Feature distinctiveness is a measure representing the uniqueness of objects' features. Previous research found links between noun feature distinctiveness and age of acquisition (i.e. nouns referring to objects with relatively unique features are learned earlier). The present work investigates the links between feature distinctiveness and age of acquisition in verbs. Using high-dimensional vector space modelling, noun and verb feature distinctiveness was represented as Manhattan distance between word nodes. Both nouns and verbs showed negative correlations between feature distinctiveness and age of acquisition (words of more distinctive objects learned earlier), suggesting a general distinctiveness bias. This effect was stronger for nouns. An investigation of child directed speech (CDS) from the CHILDES corpus showed a correlation between child directed word frequency and feature distinctiveness for nouns (featurally distinctive nouns are more common in CDS), but not for verbs. The possible link between distinctiveness in CDS and age of acquisition effects is discussed.


People believe that perception is reliable and that what they perceive reflects objective reality. On this view, we perceive a red circle because there is something out there that is a red circle. It is also commonly believed that perceptual reliability is threatened if what we see is allowed to be influenced by what we know or expect. I argue that although human perception is often (but not always) highly consistent and stable, it is difficult to evaluate its reliability because when it comes to perception, it is unclear how one could establish a fact of the matter. An alternative to thinking of perception as being in the business of truth, is thinking of it as being in the business of transducing sensory energy into a form useful for guiding adaptive behavior. On this position, perception ought to be (and, as I argue, is) richly influenced by some types of knowledge insofar as this knowledge can aid in the construction of useful representations from sensory input.


Background Rabies is a serious yet neglected public health threat in resource-limited communities in Africa, where the virus is maintained in populations of owned, free-roaming domestic dogs. Rabies elimination can be achieved through the mass vaccination of dogs, but maintaining the critical threshold of vaccination coverage for herd immunity in these populations is hampered by their rapid turnover. Knowledge of the population dynamics of free-roaming dog populations can inform effective planning and implementation of mass dog vaccination campaigns to control rabies. Methodology/Principal Findings We implemented a health and demographic surveillance system in dogs that monitored the entire owned dog population within a defined geographic area in a community in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. We quantified demographic rates over a 24-month period, from 1st January 2012 through 1st January 2014, and assessed their implications for rabies control by simulating the decline in vaccination coverage over time. During this period, the population declined by 10%. Annual population growth rates were +18.6% in 2012 and -24.5% in 2013. Crude annual birth rates (per 1,000 dog-years of observation) were 451 in 2012 and 313 in 2013. Crude annual death rates were 406 in 2012 and 568 in 2013. Females suffered a significantly higher mortality rate in 2013 than males (mortality rate ratio [MRR] = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.28–1.85). In the age class 0–3 months, the mortality rate of dogs vaccinated against rabies was significantly lower than that of unvaccinated dogs (2012: MRR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.05–0.21; 2013: MRR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.11–0.69). The results of the simulation showed that achieving a 70% vaccination coverage during annual campaigns would maintain coverage above the critical threshold for at least 12 months. Conclusions and Significance Our findings provide an evidence base for the World Health Organization's empirically-derived target of 70% vaccination coverage during annual campaigns. Achieving this will be effective even in highly dynamic populations with extremely high growth rates and rapid turnover. This increases confidence in the feasibility of dog rabies elimination in Africa through mass vaccination.


Although doctors and hospitals own their patients' medical records, state and federal laws require that they provide patients with a copy at "reasonable cost." We examine the effects of state laws that cap the fees that doctors and hospitals are allowed to charge patients for a copy of their records. We test whether these laws affected patients' propensity to switch doctors and the prices of new- and existing-patient visits. We also examine the effect of laws on hospitals' adoption of electronic medical record (EMR) systems. We find that patients from states adopting caps on copy fees were significantly more likely to switch doctors, and that hospitals in states adopting caps were significantly more likely to install an EMR. We also find that laws did not have a systematic, significant effect on prices.


Using an extensive data set acquired in Antarctic waters in February-March of 1998, algorithms have been formulated which permit reliable estimation of chlorophyll a (chl a) concentrations in the upper 100 m of the water column. The algorithms were derived from 105 oceanographic stations where an instrumented CTD-rosette profiling unit was deployed from the surface to 750 m depth. During each upcast 9 water samples were obtained at depths between 5 and 100 m. The values for in situ chl a fluorescence and solar irradiance were recorded simultaneously with collection of water at each depth. The chl a concentrations at each of the 9 depths were determined by standard laboratory procedures after extraction of the photosynthetic pigments into absolute methanol. Analysis of the data indicated that separate algorithms had to be formulated for coastal waters as contrasted to pelagic, low-biomass, waters. Each of these 2 algorithms also required 2 equations to compensate for the inhibitory effect of solar radiation on the fluorescence yield per unit chl a. Water column data obtained during January 1998 were used to test the algorithms. The results showed that the profiles of estimated and measured chl a concentrations were similar throughout the upper 100 m of the water column, but that the estimated values were lower than the actual values by an average of 19% (n = 528, r 2 = 0.83). It is concluded that the use of a calibrated in situ fluorometer can, with the proper algorithms, provide the investigator the detailed profile of chl a distribution as well as realistic estimations of the actual chl a concentrations in the upper 100 m of the water column.


The effects of host-related, parasite-related and environmental factors on the diversity and abundance of two ectoparasite taxa, fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) and mites (Acari: Mesostigmata), parasitic on small mammals (rodents and marsupials), were studied in different localities across Brazil. A stronger effect of host-related factors on flea than on mite assemblages, and a stronger effect of environmental factors on mite than on flea assemblages were predicted. In addition, the effects of parasite-related factors on flea and mite diversity and abundance were predicted to manifest mainly at the scale of infracommunities, whereas the effects of host-related and environmental factors were predicted to manifest mainly at the scale of component and compound communities. This study found that, in general, diversity and abundance of flea and mite assemblages at two lower hierarchical levels (infracommunities and component communities) were affected by host-related, parasite-related and environmental factors, and compound communities were affected mainly by host- related and environmental factors. The effects of factors differed between fleas and mites: in fleas, community structure and abundance depended on host diversity to a greater extent than in mites. In addition, the effects of factors differed among parasite assemblages harboured by different host species.


The Brawley fault zone (BFZ) and the Brawley Seismic Zone constitute the principal transfer zone accommodating strain between the San Andreas and Im- perial faults in southernmost California. The BFZ ruptured along with the Imperial fault in the 1940 Mw 6.9 and the 1979 Mw 6.4 earthquakes, although in each case only minor slip apparently occurred on the BFZ; several other episodes of slip and creep have been documented on the BFZ historically. Until this study, it has been unclear whether the past few decades reflect average behavior of the fault. Two trenches were opened and a series of auger holes were bored across three strands of the BFZ at Harris Road to compare the amount of slip observed historically with the displacements observed in the paleoseismic record. Evidence is presented, across the westernmost strand of the BFZ and across the entire BFZ at Harris Road, to show that both the average vertical slip rate observed in modern times (since 1970) and the vertical creep rate (excluding coseismic slip) observed during the 1970s are sig- nificantly higher than the long-term average. Across the westernmost strand, the long- term vertical rate is 1.2 (1.5/0.5) mm/yr, and the average rate since about A.D. 1710 is determined to be no greater than 2.0 mm/yr; in contrast, the average vertical rate between 1970 and 2004 across that strand was at least 4.3 mm/yr, and the 1970s vertical aseismic creep rate was 10 mm/yr. Likewise, across the entire BFZ, the long- term vertical rate is 2.8 (4.1/1.4) mm/yr, whereas the rate between 1970 and 2004 was at least 7.2 mm/yr, and the 1970s aseismic creep rate was 10 mm/yr. The long-term strike-slip rate cannot be determined across any strands of the BFZ but may be significant. In contrast to the commonly accepted higher sedimentation rates inferred for the entire Imperial Valley, we find that the average sedimentation rate on the downthrown side of the BFZ adjacent to Mesquite Basin, in the millennium preceding the onset of agricultural influences, was at most 3.5 mm/yr. Finally, a creep event occurred on the BFZ during our study in 2002 and is documented herein. Online material: Appendices 1 and 2, trench logs, and color versions of Figures 7, 8, and 10.


Resistance to 5-fluorocytosine was studied in 137 independent Candida albicans clinical isolates. Seventy-eight isolates (57%) were susceptible; 51 isolates (37%) were partially resistant; 8 isolates (6%) were highly resistant. All partially resistant isolates gave rise to variants which were highly resistant. Some susceptible isolates gave rise to variants which were highly resistant; two such isolates were shown to be heterozygous for resistance, and these isolates define a new type of heterozygote. A partially resistant isolate gave rise to resistant variants which were auxotrophic for lysine; this result was interpreted as preliminary evidence that the allele which determined resistance was linked to an allele which determined auxotrophy for lysine. It is suggested that heterozygotes constitute a source of preexisting mutant alleles which determine resistance, and that 5-fluorocytosine treatment of infections due to heterozygotes may result in significant selection for resistant variants. A simple screening procedure is described by which partially resistant strains may be recognized.


Conflict between substitute decision makers (SDMs) and health care providers in the intensive care unit is commonly related to goals of treatment at the end of life. Based on recent court decisions, even medical consensus that ongoing treatment is not clinically indicated cannot justify withdrawal of mechanical ventilation without consent from the SDM. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), similar to mechanical ventilation, is a life-sustaining therapy that can result in disagreement between SDMs and clinicians. In contrast to mechanical ventilation, in cases for which CPR is judged by the medical team to not be clinically indicated, there is no explicit or case law in Canada that dictates that withholding/not offering of CPR requires the consent of SDMs. In such cases, physicians can ethically and legally not offer CPR, even against SDM or patient wishes. To ensure that nonclinically indicated CPR is not inappropriately performed, hospitals should consider developing 'scope of treatment' forms that make it clear that even if CPR is desired, the individual components of resuscitation to be offered, if any, will be dictated by the medical team's clinical assessment.


A statistical network service which allows a certain fraction of traffic to not meet its QoS guarantees can extract additional capacity from a network by exploiting the statistical properties of the traffic. Here we consider a statistical service which assumes statistical independence of flows, but does not make any assumptions on the statistics of traffic sources, other than that they are regulated, e.g., by a leaky bucket. Under these conditions, we present functions, so-called local effective envelopes and global effective envelopes, which are, with high certainty, upper bounds of multiplexed traffic. We show that these envelopes can be used to obtain bounds on the amount of traffic on a link that can be provisioned with statistical QoS. A key advantage of our bounds is that they can be applied with a variety of scheduling algorithms. In fact, we show that one can reuse existing admission control functions that are available for scheduling algorithms with a deterministic service. We present numerical examples which compare the number of flows with statistical QoS guarantees that can be admitted with our effective envelope approach to those achieved with existing methods.


BACKGROUND
Knowledge of topographic skin thickness is important to plastic surgery of the face as it may guide resection and restoration in oncologic, aesthetic, and reconstructive procedures.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study is to report the relative thickness of the face throughout 39 distinct subunits.

METHODS
Full-thickness punch biopsy samples were obtained at 39 predetermined anatomic locations of the face from 10 human cadaveric heads. Tissue was fixed in paraffin-embedded slides and analyzed using triplicate measurement of dermis and epidermis using computerized measurements. Data were analyzed using univariate statistical analysis and expressed as mean thickness values and relative thickness (RT) values based on the thinnest portion of the face.

RESULTS
The area of the face with the thickest dermis was the lower nasal sidewall (1969.2 µm, dRT: 2.59), and the thinnest was the upper medial eyelid (758.9 µm, dRT: 1.00). The area with the thickest epidermis was the upper lip (62.6 µm, eRT: 2.12), and the thinnest was the posterior auricular skin (29.6 µm, eRT: 1.00). Our results confirm that eyelid skin is the thinnest in the face. The thickest portions of the skin appeared to be in the lower nasal sidewall, but the measurements are comparable to those in the ala and posterior auricular skin, which are novel findings.

CONCLUSIONS
The greatest epidermal, dermal and total skin thickness are found in the upper lip, right lower nasal sidewall, and left lower nasal sidewall respectively. The least epidermal skin thickness is in the posterior auricular skin. The least dermal skin thickness, and the least total skin thickness, are both in the upper medial eyelid.


Experiments were conducted with young Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) to investigate the effect of differing dietary protein levels and nondetrimental amounts of excess methionine on choline needs. Growth and feed consumption of quail fed an adequate (27.3%) protein purified diet supplemented with 2000 mg/kg of choline were unaffected by increasing the level of excess methionine to 1.75%; however, greater amounts (2.0%, 2.25%) of excess methionine depressed growth (P less than .01), reduced feed consumption (P less than .01), and decreased feed utilization (P less than .05). Quail fed a purified diet containing 13.85% protein and 515 mg/kg of choline grew poorly. Growth was unaffected by additional choline in this diet. Growth was suboptimal among quail fed purified diets containing adequate or high (41.55%) levels of protein in which choline was limiting; however, a high level of protein did not in itself affect performance. Growth was improved by supplemental choline in these diets. Growth of quail fed purified diets with up to 1.35% excess methionine which were limiting (531 mg/kg) in choline was less than that of groups fed 2000 mg/kg of added dietary choline (P less than .01); however, excess methionine did not significantly influence growth of quail fed choline-deficient diets. These experiments indicate that neither high dietary protein nor excess methionine, fed at non-growth-depressing levels, increases dietary choline needs for young Bobwhite quail.


Objective: Bullying, which has negative effects on teaching and learning environment in schools, may be associated with some psychiatric disorders causatively or consequentially. The purpose of this study was to examine the suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem in high school students with respect to their involvement in the cycle of bullying. Methods: The study was conducted in students of five secondary schools in a city in Turkey, who were selected with simple random sampling method. Peer Bullying Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Scale were applied. Results: The data obtained from students in 1173, which were fully completed, were analyzed. Bullying victims, bullies, and people in the bullying cycle have higher depressive symptoms, lower self-esteem, and higher suicide tendencies than non-victims, non-bullies and people not involved in the bullying cycle, respectively. Being bullied increases the suicide ideation risk with an odds ratio of 1.447 and bullying increases the suicide ideation risk with an odds ratio of 1.663. Age, female sex, low self-esteem, victimization, and bullying are factors that increase the score of depressive symptoms. Discussion: The individuals who are not involved in the bullying cycle have a lower rate of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, and a higher self-esteem. Although no causal connection can be established, the bullying, being a victim of bullying and involvement in the cycle of bullying are all associated with depression, suicidal ideation, and low self-esteem, which may indicate an impaired mental health status of these students. Therefore, this study reveals that there is a possible relationship between psychiatric disorders, suicidal ideation and bullying behavior.


Sensor and high-voltage measurements are a vital part of many test systems. What makes these measurements different from typical voltage or current measurements is that a special type of conditioning is required to bring these signals into a measurable range. Some of the common examples of signal conditioning include filtering to eliminate 50 or 60 Hz noise, bridge completion to amplify small signals, isolation of hazardous voltages or attenuating high-voltage signals. It is not uncommon to have systems with tens or hundreds of channels of the above measurements, putting them in the area of medium-to high-channel-count systems. High-channel-count signal conditioning systems present peculiar design as well as implementation challenges, the first and foremost being synchronizing multiple types of measurements while providing different types of conditioning to each sensor or signal. This dives into some of the most common hardware and software considerations and best practices for implementing large-scale systems. It covers hardware topics including synchronizing multiple devices and systems using open, industry-standard hardware such as PXI, data acquisition rates and resolution, cabling and connectivity, and expansion and spares. Topics such as best software practices, large data management, and documentation will also be discussed.


Abstract Thermohydromechanically (THM) coupled models based on two-phase flow formulations for the hydraulics are presently the most established tools for simulating bentonite re-saturation. Alternatively, the extended vapour diffusion (EVD) model, involving basically diffusion of water vapour and of hydrated water, has been developed specifically for this purpose. These two model concepts are obviously based on entirely different hydraulic processes. However, applying some acceptable simplifications to the underlying mathematical models leads to an identical formulation for the two approaches that looks formally like Fick's second law with a saturation-dependent 'diffusion coefficient'. Concerning the hydraulics, the THM codes hence state a mathematical problem that is similar to the one resulting from the EVD model. A subsequent quantitative comparison of the two hydraulic approaches requires only the respective diffusion coefficients to be compared. This has been done on the basis of benchmark calculations for two different water-uptake tests with compacted MX-80 at largely the same conditions. Even for variations in temperature and dry density, the resulting diffusion coefficients for the two approaches showed remarkable agreement. Different physical models have thus led to a similar mathematical problem. The mathematics indicates a diffusion-like process, although the exact nature of this process still remains to be determined.


The impacts of rainfall variability are threatening food production systems, leading to losses of livelihood and food insecurity. The frequency and intensity of floods and drought are likely to be higher as a result of climate change. This case study presents an empirical account of the impacts of rainfall variability on agriculture, food security, livelihoods and human mobility in the Janjigir-Champa district of Chhattisgarh. The research tests the hypothesis that human migration is a major coping mechanism against climate variability. The findings confirm that a coordination mechanism exists between rainfall changes (i.e. erratic rainfall patterns in terms of delayed monsoons, seasonal shifts, drought and floods) and livelihood and food security of a number of farmers and farm labourers in the research site. Because there is only a single annual harvest of paddy rice (practiced as monoculture) in the research site, which is partly due to the non-availability of water for a second crop, marginal farmers and farm labourers are left with very few options in finding sufficient employment in and around their villages. Some people cope with the situation by seeking assistance from their relatives, friends and the government. However, seasonal and permanent migrations are the most opted-for coping strategies in the study area.


The paper deals with engineering an electric wheelchair from a common wheelchair and the
development of a BCI system (Brain-Computer Interface) between the electric wheelchair and the human
brain. The target populations for the mind controlled wheelchair are the patients who are paralyzed below the
neck and are unable to use conventional wheelchair interfaces. A portable EEG headset, MCU and fi rmware
signal processing together facilitate the movement of the wheelchair by processing the user's brain activity
and eye blinks' frequency. This paper reports the creation of a cost effi cient solution, later intended to be
distributed as an add-on conversion kit for a common manual wheelchair. A Neurosky Mind wave headset
is used to pick up EEG signals from the brain. This is a commercialized version of the Open-EEG Project.
The signal obtained from EEG sensor is processed by the ARM microcontroller FRDM KL-25Z, a Freescale board. The microcontroller takes decision for determining the direction of motion of wheelchair based on floor detection and obstacle avoidance sensors mounted on wheelchair's footplate. The MCU shows real time information on a color LCD interfaced to it. Joystick control of the wheelchair is also provided as an additional interface option that can be chosen from the menu system of the project.


It has become customary to estimate the New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) with GMM using a large instrument set that includes lags of variables that are ad hoc to the model. Researchers have also conventionally used real unit labor cost (RULC) as the proxy for real marginal cost, even though it is difficult to support its significance. This paper introduces a new proxy for the real marginal cost term as well as a new instrument set, both of which are based on the micro foundations of the vertical chain of production. I find that the new proxy, based on input prices as opposed to wages, provides a more robust and significant fit to the model. Instruments that are based on the vertical chain of production appear to be both more valid and relevant towards the model.


The present retrospective study was conducted to identify the clinical features ,complications and outcome of rickettsial infections in children. Thirty children hospitalized in a period of 18 months with fever of unknown origin and those presented with two or more clinical features suggestive of rickettsial infection were included. These patients were studied for clinical manifestations, response to therapy and complications. Diagnosis of rickettsial disease was made based on classical clinical features and weil-felix test. Out of 30 patients with possible rickettsioses, scrub typhus was diagnosed in 14 (46.7%), spotted fever in 8 (26.7%), typhus in 2 (6.6%) and mixed features in 6 (20%). School going children were commonly affected. Rashes were present in 25 cases (83.3%). Other clinical features include vomiting in 11 cases (36.7%), pain abdomen in 8 ( 26.7%), diarrhoea in 3 (10%), constipation and jaundice in one case each (3.3%). Examination revealed hepatomegaly in 14 cases(46.7%), associated splenomegaly in 7 (23.3%), conjunctival congestion in 10 (33.3%), pedal edema in 7 (23.3%), lymphadenopathy in 1 case (3.3%). All patients recovered with doxycycline therapy.


Transient interactions of platelet-receptor glycoprotein Ibα (GpIbα) and the plasma protein von Willebrand factor (VWF) reduce platelet velocity at sites of vascular damage and play a role in haemostasis and thrombosis. Here we present structures of the GpIbα amino-terminal domain and its complex with the VWF domain A1. In the complex, GpIbα wraps around one side of A1, providing two contact areas bridged by an area of solvated charge interaction. The structures explain the effects of gain-of-function mutations related to bleeding disorders and provide a model for shear-induced activation. These detailed insights into the initial interactions in platelet adhesion are relevant to the development of antithrombotic drugs.


Multicentric Castleman Disease (MCD) is an idiopathic lymphoproliferative disorder, reported exceptionally in children and generally believed to be an autoinflammatory disease resulting in an increase of interleukin-6 secretion. Previous studies in adult patients suggested a beneficial role of the anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab on the clinical and biologic disease manifestations of MCD. Here, we describe the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in two children with MCD, which was diagnosed on the basis of clinical and histologic findings. In both cases, tocilizumab was administered intravenously at a dose of 8 mg/kg every 2 weeks. The tocilizumab treatment alleviated fever and restored growth rate in both patients. The patients' hypergammaglobulinemia, high C-reactive protein, and high erythrocyte sedimentation rates normalized simultaneously. Nevertheless, splenomegaly persisted in the first patient, and a secondary hepatic node appeared in the second patient. The side effects, essentially sustained thrombocytopenia, were mild in both cases. For the first patient, following an initial 10-month period, the interval between infusions was increased. This patient benefited from sustained remission for a period of 3 years. Tocilizumab was effective and safe in these two children with MCD. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(8); 1623–6. ©2012 AACR.


— This paper deals with different modeling aspects of masonry infill: no infill model, Layered shell infill model, and strut infill model. These models consider the complicated behavior of the in-filled plane frames under lateral load similar to an earthquake load. Three strut infill models are used: NBCC (2005) strut infill model, ASCE/SEI 41-06 strut infill model and proposed strut infill model based on modification to Canadian, NBCC (2005) strut infill model. Pushover and modal analyses of a masonry infill concrete frame with a single storey and an existing 5-storey RC building have been carried out by using different models for masonry infill. The corresponding hinge status, the value of base shear at target displacement as well as their dynamic characteristics have been determined and compared. A validation of the structural numerical models for the existing 5-storey RC building has been achieved by comparing the experimentally measured and the analytically estimated natural frequencies and their mode shapes. This study shows that ASCE/SEI 41-06 equation underestimates the values for the equivalent properties of the diagonal strut while Canadian, NBCC (2005) equation gives realistic values for the equivalent properties. The results indicate that both ASCE/SEI 41-06 and Canadian, NBCC (2005) equations for strut infill model give over estimated values for dynamic characteristic of the building. Proposed modification to Canadian, NBCC (2005) equation shows that the fundamental dynamic characteristic values of the building are nearly similar to the corresponding values using layered shell elements as well as measured field results.


Asignificant amount of work has investigated inventory control problems associated with fresh produce. Much of this work has considered deteriorating inventory control with many models having been proposed for various situations. However, no researchers have specifically studied fresh produce, which has its own special characteristics. Most research categorizes fresh produce into more general deteriorating categories with random lifetimes and nondecaying utilities. However, this classification is not reasonable or practical because the freshness of an item usually plays an important role in influencing the demand for the produce. In this paper, a single-period inventory and shelf-space allocation model is proposed for fresh produce. These items usually have a very short lifetime. The demand rate is assumed to be deterministic and dependent on both the displayed inventory (the number of facings of items on the shelves) and the items' freshness condition (which decreases over time). Several problem instances of different sizes are provided and solved by a modified generalized reduced gradient algorithm.


Little is known about young CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) learners' attention to formal aspects of the target language when engaged in collaborative task-based interaction. Previous research on language-related episodes (LREs) with other populations indicates that certain variables (e.g. target language proficiency or pair formation method) may play a role in the production of LREs. This study investigates the amount, types and resolution of LREs produced by primary education CLIL learners in a collaborative picture-ordering + story-telling task depending on two variables – L2 English proficiency (grade 5 dyads vs. grade 6 dyads) and pairing method (proficiency-matched dyads vs. student self-selected dyads). Findings indicate that young CLIL learners' interactive behaviour in L2 English, at least in terms of LRE production, does not differ as a consequence of target language proficiency, whereas pair formation method exerts some influence, self-selected pairs producing and resolving more meaning-based LREs. No differences were found for form-focused LREs.


Disialylgalactosylgloboside (DSGG), defined by monoclonal antibody RM2, is a renal cell carcinoma (RCC)-associated antigen which mediates adhesion of RCC TOS-1 cells to certain lung tissue target cells. This adhesion process may initiate preferential lung metastasis of RCC. Ganglioside GM3 is a B16 melanoma-associated antigen which similarly adheres to target cells and promotes consequent metastasis. In view of the close association of GM3-enriched microdomain with transducer molecules c-Src, Rho A, and FAK in B16 cells, we investigated the organizational status of DSGG in RCC cell line TOS-1, with the following results: i) DSGG, but not monosialylgalactosylgloboside, showed extensive clustering at the TOS-1 cell surface; ii) a low-density membrane fraction isolated from TOS-1 cells contained >95% of cellular DSGG, although protein content in this fraction was <1% of total cellular protein; iii) this fraction contained c-Src, Rho A, and FAK, but not H-Ras; iv) c-Src and Rho A were co-immunoprecipitated with DSGG through anti-DSGG mAb RM2 (IgM) affixed to a column. These observations indicate that DSGG is clustered in RCC, as typified by TOS-1 cells, to form a microdomain in which it is closely associated with c-Src, Rho A, and FAK, and may constitute a functional unit as has been observed for GM3 with transducer molecules in B16 cells. The functional organization of such units may be essential in determining malignant properties of RCC cells.


Objective. Osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) is a well known side effect of bisphosphonate therapies in patients with multiple myeloma or other malignancies. Its real incidence is still undetermined, and only few cases of ONJ in patients taking bisphosphonates for non-oncologic diseases have been reported. It was postulated that the clinical features, predisposing factors, and treatment outcome of this subset of patients might be different from those of oncologic patients. Methods. Over a 4 year period, a total of 102 bisphosphonate-treated patients affected by ONJ were identified. Among these, 24 patients underwent bisphosphonate therapy for non-neoplastic disease and their profile was analyzed. Results. In this study cohort, bisphosphonates had been administered mainly for postmenopausal osteoporosis (20/24 patients, 83.3%), the duration of therapy until presentation of ONJ ranging from 11 to 40 months and the most common triggering event being dentoalveolar surgery. All patients were nonsmokers; 6 manifested multiple ONJ lesions and only 3 of them had possible comorbidities. Surgical debridement was performed in 19 patients for a total of 22 lesions, which were individually considered in the followup. The latter showed complete remission of ONJ in 21/22 lesions. Conclusion. Although it might be considered a rare condition in non-oncologic patients, ONJ is a harmful side effect of bisphosphonate therapies. Clinicians must be aware of this entity, inform patients of the risks related to dental surgery, and possibly undertake adequate preventive measures.


aggressive competitive behavior causes environmental harm to the ecosystem by degrading species diversity and wildlife habitat. Effective control of its spread requires high-quality spatial distribution information. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the capability and reliability of using satellite imagery, ancillary, and forest inventory data to predict and map the spatial distribution of privet (Ligustrum spp); an invasive species. Two types of trials (one for forested area and the other for the entire state's area), and two datasets for each trial were used to model privet spatial distribution within forest. The first dataset in each trial has all forest plots with privet coded as present or not present, while in the second, each forest plot with privet has an assignment to one of four classes, based on the proportion of privet in the plot. Separately, each dataset was used in a decision tree classification process applied to MODIS satellite data (250-meter resolution) and ancillary data to classify and model privet spatial distribution. Classification results from the first trial (forested area) show a decrease in overall classification accuracy from 84.73 percent, when plots are coded for presence or non-presence of privet, to 78.64 percent, when each privet plot uses categorical codes based on field calls for average privet proportion present on the plot. The decrease in accuracy is the result of a combination of assigning privet classes and an insufficient number of plots in classes containing greater than 10 percent privet. Overall classification accuracy of 72.30 percent in the second trial decreased to 69.39 percent when the privet-presence class was expanded by using the field-call categories. The greatest increase in accuracy is exhibited when comparing classifications of the entire state area (69.39 percent accuracy) with the state's forested area (78.64 percent accuracy). In both trials, plots with privet were divided into four classes, based on the proportion of privet. The final output provides information on spatial distribution of privet in forest areas and at the state level. To improve model performance, there needs to be an increase in the number of forest plots containing greater than 10 percent privet cover.


A modified x-ray method was used in 28 patients with peptic ulcer of the duodenum to examine, at an interval of 3 days, the rate of evacuation from the stomach of radiographic contrast capsules ingested together with trial food intakes. Assay of the rate of evacuation from the stomach of the radiographic contrast capsules demonstrated that as compared to controls (without cimetidine), a single oral intake of 200 micrograms cimetidine exerts a statistically significant stimulating effect on evacuation from the stomach of the capsules taken with both semolina and appropriate breakfast. The stimulating effect of cimetidine manifested itself commonly 1 h after food intake. It is suggested that dramatic inhibition of hydrochloric acid secretion plays an important role in the mechanism of the stimulating action of cimetidine, as a result of which the inhibitory enterogastral reflex that regulates gastric evacuation is put out of service.


Autonomic systems take decisions independent of human administrators and hide much system complexity when they do signal for intervention. Furthermore, they are expected to interact with their environment in an autonomous way, even beyond the boundaries of an individual organization. Autonomic systems will offer their capabilities as services partially based on service elements they acquire from their environment. In a commercial environment autonomic decisions, e.g. (re-)configuration, healing and anticipation will not be taken "at any cost". Financial factors will be combined with technical feasibility to obtain optimal outcomes. In effect, the maximum financial value of a system will be the result of an optimal operating policy and vice-versa. We use the term Autonomic Economics to describe this association between system design and economic efficiency. Here we interpret the Autonomic Manifesto [9] from an economic point of view demonstrating how financial criteria complement and enrich other technical aspects of autonomic systems. We further argue that the inclusion of economic criteria in the autonomic decision process will not only support self-management but also facilitate the communication of decisions and their trade-offs between the system and the administrator.


Background Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is generally activated in solid tumors and results in tumor cell anti-apoptosis and drug resistance. Paeonol (Pae, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone), is a natural product extracted from the root of Paeonia Suffruticosa Andrew. Although Pae displays anti-neoplastic activity and increases the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in various cell lines and in animal models, studies related to the effect of Pae on ER stress–induced resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we investigated the effect of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response during resistance of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to doxorubicin. Treatment with the ER stress-inducer tunicamycin (TM) before the addition of doxorubicin reduced the rate of apoptosis induced by doxorubicin. Interestingly, co-pretreatment with tunicamycin and Pae significantly increased apoptosis induced by doxorubicin. Furthermore, induction of ER stress resulted in increasing expression of COX-2 concomitant with inactivation of Akt and up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP (GADD153) in HepG2 cells. These cellular changes in gene expression and Akt activation may be an important resistance mechanism against doxorubicin in hepatocellular carcinoma cells undergoing ER stress. However, co-pretreatment with tunicamycin and Pae decreased the expression of COX-2 and levels of activation of Akt as well as increasing the levels of CHOP in HCC cells. Conclusions/Significance Our results demonstrate that Pae reverses ER stress–induced resistance to doxorubicin in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting COX-2 mediated inactivation of PI3K/AKT/CHOP.


Mode-specific quasiclassical trajectory computations are performed for the F- + CH3I( v k = 0, 1) SN2 and proton-transfer reactions at nine different collision energies in the range of 1.0-35.3 kcal/mol using a full-dimensional high-level ab initio analytical potential energy surface with ground-state and excited CI stretching ( v3), CH3 rocking ( v6), CH3 umbrella ( v2), CH3 deformation ( v5), CH symmetric stretching ( v1), and CH asymmetric stretching ( v4) initial vibrational modes. Millions of trajectories provide statistically definitive mode-specific cross sections, opacity functions, scattering angle distributions, and product internal energy distributions. The excitation functions reveal slight vibrational SN2 inversion inhibition/enhancement at low/high collision energies ( Ecoll), whereas large decaying-with- Ecoll vibrational enhancement effects for the SN2 retention (double inversion) and proton-transfer channels. The most efficient vibrational enhancement is found by exciting the CI stretching (high Ecoll) for SN2 inversion and the CH stretching modes (low Ecoll) for double inversion and proton transfer. Mode-specific effects do not show up in the scattering angle distributions and do blue-shift the hot/cold SN2/proton-transfer product internal energies.


The Chennai's largest garbage dump is situated at Kodungaiyur. Burning and accumulation of garbage produce nineteen types of toxic chemicals. Inhalation of polluted gas causes respiratory problems, skin diseases and also affects central nervous system. This paper deals with the study of causes, health hazards and the remedy for Kodungaiyur project using Fuzzy Relational Maps (FRM).


The purpose of the present study was to clarify the clinical features of physiologically induced dizziness and psychogenic dizziness in which psychological factors appeared to play a primary role in onset and continuation. Seventeen patients (8 males and 9 females) who had undergone psychotherapy at our clinic participated in this study. Their ages ranged from 16 to 61 years (mean, 28.1 years).On the basis of the patient's clinical records, dizziness was divided into two categories: persistent, nonrotary vertigo, e. g. a floating sensation while walking (8 cases); and conditioned dizziness that was precipitated under certain circumstances and could not be explained physiologically (9 cases). One patient complained of a vertigo attack induced by seeing a specific character, another complained that vertigo occurred when he imagined sour food, and four teenagers had dizziness attacks only during school classes.At the first consultation, all patients described their dizziness as severe, but a later questionnaire survey revealed that their physical activities in daily life, such as turning their heads, running, and walking up/down the stairs, were not significantly impaired. The survey also showed that these patients had various associated symptoms such as anxiety, tension, or fear and less frequently general fatigue, stiff shoulder, and insomnia. All these symptoms had diminished at the time of the questionnaire survey. Bilateral low-tone sensorineural hearing loss was noted in most of these patients.The findings in the present study also showed that even when dizziness did not improve after psychotherapy, the improvement in associated symptoms significantly enhanced patient satisfaction.


It has already been established that hepatocyte transplantation (HTx) in animal models, such as both chemically and surgically induced acute liver failure, liver-based metabolic disease, and cirrhosis, resulted in significant improvement of liver function and survival. However, the efficacy of hepatocyte transplantation in secondary cholestatic liver disease is not well known. In this study, we transplanted hepatocytes into the spleen of Nagase analbuminemic rats (NARs) with common bile duct ligation (CBDL) to evaluate the function of transplanted hepatocytes by both of serum albumin levels and total bilirubin levels. CBDL was carried out on NARs to induce liver failure. Lewis rat hepatocytes were transplanted in NARs 7 days after CBDL. Animals, in groups of four, underwent the following interventions: group 1—intrasplenic transplantation of 30 × 106 primary Lewis rat hepatocytes in NARs with CBDL (n = 4), group 2—intrasplenic injection of 0.5 ml DMEM in NARs with CBDL (n = 4); group 3—CBDL only (n = 4); group 4—intrasplenic transplantation of 30 × 106 primary Lewis rat hepatocytes in NARs (n = 4). Both bilirubin levels and albumin levels in NARs with CBDL were significantly improved post-HTx. Animals receiving hepatocyte transplantation survived longer than animals in nontransplant control groups. This study indicates that hepatocytes can be transplanted to temporarily provide life-supporting liver-specific metabolic function and prolong the survival in recipient rats with liver failure induced by CBDL.


This research engages with recent calls within the supply chain management community to advance conceptual theory development. Theory development arguably defines a scientific discipline, provides operational legitimacy and formulates systematic frameworks for further analysis and critical evaluation. Over the past two decades supply chain management in a construction context has largely borrowed ideas and concepts from other industries, most notability the automotive and manufacturing sectors. Whilst this may be convenient for casual comparison, others argue that close assimilation with other industries only serves to confuse and confound the conceptual comprehension of supply chain management in a construction context. Three areas of development arguably dominate the supply chain management debate; conceptual immaturity, post-positivist models of research and editorial gatekeepers. First, given the lack of conceptual maturity, especially within supply chain management and construction it is logical to explore and exploit established academic disciplines such as economics and management. However, inter-disciplinary synthesis with supply chain management and construction requires careful and incremental refinement to accommodate inherent and contextual limitations. Secondly, to engage meaningfully with conceptual theory development requires alternative methodological models of enquiry. In construction management literature the positivist models of hypothesis testing need to be complemented with post-positivist iterative models of research. A methodological correction in construction management research would arguably inform and stimulate critical debate. Thirdly, searching for a theory requires encouragement and sponsorship. In this respect, academic journals, their editorial boards and reviewers all have a key role to play. Without the support of enthusiastic journals and reviewers sympathetic to largely qualitative approaches, the search for a theory of supply chain management in a construction context is likely to remain vague. Despite considerable construction industry interest, the theoretical understanding of supply chain management continues to reflect concepts and practices rooted elsewhere. This paper identifies and discusses three key developments in search of a theory of supply chain management in a construction context. Individually, the developments represent important milestones in theory building; in concert these developments would arguably spark an intellectual curiosity that would further advance the conceptual development of supply chain management and construction.


The Lower Palaeozoic Haima Group of the Sultanate of Oman comprises a sequence dominated by siliciclastic rocks up to several kilometres thick and broadly divisible into two groups. The sequence is known in outline from subsurface exploration, but recent field work on outcrops in the isolated Huqf area in east-central Oman has allowed a more detailed environmental interpretation of the succession. At the base coarse continental deposits of the Lower Haima Group rest unconformably on Precambrian–Lower Cambrian Huqf Group sediments (mainly carbonates and evaporites). The overlying Upper Haima Group comprises from base to top the aeolian dominated Amin Formation, the non-marine (coastal plain) to shallow marine (intertidal–subtidal) sediments of the Andam Formation, the non-marine to marginally marine Ghudun Formation, and the complex cyclical deep to shallow water deposits of the Safiq Formation. Correlation of the Haima Group of Oman with the Lower Palaeozoic of the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa and Iran allows the evolution of the Gondwanan margin to be modelled. A widespread Lower Cambrian sequence of coarse alluvium, resting on peneplained Upper Precambrian–Infracambrian Huqf Group strata, represents the final stage of uplift and basin fill associated with the Late Proterozoic suturing of Arabia and adjacent plates which resulted in the formation of the Gondwanan continent. The overlying thick sequence of continental (fluvial and aeolian) sediments was deposited in a series of stable intracratonic basins across the Gondwanan landmass. In the Mid- and Late Cambrian an overall sea-level rise led to the repeated development of shallow marine shelf carbonates across the margin. The subsequent replacement of this marginal carbonate sequence with a thick marginal to non-marine, sand dominated sequence may reflect the interplay of several events: the drift of Gondwana towards more southerly latitudes, a phase of strong tectonic rejuvenation during the latest Cambrian–Early Ordovician, and/or a eustatic fall in sea-level. Organic-rich marine mudrocks were deposited over much of the Gondwanan platform during a series of marked eustatic sea-level rises during the Mid–Late Ordovician and Early Silurian. In Oman no evidence has yet been found for the significant Late Ordovician glacial event recorded from North Africa and Saudi Arabia.


The performance of Fortran 2008 DO CONCURRENT (DC) relative to OpenACC and OpenMP target offloading (OTO) with different compilers is studied for the GAMESS quantum chemistry application. Specifically, DC and OTO are used to offload the Fock build, which is a computational bottleneck in most quantum chemistry codes, to GPUs. The DC Fock build performance is studied on NVIDIA A100 and V100 accelerators and compared with the OTO versions compiled by the NVIDIA HPC, IBM XL, and Cray Fortran compilers. The results show that DC can speed up the Fock build by 3.0× compared with that of the OTO model. With similar offloading efforts, DC is a compelling programming model for offloading Fortran applications to GPUs.


Summary The heterodimeric CD94/NKG2A receptor, expressed by mouse natural killer (NK) cells, transduces inhibitory signals upon recognition of its ligand, Qa-1 b , a nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecule. Here we clone and express two additional receptors, CD94/NKG2C and CD94/NKG2E, which we show also bind to Qa-1 b . Within their extracellular carbohydrate recognition domains, NKG2C and NKG2E share extensive homology with NKG2A (93–95% amino acid similarity); however, NKG2C/E receptors differ from NKG2A in their cytoplasmic domains (only 33% similarity) and contain features that suggest that CD94/NKG2C and CD94/NKG2E may be activating receptors. We employ a novel block-ing anti-NKG2 monoclonal antibody to provide the first direct evidence that CD94/NKG2 molecules are the only Qa-1 b receptors on NK cells. Molecular analysis reveals that NKG2C and NKG2E messages are extensively alternatively spliced and (cid:122) 20-fold less abundant than NKG2A message in NK cells. The organization of the mouse Cd94/Nkg2 gene cluster, presented here, shows striking similarity with that of the human, arguing that the entire CD94/ NKG2 receptor system is relatively primitive in origin. Analysis of synonymous substitution frequencies suggests that within a species, NKG2 genes may maintain similarities with each other by concerted evolution, possibly involving gene conversion–like events. These findings have implications for understanding NK cells and also raise new possibilities for the role of Qa-1 in immune responses.


The article analyzes an important concept of contemporary virtue epistemology – the concept of intellectual vice, that is a trait of intellectual character that hinders responsible research. The purpose of this article is to formulate a hypothesis that, today, in the modern culture, a significant part of epistemic vices are implicit attitudes. The first part of the article explores the concept of implicit attitude, examines examples of implicit attitudes that have become widespread in the research literature: implicit sexism and racism. The second part of the article shows that in cases of implicitly biased behavior there is a manifestation of epistemic vice, and that the "motivational" theory based on Zagzebski's ideas cannot explain the manifestation of intellectual vice in cases of implicit bias. In the third section of the article, it is demonstrated that implicit attitudes can be traits of the agent's character (like moral vices that are not recognized by the subject herself): they can be acquired, rooted in the personality, and can be corrected. The fourth paragraph of the article analyses the conditions under which intellectual vices can be explicit attitudes. It is possible if the agent is a diabolical being (guided by evil as a goal), has egoistic vices (applies different criteria of vice to himself and to others), or is irrational. In the final section, it is shown that the spread of critical thinking in modern society should lead to the transition of intellectual vices from explicit attitudes to implicit ones. The conclusion is made about the theoretical and practical significance of the hypothesis under discussion. From a theoretical point of view, it allows us to explain why intellectual vices are widespread and difficult to eradicate, to place vices as character traits between the local (situational) and global levels, to apply to the concept of epistemic vice all the research concerning implicit attitudes, to develop a theory of epistemic responsibility. In practical terms, this hypothesis can be used to analyze the manifestations of implicit vices in various spheres.


Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a serious autoimmune disease which increases worldwide and affects children at a young age, but there still is no cure available. Clinical intervention trials in recent onset T1D patients are therefore very important, since even a modest preservation of β-cell function has proven to reduce end-organ complications. Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) is one of the major antigens in T1D, to which autoantibodies (GADA) are formed. Immunomodulation with aluminum-formulated GAD65 (GAD-alum) has been considered both in the prevention and intervention of T1D. In a phase II trial using GADalum we showed clinical benefits in C-peptide preservation, but unfortunately a following larger European phase III trial failed to reach primary end-point. The general aim of this thesis was to study the characteristics and phenotypes of GADA following immunomodulation with GAD-alum in T1D patients during a phase II and III trial.In the phase II trial, a transient increase of the GADA IgG3 and IgG4 subclasses, and a decrease in IgG1 was detected as part of the treatment-induced GADA levels after 2 GADalum doses, a result interpreted to be T helper (Th) 2-associated. This Th2-associated immune response was also observed, in parallel to increased GADA levels, during the following phase III trial including a larger group of patients. However, enhanced Th2-like IgG subclass distribution, reflected as increased IgG4 frequency, was in contrast only observed in the group treated with 4 doses of GAD-alum. In addition, the GADA fold-change was associated with in vitro GAD65-stimulated cytokine secretion, but only in patients receiving 2 GAD-alum doses. Furthermore, a 4-year follow-up of the phase II trial showed that the effect of GAD-alum treatment was long-lasting as GADA titers remained elevated. Even though the phase III trial did not reach primary end-point, and was closed after 15 months, preservation of β-cell function was observed in the small sub-group of Swedish patients receiving 2 GAD-alum doses that completed the 30 months trial-period. During the trials, concerns were raised whether the elevated GADA titers might induce Stiff person syndrome (SPS), a disease affecting the nervous system, but in vitro analysis of GADA phenotypes showed that the GAD65-enzyme activity and GADA epitope distribution differed from that detected in SPS patients.Continued research to clarify how immunomodulation with autoantigens affects immune responses and also to identify which patients are suitable for treatment, is crucial for optimizing future T1D intervention- and prevention trials.


We investigated interstitial pneumonia, one of the most severe postoperative acute complications of respiratory surgery. In sixteen years, from 1982 through 1997, 2,453 cases underwent thoracotomies caused by lung cancers, in our institute. There were 20 cases (0.79%) who died within 30 days after surgery (operative death). Six out of 20 cases died of interstitial pneumonia, one of the most frequent postoperative complications. We examined these six patients and 2 patients with postoperative interstitial pneumonia who died within 32 days. Preoperative lung function tests, laboratory data, chest CT and/or chest X-ray films cannot predict development of postoperative interstitial pneumonia. Those who acquired postoperative interstitial pneumonia had continuous high fever after surgery following reticular shadows on their chest X-ray and increase in LDH levels. We could not detect any characteristic viral infections. Although, they were treated by steroid, elastase inhibitor and/or immune suppressant, they died within 32 days. In conclusion, development of postoperative of interstitial pneumonia cannot be predicted from preoperative laboratory data and/or lung function tests.


These are polygon and raster data sets derived from 2002 Landsat Thematic Mapper Satellite Imagery that indicates areas of land and areas of water in Louisiana. The interface is for the entire state within a 10 mile buffer. There are 4 layers: a 3 acre filter layer, a 5 acre filter layer, a 25 acre filter layer, and a 1 acre filter raster layer.


Defined benefit pension plans can provide financial security to retirees who receive the monthly benefit payments throughout their retirement. Defined benefit plans are pension plans that provide guaranteed income during retirement, and are often based on a formula that considers years of service and a percentage of a worker's salary. Employers have traditionally offered defined benefit plans to their employees, but the high costs associated with these plans have caused many employers to switch to alternate retirement plan options.1 In March 2015, costs for defined benefit plans for private industry employers were approximately 61 cents per employee hour worked, on average. However, when data are averaged only by the employers that offer these plans, the costs are much higher. In this Beyond the Numbers article, we'll explore how costs fluctuate by industry, occupation, establishment size, and region, and review trends in costs for employees with access to these plans from 2008 to 2015.


Created by the graduate seminar in general education, Music 295r, this guide is primarily intended to support students in the Professor Kate van Orden's course, California in the '60s.


This study aimed to evaluate the short‐term effectiveness of eight targeted agents (ramucirumab, bevacizumab, rilotumumab, panitumumab, cetuximab, trebananib, trastuzumab, matuzumab) plus chemotherapy in esophageal‐gastric junction adenocarcinoma (EGJA) by a network meta‐analysis (NMA). PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically retrieved for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) concerning targeted agents plus chemotherapy in the treatment of EGJA. This NMA combined both direct and indirect evidence to evaluate odds ratio (OR) and to draw the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). In total 11 RCTs with 3649 EGJA patients (1907 patients treated with targeted agents plus chemotherapy were regarded as the case group, and 1742 patients with placebo plus chemotherapy were assigned into the control group) were enrolled in this study. Targeted agents in terms of stable disease (SD), partial response (PR), disease control rate (DCR), and overall response ratio (ORR) with the SUCRA values of 0.838, 0.807, 0.934, and 0.793, respectively. Cetuximab and trastuzumab, with the SUCRA values of 0.884 and 0.758, came on top as the best outcomes for treating EGJA in terms of progressive disease (PD) and complete response (CR). Cluster analysis results indicated that ramucirumab plus chemotherapy might be the optimal treatment for EGJA. Our findings indicated that ramucirumab plus chemotherapy might be the optimal treatment for EGJA amongst the nine treatment regimens, which provided clinical guidance for clinicians in the treatment of EGJA.


Introduction
While forms of peer-to-peer exchange have existed throughout human history, there has been an explosion of interest in the sharing economy and peer-to-peer exchange in recent times. This rise has been enabled in particular by web and mobile technologies, with examples of online-mediated sharing services including Craigslist, Airbnb, car sharing services, food sharing, tool sharing and so on. As noted in a March 2013 article on the rise of the sharing economy in The Economist[1]: "technology has reduced transaction costs, making sharing assets cheaper and easier than ever—and therefore possible on a much larger scale. The big change is the availability of more data about people and things, which allows physical assets to be disaggregated and consumed as services."
The disruptive impacts of these new services are also gaining increased public and governmental attention, especially monetised exchange services such as in AirBnB and Uber. Governments world wide are starting to react to concerns about changes to local neighbourhoods and about changes to tax revenues, setting up review commissions[2] and making legislative changes.
The motivations to participate in such sharing and exchange services are wide and varied, and often conflicting (Shih et al, 2015). One critique of many of the more monetized services is that they are becoming increasingly driven from a profit motive and have lost touch with some of the initial idealism and motivations around these services, such as promoting sustainability through the sharing or collaborative consumption of resources, or promoting social connectivity and community building.
However for many people, the more altruistic and community/sustainability oriented motives still hold and exchange services such as time banking and food sharing are also the gaining increasing attention (Light and Miskelly, 2014) as people explore new possibilities for civic engagement, collaborative consumption and welfare structures. A key feature of these services is their focus on the more local community level. Another key feature is that exchanges are not monetized but valued in other ways. It would be more accurate here then to talk about the sharing community rather than the sharing economy.
However, how to 'do' such new services well, and how to design technologies to best support such services is still a matter of trial and error and reflection (Malmborg et al, 2015). What is becoming increasingly clear though from the literature and case studies of such communities is that the shift from the idealist rhetoric of sharing and community to the day-to-day realities of making such a service work is non-trivial. Just having a good technical support platform is not enough. Regardless of platform, or of any particular model of sharing exchange, there is significant ongoing effort needed to establish, maintain and grow a service, not only focussing on the practical aspects of the service but on also building trust and growing a community, and accessing relevant resources and infrastructures.
Contributing to these reflections, I will focus particularly on not-for-profit and non-monetised exchange services and explore the issues entailed in establishing and running these new forms of exchange, how technologies are being used as enablers, and what lessons can be learnt to date. To do this I will draw on some of our own and other's research into various sharing communities, including food sharing (Ganglbauer et al, 2014), timebanking (Bellotti et al 214) and enabling sharing that engages older people as active participants (related to the AAL 'Given and Take' project[3]).
Issues to be explored include how to establish new sharing communities, the organisational work to make a service work, the impact of funding and sponsorship models, the choice for model of exchange service, how to create new cultural norms and build sustained engagement. These findings have implications not just for the design of technical platforms to support services, but more critically in the design of the services that will realize the impact or not of such technologies in use.
Acknowledgments
I thank the partners, collaborators and participants in the EU AAL-funded 'Give and Take' project, in particular Lone Malmborg, Oezge Subasi, Naemi Luckner, Katharina Werner; also thanks to Eva Ganglabauer who undertook the research around food sharing as part of her PhD work.
References and Notes

Bellotti, V.; Cambridge, S.; Hoy, K.; Shih, P.; Handalian, L.; Han, K.; Carroll. J. Towards Community-Centered Support for Peer-to-Peer Service Exchange: Rethinking the Timebanking Metaphor. In Proc. CHI 2014, ACM Press, New York, 2014; pp. 2975-2984.
Ganglbauer, E.; Fitzpatrick, G.; Subasi, O.; Guldenpfennig, F. Think Globally, Act Locally: A Case Study of a Free Food Sharing Community and Social Networking. In Proc. CSCW'2014, ACM Press, New York, 2014; pp. 911-921.
Light, A.; Miskelly, C. Design for Sharing. Northumbria University / The Sustainable Society Network, Nov 2014.
Malmborg, L.; Light, A.; Fitzpatrick, G.; Bellotti, V.; Brereton, M. Designing for Sharing in Local Communities. In Pro.c CHI EA'15, ACM Press New York, 2015; pp. 2357-2360.

[1] "The rise of the sharing economy", The Economist, Mar 9 2013. Available from http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21573104-internet-everything-hire-rise-sharing-economy [Last accessed 15 May 2015].
[2] Dept for Business Innovation and Skills. Independent report: Sharing economy review: terms of reference. Retrieved from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sharing-economy-review-terms-of-reference/sharing-economy-review-terms-of-reference [Last accessed 15 May 2015]
[3] Give&Take - Designing a reciprocal exchange service for a good and engaged senior life. EU/AAL project 2014-2017. http://givetake.eu/


The purpose of writing this law is to determine and analyze whether the implementation of educational training programs for convict at the Penitentiary II Class A Yogyakarta has been going well in accordance with the legislation in force and to investigate and analyze what are the constraints faced by the correctional institution to implement educational training programs for inmates. This research is a study that focuses on normative legal norms and using secondary data as the main data. The results of this study are: (1) the implementation of educational training programs for convict in penitentiary class II A yogyakarta has been implemented in accordance with applicable law, it is proved by the implementation of an educational training program conducted by the penitentiary class II A Yogyakarta, namely education conducted through two pathways, namely non-formal education and formal education (2) Basically, there are still many obstacles faced by prisons II Class A Yogyakarta in the implementation of educational training programs for inmates such as a lack of willingness and intention inmates to attend a training program of education, lack of implementation of the program costs for education, lack of permanent teaching staff to provide education and teaching to inmates, lack of support from the school of origin convict, and lack of time in the implementation of educational programs.


3D shape models are naturally parameterized using vertices and faces, i.e., composed of polygons forming a surface. However, current 3D learning paradigms for predictive and generative tasks using convolutional neural networks focus on a voxelized representation of the object. Lifting convolution operators from the traditional 2D to 3D results in high computational overhead with little additional benefit as most of the geometry information is contained on the surface boundary. Here we study the problem of directly generating the 3D shape surface of rigid and non-rigid shapes using deep convolutional neural networks. We develop a procedure to create consistent 'geometry images' representing the shape surface of a category of 3D objects. We then use this consistent representation for category-specific shape surface generation from a parametric representation or an image by developing novel extensions of deep residual networks for the task of geometry image generation. Our experiments indicate that our network learns a meaningful representation of shape surfaces allowing it to interpolate between shape orientations and poses, invent new shape surfaces and reconstruct 3D shape surfaces from previously unseen images. Our code is available at https://github.com/sinhayan/surfnet.


Neural interfaces promise to radically change medicine. Currently, amputees and persons suffering from debilitating brain disorders lack a way to regain mobility and freedom. By recording and interpreting signals from the motor control regions of the brain, researchers have already demonstrated rudimentary control of robotic prosthetic arms in primate and human trials. Now, the next generation of neural interface electronics must provide the required advances in size and power consumption to enable long-term viability of complex, high degree-of-freedom prosthetic devices.This dissertation presents two complete neural interface systems to address two key challenges: evading the brain's foreign body response to achieve long probe longevity, and scaling wireless, implantable systems to high channel counts. The first, a self-contained, 0.125 mm2, 4-channel wireless recording system, achieves an unprecedented level of miniaturization. This opens the possibility of free-floating neural nodes in the brain tissue, which eliminates strain caused by transcranial wires. Ultimately, this may lead to probes that out- smart the brain's biological response, and provide stable, long-term recordings for chronic brain-machine interfaces. The second system achieves an unprecedented level of integration, combining 64 recording channels, 16 stimulation channels, and neural data compression onto a single 4.78 mm2 IC. Furthermore, the IC achieves substantial improvements in power and area versus state-of-the-art. These improvements in performance and functionality enable neural recording systems that scale up to thousands of channels, or scale down to extremely compact, low weight, low area, wireless interfaces.


Due to the rapid error growth of navigation systems using low-cost inertial measurement units there is a need to fuse the information with complementary sensors. In this paper a monocular camera is used to aid the system. Unlike SLAM-like approaches the problem of estimating the location of each feature point viewed in a scene is avoided, instead estimated epipolar points on the image plane are used. By maintaining a buffer of past views, the method mimics a short-term visual memory which imposes multiple constraints on the estimation problem. The result is a Sigma-Point Kalman filter in square-root form with a linear and efficient time-update. A simulation study is presented indicating the filter's capacity to constrain the rate of error growth of an inertial navigation system. The filter may also find useful applications when fusing with additional sensors.


Grounded in philosophy, organisations theories and ideas of learning, three
themes are developed in this thesis. First, seeing schools as systems (more
specifically as communities), implying a need for the research to discover
evidence of this systematic nature and how it might change. Second,
investigating the nature of hierarchy in schools (and how this relates to schools
as developing systems), again, implying a need for the research to discover
evidence for and explore the nature of hierarchies. Third, trying to understand
learning in schools (learning by individuals and groups in schools, including
student teachers, and how this learning is related to school development),
implying a need for the research to explore the use of the views of school
participants in a dynamic, changing, system. These three themes came together
in the work on schools as distinctive types of communities, as learning
communities.
From a concern with therapeutic models, developed a number of methodological
approaches including the use of 'real' and 'ideal' understandings, and the use of
'sincerity' in research. In this context, three sets of primarily qualitative school
based and university based studies were completed, in order to:
*
*
develop and pilot techniques for discovering the views of members of the
school community (including student teachers), as ways of exploring the
nature of school organisation and exploring school and individual
development;
investigate the use of the views of members of a school community, to
contribute to the development of schools and individuals.
The research found evidence supporting the significance of the idea of school as
a community (as described by John Macmurray), hierarchically structured in
some ways like the state (in Aristotle's sense). In these ways, schools are seen
as having a special role in making people more real.


Abstract DOWNFLOW is a probabilistic code for the simulation of the area covered by lava flows. This code has been used extensively for several basaltic volcanoes in the last decade, and a review of some applications is presented. DOWNFLOW is based on the simple principle that a lava flow tends to follow the steepest descent path downhill from the vent. DOWNFLOW computes the area possibly inundated by lava flows by deriving a number, N, of steepest descent paths, each path being calculated over a randomly perturbed topography. The perturbation is applied at each point of the topography, and ranges within the interval ±Δh. N and Δh are the two basic parameters of the code. The expected flow length is constrained by statistical weighting based on the past activity of the volcano. The strength of the code is that: (i) only limited volcanological knowledge is necessary to apply the code at a given volcano; (ii) there are only two (easily tunable) input parameters; and (iii) computational requirements are very low. However, DOWNFLOW does not provide the progression of the lava emplacement over time. The use of DOWNFLOW is ideal when a large number of simulations are necessary: for example, to compile maps for hazard and risk-assessment purposes.


This paper examines the process of feminization of South American intra-regional migration, with emphasis in the Southern Cone. It describes recent changes and trends, and addresses some of the most salient issues on the participation and experiences of female migrants. It deals with the social and economic reasons underlying the increasing autonomous migration of women, particularly on the interconnections between the South-American economic restructuring and the increasing demand of female migrants by the service and care sectors. Further issues are examined, such as the potential effects of the migration process on women's empowerment; the emergence of global chains of care and its relation with long-distance motherhood; and the labor market experiences of female migrant. Finally, the report also deals with the dark side of the women's migration: female trafficking.


Abstract Mechanisms for the incorporation of carbonate into minerals of the apatite group have been explored in both the geological and medical literature. An important problem with respect to biological apatite, which requires further clarification, is the hydroxyl content of the carbonated apatite of bone. Recent studies reveal bone apatite to contain only ~20 mol.% of the hydroxyl content of stoichiometric hydroxylapatite, with negligible chloride or fluoride. We investigated the hypothesis that the development of vacancies in the hydroxyl channel sites is a charge-balancing mechanism for the substitution of carbonate ions into hydroxylapatite. Raman spectroscopic analyses of synthetic carbonated apatites (containing 1 to >15 wt.% carbonate) show that their hydroxyl ion concentration correlates inversely with carbonate concentration. The specific relationship between carbonate and hydroxyl concentration in these samples closely follows the theoretical relationship defined by type-B substitution of carbonate for phosphate in the apatite structure. However, the 6-8 wt.% carbonate concentration in bone apatite falls far short of accounting for all of the hydroxyl depletion that occurs in bone apatite. Some of the additional hydroxyl depletion in bone apatite might result from substitution of Na+ for Ca2+, but further mechanism(s), perhaps (HPO4)2- substitution, must also play a significant role.


On-line boosting allows to adapt a trained classifier to changing environmental conditions or to use sequentially available training data. Yet, two important problems in the on-line boosting training remain unsolved: (i) classifier evaluation speed optimization and, (ii) automatic classifier complexity estimation. In this paper we show how the on-line boosting can be combined with Waldpsilas sequential decision theory to solve both of the problems. The properties of the proposed on-line WaldBoost algorithm are demonstrated on a visual tracking problem. The complexity of the classifier is changing dynamically depending on the difficulty of the problem. On average, a speedup of a factor of 5-10 is achieved compared to the non-sequential on-line boosting.


We study the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – the first and largest youth training program in the U.S. in operation between 1933 and 1942 – to provide the first comprehensive assessment of the short- and long-term effects of means-tested youth employment programs. We use digitized enrollee records from the CCC program in Colorado and New Mexico and matched these records to the 1940 Census, WWII enlistment records, Social Security Administration records, and death certificates. We find that enrollees who spent more time in CCC training grew taller, lived longer lives and had higher lifetime earnings as a result of their participation in the program. We also find modest increases in the educational attainment of the participants and increases in short term geographic mobility. In contrast, we find no evidence that their labor force participation or wages increased in the short run. To assess the internal and external validity of the results, we compare our estimates to those derived from a randomized evaluation of Job Corps, the modern version of the CCC, conducted in the 1990s. The RCT's results show that our empirical strategy delivers estimates that are in line with the experimental estimates. Overall, we find significant long-term benefits in both longevity and earnings, suggesting short and medium-term evaluations underestimate the returns of training programs, as do those that fail to consider effects on longevity.


A case of an accessory thoracodorsal artery is described. The vessel arose from the first part of the axillary artery just distal to the origin of the lateral thoracic artery. A regular thoracodorsal artery was present as a terminal branch of the subscapular artery. Pertinent literature on the thoracodorsal artery is reviewed.


Our objective was to investigate the physiological basis of grain number per square meter (GN) and yield in two CIMMYT spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines of large-spike phenotype (LSP), LSP1 and LSP2, and one check cultivar, Bacanora, when grown as single plants in the growth room and at normal sowing densities in high radiation, irrigated fi eld conditions. In the growth room, rachis length, spikelets per spike, and grains per spike were increased by 14 to 39%, 12 to 31% and 8 to 19%, respectively, compared to Bacanora. Increased spikelet number was associated with a longer thermal duration for spikelet primordia production. In the fi eld, averaged over three seasons, 2003–2004 to 2005–2006, spikelets per spike and grains per spike were increased by 4 to 6% and 4 to 5%, respectively, in LSP lines compared to Bacanora (P < 0.05). Overall GN (−23%) and yield (−8%) were decreased in LSP2 compared to Bacanora associated with a lower spike number per square meter (−26%) (P < 0.05). The GN (−9%) and yield (+2%) of LSP1 overall were not different to Bacanora, although LSP1 yielded more in one season, 2004–2005 (+9%) (P < 0.05). LSP1 produced grains about 10% heavier and LSP2, about 20% heavier, than Bacanora, in both growth-room and fi eld experiments. LSP1 showed a positive departure from the overall negative relationship between grains per gram of spike dry matter (at anthesis) and grain weight among the genotypes. LSP1 may represent a source of novel spike morphology for use in breeding programs aimed at boosting grain size at high GN to enhance yield potential.


Study Design. Laboratory investigation, ex vivo. Objective. Postoperative complications are common after spinal implantation procedures, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would be the ideal modality to image these patients. Unfortunately, the implants cause artifacts that can render MRI nondiagnostic. The WARP-turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence has been developed to mitigate artifacts caused by metal. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the performance of the WARP-TSE sequence in canine cadaver specimens after implantation with metallic vertebral implants. Summary of Background Data. Magnetic field strength, implant type, and MRI acquisition technique all play a role in the severity of susceptibility artifacts. The WARP-TSE sequence uses increased bandwidth, view angle tilting, and SEMAC (slice-encoding metal artifact correction) to correct for susceptibility artifact. The WARP-TSE technique has outperformed conventional techniques in patients, after total hip arthroplasty. However, published reports of its application in subjects with vertebral column implants are lacking. Methods. Ex vivo anterior stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint was performed on 6 adult small breed (<8 kg) cadaver dogs using stainless steel screws and polymethylmethacrylate. Axial and sagittal T2-weighted and short tau inversion recovery MRI was performed using conventional pulse sequences and WARP-TSE sequences at 3 T. Images were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. Results. Images made with the WARP-TSE sequence had smaller susceptibility artifacts and superior spinal cord margin depiction. WARP-TSE sequences reduced the length over which susceptibility artifacts caused spinal cord margin depiction interference by 24.9% to 71.5% with scan times of approximately 12 to 16 minutes. Conclusion. The WARP-TSE sequence is a viable option for evaluating the vertebral column after implantation with stainless steel implants. Level of Evidence: N/A


This paper proposes a generalized repeat sales regression (GRSR) that uses repeat sales from the entire market, in which properties may have heterogeneous value appreciation processes, to estimate price indices for not only the entire market, but also submarkets or customized portfolios of properties that only have small numbers of value observations. Monte Carlo simulations provide strong evidence that the GRSR indices more accurately measure the index for the entire market as well as individual property value appreciation than conventional RSR indices. This paper also proposes a Chi-square test to detect the heterogeneity in property value appreciation across submarkets/portfolios, and use simulations to show that the test is powerful in small samples. This paper finally illustrates the application of the GRSR using a historical dataset of the Chicago housing market from 1970 to 1986.


Importance
The efficacy and safety of time-restricted eating have not been explored in large randomized clinical trials.

Objective
To determine the effect of 16:8-hour time-restricted eating on weight loss and metabolic risk markers.

Interventions
Participants were randomized such that the consistent meal timing (CMT) group was instructed to eat 3 structured meals per day, and the time-restricted eating (TRE) group was instructed to eat ad libitum from 12:00 pm until 8:00 pm and completely abstain from caloric intake from 8:00 pm until 12:00 pm the following day.

Design, Setting, and Participants
This 12-week randomized clinical trial including men and women aged 18 to 64 years with a body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of 27 to 43 was conducted on a custom mobile study application. Participants received a Bluetooth scale. Participants lived anywhere in the United States, with a subset of 50 participants living near San Francisco, California, who underwent in-person testing.

Main Outcomes and Measures
The primary outcome was weight loss. Secondary outcomes from the in-person cohort included changes in weight, fat mass, lean mass, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c levels, estimated energy intake, total energy expenditure, and resting energy expenditure.

Results
Overall, 116 participants (mean [SD] age, 46.5 [10.5] years; 70 [60.3%] men) were included in the study. There was a significant decrease in weight in the TRE (-0.94 kg; 95% CI, -1.68 to -0.20; P = .01), but no significant change in the CMT group (-0.68 kg; 95% CI, -1.41 to 0.05, P = .07) or between groups (-0.26 kg; 95% CI, -1.30 to 0.78; P = .63). In the in-person cohort (n = 25 TRE, n = 25 CMT), there was a significant within-group decrease in weight in the TRE group (-1.70 kg; 95% CI, -2.56 to -0.83; P < .001). There was also a significant difference in appendicular lean mass index between groups (-0.16 kg/m2; 95% CI, -0.27 to -0.05; P = .005). There were no significant changes in any of the other secondary outcomes within or between groups. There were no differences in estimated energy intake between groups.

Conclusions and Relevance
Time-restricted eating, in the absence of other interventions, is not more effective in weight loss than eating throughout the day.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT03393195 and NCT03637855.


U This follow-up study was designed to evaluate whether the use of aspirin either before or after aneurysm rupture affects the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischemia. Aspirin inhibits platelet function and thromboxane production and has been shown to reduce the risk of various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ischemic diseases. Following admission, the patients in this study were interviewed regarding their use of aspirin and other medicines prior to and after hemorrhage, and their urine was screened qualitatively for salicylates. Patient outcome and the occurrence of hypodense lesions consistent with cerebral infarction on follow-up computerized tomography (CT) were studied prospectively up to 1 year after hemorrhage. Of 291 patients, 31 (11%) died because of the initial hemorrhage and 18 (6%) died due to rebleeding within 4 days after hemorrhage. Of the remaining 242 patients, 90 (37%) had delayed cerebral ischemia, which caused a permanent neurological deficit or death in 54 patients (22%). Of 195 patients undergoing follow-up CT, 85 (44%) had cerebral infarction that was not seen on the CT scan obtained on admission. Those who had salicylates in the urine on admission had a relative risk of 0.40 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.15 to 1.10) of delayed ischemia with fixed deficit and a risk of 0.40 (95% CI, 0.18 to 0.93) of cerebral infarction compared with patients who did not have salicylates in their urine. This reduced risk of ischemic complications with aspirin use was restricted to those patients who used aspirin before hemorrhage, when the risk of ischemia was 0.21 (95% CI, 0.03 to 1.63) and the risk of infarct was 0.18 (95% CI, 0.04 to 0.84) compared with those who had not used aspirin. The reduced risk of cerebral infarction remained significant after adjustment for several potential confounding factors (adjusted risk 0.19; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.89). These observations suggest that platelet function at the time of subarachnoid hemorrhage may be associated with delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysm rupture.


The homoserine-0-transsuccinylase activity of three kinds of methionineexcreting mutants of Salmonella typhimurium was examined. In a metl mutant the enzyme was resistant to inhibition by methionine or its analogue a-methylmethionine. Feedback inhibition in a metJ and a metK strain was normal. rnetl was dominant to metI+ only when coupled in the cis position with the wild-type allele of the closely-linked metA (homoserine-0-transsuccinylase) gene, and a deletion analysis of nine met1 mutations showed that they were all located within the metA gene. Thus both the regulatory and catalytic sites of homoserine-0-transsuccinylase are specified by a single polypeptide species. An estimate was made of the length of the metA gene, based on recombination data.


In this article, we study the scaling up of edge computing deployments. In edge computing, deployments are scaled up by adding more computational capacity atop the initial deployment, as deployment budgets allow. However, without careful consideration, adding new servers may not improve proximity to the mobile users, crucial for the Quality of Experience of users and the Quality of Service of the network operators. In this paper, we propose a novel method for scaling up an edge computing deployment by selecting the optimal number of new edge servers and their placement, and re-allocating access points optimally to the old and new edge servers. The algorithm is evaluated with two scenarios, using data on a real-world large-scale wireless network deployment. The evaluation shows that the proposed method is stable on a real city-scale deployment, resulting in optimized Quality of Service for the network operator.


By the time they are typically detected, neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are already challenging to treat. Preventive and early intervention strategies in infancy are critical for improving outcomes over the lifespan with significant cost savings. However, the impact of prevention and early intervention efforts is dependent upon our ability to identify infants most appropriate for such interventions. Because there may be significant overlap between prodromal symptoms across neurodevelopmental disorders and child psychopathology more broadly which may wax and wane across development, we contend that the impact of prevention and early intervention efforts will be heightened by identifying early indicators that may overlap across ASD and other commonly co-occurring disorders. This paper summarizes the existing literature on infant symptoms and identification of ASD to demonstrate the ways in which a transdiagnostic perspective could expand the impact of early identification and intervention research and clinical efforts, and to outline suggestions for future empirical research programs addressing current gaps in the identification-to-treatment pipeline. We propose four recommendations for future research that are both grounded in developmental and clinical science and that are scalable for early intervention systems: (1) development of fine-grained, norm-referenced measures of ASD-relevant transdiagnostic behavioral domains; (2) identification of shared and distinct mechanisms influencing the transition from risk to disorder; (3) determination of key cross-cutting treatment strategies (both novel and extracted from existing approaches) effective in targeting specific domains across disorders; and (4) integration of identified measures and treatments into existing service systems.


Background: Poor environmental sanitation and personal hygiene have been shown to be associated with increased risk of diarrheal disease. Poor personal hygiene that is associated with an increased risk of diarrheal disease may be explained by the constructs of Health Belief Model, such as perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness. This study aimed to examine biopshychosocial and economic determinants of personal hygiene in the prevention of diarrheal diseases.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. This study was conducted at Mondokan, Gesi, and Sambungmacan Health Centers, Sragen District, Central java, from January to March, 2017. A sample of 150 subjects, consisting of 50 cases of diarrheal disease during the past month and 100 subjects without diarrheal disease, was selected in this study by purposive sampling. The dependent variable was prevention behavior of diarrheal disease. The independent variable included perceived susceptibility, seriousness, threat, benefit, barrier, cues to action, and self-efficacy. The data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire, and analyzed by path analysis model. Results: There were positive, and statistically significant effects of perceived seriousness (b= 0.26; SE=0.06; p= <0.001), threat (b= 0.29; SE=0.06; p= <0.001), benefit (b= 0.21; SE= 0.06; p= <0.001), barrier (b= -0.12; SE= 0.08; p= 0.032), cues to action (b= 0.17; SE= 0.07; p= 0.003), and self-efficacy (b= 0.28; SE= 0.14; p= <0.001) on prevention behavior of diarrheal disease. There were positive, indirect, and statistically significant effect of perceived susceptibility (b= 0.55; SE= 0.06; p= <0.001), seriousness (b= 0.34; SE= 0.06; p= <0.001), and benefit (b= 0.12; SE= 0.07; p= 0.025) on prevention behavior of diarrheal disease, via perceived threat.Conclusion: Perceived seriousness, threat, benefit, barrier, cues to action, and self-efficacy, are direct determinants of prevention behavior of diarrheal disease. Perceived susceptibility, seriousness, and benefit, are indirect determinants of prevention behavior of diarrheal disease.Keyword: Biopshychosocial and economy, personal hygiene, Health Belief ModelCorrespondence: Hervindita Dinda Siswandwika. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University. Email: email@example.com. Mobile: +6282136242777.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(1): 1-14https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.01.01


The BLASTP program is a search tool for databases of protein sequences that is widely used by biologists as a first step in investigating new genome sequences. BLASTP finds high-scoring local alignments (q/sub i/q/sub i+1/...q/sub i+k//spl par/s/sub j/s/sub j+1/...s/sub j+k/) without gaps between a query sequence q and sequences s in the database. The score of an alignment is the sum of the scores of individual alignments q/sub i+t//spl par/s/sub j+t/ between amino acids that make up the protein. These individual scores come from a scoring matrix modeling the rate of evolutionary mutation. Here we provide a detailed description of the original program and three separate optimisations to it. BLASTP consists of three steps, that we call neighbourhood construction, hit detection, and hit extension. The three optimisations target hit extension since it accounts for 93% of the execution time. The first optimisation alters the data representation of the query sequence and the related code for indexing the scoring matrix. The second optimisation performs extensions in step-sizes of two rather than one. The third optimisation forstalls the calling of the hit extension step in cases that are unlikely to lead to a high-scoring alignment. Individually the three optimisations show speed ups of 15%, 48%, and 63% respectively.


Abstract This article provides a genealogy of the emergence of contemporary art practices in Armenia, arguing that the very history of emersion of these practices can be seen as a complex process of disintegration of the Bolshevik political project, particularly its agenda to base art on a subtle dialectical reconciliation between the nation and the class. After this dialectic was brutally instrumentalized by Stalinist Socialist Realism, it was attacked by the National Modernists during Khrushchev's Thaw. Later, in 1970s, from within the National Modernism itself, the first tendencies of contemporary art practices emerged. They began to challenge the conventional notions of artistic practice along the lines of a conception of art as a performative practice of liberatory subjectivization. This marked the point of the ultimate disintegration of both triumphant and tragic Bolshevik project that became a haunting specter of post-Soviet contexts.