This paper starts by introducing a class of future document authoring systems that will allow authors to specify the content and form of a text+pictures document at a high level of abstraction, while leaving responsibility for linguistic and graphical details to the system. Next, we describe two working prototypes that implement parts of this functionality, based on semantic modeling of the pictures and the text of the document; one of these two, the ILLUSTRATE prototype, is a multimedia extension of previous text authoring systems in the What You See Is What You Meant (WYSIWYM) tradition. The paper concludes with an exploration of the ways in which Multimedia WYSIWYM can be further enhanced, allowing it to approximate the 'ideal' systems that were sketched earlier in the paper. Applications of Multimedia WYSIWYM to general-purpose picture retrieval (in the context of the Semantic Web, for example) are also discussed.


A study of energy retrofit by combined heat pipe heat exchanger with cold condensate was carried out and results are presented in this paper. The parameters of study including inlet water temperature, water flow rate, primary air velocity, and exhaust air velocity on systems performance are experimentally investigated. Experiment results indicate that for a small condensate flow rate, both the latent heat of exhaust air and sensible heat of condensate can simultaneously be utilized for cooling and dehumidifying primary air, which is expected to be efficient for energy retrofit in central air conditioning systems. Practical application : Cold condensate from Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) plants are usually discharged or drained off. Reuse of cold condensate not only reduces wastage of water, it also fully utilizes energy and improves overall efficiency of HVAC plants. The installation and capital cost for heat pipe heat exchanger are reasonable. The physical space required is also affordable. Its practical value is useful.


Background Microscopic colitis (MC) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have similar symptoms and a normal endoscopic appearance, as well as normal radiologic findings. Several studies have shown that MC can be mistakenly diagnosed as IBS. Over recent decades, MC has emerged as a common cause of diarrhea, especially in middle-aged or older women, and the disease is regarded as a subgroup within inflammatory bowel disease. The prevalence of MC in Egyptian patients with chronic watery nonbloody diarrhea is high when compared with that in developed countries. MC mainly affects young and middle-aged patients, and it is more commonly of the lymphocytic type. Chromogranin A is a common marker for endocrine cells, and the present finding suggests that colonic hormones are involved in the pathophysiology of lymphocytic colitis (LC). The chromogranin cell density seems to be a good diagnostic marker with high sensitivity and specificity in both the right and left colon; thus, sigmoidoscopy can be used in the diagnosis of LC using this marker. Aim The aim of the current work is to study the prevalence of MC among patient presented with symptoms of IBS. In addition, it is to determine whether chromogranin A cell density is increased in patients with MC and to examine the possibility of using it as a marker for the diagnosis of LC and collagenous colitis. Patients and methods The study was conducted initially on 100 patients presented with symptoms of IBS according to Rome IV criteria. Overall, 50 patients were excluded after finding an organic cause for their symptoms by diagnostic studies. Results A total of 37 cases were diagnosed as having nonspecific colitis, five cases were diagnosed as having MC (10% of the total cases studied), four cases were found to have ulcerative colitis, three cases was found to have eosinophilic colitis, and one case was found to have melanosis coli. Conclusion The initial results of our study revealed that MC is not an uncommon disease, and there was a significant correlation between using NSAID and proton pump inhibitor and smoking, with cases proved to have MC.


There is growing interest in the use of non-model microorganisms as hosts for biopharmaceutical manufacturing. These hosts require genomic engineering to meet clinically relevant product qualities and titers, but the adaptation of tools for editing genomes, like CRISPR-Cas9, has been slow for poorly characterized hosts. Specifically, a lack of biochemical characterization of RNA polymerase III transcription has hindered reliable expression of guide RNAs in new hosts. Here, we present a sequencing-based strategy for the design of host-specific cassettes for modular, reliable, expression of guide RNAs. Using this strategy, we achieved up to 95% gene editing efficiency in the methylotrophic yeast Komagataella phaffii. We applied this approach for the rapid, multiplexed engineering of a complex phenotype, achieving uniform product glycosylation in two sequential steps of engineering. Reliable extension of simple gene editing tools to non-model manufacturing hosts will enable rapid engineering of manufacturing strains tuned for specific product profiles, and potentially decrease the costs and timelines for process development.


Motherhood is a physiological status in which certain behavioural patterns are exhibited. Maintenance of the life of the species in mammals is dependent upon the presentation of motherhood services in a certain period that the child is dependent on the mother. Absence of the mother causes some deficiencies in social, behavioural and cognitive abilities, an abnormal development of the stress response system, learning and memory disorders, and later, inadequate motherhood skills of the mature offspring during their own maternity period. Because maternal care is extremely important for the survival of the child and thus, for the species to maintain, nature seems to have provided the development of a healthy mother-child relationship. Therefore, motherhood is programmed by the evolutionary process in the female brain before birth. It is certain that the brain of the mother is very different from the brains of the nulliparous women who are within the same age range, and is very sensitive to her own child's needs. For maternal behaviour to develop in human beings and animals, special neural networks, which are cooperatively developed by genetic, environmental and hormonal factors, are necessary. It also seems likely that non-genetic (epigenetic) transmission responsible for the internalization of maternal behaviours learned from the mother and hormonal exposure of the brain both during the foetal period, throughout the growth, and during the gestation of the woman as well as genetic factors, play an important role in the development of these maternal neural networks and systems. In this paper, which was prepared by obtaining the necessary publications by means of a search for the words related to motherhood in the PubMed search engine, the physical and mental changes that prepare females for motherhood and enable them to tolerate it will be reviewed.


This study is focused on examination of ancient Egyptian mummy with congenital limb deformity from noble Egyptian mummy back to new kingdom-18th dynasty date from 1550-1295 BCE owned by Egyptian museum in El-Tharir – Egypt. Unilateral deformities were observed with ankle torsion and the neck of the talus was higher than normal. The CT images suggested abnormalities in shape of the tarsal bones of right foot. The study suggests that this foot deformity may be due to poliomyelitis.


Background
Laser assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) is one of surgical procedures for refractive correction. Dilute alcohol that is used for the removal of epithelium during LASEK induces the apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells. Researches showed that thymosin β4 (Tβ4) can arrest apoptosis, but whether Tβ4 plays inhibitory effect on ethanol-induced damage of corneal epithelial cells is still unelucidated.

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Tβ4 on ethanol-induced rabbit corneal epithelial cell damage in vitro.

Methods
The corneal tissue of deendothelium was obtained from 10 New Zealand white rabbits. Corneal epithelial cells were cultured in vitro by using explant culture method. Cultured cells were identified by detecting the expression of keratin 12 and connexin 43 with reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The cells of second generation were collected and divided into 4 groups. The cells were regularly cultured in the normal control group, and Tβ4 was added in the culture medium at the final concentration of 1 μg/ml in the Tβ4 treated group. Ethanol-induced rabbit corneal epithelial cell damage models were established by adding PBS containing 20% alcohol in medium for 20 seconds in the model group, and Tβ4 was added in the medium of model cells at the final concentration of 1 μg/ml in the model+ Tβ4 group. The survival rate of the cells was detected by MTT assay, and the apoptosis rate of the cells was examined by TUNEL method. The relative expression levels of cyclin D1 mRNA and cyclin-depensent protein kanase 4 (CDK4) mRNA in the cells were detected by real-time flurescence quantitative PCR. The content of bcl-2 protein in the cells was detected by ELISA assay. Spectrophotometry was employed to measure the activity of caspase-3. The study complied with the Regulation for the Adminstration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.

Results
The mean cell survival rate was (52.1±14.07)% in the model group, which was significantly reduced in comparison with 100% of the normal control group and (77.7±19.60)% of the model+ Tβ4 group (P=0.001, P=0.035). TUNEL staining revealed more positive cells in the model group and the model+ Tβ4 group, and the percentage of TUNEL positive cells was (30.0±6.7)% in the model+ Tβ4 group, showing an evident decline in comparison with (42.4±4.0)% of the model group (P=0.01). The relative expression levels of cyclin D1 mRNA and CDK4 mRNA were 0.93±0.17 and 0.88±0.09 in the model+ Tβ4 group, which were significantly higher than 0.68±0.05 and 0.54±0.07 in the model group (P=0.027, 0.002). ELISA assay exhibited that bcl-2 content in the cells was considerably lower, and caspase-3 activity was significantly higher in the model group than those in the model+ Tβ4 group (P=0.030, 0.021).

Conclusions
Tβ4 plays a protective effect on rabbit corneal epithelial cells from apoptosis by lowing the caspase 3 activity and increasing bcl-2 content in ethanol-damaged rabbit corneal epithelial cells. In addition, Tβ4 promotes the regrowth of corneal epithelial cells by up-regulating the expression of cyclin D1 and CDK4.

Key words:
[Key words] Epithelium, corneal/drug effects; Alcohol-related disorders; Thymosin; Cell survival/drug effects; Apoptosis/drug effects; Cells, cultured; Animal, rabbits


The deposits of Eocene Lake Gosiute that constitute the Green River Formation of Wyoming contain numerous tuff beds that represent isochronous, correlatable stratigraphic markers. Tuff beds selected for 40Ar/39Ar analysis occur within laminated mudstone, are matrix supported, and lack evidence of reworking. These tuffs contain 2%–15% euhedral phenocrysts of quartz, plagioclase, sanidine, biotite, and minor amphibole, pyroxene, and zircon, encased in a matrix of altered glassy ash. Air abrasion and handpicking under refractive- index oils were required to obtain clean, unaltered phenocrysts of sanidine. 40Ar/39Ar age determinations from single-crystal and <1 mg multigrain aliquots of sanidine and biotite allowed the identification and exclusion of xenocrystic contamination. Laser-fusion experiments on phenocrysts from the Rife, Firehole, C Bed, Grey, Main, Sixth, and Analcite tuff beds from the Tipton, Wilkins Peak, and Laney Members yielded weighted-mean ages (±2σ analytical uncertainties) of 51.25 ± 0.31 Ma, 50.70 ± 0.14 Ma, 50.56 ± 0.26 Ma, 50.39 ± 0.13 Ma, 49.96 ± 0.08 Ma, 49.70 ± 0.10 Ma, and 48.94 ± 0.12 Ma, respectively. Ages for sanidine and biotite from the Main tuff are indistinguishable when presumably xenocrystic contaminants are excluded from the age calculation. Moreover, the 40Ar/39Ar ages are consistent with the stratigraphic order of the tuff beds and with provenance in the Absaroka and Challis volcanic fields.

Our 40Ar/39Ar-based age model indicates that sediment accumulated three times more rapidly (327 ± 86 μm/yr) during the evaporative Wilkins Peak phase than the freshwater to saline Tipton (88 ± 34 μm/yr) and Laney (104 ± 18 μm/yr) phases. The much lower accumulation rates for the Tipton and Laney Members are permissive of an annual origin for <1-mm-thick laminae and precessional forcing of 1–3-m-thick depositional cycles in these units. However, previously described cycles in the Wilkins Peak Member have average durations that are significantly shorter than the 19–23 k.y. precessional modes.

The Green River Formation encompasses an ∼5 m.y. period between ca. 53.5 and 48.5 Ma, spanning magnetic chrons 24n through 21r. The Green River Formation was therefore deposited during the warmest period of the Cenozoic corresponding to the early Eocene climatic optimum as defined by the global marine O isotope record. Deposition of bedded evaporites (trona) of the Wilkins Peak Member began at ca. 51 Ma, or ∼2 m.y. after the onset of the highest inferred temperatures of the climatic optimum. The Bridgerian–Wasatchian faunal turnover occurred subsequently during Wilkins Peak time, at ca. 50.6 Ma. Thus, our 40Ar/39Ar ages strongly suggest that Wilkins Peak evaporite deposition and the turnover from Wasatchian to Bridgerian fauna were not directly caused by the initiation of maximum greenhouse conditions.


A regularization homotopy iterative method established for ill-posed nonlinear least squares problem. Two new regularization parameter selecting strategies are proposed, which are called direct search method and interval division method. The calculation results of nonlinear least squares problems show that the regularization homotopy iterative method and parameter selecting strategies proposed in this paper are correctly and applicable. And also calculation results of nonlinear adjustment of free networks with rank deficiency of Jianglong bridge pier displacement defor-mation monitoring control network show that the method not only decrease the iterative matrix con-dition number, but also make the condition number small fluctuation in full iterative process.


For the original article see ibid., vol. CAS-33, no.12, p.1159-69 (1986). The commenters correct the graph delay scales in Fig. 1(c) and 1(d) of the paper by H. Baher and M. O'Malley. They provide a new definition of the transfer function defined in (20) in footnote 1 that includes more parameters than those originally given. The increase in the number of degrees of freedom results in better filter characteristics. The improved filter has both smaller attenuation, smaller group delay variations in the passband, and large stopband attenuations. >


In recent years scholars have highlighted the public policy potential of using voluntary programs based on environmental management systems (EMS) to improve firms' environmental and regulatory performance. While firms receive some benefits for joining EMS-based voluntary programs, these incentives could be strengthened if governments mandated joining such programs as a precondition for participating in government procurement. While we support Arnold and Whitford's proposal to use public procurement eligibility criteria to induce firms to take environmentally progressive action, we have concerns about using any EMS or EMS-based voluntary program for these purposes. EMS-based programs must impose real requirements on firms and must have in place monitoring systems to ensure that such requirements are met. Only then will EMSprograms likely be effective as well as credible with stakeholders.


Late Quaternary climate history of the Himalayas is inferred from sea surface salinity (SSS) changes determined from the oxygen isotope in planktonic foraminifers, in a turbidity-free, C-dated core from the Bay of Bengal. The heaviest δO incursion (– 0.9 and – 0.44‰ for Globigerinoides ruber and G. sacculifer respectively) between 20 and 15 Ka BP reveals that the Himalayas was intensively glaciated with minimum fluvial discharge until 15 Ka BP. During the initial phase of deglaciation between 15 and 12.5 Ka BP, the climate was unstable. The deglaciation intensified after 12.5 Ka BP, and culminated at about 11 Ka BP with a fluvial pulse. The heavier concordant incursions of δO in both the species indicate that Himalayan aridity and associated glaciation at 10.5 Ka BP was again enhanced to the magnitude of the Last Glacial Maxima. The beginning of Holocene (~ 9.5 Ka BP) is characterized by excessive lighter δO values due to high fluvial discharge attributed to intensified monsoon regime that persisted throughout the Early Holocene. During Mid–Upper Holocene, the Himalayas experienced at least two significant episodes of aridity and intensified glaciation at 5–4.3 and ~ 2 Ka BP.


video copy detection system that is based on content fingerprinting can be used for video indexing and copyright applications. Most of the video copy detection algorithms proposed so far focus mostly on coping with signal distortions introduced by different encoding parameters; however, these algorithms do not cope well with display format conversions. They may rely on a fingerprint extraction algorithm followed by a fast approximate search algorithm. The fingerprint extraction algorithm extracts compact content-based signatures (11)-(14) from special images constructed from the video. Each such image represents a short segment of the video and contains temporal as well as spatial information (7), (8), (10) about the video segment. These images are denoted by temporally informative representative images (1). To find whether a query video is copied from a video in a video database, the fingerprints of all the videos in the database are extracted and stored in advance. The search algorithm searches the stored fingerprints to find close enough matches for the fingerprints of the query video. The content based fingerprint extraction process does not work to get a better level search. Further in an enhancement of this concept of fingerprints this system handles the TIRI-DCT and DWT features to detect the copyright information. This paper proposes a novel sequence matching technique to detect copies of a video clip. If a video copy detection technique is to be effective, it needs to be robust to the many digitization and encoding processes that give rise to several distortions, including changes in brightness, color, frame format, as well as different blocky artifacts. It also handles a new nonmetric distance measure to find the similarity between the query and a database video fingerprint and it is proposed to achieve accurate duplicate detection. Then the performance of the TIRI DCT and the co-efficient is compared. The proposed method has been extensively tested and the results show that the proposed scheme is effective in detecting copies which has been subjected to wide range of modifications.


of artificial blood catheters. This paper describes the immobilization of chitosan and heparin molecules on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films by ozonization. The concentration of peroxide groups (-OOH) was 1.72 × 10-7 mol/cm2 on the PET surface oxidized by ozonization. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate that chains of chitosan and heparin were successfully immobilized on the PET films. The static contact angle(STA) of water decreases from 83.5° to 68.3° by immobilization of chitosan and heparin, which means that the hydrophilic properties of the modified PET is improved. The antithrombogenic property of PET surface was evaluated by a platelet-rich plasma (PRP) adhesion test. The results indicate that the number of platelet adhered on the modified-PET surface incubated with PRP for 240 min decreased significantly and platelets did not aggregate and distort.


ABSTRACT The chain length of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a crucial factor for host-pathogen interaction during bacterial infection. While rough (R)-type and smooth (S)-type LPSs have been shown to differ in their ability to interact with the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, little is known about the differential mode of interaction with the acute-phase reactant LPS-binding protein (LBP). At lower concentrations, LBP catalyzes the binding of LPS to CD14 and enhances LPS-induced cellular activation via Toll-like receptor 4. In humans, however, concentrations of LBP in serum increase during an acute-phase response, and these LBP concentrations exhibit inhibitory effects in terms of cellular activation. The mechanisms of inhibition of LPS effects by LBP are not completely understood. Here, we report that human high-dose LBP (hd-LBP) suppresses binding of both R-type and S-type LPS to CD14 and inhibits LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB, although cellular uptake of R-type LPS was found to be increased by hd-LBP. In contrast, we found that hd-LBP enhanced the binding and uptake of S-type LPS only under serum-free conditions, whereas in the presence of serum, hd-LBP inhibited cellular binding and uptake. This inhibitory effect of serum could be mimicked by the addition of purified high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to serum-free medium, indicating an LBP-mediated transfer of preferentially S-type LPS to plasma lipoproteins such as HDL. A complete understanding of the host's mechanisms to modulate the proinflammatory effects of LPS will most likely help in the understanding of inflammation and infection and may lead to novel therapeutic intervention strategies.


This thesis explores the concept of story and its potential use within the community college composition classroom. Story is everywhere; it is how we as human beings make sense of our existence and our role within the world. While we are all carriers of story, community college students carry unique stories of hardship and adversity that have led them to enrollment. Previous educational experiences and negative rhetoric about their past has the ability to shape or limit what they see themselves as capable of both in their present situation and their future. If left unchallenged, the rhetoric used to describe our stories (or how others have described them) limits what we see as possible for ourselves. Providing space within the community college classroom challenges the negative rhetoric and affords a unique opportunity for instructors to provide support and guidance to their students. This thesis discusses how story ownership and authorship, when encouraged by an instructor, communicates more than simply the telling of stories, fostering both trust and the development of ethos. Story ownership and authorship fosters a fully established ethos that refuses to require students to compartmentalize the academic and personal parts of their sense of self. Instead, story invites all parts of the self and attaches value to both lived experiences and knowledge obtained from such experiences. By doing so, it heightens instructor awareness and allows for a level of humanization and connection between instructor and student that may not otherwise be possible. By establishing the ethos of both student and instructor as carriers of story, students experience a heightened level of trust and open communication with their instructor. In doing so, instructors are able to provide a sense of support and mentorship inside the classroom- rather than relying on external support services to take on that position. By recognizing the power of story and advocating for more of its inclusion within the community college composition classroom, instructors can capitalize on the transformative power of story to engage students and foster both success and support.


This paper evaluates the efficiency of personal cars by using the non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Analysis and comparison is performed in a normative manner since all the economic and technical parameters used (four and ten respectively) are not explicitly weighted. The data set covers 121 different car models in 1997, as appeared in the German Auto Motor und Sport magazine.


Since the early 2000s, many Latin American countries achieved remarkable economic growth coupled with poverty and inequality reduction, largely due to the pursuit of a centuries-old pattern of commodity exports. The end of the commodity price super-cycle in 2014 puts some of these development gains in jeopardy, raising anxiety among emerging middle classes wary of slipping back into poverty. Drawing on a rich intellectual heritage, Latin American leaders have designed novel approaches in the pursuit of sustainable development. Alternative development narratives brought to the fore by left-wing governments have emphasised notions such as buen vivir, arguably the most influential and revolutionary proposition originated in the region since different variants of the dependency theory. What is less clear is the extent to which competing ideologies and narratives have translated into diverging outcomes, be it with regard to (neo-) extractivism, ecological sustainability or the rights and cultural identity of indigenous peoples, or simply in terms of economic diversification. This chapter introduces the thematic issue of International Development Policy, which deals with recent paradigmatic innovations and development experiences in Latin America, with a particular focus on the Andean region.


The number of articles published in the scientific medical literature is continuously increasing, and Web access to the journals is becoming common. Databases such as SPIE Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, indices such as PubMed, and search engines such as Google provide the user with sophisticated full-text search capabilities. However, information in images and graphs within these articles is entirely disregarded. In this paper, we quantify the potential impact of using content-based image retrieval (CBIR) to access this non-text data. Based on the Journal Citations Report (JCR), the journal Radiology was selected for this study. In 2005, 734 articles were published electronically in this journal. This included 2,587 figures, which yields a rate of 3.52 figures per article. Furthermore, 56.4% of these figures are composed of several individual panels, i.e. the figure combines different images and/or graphs. According to the Image Cross-Language Evaluation Forum (ImageCLEF), the error rate of automatic identification of medical images is about 15%. Therefore, it is expected that, by applying ImageCLEF-like techniques, already 95.5% of articles could be retrieved by means of CBIR. The challenge for CBIR in scientific literature, however, is the use of local texture properties to analyze individual image panels in composite illustrations. Using local features for content-based image representation, 8.81 images per article are available, and the predicted correctness rate may increase to 98.3%. From this study, we conclude that CBIR may have a high impact in medical literature research and suggest that additional research in this area is warranted.


Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) is a frequent topic of discussion in the field of reproductive technologies and three main questions remain unanswered: (I) which of the many assays available is the "best" test to measure SDF? (II) can a measure of SDF be useful for patient's diagnosis, prognosis and permit to adopt the best therapy for the patient? and (III) if deemed relevant, for which indication a measure of SDF should be encouraged?


This paper explores the worldwide unprecedented bunker infrastructure of Switzerland. Since the 1960s, the country has built hundreds of thousands of nuclear bomb shelters in family homes. Drawing on poststructural theories of social practice and ritual theory, the all-pervasive structures in the private sphere are analyzed as transitory spaces that coordinate the movement and connections between different milieus, regimes, and bodies. By studying the operational scripts of the authorities and the spatial arrangements and artifacts of the shelter, the paper argues that a sequenced set of "rites of passage" were to be practiced in order to guarantee a transition into the postapocalypse without any violations of norms, social roles, and affective regimes. However, this "territorializing" process launched by the state with the aim of engineering a "bomb-proof" society met with little success. By ignoring, distorting, or violating the constant prewar situation in their homes, Swiss people, as early as in the 1970s, started to undermine the shelter as an instance of concrete governmentality. Being traversed by various processes of "deterritorialization" the bunker lost its function as a locus of secured passage and transformed into a highly dynamic "empty space" that hides, till this day, residua for creativity and difference.


The aim of this article is to highlight the importance of partnership approach in digitization of local cultural heritage. The Public Library "Fran Galović" Koprivnica has already initiated several digitization projects, and that experience was valuable in creating the digital repository Cultural heritage of Koprivnica through the partnership between the local heritage institutions from Koprivnica and Varaždin: the Public Library "Fran Galović" Koprivnica, the State Archives in Varaždin and the City Museum Koprivnica. A very important partaker in all digitization projects has been the scanning and digitization company ArhivPro that developed, tested and applied new technological solutions. The basic goal of the digital repository Cultural heritage of Koprivnica is to promote the local community unique treasures, protect the library, museum and archival materials, and enable their wide accessibility and easy search of the related data. The digital repository Cultural heritage of Koprivnica, which has been the result of successful partnership of three local organizations, points to the importance of creating local cultural heritage digitization projects by a wide network of collaborations and partnership at the local level (institutions and individuals). This kind of cooperation resulted with a consciousness of the joint contribution and ownership over the final product of digitization in preserving and safekeeping the native identity in an overwhelming globalization processes.


There is a growing interest of late to enhance our ability to reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere through tree growth. Although the spread of development in urban areas may, in some cases, cause a reduction in forest cover, there may be opportunities to establish additional trees in open areas within cities and metropolitan areas. We assess three freely available aerial or satellite imagery products for their ability to correctly identify open areas in six southern United States cities. A standard supervised classification process and a statistical assessment of plantable open areas are employed. Results suggest that while the United States National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) aerial imagery may require more computer processing time and more computer memory, classification accuracy is acceptable for the purpose of identifying open areas where trees might be planted. Therefore, the use of NAIP for this purpose is as sufficient as Landsat 5 and 7. Given recent uncertainties in the availability of Landsat 5 and 7 imagery, and given analytical needs such as the one proposed here, improvements in estimates of urban carbon potential can be made over less intensive methods.


The need for increased performance of mobile device directly conflicts with the desire for longer battery life. Offloading compu-tation to multiple devices is an effective method to reduce energy consumption and enhance performance for mobile applications. Android provides mechanisms for creating mobile applications but lacks a native scheduling system for determining where code should be executed. This paper presents Jade, a system that adds sophisticated energy-aware computation offloading capabilities to Android apps. Jade monitors device and application status and automatically decides where code should be executed. Jade dynamically adjusts offloading strategy by adapting to workload variation, communication costs, and energy status in a distributed network of Android and non-Android devices. Jade minimizes the burden on developers to build applications with computation offloading ability by providing easy-to-use Jade API. Evaluation shows that Jade can effectively reduce up to 39% of average power consumption for mobile application while improving application performance.


Like most pathologists, I reserve space on my shelves for the Tumor Fascicles of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology . These slim volumes are not much to look at. Stiff gray paper covers them, and either black plastic spines or plain staples hold them together. Yet each year, my fascicles grow more dog-eared, and eagerly I buy each new one when it becomes available. Why? Well, I can count on each being written by a single pathologist —at the most two—who are experts in a given field. That makes it cohesive and gives it a ring of authority. I can count on a listing of synonyms and thumbnail accounts of normal anatomy; this provides perspective. I can count on the author or authors drawing on a large series of cases, either from their own institution or from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. This dimension of breadth


The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD has set target rates of poverty incidence and levels of a number of human development indicators as goals to be met with the aid of development assistance by the years 2005 and 2015. In this paper we assess the likelihood that these goals will be met. We estimate future levels of poverty and human development indicators, using econometric models that capture the past relationship between per capita economic growth and both poverty and human development indicators. Our models use existing projections of future economic growth for the world's major developing regions. We find that for some developing regions achievement of the DAC poverty targets depends critically on the pattern as well as the rate of growth, as targets are only met when high or medium levels of income equality accompany growth. The prospects for achieving the human development targets, particularly gender equity ones, are good for most regions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Incorporation of copper species into silica matrix was performed by the sol-gel method. Copper ions and copper particles were doped using two different copper sources; Cu(NO3)2.3H2O and copper particles chemically synthesized.The particles of copper metallic, cuprous and cupric oxide were prepared and the synthesis and characterizations of copper species were compared together. On the other hand, their structures were analyzed by furrier transformation infra red spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction at 200, 400 and 600°C. Three main region contain Rocking (R), Bending (B ) and Stretching (S) were recognized on their vibration structure using furrier transformation infra red spectra. Also, the scanning electron micrographs and chemical analysis of Cu and CuO/SiO2 were performed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Average sizes of particles were determinated about 50 nm for CuO/SiO2 and were analyzed about 200 nm by transmission electron microscopy for the particles of Cu/SiO2.


Oil shale samples from the upper and lower units of the bipartite Duaringa oil shale deposit, Queensland Australia, have been analysed using a variety of fast characterisation procedures such as solvent extraction, pyrolysis-GC, isothermal pyrolysis and TGA. A CDS-150 pyroprobe was modified to simulate Fischer assay retort conditions on a micro scale basis and was used for the rapid assessment (pyrolysis-FID) of the hydrocarbon generating potential of these and other oil shale samples. Results obtained for Duaringa were extended to analytical studies on an extensive range of selected Australian and several overseas reference oil shales. An electronically-controlled tube-furnace retort was constructed to provide accurate control over heating rates and pyrolysis environments. The retort was used to produce shale oils for samples from both units of the Duaringa deposit, which were then compared with each other and with a Duaringa reference oil obtained using the conventional Fischer assay procedure. The retort was also used to study the composition of pyrolysate produced over narrow sequential temperature ranges to provide a better understanding of retort processes and pyrolysis mechanisms. Solvent extracts of the Duaringa lamosites contain a homologous series of linear alkanals not previously reported in Australian oil shales. Following their characterisation in the Duaringa bitumen (based on mass-spectral data and retention-index values) these aldehydes were subsequently detected in extracts from other Australian oil shale deposits. The possible origins and significance of these and other components found in oil shale bitumen are discussed in relation to the source, environment of deposition, maturation and bio-degradation of the kerogen comprising these deposits. Results obtained from the pyrolysis-FID procedures for Duaringa were used to characterise (type) the Australian and overseas oil shales on the basis of their relative abilities to generate (type-dependent) quantities of hydrocarbons (oil and gas) from the pyrolysis of their raw shale. For shales comprising type I and II organic matter, hydrocarbon oil and gas yields correlated positively with Fischer assay oil yields, petrographic data, kerogen content and elemental composition. The procedure provides a rapid and inexpensive screening method for the accurate first assessment of the relative oil -generating potential of a given deposit. Retort oils from the upper unit (resource seams) and lower unit (> 1000 m) were analysed by extraction and column chromatography, followed by detailed gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of each of the 19 fractions isolated. Hundreds of compounds were identified and their retention indices calculated where the components eluted as discrete peaks in respective gas chromatograms. Least-squares linear regression analysis of these data allowed retention-index equations to be calculated for a wide variety of different compound classes. Collectively this information provides reference data which should allow comprehensive chemical characterisation of shale oil to be achieved without the need for mass spectrometric analysis of each column fraction. Despite the substantial difference in the depth of burial, the chemical composition of the upperand lower-seam Duaringa shale oils was very similar and found to resemble those from non-carbonaceous seams of other Tertiary Australian deposits (Condor and Rundle). The distribution and relative abundances of some of the isomeric structures encountered in each of them indicate that retort-product concentrations are influenced by relative variations in the thermocatalytic activity of the mineral matrix. Accurate and class-specific quantitative data obtained for Duaringa phenols, nitriles and ketones suggest that these volatile components constitute only a minor portion of the otherwise non-volatile column fractions in which they are found. This implies that gravimetric data published for these compound classes for Condor and Rundle shale oils overestimate their abundance. Data obtained from rapid characterisation techniques were interpreted in relation to the composition of the corresponding retort oils. Advantages and limitations of microscale screening techniques are discussed with reference to results obtained for Duaringa and other Australian oil shale deposits.


The Einstein equations allow solutions containing closed timelike curves. These have generated much puzzlement and suspicion that they could imply paradoxes. I show that puzzlement and paradoxes disappears if we discuss carefully the physics of the irreversible phenomena in the context of these solutions.


Mathematical investigation is presented to examine the magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow of viscous nanofluids bygone a nonlinear stretched plate among cumulative impact of viscous dissipation and Joule heating. Physical formulation produced a system of partial differential equations which are converted into a set of ordinary differential equations through employing suitable similarity variables. For numerical solutions of resulting governing equations of flow, a Keller-box method is addressed. Results of dimensionless velocity and dimensionless temperature for impacts of various nanoparticles types along to water base fluid and for effects of physical parameters namely solid volume fraction, nonlinear stretching parameter, magnetic parameter and Brinkmann number are deliberated via graphs. Additionally, surface shear stress and surface heat flux for selected suitable values of pertinent parameters are computed and explicated via table.


Introduction The job of a bus driver in public transport is characterised by an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. The present project has been focused on investigating the cardiovascular response to professional duties and work-related stress in public transport drivers with treated and untreated arterial hypertension vs the drivers with normal blood pressure values. Methods The study group were 61 drivers aged 37–58 years. Thirty of them had a hypertension: 15 subjects received systematic treatment and the other 15 had no hypotensive therapy. Normal BP values were found in 31 subjects. All the subjects had general medical examination, responded to a questionnaire regarding the risk factors and symptoms of hypertension, had 24 hour heart rate and blood pressure monitoring. The subjects were asked to write all the stressful situations at work while the monitoring of the haemodynamic functions was proceeding. Results Seventy-five conditions with different level of stresogenicity were identified and appropriate BP and HR values from the monitoring records were assigned. The statistical methods included analysis of variance and logistic regression model. The results revealed that in subjects with untreated arterial hypertension, the cardiovascular response to stressogenic conditions consisted in a higher increase in systolic BP (180/113 mm Hg) than in those with normal BP (144/94 mm Hg) or receiving hypotensive treatment (153/101 mm Hg); (p<0.01). Discussion The bus drivers' job was characterised by a high level of work-related stress. Therefore, it's necessary to undertake preventive measures to reduce the level of stress, e.g. by training in stress coping and conflict solving strategies and to periodically perform long-term monitoring of arterial blood pressure in the workers at risk. The study points to a high significance of the hypotensive therapy which, when combined with a healthy lifestyle, ensures a better tolerance of stressogenic conditions of the bus driver's job.


We introduce a non-local graph attention network (NLGAT), which generates a novel global descriptor through two sub-networks for robust 3D shape classification. In the first sub-network, we capture the global relationships between points (i.e., point-point features) by designing a global relationship network (GRN). In the second sub-network, we enhance the local features with a geometric shape attention map obtained from a global structure network (GSN). To keep rotation invariant and extract more information from sparse point clouds, all sub-networks use the Gram matrices with different dimensions as input for working with robust classification. Additionally, GRN effectively preserves the low-frequency features and improves the classification results. Experimental results on various datasets exhibit that the classification effect of the NLGAT model is better than other state-of-the-art models. Especially, in the case of sparse point clouds (64 points) with noise under arbitrary SO(3) rotation, the classification result (85.4%) of NLGAT is improved by 39.4% compared with the best development of other methods.


Stable semiconductor photoelectrodes for water-splitting often exhibit long absorption lengths and poor properties for the efficient separation and transport of photogenerated charges. We propose a combination of resonant and geometric light trapping for thin film, mesostructured α-Fe2O3 photoanodes to engineer enhanced light management and increase the photocurrent density. Simulations of the electromagnetic wave propagation on accurate mesostructures were used to optimize the semiconductor film thickness and the electrode morphology for maximum light absorption. Local photocurrent densities at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface were calculated via a probabilistic charge collection model. The findings of the numerical model were translated into photoanodes by a novel fabrication process based on template-stripping. The developed experimental platform is versatile and enables to fabricate electrodes with various shapes and precise control on the mesostructure. We successfully demonstrated the fabrication of α-Fe2O3 photoanodes with arrays of wedge structures in the micrometer range on a flexible substrate that benefits from resonant and geometric light trapping.


Background Chronic ankle instability is a frequently reported residual pathology which occurs as a result of an initial ankle sprain. Although tape is a commonly used treatment modality, the precise mechanism of efficacy of tape remains unclear. Objective To evaluate the effect of taping on ankle joint landing kinematics during a jump landing protocol in subjects with chronic ankle instability. Design Repeated measures. Setting Laboratory setting. Participants Twenty-eight participants with chronic ankle instability (10 men and 18 women, age = 22.3 ± 3.0 years, height = 1.73 ± 0.10 m, body mass = 71.0 ± 10.6 kg, FADI = 88.2 ± 7.2%, FADI-S = 69.0 ± 9.6%) participated in this study. Participants were characterised by an initial ankle sprain prohibiting sports participation for at least 3 weeks, episodes of "giving way", repetitive ankle sprains, feelings of instability and weakness around the ankle joint. Interventions The taping procedure consisted of a double figure-of-8 and a medial heel lock. Main outcome measurements Unilateral ankle joint 3D kinematics were registered with an eight-camera optoelectronic setup during a forward and side jump with and without tape. After each task, difficulty level and subjective instability at the ankle was documented using a visual analogue scale. Statistical parametric mapping was used to assess the intervention effect of tape on mean joint angles over the entire impact phase from 200 ms prior to 200 ms post landing (normalised to 100% with touch down at 50%). Results For both the forward and side jump, a less plantar flexed position (respectively from 25%–55%, and 45%–53%), a more everted position (respectively from 30%–45%, and 30%–55%) and a less abducted position (respectively from 0%–15%, and 5%–22%) were found for the taped condition (p < 0.05). The subjective instability level significantly decreased (p < 0.05) when taped, whereas perceived difficulty level was not influenced. Conclusions The taping protocol significantly altered ankle joint kinematics and improved the subjective stability level in subjects with chronic ankle instability.


Cardiac arrest results in global hypoxic-ischemic brain injury from which there is a range of possible neurological outcomes. In most cases, patients may require a surrogate to make decisions regarding end-of-life care, including the withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies. This article reviews ethical considerations that arise in the clinical care of patients following cardiac arrest, including decisions to continue or withdraw life-sustaining therapies; brain death determination; and organ donation in the context of brain death and cardiac death (so-called non–heart-beating donation). This article also discusses ethical concerns pertaining to the design and conduct of resuscitation research that is necessary for the development of effective therapies to prevent anoxic brain injury or promote neurological recovery.


Rhyming slang (RS) sprang to life in mid-19th century London when it was first recorded by Ducange Anglicus (1857) together with other unusual forms of slang, such as back slang and Polari. In the period of extensive British emigration to the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, this special type of lexis was also carried around the world — though in much less regular distribution than might have been expected on the basis of shared socioeconomic colonial histories. Three types of development were possible:1. individual RS items might survive (and possibly acquire new meanings);2. they might die out, leaving a historical record of their extraterritorial existence at best;3. they might prompt local fashions, imitating the pattern but creating new words.The phenomenon of RS has found various references in books on national Englishes (such as those by Baker (1970), but significantlyless so in Ramson (1966) and Mencken (1977)); however, it has never been explored on a contrastive level. Such an approach hasbecome more feasible today now that the set of historical dictionaries of English is complete following the publication of the worksedited by Silva (1996), Ramson (1988) and Orsman (1997) — even though slang is badly documented, since it was notalways considered worthy of inclusion in general dictionaries.


Progress report of the Argonne National Laboratory's Nuclear Technology Programs, including R&D in three areas: applied physical chemistry, separation science and technology, and nuclear waste management.


BACKGROUND
Understanding how the age of dementia symptom onset affects the longitudinal course of dementia can assist with prognosis and care planning.

OBJECTIVE
To synthesize evidence regarding the relationship of age of symptom onset with the longitudinal course of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).

METHODS
We searched Medline, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus for longitudinal studies that examined the impact of sporadic AD, VaD, or FTD symptom onset age on measures of cognition, function, or behavioral symptoms. Studies that examined age at diagnosis only were excluded. Quantitative meta-analysis was conducted where studies reported sufficient data for pooling.

RESULTS
Thirty studies met all inclusion criteria (people with AD (n = 26), FTD (n = 4)) though no studies examined VaD. Earlier onset of AD was associated with more rapid annual cognitive decline (estimate = -0.07; 95% CI -0.14 to 0.00; p = 0.045). Most studies that stratified their sample reported that younger AD onset (usually <  65 years) was associated with more rapid cognitive decline. Other evidence was inconclusive.

CONCLUSION
Younger people with AD appear to have a poorer prognosis in terms of faster cognitive decline than older people with AD. More research is required to determine the impact of symptom onset age in VaD and FTD, and on functional decline in all dementias.


The thesis first provides an in-depth review of the relevant literature on innovation processes, the social shaping of technology, and on standardisation. In addition, the crucial term 'user' is thoroughly discussed. This review serves as the framework within which subsequent analyses will be placed. Subsequently, a brief account of the methodology applied to compile the primary data is given. As a major part of the survey was done via e-mail, this also includes a discussion of the pros and cons of this medium for doing survey research. Some rather more 'technical' background material is provided in chapter four. The formal processes adopted by the standards setting bodies represented in the study are briefly described, and the functionalities of the two messaging standards looked at (i.e. the ITU-T X.400 and X.500 series of recommendations on e-mail and the directory service, respectively) are outlined. The remaining chapters present an analysis of the compiled data, and offer some conclusions. In particular, I discuss to what extent corporate users' requirements on messaging services are met, and identify the remaining gaps. Different categories of 'strategies' for the introduction of an electronic mail service in an organisational environment are identified; these are reviewed as well. Subsequently, some issues surrounding the standardisation process are addressed. The initial idea of this process is developed into a more realistic model, largely based on comments made by committee members in the survey. User participation in this process is another focus; the associated pros and cons, as perceived by different stakeholders, are presented and discussed. Finally, I attempt to form a coherent picture out of the various topics addressed so far. The existing relations between innovation theory, user requirements, introduction strategies, and standardisation processes are pointed out, and some conclusions that can be drawn from these relations are presented. In particular, a new model of the standardisation process is introduced, and its benefits and potential problems are discussed. This model takes into account the different aspects discussed previously.


The relationship between artist and participant is central to community arts. It is the nature of this relationship that defines the art form and distinguishes it from mainstream artistic practice. Participation, access, engagement and collaboration are keys to this successful relationship and are concepts that have been identified as integral to the practice throughout the development of community arts (Hawkins, 1993). Theorising community arts through the lens of gift exchange is one way to examine the uniqueness of the artist and participant relationship and its capacity to build community through artistic and social exchanges. Artistic relationships between participants in community arts may be built over years and decades of practice, and the case study organisation presented in this article, Bankstown Youth Development Service, is one example of how career trajectories are developed through community arts. This case study shows that there is a distinct need for more longitudinal studies and evaluations of community artists and organisations, as they offer an illuminating view of the value and effects of community arts beyond immediate economic, artistic or social outcomes.


While people's views about science are related to identity factors (e.g. political orientation) and to knowledge of scientific theories, knowledge about how science works in general also plays an important role. To test this claim, we administered two detailed assessments about the practices of science to a demographically representative sample of the US public (N = 1500), along with questions about the acceptance of evolution, climate change, and vaccines. Participants' political and religious views predicted their acceptance of scientific claims, as in prior work. But a greater knowledge of the nature of science and a more mature view of how to mitigate scientific disagreements each related positively to acceptance. Importantly, the positive effect of scientific thinking on acceptance held regardless of participants' political ideology or religiosity. Increased attention to developing people's knowledge of how science works could thus help to combat resistance to scientific claims across the political and religious spectrum.


Speakers of English often understand ethnic and racial differences in terms of food imagery. It is quite common in this language to encounter metaphors presenting different groups of people in terms of beans, rice, bread, cheese, apples or chocolate. Given the cognitive and social force of metaphor in our understanding of the world and of ourselves as well as the important role language plays as a channel through which ideas and beliefs are transmitted and perpetuated, such food images may offer a window on the (de)construction of ethnic identi-ties and, ultimately, hide racist views against others who are different because of their skin color, physical features, languages and, obviously, diets.


Approximately 15% of couples in the United States (U.S.) suffer from infertility. Existing infertility treatments and alternate paths to parenthood, such as adoption, are available but financially inaccessible and require self-payment. Although organizations such as the American Medical Association (AMA) and World Health Organization (WHO) classify infertility as a disease, the U.S. has not federally mandated insurance coverage for infertility. Currently, only 15 states require insurance companies to offer some type of fertility benefit and these requirements vary across states.
This paper discusses the need to federally mandate insurance coverage for infertility in the U.S. Infertility not only causes devastating outcomes for individual families, but affects nearly all demographics across the world. However, national legislation on infertility coverage continues to fail the many couples who suffer from this condition. The paper concludes with implications for social work practice and recommends ways social workers can support this policy movement. Social workers have an ethical duty  not only to address clients' mental and emotional needs, but also to be at the frontlines of policy and to advocate for federal insurance coverage for clients who desperately want to realize their dream of conceiving a child.


The aim of this study was to investigate some of the most important ecological features of the Hackberry trees in Guilan forests. Data was collected using 25 and 20 plots (Rezvanshahr and Tanean sites, respectively) based on the presence and absence of Hackberry. The inventory was selective sampling method. A circular sample plot with an area of 1000 m was used. Some geographical and ecological characteristics of each sample plot and some quantitative factors of the Hackberry trees were recorded. Soil samples were collected from the center of all plots at the depth of 0-30 cm. The results revealed that the average diameter and height of Hackberry trees in the south aspect of Tanean was more than Rezvanshahr site, and significant differences were observed between two sites. But there was no significant difference in other aspects. Highest percentage presence of Hackberry trees was on slope ranges from 31% to 50%. In addition, the results showed that the values of nitrogen, organic carbon and organic matter were positively correlated with Hackberry, and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and P were negatively correlated with them.


The title, Let Us Face the Future, comes from the Labour Party's slogan for their 1945 electoral campaign, which culminated in the unexpected defeat of the Conservatives led by Winston Churchill. The incoming Labour government established the welfare state in the UK, bringing about changes in British society which eventually led to the explosion of creativity and freedom of 1960s London; David Hockney's daring exploration of his sexuality, the sculptural revolution led by Anthony Caro, and the optical paintings of Bridget Riley. Other influential artists included in the exhibition are Eduardo Paolozzi, a Scot of Italian origin who with Bunk, a series of collages started in 1952, anticipated what would come to be Pop Art, and Richard Hamilton, creator of the 1956 collage Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing, which is considered to be the first work of the British Pop movement.


A novel dinuclear Cu(OAc)2-anchored SBA-15 catalyst was synthesized by simple proton exchange of a carboxyl functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 silica with Cu(OAc)2 in water. XAFS and EPR spectra were utilized to probe its structure. Such a Cu(II) solid material exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction in water without addition of either reductant or base.


H. T. Kirby-Smith uses Santayana s 1936 novel, "The Last Puritan, "as both an occasion and a means for bringing into focus the complex relations between Santayana s life, his personality, and his philosophy. Opening with an account of Santayana s various literary styles and arguing for the significance of Santayana s writing of philosophy as literature, Kirby-Smith notes that Santayana saw the rational life as a continual adjustment and accommodation of contradictory claims. And he saw a literary style as an accommodation of the author to the reader.Chapters 2 through 5 provide the philosophical background for a consideration of "The Last Puritan, "summarizing exactly how Santayana assimilated other philosophies into his own.Chapters 6 and 7 incorporate Santayana s three-volume autobiography, his letters and memoirs, and biographical studies by others into a psychological portrait of the author. All of this is in preparation for chapters 8 and 9, which focus on "The Last Puritan. "Kirby-Smith closes with a chapter that serves as a legal brief in defense of the author against the harsh, sometimes malicious attacks of his critics."


The use of the molecular mechanics AMBER force field (FF) to predict product profiles for the hydroxylation of the monoterpenes 1R-camphor, 1S-camphor, 1R-norcamphor, 1S-norcamphor and camphane by the enzyme cytochrome P450cam from the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida was investigated. Predictions were carried out by applying multiple substrate (starting) orientations in the enzyme pocket in two procedures: a procedure based on molecular dynamics (MD) and a procedure based on short MD simulations followed by geometry optimisations. The latter (GO) procedure is faster and enabled the use of more monoterpene starting orientations. Monoterpene orientations were transformed into product profiles by applying both energetic and geometrical criteria appropriate for the (monoterpene) hydrogen abstraction reaction. Good predictions compared to experimental data were obtained for most compounds in both the MD and GO procedures. Prior to the product profile calculations, the FF was calibrated by reproducing the experimental data for the binding energy of 1R-camphor and 1S-camphor to P450cam and the energy of vaporisation of water. Focus of the calibration was on the value for the scaling factor for the electrostatic interactions.


The structural and optical properties of ten-stack InAs/GaAsSb quantum dots (QDs) with different spacer layer thicknesses (ds = 2, 5, 10, and 15 nm) are reported. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the strain relaxation of the GaAsSb spacers increases linearly from 0% to 67% with larger ds due to higher elastic stress between the spacer and GaAs matrix. In addition, the dislocation density in the spacers with ds = 10 nm is lowest as a result of reduced residual strain. The photoluminescence peak energy from the QDs does not change monotonically with increasing ds due to the competing effects of decreased compressive strain and weak electronic coupling of stacked QD layers. The QD structure with ds = 10 nm is demonstrated to have improved luminescence properties and higher carrier thermal stability.


Non-degenerate saturation mutagenesis is critical to library composition both in terms of library size and amino acid representation. Unlike conventional methodologies,non-degeneracy permits equal representation of all encoded amino acids and effectively eliminates termination codons from saturated positions. We have previously described both 'MAX' randomisation, which saturates physically separated codons and 'ProxiMAX' randomisation, which saturates contiguous codons. Both allow the additional advantage of encoding only required amino acids without reference to codon sequence, but their methodologies are quite different. Whilst MAX randomisation employs a manual process of selectional hybridisation between individual oligonucleotides and a conventionally-randomised template, ProxiMAX relies on saturation cycling; repeated cycles of blunt-ended ligation, Type IIS restriction and PCR amplification. MAX randomisation is thus typically employed in the research laboratory to engineer active sites of enzymes (or α-helices within other proteins), whilst ProxiMAX is now a chiefly commercial, automated process employed in antibody engineering. Here we present the application of MAX randomisation to engineer libraries of Armadillo Repeat Proteins (ArmRPs), α-helical proteins that selectively bind extended peptides. We have utilised the MAX randomisation technique to engineer ArmRPs for the generation of gene libraries encoding multiple repeat modules, saturating seven positions and encoding between 4 and 18 amino acids within each location, achieving excellent correlation between the design and observed specifications. We also present early developments to extend MAX randomisation into the realm of multiple contiguous codons.


Designing responsive visualizations for various screen types can be tedious as authors must manage multiple chart versions across design iterations. Automated approaches for responsive visualization must take into account the user's need for agency in exploring possible design ideas and applying customizations based on their own goals. We design and implement Dupo, a mixed-initiative approach to creating responsive visualizations that combines the agency afforded by a manual interface with automation provided by a recommender system. Given an initial design, users can browse automated design suggestions for a different screen type and make edits to a chosen design, thereby supporting quick prototyping and customizability. Dupo employs a two-step recommender pipeline that frst suggests signifcant design changes (Exploration) followed by more subtle changes (Alteration). We evaluated Dupo with six expert responsive visualization authors. While creating responsive versions of a source design in Dupo, participants could reason about different design suggestions without having to manually prototype them, and thus avoid prematurely fxating on a particular design. This process led participants to create designs that they were satisfed with but which they had previously overlooked.


Purpose: The purpose of this study is to enhance the common knowledge of luminescent road markings, and how they affect the driver compared to conventional road markings. The quest is to succeed a study on luminescent road markings and if it can be adapted to a Nordic climate.Method: The chosen methods for this degree are interview, field trips, document analysis and some own experiments. The interviews have been used to get answers from professionals about unpublished facts. The experiments were necessary to find out how the LumiPaint works in real conditions.Findings: The LumiPaint does not reflect light in the same way as a conventional road marking, therefore it was necessary to apply glass crystals. Another finding is that the colour of the paint has a tint of green, and must be approved by the Wien convention (1968) before it can be applied to the road surface. Also the level of resistance from studded tire caused by abrasion must been improved.With today's standard the LumiPaint is not a better alternative compared to the conventional road markings, but it has great potential to advance in the future.Implications: The visibility of luminicent road markings is good in dark conditions, but the perceived experience disappears when car light hit the markings. Despite that, the paint is suitable to be placed on the inner curve on road cross section, or in though curves in general. This could be helpful for drivers with long vehicles to decide the position on the road surface and navigate by looking in the mirrors. Limitations: The test plates that have been used during the experiments, was made by limited equipment, and probably a more precise result could be accomplished by using more professional equipment and methods.Keywords: Luminicent road markings, LumiPaint, luminicent paint, reflexion


Abstract The purpose of the article is to present the possible regimes of bank resolution in the euro system and to highlight open questions concerning additional capital buffers and the valuation of assets according to the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD). The bail-in tool is used to write down or to convert certain liabilities with the purpose of restoring the capital adequacy. The valuation exercise would determine the amount of loss absorbtion to restore viability of the institution and capital adequacy. The bridge bank tool offers deeper restructuring powers to the competent resolution authority. Sale of the business tool is actually a variation of the bridge bank tool, enabling the resolution authority to transfer assets and liabilities to investors. The asset separation tool always is combined with another tool. The write-down is not a resolution tool, as it affects equity, while a bail-in tool goes further to other subordinated debt and senior debt. It is possible to establish additional resolution tools in the national legislation, as long as these tools are compatible with the principles of directive and national legislation in order to support cross-border group resolution. The issue of bank overregulation and the ability to meet the requirements without negative effects on the economy is emphasized.


Multispectral photometric stereo (MPS) aims at recovering the surface normal of a scene from a single-shot multispectral image captured under multispectral illuminations. Existing MPS methods adopt the Lambertian reflectance model to make the problem tractable, but it greatly limits their application to real-world surfaces. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network named NeuralMPS to solve the MPS problem under non-Lambertian spectral reflectances. Specifically, we present a spectral reflectance decomposition model to disentangle the spectral reflectance into a geometric component and a spectral component. With this decomposition, we show that the MPS problem for surfaces with a uniform material is equivalent to the conventional photometric stereo (CPS) with unknown light intensities. In this way, NeuralMPS reduces the difficulty of the non-Lambertian MPS problem by leveraging the well-studied non-Lambertian CPS methods. Experiments on both synthetic and real-world scenes demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.


Sofia Gubaidulina: A Biography. By Michael Kurtz. (Russian Music Studies.) First English edition, revised and expanded. Edited by Malcolm Hamrick Brown, translated by Christoph K. Lohmann. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007. [xviii, 335 p. ISBN-13: 9780253349071. $39.95.] Illustrations, bibliographical references, index, list of works. Indiana University Press's Russian Music Studies series, founded by Malcolm H. Brown, continues to do an important and unique service in America by publishing translations of significant texts on Russian music, both new and old (the only contemporary equivalent is Ernst Kuhn's series Studia slavica musicologica in Germany). The English translation of Michael Kurtz's "authorized" biography of Sofia Gubaidulina, originally published in German in 2001, is one of the most recent of these (Michael Kurtz, Sofia Gubaidulina: Eine Biografie [Stutt gart: Urachhaus, 2001]). This version of Kurtz's biography provides a useful, readable introduction to Gubaidulina's life, especially for those without knowledge of either Russian or German, and helps establish a good basis for future study of the composer. However, though an important-even indispensable-document for those wishing to learn more about Gubaidulina's life, times, and music, Kurtz's biography is not without its own limitations, chief among them its lack of critical engagement with many of the topics he raises and his insufficient scholarly apparatus. Furthermore, Kurtz does not treat Gubaidulina's music in any detail, providing only capsule descriptions for most pieces (there are no music examples in the book save for a page from Vivente non vivente). The virtues and problems of Kurtz's biography both stem from the fact that, as he notes in the introduction, Gubaidulina "authorized this biography and read the entire manuscript" (p. xviii). Not surprisingly, throughout there is an absence of objective perspective on Gubaidulina. As Nigel Osborne remarked of Kurtz's earlier, generally well-received biography of Karlheinz Stockhausen, "It is less a critical biography, than a partisan appraisal" (Nigel Osborne, review of Michael Kurtz, Stockhausen: Eine Biographie [Kassel: Barenreiter, 1988], Tempo no. 171 [December 1989]: 38; the book was later published in English as Stock hausen: a biography, trans. Richard Toop [London: Faber, 1992]). That being said, Gubaidulina was Kurtz's primary source for the book, and her imprimatur doubtless proved crucial for facilitating the countless interviews Kurtz conducted with her family, friends, colleagues, and acquaintances that form his most important layer of evidence. Kurtz tirelessly tracked down seemingly every major figure (and many minor ones as well) associated with the composer, both in Russia and other republics from the former Soviet Union as well as in Europe, the United States, and Japan (as someone who has done his own share of interviewing in the former USSR, I can imagine how difficult this was logistically, financially, and intellectually). The results are invaluable for the light they shed on Gubaidulina's personality, creative process, and the compositional history and reception of specific works. Particularly illuminating are those reminiscences that reveal Gubaidulina's personal and creative "determination, . . . strength, and . . . calmness" in poet Gennadiy Aygi's words (p. 100; see also Mark Liando's remarks on p. 30, Valentina Kholopova's on p. 46, and Kalevi Aho's on pp. 181-82). Interesting too are details about Gubaidulina's brushes with the KGB because of her second husband Kolya (Nikolai) Bokov's samizdat activities (pp. 107-09, 62-63, 68, and 88), and her self-proclaimed "Party loyalist" father's poignant rejection of her music after Tikhon Khrennikov denounced it in 1979 (pp. 145-46). Most of Kurtz's interviews are cited properly (with date and interview location), yet only once in his entire endnotes (p. 296, chapter 2, note 10) does he directly refer to one of his "many conversations" with Gubaidulina that reportedly took place between 1990 and the present translation, although in this specific case no date is given (Kurtz discusses his interviews with Gubaidulina for the book on p. …


The ability to write well is not a naturally acquired skill. It is learned in formal instructional settings or other environments. Writing skills must be practiced and learned through experience. In second language writing class, learners are confronted by planned intervention through skills specified in the curriculum. Learners may feel comfortable writing in their first language but writing in the second language is not always favoured by learners. The system of the learners' first language, the medium they have grown up with always interfere in their writing ability. Kaplan, (1996) stated that the learners' native culture or predisposition of one's native language and the way they think do influence their competency when writing in the second language. Social and cognitive factors of a learner also affect the rate of second language learning which ultimately affect the writing ability. This Case Study investigates the factors that affect the writing ability of Year Six pupils in English. This study was carried out in a school where 95 percent of the class population who come from the same speech community and they share common problems pertaining to composition writing. The result showed that the factors that affect the pupils' ability to write in English were the interference of their first language that was brought into writing in English. There was also clear relationship between cognitive ability and language performance in English among the respondents.


Due to the potential for Decompression Illness (DCI) to cause permanent or fatal injuries patients experiencing significant DCI symptoms while SCUBA diving on offshore reefs often require urgent helicopter aeromedical transfer to a specialist hyperbaric treatment facility. During these transfers patients are placed supine in a rescue litter (winch basket) for winching up to the helicopter and remain supine in the litter for the duration of the flight. The litter is secured directly to the cabin floor exposing patients to the high level of vibrations generated by the helicopter.

The risks associated with exposing patients to the high levels of vibration experienced during helicopter retrieval are not understood and consequently there is no existing policy or recommendation for the safe transport of patients with respect to the levels of vibration experienced during helicopter transport. This is despite research showing that the human body is vulnerable to the range of vibration frequencies commonly found in helicopters. A number of researchers have highlighted the potential risks and recommended studying the effects in clinical laboratory trials however this has not transpired due to the unavailability of a suitable vibration simulator capable of reproducing the vibrations experienced by a patient during actual retrieval.

Helicopter vibrations are characterised as three-dimensional, tonal, time-varying and broad spectrum with a high root-mean-squared (Armstrong) average level and a high crest factor making them difficult to generate artificially. Consequently recommended practice for vibration testing of helicopter instrumentation is to use real pre-recorded vibration data to drive the simulator however this data is not publicly available and will need to be recorded as part of the development of a simulator. The ideal simulator for use in clinical trials studying the effects of helicopter vibrations on retrieval patients would therefore accommodate a test subject supine in a rescue litter and reproduce pre-recorded real vibrations.

This thesis presents the results of research into the feasibility of creating a helicopter patient retrieval vibration simulation system which both records real patient vibration data during actual helicopter winching and retrieval and reproduces the vibration experience in a laboratory vibration simulator that can be located adjacent to a hyperbaric chamber. The research showed that the system was feasible and resulted in two operational systems. The first records tri-axial vibrations at the head, waist and feet of a patient supine in a rescue litter during winching and retrieval and the second is a vibration simulator which reproduces vertical axis vibrations for a patient supine in a rescue litter. The system is initially being applied to clinical trials studying the effects of transport induced vibrations on persons suffering from Decompression Illness (DCI). There are four main contributions from this thesis:

Firstly, the development of a vibration measurement system which attaches to the underside of a helicopter rescue litter and records real patient vibration data during all flight modes including winching. The system is non-invasive allowing the rescue litter to be safely moved into the cabin at the top of a winching operation. Vibrations are sensed using three tri-axial Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) accelerometer sensors mounted in a protective void under the rescue litter. The sensors are aligned with the lateral, longitudinal and vertical axes and situated under the patients head, waist and feet. Simultaneous sampling of the nine vibration channels allows for comparison of the vibrations at the head, waist & feet and reconstruction of the vibrations in three dimensions. The system has been tested in a Bell 412 rescue helicopter and the recorded vibrations have been verified against manufacturer's data and vibration levels published in the literature.

Secondly, is the use of low-cost Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) accelerometers as vibration sensors. MEMS accelerometers offer the advantages of being low cost, low power and low profile however their use as vibration sensors is not established as they require individual calibration by the user and some researchers have reported non-ideal frequency response characteristics. Their low profile makes them ideal for this application as it allows the sensors to be safely mounted in the protective void under the rescue litter making the system less vulnerable to damage during movement of the litter. The thesis presents the detailed development of the MEMS based sensors including the procedure that was used for their calibration.

Thirdly, is an algorithm which allows high speed continuous streaming of data to an SD card from a low-power 8-bit microcontroller by means of a serial interface. The algorithm uses three techniques to improve the data streaming rate. It begins at initialisation by erasing sufficient space on the SD card to store all the data for the test and then creating a single contiguous test file in the file allocation table linked list. During recording data is then written in whole segments to the next physical SD card memory segment without reference to the file allocation table. The algorithm is a critical part of the vibration measurement system enabling non-volatile storage of the measured data.

Finally, the design and development of a vibration simulator capable of supporting a subject lying supine in a rescue litter and reproducing the real vibrations recorded by the vibration measurement system. Powerful electrodynamic shakers provide the vibratory force ensuring high fidelity of reproduction. The simulator will allow clinical trials into the effects of vibrations on patients during helicopter winching and retrieval.


The whole of Norbert Elias's work is characterized by an attempt to overcome those effects of the Western thought development that are at the basis of knowledge specialization and of the consequent fragmentation of disciplinary items. Many are the examples: from the famous theory of civilization to the reflection on time; from the pages on the production and reproduction of social inequalities to notes on the human condition; from the considerations on death to the role of emotions in the dynamics of power and social action; not to mention those essays which specifically deal with the relationship between sociology and other human sciences. One can constantly see the attempt to carry on the analysis as close as possible to the concrete reality, through a vision of holistic knowledge where different disciplinary approaches and key concepts are interwoven. While keeping in the background those aspects which epistemologically emerge as milestones of the Eliasian approach - the refusal of dichotomous knowledge (nature/culture; individual/society; order/change; psychogenesis and sociogenesis); the need for a processual perspective in the analysis of social phenomena; the relationship between reason and emotion - the article deals with the issue of distinctive forms and figurations of human beings acting in a historical period characterized by the nuclear threat. The focus is on three closely related aspects, which bring out a kind of Eliasian theory of human acting, characterized by multidisciplinary elements and contributions. The first is that of the survival unit, a concept through which one can address the issue of motivations and of different modes of acting. The second is the role of power, or rather of changing power balance, in the determination of different forms of human interdependence. The third is the particular mode of acting that is a conflicting one, with specific reference to the distinctive form of conflict interdependence proper to the nuclear age.


A periodic acid aqueous solution has been shown to remove thermally unstable hydrocarbons from silicon surfaces resulting in residual hydrocarbon concentrations which are much lower than those after RCA cleaning. Bonded pairs of silicon wafers cleaned in the periodic acid solution prior to bonding generate no bubbles after annealing at any temperature. The powerful oxidizing reaction of periodic acid solution with hydrocarbons is believed to be responsible for the performance. Periodic acid solution is environmentally friendly, hazard-free, and compatible to mainstream semiconductor technology.


This paper describes a method of treatment for impaired function when pain is the factor responsible for the loss of motion or power. The treatment is the application of a surface anesthetic (ethyl chloride spray) combined with active motion. DEVELOPMENT OF THE TREATMENT In 1933 a gymnastic teacher—Heinz Kowalsky— suggested that treatment of sprains and pulled muscles by immobilization was not satisfactory to active sportsmen. He said that professional sportsmen had found by experience that immediate active motion after any such injury provided the quickest cure. He further told me that he usually advised his pupils to rub their injured joints with alcohol and expose them to live steam for a time. Numbness of the joint was said to result, and active motion was started as soon as this numbness set in. The result of this treatment was said to be satisfactory and superior to treatment by immobilization. I tried


1 Large‐seeded species have long been known to have higher survivorship during establishment than small‐seeded species. Here, we assessed the size of this advantage by compiling published data on survival through seedling emergence, seedling establishment and sapling establishment. 2 We found no relationship between seed mass and survival through the transition from viable seed in or on the soil to newly emerged seedlings (P = 0.47, n = 33 species). 3 Synthesis of data from experimental studies on the advantages of large‐seeded species establishing under particular hazards (such as shade, drought or herbivory) confirmed that seedlings of large‐seeded species perform better than those of small‐seeded species in most situations. However, the magnitude of this advantage was not sufficient to counterbalance the greater number of seeds produced by small‐seeded species m−2 of canopy outline year−1. 4 Synthesis of data from field studies of populations under natural conditions also showed that large‐seeded species have higher survival through early seedling establishment than small‐seeded species (P = 0.006, n = 112 species). However, the magnitude of this advantage would only be sufficient to counterbalance the greater number of seeds produced by small‐seeded species m−2 of canopy outline year−1 if mortality continued at the same rate for some time. 5 The time required for a species with 10‐fold larger seeds to recoup the advantage gained by a smaller‐seeded species during seed production ranged from 8.8 weeks for the smallest seeded species in the data set, up to an implausible 4.2 years for the largest‐seeded species. Thus, while large‐seeded species do have a survival advantage over small‐seeded species during seedling establishment, the available evidence suggests that advantages must also accrue during other stages in the life cycle. One possibility is that the greater seed production of small‐seeded species (m−2 of canopy outline year−1) is partly offset by larger canopies and longer reproductive life spans in large‐seeded species.


ABSTRACT The sigF gene encodes an alternate sigma factor found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related pathogenic mycobacteria. Determination of conditions of sigFexpression is an important step in understanding the conditional gene regulation which may govern such processes as virulence and dormancy in mycobacteria. We constructed an in-frame translationallacZ-kan fusion within the sigF gene to determine the conditions of sigF expression. This reporter construct was expressed from a multicopy plasmid in a strain of BCG harboring an integrated luciferase reporter gene under the control of the mycobacteriophage L5 gp71 promoter. Antibiotic exposure, in particular, ethambutol, rifampin, streptomycin, and cycloserine treatment, increased the level of SigF reporter specific expression in a dose-dependent fashion. The level of SigF reporter specific expression increased over 100-fold in late-stationary-phase growth compared to that in exponential growth. During the exponential phase, SigF specific expression could be induced by a number of other stresses. Anaerobic metabolism induced SigF by greater than 150-fold, particularly in the presence of metronidazole. Cold shock increased the level of SigF specific expression, while heat shock decreased it. Oxidative stress was also an important inducer of SigF specific expression; a greater induction was seen with cumene hydroperoxide than with hydrogen peroxide. Comparisons of bacterial viability as determined by the luciferase assay or by plating serial dilutions revealed that luciferase gp71-dependent activity was an unreliable predictor of the numbers of CFU during stationary-phase growth and anaerobic metabolism. The induction of sigF following antibiotic exposure suggests that this bacterial transcription factor may control genes which are important for mycobacterial persistence in the host during chemotherapy.


In response to the growing demand for low-cost low-power wireless sensor networks and related applications, we develop bit and power loading algorithms that minimize transmit-power for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) under rate and error probability constraints. Our novel algorithms exploit one of three types of channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT): deterministic (per channel realization) for slow fading links, statistical (channel mean) for fast fading links, and quantized (Q-) CSIT whereby a limited number of bits are fed back from the transmitter to the receiver. By adopting average transmit-power as a distortion metric, a channel quantizer is also designed to obtain a suitable form of Q-CSI. Numerical examples corroborate the analytical claims and reveal that significant power savings result even with a few bits of Q-CSIT.


Purpose: The main purpose of this article is to present the views of employee mediators on the importance of the intra-organizational culture of communication in a crisis situation in an organization and employers' use of employee mediation as a way to improve internal communication in the organization and to overcome the crisis within the organization. The main goal of the work is to investigate whether the high communication culture in the organization has a direct impact on the number of labor disputes, and in the case of commencement of employee mediation, at the end of mediation with a settlement/agreement. Design/Methodology/Approach: The article uses qualitative and quantitative research. The research tool was supervised telephone surveys, containing questions and statements about the opinion on the impact of the culture of internal communication in the organization on the occurrence of labor disputes and the course of employee mediation. The survey was preceded by a series of in-depth, unstructured expert interviews with employee mediators. Findings: The higher the culture of internal communication of the organization, the fewer crisis situations in the organization caused by labor disputes, and the greater the chance of reaching a settlement in the event of initiating employee mediation. Practical Implications: The results can be used to build a high culture of internal communication within an organization. The achieved results may turn out to be particularly useful for organizations in crisis situations (such as, for example, labor disputes) and those that want to prevent the emergence of crises in the future. Originality / Value: This study is an initial effort in exploring the intra-organizational culture of communication in the context of employee mediation.


Our working hypothesis was that magnesium (Mg) supplementation modulates plant performance under low water availability and improves drought tolerance in soybean genotypes. Plants of Bônus 8579, M8808 and TMG1180 genotypes were grown under field conditions and subjected to three water stress treatments (control, moderate and severe stress) and three Mg levels [0.9 (low), 1.3 (adequate) and 1.7 cmolc dm-³ (supplementation)]. After 28 days of drought imposition, the growth parameters, osmotic potential, relative water content, leaf succulence, Mg content and photosynthetic pigments were assessed. In general, drought drastically decreased the growth in all genotypes, and the reductions were intensified from moderate to severe stress. Under adequate Mg supply, TMG1180 was the most drought-tolerant genotype among the soybean plants, but Mg supplementation did not improve its tolerance. Conversely, although the M8808 genotype displayed inexpressive responses to drought under adequate Mg, the Mg-supplemented plants were found to have surprisingly better growth performance under stress compared to Bônus 8579 and TMG1180, irrespective of drought regime. The improved growth of high Mg-treated M8808-stressed plants correlated with low osmotic potential and increased relative water content, as well as shoot Mg accumulation, resulting in increased photosynthetic pigments and culminating in the highest drought tolerance. The results clearly indicate that Mg supplementation is a potential tool for alleviating water stress in M8808 soybean plants. Our findings suggest that the enhanced Mg-induced plant acclimation resulted from increased water content in plant tissues and strategic regulation of Mg content and photosynthetic pigments.


This longitudinal study, with urban and rural preschool children, examines the relationship between executive function (EF) and mathematics. A panel of direct and indirect measures of EF were used to determine which EF measures were most predictive and a measure of mathematics assessed both numeracy and geometry skill. One hundred eighteen children, ages 39 to 68 months, and their preschool teachers were included, with assessments given twice, about six months apart. EF measures were compared by the amount of variance in mathematics skill each claimed, including the influence of a child's age, gender, and rural-urban context. Results suggest the child's age determines if a panel of direct EF measures is a better predictor of numeracy and geometry skills than the use of a single EF measure. Different EF measures were more strongly related to numeracy versus geometry at Time 1 and Time 2. Differences unrelated to income were found between rural and urban children on numeracy skill but not geometry skill. These results are particularly important to state and regional early childhood directors who work across urban and rural areas, legislators and policymakers, teachers and parents.


Examining the blues genre by region, and describing the differences unique to each, make this a must-have for music scholars and lay readers alike.
 A melding of many types of music such as ragtime, spiritual, jug band, and other influences came together in what we now call the blues. Blues: A Regional Experience is the most comprehensive and up-to-date reference book of blues performers yet published, correcting many errors in the existing literature.
 Arranged mainly by ecoregions of the United States, this volume traces the history of blues from one region to another, identifying the unique sounds and performers of that area. Each section begins with a brief introduction, including a discussion of the region's culture and its influence on blues music. Chapters take an in-depth look at blues styles from the following regions: Virginia and the tidewater area, Carolinas and the Piedmont area, the Appalachians and Alabama, the Mississippi Delta, Greater Texas, the Lower Midwest, the Midwest, the Northeast, and California and the West. Biographical sketches of musicians such as B.B. King and T-Bone Walker include parental data and up-to-date biographical information, including full names, pseudonyms, and burial place, when available. The work includes a chapter devoted to the Vaudeville era, presenting much information never before published. A chronology, selected artists' CD discography, and bibliography round out this title for students and music fans.


ABSTRACT This study investigates people's ability to interpret dog behavior. Inability to interpret dog behavior correctly may be a factor contributing to young children's higher likelihood of being bitten by dogs. Children (4- to 10-year-olds) and adults (total n = 550) watched videos of dogs displaying friendly, aggressive, and fearful behavior. They were asked to interpret the dogs' behaviors and to describe which features they had attended to in making their decision. Four- and 6-year-old children were unable to identify fearful dogs, while participants in all age groups were capable of identifying friendly and aggressive behavior (p < 0.001). Misinterpretations of fearful behavior were significantly associated with reports of attending to the dog's face rather than other features (χ2 = 80.2, df = 1, p < 0.001). Four-year-olds were particularly likely to report looking at the dog's face and together with 6-year-olds they focused more on one feature rather than multiple features in order to make their decisions. The results show that younger children are less good at interpreting dog behavior, and that they are particularly poor at recognizing fear in dogs, while aggression is the most readily recognized behavior. Children's lower ability to interpret dog behavior seems to be due to the features they focus on. Younger children appear to focus on the dogs' most salient features and not the features that would allow them to correctly interpret the dogs' behavior. For example, 4- and 6-year-olds tended to report attending to the fearful dog's face rather than its tail and general posture. The results suggest it would be beneficial to include information about how to interpret dog behavior in dog-bite prevention programs.