The adsorption of copper, zinc, cobalt, lead and cadmium ions onto Colpomenia sinuosa was studied as a function of contact time, initial metal ion concentration and initial pH. In addition, desorption studies were performed. Characterisation of this adsorbent was also confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Batch adsorption experimental data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Raduschkevich (D–R) adsorption isotherms. The results indicated that the biosorption equilibrium was well described by both the Freudlich and D–R isotherms. Moreover, sorption kinetics was performed and it was observed that equilibrium was reached in<60 min, which could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model for all heavy metals. The sorption of heavy metals onto the biomass was largely dependent on the initial solution pH. The elution efficiency for heavy metal ions desorption from C. sinuosa was determined for 0.1 M HCl, 1.0 M HCl and 1.0 M HNO3. Desorption efficiency and also adsorption capacity were highest for Pb(II). The results indicate that C. sinuosa has great potential for the removal of heavy metals in an ecofriendly process.


Each year a few patients with Landry's paralysis are admitted to the department of pediatrics of the Yamaguchi Red Cross Hospital from the city of Yamaguchi and its vicinity. As Landry's paralysis is a rare disease, the fourteen cases which have been recorded since I came here in April 1930 represent a fair number for the small population of Yamaguchi. All except four of the cases occurred during the winter season, as shown in the accompanying table. Though the cases of Landry's paralysis which occur here are considered to be either infectious or noninfectious, I believe that in all cases the disease is infectious originally, for the following reasons: 1. The onset is acute. 2. Although only a few cases have been noted, they occurred in neighboring places. Mention must be made of the fact that in Japan Heine-Medin's disease (acute anterior poliomyelitis) and other infectious nervous diseases are not


Prior studies have shown that neurons within the spinal cord are sensitive to response-outcome relations, a form of instrumental learning. Spinally transected rats that receive shock to one hind leg learn to maintain the leg in a flexed position that minimizes net shock exposure (controllable shock). Prior exposure to uncontrollable stimulation (intermittent shock) inhibits this spinally mediated learning. Here it is shown that uncontrollable stimulation undermines the recovery of function after a spinal contusion injury. Rats received a moderate injury (12.5 mm drop) and recovery was monitored for 6 weeks. In Experiment 1, rats received varying amounts of intermittent tailshock 1-2 days after injury. Just 6 min of intermittent shock impaired locomotor recovery. In Experiment 2, rats were shocked 1, 4, or 14 days after injury. Delaying the application of shock exposure reduced its negative effect on recovery. In Experiment 3, rats received controllable or uncontrollable shock 24 and 48 h after injury. Only uncontrollable shock disrupted recovery of locomotor function. Uncontrollably shocked rats also exhibited higher vocalization thresholds to aversive stimuli (heat and shock) applied below the injury. Across the three experiments, exposure to uncontrollable shock, (1) delayed the recovery of bladder function; (2) led to greater mortality and spasticity; and (3) increased tissue loss (white and gray matter) in the region of the injury. The results indicate that uncontrollable stimulation impairs recovery after spinal cord injury and suggest that reducing sources of uncontrolled afferent input (e.g., from peripheral tissue injury) could benefit patient recovery.


ABSTRACT The Lower Triassic Moenkopi Formation in southern Nevada and on the adjacent Colorado Plateau represents a gradual transition from continental fluvial sedimentation in Arizona through intertidal and shallow marine deposition in western Nevada and Utah. The red bed members in Clark County, southern Nevada, are muddy tidal flat deposits. Modern analogies are the upper surface of the Colorado River Delta and the Hwang Ho Delta. Analysis of textures and small-scale sedimentary structures in the red beds has led to the recognition of seven distinctive lithofacies: (a) laminated mudstone, (b) medium- to very thick-bedded sandstone and siltstone, (c) thin- to medium-bedded siltstone and sandstone, (d) turbated sandstone to mudstone, (e) gypsum, (f) limestone, and (g) dolomite. Lithofacies a as deposited on seaward-sloping, high intertidal to subtidal mud flats. Lithofacies b and c represent relatively high energy beach, intertidal channel, and subtidal bar deposits. Lithofacies d was deposited in subtidal to supratidal environments, depending upon the cause of turbation. Lithofacies e and g were deposited in supratidal or sabkha environments. Lithofacies f was deposited in tidal channels and on tidal flats as bars, shoals, and washover fans. Two sedimentation sequences are evident in the red bed members. A 15 m thick tidal channel--mudflat--tidal channel sequence, consisting of thin-bedded sandstone overlain by laminated mudstone then thin-bedded sandstone. formed by lateral migration of tidal channels. A 1 m thick supratidal--high intertidal flat sequence, consisting of turbated gypsiferous mudstone overlain by laminated mudstone then thin-bedded siltstone, formed by lateral shifts of depositional environments in response to minor shoreline fluctuations. The depositional basin was in a tectonically stable area of very low relief and arid climate. Depositional environments across the broad intertidal mud flats shifted in response to small changes in eustatic sea level and rates of subsidence and sedimentation. East of the mud flats, extensive sabkhas graded into continental fluvial environments, while more open shallow marine environments occurred to the west. The lithofacies and sequences observed in the red bed members provide a framework for a facies model of a muddy tidal flat complex.


Objective To carry out an anatomical study of the axis with the use of computed tomography (CT) in children aged from two to ten years, measuring the lamina angle, lamina and pedicle length and thickness, and lateral mass length. Methods Sixty-four CTs were studied from patients aged 24 to 120 months old, of both sexes and without any cervical anomaly. The measurements obtained were correlated with the data on age and sex of the patients. Statistical analysis was performed using the Students "t" tests. Results We found that within the age range 24-48 months, 5.5% of the lamina and 8.3% of the pedicles had thicknesses of less than 3.5mm, which is the minimum thickness needed for insertion of the screw. Between 49 and 120 months, there were no lamina thicknesses of less than 3.5mm, and 1.2% of the pedicle thicknesses were less than 3.5mm values. Neither of the age groups had any lamina and pedicle lengths of less than 12mm, or lateral mass lengths greater than 12mm. Conclusion The analysis of the data obtained demonstrates that most of the time, is possible to use a 3.5mm pedicle screw in the laminas and pedicles of the axis in children. Level of Evidence: II, Development of diagnostic criteria in consecutive patients.


It is well known that many Maori cultural traditions and cosmological beliefs are anchored in a sea of knowledge associated with seafaring, navigation and the oceanic environment. Despite the loss of deep-sea voyaging, this thesis explores how nautical reflexes were still very influential on various modes of expression in Christian Maori architecture of three distinct Maori religious movements from the colonial and post-colonial periods. During this investigation, this thesis also identifies a relationship that can be found between the appropriation of nautical symbolism in Christian and Maori architecture.
This relationship is examined on two levels: One, in terms of how Christian and Maori iconography has latent nautical meaning and secondly, how nautical symbolism in Christian Maori architecture is more signal than sculptural. The latter identifies the more powerful, metaphysical symbols in Maori architecture and spirituality which make Christian Maori architecture uniquely different from European Christian architecture. This thesis links these qualities in symbolic Christian maori architecture to the psychic and symbolic territories known to the navigator. In doing so, this thesis discovers how nautical symbols occupy a middle ground, an in-between area bridging the known with the unknown and examines their role as mediators between the present and the past; the individual and the collective.
This thesis finally presents an architectural design which explores specific aspects of research. In doing so, the use of nautical symbolism and water-based pragmatism through architecture explores how such methods and expressions can influence and transform Western notions of knowledge or conventional notions of contemporary (terrestrial) architecture in New Zealand. To achieve this, nautical concepts from case study material are applied to a contemporary design project in order to open up architecture to its metaphysical dimension rather than focussing on the object (sculptural) that is frozen in time. As a result, this design also celebrates and revives the nautical instinct of Maori in terms of how it can offer new and meaningful ways to design architecture in oceania and New Zealand.


The article is devoted to a topical issue: the study of cross-cultural texts as the main communicative tool in Ukrainian language classes as a foreign language. The ideas presented in the article are illustrated by examples based on the experience of teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language at Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University (TNTU). The analysis of modern researches and publications is carried out. The importance of considering the linguistic and cultural approach is emphasized, as well as the emotional component, choosing songs, phrases, colloquialisms, and thematic texts. Based on the lyrical song "Hutsulka Ksenia", the authors demonstrated how at the level of themes, images, and tokens itis possible to tell foreign communicators about mental features of Hutsuls, culture, nature, and folk instruments. A number of methodical developments on e-platforms are given: open4ukrainian.education/gutsulka-ksenya/;http://bit.ly/rizdvyanipisni-kolyadki, the benefits of working with online tools are revealed: Wizer.me (https://wizer.me/), Learningapps (https://learningapps.org), which are very important in distance learning languages. The objective of the article is to draw attention of teachers-practitioners to the need of selecting educational materials with consideration of the expediency and practical application of information; to focus on the development of communicative competence; to prove the relevance of a variety of tasks and examples; to share the experience of teaching the Ukrainian language among foreign students. The hermeneutic, communicative, cultural and other methods are applied in the research; the importance of visualization of pre-text and posttext exercises, questions, post-text comments is studied. The methodological basis of this research is the work of Anna Shvets "Theory and practice of teaching the Ukrainian language to foreign students of humanities: a monograph" (Shvets, 2019). The content of cross-cultural texts, which contribute to the formation of linguistic and local lore knowledge about Ukraine, and help foreign students adapt to Ukraine and be acquainted with its realities, is analyzed and described.


If sensationalized media reports are any indication, the men's fashion industry has entered into an exciting phase of expansion and evolution. As the market diversifies to become increasingly vibrant and varied, prominent ready-to-wear labels continue to showcase evermore divergent and gender-blurring designs in what is celebrated as an
anything-goes period in menswear. To examine whether these clothing trends and industry transitions have lasting real world implications, this research seeks to give voice to fashion-conscious male consumers - the subject of scarce qualitative scholarship. Insights gleaned from 20 in-depth interviews with young Canadian men point to contemporary shifts not only in shopping habits and tastes, but also in hegemonic masculinity. Responding to romantic assertions that there are "no rules" in twenty-first century fashion, findings examine the extent to which long withstanding Western menswear conventions prevail. Through illuminating the lived experiences of sartorially savvy males aged 19 to 29, this study uncovers how Generation Y men navigate gender norms and expectations while crafting an idiosyncratic sense of style. Ultimately, this research enriches existing industry and theoretical understandings of how young men approach fashion.


Bringing together a number of cutting-edge technologies that range from storing extremely large volumes of data all the way to developing scalable machine learning and deep learning algorithms in a distributed manner and having them operate over the same infrastructure poses unprecedented challenges. One of these challenges is the integration of European Space Agency (ESA)'s Thematic Exploitation Platforms (TEPs) and data information access service platforms with a data platform, namely Hopsworks, which enables scalable data processing, machine learning, and deep learning on Copernicus data, and development of very large training datasets for deep learning architectures targeting the classification of Sentinel images. In this article, we present the software architecture of ExtremeEarth that aims at the development of scalable deep learning and geospatial analytics techniques for processing and analyzing petabytes of Copernicus data. The ExtremeEarth software infrastructure seamlessly integrates existing and novel software platforms and tools for storing, accessing, processing, analyzing, and visualizing large amounts of Copernicus data. New techniques in the areas of remote sensing and artificial intelligence with an emphasis on deep learning are developed. These techniques and corresponding software presented in this article are to be integrated with and used in two ESA TEPs, namely Polar and Food Security TEPs. Furthermore, we present the integration of Hopsworks with the Polar and Food Security use cases and the flow of events for the products offered through the TEPs.


BACKGROUND
Primary care records have traditionally served the needs and demands of clinicians rather than those of the patient. GP contracts in England state practices must promote and offer registered patients online access to their primary care record and research has shown benefits to both patients and clinicians of doing so. Despite this, we know little about patients' needs and expectations regarding online access.

AIM
To explore patients' views about accessing online primary care records and to find out how patients would like to interact with their records and what support they may need.

METHOD
Interviews and focus groups with a sample of 50 patients from a variety of socio-demographic backgrounds who were either; eligible for the NHS Health Check; had multimorbidities or were carers. Thematic analysis of data identified major themes impacting upon patients' wishes and needs as well as highlighting population-specific issues.

RESULTS
Participants highlighted a wide range of views about the benefits and drawbacks of accessing their records online. The majority of participants indicated that they would be more likely to access their online primary care record if improvements were made to the design, reliability and functionality of existing online record services. Carers found accessing online records particularly useful.

CONCLUSION
Consultation with patients and carers about their experiences of accessing online records; support needs and preferred functions can provide useful insights to inform the future design of online record services.


Tropical rain forests play a dominant role in global biosphere-atmosphere CO 2 exchange. Although climate and nutrient availability regulate net primary production (NPP) and decomposition in all terrestrial ecosystems, the nature and extent of such controls in tropical forests remain poorly resolved. We conducted a meta-analysis of carbon-nutrient-climate relationships in 113 sites across the tropical forest biome. Our analyses showed that mean annual temperature was the strongest predictor of aboveground NPP (ANPP) across all tropical forests, but this relationship was driven by distinct temperature differences between upland and lowland forests. Within lowland forests (< 1000 m), a regression tree analysis revealed that foliar and soil-based measurements of phosphorus (P) were the only variables that explained a significant proportion of the variation in ANPP, although the relationships were weak. However, foliar P, foliar nitrogen (N), litter decomposition rate ( k ), soil N and soil respiration were all directly related with total surface (0–10 cm) soil P concentrations. Our analysis provides some evidence that P availability regulates NPP and other ecosystem processes in lowland tropical forests, but more importantly, underscores the need for a series of large-scale nutrient manipulations – especially in lowland forests – to elucidate the most important nutrient interactions and controls.


The limit of resolution of seismic data is a complex issue that involves not only wavelet frequency, phase characters, data quality (S/N), interference, tuning, but also criteria on how to measure resolvability, which can hamper confident lithology, porosity and fluid prediction of thinly bedded reservoirs. Widess"s classic paper (1973) concluded that for thin beds (below λ/8 wavelength), the seismic character, peak/trough time and frequency do not change appreciably with thickness, and also amplitude varies almost linearly with thickness, which goes to zero at zero thickness. Thus, λ/8 of wavelength is considered to be the fundamental limit of vertical seismic resolution which depends on velocity and mainly frequency. Tirado"s work (2004) revised Widess"s model, which is not applicable to the real reflection, and concluded that as the bed thickness decreases, there is a gradual increase in the peak frequency, but below a certain thickness (at some fraction of tuning thickness), the peak frequency rolls off and return to the peak frequency of the wavelet at zero thickness. Thus, the key factor in determining seismic resolution is by enhancing the frequency spectral bandwidth which, nowadays, can be effectively achieved either by acquiring Broadband Acquisition or conducting Broadband Seismic Re-Processing. We demonstrated various case studies on thinly bedded reservoirs using qualitative and qualitative techniques in a Cenozoic basin in Malaysia. The qualitative techniques involve the -90° Phase wavelets with Relative Colored Inversion, Spectral Decomposition, and ThinMAN broadband spectral inversion. The quantitative approach includes an integrated multi-disciplinary technique combining with Cascading AVO Simultaneous inversion and Stochastic Inversion calibrated with conventional and SHARP-OBMI logs, which together, significantly enhance imaging of the thinly bedded reservoirs. This unique integrated workflow has been applied in the field study, resulting in an increase of about 30% of hydrocarbon in-place volume, and has been successfully validated with available production/well data as well as newly drilled wells.


residents of developed/rich countries that India's economic growth has not reduced poverty, that globalisation has worsened poverty and/or income distribution, and that there are hundreds of millions of hungry people in India. These arguments are buttressed by recourse to India's ranking on several social indicators. Esoteric debates about the comparability of survey data and gaps between NSS and NAS add to the confusion and allow ideologues to believe and assert whatever information suits the argument. What are the basic facts about poverty, income distributions, and hunger at an aggregate level? This paper reviews the available data and debates on this subject and comes to a commonsense view. It then tries to link some of the outcomes to the policy framework and programmes of the government. The paper finds that India's poverty ratio of around 22 percent in 1999-2000 is in line with that observed in countries at similar levels of per capita income. The ratio is relatively high because India is a relatively poor/ low-income country, i.e., with low average income. 90 percent of the countries in the world have a higher per capita (average) income than India. The number of the poor is very high because India's population is very large, the second-highest in the world. India's income distribution as measured by the Gini co-efficient is better than three-fourths of the countries of the world. The consumption share of the poorest 10 percent of the population is the sixth best in the world. Where India has failed as a nation is in improving its basic social indicators like literacy and mortality rates. Much of the failure is a legacy of the three decades of Indian socialism (till 1979-80). The rate of improvement of most indicators has accelerated during the market period (starting in 1980-81). The gap between its level and that of global benchmarks is still wide and its global ranking on most of these social parameters remains very poor. This is the result of government failure. The improvement in social indicators has not kept pace with economic growth and poverty decline, and this has led to increasing interstate disparities in growth and poverty.


Epidemiological evidence suggests that adult cardiovascular disease may originate in fetal life. In humans, impaired fetal development is associated with an increased incidence of hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors. However, an adverse environmental influence during pregnancy may, if not severe, 'programme' fetal development to produce adaptations which preserve growth but have long-term effects on cardiovascular function. Experimental studies suggest that one such adverse environmental factor may be maternal nutrition, as restriction of maternal nutrient supply during pregnancy in rats produces hypertension in adult offspring. It is not known if these effects are initiated in fetal life. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which maternal undernutrition programmes fetal cardiovascular development are not fully understood. Experiments were performed to examine the effects of a modest level of maternal undernutrition in early gestation on fetal cardiovascular development in late gestation. Development of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and fetal and placental growth were also examined to investigate the underlying mechanisms which may mediate changes in cardiovascular function. In addition, the physiological consequences of effects on the fetus were studied by investigating cardiovascular and HPA axis function in postnatal life. These experiments were conducted using chronic fetal and neonatal sheep preparations. The results of these studies show that fetuses of undernourished mothers have low mean arterial pressure (MAP) and reduced HPA axis activity. However, fetal body weight and body proportions are not altered. Reduced fetal HPA axis activity may be mediated by a decrease in corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)-mediated stimulation of the pituitary gland. Postnatally, MAP is elevated and HPA axis activity is greater in offspring of nutritionally restricted mothers. Thus maternal undernutrition during pregnancy can programme fetal cardiovascular development without substantial effects on fetal growth or blood-gases. These alterations in cardiovascular development may be mediated by changes in activity of the HPA axis. Furthermore, development of postnatal hypertension may be initiated in utero, even though the mechanisms involved produce low blood pressure in fetal life.


The life cycle assessment of a grid‐connected, parking integrated, 222 kWp cadmium telluride photovoltaic system has been performed. The system was built at the University of Murcia and has been monitored for 2.5 years (sampling data every 5 min). The detailed material inventory, the energy embedded in the system, the energy payback time, and the energy return factor of the facility have been obtained and are 6.31 TJ equivalent primary energy, 2.06  and 12.16years, respectively. The average performance ratio is 0.8 with a slight monthly variation. Additionally, the environmental benefits of the architectural integration (in this case parking integration) have been quantified using a standard methodology for the calculation of several environmental parameters. Finally, the environmental benefits of renewable energy generation because of the savings of producing the same amount of electricity by the Spanish grid system have been assessed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


We tackle the challenge of reliably determining the geo-location of nodes in decentralized networks, considering adversarial settings and without depending on any trusted landmarks. In particular, we consider active adversaries that control a subset of nodes, announce false locations and strategically manipulate measurements. To address this problem we propose, implement and evaluate VerLoc, a system that allows verifying the claimed geo-locations of network nodes in a fully decentralized manner. VerLoc securely schedules roundtrip time (RTT) measurements between randomly chosen pairs of nodes. Trilateration is then applied to the set of measurements to verify claimed geo-locations. We evaluate VerLoc both with simulations and in the wild using a prototype implementation integrated in the Nym network (currently run by thousands of nodes). We find that VerLoc can localize nodes in the wild with a median error of 60 km, and that in attack simulations it is capable of detecting and filtering out adversarial timing manipulations for network setups with up to 20 % malicious nodes.


Deep learning had a remarkable impact in different scientific disciplines during the last years. This was demonstrated in numerous tasks, where deep learning algorithms were able to outperform the state-of-art methods, also in image processing and analysis. Moreover, deep learning delivers good results in tasks like autonomous driving, which could not have been performed automatically before. There are even applications where deep learning outperformed humans, like object recognition or games. Another field in which this development is showing a huge potential is the medical domain. With the collection of large quantities of patient records and data, and a trend towards personalized treatments, there is a great need for an automatic and reliable processing and analysis of this information. Patient data is not only collected in clinical centres, like hospitals, but it relates also to data coming from general practitioners, healthcare smartphone apps or online websites, just to name a few. This trend resulted in new, massive research efforts during the last years. In Q2/2020, the search engine PubMed returns already over 11.000 results for the search term $'$deep learning$'$, and around 90% of these publications are from the last three years. Hence, a complete overview of the field of $'$medical deep learning$'$ is almost impossible to obtain and getting a full overview of medical sub-fields gets increasingly more difficult. Nevertheless, several review and survey articles about medical deep learning have been presented within the last years. They focused, in general, on specific medical scenarios, like the analysis of medical images containing specific pathologies. With these surveys as foundation, the aim of this contribution is to provide a very first high-level, systematic meta-review of medical deep learning surveys.


ABSTRACT Most eukaryotic cellular mRNAs are monocistronic; however, many retroviruses and long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons encode multiple proteins on a single RNA transcript using ribosomal frameshifting. Non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons are considered the ancestor of LTR retrotransposons and retroviruses, but their translational mechanism of bicistronic RNA remains unknown. We used a baculovirus expression system to produce a large amount of the bicistronic RNA of SART1, a non-LTR retrotransposon of the silkworm, and were able to detect the second open reading frame protein (ORF2) by Western blotting. The ORF2 protein was translated as an independent protein, not as an ORF1-ORF2 fusion protein. We revealed by mutagenesis that the UAAUG overlapping stop-start codon and the downstream RNA secondary structure are necessary for efficient ORF2 translation. Increasing the distance between the ORF1 stop codon and the ORF2 start codon decreased translation efficiency. These results are different from the eukaryotic translation reinitiation mechanism represented by the yeast GCN4 gene, in which the probability of reinitiation increases as the distance between the two ORFs increases. The translational mechanism of SART1 ORF2 is analogous to translational coupling observed in prokaryotes and viruses. Our results indicate that translational coupling is a general mechanism for bicistronic RNA translation.


The 1968 Uniform Anatomical Gift Act--in keeping with a legal (and medical) concern for individual autonomy--bypassed the family in establishing the legal requirements for cadaveric organ donation, but current practice wisely recognizes a role for families in the decision making.


Multiphoton materials are in special demand in the field of photodynamic therapy and multiphoton fluorescence imaging. However, rational design methodology for these brands of materials is still nascent. This is despite transition-metal complexes favoring optimized nonlinear-optical (NLO) activity and heavy-atom-effected phosphorescent emission. Here, three four-photon absorption (4PA) platinum(II) complexes (Pt1-Pt3) are achieved by the incorporation of varied functionalized C^N^C ligands with high yields. Pt1-Pt3 exhibit triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer transitions at ∼460 nm, which are verified multiple times by transient absorption spectra, time-dependent density functional theory calculations, and low-temperature emission spectra. Further, Pt1-Pt3 undergo 4PA. Notably, one of the complexes, Pt2, has maximum 4PA cross-sectional values of up to 15.2 × 10-82 cm8 s3 photon-3 under excitation of a 1600 nm femtosecond laser (near-IR II window). The 4PA cross sections vary when Pt2 is binding to lecithin and when it displays its lysosome-specific targeting behavior. On the basis of the excellent 4PA property of Pt2, we believe that those 4PA platinum(II) complexes have great potential applications in cancer theranostics.


In the first three chapters of this dissertation we give an introduction to the theory of ordinary linear differential equations with coeffcients in C(z). In particular we consider the case of Fuchsian differential equations. Classically one is interested in describing all Fuchsian equations whose solution spaces only consist of algebraic functions. Such equations are called algebraic. To each Fuchsian differential equation a group can be defined, the monodromy group of the equation. This monodromy group determines whether or not a given Fuchsian equation is algebraic. If the monodromy group is finite then the equation is algebraic, otherwise it is not.
It is known when a given Fuchsian equation of order 1 only has algebraic solutions. In this case the monodromy group is cyclic. It is a lot more complicated to give a classification of all algebraic Fuchsian equations of order at least 2. A classical example of a second order Fuchsian equation with 3 singular points is the hypergeometric equation. A complete classification of all algebraic hypergeometric equations was given by H.A. Schwarz in 1873. It induced a description of all algebraic Fuchsian equations of order 2 with 3 singular points.
The next category of Fuchsian equations of order 2 consists of second order equations with 4 singular points. Little is known about their algebraicity. One reason for this is the appearance of an accessory parameter in each of the equations. In this thesis we consider the specific second order Fuchsian equation with 4 singular points known as the Lame (differential) equation Ln(y) = 0, see Definition 4.1.1. The general question we try to answer in Chapters 4, 5 and 6 is when we have an algebraic Lame equation. In the work of F. Baldassarri and B. Chiarellotto a systematic approach for solving this question was given for the first time. In Chapters 4 en 5 we reprove some of their results in a simplified way. Moreover, we give a complete list of the finite groups that are the most likely to occur as the monodromy groups of the algebraic Lame equations.
In Chapter 6 we give an algorithm to carry out the procedure of determining all algebraic Lame equations with a given monodromy group and index n. The underlying ideas in the algorithm are based on the invariant action of the monodromy group on polynomials in two variables and polynomial solutions of symmetric powers of Ln. This kind of technique has been used on several previous occasions. To conclude this thesis, we present the beginning of the enumeration of the algebraic Lame equations as tables in Appendix A.


Because of the various types of senior housing available, many legal issues must be considered when developing a facility. But with a thorough understanding of the issues and options available, a potential sponsor will improve the likelihood of successfully developing and operating a senior housing facility. This article is the last in a three-part series on long-term care. The previous two articles addressed some of the reasons for entering the long-term care market as well as presenting the financing options available.


This paper describes the atmospheric correction (AC) component of the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction algorithm (MAIAC) which introduces a new way to compute parameters of the Ross-Thick Li-Sparse (RTLS) Bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), spectral surface albedo and bidirectional reflectance factors (BRF) from satellite measurements obtained by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). MAIAC uses a time series and spatial analysis for cloud detection, aerosol retrievals and atmospheric correction. It implements a moving window of up to 16 days of MODIS data gridded to 1 km resolution in a selected projection. The RTLS parameters are computed directly by fitting the cloud-free MODIS top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance data stored in the processing queue. The RTLS retrieval is applied when the land surface is stable or changes slowly. In case of rapid or large magnitude change (as for instance caused by disturbance), MAIAC follows the MODIS operational BRDF/albedo algorithm and uses a scaling approach where the BRDF shape is assumed stable but its magnitude is adjusted based on the latest single measurement. To assess the stability of the surface, MAIAC features a change detection algorithm which analyzes relative change of reflectance in the Red and NIR bands during the accumulation period. To adjust for the reflectance variability with the sun-observer geometry and allow comparison among different days (view geometries), the BRFs are normalized to the fixed view geometry using the RTLS model. An empirical analysis of MODIS data suggests that the RTLS inversion remains robust when the relative change of geometry-normalized reflectance stays below 15%. This first of two papers introduces the algorithm, a second, companion paper illustrates its potential by analyzing MODIS data over a tropical rainforest and assessing errors and uncertainties ofMAIAC compared to conventional MODIS products.


: The study of hemostasis and NAD(P)-dependent platelet dehydrogenases activity was made in 90 patients with cerebrovascular complications (development of ischemic stroke) of hypertension and coronary heart disease. On the basis of NADP-dependent platelet dehydrogenases activity we suggested a mode of prognostication a development of repeated cerebrovascular complications of thrombotic nature (the acute stroke, transitory ischemic attack, acute myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death). The proposed prognostic factor has heightened sensibility and specificity.


Teaching about home and family life has been the task of Home Economics teachers in Sweden for more than hundred years. The school subjects were introduced as part of a societal struggle to better the living conditions for individuals and families. The Home Economics teacher was instructed to transform natural science language understandable to the girls and teach about healthy living. Since 1962 the school subject 'Home Economics', now named 'Home and consumer studies' (HCS), is mandatory for both boys and girls. The teachers teaching the subject, are positioned and positioning themselves in a play of different ways of being HCS teacher. The aim of the study is to examine how HCS teachers position and thus construct themselves. Eight teachers were interviewed. The analysis was undertaken in two steps, first, a HSC-teacher stereotype was established - the typical HCS teacher - as described by the interviewees. Second, a shift was made beyond these dominant beliefs/truths about the profession to locate other stories about of HCS-teacher. The typical HCS teacher was described as a fusspot, proper, whining, lecturing, and as one who knows 'the right way'. The results reveal how this description has impact on the possibilities for the HCS teacher in school today to be professional and to work according to present steering documents. Furthermore, the results also show how the teachers resist and question the stereotypical picture of the HCS teacher, which thus becomes seriously challenged. Today there are not one but several ways of positioning oneself as HCS teacher.


Deploying generative machine learning techniques to generate novel chemical structures based on molecular fingerprint representation has been well established in molecular design. Typically, sequential learning (SL) schemes such as hidden Markov models (HMM) and, more recently, in the sequential deep learning context, recurrent neural network (RNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) were used extensively as generative models to discover unprecedented molecules. To this end, emission probability between two states of atoms plays a central role without considering specific chemical or physical properties. Lack of supervised domain knowledge can mislead the learning procedure to be relatively biased to the prevalent molecules observed in the training data that are not necessarily of interest. We alleviated this drawback by augmenting the training data with domain knowledge, e.g. quantitative estimates of the drug-likeness score (QEDs). As such, our experiments demonstrated that with this subtle trick called enriched sequential learning (ESL), specific patterns of particular interest can be learnt better, which led to generating de novo molecules with ameliorated QEDs.


The study aims to assess the awareness of diabetic eye disease among diabetic patients. Diabetesmellitus is a rapidly growing global concern that may cause several complications. The ophthalmic complications that diabetic patients are prone to are diabetic retinopathy, cataract, and glaucoma. One of themost commonmicrovascular complications of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy. The study is a community-based cross-sectional descriptive study involving 100 diabetic patients who visited a tertiary care hospital, Saveetha Medical College who gave consent for the study. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB). The 100 study participants illed up a structured questionnaire with 26 questions that were validated by two experts in the ield. The age, gender, educational status, occupation, duration of diabetes, undergoing treatment, associated risk factors, awareness regarding diabetes caused ophthalmic complications, their knowledge on how important regular eye check-ups are for the diabetic patients, andwhether they are aware that it could cause blindness. Thequestionnaire also assessed their practice patterns for regular eye check-ups. The results were presented in the form of text, pie charts, tables, and igures. 86% of the study participants knew that diabetes could cause eye diseases. 8% knew that diabetes could cause cataract. 65% knew that diabetes could cause glaucoma.70%knew that diabetes could cause diabetic retinopathy. These results were compared to the results of similar researchpapers. Though there is awareness amongst themajority of the study participants, the practice pattern shows that 54% of the study participant do not go for regular eye check-ups. More community awareness is required for better ef iciency to prevent treatable blindness in India.


The lactose-specific factor III of the phosphotransferase system of Staphylococcus aureus is an amphiphilic trimeric protein composed of identical subunits. It is hydrophilic in its unphosphorylated state and can be isolated from the cytoplasmic protein fraction. It becomes a constituent of the membrane-bound phosphotransferase complex upon phosphorylation of a single histidyl residue. The sequence of S. aureus factor IIILac was determined and revealed that the subunits consist of 103 residues corresponding to a Mr of 11 367 and of 34 101 for the native trimer: (sequence; see text) According to this sequence and previous work histidine residue 82 located in the C-terminal part of the polypeptide chain is phosphorylated at the N-3 position by phosphoenolpyruvate, enzyme I, and histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein. The N-terminal part of the protein comprising approximately one-third of the chain exhibits in vitro affinity toward membrane-bound enzyme IILac.


Abstract This article examines the administrative debates on the structure of the post-war international order that took place during the Second World War. By focusing on a multinational study group composed of former high ranking League of Nations civil servants affiliated with the Royal Institute of International Affairs at Chatham House, it elucidates the activities of international civil servants after they left the League. It is shown how the group claimed to represent the experiences of the international secretariat of the League of Nations on a comprehensive scale by publishing a report on the evaluation of the League's secretariat. An examination of the report investigates how the group defended the League of Nations and their own participation in the League.


A DNA damage process by radioactive iodine (I-131) and technetium (Tc-99m) is described. The procedure relies on a label-free electrochemical DNA biosensor. Fish sperm double stranded DNA was immobilized onto a carbon paste electrode (CPE) by electro deposition and the changes to the guanine oxidation signal were observed upon exposure to radioactive I-131 and Tc-99m by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The changes to the signal of guanine after exposure to therapeutic doses of Tc-99m and I-131 showed conformational changes in DNA molecules.


Expression of the Bacillus subtilis hut operon is subject to regulation by catabolite repression. A set of hut-lacZ transcriptional fusions was constructed and used to identify two cis-acting sites involved in catabolite repression. The hutOCR1 operator site lies immediately downstream of the hut promoter and weakly regulates hut expression in response to catabolite repression. The downstream hutOCR2 operator site lies within the hutP gene, between positions +203 and +216, and is required for wild-type levels of catabolite repression. Both the hutOCR1 and hutOCR2 operators have sequence similarity to the sites which mediate catabolite repression of several other B. subtilis genes. Two mutations which relieve catabolite repression of hut expression were found to alter the nucleotide sequence of the hutOCR2 operator. Catabolite repression of hut expression was partially relieved in strains containing the ccpA mutation but not in strains containing either the pai or hpr mutation.


Laser filamentation overcomes diffraction over a highly extended distance, making itself a powerful tool for long-range stand-off detection and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) applications. Mid-infrared (mid-IR) wavelengths are optimal for detecting biochemicals and air pollutants due to molecular fingerprints. Here, we demonstrate mid-IR laser filamentations in ambient air at a kilohertz repetition rate for the first time. Laser filaments significantly longer than the linear confocal parameter are generated with a pump power exceeding the critical power in air using a kilohertz, 2.1 μm, femtosecond, multi-millijoule optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier. Odd-harmonic generation up to the ninth order at ultraviolet and the mid-IR spectral extensions up to 3.5 μm are observed. The highest third and fifth harmonic efficiencies from ambient air are obtained, to our knowledge, thanks to the extended interaction length within the filaments. Numerical simulations reproduce the harmonic generation with good agreement and confirm that the plasma effect dominates over the higher-order Kerr effect as the main defocusing mechanism of laser filamentation in our experiment. The detection of atmospheric CO2 is demonstrated via mid-IR absorption spectroscopy. High-flux ultrabroadband mid-IR filaments are useful for the fast and sensitive detection of multiple chemical species in air.


Within the field of Audiology, a reliable measure of cognitive load while listening to speech is highly needed. A promising method is measurement of the pupil response. The reliability and validity of this application of pupillometry is discussed by combining and comparing the results of five studies assessing the influence of speech perception difficulty (speech-to-noise ratio) on cognitive load during listening. The results show consistently larger pupil responses in more difficult listening conditions. Furthermore, the data indicate that the pupil response provides information additional to speech recognition performance and subjective measures. Overall, the potential of pupillometry as a sensitive and valid cognitive load index is confirmed by the data.


Does allowing U.S. corporations to evade liability for abetting human rights abuses such as genocide or torture ultimately promote democratic reform in countries with repressive regimes? In suits recently filed under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), the Bush Administration has claimed that it does. It has filed briefs supporting dismissal, asserting that liability would limit the U.S. government's ability to adopt a "constructive engagement" policy of using U.S. private sector investment to promote democracy and human rights. This Article challenges the Administration's claims. The Administration's argument has inserted the long-running policy debate regarding the efficacy of "constructive engagement" into the equally contentious legal debate regarding whether the ATS encompasses complicity liability. The latter is perhaps the most important ATS question not directly addressed in Sosa v. Alvarez Machain, 542 U.S. 692 (2004), which approved the use of the statute in certain human rights cases. The fundamental flaw in the Administration's argument is that it ignores the mechanisms by which engagement is thought by its proponents to promote reform. Engagement theory assumes that companies will, through example and interaction, convey democratic values. While remaining largely agnostic on the efficacy of engagement, this Article shows that liability for abetting abuses creates incentives for companies to actually do what the theory requires. Conversely, without the potential for liability, companies might continue to abet the very abuses engagement is designed to prevent. Thus, contrary to the Administration's position, liability facilitates a constructive engagement policy. Moreover, the analysis of how these mechanisms actually operate in the real world provides insight into what kind of engagement is most likely to be successful and what counterproductive.


The lower St. Lawrence estuary (LSLE) is a narrow and deep basin under the influence of both estuarine and marine processes. As a result, the LSLE is characterized by strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity in biological and physical environmental conditions. Previous studies have indicated a bias in the summer composition of the copepod population for predominance of late-development stages of Calanus spp., in comparison with adjacent waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) and northwest Atlantic. In this study, we use a 22 mo spatial survey of the LSLE to determine spatial and temporal variations in the copepod community and the relative contribution of Calanus spp. (C. finmarchicus and C. hyperboreus). Multivariate analysis revealed 4 copepod assemblages associated with seasonal patterns in temperature and chlorophyll a. Calanus spp. dominated the early summer community whereas the seasonal increase in abundance of the more surface-dwelling species (Acartia spp., Oithona spp. and Pseudocalanus spp.) explained the mixed Calanus spp./surface species community observed in late summer-autumn and winter. Three recurrent geographic zones can be discriminated in the LSLE on the basis of specific composition and abundance. The copepod community in the upper-central Laurentian Channel was dominated by Calanus spp. Downstream, in late summer-autumn and winter, a mixed Calanus/surface species assemblage was observed. In the shallow region, a very low abundance of Calanus spp. resulted in dominance of surface species after the early summer period. The genus Calanus spp. was the dominant component of the copepod community in LSLE as a whole because of its consistently high abundance along the Laurentian Channel during different seasons. A change in environmental conditions in the 1990s associated with a decadal climate variation in the GSL-LSLE region appears to be related to a dramatic increase in abundance of midwater copepod species (mainly Metridia longa) and, subsequent decline in the relative abundance of Calanus spp. We develop the hypothesis that the observed patterns in copepod species composition in the LSLE are primarily a consequence of the combined effect of the export in the residual surface outflow of early life stages of Calanus spp. and small surface-dwelling species and the upstream advection of late-development stages of Calanus spp. and midwater species in the inflowing deep water of the Laurentian Channel.


BACKGROUND: Evaluating surgical practice in the operating room is difficult, and its assessment is largely subjective. OBJECTIVE: Recording of standardized spine surgery processes was conducted to ascertain whether any significant differences in surgical practice could be observed between senior and junior neurosurgeons. METHODS: Twenty-four procedures of lumbar discectomies were consecutively recorded by a senior neurosurgeon. In 12 cases, surgery was entirely performed by a senior neurosurgeon with the aid of a resident, and in the 12 remaining cases, surgery was performed by a resident with the aid of a senior neurosurgeon. The data recorded were general parameters (operating time for the whole procedure and for each step), and general and specific parameters of the surgeon's activities (number of manual gestures, number and duration of actions performed, use of the instruments, and use of interventions on anatomic structures). The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between the 2 groups of neurosurgeons. RESULTS: The operating time was statistically lower for the group of senior surgeons. The seniors statistically demonstrated greater economy in time and in gestures during the closure step, for sewing and for the use of scissors, needle holders, and forceps. The senior surgeons statistically worked for a shorter time on the skin and used fewer manual gestures on the thoracolumbalis fascia. The number of changes in microscope position was also statistically lower for this group. CONCLUSION: There is a relationship between surgical practice, as determined by a method of objective measurement using observation software, and surgical experience: gesture economy evolves with seniority.


Kirton employs concepts from the literature on globalization to ask the question: to what extent has Colombia's internal violence, and civil societal organization, become transcended by the processes of capitalist globalization? Following decades of protracted civil war, he argues that Colombia's armed conflict has entered a new, transnational phase of political violence, characterized by the dynamics and imperatives of military globalization and the globalization of the security state. The United States military forces, transnational corporations, international drug cartels, global arms dealers, transnational capitalist elites, supranational geo-governance organizations, and private security multinational corporations, have hastened Colombia's enmeshment into a world military order; while armed actors, indigenous groups, human rights campaigners, social movements and non-governmental organizations have forged transnational linkages from within Colombia. Kirton concludes that Colombia's internal violence is as much driven by external forces and global systems as by domestic actors and political institutions. Furthermore, the logic of globalization has privileged militarization and the 'securitization of development' over the human security of Colombia's poor majority. A dissertation submitted in part-fulfilment of the reguirements of the degree of M.Sc. in Globalisation and Latin-American Development, 2008-9.


The overall aim of the project is to generate a new set of practice-based works that develop upon the fictional methods employed within the researcher's art practice in order to critique, expose and rethink the relationship between digital technologies of control and the earth.

In the first part of the project, Brian Holmes's concept of the electronic noosphere is interrogated from a machine perspective in order to identify how its mechanisms of control operate. This research highlights that an assemblage of machines enable its operations and
allow for new forms of virtualised and biopolitical control to be realised via a series of writing machines that are powered by informatics, affect and new modes of panspectrocism. This results in the earth becoming computational, a condition where sensors, signals and machine assemblages control and manage its environments and populations.

From here, a set of approaches for escape and subversion are identified and made operational via the fictional tools of the practice. 'The Researchers' persona is deployed along with a fictional manifesto and underground research site that frames the operations of the practice. A set of fictional video machines are developed, each with their own functionality and behaviours; these include 'affective video machines' and 'panspectric video machines'. These machines generate a set of transmissions, constructed from reappropriated waste material (text, still and moving image), identifying subversive proposals for specific sites such as Ordos, China and the Isle of Grain, Kent.

In the second part of the project, the electronic noosphere is interrogated from a network and material perspective. Theoretical focus is drawn from work on actor-network theory by Bruno
Latour and John Law and Timothy Morton's work on hyperobjects.

In response, the fictional research site is expanded to incorporate further research spaces, including the 'hyperobject research space', the 'material stories research space' and the 'data recovery space'. In the guise of 'The Researchers' web production software is appropriated to map out an example technological hyperobject in the form of a smartphone and its associated networks, attempting to bring into view the unseen components and nonhuman actors. This mapping process is then developed into a series of performance lectures titled The Signal and the Rock: Proposal for a Film, where the relationalities between the non-human/human technological actor networks have been traced and reformulated. These performances are then developed into a final large-scale audio transmission titled Re-writing
the Overcode (2017).

This transmission re-appropriates Wolfgang von Kempelen's 'speaking machine' to activate a 'non-human-to-human translation mechanism'. The work exposes a set of non-human perspectives tuning into the voices of materials, animals, images, codes, devices, processes
and affects. It emerges as an elegy to digital technologies and their relations to the control of populations and environment. It also makes a subversive proposal for future technological sustainability by the development of new hybrid technological/ecological machines and new
sorts of 'raw material'.

Accompanying the audio work is a publication titled The Signal and the Rock, which itself operates as a form of hyperobject, expanding on the function and the contents of the audio transmission and the strategies and methods of the practice via a series of cross-referenced notes from a wide variety of sources. Finally, the two bodies of work have been brought together in the exhibition Soon we will become output at the Stanley Picker Gallery which took place in December 2017.

The submission includes a body of video and audio works created throughout the research project, the final exhibition at Stanley Picker Gallery and the new publication The Signal and the Rock (2017).


Investigation and modulation of the electrical activity of neurons and cardiomyocytes is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms and treatment of neurological and cardiac diseases. Furthermore, having two-way interfaces with cells is crucial for brain-machine interfacing and engineering of more effective tissue regenerative scaffolds. Development of various optical and bioelectronics platforms over the decades has enabled probing of excitable cells to monitor and modulate their electrical activity. Ideally, the recording/stimulating platform should enable long-term stable interfaces and multi-site recordings/stimulation with sub-millisecond temporal and sub-cellular spatial resolution. Even though significant progress has been made, the current technologies are still limited on various fronts. Specifically, (i) patch clamp technique is limited by its recording sites, (ii) metal-based microelectrode array (MEA) are incapable to record at a single cell or sub-cellular level, (iii) high rigidity of Si-based probes lead to mechanical mismatch with the tissue thus impeding long-term stable interfaces, (iv) planar field effect transistors (FETs) are limited by the charge storage and injection capacities needed to stimulate cells, (v) voltage/ion sensitive dyes are limited in temporal resolution especially for volume measurements, and (vi) optogenetics is limited by the need of genetic modification of cells.In this thesis work, the limitations of current techniques were addressed by developing platforms using an extraordinary carbon-based nanomaterial called graphene. Graphene's physical, chemical and electrical properties were tuned by tailoring its morphology and structure. The high transparency of two-dimensional planar graphene was leveraged to develop transparent MEA platform that enabled simultaneous optical and electrical recordings, thus integrating the high spatial and temporal advantages of both the techniques. The high surface area of out-of-plane grown three-dimensional (3D) graphene was leveraged to develop ultra-microelectrode arrays that enabled recordings at sub-cellular spatial and sub-msec temporal resolutions. The high photo-absorbance and photo-thermal efficiency of nanowire-templated 3D graphene was leveraged to enable non-genetic photo-stimulation of neurons with high precision and sub-cellular spatial resolution. The tools developed in this thesis push the limits of the current technology which will further enhance our understanding of the tissue functioning both in healthy and disease states. Furthermore, it will enable development of better diagnostic and therapeutic platforms for both cardiac and neurological disorders.


Music has existed in human societies since prehistory, perhaps because it allows expression and regulation of emotion and evokes pleasure. In this review, we present findings from cognitive neuroscience that bear on the question of how we get from perception of sound patterns to pleasurable responses. First, we identify some of the auditory cortical circuits that are responsible for encoding and storing tonal patterns and discuss evidence that cortical loops between auditory and frontal cortices are important for maintaining musical information in working memory and for the recognition of structural regularities in musical patterns, which then lead to expectancies. Second, we review evidence concerning the mesolimbic striatal system and its involvement in reward, motivation, and pleasure in other domains. Recent data indicate that this dopaminergic system mediates pleasure associated with music; specifically, reward value for music can be coded by activity levels in the nucleus accumbens, whose functional connectivity with auditory and frontal areas increases as a function of increasing musical reward. We propose that pleasure in music arises from interactions between cortical loops that enable predictions and expectancies to emerge from sound patterns and subcortical systems responsible for reward and valuation.


A delay in establishing the diagnosis of an occult fracture of the hip that remains unrecognised after plain radiography can result in more complex treatment such as an arthroplasty being required. This might be avoided by earlier diagnosis using MRI. The aim of this study was to investigate the best MR imaging sequence for diagnosing such fractures. From a consecutive cohort of 771 patients admitted between 2003 and 2011 with a clinically suspected fracture of the hip, we retrospectively reviewed the MRI scans of the 35 patients who had no evidence of a fracture on their plain radiographs. In eight of these patients MR scanning excluded a fracture but the remaining 27 patients had an abnormal scan: one with a fracture of the pubic ramus, and in the other 26 a T(1)-weighted coronal MRI showed a hip fracture with 100% sensitivity. T(2)-weighted imaging was undertaken in 25 patients, in whom the diagnosis could not be established with this scanning sequence alone, giving a sensitivity of 84.0% for T(2)-weighted imaging. If there is a clinical suspicion of a hip fracture with normal radiographs, T(1)-weighted coronal MRI is the best sequence of images for identifying a fracture.


Peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare cancer of the peritoneum with about 250 new cases diagnosed each year in the United States. It is the second most common site for mesothelioma development and accounts for 10–20% of all mesotheliomas diagnosed in the United States. A meeting sponsored by the NIH Office of Rare Diseases was held in Bethesda, Maryland on September 13 and 14, 2004. The objective of this meeting was to review the epidemiology, biology and current surgical and medical management of peritoneal mesothelioma. In addition, the meeting also discussed clinical and pre-clinical evaluation of novel treatments for mesothelioma as well as ongoing laboratory research to better understand this disease. This report summarizes the proceedings of the meeting as well as directions for future clinical and basic research.


Bright light stimulation of the eye activates trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) neurons in rats. Sensory information is conveyed to the Vc via the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Thus, it is likely that TG neurons respond to photic stimulation and are involved in photic hypersensitivity. However, the mechanisms underlying this process are unclear. Therefore, the hypothesis in this study is bright light stimulation enhances the excitability of TG neurons involved in photic hypersensitivity. Expressions of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were significantly higher in TG neurons from 5 min to 12 h after photic stimulation of the eye. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (pERK1/2) was enhanced in TG neurons within 5 min after photic stimulation, while pERK1/2 immunoreactivity in satellite glial cells (SGCs) persisted for more than 12 h after the stimulus. Activation of SGCs was observed from 5 min to 2 h. Expression of CGRP, nNOS, and pERK1/2 was observed in small and medium TG neurons, and activation of SGCs and pERK1/2-immunoreactive SGCs encircling large TG neurons was accelerated after stimulation. These results suggest that upregulation of CGRP, nNOS, and pERK1/2 within the TG is involved in photic hypersensitivity.


We describe and discuss a visual analysis prototype to support volume crime analysis, a form of exploratory data analysis that aims to identify and describe patterns of criminality using historical and recent crime reports. Analysis requirements are relatively familiar: analysts wish to identify, define and compare sets of crime reports across multiple attributes (space, time and description). A challenge particular to the domain, identified through workshops with Police analysts in Belgium and the UK, is in developing exploratory data analysis software that offers some sophistication in data selection, aggregation and comparison, but with interaction techniques and representations that can be easily understood, navigated and communicated. In light of ongoing discussion with Police analysts, we propose four visual design and interaction maxims that relate to this challenge and discuss an early visual analysis prototype that we hope conforms to these maxims.


With the availability of various wireless link-layer technologies, such as Bluetooth, WLAN and GPRS, in one wireless device, ubiquitous communications can be realized through managing vertical handoff in the environment of wireless overlay networks. In this paper, we propose a vertical handoff management system based on mobile IPv6, which can automatically manage the multiple network interfaces on the mobile device, and make decisions on network interface selection according to the current situation. Moreover, we apply our proposed vertical handoff management with JPEG-2000 codec to the wireless application of map image access. The developed system is able to provide seamless communications, as well as fast retrieve any interested map region with any block size, in different resolutions and different color representations directly from the compressed bitstream.


Squamous anal cell carcinoma is a rare malignancy that represents the 1.5% to 2% of all the lower digestive tract cancers. However, an increased incidence of invasive anal carcinoma is observed in HIV-seropositive population since the widespread of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Human papillomavirus is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of anal cancer. Anal intercourse and a high number of sexual partners appear to be risk factors to develop anal cancer in both sexes. Anal pain, bleeding and a palpable lesion in the anal canal are the most common clinical features. Endo-anal ultrasound is the best diagnosis method to evaluate the tumor size, the tumor extension and the infiltration of the sphincter muscle complex. Chemoradiotherapy plus antiretroviral therapy are the recommended treatments for all stages of localized squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal in HIV-seropositive patients because of its high rate of cure. Here we present an HIV patient who developed a carcinoma of the anal canal after a long time of HIV infection under highly active antiretroviral therapy with a good virological and immunological response.


In Keynesian Economics unemployed workers stop their work as well as their consumption of goods. They seem to have lost their life. As the aggregate demand recovers, they will be reemployed to restart their work as well as their consumption of goods as if lifeless machines have restarted their consumption of fuel. In reality many unemployed workers find their employment in self-employed production including agriculture to continue their production and their consumption of goods. Hence they maintain their demand for the output of capitalist firms for their materials and for their consumed goods. Thus the self-employed production that is the main theme of agricultural economics gives human life to Keynesian economics and gives rise to external economies to moderate fluctuations in the aggregate employment and the aggregate demand for output.


We have developed a self-consistent physical model for superstellar cluster winds based on combining a 1D steady-state adiabatic wind solution and a non-equilibrium ionization calculation. Comparing with the case of collisional ionization equilibrium, we find that the non-equilibrium ionization effect is significant in the regime of a high ratio of energy to mass input rate and manifests in a stronger soft X-ray flux in the inner region of the star cluster. Implementing the model in X-ray data analysis softwares (e.g. xspec) directly facilitates comparisons with X-ray observations. Physical quantities such as the mass and energy input rates of stellar winds can be estimated by fitting observed X-ray spectra. The fitted parameters may then be compared with independent measurements from other wavelengths. Applying our model to the star cluster NGC 3603, we find that the wind accounts for no more than 50 per cent of the total 'diffuse' emission, and the derived mass input rate and terminal velocity are comparable to other empirical estimates. The remaining emission most likely originate from numerous low-mass pre-main-sequence stellar objects.


AIM
The aim of this paper is to explore whether nurses working in elderly medicine and in acute medical settings promote urinary continence in older people or in reality use containment strategies.

BACKGROUND
Untreated urinary incontinence in older adults can result in prolonged hospital admission and increased risk of admission to long-term care. Urinary incontinence can also have severe psychosocial effects on older people. Most studies relating to this topic have relied on quantitative approaches to data collection with a seeming lack of qualitative investigation into how nursing staff promote urinary continence in hospitalized older people.

METHOD
Focus groups and one-to-one semi-structured interviews were carried out in two NHS regions in Scotland. Registered and non-Registered Nurses were invited to participate. Five focus groups (n = 17) and four single interviews (n = 4) were conducted. Data generated were analysed thematically using QSR N-VIVO 2.

FINDINGS
Some nurses believe that older people accept urinary incontinence as a consequence of ageing. Lack of assessment results in older people being labelled as incontinent of urine. Assessment strategies in medicine for the elderly tend to focus on product identification and management of incontinence. Although nurses from all clinical areas identify the importance of promoting continence, the problem continues to be contained rather than treated. Conflicting clinical priorities, varying staff approaches to urinary continence and deficits in education are cited among the barriers to promoting continence.

CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that nurses continue to contain urinary incontinence rather than promoting continence in older people.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Nursing staff need to be aware of the impact of untreated urinary incontinence on older people. Practitioners should promote continence rather than employing containment strategies. A validated assessment tool for older people needs to be developed. Views of older people should be sought regarding their attitudes towards urinary incontinence.


SUMMARY: Drug resistant mutants of the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum useful for mitotic genetic analysis have been studied. Mutations to acriflavin resistance are recessive and have been assigned to two genes (acrA, acrB) located in different linkage groups. One of these (acrA) confers resistance to the unrelated compounds methanol and thiabendazole. Ability to grow axenically (in the absence of bacteria) is determined by genes on two linkage groups, one carrying acrA and the other an established temperature sensitive mutation. Preliminary results for two linkage groups show that the sequence of genes on a linkage group can be determined by analysis of homozygous drug resistant diploids, obtained by drug selection from diploids heterozygous for recessive drug resistance markers.


For organizations, the value of employing highly committed individuals is well documented. Accordingly, scholars have endeavored to identify factors that may influence employees' organizational commitment. One factor that has received growing attention in this regard is individuals' perceptions of training offered by an organization. However, despite increased scrutiny over the past decade, the precise nature of the relationship between employee training perceptions and organizational commitment remains unclear. Consequently, in this study we use social exchange theory as a foundation to examine the relationship between perceptions of training comprehensiveness and organizational commitment among individuals serving on cross-functional product development teams within numerous large manufacturing firms. Results of a multilevel regression analysis support a direct relationship between perceived training comprehensiveness and organizational commitment. Additionally, whether individuals specifically chose to participate on a product development team moderated this relationship, but not in the expected direction. We discuss implications of study findings for both research and practice.


Placental transport and fetal utilization of leucine were studied at 130 days of gestation in six control ewes and in seven ewes in which intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) had been induced by exposure to heat stress. Leucine fluxes were measured during simultaneous intravenous infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine into the mother and L-[1-14C] leucine into the fetus. In the IUGR group, the following leucine fluxes, expressed as micromol/min/kg fetus, were reduced compared with control: net uterine uptake (3.44 vs. 8.56, P<0.01), uteroplacental utilization (0.0 vs. 4.7, P<0.01), fetal disposal rate (6.4 vs. 8.9, P<0.001), flux from placenta to fetus (5.0 vs. 7.1, P<0.01), direct transport from mother to fetus (1.6 vs. 3.4, P<0.01), flux from fetus to placenta (1.5 vs. 3.2, P<0.001), and oxidation of fetal leucine by fetus plus placenta (2.1 vs. 3.2, P<0.02). Uterine uptake, uteroplacental utilization, and direct transport were also significantly reduced per gram placenta. We conclude that maternal leucine flux into the IUGR placenta is markedly reduced. Most of the reduced flux is routed into fetal metabolism via a decrease in placental leucine utilization and a decrease in the leucine flux from fetus to placenta.


Background Although concerns about unintended negative consequences of standards-based accountability (SBA) reform for children's socioemotional development have been raised, few studies have systematically examined early childhood teachers' perceptions of and practices for children's behavior and bodies under such policy. This study was conducted against the backdrop of the intersection of the accountability policy and the increasing prevalence of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among children, including preschoolers. Purpose The study investigated how early childhood teachers' perspectives of and practices for the behavior and bodies of children considered at risk of being identified with ADHD later in schooling were related to the increasing concern over school readiness under SBA reform. Research Design Data for a qualitative case study were generated through multiple methods, including video-recorded observations in two African-American children's pre-kindergarten and kindergarten classrooms, interviews with their teachers, and artifact collection. Results The focal children's teachers appropriated the authoritative discourses of ADHD and readiness for school to perceive the children's bodies as uncontrollable and unready for school. The teachers taught the children a variety of bodily techniques to enculturate them in public school and to develop docile student bodies. Keeping their authoritative practices intact, the teachers hardly incorporated the children's areas of strengths into the curriculum and instruction. School was introduced to the children as a carnivalesqueless place, and both SBA reform and ADHD contributed to disembodiment in the public early childhood education settings. Conclusions This study suggests the need for reframing the notion of school readiness; bringing teachers' folk theories about children's behavior and bodies to their critical awareness; and intentionally balancing serious, rigid parts of the daily classroom routine with relaxed, pleasurable moments.


The last decade has seen huge advances in studies of astrophysical cosmology, primarily as a result of developments in telescopic facilities. One of the primary observational signatures of actively star forming galaxies in the distant universe is the Lyman-alpha emission line (Lyα). The line is used either to search for objects or as a spectral feature for definite redshift confirmation. In recent years, high-z Lyα surveys have been used to constrain cosmic star formation history, investigate large scale structure, and examine the neutral hydrogen fraction of the universe. This doctoral thesis is directly concerned with studies of the Lyα emission from star-forming galaxies and the validity of Lyα as a cosmological tool.The approach is to study a sample of local actively star forming galaxies using data obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Imaging observations have been performed in the Lyα line, Hα, and various continuum bandpasses in the ultraviolet and optical wavelength domains. Sophisticated tools have been developed for the analysis of the images, resulting also in theoretical exploration of Lyα-related observables from galaxies at high-z. Model simulations are presented, along with a methodology by which to interpret high-z survey data. HST imaging results call into question the interpretations of many high-z Lyα surveys. More specifically, the first direct observational evidence is presented for the emission of Lyα photons after resonant scattering in neutral hydrogen and low surface-brightness Lyα halos are found as a result. Imaging reveals Lyα morphologies that systematically differ from morphologies probed by stellar light or non-resonant tracers of the nebular gas. Based upon Hα observations and recombination theory, the fraction of Lyα photons that escape is found never to exceed 20% in any of the observed targets, despite the violent star-formation known to be taking place. Even after internal dust corrections, a deficit from the predicted Lyα/Hα line ratio is always found. The interpretation is that scattering events systematically enhance the probability of absorption of Lyα by dust grains. If these galaxies are representative of those that fall into the data-sets of high-z Lyα surveys, some cosmological estimates may be in error by an order of magnitude.


The number of software vendors offering 'Software-as-a-Service' has been increasing in recent years. In the Software-as-a-Service model software is operated by the software vendor and delivered to the customer as a service. Existing business models and industry structures are challenged by the changes to the deployment and pricing model compared to traditional software. However, the full implications on the way companies create, deliver and capture value are not yet sufficiently analyzed. Current research is scattered on specific aspects, only a few studies provide a more holistic view of the impact from a business model perspective. For vendors it is, however, crucial to be aware of the potentially far reaching consequences of Software-as-a-Service. Therefore, a literature review and three exploratory case studies of leading software vendors are used to evaluate possible implications of Software-as-a-Service on business models. The results show an impact on all business model building blocks and highlight in particular the often less articulated impact on key activities, customer relationship and key partnerships for leading software vendors and show related challenges, for example, with regard to the integration of development and operations processes. The observed implications demonstrate the disruptive character of the concept and identify future research requirements.


Background A recent clinical study suggested that restrictive tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) may play an important causative role in hallux rigidus. The goals of this research were to assess normal function of the FHL and the effect of restricted FHL gliding on the loading of the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ). We hypothesized that proximal displacement of the FHL would increase the forces carried by the FHL tendon, causing increased loading of the first metatarsal and MTPJ. Materials and Methods Dynamic simulations of the stance phase of walking were created by loading 5 non-embalmed, non-paired cadaver lower extremities (2 male, 3 female; mean age, 69; range, 56 to 75) in the Robotic Dynamic Activity Simulator (RDAS). The RDAS recreates lower leg motion and muscle activity based on kinematic and electromyographic data of healthy subjects. FHL tendon forces and excursions were measured for the entire stance phase of gait. Bone strains in the mid-shaft of the first metatarsal were recorded and used to derive the in situ forces and moments imposed on the metatarsal and the hallux MTPJ. Results Under force-feedback control, FHL excursion averaged 6.57 (±3.13) mm during gait. When the FHL was held 2-, 4-, and 6-mm proximal to the mid-point of normal excursion to simulate progressive stenosis, the forces in the FHL tendon, first metatarsal and first MTP joint were progressively, and significantly, increased (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings support the hypothesis that progressive fibrosis at the FHL myotendinous junction can cause increased loading of the hallux MTPJ, thereby leading to hallux rigidus.


The philosophical and scientific explication of music is a cutting-edge field in contemporary academia. This thesis develops a naturalistic framework for theorising about music. The following novel philosophical positions are motivated and defended: a polysemy analysis of "sound", conceptual pluralism about music, a pluralistic framework for approaching the science of music, and a fictionalist account of Western musical artworks. The adaptation/ by-product framework for couching discussion about the evolution of music is critiqued. A novel, co-evolutionary, niche construction model of the foundations of musicality and the origins, expansion and stabilisation of music is developed, couched in the general context of hominin evolution and prehistory. Conceptual and methodological reflection accompanies the evolutionary scenario developed.


ABSTRACT Bile is one of many barriers that Listeria monocytogenes must overcome in the human gastrointestinal tract in order to infect and cause disease. We demonstrated that stationary-phase cultures of L. monocytogenes LO28 were able to tolerate concentrations of bovine, porcine, and human bile and bile acids well in excess of those encountered in vivo. Strain LO28 was relatively bile resistant compared with other clinical isolates of L. monocytogenes, as well as with Listeria innocua, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2, and Lactobacillus sakei. While exponential-phase L. monocytogenes LO28 cells were exquisitely sensitive to unconjugated bile acids, prior adaptation to sublethal levels of bile acids or heterologous stresses, such as acid, heat, salt, or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), significantly enhanced bile resistance. This adaptive response was independent of protein synthesis, and in the cases of bile and SDS adaptation, occurred in seconds. In order to identify genetic loci involved in the bile tolerance phenotype of L. monocytogenes LO28, transposon (Tn917) and plasmid (pORI19) integration banks were screened for bile-sensitive mutants. The disrupted genes included a homologue of the capA locus required for capsule formation in Bacillus anthracis; a gene encoding the transcriptional regulator ZurR; a homologue of an Escherichia coli gene, lytB, involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis; a gene encoding a homologue of the Bacillus subtilis membrane protein YxiO; and a gene encoding an amino acid transporter with a putative role in pH homeostasis, gadE. Interestingly, all of the identified loci play putative roles in maintenance of the cell envelope or in stress responses.


Objective: We analyse the employment patterns of childless first-generation migrants to Germany. In particular, we focus on the behaviour of female "marriage migrants". Marriage migrants are defined as individuals who married after their spouse had moved to Germany.
Background: Demographic studies have illustrated that marriage migrants have particularly high childbirth rates upon arrival. There is, however, little empirical evidence on how the childbearing behaviour of migrant women is related to their employment behaviour.
Method: We use event history techniques to study women's labour market entry after migration in relation to their childbearing behaviour. We draw on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). The analytical sample is restricted to immigrant women who moved while childless to Germany between 1990 and 2016 (n=981).
Results: Compared to other groups, marriage migrants have very low chances of entering the labour market. Only 32 per cent of the migrants in our sample had ever participated in the labour market in the five-year period after their arrival in Germany. A large share of the differences between these migrants and other migrants can be attributed to the socio-demographic composition of these women, and to their tendency to transition to parenthood soon after their arrival.
Conclusion: We argue that the low employment rates of female marriage migrants must also be viewed in the context of Germany's migration policies, which do not provide many routes for female third-country nationals to move to Germany. One of the few available channels is that of marriage migration. We conclude by discussing the social policy implications of these findings at a time when Germany is gradually becoming a dual-earner society.


Background: Trichosanthes dioica is used to treat diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, alopecia, and skin disease in folklore medicine. The leaf extract of the plant is used in diabetes mellitus but there have been no scientific studies reported. Aims: To study the effect of Trichosanthes dioica on serum glucose level in glucose loaded, normal and hyperglycemic rats. Settings: Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India. Design: Experimental. Materials and Methods: The aqueous extract of leaves of Trichosanthes dioica are compared with glibeclamide for their influence on fasting blood sugar in glucose loaded, normoglycemic and streptozotocin induced (45 mg/kg ip) hyperglycemic rats. Statistical Analysis: The data was analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's post hoc test. Results: In glucose loaded rats, normal rats and hyperglycemic rats the aqueous extract at both the doses (800 mg/kg/p.o and 1600 mg/kg/p.o) reduced blood glucose significantly when compared to control but it was not as effective as glibenclamide. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of Trichosanthes dioica has antihyperglycemic action.


A technique that combines multipass dynamic programming (MPDP) technique with successive approximations to solve the daily hydrothermal coordination problem is presented. The long computation time and the large storage memory requirement are reduced. Due to the characteristics of hydrothermal coordination, the resulting load-following capability is much better than that achieved by applying MPDP to area automatic generation control. The generation can follow any shape load curve instead of only constant loads and ramps as in previous applications. >


Abstract Cyclic nucleoside monophosphates (cNMP) serve as universal second messengers in signal transduction across prokaryotes and eukaryotes. As signaling often relies on transiently formed microdomains of elevated second messenger concentration, means to precisely perturb the spatiotemporal dynamics of cNMPs are uniquely poised for the interrogation of the underlying physiological processes. Optogenetics appears particularly suited as it affords light-dependent, accurate control in time and space of diverse cellular processes. Several sensory photoreceptors function as photoactivated adenylyl cyclases (PAC) and hence serve as light-regulated actuators for the control of intracellular levels of 3′, 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate. To characterize PACs and to refine their properties, we devised a test bed for the facile analysis of these photoreceptors. Cyclase activity is monitored in bacterial cells via expression of a fluorescent reporter, and programmable illumination allows the rapid exploration of multiple lighting regimes. We thus probed two PACs responding to blue and red light, respectively, and observed significant dark activity for both. We next engineered derivatives of the red-light-sensitive PAC with altered responses to light, with one variant, denoted DdPAC, showing enhanced response to light. These PAC variants stand to enrich the optogenetic toolkit and thus facilitate the detailed analysis of cNMP metabolism and signaling.


In this paper, we study optimal stationary sampling for transmission of measurements of a stochastic process from a source encoder to a source decoder through a costly communication channel. We measure information transferred over a time interval by the change in the decoder's entropy regarding the state of the process given the transmitted measurements. In our setting, the encoder employs a sampler to control the information flow in the channel. The problem is casted as a discounted infinite horizon optimization problem that takes into account the transferred information and the paid price. We derive the optimal stationary sampling policy, and propose two computational methods with convergence guarantees by using techniques from approximate dynamic programing. In addition, we introduce two triggering mechanisms based on the value of information and on the covariance threshold that can generate the optimal policy. Finally, we present some numerical and simulation results.


Based on the human engineering theory the structure of the new Basketball wheelchair is designed. And the three dimensional model is drawn by means of the PRO/E software after the design. Next, the finite element analysis computation on the wheelchair structure is completed under the four work conditions by I-DEAS software. The result shows that its intensity satisfies the operation requirements and proves that the new Basketball wheelchair is comfortable, safe and reliable. The research of this paper has a more vital significance for enhancing the performance of basketball wheelchair and the development level of sport wheelchair.


This article documents the stock price performance of subsidiaries spun off by their corporate parents and of the parents that spun them off from 2001 to 2013. In doing so, it updates earlier studies that report excess returns for both parents and subsidiaries. The authors find that subsidiaries substantially outperformed reasonable benchmarks; parents did so as well, but by a much smaller margin. Further, a portfolio that buys all subsidiaries outperformed the Spin-Off Exchange-traded Fund, which itself outperformed the value-weighted market index. Spun-off subsidiaries and their parents have achieved superior returns over the most recent 13 years, as well as with superior returns over the previous 35 years, as documented by prior studies.


This paper aims to develop a SI(structural identification) technique using the kinetic energy optimization technique(KEOT) and the direct matrix updating method(DMUM) to decide on optimal location of sensors and to update FE model respectively, which ultimately contributes to a composition of more effective SHM. Owing to the characteristic structural flexing behavior of cable bridges, which makes them vulnerable to any vibration, systematic and continuous structural health monitoring (SHM) is pivotal for them. Since it is necessary to select optimal measurement locations with the fewest possible measurements and also to accurately assess the structural state of a bridge for the development of an effective SHM, a SI technique is as much important to accurately determine the modal parameters of the current structure based on the data optimally obtained. In this study, the KEOT was utilized to determine the optimal measurement locations, while the DMUM was utilized for FE model updating. As a result of experiment, the required number of measurement locations derived from KEOT based on the target mode was reduced by approximately 80 % compared to the initial number of measurement locations. Moreover, compared to the eigenvalue of the modal experiment, an improved FE model with a margin of error of less than 1 % was derived from DMUM. Finally, the SI technique for long-span bridges proposed in this study, which utilizes both KEOT and DMUM, is proven effective in minimizing the number of sensors while accurately determining the structural dynamic characteristics.


Knowledge of sequential relationships enables future events to be anticipated and processed efficiently. Research with the serial reaction time task (SRTT) has shown that sequence learning often occurs implicitly without effort or awareness. Here, the authors report 4 experiments that use a triplet-learning task (TLT) to investigate sequence learning in young and older adults. In the TLT, people respond only to the last target event in a series of discrete, 3-event sequences or triplets. Target predictability is manipulated by varying the triplet frequency (joint probability) and/or the statistical relationships (conditional probabilities) among events within the triplets. Results reveal that both groups learned, though older adults showed less learning of both joint and conditional probabilities. Young people used the statistical information in both cues, but older adults relied primarily on information in the 2nd cue alone. The authors conclude that the TLT complements and extends the SRTT and other tasks by offering flexibility in the kinds of sequential statistical regularities that may be studied as well as by controlling event timing and eliminating motor response sequencing.


Many proteins must interact with molecular chaperones to achieve their native folded state in the cell. Yet, how chaperone binding and binding-site characteristics affect the folding process is poorly understood. The ubiquitous Hsp70 chaperone system prevents client-protein aggregation by holding unfolded conformations or by unfolding misfolded states. Hsp70 binding sites of client proteins comprise a nonpolar core surrounded by positively charged residues. However, a detailed analysis of Hsp70 binding sites on a proteome-wide scale is still lacking. Further, it is not known whether proteins undergo some degree of folding while chaperone bound. Here, we begin to address the above questions by identifying Hsp70 binding sites in 2,258 E. coli proteins. We find that most proteins bear at least one Hsp70 binding site and that the number of Hsp70 binding sites is directly proportional to protein size. Aggregation propensity upon release from the ribosome correlates with number of Hsp70 binding sites only in the case of large proteins. Interestingly, Hsp70 binding sites are more solvent-exposed than other nonpolar sites, in protein native states. Our findings show that the majority of E. coli proteins are systematically enabled to interact with Hsp70 even if this interaction only takes place during a fraction of the protein lifetime. In addition, our data suggest that some conformational sampling may take place within Hsp70-bound states, due to the solvent exposure of some chaperone binding sites in native proteins. In all, we propose that Hsp70-chaperone-binding traits have evolved to favor Hsp70-assisted protein folding devoid of aggregation.