The Chemical Engineering Division (CHED) of the American Society for Engineering Education held the 13 th in a series of Chemical Engineering Summer Schools during the summer of 2002 at the University of Colorado. This Summer School, which is currently offered every five years and dates back to 1931, is unique among the various engineering disciplines. It provides extensive educational resources to aid in the development of new faculty who have joined their departments since the previous Summer School. The Summer School was staffed by established faculty members, representatives from governmental agencies, and industrial participants. Each academic department in Chemical Engineering in the US was invited to send at least one new faculty member, preferably hired within the last five years. Support is typically obtained from government, foundations, and industry to defray most of the on-site expenses for participants. In the summer of 2002, some 160 young Chemical Engineering educators and about 50 Summer School faculty gathered in Boulder, Colorado for six days of plenary lectures, presentations, workshops, mentoring activities, poster presentations, and casual socializing among all participants. CD-ROM's and a web site were used to widely disseminate all the instructional materials from the Summer School to the academic community within Chemical Engineering. This paper will provide an overview of the purpose, organization and operation of the Summer School. It is hoped that this paper/presentation will encourage other engineering disciplines to organize similar programs that will significantly contribute to the development of new faculty as they start their academic careers.


Monolithic software encapsulates all functional capabilities into a single deployable unit. But managing it becomes harder as the demand for new functionalities grow. Microservice architecture is seen as an alternative as it advocates building an application through a set of loosely coupled small services wherein each service owns a single functional responsibility. But the challenges associated with the separation of functional modules, slows down the migration of a monolithic code into microservices. In this work, we propose a representation learning based solution to tackle this problem. We use a heterogeneous graph to jointly represent software artifacts (like programs and resources) and the different relationships they share (function calls, inheritance, etc.), and perform a constraint-based clustering through a novel heterogeneous graph neural network. Experimental studies show that our approach is effective on monoliths of different types.


Quantitative electroencephalography was assessed in dogs under controlled, 2% end-tidal isoflurane anesthetic conditions, and each variable at each electrode site was tested for normal distribution. With the quantitative electroencephalographic system used, 16 values for each of 21 electrode sites were evaluated. Absolute power ratios also were evaluated. The methods for quantitative electroencephalographic recording and analysis appear to be readily adaptable to the dog. Most of the data do not conform to a normal distribution. Therefore, distribution-free nonparametric statistics should be used when looking for differences under experimental or clinical conditions. Quantitative electroencephalography appears to be a sensitive noninvasive method that could be used to evaluate brain function under anesthetic, clinical, and experimental settings.


This paper investigates the default behavior of original issue rated non-convertible high-yield bonds. Previous studies of high-yield bond defaults provide evidence of an aging effect: the longer bonds have been outstanding, the greater the default probability. However, Blume, Keim and Patel (1991) assert that this aging relationship reflects changing economic conditions. This study of bond defaults discriminates between the aging effect and the impact of macroeconomic changes. A hazard model is used to simultaneously estimate the impact of bond age, firm-specific and issue-specific characteristics, and changing economic conditions. The specification models the impact of time since issuance semi-parametrically, corrects for unobserved heterogeneity and allows for the possibility that outstanding bonds may default in the future. Our findings, based on a sample of 579 individual high-yield bonds issued between 1977 and 1989, suggest that, after controlling for annual changes in economic conditions, default rates increase with age. Bond characteristics at the time of issuance also impact the default behavior: BB rated bonds tend to have significantly lower default rates compared to CCC rated bonds; bonds with higher coupon rates have significantly higher default rates. In addition, high-yield bonds issued prior to 1980 experienced significantly lower default rates.


To conduct meaningful, epidemiologic research on racial–ethnic health disparities, racial–ethnic samples must be rendered equivalent on other social status and contextual variables via statistical controls of those extraneous factors. The racial–ethnic groups must also be equally familiar with and have similar responses to the methods and measures used to collect health data, must have equal opportunity to participate in the research, and must be equally representative of their respective populations. In the absence of such measurement equivalence, studies of racial–ethnic health disparities are confounded by a plethora of unmeasured, uncontrolled correlates of race–ethnicity. Those correlates render the samples, methods, and measures incomparable across racial–ethnic groups, and diminish the ability to attribute health differences discovered to race–ethnicity vs. to its correlates. This paper reviews the non-equivalent yet normative samples, methodologies and measures used in epidemiologic studies of racial–ethnic health disparities, and provides concrete suggestions for improving sample, method, and scalar measurement equivalence.


This scientific article is called " Feature stories from the history of the Nurata oasis" and it uses the results of ethnographic field studies from 1999 to 2013, archival documents and scientific literature on this topic, as well as historical and ethnographic comparative information on the basis of dissertations and manuals. The article provides interesting information on the indigenous tribes of the Nurata oasis – Oguz-Turkmen, their assimilation over many centuries and their transformation into Uzbek-Turkmen, as well as on other ethnic groups.


: Three patients with orbital lesions had substantial visual loss while maintaining their eye in an eccentric position of gaze (gaze-evoked blindness). The acuity rapidly returned to baseline levels on return to primary position. Two patients had optic nerve sheath meningiomas and one a displaced portion of orbital bone in contact with the globe. Disc abnormalities and/or choroidal folds were present in all three cases. Gaze-evoked blindness is characterized by the presence of an intraconal mass lesion, but proptosis may be subtle or not present at all. Gaze-evoked blindness should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all patients with atypical amaurosis fugax.


Background and Aim: Nowadays, lots of women defer child bearing even until the age 40 due to the job, economy and education reasons. Therefore, protecting mothers and new-born babies health requires experts and midwifes to increase their knowledge about the outcome of such pregnancies. This study aims at comparing the outcome of the pregnancy in nulliparous women who were over and under age 35. Material and Method: This study was a descriptive-comparative study and included 509 sample cases of first-time delivery that were given birth from March 2000 to March 2007 with gestational age over 24 weeks whose records were available in Hospital. The samples were divided into two groups of over 35 and 20 - 34 years old and the consequences of the pregnancy were compared. Chi-square and Fisher tests and Odds-ratio were used to analyze the data. Results: There was a statistically significant relationship between age over 35 and preeclampsia, premature delivery, malpresentation, caesarian and low birth weight. Conclusion: Pregnancy over the age 35 can be considered a dangerous kind and regarding the increase in the marriage age, it is required that people in charge of hygienic centers pay more attention to increasing the knowledge among the women and midwifes in order to have a more healthy generation.


In this paper, we propose an effective method for emergent leader detection in meeting environments which is based on nonverbal visual features. Identifying emergent leader is an important issue for organizations. It is also a well-investigated topic in social psychology while a relatively new problem in social signal processing (SSP). The effectiveness of nonverbal features have been shown by many previous SSP studies. In general, the nonverbal video-based features were not more effective compared to audio-based features although, their fusion generally improved the overall performance. However, in absence of audio sensors, the accurate detection of social interactions is still crucial. Motivating from that, we propose novel, automatically extracted, nonverbal features to identify the emergent leadership. The extracted nonverbal features were based on automatically estimated visual focus of attention which is based on head pose. The evaluation of the proposed method and the defined features were realized using a new dataset which is firstly introduced in this paper including its design, collection and annotation. The effectiveness of the features and the method were also compared with many state of the art features and methods.


Abstract During a 5-year period (1997-2002) 20 consecutive children (11 boys; median age, 8 years; range, 0.3-13.9 years) underwent cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis at a regional pediatric surgical center. Multiple stones were present in 16 patients (80%). All stones were collected prospectively. Composition studies were performed after grinding an aliquot of stone and examining a layer of crushed powder by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. The relative proportions of each major stone component were assessed: cholesterol, protein and calcium salts of bilirubin, fatty acids, carbonate, and hydroxyapatite. Of the 20 children, 10 had black pigment stones, 2 had cholesterol stones, 1 had brown pigment stones, and 7 had calcium carbonate stones; the latter are exceptionally rare in adults. The composition of pediatric gallstones in this series differs from that found in adults. (J Pediatr 2003;142:435-40)


Vessel collision is a threat to many whale species, and the risk has increased with expanding maritime traffic. This compromises international conservation efforts and requires urgent attention from the world's maritime industry. Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are at the top of the death toll, and although Central America is a wintering area for populations from both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, existing efforts to reduce ship-whale collisions are meager. Herein, we evaluated the potential collisions between vessels and humpback whales wintering off Pacific Panama by following the movements of 15 whales tagged with satellite transmitters and comparing these data with tracks plotted using AIS real-time latitude-longitude points from nearly 1,000 commercial vessels. Movements of whales (adults and calves) in the Gulf of Panama coincide with major commercial maritime routes. AIS vessel data analyzed for individual whale satellite tracks showed that 53% (8 whales) of whales had 98 encounters within 200 m with 81 different vessels in just 11 d. We suggest implementing a 65 nmi Traffic Separation Scheme and a 10 kn maximum speed for vessel routing into the Gulf of Panama during the wintering season. In so doing, the area for potential whale-vessel collisions could be reduced by 93%.


An investigation was conducted to determine the friction and wear characteristics of hot-pressed silicon nitride. Sliding produced wear debris and a damaged surface. The physical and crystallographic morphology of surfaces was compared with that of diamond ground surfaces. Wear tests were done with pin-on-disk apparatus at a load of 10N with various sliding speeds to 780 mm/s, and in four different environments which included in dry nitrogen, in air at humidities of 50 percent RH and 90 percent RH, and in distilled water. The results of the wear experiments indicated that residual α-silicon nitride was transformed into β-silicon nitride. Adsorbed water appeared to enhance plastic flow of the surface and reduced both the wear rate and friction. A second investigation was conducted to correlate the coefficient of friction with the fracture toughness of silicon nitride, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide. The friction experiments were done in reciprocating sliding, using spherical diamonds. Two tip radii, 0.005 mm and 0.1 mm were used over a range of load of 0.1 to 3N and a speed of 0.17 mm/s. The coefficient of friction was found to be inversely correlated with fracture toughness of all four ceramics in several conditions. Frictional anisotropy was also observed in the hot-pressed silicon nitride.


OBJECTIVE
To identify what risks and incidents related to the drug therapy process are presented in an Emergency Care Unit (UPA) and to present proposals for management actions and safe practices, in the perception of the nursing team.

METHOD
Qualitative research, in the research-action modality, developed in the scenario of UPA, located in the interior of São Paulo. Data collection was done through interviews and focus groups with 33 professionals, between June 2015 and April 2016. For the data treatment, the Content Analysis Technique was used.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From the participants' reports, thematic categories were organized, with the risks and incidents related to the drug therapy process being one of the listed categories, as well as proposals for actions.

CONCLUSION
The study allowed the implementation of patient safety actions related to the administration of drugs in a PAU, offering a higher quality of care.


Abstract The usefulness of distal protection devices is still controversial. Moreover, there is no report on thrombus evaluation by using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for determining whether to use a distal protection device. The aim of the present study was to investigate the predictor of filter no-reflow (FNR) by using OCT in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-elevated acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). We performed preinterventional OCT in 25 patients with STEMI who were undergoing primary PCI with Filtrap. FNR was defined as coronary flow decreasing to TIMI flow grade 0 after mechanical dilatation. FNR was observed in 13 cases (52%). In the comparisons between cases with or without the FNR, the stent length, lipid pool length, lipid pool + thrombus length, and lipid pool + thrombus index showed significant differences. In multivariate analysis, lipid pool + thrombus length was the only independent predictor of FNR (OR 1.438, 95% CI 1.001 - 2.064, P < .05). The optimal cut-off value of lipid pool + thrombus length for predicting FNR was 13.1 mm (AUC = 0.840, sensitivity 76.9%, specificity 75.0%). Moreover, when adding the evaluation of thrombus length to that of lipid pool length, the prediction accuracy of FNR further increased (IDI 0.14: 0.019–0.25, P = .023). The longitudinal length of the lipid pool plus thrombus was an independent predictor of FNR and the prediction accuracy improved by adding the thrombus to the lipid pool. These results might be useful for making intraoperative judgment about whether filter devices should be applied in primary PCI for STEMI.


: In three patients with portal venous hypertension and oesophageal varices the effect of domperidone on the haemodynamics of the varices was studied. Following transhepatic catheterisation of the left gastric vein the perfusion of the oesophageal varices before and after the application of domperidone was evaluated angiographically. No decrease of the perfusion of the oesophageal varices secondary to domperidone was observed using this method.


The alien germplasm presented by different wild wheat relatives such as Ae. umbellulata (UU, 2n = 14), Ae. cylindrica (CCDD, 2n = 28), Ae. tauschii (DD, 2n = 14), Ae. ventricosa (DDUnUn, 2n = 28), Ae. variabilis (UUSS, 2n = 28), T. palmovae (AADD, 2n = 28) was involved into interspecific crosses with T. aestivum to produce transfers of exotic Gli/Glu-alleles to cultivated bread wheat varieties. The array of novel exotic Gli/Glu-alleles was introduced into cultivated wheat genome. Considerable negative as well as positive influence of some exotic alleles on bread-making quality characters or endosperm texture was observed. The original interspecific material with improved quality characteristics was recommended to be applied for wheat breeding.


Aerosol and ozone pollution in the Arctic predominantly originates from long-range pollution transport of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions from the midlatitudes. However, local emission sources such as shipping and oil and gas extraction could already have an important local or regional influence on atmospheric composition and on the Arctic energy budget, even though this influence is not well characterized. In this work, we perform quasi-hemispheric simulations of aerosols and ozone in the Arctic with the WRF-Chem model. The model is used to evaluate and compare the impacts of midlatitude anthropogenic emissions, biomass burning, and local Arctic emissions (oil and gas, shipping) in terms of atmospheric composition, cloud/aerosol interactions, pollutant deposition and radiative forcing in the Arctic. Local Arctic emissions are expected to increase in the future due to Arctic warming and reduced sea ice cover. For this reason we also compare the impact of these different sources in 2050, for a future scenario with high Arctic shipping growth and decreasing midlatitude anthropogenic emissions.


BACKGROUND
The emergence of multidrug-resistant, extensively resistant and pan-resistant pathogens and the widespread inappropriate use of antibiotics is a global catastrophe receiving increasing attention by health care authorities. The antibiotic prescription practices in public and private intensive care units (ICUs) in South Africa are unknown.

OBJECTIVE
To document antibiotic prescription practices in public and private ICUs in South Africa and to determine their relationship to patient outcomes.

METHODS
A national database of public and private ICUs in South Africa was prospectively studied using a proportional probability sampling technique.

RESULTS
Two hundred and forty-eight patients were recruited. Therapeutic antibiotics were initiated in 182 (73.5%), and 54.9% received an inappropriate antibiotic initially. De-escalation was practised in 33.3% and 19.7% of the public and private sector patients, respectively. Antibiotic duration was inappropriate in most cases. An appropriate choice of antibiotic was associated with an 11% mortality, while an inappropriate choice was associated with a 27% mortality (p=0.01). The mortality associated with appropriate or inappropriate duration of antibiotics was 17.6% and 20.6%, respectively (p=0.42).

CONCLUSION
Inappropriate antibiotic prescription practices in ICUs in the public and private sectors in South Africa are common and are also associated with poor patient outcomes.


Two interconvertible forms of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase, one active (a) or the other less active (b), were predominantly present in a thermosensitive adenylate-cyclase-deficient mutant that had been preincubated at the restrictive temperature of 35 degrees C, either in the presence or in the absence of glucose. Glycogen phosphorylase was at least 20-fold less active after incubation of the cells in the presence of glucose, but this residual activity had kinetic properties identical to those of the active form of enzyme, obtained after incubation in the absence of glucose; this suggests that the b form might be completely inactive and that the low activity measured after glucose treatment must be attributed to a residual amount of phosphorylase a. By contrast, the kinetic properties of the two forms of glycogen synthase were very different. When measured in the absence of glucose 6-phosphate, the two forms of enzyme had a similar affinity for UDP-Glc but differed essentially by their Vmax. Glucose 6-phosphate had no effect on synthase a, but increased both Vmax and Km of synthase b; these effects, however, were in great part counteracted by sulfate and by inorganic phosphate, the latter also having the property of increasing the Km of the a form, without affecting Vmax. It was estimated that at physiological concentrations of substrates and effectors, synthase a was about 20-fold more active than synthase b. When an extract of cells that had been preincubated in the absence of glucose was gel-filtered and then incubated at 30 degrees C, phosphorylase was progressively fully inactivated and synthase was partially activated; these reactions were severalfold faster and, in the case of glycogen synthase, more complete in the presence of 10 mM glucose 6-phosphate. When a gel-filtered extract of cells that had been preincubated in the presence of glucose was incubated at 30 degrees C in the presence of ATP-Mg and EGTA, phosphorylase became activated and synthase was inactivated; the first of these two reactions was severalfold stimulated by micromolar concentrations of Ca2+, whereas both reactions were completely inhibited by 10 mM glucose 6-phosphate and only slightly and irregularly stimulated by cyclic AMP.


Parental environments are regularly shown to alter the mean fitness of offspring, but their impacts on the genetic variation for fitness, which predicts adaptive capacity and is also measured on offspring, are unclear. Consequently, how parental environments mediate adaptation to environmental stressors, like those accompanying global change, is largely unknown. Here, using an ecologically important marine tubeworm in a quantitative-genetic breeding design, we tested how parental exposure to projected ocean warming alters the mean survival, and genetic variation for survival, of offspring during their most vulnerable life stage under current and projected temperatures. Offspring survival was higher when parent and offspring temperatures matched. Across offspring temperatures, parental exposure to warming altered the distribution of additive genetic variance for survival, making it covary across current and projected temperatures in a way that may aid adaptation to future warming. Parental exposure to warming also amplified nonadditive genetic variance for survival, suggesting that compatibilities between parental genomes may grow increasingly important under future warming. Our study shows that parental environments potentially have broader-ranging effects on adaptive capacity than currently appreciated, not only mitigating the negative impacts of global change but also reshaping the raw fuel for evolutionary responses to it.


We design a scheme for obtaining size distribution information for colloidal quantum dots (QDs) embedded in a host material. The calculation uses the QDs' optical absorption spectrum and requires the absorption spectra for a series of sample QDs, having a uniform size distribution with specific radii. In an analogy to a quantum state expanded by a basis vector set, the absorption spectrum of a QD ensemble with an unspecified size distribution can be expanded by those of the sample spectra, which are treated as basis vectors. The proportion of QDs with a radius around each sample's radius can be extracted. We also discuss the case without sufficient sample spectra.


Fine-grained frequencies have been used in several recent works to enhance network throughput as well as combat Cross Technology Interference (CTI) issues in licence free ISM bands. We observe that synchronous communication based strategies, due to the scope of inter-frequency capture-effect, are inherently more capable of supporting in-parallel communication over multiple channels even when the Center Frequency Distance (CFD) of the channels are very low (<5 MHz). In this work, we pursue an in-depth study of how fine-grained frequencies can be used in conjunction with synchronous communication to extract the maximum benefit from a very narrow band of available frequencies (e.g., 2- 5 MHz) for in-parallel intra-group communication. In this direction, we propose a simple and efficient group formation strategy to automatically define groups in a given WSN/IoT network to boost up in-parallel intra-group communication efficiency. Through extensive experimental evaluations in existing WSN/IoT testbeds, we show that in-parallel one-to-all dissemination in the groups formed through the proposed strategy can execute with upto 73% higher reliability while consuming upto 41% lower energy as compared to the same running among the groups formed through naive strategy with only 4 consecutive frequencies separated by 1 MHz and upto 20 groups.


The international community has committed to ending the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical infections by 2030, and this bold stance deserves universal support. In this paper, we discuss whether this ambitious goal is achievable for HIV/AIDS and what is needed to further accelerate progress. The joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 targets and the related strategy are built upon currently available health technologies that can diagnose HIV infection and suppress viral replication in all people with HIV. Nonetheless, there is much work to be done in ensuring equitable access to these HIV services for key populations and those who remain outside the rims of the traditional health services. Identifying a cure and a preventive vaccine would further help accelerate progress in ending the epidemic. Other disease control programmes could learn from the response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.


A new model for dielectric loss, suitable for time domain modeling of printed circuit boards, is proposed. The model is based on a physical relaxation model. Complete time domain modeling of skin effect and dielectric losses in FR-4 boards are demonstrated and experimentally verified. Finally, the developed model is used to predict that FR-4 boards are useful for data rates up to 10 Gb/s.


In this report, Professor Pomp debunks the claims presented in several reports commissioned by the American Hotel and Lodging Association (Hotel Association). Despite hotel profits reaching all time highs, the Hotel Association has continued to attack Airbnb.

Part I serves as an introduction to Airbnb and its solution to an administrative challenge confronted by tax jurisdictions. Airbnb operates a platform that links guests looking for short-term rental opportunities with hosts offering such services.

There are potentially millions of hosts who are unaware that they are subject to municipal taxes on short-term rentals. Municipalities lack the resources required to track down all these hosts. Airbnb has entered into more than 200 voluntary collection agreements (VCAs) with municipalities to collect taxes on behalf of these hosts.

Part II details the Hotel Association's attacks on Airbnb's VCAs. In 2017, a report commissioned by the Hotel Association accused Airbnb of undermining tax fairness, transparency, and the rule of law. The Hotel Association repeated many of these claims in a 2018 press release: "Tax Day: Hoteliers Call for More Transparency and Oversight in Taxing Airbnb." In 2019, it presented another press release emphasizing a new, and equally misleading, report by the author of the 2017 report.

Part III attacks the falsehoods promoted by the 2017 report and 2018 press release. Tax jurisdictions face a sizable administrative dilemma: millions of hosts, untrained in tax accounting and law, are potentially unaware of the tax consequences of short-term renting. Furthermore, the hosts are likely not prepared to confront tax liability on profits they have already spent. Airbnb has helped to ameliorate this problem by entering into VCAs with municipalities.

Contrary to the Hotel Association's claims, Airbnb supports taxes on short-term rentals. And it is untrue that Airbnb does not pay its fair share of taxes; the VCAs cover municipal hotel taxes that Airbnb does not owe. These VCAs are groundbreaking, not "atypical;" there is not anything relevant to compare them to.

Despite the Hotel Association's assertions, the content of the VCAs is publicly available. Many jurisdictions have openly announced when they have entered into these agreements, and municipalities provide information regarding their VCAs to those interested. Airbnb also has a web page that lists the states and municipalities in which it collects and remits taxes.
Although the Hotel Association suggests that public officials have been duped into entering these agreements, the article provides numerous quotes from public officials praising Airbnb for its tax collection efforts.

The 2017 report misleads by comparing VCAs to Voluntary Disclosure Agreements (VDAs). VDAs are fundamentally different from VCAs. They allow a business the opportunity to pay some of its owed taxes from prior years, and in return a municipality will ignore penalties and forgive a portion of the taxes owed. In contrast, the VCAs cover taxes owed by the hosts, not taxes owed by Airbnb. Airbnb is not a hotel, thus it is not liable for those taxes.

The Hotel Association's comparison is misleading: VCAs are not a mechanism for Airbnb to pay back taxes (it owes none). Rather, VCAs guarantee the payment of future taxes by hosts to municipalities. The claim that Airbnb has secured tax amnesty through these VCAs is fueled by the false assumption that Airbnb owed taxes to begin with.

Airbnb does not disclose the names and addresses of hosts. Airbnb has a legitimate interest in protecting the privacy and security of the hosts. And this information is not relevant to the collection of taxes, so the Hotel Association's suggestion that the lack of disclosure could lead to something resembling the Volkswagen Dieselgate scandal is pure paranoia.

Part IV addresses the myths emphasized by the 2019 report and press release. The report argues that Wayfair renders Airbnb liable under lodging and sales taxes. The outcome of Wayfair is irrelevant; Airbnb has not made arguments premised on its physical presence relative to the states. Rather, it has argued that those taxes never applied to Airbnb in the first place.

Platform statutes, passed in response to Wayfair, do not eliminate the need for VCAs. VCAs fill the gaps between platform legislation and the collection of hotel taxes. Furthermore, the landscape of platform legislation is chaotic. Municipalities benefit from VCAs while the scope of platform statutes is gradually teased out through litigation and legislative change.

And contrary to the report's suggestions, Airbnb already files returns as required under the IRC.

Part V, in reaction to the Hotel Association's distorted picture of Airbnb, emphasizes some of Airbnb's innovations outside the realm of tax collection. Airbnb uses a scoring system which utilizes artificial intelligence and predictive analytics to flag suspicious activity. All hosts are screened against watch lists, and U.S. residents are submitted to background checks. Airbnb has a Trust and Safety team, composed of a diverse selection of experts, including response agents who are on call 24/7. Airbnb offers the hosts insurance, safety workshops, and free smoke and carbon monoxide detectors.

Part VI concludes by reaffirming that the VCAs cover taxes owed by the hosts, not taxes owed by Airbnb. Thus, the Hotel Association's claim that Airbnb does not pay its fair share of taxes is vacuous.

The appendix contains more statements from public officials praising Airbnb for its innovative VCAs.


The aim with this Master's thesis has been to develop a method of fitting a Phase-type model to a competing risks data set with covariates, and to approximate an underlying model such that important functionals and quantities can be estimated. To do this, the method proposed by Bladt et al. of fitting a Phase-type model to survival data, has been generalized to the competing risks setting, and this generalized method has been further extended to include covariates. The part of the theory which involves extending the method by Bladt et al. to competing risks was mainly produced in the Master's project in the fall of 2014, and is presented in the theory part. The method is a MCMC algorithm which updates the Phase-type parameters in a Gibbs-sampler. The results for the model without covariates show that the model is able to produce estimates for the sub-distribution functions, sub-density functions and cause-specific hazard rates in a satisfying way. Before developing the new method in the theory part, three existing competing risks regression models have been presented. This is the Fine \& Gray model, Cox regression and the model developed by Scheike and Zhang. These three models have also been used for comparison with the Phase-type model in the presentation of the results. New theory has been developed in the sense that covariates have been introduced in the existing model. This has been done by using covariate regression in the absorbing intensities of the Phase-type model. The results show that the model is suitable for a variety of different data sets and underlying distributions. The method manages to produce good estimates for the sub-distribution functions, sub-density functions, the covariate regression coefficients, and in many cases also for the cause-specific hazard rates. The estimates of the covariate regression coefficients are similar to the Cox regression coefficients.


During its first hours of development, the zebrafish embryo presents a large microtubule array in the yolk region, essential for its development. Despite of its size and dynamic behavior, this network has been studied only in limited field of views or in fixed samples. We designed and implemented different strategies in Light Sheet Fluorescence microscopy for imaging the entire yolk microtubule (MT) network in vivo. These have allowed us to develop a novel image analysis from which we clearly observe a cyclical re-arrangement of the entire MT network in synchrony with blastoderm mitotic waves. These dynamics also affect a previously unreported microtubule array deep within the yolk, here described. These findings provide a new vision of the zebrafish yolk microtubules arrangement, and offers novel insights in the interaction between mitotic events and microtubules reorganization.


Lecudina tuzetae is a parasitic protozoan (Gregarine, Apicomplexa) living in the intestine of a marine polychaete annelid, Nereis diversicolor. Using electron and fluorescence microscopy, we have characterized the dynamic changes in microtubule organization during the sexual phase of the life cycle. The gametocyst excreted from the host worm into seawater consists of two (one male and one female) gamonts in which cortical microtubule arrays are discernible. Each gamont undergoes multiple nuclear divisions without cytokinesis, resulting in the formation of large multinucleate haploid cells. After cellularization, approximately 1000 individual gametes are produced from each gamont within 24 h. Female gametes are spherical and contain interphase cytoplasmic microtubule arrays emanating from a gamma-tubulin-containing site. In male gametes, both interphase microtubules and a flagellum with "6 + 0" axonemal microtubules extend from the same microtubule-organizing site. At the beginning of spore formation, each zygote secretes a wall to form a sporocyst. Following meiotic and mitotic divisions, each sporocyst gives rise to eight haploid cells that ultimately differentiate into sporozoites. The ovoid shaped sporocyst is asymmetric and forms at least two distinctive microtubule arrays: spindle microtubules and microtubule bundles originating from the protruding apical end corresponding to the dehiscence pole of the sporocyst. Because antibodies raised against mammalian centrosome components, such as gamma-tubulin, pericentrin, Cep135, and mitosis-specific phosphoproteins, react strongly with the microtubule-nucleating sites of Lecudina, this protozoan is likely to share common centrosomal antigens with higher eukaryotes.


Perinatal asphyxia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the perinatal period, with 4 million neonates suffering annually from birth asphyxia. Tissue hypoxia can cause several pathological changes in multiple organs, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) representing one of the most severe consequences in the newborn, occasionally leading to the insurgence of the multi-organ dysfunction syndrome. The pathological diagnosis of neonatal asphyxia is complex, histological markers of tissue hypoxia often overlapping with pathological changes due to other etiologies. This work is aimed at summarizing the most important pathological markers of asphyxia occurring in a newborn in the different organs. The endothelial lesions (swelling, apoptosis, detachment and loss of the endothelial barrier) in our experience, represent the most relevant pathological changes induced by hypoxia in all the organs. The finding of increased hepatic hemopoiesis represents one of the most important markers of chronic tissue hypoxia. In conclusion, the accurate histological study of all the organs in every case of perinatal asphyxia may allow, in expert hands, perinatal pathologists to give important data to neonatologists for reaching, together, a complex clinical/pathological diagnosis, able to explain the clinical course in the majority of asphyxiated newborns undergoing multiple organ dysfunction. Proceedings of the International Course on Perinatal Pathology (part of the 10 th International Workshop on Neonatology · October 22 nd -25 th , 2014) · Cagliari (Italy) · October 25 th , 2014 ·  The role of the clinical pathological dialogue in problem solving Guest Editors: Gavino Faa, Vassilios Fanos, Peter Van Eyken


A method for performing a restricted configuration interaction calculation on atoms or molecules based on the use of Young operators from the symmetric groups is discussed and its relation to some other types of calculations is pointed out. The method in its most general form can be said to be an extension of the independent particle approach which represents the wavefunction in terms of the n best possible one‐particle orbitals for the n‐particle system. Illustrations are given for the hydrogen molecule, the helium atom, and the allyl radical.


In this abstract, I will survey the story of two enumerative miracles that relate certain Coxeter-theoretic objects and other poset-theoretic objects. The first miracle relates reduced words and linear extensions, while the second may be thought of as relating group elements and order ideals. The purpose of this abstract is to use a conjecture from my thesis to present both miracles in the same light.


Abstract This paper adds to the thin empirical literature estimating the long-term effects of exposure to conflict from in utero to adolescence on adult well-being. The effects through adolescence of the two worst genocides in recent history – those occurring in Rwanda (1994) and Cambodia (1975–79) – are examined. The Rwandan genocide is shown to have produced long-term health outcomes among women exposed to the conflict during adolescence. A further contribution is the analysis of gendered effects during adolescence, which is enabled by the availability of data on men's height for Rwanda. The long-term effects are confirmed for men, however this appears to be the consequence of exposure during adolescence later than for women, a result that is consistent with the biological literature on the differential timing of the onset of puberty by gender. No significant effects are detected in the case of the Cambodian genocide and we discuss some issues that may influence this result. Although more research and better data are needed, our results are suggestive of adolescent-specific effects of the Rwandan genocide, which may be comparable or larger than those previously found for younger children.


BACKGROUND
Suicide clusters have commonly been documented in adolescents and young people.

AIMS
The current review conducts a literature search in order to identify and evaluate postvention strategies that have been employed in response to suicide clusters in young people.

METHODS
Online databases, gray literature, and Google were searched for relevant articles relating to postvention interventions following a suicide cluster in young people.

RESULTS
Few studies have formally documented response strategies to a suicide cluster in young people, and at present only one has been longitudinally evaluated. However, a number of strategies show promise, including: developing a community response plan; educational/psychological debriefings; providing both individual and group counseling to affected peers; screening high risk individuals; responsible media reporting of suicide clusters; and promotion of health recovery within the community to prevent further suicides.

CONCLUSIONS
There is a gap in formal evidence-based guidelines detailing appropriate postvention response strategies to suicide clusters in young people. The low-frequency nature of suicide clusters means that long-term systematic evaluation of response strategies is problematic. However, some broader suicide prevention strategies could help to inform future suicide cluster postvention responses.


This thesis focuses on the provision and management of water supply and sanitation in housing areas in the City of Dar es Salaam. The main objective of the study is to contribute to knowledge and understanding of provision and management of urban water supply and sanitation in Tanzania in the context of sustainable urbanisation. A sectoral and single problem issue study approach was avoided and instead systems analysis approach was used as a tool for an in-depth study of a case area. A case study method was employed. Mikocheni, a housing area in Dar es Salaam, was used as a case to establish the evidence of this process and resulting issues associated with it. Habitats with different contextual backgrounds were used for comparison. The research employed some form of participatory action research (PAR) method where members of the community became active participants. Systems thinking and analysis was used as a tool and it allowed the research to be analytical on the issue at both macro and micro levels. It also allowed comparing the issue with cases in extreme situations or different contexts. Mental modelling of the systems and mirroring of reality was done. The findings confirmed the researcher's conviction that there is potential for local resources. The residents' initiative for investment for both housing and services is an indicator of a willing partner in provision and in paying for service use. However the present provision and management system lack guidance in technological development options, proper use of resources and lack of an integrated and systematic approach in dealing with the current problems. The main change options concentrate at the service systems in the house, neighbourhood and city levels. Suggestions for instituting eco-strategies at national and regional level are made. A main strategy suggested is that, through housing services, Dar es Salaam is to be responsible for its resource use and waste management (responsible city). Plan its areas and urban function that follow availability and potential of its resources (living city) and for the city to have residents that are aware of the issues and that participate as providers and users (participating city). The contribution to knowledge is in its holistic approach to the problem and the systematic analysis of the issues. A trans-disciplinary way of dealing with reality has been attempted in this thesis. At the same time using the mono disciplinary, or knowledge of existing making disciplines, or traditional academia. Successful examples and existing knowledge is used to suggest an alternative or change in the system that can result in a sustainable housing neighbourhood and sustainable urban development.


Dense and porous HA and Si-HA discs and granules with varying percentages of silicon substitution have been produced and physically and chemically characterised using scanning electron microscopy, surface area analysis, porosimetry, density measurement, image analysis, Xray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, FT-infrared spectroscopy and in-vitro and in-vivo testing. Results have shown that cell adhesion in-vitro and bone apposition in-vivo are enhanced by the presence of silicon substitution in the hydroxyapatite structure. The biological response to the materials appears to indicate an optimum outcome for levels of silicon substitution of 0.8wt%.


Aims To produce departmental guidelines citing clinical indications regarding the frequency and appropriateness of cranial ultrasound scanning. To improve documentation and planning of scans to improve time management. To enhance trainee opportunities in performing and interpreting scans under expert supervision, ultimately leading to improved service provision and confident independent practise. Methods Part 1 Senior speciality paediatric trainee questionnaire to frame context of audit: to assess confidence in performing and interpreting (P&I) cranial ultrasound scans (CrUS) on modified Likert scale; data interpretation questions (published questionnaires, author's permission to use) to gauge ability to identify abnormalities, to decide immediate management and discuss prognosis. Part 2 Full audit cycle of CrUS compliance, implementation and assessment of changes. Audit (cycle 1) over 12-day consecutive period with re-audit 6 months later (cycle 2) after implementing changes. Results Part 1 Trainees reported little confidence with P&I. All identified major abnormality in each image with sensible answers provided regarding management, however limited information regarding prognosis. Part 2 Cycle 1 Poor compliance, documentation and lack of follow up. Loose scans with no date, time or comment. No baby had a Standard Electronic Neonatal Database (SEND) CrUS form completed. Changes implemented Weekly teaching with Radiologist experienced in CrUS. Comprehensive guideline including indications and separate proforma for every baby admitted to the unit prompting an assessment for CrUS. Posters next to scanner and computers to remind users to document findings on SEND. Presentation of results. Cycle 2 Improved compliance rate from 60.0% to 71.4% Improved documentation from 28.6% to 100% including signature and level of supervision. 80% of scans documented had plan for follow up scan. No baby had SEND CrUS form completed. Conclusions Trainee confidence in P&I scans improves with regular Radiology teaching sessions. Dedicated guidelines and proforma improve assessment for scanning, compliance, documentation and work load planning; this improves patient care and enhances service provision. Future action: to standardise CrUS guidelines throughout the Neonatal Network to improve continuity of care.


What should be the place of finance in social theory? What is the relationship between finance and democracy? The article identifies four major frameworks that analyse finance: orthodox, drawing on Adam Smith; political economy, drawing on Marx; heterodox, drawing on Keynes and Minsky; and societal, drawing on Polanyi. These frameworks are critically analysed along five dimensions: the conceptualization of finance; the relations between finance and the economy; the relations between finance and the state; the relations between finance and society; and the nature of the social system. A new framework for the analysis of finance in society is constructed from these elements. This is used to analyse the relations between finance and democracy and the prospects for the regulation of finance.


OBJECTIVE
To study the incidence and prevalence of breast-feeding and to determine the factors that influence the mother's decision to breast-feed or to use adapted milk.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Two hundred families were included in a survey in the hospital's maternity department. Those who breast-fed were followed up by means of a telephone call on days 15, 30, 90, and 180.

RESULTS
On leaving hospital 78% of the neonates were receiving breast milk only. After 15 days, 89.7% of the neonates continued to receive breast milk and at 6 months this figure was 39%. Breast-feeding was discontinued after a mean of 2.5 months. The mean age of mothers who breast-fed was 30.2 years and that of mothers using adapted milk was 27.9 years (p,0.05). Mothers decided on the type of feeding before pregnancy (52.5%). This decision was unchanged by prenatal information except in the case of information provided by the family, especially if both parents were breast-fed (p,0.05). Doctors provided little information. The mother's level of education did not influence the decision to breast-feed although the higher the mother's education, the greater the tendency to breast-feed (74.7% with primary education vs 81.5% with higher education). Being in paid employment did not influence the decision to breast-feed (76% of mothers worked vs 79% of mothers who did not). The main reasons for discontinuance were hypogalactia, "feeling hungry", and work. In general, giving up breast-feeding was the mother's decision.

CONCLUSIONS
The information pregnant women receive on breast-feeding should be based on unified criteria. The implementation of joint protocols between primary and hospital care as well as breast-feeding support groups help mothers to begin and continue breast-feeding.


BACKGROUND: Very little is known about the eye movement performance (EMP) of children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder {ADHD), a syndrome involving attentional impairments, impulsivity, and typically, motor overactivity. Under achievement in reading and math has been shown to be associated with ADHD. Because ADHD children have been described as having slower response times, more topographical errors, and below age expected results on psychometric tests, we hypothesized that eye movement performance would also be below age expected. Since psycho stimulants reportedly decrease errors, variability, and response time with ADHD children, eye movement performance was sampled with and without their regularly prescribed medication. METHODS: 36 children age 8 to 13 with normal eyesight and hearing and who were taking psychostimulant medication for ADHD, were recruited for this study. The Developmental Eye Movement Test (DEM), Groffman Visual Tracing Test (GVTT), Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), and the Visagraph Eye Movement Analysis (VEMA), were administered to all subjects. Several months later 18 original subjects were retested after not having taken their respective medication(s) for a minimum of 24 hours. RESULTS: Mean DEM percentiles for the medicated ADHD group was: 44.18 vertical, 40.06 horizontal, 44.12 ratio, and 49.35 for errors. Mean PPVT percentile was 60.38. Horizontal DEM subtest performance was significantly better for the 18 subjects while non-medicated. VEMA, GVTT, and PPVT performance did not significantly differ between medicated versus nonmedicated conditions for these same subjects. CONCLUSION: Based upon DEM results, Eye Movement Performance for the medicated ADHD group was slightly below normal. Above average mean PPVT auding vocabulary performance suggests that the reduced EMP was not due to reduced language ability. Surprisingly, horizontal subtest performance on the DEM was significantly better (p<0.01) while subjects were non-medicated. VEMA performance did not differ between the conditions.


The term bio-logging is given to 'the use of miniaturized animal-attached tags for logging and/or relaying data about an animal's movements, behaviour, physiology, and/or environment' (Rutz and Hays 2009). It has been spreading over the scientific world through the last ten years and will become even more popular in the next decade thanks to engineering progresses. Indeed, tags tend to miniaturize, and geolocalization technology, as well as network coverage, is getting improved and cheaper. Today, electronic tags are widely used to study species' movements and migration, resulting in an enormous amount of data (
 Li et al. 2015
 , Thums et al. 2018). Currently, platforms like Movebank enable data storage, visualization and management. However, no easy-to-use tool is currently available for conducting a various array of pre-treatment procedures on those data, such as outliers identification, elevation or time management. In that context, we are developing an open source platform based on algorithms and machine learning to automatically return cleaned and annotated data.


The notorious image of Pandora haunts mythology: a woman created as punishment for the crimes of man, she is the bearer of hope yet also responsible for the Earth s desolation. She binds together perpetuating dichotomies that underlie the most fundamental aspects of the Western canon: beauty and evil, body and soul, depth and superficiality, truth and lie. Speaking in multiplicity, Pandora emerges as the first sign of female complexity. In this compelling study, Vered Lev Kenaan offers a radical revision of the Greek myth of the first woman. She argues that Pandora leaves a decisive mark on ancient poetics and shows that we can unravel the profound impact of Pandora s image once we recognize that Pandora embodies the very idea of the ancient literary text. Locating the myth of the first woman right at the heart of feminist interrogation of gender and textuality, "Pandora s Senses" moves beyond a feminist critique of masculine hegemony by challenging the reading of Pandora as a one-dimensional embodiment of the misogynist vision of the feminine. Uncovering Pandora as a textual principle operating outside of the feminine, Lev Kenaan shows the centrality of this iconic figure among the poetics of such central genres as the cosmological and didactic epic, the Platonic dialogue, the love elegy, and the ancient novel. "Pandora s Senses" innovates our understanding of gender as a critical lens through which to view ancient literature."


The study is concerned with the adaptation of visual condition survey methodology and implementation of Pavement Condition Index (PCI) in evaluation of pavement distress and prioritization of pavement maintenance of the Sudan paved road network. It is implemented on large part of the national road network (55% of the road network). The Sudan national highway has no enough budgets available for maintenance, and there is no standard priority method used to allocate the available pavement maintenance budget. The study aims to adapt assessment methodology and contribute in making better decisions with respect to expenditures of pavement maintenance in Sudan. In this research a comprehensive road visual condition survey for pavement distresses of the 60% of road network length (2780 km) is carried out and the study ranks the project according to its Index (PCI, excellent, very good, good, fair, bad, failed) and set initial priorities based on "the worst first" concept. The survey quantifies types, severity, density and percent of each distress on each road and determines its condition index, finally, a list of priorities and maintenance needs were generated. The study uses generated Polynomial equations instead of standard curves. The correlation between the data obtained from the standard curves and polynomials shows best fit condition (R2 more than 0.99).This paper presents the methodology and discusses the results of the visual condition survey.The visual condition survey methodology adopted to determine the pavement condition for Sudan paved road Network, based on ASTM Standard D6433, 2003. It provides a common method for describing distress on asphalt pavement in Sudan road network like cracks, bleeding, bump and sags, potholes, patching, raveling, swelling, etc…. It improves communication within pavement community, by fostering more uniform and consistent definitions of pavement distress. It increases the awareness of importance of road maintenance and rehabilitation and provides a tool for formulating rational bases for assessment of pavement condition and evaluation. Thus sets initial priorities for adopting roads project short list for rehabilitation in certain year. It can, therefore, play an important role in developing the strategic


Abstract We analyzed a data set of scientific manuscripts that were submitted to various conferences in artificial intelligence. We performed a combination of semantic, lexical, and psycholinguistic analyses of the full text of the manuscripts and compared them with the outcome of the peer review process. We found that accepted manuscripts scored lower than rejected manuscripts on two indicators of readability, and that they also used more scientific and artificial intelligence jargon. We also found that accepted manuscripts were written with words that are less frequent, that are acquired at an older age, and that are more abstract than rejected manuscripts. The analysis of references included in the manuscripts revealed that the subset of accepted submissions were more likely to cite the same publications. This finding was echoed by pairwise comparisons of the word content of the manuscripts (i.e., an indicator of semantic similarity), which were more similar in the subset of accepted manuscripts. Finally, we predicted the peer review outcome of manuscripts with their word content, with words related to machine learning and neural networks positively related to acceptance, whereas words related to logic, symbolic processing, and knowledge-based systems negatively related to acceptance.


State-of-the-art SIP primerSIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is the open standard that will make IP telephony an irresistible force in communications, doing for converged services what http does for the Web. SIP Demystified authored by Gonzalo Camarillo, one of the contributors to SIP development in the IETFgives you the tools to keep your company and career competitive. This guide tells you why the standard is needed, what architectures it supports, and how it interacts with other protocols. As a bonus, you even get a context-setting background in data networking. Perfect if youre moving from switched voice into a data networking environment, heres everything you need to understand:* Where, why, and how SIP is used* What SIP can do and deliver* SIPs fit with other standards and systems* How to plan implementations of SIP-enabled services* How to size up and choose from available SIP products


A comparative study of 224 serum samples certified in different serological tests for syphilis has established the high diagnostic effectiveness of the new linear enzyme immunoassay test system (immune blotting assay "Improved INNO-Lia Syphilis ("IMMO-Lia Syphilis Score")) (Immunogenetics, Gent, Belgium). The assay showed a 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity; the reproducibility of positive and negative results was 100%. It is proposed to use the test system in the laboratories engaged in the expert diagnosis of syphilis as an additional or alternative Treponema pallidum immobilization test and immunofluorescence test supporting the assay of serum or plasma samples for this infection, which has yielded positive results on screening.


Slow infiltration rates constrain effective and economical irrigation in some sandy loam soils in California. Polyacrylamide (PAM) has in- creased soil infiltration in some areas, especially in soils high in clay or silt. Field trials near Fresno, CA, with PAM failed to show improved infiltration. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate PAM effect on infiltration of various quality waters in sandy loam soils. Twoformulations of ahigh molecular weightPAM,aliquid emul- sion and a granular, were evaluated on a Hanford sandy loam soil (coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic Typic Xerorth- ents) in packed soil column experiments. Applying PAM continuously in the infiltration water always decreased infiltration for all PAM concentrations tested (5-20 mg PAM L 21 ). Final infiltration rates of 5 mg PAM L 21 relative to infiltration rate of deionized water were 65% for emulsion PAM and 36% for granular PAM and these ratios decreased with increasing PAM concentration. Reduction of infiltra- tion rates when PAM was applied with water containing Ca (applied as gypsum) was less than with PAM solution containing Na. Permeability tests of PAM solutions through uniform sands showed a decrease of permeability with increased concentrations, due to an apparent in- crease in effective viscosity of the solution. The decrease in infiltration rates in this study was likely due to this increase in viscosity when PAM is added to water. This research concluded that PAM applied in irri- gation water will reduce infiltration unless the material improves sur- face soil aggregate structure and sustains pores sufficient to mask the effect of solution viscosity.


Adversarial examples are considered a serious issue for safety critical applications of AI, such as finance, autonomous vehicle control and medicinal applications. Though significant work has resulted in increased robustness of systems to these attacks, systems are still vulnerable to well-crafted attacks. To address this problem, several adversarial attack detection methods have been proposed. However, a system can still be vulnerable to adversarial samples that are designed to specifically evade these detection methods. One recent detection scheme that has shown good performance is based on uncertainty estimates derived from Monte-Carlo dropout ensembles. Prior Networks, a new method of estimating predictive uncertainty, has been shown to outperform Monte-Carlo dropout on a range of tasks. One of the advantages of this approach is that the behaviour of a Prior Network can be explicitly tuned to, for example, predict high uncertainty in regions where there are no training data samples. In this work, Prior Networks are applied to adversarial attack detection using measures of uncertainty in a similar fashion to Monte-Carlo Dropout. Detection based on measures of uncertainty derived from DNNs and Monte-Carlo dropout ensembles are used as a baseline. Prior Networks are shown to significantly out-perform these baseline approaches over a range of adversarial attacks in both detection of whitebox and blackbox configurations. Even when the adversarial attacks are constructed with full knowledge of the detection mechanism, it is shown to be highly challenging to successfully generate an adversarial sample.


Purpose The purpose of this exploratory focus group study was to describe the perspectives of teens and their parents about self-management knowledge, behaviors (including division of labor associated with T1D management), and resources used to manage T1D. The overall goal is to use this information to develop a teen–family transition clinic. Methods The self and family management behaviors framework undergirded the separate teen–parent focus groups that were conducted concurrently. Note-based qualitative content analysis was used, resulting in several important messages. Results From the teens' perspective there was variation in interest in learning more about T1D and management. Those teens who had been diagnosed at a very young age reported not knowing anything else but diabetes, while those diagnosed later developmentally embraced the active learning process. Diabetes camp and peer group support were not seen as beneficial. All the teens were interested in "helping others" with diabetes. Parents shared the common struggle with transition of self-management, with variation in parenting styles. A small group of parents reported their "job" as a parent was to make sure their child was self-sufficient in self-management, but felt pressure from the health care providers (HCPs) to physically do the care, defeating the purpose. Parents and teens reported wanting HCPs to be less focused on "numbers" (blood glucose levels) and more on the whole person. Scheduling appointment changes and long waiting times were reported as problematic by all participants. Conclusions Teen and parent perspectives are critical in designing future well-received adolescent–family transition clinics. Development from the ground up with family recommendations may contribute to high-quality health outcomes.


To the Editor.— The incidence of leg ulcers increases with age. Insufficient venous circulation of the lower extremities is the main reason for leg ulcers. The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis or healing process is not known. Swabs or curettage samples are most commonly taken for evaluation of the bacterial flora.1,2To avoid the effect of the superficial flora on the results, saline aspiration has been recommended to sample bacteria inside the inflamed tissue around the ulcer.3We found the saline aspiration technique unreliable; the 0.5 to 2.0 mL of saline needed for aspiration was dissipated into the tissues too often, and sufficient aspirate was not obtained. The purpose of this study was to assess fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) as the method of the bacteriologic evaluation of leg ulcers. Patients and Methods.— Thirty-one consenting patients with leg ulcers were studied (age range, 46 to 95 years; average age, 70.5


Abstract The 2111 pyribole chain sequence, where 2 signifies a double (amphibole-like) chain and 1 indicates a single (pyroxene-like) chain, has been reported from geological samples. Such material is commonly associated with slabs that contain multiples of three single chains, which we shall call "3n single-chain slabs" (where n = 1, 2, 3,…). We generated 2111 chain sequences and associated 3n single-chain slabs by heating natural chesterite crystals at ca. 1000 ºC in the laboratory as well as by their prolonged irradiation inside a 200 kV transmission electron microscope. Many of the synthesized 2111 sequences are intergrown with narrow regions containing isolated single- and double-chain material that contains, respectively, 3n single chains and n double chains. The single-chain triplets presumably formed as a result of the decomposition of isolated triple-chain slabs that were originally intergrown with the chesterite. The 2111 sequence and the 3n single-chain slabs can form, respectively, by decomposition of chesterite and triple-chain material during observation or perhaps during ion milling. Recognizing such artifacts is important when attempting to interpret geological history from the details of biopyribole structures and intergrowths.


BACKGROUND
There is only limited information about cost-effectiveness of drug-eluting compared with bare metal stents (BMS) over a time horizon of more than 1 year.

METHODS AND RESULTS
We developed a Markov model based on clinical outcome data from a meta-analysis including 17 randomized controlled trials comparing drug-eluting versus BMS with a minimum follow-up of 1 (n = 8221) and a maximum follow-up of 3 years (n = 4105) in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. Costs were obtained as reimbursement rates for diagnosis related groups from the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. All costs and effects were discounted at 3% annually. All costs are reported in US dollars of the financial year 2007. The incremental effects are 0.002 (95% confidence interval −0.039 to 0.041) quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) for the sirolimus- and −0.001 (−0.040 to 0.038) QALYs for the paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES). The incremental costs are $2790 for the sirolimus- and $3838 for the PES. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is >$1,000,000 per QALY for the sirolimus-eluting stent. PES are dominated by BMS (i.e., less effective and more costly). Among various sensitivity analyses performed, the model proved to be robust.

CONCLUSIONS
Our analysis from a US Medicare perspective suggests that drug-eluting stents are not cost-effective compared with BMS when implanted in unselected patients with symptomatic ischemic coronary artery disease.


For a period of nine months spanning 2018 and 2019, monthly patient satisfaction survey scores in a 22-bed sub-acute inpatient psychiatry unit at a safety-net hospital in California decreased significantly, which revealed that patients felt they were not receiving satisfactory care and which warranted calls for innovative approaches to improve care delivery. The patient experience of care affects recovery and length of stay. Because prolonged hospital stays result in increased costs and increased use of healthcare resources in hospital units, including sub-acute psychiatric microsystems, it benefits hospitals to improve the quality of patient care. In an effort to improve quality of care, the hospital's sub-acute inpatient psychiatry unit integrated the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Recovery Model Approach with the traditional Medical Model Approach. The clinical nurse leader (CNL) led a practice-change project to educate a patient population whose mental illnesses included, but were not limited to, depression, psychosis, schizophrenia, paranoia, eating disorders, substance/alcohol abuse disorders, borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder, and mania. The education was intended to help patients develop skills and knowledge to guide them through the treatment process. A daily patient education program, which lasted one hour, was administered for a year. Patient satisfaction surveys were collected and analyzed monthly for a year to correlate with the discharge rate and to determine if there was a significant benefit. The survey results over the past six months indicate that the approach enhances the patient's quality of life and improves the patient experience at the facility. RECOVERY MODEL APPROACH 3


Abstract Molecular dynamic simulations of anionic polyelectrolyte poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in water–ethanol solution, specifically Li+-PAA and Cs+-PAA, were carried out across the solvent composition range 0 ≤ фeth ≤ 0.9. Chain collapse (i.e. shrinkage) occurs with increase in фeth for both types of counter-ion systems and in agreement with the experiments. The qualitative difference in the collapse point is in agreement with experimental results, with counter-ion specific chain collapse of PAA following the order Li+ > Cs+. With increase in фeth the number of hydrogen-bonds between PAA and water decreases while that between PAA and ethanol increases. At higher level of ethanol content in solution, ethanol molecules displace water molecules from the vicinity of the chain. The analysis of the radial distribution functions shows that counter-ion binding distance of Li+ to chain is lesser as compared to that of Cs+, as well as a higher coordination number exhibited by Li+. Thus, as compared to Cs+-PAA, greater number of contact ion pairs formed between Li+ and PAA induce chain collapse more easily. The coordination of Li+ to PAA is better than that of Cs+ throughout the фeth range, which could be the reason for the greater extent of PAA chain shrinkage observed in the case of Li+. Binding of water molecule to PAA units is stronger in the case of Cs+. The backbone dihedral trans probability of both systems displayed a decrease with фeth indicating chain shrinkage. The relaxation time of H-bonds between PAA and EtOH is greater for Li+-PAA as compared to Cs+-PAA system. The enhancement of counter-ion pairs formation is found to be directly responsible for the solvent composition at which chain collapse occurs in the particular system.


This research aimed to develop a novel two-stage micro injection compression molding (μ-ICM) process for fabrication of plastic diffractive optic elements (DOE). The DOE was designed with the spherical coefficients and the Fresnel lens. A piezo actuator was installed inside the mold plate for activating the mold insert for the second compression motion for micro ICM of the DOE lens. The first experiment proceeded to find the operation window of Fresnel lens and then compare the product weight of flat spherical lens by injection molding (IM), injection compression molding (ICM) and μ-ICM. The second experiment was to investigate the effectiveness of micro compression activated by the piezo actuator by the transfer ratio of grooves (TRG) of the DOE lens with spherical lens and Fresnel lens. Results showed that the μ-ICM of the DOE can obtain the highest TRG than that of IM and conventional ICM processes. Therefore, results of this research can be explored to related aspheric optical elements with micro features, such as fine lens used in the zoom lens of camera.


Planar distributed periodic structures of microstrip-line and stripline types, which support left-handed (LH) waves are presented and their negative refractive index (NRI) properties are shown theoretically, numerically, and experimentally. The supported LH wave is fully characterized based on the composite right/left-handed transmission-line theory and the dispersion characteristics, refractive indexes, and Bloch impedance are derived theoretically. In addition, formulas to extract equivalent-circuit parameters from full-wave simulation are given. Open (microstrip) and closed (stripline) structures with a 5/spl times/5 mm/sup 2/ unit cell operating at approximately 4 GHz are designed and characterized by full-wave finite-element-method simulations. A 20 /spl times/ 6 unit-cell NRI lens structure interfaced with two parallel-plate waveguides is designed. The focusing/refocusing effect of the lens is observed by both circuit theory and full-wave simulations. Focusing in the NRI lens is also observed experimentally in excellent agreement with circuit theory and numerical predictions. This result represents the first experimental demonstration of NRI property using a purely distributed planar structure.


Many corals live in marginal habitats, close to their survival thresholds of water temperature, light penetration and aragonite saturation. Living under these highly variable and extreme conditions is likely facilitated by specific physiological adaptations and/or the presence of unique species of coral and their symbionts but data on these factors are limited. The specific objectives of the study were to: (1) examine the diversity and distribution patterns of corals in marginal environments, (2) investigate the diversity, distribution patterns and host specificity of symbionts in corals in marginal environments, (3) assess the influence of environmental variables on host and symbiont distribution in marginal environments, in comparison to 'optimal' environments, and (4) examine the physiological responses to changing environmental conditions and stress of corals and their symbionts in marginal environments. Surveys of coral community patterns were conducted at the Kermadec Islands (KI), New Zealand, and Palmyra Atoll, USA, with local scale environmental parameters (i.e. wave exposure and sedimentation) found to control the diversity and distribution of the coral communities. Symbiodinium types were identified to subcladal level in a range of coral species at each of the survey sites, using ITS2-DGGE. A high diversity of C type symbionts (19 types in 13 host genera), and reduced host specificity was observed at the high latitude site of Lord Howe Island (LHI), Australia, with similarly high diversity at the KI (10 types in 9 genera). Thirteen novel clade C types were identified in corals at LHI, with two of these types also present in hosts at the KI. The reduced host specificity of symbionts at LHI, compared to tropical sites, implies that the evolution of novel holobionts may be an important mechanism whereby corals can cope with variable and stressful conditions. Further, physiological assessment of the novel LHI symbionts led to the suggestion that Symbiodinium at LHI may be specialised for cooler and more variable temperatures, so contributing to the success of corals at this marginal location. In contrast, a low diversity of generalist symbionts (C and D types) were uncovered at the equatorial site of Palmyra Atoll (10 types in 13 genera), attributed to the stressful environmental regime resulting in a reduced population of stresstolerant symbionts. The variation in environmental parameters, particularly sedimentation, around Palmyra Atoll has led to diversification of coral communities, however this environmental variation has not affected the symbiont communities. While it has been suggested that marginal coral communities might be better adapted for survival in an environment modified by global climate change, the local scale environmental factors are also important drivers of both coral and symbiont distributions, and should be considered when making predictions for the future. Further, assessment of the physiological tolerance ranges of both the multiple, novel symbionts at high latitudes, and the few, potentially stress-tolerant symbionts at Palmyra should be conducted, to help determine whether they have the ability to adjust to new environmental conditions.


Under the United States Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), as modified by Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992), the States may not prohibit abortion before the pregnant woman's unborn child is viable, i.e., capable of sustained survival outside of the mother. And even after viability, the States may not prohibit any abortion that is necessary to preserve the woman's life or health (post-viability abortions account for far less than one percent of all abortions). Notwithstanding the Supreme Court's abortion jurisprudence, the States are free to confer legal rights upon unborn children outside the context of abortion. This article examines how, through statutes, court rules and judicial decisions, States have recognized unborn children as persons who may be protected from criminal and tortious acts, whose lives must be taken into consideration in making health care decisions under advance directives, who may inherit or otherwise acquire property and for whom guardians or guardians ad litem may be appointed to defend their interests. Because none of these statutes, rules or decisions intrude upon the pregnant woman's right to obtain an abortion, they have been uniformly upheld when challenged on constitutional grounds. The States' recognition of legal rights in the unborn child outside the context of abortion, however, creates an underlying tension with the Supreme Court's postulation of a right to abortion. Why is it only with respect to abortion that the States may not protect the life of the unborn child? That is a question the Court must ultimately confront and answer.


no. 1, March 1981, pp. 36-48. IPC Science and Technology Press Ltd., P.O. Box 63, Westbury House, Bury Street, Guildford GU2 5BH, United Kingdom. $117 annual subscription. On-site questionnaire surveys have been commonly employed in leisure research in the last two decades. There are some indications that the technique has been used indiscriminately and without due regard for problems such as questionnaire design, sampling, and survey objectives. This article critically evaluates the usefulness and limitations of on-site questionnaire surveys in recreation and tourism.


Primary closure after excision of postanal pilonidal sinus disease frequently has been complicated by wound break-downs. Healing by second intention takes many weeks and requires supervised wound care. A simple technique has been developed which has resulted in primary healing in 28 of 31 patients treated in a 5-year period. Sepsis and haematoma formation, the causes of wound breakdown after pilonidal sinus excision, have been prevented by preoperative preparation, prophylactic antibiotic administration, wound irrigation with povidone-iodine and simple skin closure over a Redivac suction drain for at least 4 days. This series suggests that primary closure can be successful using the technique described.


The technology of low temperature cool-air & minority of oil conditions (cool-air cutting technology) is employed to cut three materials— Steel 45, the alloy of titanium and 2WCrNi, then the results are contrasted with the normal cutting method. Firstly, Steel 45 and the alloy of titanium are tested with cool-air cutting and dry cutting method. Then 2WCrNi is tested by employing both cool-air cutting and oil solution cutting method. Finally, the effect of cool-air cutting technology on the life of cemented carbide tools is discussed after contrast test, and the impact of those methods on environment is also evaluated.


This thesis considers numerical, physical and theoretical modelling approaches to investigate the influence of a person's wake on the dispersion of an airborne pathogen in a hospital corridor and the implications this has in terms of infection risk. The various physical and computational modelling approaches were conducted using geometries corresponding to a 1:15 reduction in length-scale, when compared to the full-scale, and then interpreted in the context of a full-scale scenario in a hospital corridor.

The movement of people in a corridor was approximated using a translating circular cylinder. A physical water-bath model was used to investigate contaminant transport using food-dye in a channel with different sized cylinders and translation frequencies. Dye concentrations were quantified through a calibration method dependent upon changes in light-intensity, leading to accurate tracking of the dye and allowing the amount of dye in different regions of the water-bath to be calculated over time. The centre of mass of the dye cloud was found to be dependent upon the square root of the translation frequency, amplitude, cylinder diameter and elapsed time. Based on the hypothesis that the dispersal of the dye could be described by a turbulent diffusion process, a theoretical model was constructed to predict the evolution of the dye concentration using a Gaussian function, which agrees well with experimental data for a broad range of cylinder diameters and translation properties.

Two and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were developed to investigate the transport of a passive scalar due to a translating cylinder in a channel, their geometries and boundary conditions bearing close resemblance to the water-bath. Seven turbulence models were tested to determine the most suitable, using the water-bath data for validation. The shear-stress transport (SST) model was found to offer solutions in closest agreement with experimental results and theoretical predictions, as well as offering up to a 70% reduction in computation time compared to SAS, DES and LES turbulence models. The commonly used k-epsilon model was found to be inappropriate for modelling the flows encountered here.

The numerical and theoretical models were used to investigate a number of scenarios in a corridor at the full-scale where an infectious contaminant is released. This includes a unidirectional flow applied along the corridor, where it was shown that the wake of the cylinder was still able to transport contaminant `upstream' against the direction of the flow. This implies that a walking person may be able to transport an airborne contaminant in their wake even in the presence of ventilation. Infection risks were calculated for a person making a single pass and multiple passes of the corridor based on the amount of contaminant inhaled and published data on the infectiousness of different pathogens. Results showed that the theoretical model developed here led to each individual breath having its own infection risk based on temporal and spatial differences, whereas a model assuming a well-mixed contaminant distribution did not.

Results demonstrate that a person's wake is likely to influence the spread of an airborne contaminant in a hospital corridor, even if ventilated within current recommended guidelines. This highlights that a person's risk of infection, in the presence of airborne pathogens, is partly determined by any human traffic passing through the space before them and not solely on any ventilation within the space, as is often assumed in airborne infection models. Furthermore, the experimental work has provided strong validation data for the CFD models and allowed for the construction of uncomplicated yet powerful theoretical models. It has been shown that, when appropriate modelling assumptions are taken, confidence can be had in CFD predictions of contaminant transport involving complex flow behaviour, such as eddy shedding, within a built environment. The study also confirms that poor selection of `default' modelling assumptions, for example use of the k-epsilon turbulence model, will provide very poor predictions, highlighting need for careful selection of each aspect of a model.


The use of role-play in standardised medical assessments raises many problems, particularly around the measurement of interpersonal skills such as 'empathy'. Research on the use of simulations has tended to focus on quantified, psychometric assessments of their reliability and validity. However, communication, which often forms a central part of the assessment in medical simulations, is a difficult matter to address through this post hoc analytic method. A sociolinguistic approach to analysing real recordings of simulated medical assessments allows greater insight into communication and interpersonal skills. We use our research on medical licensing exams to illustrate some of the current questions about the examining of such skills through understanding the fine-grained detail of talk. Drawing on Goffman to critique simulated relationships and on Gumperz to analyse the role of differences in communicative style, and based on microanalysis of video-recorded role-players and candidates, we argue that the focus on interpersonal skills in standardised assessments amplifies the problem of using simulated empathy and requires additional interactional work. This focus on interpersonal skills in such assessments can lead to inequalities, since an unfair weight may be put upon candidates trained overseas. The paper concludes that the debate on 'language' in such exams and their standardisation in superdiverse societies needs to be reset.


Particular working conditions and/or organization of working time may cause important sleep disturbances that have been proposed to be predictive of cognitive decline. In this regard, circadian rhythm misalignment induced by exposure to night work or long working hours would be responsible for cognitive impairment. Nevertheless, evidence supporting this correlation is limited and several issues still need to be elucidated. In this regard, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the association between shift/night work and cognitive impairment and address its main determinants. Information provided by the reviewed studies suggested that night work might have serious immediate negative effects especially on cognitive domains related to attention, memory and response inhibition. Furthermore, cognitive performance would progressively worsen over consecutive night shifts or following exposure to very long work shifts. Otherwise, conflicting results emerged regarding the possible etiological role that night work chronic exposure would have on cognitive impairment. Therefore, circadian rhythm desynchronization, lack of sleep and fatigue resulting from night work may negatively impact worker's cognitive efficiency. However, in light of the considerable methodological variability of the reviewed studies, we proposed to develop a standardized research and evaluation strategy in order to obtain a better and comprehensive understanding of this topic.


The AUTOSAR standard guides the development of component-based automotive software. As automotive software typically implements safety-critical functions, it needs to fulfill high dependability requirements, and the effort put into the quality assurance of these systems is correspondingly high. Testing, fault injection (FI), and other techniques are employed for the experimental dependability assessment of these increasingly software-intensive systems. Having flexible and automated support for instrumentation is key in making these assessment techniques efficient. However, providing a usable, customizable and performant instrumentation for AUTOSAR is non-trivial due to the varied abstractions and high complexity of these systems. This paper develops a dependability assessment guidance framework tailored towards AUTOSAR that helps identify the applicability and effectiveness of instrumentation techniques at (a) varied levels of software abstraction and granularity, (b) at varied software access levels - black-box, grey-box, white-box, and (c) the application of interface wrappers for conducting FI.


Stimulated by policy documents at the beginning of this millenium such as 'A Health Service for all of the Talents' (DOH 2000a), 'The NHS Plan' (DOH 2000b), 'Working Together-Learning Together' (DOH 2001a), and 'Benchmarking Academic and Practitioner Standards' (Quality Assurance Agency 2001), The Faculty of Health here at Leeds Met established, in 2006, a pre-registration Interprofessional Learning Programme (ILP) with the aim of enhancing interprofessional working practices within service delivery. This ILP is summatively assessed and embedded in a module in each student's own professional course.

More recently there has been increasing recognition by the NHS that many aspects of health care provision, particularly reaching groups that do not effectively access existing health care services, can best be met by social enterprises with the aim of reducing health inequalities.

There are currently more than 6,000 social enterprises delivering health and social care within the NHS (State of Social Enterprise Survey, 2009, Social Enterprise Coalition). his number is set to rise considerably with the introduction in 2008 of the NHS Right to Request initiative which provides funding and support for health Care professionals who have the vision and drive to develop, through Social Entereprises (SE's), better service delivery within health and social care. Consequently there is an need within the present ILP to develop both an awareness of the role of SE's in service provision and intrapreneurial and enterprise skills.

Embedding enterprise education within the ILP will also enhance employability prospects for those of our graduates who in the present economic climate can no longer assume they will achieve employment within the NHS or those who already have aspirations to develop their own business practice – perhaps in partnership with practitioners from other disciplines.

In addition the Faculty portfolio of courses now includes degrees in Complementary Therapies such as Osteopathy, Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine. Graduates in these disciplines participate in the ILP but traditionally establish their own business practices.


Energy saving is becoming a rising priority as a response to climate change and fossil fuel depletion in recent years. However, despite energy-related behaviour change being an important part of many environmental education initiatives, "energy literacy" among citizens remains patchy in both the USA and the UK, with evidence of strong positive attitudes but less consistent knowledge. Whilst it is clear that increasing knowledge does not automatically produce behaviour changes, potential questions must be asked about the logic of focusing solely on behaviour without simultaneously exploring and enhancing understanding of energy issues. This research, undertaken at a higher education institution with a strong focus on sustainability, illustrates the potential risks of targeting behaviour change and individual action at the expense of increasing knowledge, or encouraging collaborative and democratic endeavours. Results from an online survey indicate widespread misconceptions about energy which may reduce the effectiveness of energy-saving behaviours, alongside variable levels of motivation and engagement with energy issues. Respondents report a strong belief in the efficacy of personal changes, yet uncertainty about their capacity to influence business and government alongside a persistent faith in science to provide solutions to energy issues. The paper concludes by reflecting on the challenges arising from these findings for understanding agency and effectiveness in energy relationships.


1 Possible patterns in nutrient resorption efficiency (% of the leaf nutrient pool resorbed) from senescing leaves of perennials were examined at both the intra- and the interspecific level. Most of the data used originated from studies with evergreen and deciduous shrubs and trees. 2 Combining all data, mean nutrient resorption efficiency was 50% for N (n = 287) and 52% for P (n = 226). N resorption efficiency of evergreen shrubs and trees (47%) was significantly lower than in deciduous shrubs and trees (54%), whereas P resorption efficiency did not differ significantly between these growth-forms (51 and 50%, respectively). Although nutrient resorption is an important nutrient conservation mechanism at the species level, it does not differ strongly between growth-forms. 3 Mean N and P concentrations in leaves of deciduous shrubs and trees were about 60% higher than in evergreen species. There were only small differences in mean resorption efficiency and nutrient concentrations in leaf litter of deciduous species were therefore much higher than in evergreens. This implies that, in comparison with deciduous species, the low nutrient concentrations in mature leaves of evergreens contribute far more to nutrient conservation than does nutrient resorption. 4 Relations between leaf nutrient status and leaf nutrient resorption were absent or very weak. Assuming that leaf nutrient status reflects nutrient availability, this implies that nutrient resorption is only weakly controlled by nutrient availability. 5 At the intraspecific level, nutrient resorption was not very responsive to increased nutrient availability. There was no response in 63% of the experiments analysed (covering 60 spp.), whereas in 32% there was a decrease in N resorption in response to increased nutrient availability. For P (37 species analysed) there was no response in 57% of the cases and in 35% of the cases P resorption decreased upon enhanced nutrient supply. Evergreen shrubs and trees showed especially low responsiveness. 6 This review shows that there are no clear nutritional controls on nutrient resorption efficiency. Future research should focus on the biochemical basis of variation in nutrient resorption efficiency and on the factors, other than nutrient availability, that control nutrient resorption efficiency.


It is widely acknowledged that good object clustering is critical to the performance of object-oriented databases. However, object clustering always involves some kind of overhead for the system. The aim of this paper is to propose a modelling methodology in order to evaluate the performances of different clustering policies. This methodology has been used to compare the performances of three clustering algorithms found in the literature (Cactis, CK and ORION) that we considered representative of the current research in the field of object clustering. The actual performance evaluation was performed using simulation. Simulation experiments we performed showed that the Cactis algorithm is better than the ORION algorithm and that the CK algorithm totally outperforms both other algorithms in terms of response time and clustering overhead.


Aiming at the incomplete and incomplete security mechanism of wireless access system in emergency communication network, this paper proposes a security mechanism requirement construction method for wireless access system based on security evaluation standard. This paper discusses the requirements of security mechanism construction in wireless access system from three aspects: the definition of security issues, the construction of security functional components and security assurance components. This method can comprehensively analyze the security threats and security requirements of wireless access system in emergency communication network, and can provide correct and reasonable guidance and reference for the establishment of security mechanism.


One of a series of ten graded stories (also available on cassette) for ELT primary-school pupils, this reader is for Elementary Level 4. At the back of each book in the series there is a picture dictionary, together with comprehension questions based on both the text and the pictures.


Abstract Flexible work practices spreading work times across the entire week have reduced the time to engage in leisure activities and for some have compounded the problem of a lack of defined break between work weeks. This study examines time spent outside of the workplace through a multiple case study of working time and leisure in the construction industry. A framework of synchronous leisure is used to examine the interplay of work and non-work arrangements. The effects of changing work arrangements to deliver a longer break between working weeks and the consequent impact on leisure activities are analysed. Interviews and focus groups across four construction sites revealed that while leisure is important to relieve fatigue and overwork, a work schedule allowing a long break between working weeks, specifically on a weekend, enables workers to achieve synchronous time, particularly with family, and improves work-life balance satisfaction. It was found that a well-defined break across a weekend also offers the opportunity to synchronize schedules with others to spend time away on short breaks.