In order to organize the widely dispersed manuscripts of Walt Whitman, The Walt Whitman Archive, in partnership with the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries, has utilized the power of Encoded Archival Description (EAD) to create a single, scholarly enhanced guide to Whitman's poetry manuscripts. This integrated finding guide to Whitman's poetry manuscripts includes item-level description, links to repository guides that provide both location information and collection context, links to digital images of the manuscripts, and links to Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) transcriptions. In creating such a guide, we had to work cooperatively across disciplines and institutions, expand the use of EAD, and address how best to integrate description and transcription (EAD and TEI files). This essay describes our procedure as we created the integrated guide. From collecting finding aids and creating partnerships with other institutions, to developing a proper encoding standard and establishing good cross-department working relations, our project has embodied many of the benefits and challenges of digital work in the humanities. By identifying our procedures, and by laying out our future hurdles, we hope we can advance knowledge about Whitman and about how scholars and archivists can collaborate effectively to advance research, improve access, and realize the potential of EAD.


A few months ago we reported in preliminary form1the results of complete nitrogen partition studies on three carefully controlled normal cases and five pathological cases of pregnancy. We found that some instances of high ammonia could only be explained on the assumption that the bladder had been contaminated by the use of the catheter, and in one case of eclampsia we were able to demonstrate a marked fall in this constituent of the urine by the simple expedient of thoroughly washing the bladder with boric-acid solution twice in twenty-four hours. Because of the obvious importance of this source of error in judging the significance of such findings, we determined to follow up the practice of washing the bladder whenever a high amount of ammonia was encountered. In all properly conducted metabolism studies on the dog, the twenty-four-hour urines are obtained by catheter, by washing out the


This paper was published online on 5 August 2016 with errors in the author list. The original author list was generated with errors in the labels for secondary affiliations of authors. The labels for the affiliations have been corrected as of 15 March 2017. The labels for the affiliations are incorrect in the printed version of the journal.


ABSTRACT The study examines the changes that Arab families in Israel have undergone over three generations. It focuses on change and preservation in the division of labor between spouses, in the attitudes toward it, and оn how decisions are made in the family. It also examines the factors contributing to the preservation of traditional characteristics and those contributing to change. The study included 378 Moslem and Christian Arab women from three generations (grandmothers, mothers, and daughters). The findings indicate significant changes: the younger the generation is, the less traditional are the attitudes it holds and the more egalitarian the life of the couple is. The factors found to promote change were the woman's education, work outside the home, intensive contacts with the Jewish population, and living near Jewish communities. The factor that was found to contribute most to the preservation of traditional patterns is consensual solidarity with the mother.


The present paper reads David Malouf's 1996 novel The Conversations at Curlow Creek as portraying a vivid and realistic picture of events relating to crime and punishment in colonial Australia in the early nineteenth century. The depiction of death penalty accorded to the bushranger Daniel Carney under the supervision of the Irish sheriff Michael Adair in New South Wales thus resonates with numerous historical accounts of incidents that actually happened. The novel, however, does more than only provide accurate historical representation as it also presents Adair as having undergone a rather dramatic transformation in the process of conversing with Carney before the latter's execution. The paper, drawing on the views of the German philosopher Martin Heidegger, argues that a realization of inevitable mortality, of facing certain death characterizes this change in Adair's nature and worldview. It concludes by suggesting that Adair's acceptance of his finitude intimates of a way of being in the world that not only subverts procedures of administering punishment to convicts in colonial Australia but also indicates the limits of polarized identity politics that shapes the country in the present times.


We have shown previously that bovine heart fructose-6-phosphate 2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (EC 22.214.171.124/126.96.36.199) is phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C; phosphorylation results in activation of kinase. This activation of heart enzyme is in contrast to results with the liver isozyme, in which phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits the kinase activity. As an initial step toward understanding this difference between the isozymes we have determined the DNA sequence of the heart enzyme and analyzed the amino acid sequence with special emphasis on the location of the phosphorylation site. We isolated and sequenced two overlapping cDNA fragments, which together could encode the complete amino acid sequence of bovine heart fructose-6-phosphate 2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, a protein of 530 amino acids, with a calculated molecular weight of 60,679. Since the deduced protein contained amino acid sequences identical to the sequences of four known tryptic peptides from this enzyme we concluded that the deduced protein sequence did represent bovine heart enzyme. In addition, a cDNA fragment hybridized to a 4-kilobase mRNA from bovine heart. The phosphorylation sites of the heart enzyme were located near the C terminus, whereas the phosphorylation site of the liver isozyme is known to be located near the N terminus. These opposite locations of the phosphorylation sites may explain the contrasting effect of the covalent modification on the enzymes' activities.


Abstract Extract Registration of veterinary medicines requires assessment of potential risks of drug use to animal welfare, human health (including residues in produce), trade, and the environment. Some of these can be measured in scientific terms while others are more subjective in nature. In assessing any veterinary medicine, it is useful that the registration authority has access to a body of expertise, able to provide impartial and informed advice. The contribution of the New Zealand veterinary profession to the registration and use of veterinary medicines in New Zealand has been considerable. Regulation of veterinary medicines relies on control of certain substances as one of the pillars of registration, and this reliance is likely to increase in the future.


Diabetes Mellitus describes a metabolic disorder which is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion. Various combination therapies are used to treat metabolic syndrome and includes an antidiabetic drug to control the blood glucose levels, anti-hyperlipidemic drug to control cholesterol and lipid levels. In this study interaction between Sitagliptin phosphate, drug from antidiabetic class i.e. dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor and Atorvastatin calcium other from antihyperlipidemic class i.e. HMG-COA reductase inhibitor was evaluated in Streptozotocin and High-fat diet induced type II diabetic rat model. The combination was selected since Sitagliptin phosphate and Atorvastatin Calcium share a common metabolizing enzyme, CYP3A4, there might be chances of interaction taking place due to the co-administration of the same. Bioanalytical method was developed and validated according to ICH guidelines for evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters. Pharmacodynamic parameters such as Serum glucose, Serum cholesterol, Serum triglyceride levels and other related tests were performed to evaluate interaction at pharmacodynamic level. Results suggest that, at pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic level, this combination treatment can have good application in managing blood glucose level and lipid level as well. Being not affected by the CYP450 metabolisms as when correlated with plasma levels at their particular half-life, we suggest that Sitagliptin phosphate and atorvastatin calcium on simultaneous administration will not lead to cause any toxic effect..


In the present work, we focus on C4YJH2, a protein sequence of 199 amino acid residues, found in the genome of Candida albicans, and suggested to be involved in metal transport. Candida albicans is a member of the normal human microbiome; under certain circumstances that allow it to grow out of control, it can transform into a very dangerous fungal pathogen. The most probable Zn(II) binding domain of this sequence was identified at its C-terminus, a histidine-rich region, well conserved in numerous fungal Zn(II) transporters. The Zn(II) binding behaviour towards the three peptides Ac-FHEHGHSHSHGSGGGGGG-NH2 (residues 131–148), Ac-SHSHSHSHS-NH2 (residues 157–165), and Ac-FHEHGHSHSHGSGGGGGGSDHSGDSKSHSHSHSHS-NH2 (residues 131–165) was explored by means of different thermodynamic and spectroscopic techniques. Cu(II) was also investigated since this endogenous metal can compete with Zn(II) for the same binding sites. The results indicate that the peptides under investigation have the ability to tightly coordinate Zn(II), at physiological pH, thus suggesting that the whole protein sequence can play a role in Zn(II) acquisition and regulation. Cu(II) is able to form even stronger complexes than Zn(II) but it is normally present in very low concentrations in the biological environment. The competition between Zn(II) and Cu(II) could be exploited to impair the Zn(II) acquisition routes of Candida albicans. Among the two binding sites, the affinity of both Zn(II) and Cu(II) is higher for that located at the residues 131–148, although the coordination geometry is rather different for the two metal ions.


Modern automatic multi-electrode survey instruments have made it possible to use non-traditional arrays to maximize the subsurface resolution from electrical imaging surveys. Previous studies have shown that one of the best methods for generating optimized arrays is to select the set of array configurations that maximizes the model resolution for a homogeneous earth model. The Sherman–Morrison Rank-1 update is used to calculate the change in the model resolution when a new array is added to a selected set of array configurations. This method had the disadvantage that it required several hours of computer time even for short 2-D survey lines. The algorithm was modified to calculate the change in the model resolution rather than the entire resolution matrix. This reduces the computer time and memory required as well as the computational round-off errors. The matrix–vector multiplications for a single add-on array were replaced with matrix–matrix multiplications for 28 add-on arrays to further reduce the computer time. The temporary variables were stored in the double-precision Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) registers within the CPU to minimize computer memory access. A further reduction in the computer time is achieved by using the computer graphics card Graphics Processor Unit (GPU) as a highly parallel mathematical coprocessor. This makes it possible to carry out the calculations for 512 add-on arrays in parallel using the GPU. The changes reduce the computer time by more than two orders of magnitude. The algorithm used to generate an optimized data set adds a specified number of new array configurations after each iteration to the existing set. The resolution of the optimized data set can be increased by adding a smaller number of new array configurations after each iteration. Although this increases the computer time required to generate an optimized data set with the same number of data points, the new fast numerical routines has made this practical on commonly available microcomputers.


The purpose of this integrative review was to analyze the current state of the science related to the novice nurse practitioner (NP) transition into primary care. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using the databases Pubmed, MEDLINE, Ovid, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) with the terms nurse practitioner, role, and transition to search articles published after 1997. Three major themes emerged from the literature related to the novice NP transition into primary care. These themes were categorized as "experiencing role ambiguity," "quality of professional and interpersonal relationships," and "facing intrinsic and extrinsic obstacles." Strategies to reduce role ambiguity, improve the quality of professional relationships, and mitigate extrinsic obstacles faced by novice NPs may improve their transition into the primary care workforce. Educational institutions, employers, and novice NPs all have a stake in the successful transition from student to primary care practitioner and should be engaged in developing effective NP transition-to-practice programs.


A family is described with three affected brothers, two of whom were examined, born to consanguineous parent, who in early adult life began to experience ataxia, intention myoclonus, and progressive visual failure. The brothers examined had cherry red spots at the maculae and cataracts. They were of normal intelligence. The intention myoclonus responded partially to treatment with clonazepam and pheneturide, but not to 5-hydroxytryptophan in combination with carbidopa or to sodium valproate. Studies in one patient showed the excretion of large quantities of sialylated oligosaccharides in the urine. Both patients showed deficient sialidase activity in their cultured fibroblasts. Further studies on cultured skin fibroblasts revealed increased electrophoretic mobility of six glycoprotein enzymes that was returned approximately to normal by treatment with sialidase. The clinical and biochemical findings indicate that these patients are further cases of the newly described condition sialidosis type 1.


Summary Eight strains of influenza virus were titrated as plaque-forming units in both monolayers and suspensions of chick embryo cells. In the absence of trypsin, satisfactory plaques were formed only by the A/WSN strain of virus. When trypsin was included in the overlay medium of cell monolayers, all the influenza virus strains tested produced plaques, and the plaque infectivities of all but one strain were close to the egg infectivities. Using cells suspended in agar in the presence of trypsin, four strains gave plaque infectivities indistinguishable from egg infectivities, two strains formed plaques with rather low efficiency and two strains did not produce plaques. Plaque formation was also enhanced by pronase or subtilisin. A preliminary investigation was made of the mode of action of trypsin.


Summary
Black queen-cell virus was isolated from dead prepupae and pupae of queens and workers of Apis mellifera found locally in the field. Kashmir bee virus was isolated from individuals of Apis mellifera that had died in the laboratory after they had been inoculated with some preparations from Apis cerana. Both viruses have isometric particles about 30 nm in diameter, contain RNA, and are unrelated to each other or to any known bee virus. Black queen-cell virus particles sediment at 151S and have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1·345 g/ml; Kashmir bee virus particles sediment at 171 to 173S and have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1·371 g/ml. Serological evidence indicates that black queen-cell virus is common in Britain and occurs in the U.S.A. The studies involved acute bee-paralysis and sacbrood viruses and led to re-determination of the buoyant densities of these as 1·380 and 1·358 g/ml respectively.


This dissertation investigates how new forms of burial involving the placement of mummies in above-ground sepulchers impacted, and were shaped by, processes of identity formation and political change during the Late Intermediate Period in Peru (A.D. 1100-1450), a time of widespread conflict culminating in Inka conquest. Did mortuary practices intensify political fragmentation by reifying group boundaries, or did they mitigate social turmoil and resource risk by promoting inter-group alliance? This question is addressed through the analysis of human skeletal remains from the Colca Valley. Specifically, this dissertation examines: 1) patterns of cranial vault modification (CVM) to explore if mortuary treatment reinforced social differences marked on the body; 2) heritable traits on the human cranium to test if cemeteries were organized by biological kinship and evaluate scenarios of boundary maintenance via endogamy or alliance formation via inter-marriage; and 3) stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios from bone collagen to reconstruct diet and shed light on subsistence differentiation and resource access. Fifteen radiocarbon dates from human bone and mortar used in tomb construction facilitate the comparison of these data before and after the onset of Inka state formation.
Results show that a transformation in social identity was articulated through, rather than apart from, longstanding mortuary traditions. After A.D. 1300, the proportion of the skeletal population exhibiting CVM dramatically increased, signaling an emergent ethnic identity, perhaps in response to encroaching Inka influence. However, modified and unmodified individuals were buried in the same sepulchers, and biodistance analysis of cranial non-metric traits suggests they actually belonged to the same familial groups organized around shared ancestry and burial customs. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios do not reveal marked differences in resource access or subsistence specialization between burial groups, but instead are consistent with a broadly encompassing subsistence economy oriented toward pastoralism. Notably, modified individuals exhibit slightly but significantly greater heterogeneity in dietary protein intake, possibly indicative of increased mobility between ecological and subsistence zones. By integrating multiple lines of bioarchaeological data, this research demonstrates empirically how social difference and intra-community cohesion intersect in daily life and in the ritual practices surrounding death.


Background Chromatin represents a major autoantigen in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Interferon-α (IFN-α) plays an important role in lupus development. Although activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are believed to be the main producers of IFN-α in SLE, pDC represent a minor cell population. On the other hand, neutrophils represent 50% of total blood leukocytes and are activated in SLE, especially by chromatin. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 recognizes certain forms of DNA but its role in SLE is still not elucidated. Objectives We therefore sought to determine the cellular source of IFN-α as well as the natural stimuli in SLE and the impact of TLR9. Methods Chromatin (mono-nucleosomes) was purified from calf thymus. PBMC and neutrophils were isolated from healthy individuals, SLE and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Mouse neutrophils were purified from the bone marrow. Cells were activated with different stimuli and IFN-α production/secretion was estimated by flow cytometry, ELISA and a bioassay. Neutrophil activation was verified by flow cytometry and ELISA. Gene expression was analyzed by qPCR. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) induction was estimated by confocal microscopy. Results Isolated neutrophils produce IFN-α upon stimulation with chromatin. IFN-α secretion by neutrophils was observed with steady-state neutrophils, and not pro-inflammatory neutrophils, from both healthy donors and patients whereas pDC were less efficient. Neutrophil-derived IFN-α was detected in response to free chromatin, and not chromatin-containing immune complexes, as well as TLR9 agonists. Nucleosome-induced IFN-α production by neutrophils was associated with IL-8 secretion, CD66b up-regulation, ROS production and NET formation (NETosis). Neutrophil priming is not required. PBMC sustain IFN-α secretion by chromatin-activated neutrophils in co-cultures. Importantly, chromatin-induced IFN-α secretion occurs independently of TLR9 since neutrophils isolated from both wild-type and TLR9-deficient mice were activated. Finally, chromatin increases gene expression levels of IFN-α and several DNA sensors, e.g. AIM2 and STING. Conclusions Neutrophils represent a major source of IFN-α. IFN-α was detected at the mRNA and protein levels and in an active secreted form. This is the first report showing both that steady-state neutrophils can secrete IFN-α and identifying a natural lupus stimulus involved. A key event is thus the presence of increased concentrations of circulating nucleosomes in SLE patients. Chromatin-activated neutrophils (in addition to pDC and low-density granulocytes) may secrete IFN-α early during the lupus disease, before immune complexes are produced. The generation of NET and the expression of genes involved in the recognition of DNA may strengthen pDC activation and DNA-mediated activation. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


This study investigates a potential role for TGF beta 1 in the pathogenesis of cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth (CsA-OG). TGF beta 1 was localized immunohistochemically in the connective tissue of both normal gingiva and CsA-OG. Intense staining for TGF beta 1 was detected at the tips of the dermal papillae of the overgrown gingiva. In addition, fibroblasts derived from healthy gingiva and fibroblasts derived from CsA-OG were cultured both as monolayers or embedded in a 3D-collagen gel. Fibroblast activity was monitored in terms of protein and collagen production in the presence of (i) 1 ng/ml TGF beta 1, (ii) 500 ng/ml CsA, or (iii) 500 ng/ml CsA and 1 ng/ml TGF beta 1. In monolayer culture TGF beta 1 significantly increased protein and collagen production in all cell strains (p < 0.05); however, there was no difference in response between fibroblasts from overgrown and healthy tissue. The production of both protein and collagen was significantly lower in the presence of the combination of CsA and TGF beta 1 when compared with the maximal stimulation produced by TGF beta 1 alone. In gel, TGF beta 1 significantly elevated matrix production by all overgrown cell strains (p < 0.05) but had little or no effect on the normal cell strains. The combination of CsA and TGF beta 1 in gel cultures reduced protein and collagen production by overgrown cell strains compared with TGF beta 1 alone. It is concluded that the cellular activity of gingival fibroblasts is dependent on culture conditions and that fibroblasts derived from overgrown gingival tissue are more responsive to TGF beta 1 than normal gingival fibroblasts when cultured in type I collagen gel.


The Colombian Andes foothills have seen an expansion of forest disturbance since the 1950s. While understanding the drivers of disturbance is important for quantifying the implications of land use change on regional biodiversity, methods for attributing disturbance to specific drivers of change at a high temporal and spatial resolution are still lacking in the Andes region, in part due to persistent cloud cover. Using 20 years of Landsat images (1996–2015) covering Picachos National Park in the Colombian Andes, we detected sub-annual forest cover disturbances using the Breaks For Additive Season and Trend (BFAST) Monitor algorithm; characterized different types of disturbance using spectral, spatial, and topographic indicators; and attributed causes of forest disturbance such as conversion to pasture, conversion to agriculture, and non-stand replacing disturbance (i.e., thinning) using a Random Forest (RF) classifier. Conversion to pasture has been the main driver of forest disturbance in Picachos, responsible for 11,395 ± 72 ha (17%) of forest cover loss, followed by non-stand replacing disturbance and conversion to agriculture. Disturbance detection had 96% overall agreement with validation data, although we had a high omission error of 21% primarily associated with forest to agriculture conversion. Other change drivers had a much more reliable attribution with forest to pasture conversion or non-stand-replacing disturbance, showing only 1–5% commission and 2–14% omission errors. Our results provide spatially-explicit information on sub-annual disturbances and associated drivers of change that are necessary for evaluating and improving domestic conservation efforts and establishing systematic ecological observations, which is currently absent from Colombia. While effective at revealing forest change dynamics in a geographically remote and socio-politically complex region like Picachos, our approach is highly automated and it can be easily extended to the rest of Andes-Amazon transition belt where low availability of remote sensing data and high cloud cover impede efforts at consistent monitoring of forest cover change dynamics and drivers.


Many consumers admitted to mental health inpatient units also use illicit drugs, and some continue to do so while receiving treatment. In an attempt to curb the impact of illicit drug use, one of Australia's largest mental health services introduced a programme of drug-detection dog (DDD) searches. Our aim was to evaluate perceptions of the DDD programme among mental health consumers, staff, and carers. A mixed-methods research design using a concurrent triangulation approach was adopted, involving three focus group discussions with consumer, staff, and carer groups, and a structured survey among 94 consumers who were receiving treatment and 102 staff working in the units at the time of a DDD visit. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, and descriptive and inferential statistics. Major themes were that: (i) drug use in these units is perceived as 'prevalent' and 'destructive'; (ii) the DDD programme is 'beneficial' but 'incongruous' in a health-care setting; (iii) consumers are 'uninformed'; and (iv) consequences should be 'customized' to circumstances. Survey results corroborated qualitative themes, with the exception that although concerns about incongruity do exist, they were not prevalent and were outweighed by positive perceptions of the programme. Most perceptions were consistent between consumers and staff. However, consumers tended to think that, if found, drugs should be confiscated, whereas staff were more strongly in favour of the consumer being discharged. In conclusion, the DDD programme was seen as a positive step towards addressing drug use in mental health units. However, improved dissemination of information to consumers through verbal and written communication is required.


Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) or saline was intravenously infused for 5 min before and 5 min during a meal of macaroni and beef, served 20 min after a preload of either 100 or 500 g of soup to 12 nonobese men. Intake of the test meal was significantly lower when CCK-8 was given, following the larger preload, than after any of the other treatments. There were no significant differences among the other three treatment conditions. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that gastric, but not merely pregastric, stimulation interacts with CCK-8 to reduce food intake in humans. Although gastric filling seems to be the most likely stimulus for the interactive effect with CCK-8, other factors such as activation of nutrient-sensitive sites cannot be eliminated. In addition, hunger ratings were significantly lower immediately after the larger soup preloads than after the smaller. Hunger ratings after the soup also correlated better with test-meal intake after the large soup preloads with and without CCK-8 than after the smaller preloads. Hunger did not correlate significantly with test meal intake after the small soup preload with CCK-8. These results suggest that hunger ratings are more sensitive predictors of intake when the stomach is relatively full (i.e., after a large preload) than when it is relatively empty (i.e., after a small preload) at the time the hunger rating is taken.


A new thermosensitive hydrogel had been prepared that could be transformed into gel at 37 °C from chitosan and a mixture of α- and β-glycerophosphate (αβ-GP). The appearance of hydrogel was compact and corrugated. There was little granule in the appearance of gel loaded with adriamycin and the granules might be crystals of the added model drug. In vitro cytotoxicity of the hydrogel was tested by the MTT method using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). MEF cultured with leachates of CS-αβ-GP were investigated and the relative growth rate (RGR) was calculated and the cytotoxicity was graded by generally accepted standard. The study of in vitro degradation of CS-αβ-GP hydrogels included hydrolysis and degradation by lysozyme. The CS-αβ-GP thermosensitive hydrogel was degradable in vitro and the degradation rate was faster in lysozyme solution than that in the medium of PBS. So the CS-αβ-GP system had good cell biocompatibility and biodegradability which provided possibilities and foundations for the further research.


Abstract Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are a class of highly energetic explosions emitting radiation in a very short timescale of a few seconds and with a very narrow opening angle. Although, all GRBs observed so far are extragalactic in origin, there is a high probability of a GRB of galactic origin beaming towards the Earth in the past ∼0.5 Gyr. We define the level of catastrophic damage to the biosphere as approximation 100 kJ m−2, based on Thomas et al. (2005a, b). Using results in Melott & Thomas (2011), we estimate the probability of the Earth receiving this fluence from a GRB of any type, as 87% during the last 500 Myr. Such an intense burst of gamma rays would ionize the atmosphere and deplete the ozone (O3) layer. With depleted O3, there will be an increased flux of Solar UVB on the Earth's surface with potentially harmful biological effects. In addition to the atmospheric damage, secondary particles produced by gamma ray-induced showers will reach the surface. Among all secondary particles, muons dominate the ground-level secondary particle flux (99% of the total number of particles) and are potentially of biological significance. Using the Monte Carlo simulation code CORSIKA, we modelled the air showers produced by gamma-ray primaries up to 100 GeV. We found that the number of muons produced by the electromagnetic component of hypothetical galactic GRBs significantly increases the total muon flux. However, since the muon production efficiency is extremely low for photon energies below 100 GeV, and because GRBs radiate strongly for only a very short time, we find that the biological radiation dose from secondary muons is negligible. The main mechanism of biological damage from GRBs is through Solar UVB irradiation from the loss of O3 in the upper atmosphere.


Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are said to have deficits in "theory of mind." The present paper explores two main accounts of the mechanisms underlying these deficits. On one account, high-functioning adults with ASD struggle to infer others' mental states. On another account, they lack an ability to integrate those mental states into a coherent understanding of action. We tested these two accounts by making several modifications to the Faux Pas task—a commonly used advanced theory of mind task— including the presentation of explicit mental state information. Surprisingly, in contrast to previous work, individuals on the autism spectrum exhibited both intact integration and intact inference.


In order to improve the gauge factor of polymer-matrix carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRP) for strain sensing, the carbon fiber sensitive interface was constructed in epoxy by effectively overlapping the CFRP laminates in local area. The strain sensitivities of the carbon fiber interface were proved by the cyclic tension test on the base specimens covered by the carbon fiber composites with the sensitive interface, and their much bigger gauge factors were revealed by the comparison with the polymer-matrix continuous carbon fiber composite. The sensitivity of the carbon fiber interface is originated from the change of the interfacial points due to the interfacial stress.


The study investigated the effects of students' indiscipline and factors responsible for its ineffective management in tertiary educational institutions of Sokoto state, Nigeria. The study employed a mixed method approach involving 3270 academic staff and 4344 final year students of all the higher educational institutions of Sokoto State. A Survey which was validated by experts and whose reliability coefficient was established at 0.9, was distributed to a sample of 692 respondents. While interview was conducted with 12 participants bearing the saturation rule. Descriptive statistics (Mean and Standard Deviation) and Coding were used to analyze the quantitative and qualitative data of the study respectively. Findings revealed that the effects of indiscipline on students includes: promotion of academic corruption, sexual harassment, poor academic performance as well as examination malpractices. The schools' strategies for managing the students' indiscipline, include setting down strategic rules and regulations, communicating the rules to the school-wide communities, as well as apprehending and detaining the culprits. Moreover, it was found that the efforts of the institutions to manage the students' indiscipline is being affected by factors such as lack of parental involvement, insignificant support of some staff, technology and media, and political interference. The study finally recommends among other things that the institutions should seek the support of the parents, community members, security operatives to ensure the apprehension, detention and suing of the erring students whenever they are found indulging in any of such indiscipline behaviours.


Effective error detection is paramount for building highly dependable computing systems. A new methodology, based on physical and simulated fault injection, is developed for evaluating error detection mechanisms. Our approach consists of two steps. First, transient faults are physically injected at the IC pin level of a prototype server. Experiments are carried our in a three dimensional space of events, the location, time of occurrence and duration of the fault being randomly selected. Improved detection circuitry is devised for decreasing signal sensitivity to transients. Second, simulated fault injection is performed to asses the effectiveness of the new detection mechanisms, without using expensive silicon implementations. Physical fault injection experiments, carried out on the server, and simulated fault injection, performed on protocol checker, are presented. Detection effectiveness is measured by the error detection coverage, defined as the conditional probability that an error is detected given that an error occurs. Fault injection reveals that coverage probability is a function of fault duration. The protocol checker significantly improves error detection. Although, further research is required to increase detection coverage of the errors induced by short transient faults.


Background: Pain in dementia is predominant particularly in the advanced stages or in those who are unable to verbalize. Uncontrolled pain alters the course of behaviors in patients with dementia making them perturbed, unsettled, and devitalized. Current measures of assessing pain in this population group are inadequate and underutilized in clinical practice because they lack systematic evaluation and innovative design. Objective: To describe a novel method and system of pain assessment using a combination of technologies: automated facial recognition and analysis (AFRA), smart computing, affective computing, and cloud computing (Internet of Things) for people with advanced dementia. Methods and Results: Cognification and affective computing were used to conceptualize the system. A computerized clinical system was developed to address the challenging problem of identifying pain in non-verbal patients with dementia. The system is composed of a smart device enabled app (App) linked to a web admin portal (WAP). The App "PainChek™" uses AFRA to identify facial action units indicative of pain presence, and user-fed clinical information to calculate a pain intensity score. The App has various functionalities including: pain assessment, pain monitoring, patient profiling, and data synchronization (into the WAP). The WAP serves as a database that collects the data obtained through the App in the clinical setting. These technologies can assist in addressing the various characteristics of pain (e.g., subjectivity, multidimensionality, and dynamicity). With over 750 paired assessments conducted, the App has been validated in two clinical studies (n = 74, age: 60–98 y), which showed sound psychometric properties: excellent concurrent validity (r = 0.882–0.911), interrater reliability (Kw = 0.74–0.86), internal consistency (α = 0.925–0.950), and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.904), while it possesses good predictive validity and discriminant validity. Clinimetric data revealed high accuracy (95.0%), sensitivity (96.1%), and specificity (91.4%) as well as excellent clinical utility (0.95). Conclusions: PainChek™ is a comprehensive and evidence-based pain management system. This novel approach has the potential to transform pain assessment in people who are unable to verbalize because it can be used by clinicians and carers in everyday clinical practice.


Abstract: Group judgements are often – implicitly or explicitly – influenced by their members' individual expertise. However, given that expertise is seldom recognized fully and that some distortions may occur (bias, correlation, etc.), it is not clear that differential weighting is an epistemically advantageous strategy with respect to straight averaging. Our paper characterizes a wide set of conditions under which differential weighting outperforms straight averaging and embeds the results into the multidisciplinary group decision-making literature.


Planktonic foraminiferal assemblages are described quantitatively from Hole 893A, a continuous 196.5-m uppermost Quaternary sequence from Santa Barbara Basin, Southern California. A record of glacial/interglacial cycles is clearly exhibited by changes in planktonic foraminiferal assemblages during the last -160 k.y. Faunal changes in the sequence record the northsouth movement of surface-water masses related to the changing relative strengths of the cool California Current and the warm Inshore Countercurrent (Davidson Countercurrent). Glacial maxima (Stages 2, 4, and 6) and late Stage 5 are associated with a Subarctic Assemblage when Subarctic waters had migrated to Southern California, south of Santa Barbara Basin. Average seasurface temperatures in the basin were then less than 10°C. The warmest climatic episodes (Stage 1, or Holocene, and Substage 5e, or Eemian) are both associated with the Transitional Assemblage, which occurs in present-day basinal surface-waters (average sea-surface temperature of 15°C). The only prolonged climatic interval represented by assemblages intermediate between Subarctic and Transitional assemblages is Stage 3 (60 to 25 k.y.). This interval is also marked by the highest temporal variability exhibited by the faunas during the last 160 k.y., in turn reflecting strong climatic oscillations that have also been described in the Greenland Ice Sheet. It is inferred that during Stage 3, the southern boundary of Subarctic waters and the 10°C sea-surface isotherm lay close to the Santa Barbara region. Oscillations in the position of this faunal boundary thus produced the observed high variability in planktonic foraminiferal assemblages during this interval. Comparisons with modern planktonic foraminiferal distributions suggest that average sea-surface temperatures in Santa Barbara Basin during glacial maxima were ~7°-8°C compared with ~15°C during the warmest interglacial episodes, including the present time. The range in average sea-surface temperature between glacial to interglacial extremes in this region is thus ~7°-8°C. Changes in planktonic foraminiferal assemblages during the last deglaciation (17 to 9 ka) assist in detailing aspects of climate change, including the Younger Dryas cool episode (-13 to 11.1 ka). Cooling during the Younger Dryas was not of full glacial scale; sea-surface temperatures remained higher than 10°C, but Subarctic waters remained close to the Southern California Borderland. Relatively high abundances throughout the sequence of Globigerina bulloides, a form often considered to represent a proxy for oceanic upwelling, suggest that significant coastal upwelling continued to influence the Santa Barbara Basin throughout the latest Quaternary. This includes glacial times when lower sea levels reduced connections between the basin and the open ocean.


In an effort to develop a U.S. Army tactical brassiere (ATB), a three-step study was designed and executed. Commercial off the shelf (COTS) sports brassieres were assessed to investigate the effects of different design features on fit, mobility (i.e., breast support, interference), and comfort (subjective rating) relative to the wearer's anthropometric characteristics (Step 1). Based on the results from the first step of the study, an ATB sizing system was developed (Step 2). Then, the fit model was selected and the accommodation envelope was constructed to develop the brassiere pattern per size based on the ATB sizing system (Step 3). The current study summarizes the results of the first step of the study and includes the relationship between overall coverage, design features, anthropometric characteristics, and their pros and cons as they relate to Soldier mobility.A total of 19 test participants (TPs) volunteered. Data collection sessions were executed following COVID restriction guidelines. Seven configurations (six COTS brassieres and U.S. Army standard issue brassiere as a baseline) were assessed and compared to each other. The six COTS configurations were a combination of three brassiere cup designs (compression, encapsulation and hybrid (more than 1 configuration of cup design)) and two strap designs (straight and racer back). To capture the anthropometric characteristics, a total of 24 traditional dimensions were measured and seven derived dimensions were computed from traditional dimensions. Four additional dimensions were extracted from three-dimensional scan images captured by a Cyberware 3D whole-body scanner. For the mobility assessments, six tasks (Extend and Flex, The Rower, Windmill, Quadraplex, Mountain Climber, and High Jumper) were selected from an Army physical training guide. TPs' subjective ratings (5-point Likert scale) for support, discomfort and interference on each mobility task were collected upon completion of each task for each test configuration. At the end of the mobility session, TPs provided overall ratings on the attributes of the test configuration. Once data collection on all seven configurations were completed, TPs ranked all test configurations, including their own personal preferred sport brassiere. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA along with Scheffé tests was performed on all applicable anthropometric dimensions. Correlation analyses between anthropometric dimensions and subjective ratings on mobility tasks were conducted to investigate the relationship between design features and mobility. Descriptive statistics, as well as graphical visualization, were produced to compare subjective ratings on mobility tasks between configurations. In all, different brassiere designs had an effect on all compared anthropometric measurements. Each configuration showed distinctive anthropometric characteristics, and those anthropometric differences were often correlated with TPs' subjective ratings on discomfort and breast support. A detailed investigation for the metrics as well as the comparison of results are further discussed in this paper.


The promotion of women's rights is described as a priority within the external action of the European Union (EU). As a result of the Arab Spring uprisings which have been ongoing since 2011, democracy and human rights have been pushed to the forefront of European policy towards the Euro-Mediterranean region. The EU could capitalise on these transformations to help positively reshape gender relations or it could fail to adapt. Thus, the Arab Spring can be seen to serve as a litmus test for the EU's women's rights policy. This paper examines how and to what extent the EU diffuses women's rights in this region, by using Ian Manners' 'Normative Power Europe' as the conceptual framework. It argues that while the EU tries to behave as a normative force for women's empowerment by way of 'informational diffusion', 'transference' 'procedural diffusion' and 'overt diffusion'; its efforts could, and should, be strengthened. There are reservations over the EU's credibility, choice of engagement and its commitment in the face of security and ideological concerns. Moreover, it seems that the EU focuses more intently on women's political rights than on their social and economic freedoms.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of high intensity sprint training, interval training and aerobic training on cardio-respiratory biomarkers, aerobic metabolism and time trial performance in recreationally trained individuals. Twenty six men (mean ± SD age 20 ± 2 yr, height 169.3 ± 8.5 cm, weight 71.3 ± 6.2 kg) were split evenly between the three training protocols, plus a non exercising control group. All subjects in the experimental groups were randomly assigned 4 weeks of either aerobic training, high intensity sprint training or high intensity interval training. Changes in 60 km time trial performance, lactate threshold, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), resting metabolic rate (RMR), total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), resting stroke volume (SV) and resting cardiac output (Q) were measured during the course of study pre and post intervention. Post intervention the HI training group displayed a significantly lower 60km time trial performance compared to both the aerobic group (2.9% P=0.002) and the interval training group (2.01% P=0.027), however this result was not a significant improvement within the group. No other variable changed significantly over the course of the training intervention. The implications of these results indicate that none of the tested training interventions are reliable routines to follow if the aim is to improve the aforementioned variables in a 4 week time scale, after following a pre-intervention 8 week aerobic training programme. Table of


Human development (HD), a process designed to enhance human lives directly, is contrasted with economic development, which entails the expansion of material things intended to fulfill human needs. Human development empowers people to participate in the improvement of their own well-being. The paper looks at the record of HD in Africa over the period 1970-2005, using half-decadal data derived from United Nations sources and national statistical bureaus. It is found that over the period analyzed, the human development index improved in all African countries except in Zambia, where it declined, due to unfavorable terms of trade and to persistent health and governance problems, among challenges. Nonetheless, despite this progress, African countries continue to lag behind other regions of the world in HD. There has been little advance on the economic development front, where growth plummeted in most African countries, impoverishing nearly 50 per cent of the population. Towards the end of the 1990s, however, African economies began to recover due mainly to reforms in governance and distributive systems, and in mechanisms to protect people against downside risks, including disease pandemics, political instabilities, droughts and adverse terms of trade. The paper argues for a continuation of reforms in order to further improve economic and human development outcomes on the continent.


Campaign finance law is in shambles, and many believe that wealthy, shadowy interests dominate American politics. Reformers have rested their hopes on disclosure — mandated, public disclosure of what individuals, corporations, super PACs, and others spend on politics. Reformers argue that disclosure provides valuable information to voters, and the Supreme Court agrees. Opponents, on the other hand, vilify disclosure for chilling speech and infringing the First Amendment rights of speakers. Both positions — disclosure informs voters, disclosure chills speech — have become conventional wisdom.This Article challenges that wisdom. First, it shows that disclosure does not necessarily inform voters. Rather, it creates an information tradeoff. Revealing sources of speech provides voters with information, but disclosure can also chill speech, and that takes information away — the information contained in the chilled speech. When the second effect outweighs the first, disclosure actually reduces voter information. Second, this Article argues that disclosure does not necessarily chill speech. It can thaw it. By providing potential speakers with information about the positions and credibility of candidates, disclosure can prompt actors to speak when they otherwise would not. When disclosure thaws speech, there is no information tradeoff. Voters gain information in two ways — source revelation and more speech acts — and lose it in none. When disclosure thaws speech, it promotes exactly those First Amendment values it is thought to undermine.


BACKGROUND
Fragility hip fractures occur in the older than 65-year population at an alarming rate. It is estimated that 260,000 hip fractures occur annually. Patient outcomes following hip fractures are devastating. One of every 5 patients dies within 1 year of injury, and 1 of 3 remains in a nursing home for years after the injury. Published literature recommends an interdisciplinary approach to caring for hip-fractured patients and expediting surgery to improve outcomes.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the impact of the Geriatric Trauma Institute (GTI) on fragility hip fracture patient outcomes. Specific outcomes included length of stay (LOS), length of time from emergency department (ED) arrival to operating room (OR), complication rate, and discharge destination.

METHODS
This study is a single-center pre- and post-retrospective chart review. Data were collected using database queries within the hospital system. Pre-GTI (n = 326) patients older than 65 years with International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes 820.0-820.9 (hip fractures) admitted to either a primary care physician or orthopaedic surgeon service between April 1, 2011, and April 1, 2013, were compared with post-GTI (n = 245) patients older than 65 years with ICD-9 codes 820.0-820.9 (hip fractures) admitted to trauma services (GTI) between May 1, 2013, and May 1, 2015. Descriptive statistics including demographic data (age, sex) and comparison of outcomes (LOS, ED to OR time, complications, and disposition) across the groups using standard analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation techniques.

RESULTS
No statistical difference was found between groups for age, sex, or time from ED to OR pre- versus post-time period using one-way ANOVA, F(1,569) = 1.08, p = .30. The complication rate was calculated pre- and post-GTI and compared using the 2-proportion z-test. The difference between the pre-GTI group (16.6%; 54 of 326 patients) and the post-GTI group (9.4%; 23 of 245 patients) was statistically significant, p = .013. Mean LOS was statistically significantly higher in the pre-GTI group (M = 5) than in the post-GTI group (M = 5.2), U = 33,55, z = -3.32, p = .001. No statistical significance was found between pre- and postdischarge destination, χ(4) = .4.82, p = .307; likelihood ratio test, χ(4) = .5.19, p = .269.

CONCLUSIONS
This retrospective pre- and post-GTI chart review demonstrates the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary team approach in decreasing complications and LOS for fragility hip-fractured patients. A team approach to the care of these patients improves outcomes and quality of life.


Radiographic contrast studies of the ductus venosus performed in 12 pups between the 60th day of intrauterine life and the 5th day after birth indicated that blood flow through the ductus venosus had ceased between the 2nd and 3rd days of extrauterine life. The time of functional closure was not identical with the time of morphologic closure. The functional closure of the ductus venosus was a gradual process and was related to an increase in liver perfusion through the portal vein branches. Both in specimens injected with a radiopaque gum acacia mass and in a corrosion cast of umbilical vein and portal system of the liver, persistence of the lumen of the ductus venosus up to the time of its functional closure was confirmed. The rate of closure in the dog was discussed in relation to that in man and the horse, pig, goat, and sheep.


Introduction Human Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection may cause red cell aplasia in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the immune function of these patients, modifying the course of B19V infection. To better understand the importance of B19V infection in the HAART era, a follow-up study of a cohort of HIV-infected individuals was conducted during an eight-year period (2001–2008) at the Infectious Diseases Department of Antonio Pedro University Hospital (HUAP) at the Fluminense Federal University (Niterói, RJ, Brazil). Methods Blood samples were collected from 313 HIV-infected individuals who attended the general medical outpatient clinic for routine care. IgG and IgM antibodies against B19V were detected in serum samples using a commercial enzyme immunoassay (Biotrin). B19V viraemia was evaluated by the detection of B19V-DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To genotype B19V strains PCR products were subjected to direct sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results The seropositivity to B19V IgG antibodies was 72% (225/313). Approximately 30% (28/88) of anti-B19V IgG negative patients seroconverted. Most seroconversions occurred during incidence peaks of a B19V infection in Niterói (2005–2006). No clinical manifestations of B19V infection were detected during the seroconversion period. B19V-DNA was detected in 5/88 patients, four of whom also exhibited seroconversion. Four of the patients were infected with subgenotype 1a strains and the remaining patient was infected with a subgenotype 3b. Anaemia was detected in 8/88 patients, but all patients recovered without requiring immunoglobulin and/or blood transfusions. Conclusion: In the HAART era, the presence of chronic anaemia in HIV-infected patients should alert the physician to the possibility of B19V infection especially during epidemics. There were no apparent relationships between the infecting genotype and the clinical course and this is the first report of genotype 3b in Rio de Janeiro.


On many occasions we need to construct an index that represents a number of variables. Cost of living index, general price index, human development index, index of level of development, etc are some of the examples that are constructed by a weighted (linear) aggregation of a host of variables. The weights are determined by the importance assigned to the variables to be aggregated. The criterion on which importance of a variable (vis-a-vis other variables) is determined may be varied and usually has its own logic. In many cases the analyst does not have any preferred means or logic to determine the relative importance of different variables. In such cases, weights are assigned mathematically. One of the methods to determine such mathematical weights is the Principal Components analysis. In the Principal Components analysis weights are determined such that the sum of the squared correlation coefficients of the index with the constituent variables is maximized. The method has, however, a tendency to pick up the subset of highly correlated variables to make the first component, assign marginal weights to relatively poorly correlated subset of variables and/or to relegate the latter subset to construction of the subsequent principal components. If one has to construct a single index, such an index undermines the poorly correlated set of variables. The index so constructed is elitist in nature that has a preference to the highly correlated subset over the poorly correlated subset of variables. Further, since there is no dependable method available to obtain a composite index by merging two or more principal components, the deferred set of variables never finds its representation in the further analysis. In this paper we suggest a method to construct an index by maximizing the sum of the absolute correlation coefficients of the index with the constituent variables. We also suggest construction of an alternative index by maximin correlation. Our experiments suggest that the indices so constructed are inclusive or egalitarian. They do not prefer the highly correlated variables much to the poorly correlated variables.


The main reason behind failure of lots of software is poor quality thus estimation software quality become an important task in software industry. By late estimation of software quality results in ineffectiveness, late delivery and most important poor quality of software product. For this, an early estimation towards pre-released software quality plays an important role in shorting the time and by increases probability of project success. Metrics play an important role by deciding the usage pattern of resource of the industry as they are very valuable to the industry. This paper represents proposed model for estimation quality of software product.


In this paper, we give an overview of the results of a Human-Robot Interaction experiment, in a near zerocontext environment. We stimulate the formation of a network joining together human agents and non-human agents in order to examine emergent conditions and social actions. Human subjects, in teams of 3-4 are presented with a task: to coax a robot (by any means) from one side of a table to the other, not knowing with what sensory and motor abilities the robotic structure is equipped. On the one hand, the "goal" of the exercise is to "move" the robot through any linguistic or paralinguistic means. But, from the perspective of the investigators, the goal is both broader and more nebulous: to stimulate any emergent interactions whatsoever between agents, human or non-human. Here we discuss emergent social phenomena in this assemblage of human and machine, in particular turn-taking and discourse, suggesting (counter-intuitively) that the "transparency" of non-human agents may not be the most effective way to generate multi-agent sociality.


This study investigates into the academic achievement of university students as determined by their communication skills. The differences in groups were measured on the basis of gender, locality, semester and program of the study. The researchers developed their research instrument by adapting from the two questionnaires. One was the research instrument used at the College of Physiotherapists of Ontario (n.d.); and the other was the "Questionnaire-Verbal Communication" (Pierrete Desrosiers, n.d.). Taking Sargodha district as the population, conveniently sampled 160 students from the University of Sargodha were surveyed through the questionnaire. The study was quantitative in nature. The findings of the study concluded that students' communication skills yielded statistically no effect on their academic achievement. Also, the students at all levels (semesters) and in all programs were reported to have comparably equivalent level of communication skills. This is a unique study of insignificant differences at all levels and programmes; and statistically no interpretable effect of the communication skills of the students from University of Sargodha, on their academic achievement. It challenges previous research studies. It is further recommended to study the same phenomena in further detail to make decisive remark in the research literature.


Node compromise is a serious threat to wireless sensor networks deployed in unattended and hostile environments. To mitigate the impact of compromised nodes, we propose a suite of location-based compromise-tolerant security mechanisms. Based on a new cryptographic concept called pairing, we propose the notion of location-based keys (LBKs) by binding private keys of individual nodes to both their IDs and geographic locations. We then develop an LBK-based neighborhood authentication scheme to localize the impact of compromised nodes to their vicinity. We also present efficient approaches to establish a shared key between any two network nodes. In contrast to previous key establishment solutions, our approaches feature nearly perfect resilience to node compromise, low communication and computation overhead, low memory requirements, and high network scalability. Moreover, we demonstrate the efficacy of LBKs in counteracting several notorious attacks against sensor networks such as the Sybil attack, the identity replication attack, and wormhole and sinkhole attacks. Finally, we propose a location-based threshold-endorsement scheme, called LTE, to thwart the infamous bogus data injection attack, in which adversaries inject lots of bogus data into the network. The utility of LTE in achieving remarkable energy savings is validated by detailed performance evaluation.


The present article describes the series of incident primary ovarian tumors in the Life Span Study (LSS) cohort of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, with particular emphasis on case ascertainment and characterization of histological features of the tumors. We identified 723 ovarian tumors (260 malignant, 463 benign) in 648 individuals of about 70,000 female LSS subjects; 71 cases had more than one ovarian tumor. We histologically confirmed 601 tumors (182 malignant, 419 benign tumors). The most frequent histological type was common epithelial tumor (90.7% for malignant and 59.7% for benign tumors). The distributions of ovarian tumors by histological type were similar to those from other studies. Among malignancies, the frequency of common epithelial types relative to other tumor types increased with radiation dose (p = 0.02). Among benign tumors, the relative frequency of sex-cord stromal tumors increased with radiation dose (p = 0.04). The women with mucinous cancer had better survival than those with serous cancers (p = 0.03). Within tumor types, there was no consistent pattern of survival by radiation dose. Variations in histological types of ovarian tumors in response to radiation dose, suggested by the case series data need to be followed up by population-based incidence analysis.


Abstract Classification and biogeography should be informed by reliable phylogenetic reconstruction. This may be recovered from the mainly speculative literature by a nine-step protocol of critical methods, the "operative transform." Piecemeal total evidence is attained by combining separately published support values for the same branch arrangement with Bayes' Formula. Joint probability correction is advanced for multiple test problems of conclusions of monophyly necessarily regarded as sets. Tables are given for conversion of nonparametric bootstrap values and decay indexes into probabilities, based on four-taxon simulations. Uncontested morphology-based branch arrangements are assigned high priors. Probabilities associated with unaccounted assumptions are addressed by a general correction factor. A probabilistic calculation allows the inference of two or more reliable internodes from a series of less well-supported internodes. A patristic distance of at least two internodes is used to support inference from molecular data alone of an intermediate lineage for recognition of supraspecific segregate taxonomic entities. Recognizing paraphyletic taxa when appropriate preserves attributes of inferred functional evolution providing taxic unity and value. Evolutionary Lazarus taxa contravening Dollo's Rule against re-evolution of complex traits justify interpretations of reticulation. This method of evaluation of the decisiveness of published molecular studies is exemplified with previously published cladograms focused on Malpighiales and the moss family Pottiaceae. Additional consideration of evolutionary process not reflected in phylogenetic analysis leads to reliable hypotheses of evolutionary relationship.


Introduction The rate of maternal mortality in Indonesia according to 2002-2003 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) was 307 per 100,000 live births. The direct causes of maternal deaths, among others, are prolonged labor, hemorrhage, infection, and preeclampsia. Referral system includes referring responsibility to better facilitated healthcare sites to obtain more adequate services. However, maternal referral process in Banjar District still faces some problems such as referral health providers with inadequate skills of handling emergency cases, insufficient means of transportation, and no referral letter or partograph. Usually, when referred, the pregnant woman is only accompanied by her family so that she is brought to the referral site without being equipped with infusion. The objective of the study was to evaluate the parameter of  maternal delivery referral in Ratu Zalekha Martapura District Hospital. Methods This was an observational study with a cross-sectional study design using quantitative and qualitative approaches. Samples were 107 delivering women referred to hospitals selected with non probability sampling. Data were analyzed with Chi-square (c2) and logistic regression test. Results Quality maternal referral process resulted in healthy women 78.8%. Post delivery women's health was greater in quality maternal referral process (RP=2.1; 95%CI=1.28-3.52). Normal delivery had an opportunity towards post delivery women's health (RP=1.6; 95%CI=1.13-2.20). In addition, time needed to reach the referral sites and referral birth attendants were significantly associated with maternal referral process (p=0.002 and p=0.002). Meanwhile, women's condition when referred was insignificant statistically. Discussion Quality maternal referral process could likely improve post delivery women's health. Normal delivery affected the women's health condition.


In this dissertation, I examine the 15 piyyutim attributed to Yosse ben Yosse that have reached us from the fifth century CE. Few written Jewish historic records from late antiquity have survived the vicissitudes of time. The underlying assumption in this study is that piyyutic texts contain historically relevant information and can thus partially address this historiographic lacuna and disclose aspects of the diversity of Jewish practices in late antiquity. In Appendix A of this dissertation, I present a fully annotated translation of the Yosse ben Yosse piyyutim, considered here as literary works as well as historically significant texts.
Four of Yosse ben Yosse's piyyutim deal with the Avodah, the scripted review of the sacrificial ritual that took place on Yom Kippur in the temple. The Avodah ritual was and remains ontologically central and spiritually imperative for Jewish practitioners as they beseech God for atonement. Whereas the destruction of the Second Temple made the bloody sacrificial ritual impossible, the ritual was transformed into a recitation and study of texts that, the sages assured, were as efficacious as the actual sacrifices. I dispute the attribution of one Avodah to Yosse ben Yosse, based on a morphological examination of his oeuvre.
The Avodah piyyutim attributed to Yosse ben Yosse are generally assumed, by scholars, to restate and mirror the rabbinic Avodah narrative in Mishnah Yoma. In this dissertation, I offer a different reading of Yosse ben Yosse as a priestly narrative that contested rabbinic claims to authority. In Appendix B of this dissertation, I present a full comparison of the two narratives. Employing a methodology of comparative discourse theory, applied to both Yosse ben Yosse's poems and to Mishnah Yoma, has led me to identify the similarities and differences between the two narratives, to describe the socio-political power relations between the priestly caste and the rabbis, and to glean some information regarding the rise of rabbinic Judaism. Rabbinic texts pertaining to the Avodah re-imagined the temple as a site for the political validation of rabbinic authority over the priestly caste, seeking to cement rabbinic claims to henceforth be the uncontested authority in Jewish life. Yosse ben Yosse's narrative on the other hand, focused on the re-enactment of Temple Avodah, with an eye to the restoration of the priestly authority over Jewish practice in the post-destruction era.
The power contest between the revolutionary rabbinic movement and the conservative priestly caste discloses new aspects of the cultural and religious diversity of Jewish responses to the destruction of the Second Temple, when Jews were redefining their political allegiances and religious loyalties in late antiquity. The study thus contributes to our understanding of Jewish religious and political developments that took place in late antique Palestine.


The relationship between coach- and peer-created motivational climates and Positive Youth Development is largely unexplored. This is especially true for the latter and in particular with regard to disadvantaged girls. The present study was designed to examine the relationships between perceived coach- and peer-created climates and reported developmental gains among disadvantaged girls participating in sports programmes, and to determine whether these relationships were moderated by personal characteristics. Two hundred young women aged between 12 and 22 completed a questionnaire which included the 'Youth Experience Survey for Sport' (MacDonald, Cote, Eys, & Deakin, 2012), the 'Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports' (Smith, Cumming, & Smoll, 2008), the 'Peer Motivational Climate in Youth Sport Questionnaire' (Ntoumanis & Vazou, 2005), and questions regarding participants' socio-economic characteristics. Multilevel regression analyses were performed to take into account the hierarchical data structure. The analysis revealed that a mastery-oriented coach climate is a very strong predictor of perceived Positive Youth Development. This is based on both the number of developmental domains on which it had a significant impact and the explained variance based on the PRV values of the multi-level models. Unlike previous research on disadvantaged youth in general and disadvantaged girls in particular, the observed interaction effects did not show that disadvantaged girls necessarily gain more from their involvement in organised activities such as sport.


Mineral compositions of residual peridotites collected at various locations in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge south of the Kane transform (MARK area) are consistent with generally smaller degrees of melting in the mantle near the large offset Kane transform than near the other, small offset, axial discontinuities in the area. We propose that this transform fault effect is due to along-axis variations in the final depth of melting in the subaxial mantle, reflecting the colder thermal regime of the ridge near the Kane transform. Calculations made with a passive mantle flow regime suggest that these along-axis variations in the final depth of melting would not produce the full range of crustal thickness variations observed in the MARK area seismic record. It is therefore likely that the transform fault effect in the MARK area is combined with other mechanisms capable of producing crustal thickness variations, such as along-axis melt migration, the trapping of part of the magma in a cold mantle root beneath the ridge, or active mantle upwelling.


To achieve effective U-band integrated amplification in a cm2 glass substrate, bent waveguide structure (U-bend) based on Tm3+ doped germanate glass substrate has been designed. Using simulated-bend method, the optimal radius for the curved structure is offered to be 2.30 cm with a bending loss coefficient of 0.054 dB/cm. For the U-bend waveguide, the evident signal gain is anticipated in the wavelength range of U-band, and the ideal internal gain is derived to be 5.77 dB at 1675 nm wavelength, which is two times higher than 2.52 dB in the straight one. Simulation results indicate that reasonable optical path design can enhance the optical gain in Tm3+ doped germanate glass channel waveguides considerably, which provides a feasible designing idea in realizing practical applications for U-band amplification devices.


The Emergence of China presents the classical period in its own terms. It contains more than 500 translated excerpts from the classical texts, linked by a running commentary which traces the evolution and interaction of the different schools of thought. These are shown in dialogue about issues from tax policy to the length of the mourning period for a parent. Some texts labor to establish the legal and political structures of the new state, while others passionately oppose its war orientation, or amusingly ridicule those who supported it. Here are the arguments of the Hundred Schools of classical thought, for the first time restored to life and vividly presented. There are six topical chapters, each treating a major subject in chronological order, framed by a preliminary background chapter and a concluding survey of the eventual Empire. Each chapter includes several brief Methodological Moments, as samples of the philological method on which the work is based. Occasional footnotes point to historical parallels in Greece, Rome, the Ancient Near East, and the mediaeval-to-modern transition in Europe, which at many points the Chinese classical period resembles. At the back of the book are a guide to alternate Chinese romanizations, a list of passages translated, and a subject index. A preliminary version of The Emergence of China was classroom-tested, and the suggestions of teachers and students were incorporated into the final version. The results of those classroom trials, in both history and philosophy classes, were favorable. This is the only account of early Chinese thought which presents it against the background of the momentous changes taking place in the early Chinese state, and the only account of the early Chinese state which follows its development, by correctly dated documents, from its beginnings in the palace states of Spring and Autumn to the economically sophisticated bureaucracies of late Warring States times. In this larger context, the insights of the philosophers remain, but their failure to influence events is also noted. The fun of the Jwangdz is transmitted, but along with its underlying pain. The achievements of the Chinese Imperial formation process are duly registered, but so is their human cost. Special attention is given to the contribution of non-Chinese peoples to the eventual Chinese civilization.


The international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and the recently established permanent international criminal court all need the assistance of States to function effectively. To that end, there is a duty for (certain) States to provide the necessary assistance. It is, however, uncertain what the exact content of this duty is and whether it is sufficient in the light of fair and effective international criminal adjudication. This book aims at determining the content of the duty to co-operate with the existing international criminal tribunals in the field of evidence gathering. It contains an analysis of the power to request assistance and an analysis of the corresponding duty to provide that assistance. Special attention is given to State co-operation related to testimonial evidence and on-site investigations, as two particularly useful forms of assistance. This study serves the ultimate purpose of answering the question whether the 'legal assistance regimes' of the international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and the permanent international criminal court enable these bodies to fulfil their mandates.


The growing populations of students to higher institution is increasing year by year, therefore, it is important to ensure that the building is well functioned throughout its lifecycle. Inevitably, the educational process may be interrupted if the building experience a poor performance conditions, thus affect the students' academic achievement. Many studies have proved that there is the significance in providing holistic performance in educational buildings that able to improve the students' learning environment. This study is aimed to provide a new rating tool for building performance that is hoped to be used for Malaysia's higher educational buildings towards students' learning improvement.
Keywords: higher institutions; performance evaluation; performance concept- learning efficiency.
eISSN 2514-751X © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.


The importance of herbivores and of plant diversity for community succession and recovery from disturbance is well documented. However, few studies have assessed the relative magnitude of, or potential interactions between, these factors. To determine the combined effect of herbivory and surrounding algal species richness on the recovery of a rocky intertidal community, we conducted a 27-month field experiment assessing algal recruitment and succession in cleared patches that mimic naturally forming gaps in the ambient community. We crossed two herbivore treatments, ambient and reduced abundance, with monocultures and polycultures of the four most common algal species in a mid-high rocky intertidal zone of northern California. We found that both the presence of herbivores and high surrounding algal richness increased recovery rates, and the effect of algal richness was twice the magnitude of that of herbivores. The increased recovery rate of patches containing herbivores was due to the consumption of fast-growing, early colonist species that preempt space from perennial, late-successional species. Mechanisms linking algal richness and recovery are more numerous. In polycultures, herbivore abundance and species composition is altered, desiccation rates are lower, and propagule recruitment, survival, and growth are higher compared to monocultures, all of which could contribute the observed effect of surrounding species richness. Herbivory and species richness should jointly accelerate recovery wherever palatable species inhibit late-successional, herbivore-resistant species and recruitment and survival of new colonists is promoted by local species richness. These appear to be common features of rocky-shore seaweed, and perhaps other, communities.


: Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for life, and its sources and cycling have varied over Earth history. Stable isotope ratios of nitrogen compounds (expressed as δ15N, in ‰) are preserved in the sedimentary record and track these changes, providing important insights into associated biogeochemical feedbacks. Here we review the use of nitrogen stable isotope geochemistry in unravelling the evolution of the global N cycle in deep time. We highlight difficulties with preservation, unambiguous interpretations, and local versus global effects. We end with several case studies illustrating how depositional and stratigraphic context is crucial in reliably interpreting δ15N records in ancient marine sediments, both in ancient anoxic (Archean) and more recent well oxygenated (Phanerozoic) environments.


In this paper, we review the burgeoning but dispersed literature on chief executive officer (CEO) advice seeking, which has important effects on strategic decision making, the CEO's and the board of directors' effectiveness, and firms' entrepreneurial orientation, innovativeness, and financial performance. We synthesize research findings about the key features of CEO advice seeking and its antecedents and outcomes across multiple levels of analysis. On the basis of our review, we identify important research gaps and develop a future research agenda that outlines new research questions and empirical foci that extend the current scope of analysis. We also highlight promising new theories and underutilized methods suitable for this area of research. With an integrative review and research agenda, we hope to stimulate cross-fertilization of different lines of inquiry and encourage new research that shines a spotlight on the remaining puzzles of CEO advice-seeking research.


Voices of Design (VOD) is an event that uses Zoom, an online meeting program, and Miro, a web-based whiteboard platform, to create a virtual space for group collaboration and research. This virtual meeting space and the strategies of the VOD event are discussed regarding their ability to support large and small group interaction, interpersonal communication, design thinking processes, collaboration, complex problem solving, and gamification activities all in real time. Four goals were set as metrics for the success of this event: 1) create a safe virtual meeting place to share ideas, collaborate, and build community, 2) design content that inspires participants and casts a shared vision for design as a catalyst for positive change at global, national, local and personal levels, 3) use the event to build common ground by solving worthy yet complex problems, and 4) actively engage participants in the online activities through a series of gamification strategies. This event, these online and digital platforms, and these four goals are discussed regarding best practices for service design for online and hybrid education and design research conducted in virtual space.


Abstract. The impact of large-scale circulation on urban gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was investigated through analysis of 2008–2015 measurement data from an urban site in New York City (NYC), New York, USA. Distinct annual cycles were observed in 2009–2010 with mixing ratios in warm seasons (i.e., spring–summer) 10–20 ppqv ( ∼  10–25 %) higher than in cool seasons (i.e., fall–winter). This annual cycle was disrupted in 2011 by an anomalously strong influence of the US East Coast trough in that warm season and was reproduced in 2014 associated with a particularly strong Bermuda High. The US East Coast trough axis index (TAI) and intensity index (TII) were used to characterize the effect of the US East Coast trough on NYC GEM, especially in winter and summer. The intensity and position of the Bermuda High appeared to have a significant impact on GEM in warm seasons. Regional influence on NYC GEM was supported by the GEM–carbon monoxide (CO) correlation with r of 0.17–0.69 (p ∼  0) in most seasons. Simulated regional and local anthropogenic contributions to wintertime NYC anthropogenically induced GEM concentrations were averaged at  ∼  75 % and 25 %, with interannual variation ranging over 67 %–83 % and 17 %–33 %, respectively. Results from this study suggest the possibility that the increasingly strong Bermuda High over the past decades could dominate over anthropogenic mercury emission control in affecting ambient concentrations of mercury via regional buildup and possibly enhancing natural and legacy emissions.


Summary Although followers' needs are a central aspect of transformational leadership theory, little is known about their role as mediating mechanisms for this leadership style. The present research thus seeks to integrate and extend theorizing on transformational leadership and self-determination. In particular, we propose that the satisfaction of followers' basic needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and employee outcomes (job satisfaction, self-efficacy, and commitment to the leader). We tested this model in two studies involving employees from a broad spectrum of organizations in Germany (N=410)and inSwitzerland (N=442). Results revealed largelyconsistent patterns across both studies. The need for competence fulfillment solely mediated the link between transformational leadership and occupational self-efficacy; the need for relatedness fulfillment solely mediated the link between transformational leadership and commitment to the leader. The mediating pattern for the link between transformational leadership and job satisfaction varied slightly across studies. In Study 1, only the need for autonomy fulfillment was a significant mediator, whereas in Study 2, all three needs mediated this relationship. Taken together, our study integrates theorizing on transformational leadership and self-determination by corroborating that need fulfillment indeed is a central mechanism behind transformational leadership. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Untranslated regions (UTRs) of flaviviruses contain a large number of RNA structural elements involved in mediating the viral life cycle, including cyclisation, replication, and encapsidation. Here we report on a comparative genomics approach to characterize evolutionarily conserved RNAs in the 3'UTR of tick-borne, insect-specific and no-known-vector flaviviruses in silico. Our data support the wide distribution of previously experimentally characterized exoribonuclease resistant RNAs (xrRNAs) within tick-borne and no-known-vector flaviviruses and provide evidence for the existence of a cascade of duplicated RNA structures within insect-specific flaviviruses. On a broader scale, our findings indicate that viral 3'UTRs represent a flexible scaffold for evolution to come up with novel xrRNAs.


Legal custom and its institution is one of Indonesia wealth on Law that has important/ big role in daily life, especially for the traditional environment in Indonesia, such as Sapeken island, Sumenep sub province. Legal custom in Sapeken is as an organization/ community of Sapeken people that has structural leadership and norm/ law that is obeyed, respected, and applied by people, that finally could minimize all the kind of collisions. The statement problems of this research are, how is the position of the legal custom institution in Sapeken island, Sumenep sub province on the law system in Indonesia.
The research method of this research is yuridic social approach. The data used in this research are primer and sekunder data. The primer data is directly got from the first source, they are the head and the staff of legal custom institution in Sapeken island, Sumenep sub province. Furthermore, the sekunder data covered legal documents, books, research findings, reports, and the code/ law. The data collection technique of this research is interview. In addition, the respondent of the interview got by using purposive sampling. It means, that the selected
respondent is who whom stay for long time and participate actively on the activity. In other words, they were as the object of this research. The head and the staff of legal custom in Sapeken, and the direct observation on the research location in Sapeken island, Sumenep sub province as the location of primer data is tooken. Finally the data is analysed descriptively. Based on the research findings, showed that legal custom institution in Sapeken was born from the worried of people on the behavioral friction and the way of thinking of people that started to run away/ ignore the legal custom as the norm that is existed for long time, that had to be obeyed and applied. The legal
custom and its institution in Indonesia is recognized existed in law system in Indonesia, that had showed on the country fundamental component (pancasila), structural component, substantial component, and cultural law component. Finally, by the detail and deep analysis of the writer, it can be concluded that legal custom institution in Sapeken is recognized existed by either on the people of Sapeken or the law system in Indonesaia.


Suburban shrinkage, understood as a degenerative urban process stemming from the demise of the Fordist mode of urbanism, is generally manifested in a decline in population, industry and employment. It is also intimately linked to the global restructuring of industrial organization associated with the rise of the post-Fordist mode of urbanism and, more recently, the thrust of Asian industrialization. Framed in the discourse of industrial urbanism, this article examines the first ring of industrial suburbs that developed around large cities in their most rapid Fordist urbanization phase. These industrial suburbs, although they were formed at different times, are today experiencing specific mutations and undergoing profound restructuring on account of their particular spatial position between the central area and the expanding peripheries of the post-Fordist metropolis. This article describes and compares suburban decline in two European cities (Glasgow and Paris) and two Latin American Cities (São Paulo, Brazil and Guadalajara, Mexico), as different instances of places asymmetrically and fragmentarily integrated into the geography of globalization.


Real-time streaming of HD movies and TV via YouTube, Netflix, Apple TV and Xbox Live is gaining popularity. Stream programs often consume considerable amounts of energy due to their compute-intensive nature. Making stream programs energy-efficient is important, especially for energy-constrained computing devices such as mobile phones and tablets. The first part of this thesis focuses on exploiting the popular Synchronous Dataflow (SDF) high-level abstraction of stream programs to design adaptive stream programs for energy reduction on multicore machines. Observing that IO rates of stream programs can vary at runtime, we seek to make stream programs adaptive by transforming their internal structures to adapt required occupied computing resources, e.g., cores and memory, to workload changes at runtime. Our experiments show that adapting stream programs to IO rate changes can lead to significant energy reduction. In addition, we also show that the modularity and static attributes of stream programs' abstraction not only help map stream programs on multicore machines more easily but also enable energy-efficient routing schemes of high-bandwidth stream traffic on the interconnection fabric, such as networks on-chip.While SDF abstractions can help optimize stream programs on multicore machines, SDF is more suitable for describing stream data-intensive computations such as FFT, DCT, and FIR and so on. Modern stream operations such as MPEG2 or MP3 encoders/decoders are often more sophisticated and composed of multiple such computations. Enabling operation synchronization between different such computations with different semantics leads to the need for control messaging. We extend previous work on control messaging and give a formal definition for control message latency via the semantics of information wavefronts. This control-operation-integrated SDF (COSDF) is able to model sophisticated stream programs more precisely. However, the conventional scheduling method developed for SDF is not sufficient to schedule COSDF applications. To schedule COSDF applications, we develop a scheduling method using dependency graphs and applying a periodic graph theory, based on reduced dependency graphs (RDG). This RDG scheduling method also helps extract parallelism of stream programs. The more precise abstraction of COSDF is expected to help synthesize and generate sophisticated stream programs more efficiently.Although the SDF modularity property also improves programmability, it can come at a price of efficiency when SDF models are not compiled and run using model-based design environments. However, compiling large SDF models to mitigate the inefficiency can be prohibitive in the situations where even a small change in a model may lead to large recompilation overhead. We tackle the problem by proposing a method for incrementally compiling large SDF models that faithfully captures the executions of original SDF models to avoid potential artificial deadlocks of a naive compilation method.


CD28 is a receptor expressed on T cells that regulates their differentiation after antigen stimulation to long-term-survival memory T cells. CD28 enhances T-cell receptor signals and reduces expression of CBL ubiquitin ligases, which negatively control T-cell activation. In the absence of CD28 ligation during the primary stimulation, CBL levels remain high and T cells fail to mount an efficient secondary response. CD28 associates with p85alpha, one of the regulatory subunits of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), but the relevance of this interaction is debated. We examined here the contribution of the other ubiquitous PI3K regulatory subunit, p85beta, in CD28 function. We describe that p85beta bound to CD28 and to CBL with greater affinity than p85alpha. Moreover, deletion of p85beta impaired CD28-induced intracellular events, including c-CBL and CBL-b down-regulation as well as PI3K pathway activation. This resulted in defective differentiation of activated T cells, which failed to exhibit an efficient secondary immune response. Considering that p85beta-deficient T cells fail in recall responses and that p85beta binds to and regulates CD28 signals, the presented observations suggest the involvement of p85beta in CD28-mediated activation and differentiation of antigen-stimulated T cells.


We have explored properties of an extension of the Inert Doublet Model by the addition of an extra non-inert scalar doublet. The model offers a possibility of CP violation in the scalar sector and a candidate for the Dark Matter. Allowed regions in the plane spanned by the mass of the Dark-Matter particle and the lightest neutral Higgs particle have been identified, and constraints from direct-detection experiments have been studied. For favorable parameter regions one may observe long-lived charged particles produced at the LHC.


Background Recent studies suggest that approximately one per thousand paediatric ED attendances may require some sort of critical procedure, with intubation being by far the most common. It is unknown how often critical non-airway procedures such as chest decompression, CPR, ED thoracotomy, defibrillation, pacing, and advanced vascular access techniques are performed by paediatric emergency clinicians. Objective To determine the recent performance or supervision, and confidence for various paediatric critical non-airway procedures by senior paediatric emergency clinicians. Design/methods Web based survey of senior paediatric emergency clinicians regarding performance, supervision, and confidence relating to critical non-airway procedures in children aged 0–18 years. The survey was distributed through Paediatric Emergency Research Networks (PERN) in the UK and Ireland, USA, Canada, Europe, South America, Australia and New Zealand. Results 1602 clinicians responded to the survey, with an overall response rate of 65%. 1508 (94%) respondents reported their most recent non-airway procedural experience. In the last 12 months, 979 (64%) had personally inserted an intraosseous line, 283 (19%) a central venous line, and 265 (18%) an arterial line. In the same time period, 962 (64%) had performed CPR, 190 (13%) had performed needle thoracostomy, 245 (16%) had performed tube thoracostomy, 380 (25%) had performed DC cardioversion or defibrillation, and 57 (4%) had performed transcutaneous pacing. 18 (1%) had performed pericardiocentesis, 19 (1%) a venous cutdown, and 21 (1%) ED thoracotomy. More than 70% of respondents had never supervised or performed pacing, pericardiocentesis, venous cutdown or ED thoracotomy. 332 (22%) and 348 (23%) had never performed or supervised insertion of a central venous line or arterial line respectively. Procedural confidence for intraosseous lines and CPR was high, while confidence increased with increasing patient age for central venous access and arterial lines. ED thoracotomy, pericardiocentesis and venous cutdown had the lowest frequency of respondents reporting confidence in performing the procedure. Conclusions More than half of the paediatric emergency clinicians surveyed had performed CPR and inserted an intraosseous needle within the last 12 months. Performance of other non-airway critical procedures was less common, and associated with less procedural confidence.