This paper presents the power-performance trade off of three different cache compression algorithms. Cache compression improves performance, since the compressed data increases the effective cache capacity by reducing the cache misses. The unused memory cells can be put into sleep mode to save static power. The increased performance and saved power due to cache compression must be more than the delay and power consumption added due to CODEC(COmpressor and DECompressor) block respectively. Among the studied algorithms, powerdelay characteristic of Frequent Pattern compression(FPC) is found to be the most suitable for cache compression.


This article reports an observation on a fat strange repeller, which appears after a characteristic crisis observed in a kicked rotor subjected to a piecewise continuous force field. The discontinuity border in the definition range of the two-dimensional mapping, which describes the system, oscillates as the discrete time develops. At a threshold of a control parameter a fat chaotic attractor suddenly transfers to a fat transient set. The strange repeller, which appears after the crisis, is also a fat fractal, This is the reason why super-transience happens


This is a book which grew out of the white-hot anger of a man who saw freedom of thought within the church, reason and common sense, and above all the effectiveness of the church in its influence on society endangered by the reactionary pressures of a movement which thrived on superficial slogans and emotionalism. Ernst Kasemann, an active member of the Confessing Church during the Second World War, a New Testament scholar of great distinction, and a noted pastor, was himself the subject of personal attacks in his native Germany. In defence of himself and his beliefs he wrote a small book. It sold out with a speed second only to Honest to God. A new revised edition was published. That too sold out quickly. The third edition, from which this translation has been made, soon followed, again with additional material. The precise details of the controversy have by this time faded, and they are barely touched on in this book. 'I have written myself out of my original anger,' the author remarks. What remains is something more lasting. Here, oat of a concrete situation in the mid-twentieth century, has grown a theology of the New Testament in miniature, reminding Christians that it was as rebels, not as reactionaries, that Christians followed their leader, and that on almost every page of the New Testament there is a very real call to freedom.


The purpose of this paper is to discriminate between 2and 3-parameter nested alternatives for the gamma, Weibull and lognormal distributions. Monte Carlo expetiments are conducted to evaluate the likelihood ratio test, Akaike's information criterion, Schwarz's information criterion, the Chi-square test and the KolmogorovSmirnov test. The performance of the tests and criteria depends on the types of nested distributions under consideration, the parametric values of the parent diatributions, the confidence levels used (if applicable), and the sample sizes. The practical usefulnesa of the techniques is illustrated by observing the errora of the models in fitting the upper percentilea of the parent distribution. Two sete of air pollution data, namely hourly pollutant observati~ns of p-scattering and nitrogen dioxide,from an urban airshed are used to examine the similarities and differences in fitting 2and 3-parameter distributions where historical practice suggesta there is a preference for the more parsimonious model.


Abstract : This work first examines fundamental differences between measurement models established for GPS and those of proposed image-based navigation systems. In contrast to single value per satellite GPS pseudorange measurements, image measurements are inherently angle-based and represent pixel coordinate pairs for each mapped target. Thus, in the image-based case, special consideration must be given to the units of the transformations between the states and measurements, and also to the fact that multiple rows of the observation matrix relate to particular error states. An algorithm is developed to instantiate a framework for image-based integrity analogous to that of GPS RAIM. The algorithm is applied cases where the navigation system is estimating position only and then extended to cases where both position and attitude estimation is required. Detailed analysis demonstrates the impact of angular error on a single pixel pair measurement and comparisons from both estimation scenario results show that, from an integrity perspective, there is significant benefit in having known attitude information. Additional work demonstrates the impact of pixel pair measurement relative geometries on system integrity, showing potential improvement in image-based integrity through screening and adding measurements, when available, to the navigation system solution.


Degradation of semi-arid and arid ecosystems due to desertification is arguably one of the main obstacles for sustainability in those regions. In recent decades, the Mu Us Desert in China has experienced such ecological degradation making quantification of spatial patterns of desertification in this area an important research topic. We analyzed desertification dynamics for seven periods from 1986 to 2015 and focused on five ecosystem services including soil conservation, water retention, net primary productivity (NPP), crop productivity, and livestock productivity, all assessed for 2015. Furthermore, we examined how ecosystem services relate to each other and are impacted by desertification. Three major conclusions are drawn from the study. First, the eastern part of the study area experienced overall improvement while desertification in the west first increased and then reversed its trend during those periods between 1986 and 2015. Second, significant synergistic relationships are observed for three regulating services (soil conservation, water retention, NPP) and two provisioning services (crop productivity and livestock productivity). Strong relationships across different types of ecosystem services were found only between crop productivity and NPP. Third, in response to increasing desertification, the three regulating services exhibit a monotonically decreasing trend, while the two provisioning services follow a hump-shaped response.


Morgan, Grahame 2000. Teachers and Policy Knowledge: A Methodological and Empirical Study. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment o f the requirements for the award o f file degree, Doctor o f Education (Faculty o f Education), at the University o f W ollongong, NSW. The New South Wales Department of Education and Training (DET) is a large and complex education authority employing some 50,000 teachers in school education and is responsible for the education of approximately 750,000 students of school age. This investigation examined the role of teachers in educational policy-making and supported the contention that primary and secondary school teachers, as a large professional group within the New South Wales DET, did not have a significant role in educational policy decision-making. It was also established that little research effort had been directed towards the definition and analysis of the proper role of these teachers in the policy process. The enquiry emphasised methodological and theoretical issues in the development of the research tools necessary to undertake this investigation. These tools were then applied throughout the investigation stage of the research and in proposing appropriate solutions to the problems identified. The methodology developed and applied synthesised aspects of literature review methods (Cooper, 1988; Bruce, 1994; Helmericks et al, 1991) and interdisciplinary research methods (Klein, 1990; Bechtell, 1986) in order to construct a methodology suitable for application to the research questions. Other aspects of policy research and policy studies (Majchrzak, 1984; Ham and Hill, 1984; Fasano, 1993) also guide the development and application of the methodology. Focus group methodology was applied in order to test the theoretical findings against the expressed opinions of teachers. The results of this study support the contention that school teachers should establish a more prominent role in policy decision-making in public education in NSW. In addition, the research suggested a solution in the form of a policy curriculum developed to improve teacher knowledge of the policy process and enhance access by teachers to policy-making. The significance of this enquiry is in making a contribution to the field of policy studies through the development of methodology and in the analysis of the social problem posed by the lack of teacher involvement in policy decision-making in public school education in NSW.


The three rotational degrees of freedom between the coordinate system of a sensed object and that of a viewer define the attitude of the object. Orientation-based representations record 3-D surface properties as a function of position on the unit sphere. All orientation-based representations considered share a desirable property: the representation of a rotated object is equal to the rotated representation of the object before rotation. This makes the orientation-based representations well-suited to the task of attitude determination. The mathematical background for orientation-based representations of shape is presented in a consistent framework. Among the orientation-based representations considered, the support function is one-to-one for convex bodies, the curvature functions are one-to-one for convex bodies up to a translation and the radial function is one-to-one for starshaped sets. Using combinations of the support function and the curvature functions for convex bodies, the problem of attitude determination is transformed into an optimization problem. Previous mathematical results on the radial function for convex objects are extended to starshaped objects and the problem of attitude determination by the radial function also is transformed into an optimization problem. Solutions to the optimization problems exist and can be effectively computed using standard numerical methods. A proof-of-concept system has been implemented and experiments conducted both on synthesized data and on real objects using surface data derived from photometric stereo. Experimental results verify the theoretical solutions. Novel contributions of the thesis include: the representation of smooth convex objects by the support function and curvature functions; the definition of a new orientation-based representation for starshaped sets using the 3-D radial function; and solutions to the 3-D attitude determination problem using the aforementioned representations. In particular, the scope of orientation-based representations has been extended, both in theory and in practice, from convexity to starshapedness.


With advances in process technology, soft errors are becoming an increasingly critical design concern. Owing to their large area, high density, and low operating voltages, caches are worst hit by soft errors. Based on the observation that in multimedia applications, not all data require the same amount of protection from soft errors, we propose a partially protected cache (PPC) architecture, in which there are two caches, one protected and the other unprotected at the same level of memory hierarchy. We demonstrate that as compared to the existing unprotected cache architectures, PPC architectures can provide 47 times reduction in failure rate, at only 1% runtime and 3% power overheads. In addition, the failure rate reduction obtained by PPCs is very sensitive to the PPC cache configuration. Therefore, this observation provides an opportunity for further improvement of the solution by correctly parameterizing the PPC configurations. Consequently, we develop design space exploration (DSE) strategies to discover the best PPC configuration. Our DSE technique can reduce the exploration time by more than six times as compared to an exhaustive approach.


The prevalence of beta thalassemia (B-thal) in Mexico is largely unknown, and it is thought that the disease is confined to populations with Mediterranean ancestors. Various reports suggest that in certain parts of the coast in the Gulf of Mexico the prevalence of both B-thal and hemoglobin S disease/trait is high. We studied prospectively a town with 11,000 inhabitants named Tamiahua, located along the Gulf Coast, in the State of Veracruz, and very close to the State of Tamaulipas. A group of 200 inhabitants was initially studied: the prevalence of B-thal was 15% and 6% of them had sickle cell trait. The prevalence of B-thal is the highest reported in the country. In a second part of the study, two family trees with members heterozygous for B-thal and/or Hb S trait were constructed. The ethnic characteristics of the studied population makes unlikely that the gene was derived from white Europeans but not from black Africans. Inasmuch as the indians living in that part of the country belong to the macro-maya glotochronological group, where a relatively high prevalence of B-thal has also been identified, we feel that it is possible that B-thal was present in our country before the Spaniards arrived to Mexico.


In A Dangerous Method , David Cronenberg turns his cinematic method inside out. By shifting his attention to the absence, loss, and emptiness of repression triumphant as intensively as he usually focuses on the shock, horror, and ambivalent ecstasy of repression overturned, Cronenberg sharpens the pain that characterizes his cinematic vision.


OBJECTIVE: To summarize existing data regarding potential interactions between recreational drugs and drugs commonly used in the management of HIV-positive patients. DATA SOURCES: Information was obtained via a MEDLINE search (1966–August 2002) using the MeSH headings human immunodeficiency virus, drug interactions, cytochrome P450, medication names commonly prescribed for the management of HIV and related opportunistic infections, and names of commonly used recreational drugs. Abstracts of national and international conferences, review articles, textbooks, and references of all articles were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Literature on pharmacokinetic interactions was considered for inclusion. Pertinent information was selected and summarized for discussion. In the absence of specific data, prediction of potential clinically significant interactions was based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. RESULTS: All protease inhibitors (PIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are substrates and potent inhibitors or inducers of the cytochrome P450 system. Many classes of recreational drugs, including benzodiazepines, amphetamines, and opioids, are also metabolized by the liver and can potentially interact with antiretrovirals. Controlled interaction studies are often not available, but clinically significant interactions have been observed in a number of case reports. Overdoses secondary to interactions between the "rave" drugs methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and PIs have been reported. PIs, particularly ritonavir, may also inhibit metabolism of amphetamines, ketamine, lysergic acid diethylmide (LSD), and phencyclidine (PCP). Case series and pharmacokinetic studies suggest that nevirapine and efavirenz induce methadone metabolism, which may lead to symptoms of opiate withdrawal. A similar interaction may exist between methadone and the PIs ritonavir and nelfinavir, although the data are less consistent. Opiate metabolism can be inhibited or induced by concomitant PIs, and patients should be monitored for signs of toxicity and/or loss of analgesia. PIs should not be coadministered with midazolam and triazolam, since prolonged sedation may occur. CONCLUSIONS: Interactions between agents commonly prescribed for patients with HIV and recreational drugs can occur, and may be associated with serious clinical consequences. Clinicians should encourage open dialog with their patients on this topic, to avoid compromising antiretroviral efficacy and increasing the risk of drug toxicity.


The conventional cello is one of the orchestral instruments whose sound is usually poorly projected from an orchestra, especially in its lower register. One of several reasons for this, in common with others of the string family, is that the foot of the bridge is connected to both top plate and back by a sound post constraining these points to vibrate in phase. As a result, in the lower frequency range, the instrument radiates as a bi‐polar sound source. If the top plate and back can be coupled so as to vibrate in apposing phase, then the instrument would radiate as a mono‐pole source with a potential substantial increase in sound output. This paper describes an exploratory attempt to induce such operation.


The wire dynamic simulation has been performed in the superconducting magnet to get the selection standard of structural materials for stable magnet. The equation of motion of each winding was solved with time to simulate the wire motion in a superconducting magnet. The transport current was increased with time, and hence applied force to the wire was changed with time. The minimum quench energy of each winding was calculated and compared with the frictional heating. The quench current was decided when the frictional heating was more than MQE. The material parameters and the winding tension were changed and the wire motion in a superconducting magnet was analyzed.


We have investigated the effects of a toroidal-type magnetic field of 10 T (10 5 G), in the lower convective region of a standard solar model. From the numerical solution of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations, distributions of some physical variables are obtained in spherical coordinates for this layer. It is shown that the most important feature of this type of magnetic field is to break the spherical symmetric distribution of density and alter its compressibility with respect to latitude. This type of magnetic field does not change much the density of the reference model, and the resulting flux is also comparable to that found in other research. It is further shown that the MHD plasma acts as incompressible at the poles, in contrast to the perfect fluid behaviour at the equator. As a result we have estimated the limits and applicability of the anelastic and Boussinesq approximations for this layer. Thus our results might be useful, especially in simplifying the numerical integration schemes related to the lower convection zone in the Sun.


In 1935, the state of California convicted eight Communist organizers of criminal syndicalism and sent them to prison. This article argues that the Sacramento conspiracy trial of farm labor organizers shows how California growers and their allies in state and local government used the fear of Communism as a cudgel to beat back New Deal challenges to their power. The growers generated a Red Scare to help them maintain their control over workers and wages at a time when they felt threatened by the federal government's new interest in workers' rights.


English literature is one of the subjects that has been taught in English Department. Learning literature is not easy, the students must study this subject step by step. By studying literature, students will get many advantages, for example; the subject gives valuable information related to the value of life, the students can enrich their vocabulary, widen the knowledge of foreign culture, give enjoyment to the readers. That is the reason why the writer analyzes literary work especially novel and focused on struggle as the topic of this thesis. The purpose of this study is to find out the answers of the research problem: "What are Edward's struggles", "What are the causes of Edward's struggles", and "How is the end of Edward's struggles." This research uses library research in which the data and the references to support the analysis are collected from library. The mean data are taken from the novel itself, meanwhile, the supporting data are some theories to support the analysis. Objective approach is used in analyzing the study, because the writer does not need studying at author's life, background of the work, or background of the society, but just analyzing the work itself. Then, the object of this study is the whole events in the novel "The Children of the New Forest" by Captain Marryat. In this case, the writer focuses on the struggle which is proved by some paragraphs, dialogue quotations in the novel. The result of this study can be concluded that 1) There are two kinds of Edward's struggle, they are; struggle to live and struggle to revenge. In doing struggle to live, Edward and his family work hard in the forest, such as hunting, farming, and cooking by themselves. Moreover, in doing struggle to revenge on his parents' death Edward contacted the King's adherents and join with the King's army in order to against Cromwell, someone who makes his father's dead. 2) Then, the causes of Edward's struggles are Edward's parents death and his house is burned by Cromwell's troops. 3) At the end of Edward's struggle, Edward got successful when he joined with Conde's troops the he was promoted. Besides, he also helped the King in order to gain back his victory. At last, he got married with Patience Heatherstone.


In this demo we aim to introduce and demonstrate O PENKI , an interactive web-platform designed and developed with the aim of facilitating a barrier-free access to education. In a nutshell, O PENKI is an open-source tool to facilitate self- organized, regionalized and offline knowledge exchange. It provides a basis for mediating non-commercial education op- portunities by means of acting as a meeting point for indi- viduals interested in similar subjects. The platform connects individuals who are interested learning or teaching specific topics, or have a physical space to offer where the coordi- nated events can take place, and gather themselves around interest groups. Through its lightweight interface, all stages of a learning processes are made possible from the selection of topics and the organization and execution of courses up to the documentation of the learning material.


Inclusion is supported by both legislation and ethical
arguments, but the practice of inclusion is not clearly defined.
Therefore, the implementation of inclusion is influenced by the
beliefs and backgrounds of school leaders. This case study set out
to provide a description of leadership practices and knowledge at a
school identified as providing successful inclusion for students
with disabilities. The findings of this case study are framed using
Leithwood et al.'s (2004; 2008) core sets of leadership practices
to broadly describe the actions of leaders, and their interactions
with followers, at this school that support inclusive programming.
Within the broad categories of core sets of leadership practices, I
used the conceptual framework of distributed leadership (Spillane,
2006) to describe the specific tools, routines, and structures used
by leaders to implement and support inclusion. Further, I used the
framework of leadership content knowledge (Stein & Nelson,
2003) to identify the knowledge of both inclusion and leadership
that leaders draw on to organize their leadership practices with
regards to inclusive programming. Through the use of this
framework, I was able to identify the following reoccurring
elements of practice that support inclusion at this school: the
principal's insight and drive, an inclusive school culture,
organizational support, communication, and the buffering of staff
from distractions.


Two receiving stations of Omega signal (10-14 kHz in the lower end of the VLF band) have been installed in Rome and Florence to record phase and amplitude of signals transmitted by the stations of Norway, Liberia and La Reunion. The receiving stations are equipped with a multifrequency software receiver that is a useful tool to investigate the low ionosphere. The night-day phase changes along the paths will be shown in the quiet and disturbed days for various epochs of the year. Under quiet conditions there are marked variations in the D-region due to the effects of diurnal and seasonal changes in solar illumination. In addition, data from disturbed periods are presented to show the relation between propagation parameters and solar ionizing.


Background: Benign breast disease have been broadly classified into non-proliferative lesions, proliferative lesions without atypia and hyperplasia with atypia. Proliferative disease, such as usual ductal hyperplasia, is associated with a 1.5 to 2 fold increased risk of developing invasive carcinoma. We reported a case of usual ductal hyperplasia in a young male. Case: A 22-year-old male complained of discomfort and enlargement of unilateral breast. Physical examination at that time revealed a palpable mass in the lateral upper quadrant of the patient's left breast, three centimeters from nipple areola complex. The examination of axilla didn't reveal any lymph node enlargement on both sides. His vital signs were normal without any abnormalities found on examination. Ultrasonography examination demonstrated fibroglandular tissue in the left breast with the volume of 11.13 cm3, consist of 4.8 cm length, 2.9 cm width and 0.8 cm depth. Excisional tumor biopsy was done on his left breast. Usual duct cell hyperplasia was present in microscopic examination with chronic inflammatory cells spreading around the fibrotic stromal cell. Physical examination, radiologic examination, and biopsy were all performed in this patient. Although the accuracy of the triple test is high, benign concordant results do not obviate further surveillance of a palpable mass. We advised our patient to routinely follow-up his condition every 6 months for 1 to 2 years, especially if there any changes found on his breasts. Conclusion: Any guidelines and further studies regarding patient's follow-up examination after biopsy for male breasts tumor are needed in order of better understanding about this disease.


The primary aim of this thesis is to present the crucial Pauline doctrine of Justification through Christ as it has been understood and expounded by St John Chrysostom, one of the greatest exegetes of Holy Scripture in the early Church. Chrysostom's Commentary on Paul's Letter to the Romans is the primary source and the presentation of the most basic aspects of the doctrine of justification in it is the method. The short introduction, relating to Chrysostom's text (ch.l) is followed in turn by: the presuppositions of Paul's doctrine of justification, located in original death and pattern of creation, i.e. in humanity's fall into death through sin, and its link with Christ as God the Creator (ch.2); the soteriological sense of justification, connected with Christ as man (new Adam) and giver of the justification by grace through faith as distinct from the justification in the law through works (ch.3); justification as restoration of humanity in the knowledge of God through Christ; justification as an act of faith as distinct from the acts of the Law (ch.5); justification as sacrifice involving Christ's redemptive sacrifice and the living sacrifice of the Christians (ch.6); the verification of justification through the resurrection (ch.7); justification as doxology, i.e. the worship of God by man in Christ (ch. 8); justification and the new morality of the life in the Spirit (ch. 9); justification as adoption of humanity by God in Christ (ch. 10); justification as punishment and recompense in Christ (ch. 11); justification as an indistructible grace and gift of God's love (ch. 12) and finally, the secular sense of justification (ch. 13).The rich doctrine emerging there from entails destruction of death, victory over sin, participation in God's life in and through Christ. Christ's being and action remain the key to this doctrine.


Oscillation properties are usually measured by fitting symmetric Lorentzian profiles to the power spectra of Sun-like stars. However, the line profiles of solar oscillations have been observed to be asymmetrical for the Sun. The physical origin of this line asymmetry is not fully understood; though, it should depend on the depth dependence of the source of wave excitation (convective turbulence) and details of the observable (velocity or intensity). For oscillations of the Sun, it has been shown that neglecting the asymmetry leads to systematic errors in the frequency determination. This could subsequently affect the results of seismic inferences of the solar internal structure. Using light curves from the Kepler spacecraft, we have measured mode asymmetries in 43 stars. We confirm that neglecting the asymmetry leads to systematic errors that can exceed the 1σ confidence intervals for seismic observations longer than one year. Therefore, the application of an asymmetric Lorentzian profile should be favored to improve the accuracy of the internal stellar structure and stellar fundamental parameters. We also show that the asymmetry changes sign between cool Sun-like stars and hotter stars. This provides the best constraints to date on the location of the excitation sources across the Hertzsprung–Russel diagram.


Back in October 30, 1974 the eyes of the world were set upon what has been called by some as the greatest sporting event of the 20th century. In the capital city Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then called Zaire), the historic boxing event took place pitting the undefeated world heavyweight champion George Foreman against the challenger Muhammad Ali, the former heavyweight. Many reporters from around the world were present, resulting in great works such as journalist Norman Mailer's The Fight (1975). To cover the momentous event, Rolling Stone magazine sent a reluctant Hunter S. Thompson, who ended up scalping the fight tickets and instead spent the historic moment alone in his hotel´s pool indulging in drugs and a bottle of Chivas Regal whiskey.To analyse Hunter S. Thompson's work is to confront oneself with the rambles of a mad man making up rules as he goes through life. From his numerous books, two have been adapted to feature films: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998) and The Rum Diary (2011). By mainly deconstructing the latter movie through the ideology of Thompson and its Gonzo journalism with its drug-infused aesthetics and personal experience reporting, I will explore the often misunderstanding of Thompson's characters and the (apparent) lack of purpose that appears to motivate them. In order to present this argument, this study will consider different characters and moments from the original book The Rum Diary and analyse how/why they were changed in the final movie.


Ideas of the world persist long beyond the contexts that gave rise to them. In intelligence, as in strategic culture, these persisting ideas form a culture which shapes the intelligence system. Persisting ideas can come to form part of a national culture that ultimately shapes the actors, interests, and decision-making of intelligence stakeholders. This thesis illuminates how specific American cultural symbols influence and reflect U.S. intelligence ideas, discourses, policies, and practices, thereby contributing to a distinctly "U.S. intelligence culture." As a result, this dissertation demonstrates that national cultural symbols are not epiphenomenal: These symbols tangibly influence the thought and action of diverse audiences both within and outside the formal U.S. intelligence community. Through an analysis of national and institutional definitions, norms, narratives, and warrants, the contours of a uniquely American intelligence culture emerge. A test case of how Pearl Harbor functions as a powerful cultural symbol among intelligence discourse communities illustrates national culture's influence vis-a-vis policy decisions, intelligence reform, institutional openness, and intelligence education. Ultimately, this dissertation's meta-theoretical lens and multi-perspective approach productively bring together conceptual resources from the fields of Intelligence Studies, Strategic Studies, and International Relations contributing to the development of "intelligence culture" as a theoretically sound and useful approach to studying intelligence-related phenomena.


An approach is proposed for evaluating water management strategies in river basins. Reasonably large sets of criterions and objectives are manipulated during a three-phase process by appropriate shrinking and enlarging related decision hierarchies. In the first phase an unrestricted set of management interests are grouped into (1) long-term, and (2) middleand short-term decision context by creating decision hierarchies and evaluating them by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). After refining the hierarchies by deleting dominated elements, management plans are introduced at their fingertips and so enlarged hierarchies are repeatedly evaluated by AHP in the second phase. Only two bottom levels of hierarchies is necessary to consider by this break-in evaluating procedure. Size of decision hierarchies is rationally preserved in both phases considering limited human abilities in handling numerous decision elements while comparing them, and difficulties in attaining desired decision consistency. The last phase aggregates weights of management plans derived in the second phase for two hierarchies and performs a final ranking of the management alternatives. The Paraguacu river basin in Brazil is used as a case study. This is the most important alluvium in the state of Bahia, which spreads out over 55 thousand square kilometres. Within the basin there are 84 municipalities with nearly 2 million inhabitants. Prevailing water management conditions are semi-arid and major water uses are human and animal supply, irrigation and low river flow augmentation for ecological purposes. Three management plans for a 40-year time horizon were evaluated and ranked.


We conduct an experiment where subjects are matched in groups of three and vote on a moral transgression. Analyzing different voting rules, the frequency of votes for the moral transgression increases with the number of votes required for it. This effect persists when considering pivotal votes only, which eliminates opportunities to save on own moral costs and to rely instead on sufficiently many votes for the transgression by other group members. A series of novel treatments allows us to identify guilt sharing and preferences for consensual voting as empirically relevant and independent drivers of voting behavior.


We present a new method for three-dimensional (3D) magneticfocusing of magnetic microparticles in a microfluidic system. On-chip magnetic particle manipulation in the microchannel is achieved by a high-gradient magnetic field generated by means of a micromachined field concentrator. The system allows retention of functionalized beads in a dense plug while flowing through buffer or analyte. Slowly reducing the magnetic retention force in the presence of a flow results in controlled release of the particles into a fine streamline with regular longitudinal interparticle spacing. Alignment at half-height of the channel is readily obtained through the symmetry of the magnetic field. A single lateral sheath flow is required to provide full 3D focusing of the microparticles in the middle of the microchannel with a maximum deviation of ±5 μm from the center position. With the use of this system, a new approach for performing an immunoagglutination assay on-chip has been implemented. Three-dimensional focusing allowed reliable counting of singlets and agglutinated doublets. We demonstrate the potential of the agglutination assay in a microfluidic format using a streptavidin/biotinylated bovine serum albumin (bBSA) model system. A detection limit of about 400 pg/mL (6 pM) is achieved.


This research is focused on understanding jurors' beliefs about how much weight juvenile defendants' confessions should be given, especially when the confessions were coerced. This is an important topic because adolescents are vulnerable and at risk for producing false confessions. Because of their age and other developmental factors, they can sometimes be coerced by police during interrogation to admit to crimes they did not commit. Once a confession is obtained, it can be very persuasive to jurors because it is hard for them to believe that someone would admit to a crime they did not commit. This can lead to wrongful convictions. Furthermore, certain racial groups are treated unfairly in the criminal justice system, yet no previous studies have examined whether defendant race affects the way potential jurors view confession evidence. Thus, this mock trial research investigates whether jurors are able to disregard a coerced confession made by a juvenile defendant, and whether that decision is affected by the race of the juvenile. Participants completed an online experimental survey in which they read a summary of a case involving a 12-year-old girl charged with murdering her father. The girl defendant was either Black or White and she either gave no confession, a voluntary confession, or a coerced confession. Effects of defendant race and confession type on jurors' judgments were measured via suspicion-of-guilt and degree-of-guilt ratings. Results indicate that jurors were able to discount a coerced confession for both the Black and White girl offender, but held the Black girl more accountable in the voluntary confession condition. Implications for ensuring fair and just jury trials will be discussed.


Robust and effective nutrient removal in wastewater treatment is critical to protection of human health and the environment. However, it can be very challenging under variable influent conditions such as those experienced at the University of Connecticut (UConn) Water Pollution Control Facility. The highly seasonal nature of the UConn student population results in rapid transitions between very high and very low loading rates, which can cause short-term permit violations while the system adjusts. The microbial community responsible for most nutrient removal at this and many other facilities is complex and very responsive to influent and environmental conditions. This responsiveness allows the system to adapt to new conditions but can also present problems if certain sensitive components are inhibited. This work sought to improve understanding of this system and, in turn, facilitate more effective, efficient, and consistent treatment. Nutrient concentration profiles in the treatment basin were monitored daily over two years in order to better characterize the system. The high-resolution data yielded immediate benefits in terms of enhanced treatment when the WPCF staff modified process control Rebecca L. Rubinstein – University of Connecticut, 2018 techniques using the new data. The resulting dataset was crucial in creating the machine learning-based model that is the core of this work. The model developed uses two random forests in a unique, multi-layer deep learning-type structure to accommodate the combination of independent and partially-dependent variables that describe this system. The resulting model predicted 13 different effluent quality parameters under variable influent, environmental, and process control conditions. Finally, a genetic algorithm was used in conjunction with the predictive model to determine the optimal process control settings under specific strain conditions. The framework developed was highly flexible, allowing easy modification should the permit or other needs change. The process control settings determined via the genetic algorithm were both reasonable for the system and well supported by WPCF process control practices observed outside the study period. Potentially even more valuable than the suggestion of optimal treatment conditions, this combination of tools might also aid in guiding policy and purchasing decisions. Machine Learning-based Modeling and Optimization of Nitrogen Removal in Wastewater Treatment Under Highly Variable Operating Conditions Rebecca L. Rubinstein B.S., University of New Hampshire, 2012 M.S., University of Connecticut, 2014 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut


OATP1B1 is an influx transporter known to be implicated as important determinant of the intestinal absorption and hepatobiliary clearance of hydrophilic statins, such as atorvastatin. Several sequence variations have been discovered in the SLCO1B1 gene encoding OATP1B1, with some of them, such as c.388A>G (p.Asn130Asp) and c.521T>C (Val174Ala) associated with increased and reduced OATP1B1 activity, respectively. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of these two SLCO1B1 SNPs on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin. Twenty three healthy Macedonian volunteers were genotyped for these two SNPs using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. After ingestion of a single dose of 80 mg, the plasma concentrations of atorvastatin were measured for 48 h using LC-MS-MS and the Cmax, Tmax, t1/2, kel, MRT, Vd, CL, AUC0-48h and AUC0-~ were determined.
Allele frequencies of the variants were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, with 39 and 15% for c.388A>G and c.521T>C, respectively. Low correlation between this SNP pair (R2=0.137; D'=0.700) was observed. No significant differences in the kel, t1/2, Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-48h, AUC0-~, MRT, Vd and CL between the carriers of different c.388A>G genotypes were observed. Subject with a c.521CC genotype had markedly higher values for Cmax and AUC0-48h, 140 and 67% respectively, in comparison with the carriers of the c.521TT genotype. These differences lacked statistical significance due to the size of the sample. In addition, the effects of SLCO1B1 diplotypes on pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated comparing the effects of *15 non-carriers (n=17) and *15 heterozygotes (n=6), as *15 homozygotes were not identified in the study. The dominant effect of the c.521T>C SNP was confirmed. Marginal statistical differences were observed in Cmax, AUC0-48h, AUC0-~ and CL, with Cmax and AUC0-~ 45% (p=0.062) and 38% (n=0.09) higher, and CL 30% (p=0.07) lower in *15 heterozygotes/carriers of c.521C allele. Additional studies, with a large sample size are needed to confirm this finding.


Sodium/calcium (Na+/Ca2+) exchange (NCX) overexpression is common to human heart failure and heart failure in many animal models, but its specific contribution to the cellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) handling deficit is unclear. Here, we investigate the effects of exchange inhibitory peptide (XIP) on Ca2+ handling in myocytes isolated from canine tachycardic pacing-induced failing hearts. Whole-cell patch-clamped left ventricular myocytes from failing hearts (F) showed a 52% decrease in steady-state sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ load and a 44% reduction in the amplitude of the [Ca2+]i transient, as compared with myocytes from normal hearts (N). Intracellular application of XIP (30 &mgr;mol/L) normalized the [Ca2+]i transient amplitude in F (3.86-fold increase), concomitant with a similar increase in SR Ca2+ load. The degree of NCX inhibition at this concentration of XIP was ≈27% and was selective for NCX: L-type Ca2+ currents and plasmalemmal Ca2+ pumps were not affected. XIP also indirectly improved the rate of [Ca2+]i removal at steady-state, secondary to Ca2+-dependent activation of SR Ca2+ uptake. The findings indicate that in the failing heart cell, NCX inhibition can improve SR Ca2+ load by shifting the balance of Ca2+ fluxes away from trans-sarcolemmal efflux toward SR accumulation. Hence, inhibition of the Ca2+ efflux mode of the exchanger could potentially be an effective therapeutic strategy for improving contractility in congestive heart failure.


Establishing call centre operations has become de rigueur for firms wanting to rationalise and specialise customer services. While call centres are diverse in terms of their size and the services they provide, their common logic is standardisation of the customer interface to optimise efficiency and output. This paper differs from most other call centre research, which involve typically private sector and low-skill models, by focussing on the provision of non-sales tasks, namely human services. It looks in particular at the experiences of professionals in a public sector call centre ('Childline'), who provide services relating to child protection. Despite the strong occupational and professional identity of Childline caseworkers, an ethos of managerialism underscored the de-skilling and intensification of their work, often associated with low-skill call centres. While Childline caseworkers held qualifications quite different from those of workers in routine operations, and were required to use more considered decision-making skills, the nature of call centre labour processes were strikingly similar. The paper questions the viability and efficacy of call centre operations where services cannot easily be reduced to tangible and measurable 'products'.


Background and Purpose— Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) for stroke seems to be beneficial independent of the underlying etiology. Whether this is also true for cervical artery dissection (CAD) is addressed in this study. Methods— We used the Swiss IVT databank to compare outcome and complications of IVT-treated patients with CAD with IVT-treated patients with other etiologies (non-CAD patients). Main outcome and complication measures were favorable 3-month outcome, intracranial cerebral hemorrhage, and recurrent ischemic stroke. Modified Rankin Scale score ≤1 at 3 months was considered favorable. Results— Fifty-five (5.2%) of 1062 IVT-treated patients had CAD. Patients with CAD were younger (median age 50 versus 70 years) but had similar median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores (14 versus 13) and time to treatment (152.5 versus 156 minutes) as non-CAD patients. In the CAD group, 36% (20 of 55) had a favorable 3-month outcome compared with 44% (447 of 1007) non-CAD patients (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.41 to 1.26), which was less favorable after adjustment for age, gender, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.95; P=0.03). Intracranial cerebral hemorrhages (asymptomatic, symptomatic, fatal) were equally frequent in CAD (14% [7%, 7%, 2%]) and non-CAD patients (14% [9%, 5%, 2%]; P=0.99). Recurrent ischemic stroke occurred in 1.8% of patients with CAD and in 3.7% of non-CAD-patients (P=0.71). Conclusion— IVT-treated patients with CAD do not recover as well as IVT-treated non-CAD patients. However, intracranial bleedings and recurrent ischemic strokes were equally frequent in both groups. They do not account for different outcomes and indicate that IVT should not be excluded in patients who may have CAD. Hemodynamic compromise or frequent tandem occlusions might explain the less favorable outcome of patients with CAD.


Abstract. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) and modern motion-sensor packages
allow the measurement of ocean surface waves with low-cost drifters. Drifting
along or across current gradients provides unique measurements of
wave–current interactions. In this study, we investigate the response of
several combinations of GNSS receiver, motion-sensor package and hull design
in order to define a prototype "surface kinematics buoy" (SKIB) that is
particularly optimized for measuring wave–current interactions, including
relatively short wave components that are important for air–sea interactions
and remote-sensing applications. The comparison with existing Datawell
Directional Waverider and Surface Wave Instrument Float with Tracking (SWIFT)
buoys, as well as stereo-video imagery, demonstrates the performance of SKIB.
The use of low-cost accelerometers and a spherical ribbed and skirted hull
design provides acceptable heave spectra E(f) from 0.09 to 1 Hz with an
acceleration noise level (2πf)4E(f) close to 0.023 m2 s−3.
Velocity estimates from GNSS receivers yield a mean direction and directional
spread. Using a low-power acquisition board allows autonomous deployments
over several months with data transmitted by satellite. The capability to
measure current-induced wave variations is illustrated with data acquired in
a macro-tidal coastal environment.


Cities worldwide operate on the frontlines to support forced migrants. Some of these cities even overstep their formal prerogatives by refusing to comply with, and at times overtly subverting, the prescriptions of national authorities. This article builds a conceptual framework to understand such forms of insurgent urban asylum policy-making. We argue that insurgency depends on how city governments mediate the constraints and opportunities that emanate from the horizontal and vertical dimensions of multi-level governance, which capture city-level political dynamics as well as intergovernmental interactions. To illustrate our framework, we compare asylum policy-making in Barcelona, Milan, and Munich during the 2010s "refugee crisis." While Munich invested in rather uncontroversial integration programs, Milan and Barcelona overstepped their jurisdictional boundaries and supported migrants considered "illegal" by national governments. These insurgent responses were enacted as a "remedy from below," stemming from a sense of urgency that was not as pressing for Munich's policy-makers because of the greater capacity of Germany's asylum system.


A Delphi survey on the production of sustainable hydrogen has been conducted as part of the work
of the EPSRC funded SUPERGEN XIV consortium "Delivery of Sustainable Hydrogen" (Dosh). The
survey explores expert views on the following topics over the time period 2020‐2050:
• Sustainable Development and Hydrogen
• Hydrogen Production
• Hydrogen Production Technologies and Feedstock
• Safety, Risk and Public Perception
The Delphi survey is an anonymous multi‐round survey which allows experts to consider the
responses of their peers without being unduly influenced by the responses of key individuals. The
technique is particularly appropriate in this case as many of the relevant technologies are still in the
research stage. As a result their expected performance is not well characterised and hence they are
not included in many current models. Although views were sought for the period 2020‐2050, the
aim of this survey was to inform the future, not to forecast it.
This report summarises the findings from the second round of the Delphi survey carried out in
October 2011.
A final round, comprising a small deliberative stakeholder workshop, was subsequently held in
London in March 2012. A subsequent paper detailing overall findings from the Delphi process will be
produced in due course.


This qualitative case study explores the cultural impact the Piney Woods School, a historically Black independent boarding school, had on the social and academic experiences of four of its graduates in attendance at two traditionally White universities. The article discusses the collegiate experiences of four students: Samantha, Ira, Tony, and Bobby. Though their individual collegiate experiences markedly differ from each other, their experiences reflect overall the historically Black boarding school experience as instrumental in shaping student achievement, cultural esteem, and sense of belonging. Studies that explore the secondary school experience, such as the historically Black boarding school, continue to provide other contexts in which to examine how school environment can negatively or positively influence African American students' achievement in college, particularly at traditionally White colleges and universities.


Coordination of a number of molecular mechanisms including transcription, alternative splicing, and class switch recombination are required to facilitate development, activation, and survival of B cells. Disruption of these pathways can result in malignant transformation. Recently, next generation sequencing has identified a number of novel mutations in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients including the ubiquitin E3 ligase UBR5. Approximately 18% of MCL patients were found to have mutations in UBR5 with the majority of mutations within the HECT domain of the protein which can accept and transfer ubiquitin molecules to the substrate. Determining if UBR5 controls the maturation of B cells is important to fully understand malignant transformation to MCL. To elucidate the role of UBR5 in B cell maturation and activation we generated a conditional mutant disrupting UBR5's C-terminal HECT domain. Loss of the UBR5 HECT domain leads to a block in maturation of B cells in the spleen and up-regulation of proteins associated with mRNA splicing via the spliceosome. Our studies reveal a novel role of UBR5 in B cell maturation by regulating alternative splicing of key transcripts during B cell development and suggests UBR5 mutations may promote mantle cell lymphoma initiation. KEY POINTS Utilizing a novel mouse model mimicking MCL patient mutations, the loss of UBR5's HECT domain causes alterations in B cell development. UBR5 mutations lead to stabilization of UBR5 and aberrant splicing.


Virtual machine (VM) migration is affected by network latency and throughput, which are highly fluctuating and unpredictable in wide-area networks (WANs). Hence, it is difficult to statically minimize the time required to transfer a large number of VMs across WAN. The goal of this work is to migrate as many VMs as possible during a given period of time and it is motivated by disaster recovery scenarios. One approach is to migrate a large number of VMs in parallel, but this leads to long migration times of each individual VM. Long migration times are problematic in catastrophic circumstances where resources are limited and can fail within a short period of time. Thus, it is important to shorten both the total time required to migrate multiple VMs and the migration time of individual VMs. Due to network performance fluctuations, the optimal number of parallel migrations changes over time. This work proposes a feedback-based controller that adapts to the number of parallel VM migrations in response to changes in a WAN. The controller implements an algorithm inspired by the TCP congestion avoidance algorithm in order to regulate the number of VMs in transit depending on the network conditions. Experiments using a prototype controller confirm that it is possible to control the migration of a set of VMs shortening both the total and individual migration times. The experiments show that the controller shortens the individual migration time by up to 5.7 fold compared to that of the static VM migrations where the number of parallel migrations does not change until all migrations are completed. The contributions of this work are 1) introducing migration strategies for multiple VMs on WANs and 2) proposing a hypervisor-independent controller that adapts to network bandwidth fluctuations in disaster scenarios.


In recent years, automotive companies have sought technological advantages to increase fuel economy to protect the environment while providing a comfortable driving experience for them. Customers with rising gasoline prices, the average India would like to spend as little fuel as possible on a car that you can do during your daily activities. Not only customers demand better gas mileage, but the government as a matter of fact; Prime Minister Narendra Modi has passed the Fuel Economy Reform Act stating that new cars will have a fuel consumption of 54.5 miles per person by 2025. Gallone In our diploma thesis we will try to tackle this problem through design and design. This gas uses the principle of electrolysis to divide water into its three molecules of KOH, hydrogen and oxygen in the form of gas. This gas is introduced into the combustion chamber of an engine to increase its output, burn less gas, reduce detonation and detonation in the internal combustion engine, and reduce exhaust emissions to the environment.


The first part of this article is a historical and physical introduction to quasars and their close cousins, called Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). In the second part, I argue that our progress in understanding them has been unsatisfactory and in fact somewhat illusory since their discovery fifty years ago, and that much of the reason is a pervasive lack of critical thinking in the research community. It would be very surprising if other fields do not suffer similar failings.


Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system and potentially the most common cause of neurological disability in young adults. The clinical disease course is highly variable and different multiple sclerosis subtypes can be defined depending on the progression of the severity of the disease. In the early stages, the disease subtype is unknown, and there is no information about how the severity is going to evolve. As there are different treatment options available depending on the progression of the disease, early identification has become highly relevant. Thus, given a new patient, it is important to diagnose the disease subtype. Another relevant information to predict is the expected time to reach a severity level indicating that assistance for walking is required. Given that we have to predict two correlated class variables: disease subtype and time to reach certain severity level, we use multidimensional Bayesian network classifiers because they can model and exploit the relations among both variables. Besides, the obtained models can be validated by the physicians using their expert knowledge due to the interpretability of Bayesian networks. The learning of the classifiers is made by means of a novel multiobjective approach which tries to maximize the accuracy of both class variables simultaneously. The application of the methodology proposed in this paper can help a physician to identify the expected progression of the disease and to plan the most suitable treatment.


The picking process is a manual, labour-intensive process, whose efficiency is affected by a number of different factors, which contribute to determine the travel distance covered by pickers. This paper describes the development of an original software tool programmed with Microsoft ExcelTM to help design picker-to-parts order picking systems and simultaneously evaluate the effect and interactions of various design and operating factors on the process performance. The software allows the geometry of any rectangular warehouse to be reproduced as a function of its main parameters, i.e., the number of aisles and cross-aisles, shape factor and total storage capacity, and the application of four routing policies to be simulated. The software was applied to derive the travel distance as a function of the routing policy, shape factor, number of cross-aisles and length of the order picking list, in a warehouse of fixed storage capacity.


 Abstract— This research aimed to measure the impact of the use of a mobile learning (iTunes U) app for the development of metacognition skills delivered in the enrichment program offered to gifted students at the secondary level in Jeddah. The author targeted a group of students on an experimental scale to evaluate the achievement. The research sample consisted of a group of 38 gifted female students. The scale of evaluation of the metacognition skills used to measure the performance of students in the enrichment program was as follows: Satisfaction scale for the assessment of the technique used and the final product form after completion of the program. Appropriate statistical treatment used includes Paired Samples T-Test Cronbach's alpha formula and eta squared formula. It was concluded in the results the difference of α≤ 0.05, which means the performance of students in the skills of metacognition in favor of using iTunes U. In light of the conclusion of the experiment, a number of recommendations and suggestions were present; the most important benefit of mobile learning applications is to provide enrichment programs for gifted students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as well as conducting further research on mobile learning and gifted student teaching.


The WWWforEurope research project proposes a comprehensive strategy to set Europe on a dynamic path to a socio-ecological transition. This part reports on the results of different models and presents research findings in the five areas which were inputs for part one "Synthesis". It is based on more than 160 new research papers, produced by 34 research groups cooperating in the project, but also on existing literature.


In this article, we investigate hysteresis behavior observed in the current-voltage transfer curve of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT) based thin film transistors (PTFTs) using bi-directional voltage sweeping. According to the results of our experiments, the hysteresis effects were closely related to oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) molecules residing in the P3HT active layer. As a result, we hypothesized that O2 and H2O in the P3HT could form two kinds of dopants, i.e., stable and transient states. Stable state dopants, which are commonly thought to be of the acceptor-type dopants, could induce holes in the channel region contributing to better on-current. On the contrary, transient state dopants were found to be unable to induce holes, however could enable the formation of polarization agents and create hysteresis. These two types of dopants seem have a common origin, thus they could be converted into each other through the combination of specific processes and applied external bias. From the viewpoint of device operation stability, except on-current level and characteristics including threshold voltage, off-current magnitude and on=off ratio, the impact of hysteresis should garner the attention of those pursuing high performance PTFTs.


This paper presents a distributed arithmetic based design scheme for recursive DSP systems requiring high speed computing. The proposed scheme features a bit-serial word-parallel approach and is found more efficient than the conventional bit-parallel word-serial scheme. We apply this scheme to design an ARMA filter and yield an initiation interval as small as the delay of processing only one output bit. We also incorporate the look-ahead transform and the block processing techniques in the proposed DA scheme for further speed improvement. Finally, we propose a signed digit DA scheme to solve the performance degradation problem due to the effect of data word length truncation in fixed point number computing systems.


To improve the spectral efficiency while meeting the radio link level quality of service requirements such as the bit-error-rate (BER) requirements for the different wireless services, transmission rate and power corresponding to the different mobile users can be dynamically varied in a cellular wideband code-division multiple-access (WCDMA) network depending on the variations in channel interference and fading conditions. This paper models and analyzes the performance of transmission control protocol (TCP) under joint rate and power adaptation with constrained BER requirements for downlink data transmission in a cellular variable spreading factor (VSF) WCDMA network. The aim of this multilayer modeling of the WCDMA radio interface is to better understand the interlayer protocol interactions and identify suitable transport and radio link layer mechanisms to improve TCP performance in a wide-area cellular WCDMA network.


The aim of the current study was to determine the degree to which a sample of one child's creative utterances related to utterances that the child previously produced. The utterances to be accounted for were all of the intelligible, multi-word utterances produced by the child in a single hour of interaction with her mother early in her third year of life (at age 2;1.11). We used a high-density database consisting of 5 hours of recordings per week together with a maternal diary for the previous 6 weeks. Of the 295 multi-word utterances on tape, 37% were 'novel' in the sense that they had not been said in their entirety before. Using a morpheme-matching method, we identified the way(s) in which each novel utterance differed from its closest match in the preceding corpus. In 74% of the cases we required only one operation to match the previous utterance and the great majority of these consisted of the substitution of a word (usually a noun) into a previous utterance or schema. Almost all the other single-operation utterances involved adding a word onto the beginning or end of a previous utterance. 26% of the novel, multi-word utterances required more than one operation to match the closest previous utterance, although many of these only involved a combination of the two operations seen for the single-operation utterances. Some others were, however, more complex to match. The results suggest that the relatively high degree of creativity in early English child language could be at least partially based upon entrenched schemas and a small number of simple operations to modify them. We discuss the implications of these results for the interplay in language production between strings registered in memory and categorial knowledge.


Glacier length fluctuations reflect changes in climate, most notably temperature and precipitation. By this reasoning, moraines, which represent former glacier extent, can be used to estimate past climate. However, estimating palaeoclimate from moraines is not a straight-forward process and involves several assumptions. For example, recent studies have suggested that interannual stochastic variability in temperature in a steady-state climate can cause a glacier to experience kilometre-scale fluctuations. Such studies cast doubt on the usefulness of moraines as climate proxy indicators. Detailed glacial geomorphological maps and moraine chronologies have improved our understanding of the spatial and temporal extent of past glacial events in New Zealand. Palaeoclimate estimates associated with these moraines have thus-far come from simple methods, such as the accumulation area ratio, with unquantifiable uncertainties. I used a numerical modelling approach to approximate the present-day glacier mass balance pattern, which includes the effects of snow avalanching on glacier mass balance. I then used the models to reconstruct palaeoclimate for Lateglacial and Holocene glacial events in New Zealand, and to better understand moraine-glacier-climate relationships. The climate reconstructions come from simulating past glacier expansions to specific terminal moraines, but I also simulated glacier fluctuations in response to a previously derived temperature reconstruction, and to interannual stochastic variability in temperature. The purpose behind each simulation was to identify the drivers of significant glacier fluctuations. The modelling results support the hypothesis that New Zealand moraine records reflect past climate, especially changes in temperature. Lateglacial climate was reconstructed to be 2-3 C lower than the present day. This temperature range agrees well with previous estimates from moraines and other climate proxy records in New Zealand. Modelled temperature estimates for the Holocene moraines are slightly colder than those derived from simpler methods, due to a non-linear relationship found between snowline lowering and glacier length. This relationship results from the specific valley shape and glacier geometry, and is likely to occur in other, similarly-shaped glacier valleys. The simulations forced by interannual stochastic variability in temperature do not show significant (>300 m) fluctuations in the glacier terminus. Such fluctuations can not explain the Holocene moraine sequence that I examined, which extends >2 km beyond the present-day glacier terminus. Stochastic temperature change could, however, in part, cause fluctuations in glacier extent during an overall glacier recession. Modelling shows that it is also unlikely that glaciers advanced to Holocene and Lateglacial moraine positions as a result of precipitation changes alone. For these reasons, temperature changes are a necessary part of explaining past glacier extents, especially during the Lateglacial, and the moraines examined here likely reflect changes in mean climate in New Zealand. The glacier modelling studies indicate that simpler methods, such as the accumulation area ratio, can be used to appropriately reconstruct past climate from glacial evidence, as long as the glacier catchment has a straight forward geometry, shallow bed slope and no tributary glaciers. Non-linear relationships between climate change and glacier length develop when valley shape is more complex, and glaciers within these systems are probably better simulated using a modelling approach. Using a numerical modelling approach, it is also possible to gain a greater understanding of glacier response time, length sensitivities, and estimates of ice extent in valleys within the model domain where geomorphic evidence is not available. In this manner, numerical models can be used as a tool for understanding past climate and glacier sensitivity, thus improving the confidence in the palaeoclimate interpretations.


Abstract Cortical cell loss is a core feature of Huntington's disease (HD), beginning many years before clinical motor diagnosis, during the premanifest stage. However, it is unclear how genetic topography relates to cortical cell loss. Here, we explore the biological processes and cell types underlying this relationship and validate these using cell-specific post-mortem data. Eighty premanifest participants on average 15 years from disease onset and 71 controls were included. Using volumetric and diffusion MRI we extracted HD-specific whole brain maps where lower grey matter volume and higher grey matter mean diffusivity, relative to controls, were used as proxies of cortical cell loss. These maps were combined with gene expression data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas (AHBA) to investigate the biological processes relating genetic topography and cortical cell loss. Cortical cell loss was positively correlated with the expression of developmental genes (i.e. higher expression correlated with greater atrophy and increased diffusivity) and negatively correlated with the expression of synaptic and metabolic genes that have been implicated in neurodegeneration. These findings were consistent for diffusion MRI and volumetric HD-specific brain maps. As wild-type huntingtin is known to play a role in neurodevelopment, we explored the association between wild-type huntingtin (HTT) expression and developmental gene expression across the AHBA. Co-expression network analyses in 134 human brains free of neurodegenerative disorders were also performed. HTT expression was correlated with the expression of genes involved in neurodevelopment while co-expression network analyses also revealed that HTT expression was associated with developmental biological processes. Expression weighted cell-type enrichment (EWCE) analyses were used to explore which specific cell types were associated with HD cortical cell loss and these associations were validated using cell specific single nucleus RNAseq (snRNAseq) data from post-mortem HD brains. The developmental transcriptomic profile of cortical cell loss in preHD was enriched in astrocytes and endothelial cells, while the neurodegenerative transcriptomic profile was enriched for neuronal and microglial cells. Astrocyte-specific genes differentially expressed in HD post-mortem brains relative to controls using snRNAseq were enriched in the developmental transcriptomic profile, while neuronal and microglial-specific genes were enriched in the neurodegenerative transcriptomic profile. Our findings suggest that cortical cell loss in preHD may arise from dual pathological processes, emerging as a consequence of neurodevelopmental changes, at the beginning of life, followed by neurodegeneration in adulthood, targeting areas with reduced expression of synaptic and metabolic genes. These events result in age-related cell death across multiple brain cell types.


Signature schemes, proposed in 1976 by Diffie and Hellman, have become ubiquitous across modern communications. They allow for the exchange of messages from one sender to multiple recipients, with the guarantees that messages cannot be forged or tampered with and that messages also can be forwarded from one recipient to another without compromising their validity. Signatures are different from, but no less important than encryption, which ensures the privacy of a message. Commonly used signature protocols—signatures based on the Rivest–Adleman–Shamir (RSA) algorithm, the digital signature algorithm (DSA), and the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA)—are only computationally secure, similar to public key encryption methods. In fact, since these rely on the difficulty of finding discrete logarithms or factoring large primes, it is known that they will become completely insecure with the emergence of quantum computers. We may therefore see a shift towards signature protocols that will remain secure even in a post-quantum world. Ideally, such schemes would provide unconditional or information-theoretic security. In this paper, we aim to provide an accessible and comprehensive review of existing unconditionally securesecure signature schemes for signing classical messages, with a focus on unconditionally secure quantum signature schemes.


This research addresses the problem of predicting the direct runoff generated by precipitation falling over a small watershed using an existing rainfall-runoff model. The model consists of several separate modules, which process data describing the spatial variation of watershed properties, and compute the runoff time series at the watershed outlet. Data processing and visualization is handled primarily by GIS software, while computer programs perform the bulk of the computations. The model is designed to operate a simply and generally as possible, requiring only four external data sets as input (Digital Elevation Model (DEM), land coverage, soil coverage, and incremental precipitation depths) to create all other data needed to compute the direct runoff for the watershed under study. Our goal is to improve the model by refining the existing programs and increasing the level of spatial distribution.To achieve this goal, we focus our research on the following three objectives: testing and refining the existing model; developing a hydraulic flow routing module using the Kinematic Wave model; and exploring the possibility of calibrating the model results to the actual soil moisture conditions present in the watershed during the time of interest by modifying the SCS curve number values across the watershed. We consider Little Pine Creek watershed located in Allegheny County as our case study, and compare the model's predictions for two separate precipitation events with the direct runoff hydrographs given by a USGS stream gauge located at the outlet of the Little Pine Creek watershed. Based on the results of our investigation we identify and correct several problems with the existing model, and provide a better understanding of how the model responds under varying conditions and assumptions. We show that the Kinematic Wave flow routing model does not work well with our model because is cannot account for storage within the watershed. We also develop an effective method for calibrating the volume of runoff predicted by the model to that given by the USGS stream gauge by adjusting the SCS curve number values in the watershed to reflect that actual soil moisture conditions present at the time of interest, guaranteeing that fluid mass is conserved between our model predictions and reality.


This article explores the exceptional characteristics of female employment in Portugal, drawing on comparative and historical analysis to reveal the emergence of a dual-earner family model. This involved low-wage full-time work for both men and women, while the traditional gender culture was largely maintained. Case study findings from two female-dominated industries (hospitality and clothing manufacturing) show how gender inequality within the full-time employment model is produced and implemented at industry level. We discuss the role of trade unions and employers in shaping these employment practices and in negotiating adjustments in the light of increasing competitive pressures. The article concludes by identifying the implications for theoretical conceptualizations of gender and employment.


MANAGEMENT REPORT Management's Responsibility for Financial Reporting The accompanying financial statements have been prepared by Mackenzie Financial Corporation, as Manager of Mackenzie North American Corporate Bond Fund (the "Fund"). The Manager is responsible for the integrity, objectivity and reliability of the data presented. This responsibility includes selecting appropriate accounting principles and making judgments and estimates consistent with International Financial Reporting Standards. The Manager is also responsible for the development of internal controls over the financial reporting process, which are designed to provide reasonable assurance that relevant and reliable financial information is produced. The Board of Directors (the "Board") of Mackenzie Financial Corporation is responsible for reviewing and approving the financial statements and overseeing the Manager's performance of its financial reporting responsibilities. The Board is assisted in discharging this responsibility by an Audit Committee, which reviews the financial statements and recommends them for approval by the Board. The Audit Committee also meets regularly with the Manager, internal auditors and external auditors to discuss internal controls over the financial reporting process, auditing matters and financial reporting issues. Deloitte LLP is the external auditor of the Fund. It is appointed by the Board. The external auditor has audited the financial statements in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards to enable it to express to the securityholders its opinion on the financial statements. Its report is set out below. On behalf of Mackenzie Financial Corporation, Manager of the Fund


This paper deads with the use of asymptotic observers in the parameter estimation. Exact and approximate procedures are proposed taking into account the nonlinear behaviour of the dynamic systems considered. It is shown that a separation property holds for sufficiently fast observers and, therefore, that parameter estimates obtained by asymptotic observers are useful for the implementation of feedback control laws. The paper is completed with an application to flexible robot arms for the estimation of the elastic constant. Simulation tests are included


Coordination bonds are effective for constructing functional self-healing materials due to their tunable bond strength and metal-ion-induced functionalities. In this work, we incorporate a cobalt(II) triazole complex into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. The resulting polymers show solvatochromic behaviour as well as self-healing properties.


Fifteen patients had an oblique osteotomy of the tibia for the correction of a multiplanar deformity between January 1989 and March 1991; twelve were followed for an average of twenty-five months (range, twelve to forty-two months). Preoperatively, the average deformity in the coronal plane was 14 degrees (range, 30 degrees of valgus to 25 degrees of varus) and the average deformity in the sagittal plane was 13 degrees (range, 40 degrees of recurvatum to 23 degrees of procurvatum [angulation convex anteriorly]). The average leg-length discrepancy was 2.2 centimeters (range, one to six centimeters). No patient had a rotational deformity. After careful preoperative planning, all patients had an oblique osteotomy and placement of a lag screw and a neutralization plate. Somatosensory evoked potentials were monitored during any axial lengthening. A fibular osteotomy and lengthening of the Achilles tendon were performed as needed. Full weight-bearing on the extremity was prohibited until radiographic and clinical examination indicated that union had occurred, which was at an average of 4.5 months (range, three to six months). At the most recent follow-up examination, ten patients had an excellent result. The average correction in the coronal plane was to within 1 degree (range, 0 to 3 degrees) of normal and the average alignment in the sagittal plane was to within 2 degrees (range, 0 to 12 degrees) of normal. An average of 1.3 centimeters (range, 0.5 to 2.5 centimeters) of lengthening was obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Groupers are vulnerable to fishing pressure largely because of their life‐history traits. The Pacific goliath grouper (PGG; Epinephelus quinquefasciatus), the largest reef fish inhabiting the tropical Eastern Pacific region, is suspected to be subject to high levels of exploitation, but scarce information exists on their population status and the species remains classed as Data Deficient according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List.
This study documents for the first time the threats to the PGG along the Colombian Pacific coast, where one of the few active fisheries for this species persists. Reconstructed landings of groupers and traditional ecological knowledge, gathered throughout several coastal villages, were used to obtain a historical and contemporary overview of the PGG status in Colombia.
Over the past 20 years grouper landings in the Colombian Pacific have been around 200 tons per year. Landings of PGG have averaged ~35 tons per year and are now close to matching those of the historically most landed grouper on this coast, the rooster hind (Hyporthodus acanthistius). The current small‐scale fishery for PGG focuses on immature small individuals, with most taken from the extensive southern mangroves. Until recently fishers have captured PGG exclusively with handlines, but new fishing practices (spearfishing) and markets commanding higher prices for small individuals are increasing the extinction risk for the PGG.
The exploitation of PGG in the Colombian Pacific may not be as severe as in other countries where severe population declines are suspected (e.g. Mexico). Low coastal human population density and the presence of relatively intact mangroves, essential habitat for juvenile fishes, contribute to the persistence of PGG populations throughout the Colombian Pacific.
National and regional conservation and management measures should identify and protect mangrove nurseries and offshore spawning aggregation sites. Well‐enforced protected nurseries and spawning aggregation sites will then protect juvenile and adult PGG, improving the sustainability of this fishery.


Generative topic models such as LDA are limited by their inability to utilize nontrivial input features to enhance their performance, and many topic models assume that topic assignments of different words are conditionally independent. Some work exists to address the second limitation but no work exists to address both. This paper presents a conditional topic random field (CTRF) model, which can use arbitrary nonlocal features about words and documents and incorporate the Markov dependency between topic assignments of neighboring words. We develop an efficient variational inference algorithm that scales linearly in terms of topic numbers, and a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) procedure for parameter estimation. For the supervised version of CTRF, we also develop an arguably more discriminative max-margin learning method. We evaluate CTRF on real review rating data and demonstrate the advantages of CTRF over generative competitors, and we show the advantages of max-margin learning over MLE.


BACKGROUND
Objective biomarkers are needed to assess adherence to vegetable and fruit intervention trials. Blood carotenoids are considered the best biomarker of vegetable and fruit intake, but collecting blood is invasive and the analyses are relatively expensive for population studies. Resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) is an innovative method for assessing carotenoids in skin noninvasively.

OBJECTIVE
Our objective was to compare blood carotenoid concentrations with skin carotenoid assessments by RRS during a controlled feeding intervention.

DESIGN
Twenty-nine participants consumed low-carotenoid diets (6 wk, phases 1 and 3), a provided diet containing 6-cup equivalents (1046 g/d) of vegetables and fruit (8 wk, phase 2), and usual diet (final 8 wk, phase 4).

RESULTS
At baseline, skin and plasma total carotenoid values were correlated (r = 0.61, P < 0.001). Skin and plasma carotenoid values decreased (P < 0.001) 36% and 30%, respectively, from baseline to the end of phase 1 and then increased (P < 0.001) by >200% at the end of phase 2. Plasma carotenoids returned to baseline concentrations by the middle of phase 3 and skin carotenoid concentrations by the middle of phase 4. Skin carotenoid status predicted plasma values by using a mixed linear model including all time points (r = 0.72, P < 0.001), which indicates that changes in skin carotenoid status closely follow changes in plasma across a broad range of intakes. At the individual level, skin carotenoids predicted plasma values (r = 0.70, P < 0.001) over all time points.

CONCLUSION
Skin carotenoid status assessed by resonance Raman spectroscopy is a noninvasive, objective biomarker of changes in vegetable and fruit intake.


A guide to help you identify themes and questions to explore, and how to turn these into successful library search strategies.


The inclusion of response limiting or "notching" in random vibration design and test requirements for larger equipments such as spacecraft is becoming more commmon. This type of requirement states that the specified input excitation, usually motion, may be reduced in narrow frequency bands to the degree necessary to limit the response at any of a number of specified locations to a specified maximum response. Laboratory test procedures to implement such requirements have been developed and described in the literature. Clearly it is also desirable to include such notching during the design analysis stage when using finite element structural analysis programs typified by NASTRAN. Exact computation of the notched input excitation and associated system responses is quite complicated and therefore costly. This paper describes a simple, economical method of computing the notched spectrum using an approximation which relies only on reasonably separated peak responses at any response control node and a not unusually small difference in level between the maximum input and maximum response spectral density levels. The method accounts for the modal damping, the specified averaging bandwidth for response control, and any desired number of response control nodes, i.e., locations. An interesting by-product of the analysis was the determination that only 50 percent of the mean square response of a single d.o.f. system to white noise is due to the excitation within the resonant or 3 db bandwidth of the system. Some of the implications of this result with respect to spectral analysis procedures and popular methods of estimating the response of systems to shaped random vibration spectra are discussed.


The capabilities of 3G network are steadily increasing and provide the great flexibility of remote mointor and surveillance while being mobile. We propose the use of Web services in our system in order to solve interoperability issues between the stationary mointor center and moving client. so that the remote monitoring and controling can be carrid out by using the video carema and infrared transceiver according to the user's instructions. To explore this paradigm and to gain an understanding of these issues, we have implemented a Smart Home System where the householders can can control the electrical appliances and have real-time view in their home by using their mobile phone.


OBJECTIVEShunt-dependent hydrocephalus (SDHC) may arise after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) as CSF resorptive mechanisms are disrupted. Using propensity score analysis, the authors aimed to investigate which treatment modality, surgical clipping or endovascular treatment, is superior in reducing rates of SDHC after aSAH.METHODSThe authors' multicenter SAH database, comprising 3 stroke centers affiliated with Kyoto University, Japan, was used to identify patients treated between January 2009 and July 2016. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to characterize risk factors for SDHC after aSAH. A propensity score model was generated for both treatment groups, incorporating relevant patient covariates to detect any superiority for prevention of SDHC after aSAH.RESULTSA total of 566 patients were enrolled in this study. SDHC developed in 127 patients (22%). On multivariate analysis, age older than 53 years, the presence of intraventricular hematoma, and surgical clipping as opposed to endovascular coiling were independently associated with SDHC after aSAH. After propensity score matching, 136 patients treated with surgical clipping and 136 with endovascular treatment were matched. Propensity score-matched cohorts exhibited a significantly lower incidence of SDHC after endovascular treatment than after surgical clipping (16% vs 30%, p = 0.009; OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.2). SDHC was independently associated with poor neurological outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score 3-6) at discharge (OR 4.3, 95% CI 2.6-7.3; p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSSDHC after aSAH occurred significantly more frequently in patients who underwent surgical clipping. Strategies for treatment of ruptured aneurysms should be used to mitigate SDHC and minimize poor outcomes.


In this work, it is shown that the contiquity ratio, Crr, defined as the fraction of the total grain boundary area of recrystallized grains shared by other recrystallized grains, is a useful experimental parameter for describing the clustering of recrystallization nuclei in partially recrystallized microstructures. Two experimental examples are presented where anisotropic impingement behavior, i.e. non random recrystallized grain distributions, is thought to be important. In the experimental examples, the deviation of Crr from Crr = Vv which is a characteristic of a random distribution, is clearly shown. The results justify the need for these cases to be modelled, as had been done, by impingement patterns other than the simple random nucleation behavior so often postulated without proof in recrystallization kinetics studies.


We designed the fast switching & low driving voltage principle with nano slippery interfaces in nematic gels. Confinement effect by the gel network can accelerate the response time of nematic due the localization of director motion as similar way to the cholesteric blue phase. However, the anchoring of the director on the gel network induces the driving voltage. Slippery effect on the nano interface of the gel network can reduce the driving voltage due to the lubrication of the director motion. Since azo dye acrylates are co-polymerized with nematic gels (Azo-NGel), we can demonstrate the UV-switchable nano-slippery interface on the nematic gels. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) provides us the information of the dynamics of director rotation. Dispersion relation of the pure 7CB-T15 mixture completely satisfies the prediction of hydrodynamic modes in the nematic. On the contrary, the relaxation frequency of the Azo-NGel keeps fast response in the low wave-number region due to the confinement effect.
Electro-Optic response (EO) of the Azo-Ngel without UV illumination shows the serious increase of the driving voltage compared to the pure 7CB-T15 mixture. When the Azo-Ngel is illuminated by UV-light Slippery interfaces can be created by the trans-cis isomerization of the Azo dye of the side-chain on the nano network of nematic gels. EO under UV illumination shows the drastic reduction of the driving voltage keeping the fast response time. We have also confirmed that the dispersion relation of the UV illuminated Azo-Ngel is almost the same as that of Azo-Ngel without UV illumination by the DLS measurement. Thus, the confinement effect for the nematic gels is still effective after the slippery interface is created by the UV illumination.
 We success to demonstrates that the acceleration of the response time is compatible with reduction of the driving voltage by the localization and lubrication of director motions due to the design of the nano-slippery interfaces in the nematic gels.


ABSTRACT We explore the implications of sequential presidential primary elections for turnout in selecting the presidential party nominees. Drawing from a micro-level theory of participation in sequential elections, we develop a set of aggregate-level hypotheses that tease out different ways that candidate mobilization efforts as well as the legal and institutional structures within a sequential contest influence turnout in presidential nomination contests. Using data from all state primary elections from 1972–2016, we find that electorates facing winnowed candidate pools, and those with contests after the effective endings to presidential contests have substantially reduced turnout that effectively disenfranchises voters in many states. Sequenced primary elections lead to lower overall turnout and less meaningful participation for many voters during presidential nominations contests.


Transactional Memory (TM) is considered as one of the most promising paradigms for developing concurrent applications. TM has been shown to scale well on >multiple cores when the data access pattern behaves "well," i.e., when few conflicts are induced. In contrast, data patterns with frequent write sharing, with long transactions, or when many threads contend for a smaller number of cores, result in numerous conflicts. Until recently, TM implementations had little control of transactional threads, which remained under the supervision of the kernel's transaction-ignorant scheduler. Conflicts are thus traditionally resolved by consulting an STM-level contention manager. Consequently, the contention managers of these "conventional" TM implementations suffer from a lack of precision and often fail to ensure reasonable performance in high-contention workloads.
 Recently, scheduling-based TM contention-management has been proposed for increasing TM efficiency under high-contention [2, 5, 19]. However, only user-level schedulers have been considered. In this work, we propose, implement and evaluate several novel kernel-level scheduling support mechanisms for TM contention management. We also investigate different strategies for efficient communication between the kernel and the user-level TM library. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to investigate kernel-level support for TM contention management.
 We have introduced kernel-level TM scheduling support into both the Linux and Solaris kernels. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that lightweight kernel-level scheduling support significantly reduces the number of aborts while improving transaction throughput on various workloads.


Uranium-lead (U-Pb) zircon dating establishes a late Cambrian (Drumian) protolith age of 503 ± 2 Ma for a trondhjemitic gneiss of the calc-alkaline Strathy Complex, northern Scottish Caledonides. Positive εHf and εNd values from trondhjemitic gneisses and co-magmatic amphibolites, respectively, and an absence of any inheritance in zircon populations support published geochemistry that indicates a juvenile origin distal from Laurentia. In order to account for its present location within a stack of Laurentia-derived thrust sheets, we interpret the complex as allochthonous and located along a buried suture. We propose that a microcontinental ribbon was detached from Laurentia during late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian rifting; the intervening oceanic tract closed by subduction during the late Cambrian and formed a juvenile arc, the protolith of the Strathy Complex. The microcontinental ribbon was reattached to Laurentia during the Grampian orogeny, which transported the Strathy Complex as a tectonic slice within a nappe stack. Peak metamorphic conditions for the Strathy Complex arc (650–700 °C, 0.6–0.75 GPa) are intermediate in pressure between those published previously for Grampian mineral assemblages in structurally overlying low-pressure migmatites (670–750 °C, <0.4 GPa) that we deduce to have been derived from an adjacent backarc basin, and structurally underlying upper amphibolite rocks (650–700 °C, 1.1–1.2 GPa) that we interpret to represent the partially subducted Laurentian margin. This scenario compares with that of the northern Appalachian Mountains and Norway where microcontinental blocks are interpreted to have their origins in detachment from passive margins of the Iapetus Ocean during Cambrian rifting and to have been re-amalgamated during Caledonian orogenesis.


The amyloidogenic Aβ peptide is liberated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by two proteolytic activities, β-secretase and γ-secretase. Recently, a type I membrane protein termed BACE (β-site APP cleaving enzyme) with characteristics of an aspartyl protease has been identified as the β-secretase. We undertook a series of biochemical and morphological investigations designed to characterize the basic properties of this protein. Initial studies indicated that BACE undergoes N-linked glycosylation at three of four potential sites. Metabolic pulse-chase experiments revealed that after core glycosylation, BACE is rapidly and efficiently transported to the Golgi apparatus and distal secretory pathway. BACE was also found to be quite stable, being turned over with a t 1 2 of ∼16 h. Retention of BACE in the endoplasmic reticulum by introduction of a C-terminal dilysine motif prevented complex carbohydrate processing and demonstrated that propeptide cleavage occurs after exit from this organelle. BACE exhibited intramolecular disulfide bonding but did not form oligomeric structures by standard SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and sedimented as a monomer in sucrose velocity gradients. Immunofluorescence studies showed a largely vesicular staining pattern for BACE that colocalized well with endosomal, but not lysosomal, markers. Measurable levels of BACE were also detected on the plasma membrane by both immunostaining and cell surface biotinylation, and cycling of the protein between the cell membrane and the endosomes was documented. A cytoplasmic dileucine motif was found to be necessary for normal targeting of BACE to the endosomal system and accumulation of the protein in this intracellular site.