKD, independently from the indication group. Conclusion: NDHKD is frequent in T2D. Despite the association of hematuria with NDHKD, our results suggest that presence of hematuria and absence of DR are insufficient to indicate KB in the absence of concurrent atypical features. Conversely, rapid progression of proteinuria and rapid deterioration of eGFR are major signals of NDHKD.


Forest or mouse shrews (Myosorex) represent a small but important radiation of African shrews generally adapted to montane and/or temperate conditions. The status of populations from Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and the north of South Africa has long been unclear because of the variability of traits that have traditionally been 'diagnostic' for the currently recognized South African taxa. We report molecular (mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA), craniometric, and morphological data from newly collected series of Myosorex from Zimbabwe (East Highlands), Mozambique (Mount Gorogonsa, Gorongosa National Park), and the Limpopo Province of South Africa (Soutpansberg Range) in the context of the available museum collections from southern and eastern Africa and published DNA sequences. Molecular data demonstrate close genetic similarity between populations from Mozambique and Zimbabwe, and this well-supported clade (herein described as a new species, Myosorex meesteri sp. nov.) is the sister group of all South African taxa, except for Myosorex longicaudatus Meester & Dippenaar, 1978. Populations of Myosorex in Limpopo Province (herein tentatively assigned to Myosorex cf. tenuis) are cladistically distinct from both Myosorex varius (Smuts, 1832) and Myosorex cafer (Sundevall, 1846), and diverged from M. varius at approximately the same time (2.7 Mya) as M. cafer and Myosorex sclateri Thomas & Schwann, 1905 diverged (2.4 Mya). Morphometric data are mostly discordant with the molecular data. For example, clearly distinct molecular clades overlap considerably in craniometric variables. On the other hand, extreme size differentiation occurs between genetically closely related populations in the Soutpansberg Range, which coincides with the bissection of the mountain range by the dry Sand River Valley, indicating the potential for strong intraspecific phenotypic divergence in these shrews. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London


Comparative analysis is a potentially powerful approach to study the effects of ecological traits on genetic variation and rate of evolution across species. However, the lack of suitable datasets means that comparative studies of correlates of genetic traits across an entire clade have been rare. Here, we use a large DNA-barcode dataset (5062 sequences) of water beetles to test the effects of species ecology and geographical distribution on genetic variation within species and rates of molecular evolution across species. We investigated species traits predicted to influence their genetic characteristics, such as surrogate measures of species population size, latitudinal distribution and habitat types, taking phylogeny into account. Genetic variation of cytochrome oxidase I in water beetles was positively correlated with occupancy (numbers of sites of species presence) and negatively with latitude, whereas substitution rates across species depended mainly on habitat types, and running water specialists had the highest rate. These results are consistent with theoretical predictions from nearly-neutral theories of evolution, and suggest that the comparative analysis using large databases can give insights into correlates of genetic variation and molecular evolution.


Wnt signaling pathways are essential for bone formation. Previous studies showed that Wnt signaling pathways were regulated by miR-375. Thus, we aim to explore whether miR-375 could affect osteogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the roles of miR-375 and its downstream targets. Firstly, we revealed that miR-375-3p negatively modulated osteogenesis by suppressing positive regulators of osteogenesis and promoting negative regulators of osteogenesis. In addition, the results of TUNEL cell apoptosis assay showed that miR-375-3p induced MC3T3-E1 cell apoptosis. Secondly, miR-375-3p targeted low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), a co-receptor of the Wnt signaling pathways, and β-catenin as determined by luciferase activity assay, and it decreased the expression levels of LRP5 and β-catenin. Thirdly, the decline of protein levels of β-catenin was determined by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. Finally, silence of LRP5 in osteoblast precursor cells resulted in diminished cell viability and cell proliferation as detected by WST-1-based colorimetric assay. Additionally, all the parameters including the relative bone volume from μCT measurement suggested that LRP5 knockout in mice resulted in a looser and worse-connected trabeculae. The mRNA levels of important negative modulators relating to osteogenesis increased after the functions of LRP5 were blocked in mice. Last but not least, the expression levels of LRP5 increased during the osteogenesis of MC3T3-E1, while the levels of β-catenin decreased in bone tissues from osteoporotic patients with vertebral compression fractures. In conclusion, we revealed miR-375-3p negatively regulated osteogenesis by targeting LRP5 and β-catenin. In addition, loss of functions of LRP5 damaged bone formation in vivo. Clinically, miR-375-3p and its targets might be used as diagnostic biomarkers for osteoporosis and might be also as novel therapeutic agents in osteoporosis treatment. The relevant products of miR-375-3p might be developed into molecular drugs in the future. These molecules could be used in translational medicine.


Schistosomiasis prevalence data for Nigeria were extracted from peer-reviewed journals and reports, geo-referenced and collated in a nationwide geographical information system database for the generation of point prevalence maps. This exercise revealed that the disease is endemic in 35 of the country's 36 states, including the federal capital territory of Abuja, and found in 462 unique locations out of 833 different survey locations. Schistosoma haematobium, the predominant species in Nigeria, was found in 368 locations (79.8%) covering 31 states, S. mansoni in 78 (16.7%) locations in 22 states and S. intercalatum in 17 (3.7%) locations in two states. S. haematobium and S. mansoni were found to be co-endemic in 22 states, while co-occurrence of all three species was only seen in one state (Rivers). The average prevalence for each species at each survey location varied between 0.5% and 100% for S. haematobium, 0.2% to 87% for S. mansoni and 1% to 10% for S. intercalatum. The estimated prevalence of S. haematobium, based on Bayesian geospatial predictive modelling with a set of bioclimatic variables, ranged from 0.2% to 75% with a mean prevalence of 23% for the country as a whole (95% confidence interval (CI): 22.8-23.1%). The model suggests that the mean temperature, annual precipitation and soil acidity significantly influence the spatial distribution. Prevalence estimates, adjusted for school-aged children in 2010, showed that the prevalence is <10% in most states with a few reaching as high as 50%. It was estimated that 11.3 million children require praziquantel annually (95% CI: 10.3-12.2 million).


Hermeneutics follows the topic of Epistemology in Philosophy in order to arrive at what is Ontology of things or beyond its apparent nature، where the interpreter seeks to fully complete Understanding of its aspects، by accessing as much knowledge as possible about knowledge of that Ontology.This is through the means of integrated perception from it and mental recognition on the course of the stages of collecting the following aspects of knowledge; Immediate knowledge, Explicit Knowledge, Implicit Knowledge. The inquiry and the interpretation of the apparent Explicit Knowledge - in the literature of the field of the Hermeneutics Phenomenon is the first stage in preparation for the practice of hermeneutics، and this has prevailed until now.  The exegetes did not notice that there is an important Approach that cannot be ignored if we want to proceed with the practice of hermeneutics.It is preparing the mind for that difficult task and making the initial decision to proceed with the practice of hermeneutics. Phenomenon: The topic of the research revolves around the Immediate Awareness of the issue of hermeneutics، which is the starting platform for progressing towards the practice of interpretation and then hermeneutics.In this context، contemporary psychological studies in the third millennium have produced studies related to the mental state associated with the intuitive sense of it and the Emotional of the exegete launched by Don Norman who studied under Gibson that indicates sensory perception and the potential for action - positive or negative - Towards things spontaneously at first glance. Objective: Exposing the positive aspects of relationship and the role that Affordance can play as a necessary approach to Hermeneutics practice. Methodology: The research is based on the Inductive Approach. Research Plan: The following stages represent the method used to achieve the goal of the research:First Stage: Review of Literature, Second Stage: Patterns and clustering,  Third Stage: Induction, Forth Stage: The stage of theory formulation and presentation of results. Results: 1. Clarify thinking approaches and their relationship to the stages of understanding in the hermeneutics process. 2. Clarify the relationship and the role of direct awareness (Affordance) in completing the stages of understanding that lead to hermeneutics. 3. Clarify the importance of direct awareness (Affordance) in increasing the good understanding that the hermeneutics seeks.