The history of medicine in non-European countries has often been characterized by the study of their native "traditional" medicine, such as (Galenico-)Islamic medicine, and Ayurvedic or Chinese medicine. Modern medicine in these countries, on the other hand, has usually been viewed as a Western corpus of knowledge and institution, juxtaposing or replacing the native medicine but without any organic relation with the local context. By discarding categories like Islamic, Indian, or Chinese medicine as the myths invented by modern (Western) historiography in the aftermath of the colonial and post colonial periods, the book proposes to bridge the gap between Western and 'non-Western' medicines, opening a new perspective in medical historiography in which 'modern medicine' becomes an integral part of the history of medicine in non-European countries. Through essays and case studies of medical modernization, this volume particularly calls into question the categorization of 'Western' and 'non-Western' medicine and challenges the idea that modern medicine could only be developed in its Western birthplace and then imported to and practised as such to the rest of the world. Against the concept of a 'project' of modernization at the heart of the history of modern medicine in non-Western countries, the chapters of this book describe 'processes' of medical development by highlighting the active involvement of local elements. The book's emphasis is thus on the 'modernization' or 'construction' of modern medicine rather that on the diffusion of 'modern medicine' as an ontological entity beyond the West


(Book). Guitarist Michael Bloomfield shot to stardom in the '60s with the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, Bob Dylan, the Electric Flag and on Al Kooper's "Super Session." His story is told in the words of his brother, musicians such as B.B. King, producer Paul Rothchild and dozens of others including Bloomfield himself. Features a foreword by Carlos Santana, and access to online audio of unreleased early studio tracks. Hardcover. "(This book) is a look inside the psyche of a musical innovator who deserves a posthumous Nobel Prize and a statue on Rush Street in Chicago. If you love his blues, you'll love this book." Al Kooper


A prospective randomized study undertaken in 30 patients who underwent outpatient decompressive acromioplasty demonstrated the efficacy and safety of interscalene block post-operatively. Interscalene block improved the postoperative condition and well being of these patients. Their use decreased the hospitalization rate. There were no complications or side effects.


Exact mechanisms of Mf and CsA effect have been investigated in BALB/c, DBA/2, CC57BR, and C57BL/6 mice. Different sensitivity of spleen cells of mice of different strains to Mf and CsA antiproliferative effect has been demonstrated. These interstrain variations have not been related with an inhibition of interleukin-2 (IL-2) release but, perhaps depended on the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression differences. The p75 chain of IL-2R as a possible target for Mf, has been discussed.


Studies were undertaken to examine the effect of recombinant human transforming growth factor beta 1 (rTGF-beta 1) on cellular and humoral immune responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with chronic hepatitis B. The addition of TGF-beta 1 caused a significant dose-dependent inhibition of hepatitis B (HB) core Ag-stimulated interferon-gamma and antibody to HB core Ag production and proliferation of PBMC from chronic hepatitis patients and HB-immune donors. TGF-beta 1 also induced a significant reduction in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated IgG and IgM production, as well as phytohemagglutinin p-stimulated proliferative response of PBMC. The degree of inhibition of TGF-beta 1 did not differ between antigen-specific and -nonspecific cellular and humoral immune responses, and between control individuals and patients. Pretreatment study with TGF-beta 1 showed that the activities of T cells, B cells and monocytes were similarly inhibited. Further, TGF-beta 1 inhibited activities of HLA class I antigen-matched cytotoxic T cells from patients with chronic hepatitis B for HBV DNA-transfected HepG2 cells in a 51Cr release assay. The results suggest that TGF-beta 1 may play a role in the regulation of antigen-dependent and -independent immune responses in patients with chronic hepatitis B.


Tissue engineering remains a promising therapeutic strategy for the repair or regeneration of diseased or damaged tissues. Previous approaches have typically focused on combining cells and bioactive molecules (e.g., growth factors, cytokines and DNA fragments) with a biomaterial scaffold that functions as a template to control the geometry of the newly formed tissue, while facilitating the attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of embedded cells. Biomaterial scaffolds also play a crucial role in determining the functional properties of engineered tissues, including biomechanical characteristics such as inhomogeneity, anisotropy, nonlinearity or viscoelasticity. While single-phase, homogeneous materials have been used extensively to create numerous types of tissue constructs, there continue to be significant challenges in the development of scaffolds that can provide the functional properties of load-bearing tissues such as articular cartilage. In an attempt to create more complex scaffolds that promote the regeneration of functional engineered tissues, composite scaffolds comprising two or more distinct materials have been developed. This paper reviews various studies on the development and testing of composite scaffolds for the tissue engineering of articular cartilage, using techniques such as embedded fibers and textiles for reinforcement, embedded solid structures, multi-layered designs, or three-dimensionally woven composite materials. In many cases, the use of composite scaffolds can provide unique biomechanical and biological properties for the development of functional tissue engineering scaffolds.


Increasing health care costs have directed public attention to changing rates of hospital care. We examined changes in hospitalization and surgical rates for children during the decade from 1972 to 1981. Total hospitalizations for children younger than 15 years of age increased by only 4% during the decade. For teenagers and young adults (ages 15 to 24 years), hospitalizations declined by 19%. Admissions for surgery declined more for the younger group than for the older one. For children younger than 15 years of age, inpatient tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies (T and A) decreased 43%, representing 58% of the total decline in surgical procedures for this age group. Teaching hospitals continued to provide a sizable proportion of all childhood surgeries and increased their share of both high- and low-technology procedures during the decade. Payment sources varied among procedures. Self-pay varied from a low of 1.6% for T and A to 13.5% for spina bifida. Private insurance or Blue Cross payment varied from 59% for congenital heart disease surgery to 84% for T and A. These data on payments suggest that some children may lack access to some surgical care. Furthermore, insofar as the bulk of payment is from nonfederal sources, changes in hospitalization for surgical procedures will likely come mainly from changing incentives in the private sector.


Solutions to the partial differential equations that describe acoustic problems can be found by analytical, numerical and experimental techniques. Within arbitrary domains and for arbitrary initial and boundary conditions, all solution techniques require certain assumptions and simplifications. It is difficult to estimate the precision of a solution technique. Due to the lack of a common process to quantify and report the performance of the solution technique, a variety of ways exists to discuss the results with the scientific community. Moreover, the absence of general reference results does hamper the validation of newly developed techniques. Over the years many researchers in the field of computational acoustics have therefore expressed the need and wish to have available common benchmark cases. This contribution is intended to be the start of a long term project, about deploying benchmarks in the entire field of computational acoustics. The platform is a web-based database, where cases and results can be submitted by all researchers and are openly available. Long-term maintenance of this platform is ensured. As an example of good practice, this paper presents a framework for the field of linear acoustic. Within this field, different categories are defined – as bounded or unbounded problems, scattering or radiating problems and time-domain as well as frequency-domain problems – and a structure is proposed how to describe a benchmark case. Furthermore, a way of reporting on the used solution technique and its result is suggested. Three problems have been defined that demonstrate how the benchmark cases are intended to be used.


Not all possible distributions of a given total of emission permits are compatible with the attainment of first-best Pareto efficiency. In fact, of the infinitely many ways of distributing a given total of permits between a fixed number of parties, only a finite number can lead to efficiency. We can therefore evaluate permit allocations not only in terms of their equity, but also in terms of their efficiency. If there are no other redistributive instruments in the policy environment, the traditional orthogonality of equity and efficiency does not hold here. This has important implications for arguments about the initial international distribution of entitlements to produce carbon dioxide.


Abstract  This study aims to determine the depreciation of inactive archives at SMK Ma'arif NU Doro Pekalongan Regency. Measurements using inactive archives management include the determination of archive retention schedules, filing assessments, filing depreciation systems, archive transfer, archiving destruction, archive submissions and archives. The main question in this study is how the system of inactive archive depreciation in the Unit Administration SMK Ma'arif NU Doro Pekalongan Regency? The results of this study showed that the inactive filing depreciation procedure conducted by SMK Ma'arif NU Doro Pekalongan District is quite good. This will support effective archiving governance or work procedures by standardizing guidelines on the governance or work of the archives and enhancing the skills or skills of employees handling the archives. Keywords: Depreciation, Archives, Inactive Archives


BACKGROUND
Occupational injury is related to personal characteristics. This phenomenon is a controversial issue. This paper presents the relationships of certain occupational and individual characteristics with frequency of occupational injuries.

METHODS
A standardized injury questionnaire was completed for 199 employees in a big Iranian industrial company (MAPNA Group) by the researcher in the presence of the subjects. The data were analyzed using zero-inflated Poisson regression with random effects.

RESULTS
We demonstrated a significant relation between the marital status (P< 0.001) and score of injures (P < 0.001) with number of injuries by employees. Technicians and supervisors have high chance of "not to be injured at all" relative to workers (P< 0.05). Technicians and supervisors have less number of injuring than workers have (P< 0.05). In addition, increasing assessment score decreases the number of injuring of employees (P< 0.001).

CONCLUSION
Due to being aware of the risks and remedial measures, married employees and workers should be assisted by occupational specialists.


This paper proposes a flow-path network (FPN) model to simulate complex surface flow based on a drainage-constrained triangulated irregular network (TIN). The TIN was constructed using critical points and drainage lines extracted from a digital terrain surface. Runoff generated on the surface was simplified as 'water volumes' at constrained random points that were then used as the starting points of flow paths (i.e. flow source points). The flow-path for each 'water volume' was constructed by tracing the direction of flow from the flow source point over the TIN surface to the stream system and then to the outlet of the watershed. The FPN was represented by a set of topologically defined one-dimensional line segments and nodes. Hydrologic variables, such as flow velocity and volume, were computed and integrated into the FPN to support dynamic surface flow simulation. A hypothetical rainfall event simulation on a hilly landscape showed that the FPN model was able to simulate the dynamics of surface flow over time. A real-world catchment test demonstrated that flow rates predicted by the FPN model agreed well with field observations. Overall, the FPN model proposed in this study provides a vector-based modeling framework for simulating surface flow dynamics. Further studies are required to enhance the simulations of individual hydrologic processes such as flow generation and overland and channel flows, which were much simplified in this study.


WEB-TLR is a Web verification engine that is based on the well-established Rewriting Logic– Maude/LTLR tandem for Web system specification and model-checking. In WEB-TLR, Web applications are expressed as rewrite theories that can be formally verified by using the Maude built-in LTLR model-checker. Whenever a property is refuted, a counterexample trace is delivered that reveals an undesired, erroneous navigation sequence. Unfortunately, the analysis (or even the simple inspection) of such counterexamples may be unfeasible because of the size and complexity of the traces under examination. In this paper, we endow WEB-TLR with a new Web debugging facility that supports the efficient manipulation of counterexample traces. This facility is based on a backward trace-slicing technique for rewriting logic theories that allows the pieces of information that we are interested to be traced back through inverse rewrite sequences. The slicing process drastically simplifies the computation trace by dropping useless data that do not influence the final result. By using this facility, the Web engineer can focus on the relevant fragments of the failing application, which greatly reduces the manual debugging effort and also decreases the number of iterative verifications.


To implement appropriate land management strategies, it is essential to identify past and current land cover and land use conditions. In addition, an assessment of land development phases (LDPs) in a human-dominated landscape coupled with an analysis of the water-food-ecosystem (WFE) nexus can deepen our understanding of sustainable land management. In this study, we proposed the concept of land development phases (LDPs) by forest and GDP changes using previously-applied theoretical and empirical approaches. The positive relationship between GDP growth and forest stock changes was used to analyze the timing of forest stock changes as five-year averages, which were aggregated over 20 years to classify LDPs. In addition, forest area changes compared with GDP and GDP per capita changes were analyzed to identify LDPs. Based on two conceptual approaches, we suggested global land into three LDPs: degradation, restoration and sustainability. Using this approach, most of Europe, North America and northeast Asia were classified as sustainability phases, while Africa and Central Asia in the Mid-Latitude region appeared to have degradation or restoration phases. The LDPs described could be improved with further incorporation of solid data analysis and clear standards, but even at this stage, these LDP classifications suggest points for implementing appropriate land management. In addition, indices from comparative analysis of the LDPs with the WFE nexus can be connected with socio-economic global indices, such as the Global Hunger Index, the Food Production Index and the Climate Change Performance Index. The LDPs have the potential to facilitate appropriate land management strategies through integrating WFE nexus and ecosystem services; we propose future research that uses this integration for the Mid-Latitude region and worldwide.


: The technique of modified radical mastectomy (total mastectomy and axillary dissection) as carried out by members of the Breast Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center is presented. As described by Patey, the pectoralis minor muscle is removed to facilitate dissection of the upper levels of the axilla. Care is taken to preserve the principal neurovascular bundle to the pectoralis major muscle. Indications for and complications of the procedure are indicated, with particular emphasis given to selection of patients for modified radical mastectomy or radical mastectomy.


In a complex roentgenological investigation of 12 anatomical preparations of the cranium and of 100 isolated maxillary bones (including multiplane roentgenography and the artificial contrasting of the antrum of Highmore) it has been established that in adult people the maxillary sinuses have as a rule, a shape of an irregular truncated pyramid (96%), rarely - a rounded shape. The standard roentgenograms of the cranium can reveal comparatively small portions of osseous walls of the maxillary sinuses. Special spot-films are necessary for studying the sinus walls on their full length.


Persistence and biochemical characteristics of cypertnethrin and permethrin in the blood of male rats were studied following oral administration of a single dose containing 10 mg.kg -1 of body weight of each pyrethroid. The highest residue concentrations of cypermethrin (2.38 ug.ml-1) and permethrin (8.83 ug.ml-1) in rat blood tissue were detected 24 h after treatment. After two weeks cypermethrin residues decreased to 0.013 ug.ml -1 , whereas permethrin was not detected. Both pyrcthroids decreased the red blood cell (RBC) count, and packed cell volume (PCV) The greatest reduction in RBC count and PCV occurred at 504 h and 336 h respectively. Moreover, the result of post treatment white blood cell (WBC) count was influenced more by permethrin than by cypermethrin, especially after 80 h, 168 h and 504 h of treatment. However, the blood haemoglobin concentration in treated rats was not affected by either pyrethroid.


Background: Well-characterized cell lines represent useful scientific tools to study the pathophysiology of human disease. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a very common condition, though the number of CRS cell lines is limited, as are data showing how closely they resemble primary cells. Methodology: Searches for available human cell lines were performed using the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC). Identified cells were cultured and characterized with tinctorial and immunohistochemical staining and ELISA to assess their response to common, disease-relevant inflammatory stimuli. Carefully phenotyped CRS patients were recruited with informed consent. Primary nasal epithelial cell (PNEC) brushings were harvested, cultured, and compared to the available cell lines. Results: Searches identified 1 relevant CRS sino-nasal cell line, RPMI 2650. Cultured PNECs showed strong expression of epithelial markers while being negative for mesenchymal markers. However, RPMI 2650 cells show an atypical mixed epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype. When stimulated by pro-inflammatory ligands, PNECs responded in a dose-dependent manner, whereas RPMI 2650 cells showed limited response. Conclusions: The number and availability of cell lines to study the pathophysiology of CRS greatly underrepresent the disease burden. Additionally, the sole commercially available cell line appears to have a different phenotype and behavior to primary patient-derived cells. The development of further reproducible cell lines would be beneficial in our understanding of CRS.


A free-standing photosensitive polyimide film with thickness of 10µm is fabricated with the different curing temperatures using a micro fabrication process. The microtensile specimens of a strip type are made to facilitate a tensile testing. The Young's modulus and yield strength of photosensitive polyimide film are measured with various strain rates from 10-4 /s to 10-3 /s by using a microtensile test. Also, the hardness and Young's modulus of polyimide films are obtained from nanoindentation test. Finally, the mechanical properties measured from microtensile test are compared with those from nanoindentation test.


Recent tendency towards internationalization of academic publishing has reinforced the dominant role of English language in scholarly debates and discussions. The monolinguistic development has led to several drawbacks: it risks to sustain global inequalities in knowledge production, limits the access of non-native English speakers to international publishing, and disengages place-specific knowledge from national and local contexts, not only in scholarly communities but also among decision-makers and within the civil society. In response, Fennia seeks ways towards multicultural publishing, including lingual plurality. The journal has a long history in multilingual publishing yet, in its present form – following international standards of journal publishing, with modest resources – its content is solely in English. The editorial briefly introduces this linguistic development, since 1889, and presents ideas for further activities. Fennia's current multilingual strategy emphasizes the popularization of the peer reviewed content in different languages, which is implemented through collaboration with the online popular science forum Versus. This serves two ends in broadening the audience, beyond the academy and the primarily English-speaking world. The collaboration of Fennia and Versus has already yielded multilingual popular science articles accessible in the contexts that the research concerns and in the societies where the authors work. Based on positive experiences and feedback, we are eager to continue similar efforts promoting linguistic plurality. As achieving these aims requires notable extra effort – from authors, editors, and the publisher – we call for support and commitment from the funding agencies and academic institutions that we rely on, along with the scholarly community whose voluntary work forms the basis of all activities in Fennia.


Using electron paramagnetic resonance and density functional theory calculations, we show that the shallow donor responsible for the n‐type conductivity in natural MoS2 is rhenium (Re) with a typical concentration in the low 1017 cm–3 range and the g ‐values: g|| = 2.0274 and g⊥ = 2.2642. In bulk MoS2, the valley–orbit (VO) splitting and ionization energy of the Re shallow donor are determined to be ∼3 meV and ∼27 meV, respectively. Calculations show that the VO splitting of Re approaches the value in bulk if the number of MoS2 layers is larger than four and increases to 97.9 meV in a monolayer. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


A detailed 3-D P-wave velocity model of the crust and uppermost mantle under the capital region is determined with a spatial resolution of 25 km in the horizontal direction and 4-17 km in depth. We used 48750 precise P-wave arrival time data from 2973 events of local crustal earthquakes, controlled seismic explosions and quarry blasts. These events were recorded by 123 seismic stations. The data are analyzed by using a 3-D seismic tomography method. Our tomographic model provides new information on the geological structure and complex seismotectonics of this region. Different patterns of velocity structures show up in the North China Basin, the Taihangshan and the Yanshan Mountainous areas. The velocity images of the upper crust reflect well the surface geological, topographic and lithological features. In the North China Basin, the depression and uplift areas are imaged as slow and fast velocity belts, respectively, which are oriented in NE-SW direction. The trend of velocity anomalies is the same as that of major structure and tectonics. Paleozoic strata and Pre-Cambrian basement rocks outcrop widely in the Taihangshan and Yanshan uplift areas, which exhibit strong and broad high-velocity anomalies in our tomographic images, while the Quaternary intermountain basins show up as small low-velocity anomalies. Most of large earthquakes, such as the 1976 Tangshan earthquake (M 7.8) and the 1679 Sanhe earthquake (M 8.0), generally occurred in high-velocity areas in the upper to middle crust. However, in the lower crust to the uppermost mantle under the source zones of the large earthquakes, low-velocity and high-conductivity anomalies exist, which are considered to be associated with fluids, just like the 1995 Kobe earthquake (M 7.2) and the 2001 Indian Bhuj earthquake (M 7.8). The fluids in the lower crust may cause the weakening of the seismogenic layer in the upper and middle crust and thus contribute to the initiation of the large crustal earthquakes.


Establishing efficient methods for local administration of drugs to the inner ear has great clinical relevance for the management of inner ear disorders. However, the administration route remains a critical issue. The most feasible approach for a non invasive drug delivery to the inner ear is application of medication to the middle ear cavity on the promise that it will diffuse through the thin round window membrane (RWM) separating the inner ear from the middle ear cavity. Gene therapy represents a promising future in otology and offers an exciting therapeutic alternative as it could be used in prevention or management of cochlear disorders. Also for a gene therapy approach, RWM application seems most feasible administration route. Exploring and characterizing the RWM route of administration is thus a fundamentally important area of research for the development of future treatment of inner ear disorders. The objectives of the thesis were to evaluate the efficacy of two drug and gene delivering vehicles to the inner ear, sodium hyaluronate (HYA) and chitosans, which can be applied to the cochlea. Ultimate aim is to establish an efficient drug delivery system and gene transfection for the inner ear. HYA and chitosans loaded with the ototoxic drug neomycin as tracer for drug release have been instilled into the middle ear of the guinea pigs. Effects on RWM and cochlear hair cells were evaluated after a single instillation of HYA (day 7 and 28), chitosans and saline solution (day 7). The hearing organ was analysed for hair cell loss and the thickness and ultrastructural properties of the RWM were analysed by light and transmission electron microscopy. The in vitro transfection efficiency of chitosan was tested by exposing organotypic cultures of the organ of Corti, prepared from postnatal day 2 rats, to chitosan carrying plasmid DNA (pDNA). The in vivo transfection efficiency was tested at one day or seven days after infusing chitosan/pDNA polyplexes with the use of osmotic pumps into the cochlea of adult guinea pigs. Tissue analysis was made by immunohistochemsitry and RT-PCR. HYA and chitosans, especially glycosylated derivative, are safe vehicles that can be used for drug transport into the inner ear through the RWM. Both vehicles successfully released the loaded neomycin, which exerted toxic effects on cochlear hair cells in a degree depending on the concentrations used. The vehicles per se had no noxious effect on the cochlear hair cells but they provoked a comparable effect on the thickness and morphology of the RWM. The thickness of the RWM returned to normal 4 weeks after exposure to HYA. Chitosan as a carrier for inner ear transfection, was associated with inconsistent transfection in vitro and in vivo . The importance of the RWM as a portal for local therapy of inner ear disorders is highlighted in this thesis by focusing on efficiency and effects of the vehicles, applied to the RWM for delivering biologically active agents into the cochlea. The difficulties and variability associated with applying substances to the RWM were explored. The results of this thesis add new knowledge concerning mechanisms of passage of biologically active agents through the RWM and may help us to better understand the role of RWM in the local cochlear therapy and problems of local treatment of inner ear diseases.


Retailing is such a fast-moving industry it is difficult to keep on top of changes in domestic markets, let alone those in geographically and culturally distant foreign markets. Although it is tempting for a UK-based retailer to remain domestic and focus on strengthening their competitive position in the UK before going overseas, the most successful retailers continuously explore what it takes to operate effectively across national borders. UK retailers need to "think bigger" if they are to escape the economic slowdown of Western Europe. There is now a renewed push for internationalisation by UK firms and they are setting adventurous growth targets. Retailing is fast becoming a global industry and it is vital for "UK plc" that our leading retailers are successful in emerging markets. Against this backdrop, we conducted a study of one type of foreign market entry mode, namely franchising. We propose that franchising is to retailing what exporting is to manufacturing. It is a low-risk, low-involvement way for retailers to enter risky foreign markets, but which nevertheless must be professionally executed. In order to shed light on how UK retailers can make franchising work in emerging markets, we focus on the advanced franchising model used by one particular retailer. This model has been developed over decades of steady expansion of its franchising operations overseas. As well as examining their franchising operations, the study gathered a range of other information on international franchising in order to develop a complete picture of good practices. It is unlikely that a firm with a fast-moving, complex product assortment (e.g., general merchandise) will be able to follow the franchising model of dealing with many small franchisees across many foreign markets (i.e., the McDonald's model). Indeed, the focal retailer uses an area development franchising approach, targeting franchisees that have capabilities sufficient to develop and manage a franchisor-branded store network in their country or region. While not equals, given the franchisor's ownership of the brand, such relationships operate as partnerships. Franchisees are empowered to exert influence and use their local know-how to help meet the precise needs of foreign customers. Unlike in traditional franchising partnerships, where the franchisor is in control and intensively monitors across its network of franchisees, we observe that cross-border franchising may be optimally developed through openly communicating with and trusting a capable partner. The differences between emerging markets and the UK can be so extreme that it is difficult for the franchisor to control operations there, irrespective of their resource base and experience. In effect, the franchisor is reliant on the franchisee to make and implement decisions in the local marketplace and absorb risks. The overseas franchisees can effectively play a role in building the brand with the franchisor through a form of alliance. Knowledge exchange is crucial not only in the running of the franchise partnership but also for the franchisor's learning about local market conditions and growth opportunities. When operating in emerging markets the franchisor needs to "learn from their experiences all the time". UK retail brands resonate strongly amongst aspirational, emerging market customers. Yet, retailers can be slow to go overseas if they perceive differences in, and lack familiarity with, foreign markets. This is where franchising comes in. Far from being a basic business model, best-in-class franchising can be made to play a central role in overseas retailing due to its ability to mitigate threats and seek out growth opportunities. Furthermore, UK retailers can derive flexibility advantages from using franchising in emerging markets as the basis upon which to expand into other, higher-profit equity-based modes (e.g., joint ventures) if and when local circumstances dictate this.


Abstract This article explores how a laboratory middle school (LMS) serving students from low-performing elementary schools and students with academic or social-emotional challenges is developing as a trauma-responsive school. The authors explore the literature, school/community context, student cases, and the ways in which classroom and school-wide practices are trauma-informed. Trauma-informed practices focus on individual students as well as whole classroom and school-wide initiatives, potentially benefiting all, not only those students experiencing trauma. At LMS, a community of care system, evaluation committee, tribe and village meetings, the democratic classroom approach, project-based learning, as well as focused enrichment and remediation are all initiatives that have demonstrated some success. Documentation of such successes merits exploration in other middle schools. The LMS team seeks to understand and implement highest leverage practice as students are challenged academically, their socioemotional needs are supported, and resiliency is built not only in the classroom but also in the lives of the young adolescents themselves.


Three different algorithms for the generation of stationary Gaussian time series with given autocorrelation function are presented in this paper. The algorithms have already been suggested in the literature but are not well known and have never been compared before. Interrelations between the different methods, advantages and disadvantages with respect to speed and memory requirements and the range of autocorrelation functions for which the different methods are stable are discussed. The time-complexity of the algorithms and the comparisons of their implementations show that the method twice using the Fourier transform is by far the most efficient if time series of moderate or large length are generated. A tested C-code of the latter algorithm is included as this method is tricky to implement and very difficult to find in the literature. (We know only one reference, that gives a correct algorithm, but there the description is very short and no proof is included.) (author's abstract)


Abstract Gene of outer membrane protein I (OprI) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cloned in Escherichia coli cells. Synthesized protein OprI contained additional sequence of 6 histidines on the N-terminus, which allowed its chromatographic purification in Ni-agarose. Obtained recombinant ptotein specifically reacted with hyperimmune rabbit serum against whole-cell P. aeruginosa and stimulated synthesis of specific antibodies in immunized mice and rabbits. Obtained hyperimmune rabbit sera against recombinant protein OprI had directive antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa.


Recently, microalgae as feedstock for lipid-based biofuel research has evoked great concern around the world. Previous lipid analyses focused on fatty acid esters, triglyceride and total lipid content in algae, but ignored the polar lipids analysis. Here, we present a comprehensive method to cover polar lipids and free fatty acids in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Firstly, lipid extraction was performed by methyl-tert-butyl ether which is well suited for shotgun lipidomics method. Afterwards, we developed a fast detection method in polar lipids analysis of C. reinhardtii by using a chip-based nanoelectrospray direct infusion with ion trap mass spectrometry (Nanomate-LTQ). A data-dependent MS/MS method acquired tandem mass spectra in positive and negative mode with a range of 10 minutes infusion time. MS/MS data obtained from Nanomate-LTQ were searched against automated MS/MS database with a precursor window of 0.4 Da and a product ion search window of 0.8 Da. Hit score represents the level of confidence from the Lipidblast library search which can be achieved by free availably NIST MS Search GUI. Therefore, thirty-five lipids were annotated by means of mass precursor search and subsequent in-silico MS/MS mass spectral database (Lipidblast) search, including most polar lipid species which are most common lipid species reported for C. reinhardtii. Among them, twenty classes of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine that are very special lipid species in C. reinhardtii belonging to betaine lipids were annotated with in-house Lipidblast database. In order to validate this Lipidblast match, we performed a manual spectral interpretation of every experimental MS/MS spectrum to ensure authentic ester annotations. Besides, we also applied a gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method to detect free fatty acids in C. reinhardtii and found that linolenic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid are most abundant free fatty acids in C. reinhardtii. This study provides a potential comprehensive lipidomic method for further lipid analysis in algal research.


A Deficit in Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneurons in the Hippocampus Leads to Physiological and Behavioral Phenotypes Relevant to Schizophrenia in a Genetic Mouse Model Ahmed Ijaz Gilani Deficits in hippocampal interneurons, that secrete gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic), are implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Postmortem histological analyses show alterations in the number and/or function of parvalbuminexpressing (PV+) GABAergic interneurons in the cerebral cortex of these patients. A parallel line of research using functional imaging of cerebral blood flow or volume has shown that hyperactivity of the hippocampus may contribute to psychotic symptoms as well as cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. It is not known if changes in GABA transmission, particularly in the number and function of PV+ interneurons, are causally related to hippocampal hyperactivity and expression of behavioral and cognitive abnormalities in schizophrenia. To help answer this question, we used genetic mouse models with deficits in cortical GABAergic interneuron development to test the hypothesis that a selective deficit in PV+ interneurons in the hippocampus can lead to schizophrenia relevant phenotypes, such as hippocampal hyperactivity, dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system, enhanced psychomotor responsiveness to amphetamine, and disruption of hippocampus dependent cognition. Here I describe my studies primarily on a mouse model with a deletion of the cell-cycle gene cyclin D2 (cD2 null). This mutation disrupts interneuron development in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), leading to a partial and selective deficit in PV+ interneurons in the neocortex and the hippocampus. I show that the cD2 null mouse shows regionally heterogeneous, persistent structural and functional deficits in PV+ interneurons, with a relatively larger and more functional deficit in the hippocampus. The GABAergic deficit in the hippocampus is associated with signs of disinhibition, such as increased cerebral blood volume, as found by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Upon establishing the evidence for hippocampal disinhibition in the cyclin D2 null mouse, I examined the relationship between this disinhibition and two areas of neural function know to be altered in psychosis and schizophrenia: mesostriatal DA system function and hippocampus-mediated cognition. I found that the cD2 null mice showed increased dopamine population activity in the ventral tegmental area and enhanced psychomotor response to amphetamine. The latter was eliminated by a partial lesion of the ventral hippocampus, indicating hippocampal disinhibition as the driver of DA neuron dysregulation. In addition, cD2 null mice showed deficits in cognitive functions that recruit and depend on the hippocampus, such as contextual and cued fear conditioning. Lastly, to test for a causal relationship between the PV+ interneuron deficit in the hippocampus, and the abnormalities in hippocampal metabolism, imaging phenotype, the mesolimbic dopamine dysfunction and contextual learning and memory, I examined the effects of replacing GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus. I used transplantation of GABAergic interneuron precursors derived from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) into the adult hippocampus of cyclin D2 null mutants. MGE-derived progenitor cells developed into structurally and functionally mature PV+ and other GABAergic cells, and normalized hippocampal hypermetabolism. In addition, the MGE transplants normalized ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine cell activity, normalized amphetamine sensitivity and improved hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Taken together, these studies establish the plausibility of a causal relationship between hippocampal PV+ interneuron pathology and psychosis-relevant pathophysiological and cognitive phenotypes. Moreover, they provide a rationale for limbic cortical GABAergicinterneuron-targeted treatment strategies in psychotic disorders.


Phosphate stewardship and ultimately recycling is one of the great challenges of humankind. Depleting phosphorus (P) resources demand new strategies for an efficient use of this essential nutrient. Therefore, especially phosphorus cycles in agriculture have to be closed. Against this backdrop we propose a new value chain to recover phosphate from plant waste material in sugar production. The approach is based on naturally occurring enzymes that free the phosphate bound in an organic form (mainly phytate in sugar beet slices). Thereby, the currently implemented value chain of phosphate rock mining, production of phosphoric acid, chemical synthesis of polyphosphates, and after use phosphate disposal into waste water, rivers and finally into the ocean will be extended and in the long run disrupted. In sugar production processes this could be achieved by supplementing thermally resistant phytases to leach the phosphate bound as phytate form sugar beet slices. With this procedure the P concentration in sugar beet slices and the export of phosphorous with fodder to areas with high animal density and in consequence P-excess in fields will be reduced. Instead, isolated phosphorus will be transferred into spent lime and subsequently back to the sugar beet fields. The BioSC collaboration project PhytaPhoS assesses and evaluates the potential of P recovery employing phytase, its feasibility and economic approaches from lab scale to field application. Phytases are extremely highly active phosphatases (>1000 U/mg), mobilizing inorganic phosphate from plant based phytate, which is a natural plant phosphate reservoir [1]. Aim in the project is improving specific activity and thermal resistance of a selected phytase by directed evolution [2,3,4] and optimizing the phytase production by employing a signal peptide library from Bacillus subtilis [5].


Background The first-line treatment of tuberculosis relies on four essential drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol). This association increases the frequency of side effects of each anti-tuberculosis drug. Purpose To report a clinical case in which the patient presented hepatotoxicity due to pyrazinamide, peripheral neuropathy due to isoniazid and ocular toxicity due to ethambutol. Materials and methods A 19 year-old female was hospitalised in the Department of Infectious Diseases for further care for cerebral tuberculosis. Anti-tuberculosis quadruple therapy was initiated and regular clinical and biological monitoring was established. Results One month after the beginning of the treatment, the patient presented severe anicteric hepatitis. The interruption of anti-tuberculosis drugs one by one identified the pyrazinamide on the genesis of this hepatotoxicity. Paresthesia in the lower limbs appeared 70 days after the start of the treatment. The electromyogram (EMG) confirmed this was peripheral neuropathy so the isoniazid was definitively stopped. Then the patient reported the perception of blurred vision with decreased visual acuity in the left eye. The ophthalmologic examination completed by a visual field, colour vision and Visual Evoked Potentials (EPI) objectified optic neuritis leading definitively stopping the ethambutol. These events led to a therapeutic impasse. The patient was treated with rifampicin, levofloxacin and pyrazinamide. The latter, in the absence of therapeutic alternatives, in view of the severity of the neuro-meningeal tuberculosis and despite its previously reported liver toxicity, was administered with close monitoring of liver function tests. Conclusions Close clinical and biological monitoring of this patient revealed pretty early the adverse effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs, allowing us to interrupt the treatment promptly, when the adverse effects were still reversible. Thus, this clinical and biological monitoring is very important in the prevention of iatrogenic effects. In such situations, where the patient has several side effects limiting the use of anti-tuberculosis treatment, therapeutic alternatives are minimal. No conflict of interest.


The European Union Water Framework Directive aims at maintaining and improving the aquatic environment of the European Community. It focuses especially on factors describing the ecological status of rivers. Realization of the aims of the Directive requires knowledge of a wide area of river ecology and of water pollution control methods. Also practical tools are needed for the integrated management and monitoring of river basins. In this paper, an application for integrated river basin management plan is presented for a humic boreal River Siuruanjoki in northern Finland.


Our methodology for obtaining zona-free ova from golden hamster females (Mesocricetus Auratus Waterhouse) is described here. Five groups of 5 females were superovulated injecting intraperitoneally pregnant mare gonadothropins (PMG) at different dosages. The control group received 0.25 ml of distilled water. We harvested 653 ova from the stimulated females with an average of 32.65 per individual (range 16-52). The control group produced a total of 50 ova with an average of 10 (range 0-14). PMG optimum dose was 25 IU with an average of 39 (S.D. +/- 10.93) (n = 195 ova). The best conditions for denuding the cumulus was a 0.01% hyaluronidase solution with an average time of 10 minutes (S.D. +/- 03'56"). The optimum conditions for digesting the zona was 0.20% trypsin during 03'20" (S.D. +/- 01'19"). The proof that the ova were not damaged by the procedure was by means of a supravital stain (Eosin Y). All mature ova (N = 681) were not affected by enzymes or manipulation. Final preparation used a 1% acetic acid fixation and staining with 0.01% methylene blue, both acting for 1-3 minutes. Animal gametes give us the opportunity to substitute human ova in biology of reproduction studies and experiments, avoiding technical, ethical and moral problems.


Tumor deconvolution is a reliable way to disentangle the diverse cell types that comprise solid tumors. To date, however, both the algorithms developed to deconvolve tumor samples, and the gold standard datasets used to assess the algorithms are geared toward the analysis of gene expression (e.g., RNA-seq) rather than protein levels in tumor cells. While gene expression is less expensive to measure, protein levels provide a more accurate view of immune markers. To facilitate the development as well as improve the reproducibility and reusability of multi-omic deconvolution algorithms, we introduce Decomprolute, a Common Workflow Language framework that leverages containerization to compare tumor deconvolution algorithms across multiomic data sets. Decomprolute incorporates the large-scale multiomic data sets produced by the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), which include matched mRNA expression and proteomic data from thousands of tumors across multiple cancer types to build a fully open-source, containerized proteogenomic tumor deconvolution benchmarking platform. The platform consists of modular architecture and it comes with well-defined input and output formats at each module. As a result, it is robust and extendable easily with additional algorithms or analyses. The platform is available for access and use at http://pnnl-compbio.github.io/decomprolute. Motivation To provide a comprehensive platform for algorithm developers and researchers to benchmark and run tumor deconvolution algorithms on multiomic data.


This essay explores the nature of Derrida's longstanding interest in the relation between Levinasian ethics and Kantian moral and political philosophy. As early as 1964, in his very first work devoted to Levinas, Derrida turns his mind to this relation, expressing regret that "no systematic and patient confrontation" had yet been organized by Levinas "with Kant in particular."1 Despite this lack, Derrida wants to demarcate early Levinasian ethics as "at once profoundly faithful to Kant (for 'Respect is applied only to persons' Practical Reason) and implicitly anti-Kantian," lacking "the formal element of universality, without the pure order of the law."2 Without answering his question in this early stage, Derrida asks, on one hand, how it is that Levinasian ethics manages to escape the Kantian universal underwriting morality and politics, and, on the other hand, in what respect Levinas's particularist ethics, insofar as it is presented as a universal humanism, remains close to that of Kant's. Focusing on Derrida's "A Word of Welcome" in Adieu to Emmanuel Levinas (1996),3 I will maintain that Derrida's analysis is motivated by a more fundamental question, namely, the nature of the relation between ethics and politics. For Derrida, where Levinasian ethics appears as unconditional hospitality, Kantian politics offers conditional hospitality within the boundaries of law. Hence, Derrida brings Levinas to Kant to explore the ethics-politics relation by asking whether, in Levinas's ethics of hospitality might be discovered "a legitimating foundation . . . able to found a law and a politics, within a society, nation, State or Nation-State,"4 that is, the kind of conditional hospitality he sees in Kant. Derrida provides two responses. Immediately, he says "no": one cannot deduce from Levinasian ethics, a law or politics in some determined situation today. There is no relation of founding and founded between an ethics or first philosophy of hospitality and a law or politics of hospitality.5 The remainder of his essay comprises his second response. Although one cannot deduce a law or politics from ethics, there is something we can say about the passage. First, the derivation of politics or law from ethics is absolutely necessary. Ethics itself requires law. Second, the derivation is irreversible: the passage is from ethics to politics and not vice versa. Further, the derivation is conditional. If politics is obligated by Levinas's ethical relation, law should be made "on the basis of an analysis that is each time unique."6 This means that we are required to think law and politics "otherwise"7 than the way in which Kant thinks law and politics where morality and justice are equated with the universality of law. Finally, where, for Levinas, there is no universality of law in the Kantian cosmopolitical sense, there is a law that Derrida wants to say holds universally, namely, that the required law be irreversibly conditional upon the ethical relation.8 This essay will examine each of these points in detail. Section one will explain in what sense law cannot be deduced from ethics, by detailing Derrida's reading of how it is that Levinasian ethics opposes the formal deduction of Kantian politics from morality. Section two will explain what Derrida thinks we can say of the ethical-political relation, and why, in finally arguing for the universality of law's conditionally derivative nature, Derrida needs to leave Levinas who, rather than emphasizing the universality of the law's hold, provides determinate content to the ethical-political, thematizing the imperative as the particular demand of a Judaic humanism, "universal" only insofar as non-Jews affirm Jewish particularism. Following this structure, this essay will elucidate not only Derrida's answer to the question of the ethical-political via Levinas and Kant, but also his critical stance in regard to both.9,10 Derrida's First Response: Politics Cannot be Deduced from Ethics Derrida on How Levinasian Ethics Cannot Found Politics Contained in Derrida's reading of Levinasian ethics are four propositions: (1) Ethical uprightness, and what Levinas calls "freedom," is the suffering that the "self" experiences for the suffering of the Other in the face-to-face relation. …


Caveat lector: This is the zeroth (draft) edition of this lecture note. In particular, some topics still need to be written. Please send bug reports and suggestions to email@example.com. If first you don't succeed, then try and try again. And if you don't succeed again, just try and try and try. — Marc Blitzstein, " Useless Song " , The Three Penny Opera (1954) Adaptation of Bertold Brecht, " Das Lied von der Unzulänglichkeit menschlichen Strebens " Die Dreigroschenoper (1928) Children need encouragement. If a kid gets an answer right, tell him it was a lucky guess. That way he develops a good, lucky feeling. In his seminal paper, Turing also defined an extension of his " automatic machines " that he called choice machines, which are now more commonly known as nondeterministic Turing machines. The execution of a nondeterministic Turing machine is not determined entirely by its input and its transition function; rather, at each step of its execution, the machine can choose from a set of possible transitions. The distinction between deterministic and nondeterministic Turing machines exactly parallels the distinction between deterministic and nondeterministic finite-state automata. Formally, a nondeterministic Turing machine has all the components of a standard deterministic Turing machine—a finite tape alphabet Γ that contains the input alphabet Σ and a blank symbol ; a finite set Q of internal states with special start, accept, and reject states; and a transition function δ. However, the transition function now has the signature That is, for each state p and tape symbol a, the output δ(p, a) of the transition function is a set of triples of the form (q, b, ∆) ∈ Q × Γ × {−1, +1}. Whenever the machine finds itself in state p reading symbol a, the machine chooses an arbitrary triple (q, b, ∆) ∈ δ(p, a), and then changes its state to q, writes b to the tape, and moves the head by ∆. If the set δ(p, a) is empty, the machine moves to the reject state and halts. The set of all possible transition sequences of a nondeterministic Turing machine N on a given input string w define a rooted tree, called a computation tree. The initial configuration (start, w, 0) is the root of the computation tree, and the children of any configuration (q, x, i) are the configurations that can be reached from (q, x, i) in one …


Palliative care for people with learning disabilities (PWLD) is often complex but it is vital that these challenges are faced. It is also important to recognise that life limiting illness is more prevalent in the learning disability population and that PWLD die on average 25 years younger than the general population1-2. Increasing numbers of PWLD are living at both ends of the age spectrum with co- morbid conditions and complex health needs and there is a growing need for palliative care provision. This project recognises the need for education and the development of robust partnerships which lead to collaborative working, to ensure that PWLD will experience equity in accessing palliative care services. The aim of the project, funded through Help the Hospices and the Scottish Government, is to bring the two specialities of Palliative Care and Learning Disabilities with Greater Glasgow & Clyde together using a practice development approach. This will provide support to staff in the provision of best quality care for people with Learning Disabilities who have palliative care needs. Links have been made at both local and strategic levels within both learning disability and specialist palliative care services. All 9 learning disability teams and 6 hospices within NHS GG&C have access to this project. Strategically the project sits within the current learning disability strategy and although all 6 hospices are independent in their delivery of care, Chief Executives have demonstrated their commitment to the project. All education events are evaluated and the evaluations have been extremely positive, with staff suggesting that the education provided will have a direct impact on their professional development and provision of best quality patient care for PWLD. PWLD are at the heart of this project with the ultimate aim being to improve their care.


In Interior States Christopher Castiglia focuses on U.S. citizens' democratic impulse: their ability to work with others to imagine genuinely democratic publics while taking divergent views into account. Castiglia contends that citizens of the early United States were encouraged to locate this social impulse not in associations with others but in the turbulent and conflicted interiors of their own bodies. He describes how the human interior—with its battles between appetite and restraint, desire and deferral—became a displacement of the divided sociality of nineteenth-century America's public sphere and contributed to the vanishing of that sphere in the twentieth century and the twenty-first. Drawing insightful connections between political structures, social relations, and cultural forms, he explains that as the interior came to reflect the ideological conflicts of the social world, citizens were encouraged to (mis)understand vigilant self-scrutiny and self-management as effective democratic action.

In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth, as discourses of interiority gained prominence, so did powerful counter-narratives. Castiglia reveals the flamboyant pages of antebellum popular fiction to be an archive of unruly democratic aspirations. Through close readings of works by Maria Monk and George Lippard, Walt Whitman and Timothy Shay Arthur, Hannah Webster Foster and Hannah Crafts, and Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville, Castiglia highlights a refusal to be reformed or self-contained. In antebellum authors' representations of nervousness, desire, appetite, fantasy, and imagination, he finds democratic strivings that refused to disappear. Taking inspiration from those writers and turning to the present, Castiglia advocates a humanism-without-humans that, denied the adjudicative power of interiority, promises to release democracy from its inner life and to return it to the public sphere where U.S. citizens may yet create unprecedented possibilities for social action.


Jumbled pattern matching addresses the problem of finding all permuted occurrences of a substring in a text. We introduce two improved algorithms for exact jumbled matching of short patterns. Our solutions apply SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) computation in order to quickly filter the text. One of them utilizes the equal any operation and the other searches for the least frequent character of the pattern. Our experiments show that the best algorithm is 30% faster than previous algorithms for short English patterns.


This is the first of three papers, in which the early structuralization of the mind is investigated. The main themes dealt with in this paper are the following: The earliest ways of experiencing are discussed and two successive levels of psychological experiencing are distinguished. The undifferentiated mind is conceptualized as a pure pleasure formation. Undifferentiation is regarded as especially susceptible to adultomorphic misinterpretations. The part object concept and the ways to conceptualize symbiosis are examples. Undifferentiated representations of gratifications are examined both as primary structures with a regulatory function and as raw material for the emerging self and object. The birth of self-experience, initiating differentiation, is proposed to originate from the first mentally represented pain. Self and object are seen to emerge as 'all good' and are therefore constantly threatened by frustration-aggression, made possible by the differentiation. Drive theory is briefly considered. Drive is defined as a purely energic concept without qualities of its own. Aggression is not regarded as an independent drive but as the way frustration originally becomes mentally represented. Anxiety is defined and discussed as a primary affective experience of the self when its existence is threatened. Finally, after questioning the so-called symbiotic longings, the earliest ways of protecting the primary differentiation are discussed.


Good risk governance seems to rest on the three components: knowledge, legally prescribed procedures and social values. All three components are of particular importance for assessing and managing emerging risks, which are characterized by a lack of knowledge about the likelihood and magnitude of potential positive and negative consequences. This paper reports first about a protocol of how to govern emerging risks and then analyses the patterns of risks that would fall under the emerging risk category. Six patterns were identified: system breakdown risks, amplifier risks, highly volatile and pervasive risks, psychosomatic risks, social risks, and knowledge management risks. For each of these risk patterns, the main characteristics and the policy implications are described and analyzed.


The paper focused on the role played by parents and Teachers in examination malpractice in plateau Nigeria. 400 secondary school students were randomly sampled for the study. Three null hypotheses were raised. A 15 item questionnaire titled "students Attitude towards Examination Malpractice (SATEMQ) was developed by the researcher and administered to the selected sample. The data generated were analyzed using the Chi Square. The result showed that there was no significant effect of parenting styles on students attitude towards examination malpractice. Also there was no significant difference between Junior secondary and their counter parts in the senior secondary school in their attitude and reasons for engaging in examination malpractice in the school. Based on these findings recommendations were made. LWATI: A Journal of Contemporary Research , 8(2), 47-55, 2011


Anisotropic composite cylinders and pressure vessels have been widely employed in automotive, aerospace, chemical and other engineering areas due to high strength/stiffness-to-weight ratio, exceptional corrosion resistance, and superb thermal performance. Pipes, fuel tanks, chemical containers, rocket motor cases and aircraft and ship elements are a few examples of structural application of fiber reinforced composites (FRCs) for pressure vessels/pipes. Since the performance of composite materials replies on the tensile and compressive strengths of the fiber directions, the optimum design of composite laminates with varying fiber orientations is desired to minimize the damage of the structure. In this study, a complete mathematical 3D elasticity solution was developed, which can accurately compute stresses of a thick multilayered anisotropic fiber reinforced pressure vessel under force and pressure loadings. A rotational variable is introduced in the formalism to treat torsional loading in addition to force and pressure loadings. Then, the three-dimensional Tsai-Wu criterion is used based on the analytical solution to predict the failure. Finally, a global optimization algorithm is used to find the optimum fiber orientation and their best combination through the thickness direction.


A 55-year-old woman with a history of distal pancreatectomy, cholecystectomy and splenectomy due to a mucinous cystic tumor without any atypia. The patient remains asymptomatic with normal tumor markers. In an abdominal CT scan for a gynecological pathology, 9 years after surgical intervention, it is observed a 2.4 cm focal lesion with well-defined edges and liquid consistency, at resection margins of the previous pancreatectomy, radiologically suspect and informed as a recurrence of mucinous cystic tumor of the pancreas (Figure A). With this diagnosis, elective surgery by bilateral subcostal laparotomy is performed. It is evidenced a cystic lesion dependent of the posterior gastric wall adjacent to the edge of previous pancreatic resection (Figure B). An intraoperative abdominal ultrasound is performed considering proximal head and body portions to its distal pancreatic area. It is not identified any tumor recurrence at the surgical site and it is observed a heterogeneous lesion dependent of the posterior stomach wall. An atypical gastric resection is performed including the cystic lesion. The anatomopathology reports of foreign body granuloma due to silk suture. Mucinous cystic tumors of the pancreas have a surgical indication due to its malignant potential [1]. Surgical resection in those benign mucinous cystic lesions is curative and recurrence is almost nil. In those malignant lesions, monitoring and follow-up should be done every 6 months because of the risk of recurrence and distant metastasis [2]. In our case, the cystic image located in the previous resection margin was the main suspicion of recurrence despite being a benign lesion operated 9 years before. The most common differential diagnosis of a cystic lesion at that location include: gastric duplication cyst, gastric diverticulum, gastric leiomyoma, pancreatic pseudocyst, mesenteric cyst, cystadenoma of pancreas or pancreatic hydatid cyst [3]. Several cases of suture granuloma simulating gastric tumors have been described; one of the most frequent has been the silk [4]. Although, foreign body granulomas are also associated with other non-absorbable materials such as nylon or dacron [5]. In the reoperation was used a linear stapler to section the gastric lesion. The patient evolution was satisfactory and she was discharged at the 6th postoperative day without complications. At 12 months follow-up she has not presented any complication or recurrence.


Libraries, especially academic and research libraries are increasingly taking on the task of supporting their community of users in data collection, analysis, management, and preservation – an area of charge that came to be known as research data management (Tenopir, Sandusky, Allard, & Birch, 2014). As Africa enters the post-2015 development agenda, i.e. Sustainable Development Goals, that has 17 goals and 169 targets (United Nations, 2015), the successful accomplishment and outcome of such goals and targets can only be known if appropriate data is collected, analyzed and evidence is presented. In view of these ambitious and daunting challenges, it is imperative to prepare librarians with skills and knowledge needed to manage and preserve research data. This paper aims to shed light on the requisite skills and knowledge needed by librarians to play active role in the SDG agenda. Important concepts, skills, tools, methods, and applications on the topics of data and information literacy will be investigated.


Thus study was designed to explore how children learn about a scientific-reasoning strategy while engaged in parent-child activity, and specifically to answer two research questions: 1) Can children learn and transfer a scientific reasoning strategy when provided training situated within parent-child activity? and 2) How do parents support young children's learning and transfer of a scientific reasoning strategy? Thirty parent-child dyads with younger (5- to 6-years-old) and older (7- to 8-years-old) children were recruited to engage in shared scientific-reasoning activities in which they were provided training in the Control of Variables Strategy (CVS): a strategy for designing unconfounded experiments and interpreting the experimental outcome. Families were provided opportunities to apply and transfer their learning of the strategy while exploring materials in two domains in two sessions spaced one month apart. When provided training situated within parent-child activity, 5- to 8-year-old children demonstrated that they could learn to use CVS. Although both older and younger children were able to learn the strategy, age-related differences were detected in children's transfer abilities. While older children continued to improve in their use of CVS at the second session, younger children's performance decreased. In answer to Research Question 2, this study illuminated ways that parents and young children engage in scientific activity and build on subsequent related activity. To support children's engagement, parents varied their support in the design and execution of experiments and they engaged in conversations that supported planning and evaluating activity. Parents reminded children of the strategy and redirected activity to support the generation and evaluation of interpretable evidence. We observed that parents sometimes explicitly reminded children of prior shared activity; these parents were more likely to have children who later became the most reliable users of CVS. Further research is needed, however, to establish causal links between specific types of parent support and patterns of parent-child activity and resultant child learning and transfer.


E-beam induced current technique is a fault isolation technique based on SEM-based nanoprobers. Electron beam induced current (EBIC) can help failure analysts quickly identify the defective device with abnormal junction behavior from a relatively large area of interest. Using EBIC, defects can be pin-pointed down to individual Fin, which significantly enhanced the success rate. In this paper, two cases are used as examples to illustrate how this failure analysis (FA) methodology provides a powerful and efficient solution in localizing defective fins. In the first case, a local full bit-line fail was submitted for failure analysis. In the second case, a MOS capacitor parametric test structure designed to monitor gate oxide break down voltage that showed early break down behavior during in-line test. Failure analysis was requested to investigate the root-cause.


Polymeric nanoparticles have been employed for topical pharmaceutical applications due to its capacity to carry drugs across the skin. Biocompatible polymers are extensively applied as coating nanoparticles allowing them to present controlled physical and chemical characteristics. The proposal of this work was to evaluate the skin permeation of polymeric nanoparticles loading hydrophobic drugs. The emulsion/diffusion process was applied to produce nanocapsules composed by poly(ε-caprolactone, PCL) and PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers (Pluronic ® ), this process promotes the nanoencapsulation of drugs into oil core from pre-formed polymer precipitation. The organic phase was comprised of polymers (Pluronic F127 and PCL), oil, Nile red fluorophore, and hydrocortisone acetate as hydrophobic drug model, solubilized in ethyl acetate. The aqueous phase was comprised of distilled water saturated with ethyl acetate and Tween 20 surfactant. The organic phase was transferred into the aqueous phase under ultrahigh agitation (7,000 rpm), the emulsion formed was immediately transferred to a stirred reactor, the dilution phase (water and Tween ® 20) was added and then the solvent was extracted under vacuum pressure. The in vitro skin permeation of nanoparticles containing the fluorophore Nile red was evaluated by a vertical diffusion cell employing pig ear skin. The study covered the steps of preparation of animal membrane; monitoring the permeation into vertical diffusion vessel (Franz cell) up to 8 hours; preparation of histological sections into cryomicrotome; and visualization of fluorescence by confocal laser microscopy. It was possible to verify the location of polymeric nanoparticles containing the Nile red fluorophore encapsulated in presence or absence of hydrocortisone drug. It was observed that after two hours, the permeation of the particles was very low. However, for a more prolonged exposure (8 hours) was observed the deposition of the particles in the outer layers of the skin (stratum corneum and epidermis) as well as in hair follicles. These data show that the produced nanoparticles perform the delivery of the drug in the superficial skin layers, fulfilling the role of topical application.


Over the last 15 years, dramatic changes have been underway in the Slovak Republic in terms of both the health of the population and healthcare provision. This study provides information and key findings on the morbidity, health status and utilisation of healthcare services in the Slovak Republic. In presenting the demographic picture in the country, the report highlights trends in fertility, morbidity and mortality rates. It points to the rising age of the population and stagnating population growth. An overview is also given of the current Slovak healthcare system and its organisation. The key legislative reforms that have driven changes in social benefits are summarised, along with their impact on the delivery of healthcare services. The main characteristics of the health status of the population are then identified, from the perspectives of self-assessed health and healthcare utilisation, drawing on data from national surveys. Further analyses are undertaken using a logit model, which seeks to identify the factors that influence health status and the use of medical services. Detailed findings are presented by age group, gender, type of economic activity and marital status.


The objectives of this study were to evaluate substrates produced from the peach-palm agroindustry waste and sewage sludge as a source of nutrients for the production of Brazilian Peppertree seedlings (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi), and to compare the performance of these substrates under various levels of slow release fertilizer for this species. Four levels of fertilizer were tested (0, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 g dm–3) in three types of substrates: BIOCPI = Sewage sludge + Peach-palm bark (1:1 v:v); BIOCPII = Sewage sludge + Peach-palm bark (1:2 v:v) and BIOCPIII = Sewage sludge + Peach-palm bark (1:3 v:v). Plant height, stem diameter, dry matter (shoot and root), height/diameter ratio, Dickson quality index and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S contents in the shoot were measured. The use of the substrates BIOCPII and BIOCPIII proved to be viable for the production of Brazilian Peppertree seedlings. Doses above 4.0 gdm–3 of granular fertilizer are recommended for better results.


In this article we present a brief case study entitled "Breathe Pure Chile" that illustrates some of the cultural issues that come up in international professional settings. The company exports fruits from Chile and uses new technologies to preserve the foods longer. More importantly, this case offers insights into the interaction between North American and Latin American professionals. The story is based on actual interviews that were conducted with employees of the company in Santiago, Chile; however, the names of the people and the company have been modifi ed. In order to analyze the various cultural issues, the contents of the case are reviewed using three different models of business communication: Victor's LESCANT model; Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions; and Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars's Cultural Dilemmas. Finally, this article also looks at analysis and comments that university students have made as they review the content of the case study. The pedagogical implication is that students are better able to analyze and interpret the cultural aspects of a case scenario when they have access to some model or framework to work from.


We determined 1,600 base pairs of DNA sequence in the 18S small ribosomal subunit from two geographically distinct isolates of Dermosporidium penneri. Maximum likelihood and parsimony analysis of these sequences place D. penneri in the order Dermocystida of the class Mesomycetozoea. The 18S rRNA sequences from these two isolates only differ within a single region of 16 contiguous nucleotides. Based on the distant phylogenetic relationship of these organisms to Amphibiocystidium ranae and similarity to Sphaerothecum destruens we propose the organism be renamed Amphibiothecum penneri.


The effect of dietary high-amylose corn starch (HACS) of varying dietary fiber (DF) content on plasma cholesterol was examined in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Gelatinized normal corn starch (G-CS) was used as a reference. OVX rats were fed a fiber-free purified diet containing G-CS, HACS, gelatinized high-amylose corn starch (G-HACS), or heat-moisture treated HACS (HM-HACS) at 400 g starch/kg diet for 21 d. The DF content of G-CS, HACS, G-HACS, and HM-HACS measured by the AOAC method was 0.1, 19.3, 2.4, and 64.5 g/100 g, respectively. The dry weight of cecal contents, cecal wall weight, the amount of short chain fatty acids in cecal contents, the amount of bile acids in small intestinal contents, and fecal excretion of neutral sterols increased logarithmically with increasing DF, while total plasma cholesterol concentration decreased. On the other hand, hepatic CYP7A1 activity, fecal dry weight, and fecal excretion of bile acids increased linearly with increasing DF, while body weight gain decreased. The hypocholesterolemic effect of HACS in OVX-rats appeared to be more effective by heat-moisture treatment.


Graphite oxide (GO) immersed in an excess of methanol and ethanol media is found to undergo a phase transformation at about 0.2-0.8 GPa, with an expansion of the unit cell volume by approximately 40%, due to pressure-induced insertion of solvent into interlayer space. The pressure at which the structural expansion occurs does not correlate with the solidification pressure of the alcohol, in contrast to the graphite oxide/water system. The expanded high-pressure phase of GO/ethanol could be quenched back to ambient pressure. Compression of graphite oxide with a 2:1 water/methanol medium revealed a complex anomaly with two steps attributed to insertion of methanol and water at different pressure points.


Technology and economy are the two most important and dynamic pillars of development. With the rise in the use of blockchain and other distributive ledger technology, the economy has taken an upward turn through ease of financing and funding. Funding in the nature of Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) and the likes are gaining magnitude due to their inherent flexible nature and convenience in contrast to the traditional Venture Capital funding. However, this mode of funding through the use of tokens is not all that it seems and engenders a number of plausible problems when compared to the traditional mode of funding. This article highlights both the pros and cons of using such mode of funding providing solutions to the major problems that are haunting the same. It also discusses certain alternatives to the ICOs which are recently being used in the funding industry. This article tries to provide a comprehensive answer to an ever important question about the viability and suitability of such a funding mechanism in a dynamic market.


Optical sensors have hit their maturity and a new kind of systems is being developed. This paper deals with the development of a new sensing structure based on polymeric foils and optic fiber sensors, namely the Fiber Bragg Grating sensors. Sensor integration in polymeric foils, using industrial process is the proposed goal. To achieve this goal, Finite Element Analysis was used for prototype modeling and simulation. The model was subjected to loads and restraints in order to retrieve information about stress distribution and displacement of specific points. From the simulation was possible to predict the sections where the sensor should be positioned. A prototype was then fabricated using industrial processes. Tests indicate that the polymeric foil influence on the sensor performance may exist. However, the prototype was able of transferring the full deformation to the optical sensor. Moreover, the optical sensor, which is incorporated in the polymeric foil, is fully functional with high sensitivity, 0,6 picometer by microstrain, allowing deformation measurements, up to 1,2 millimeter.


The present article proposes that the variety of existing managerial practices collectively described as "customer relationship management" can be organized and coordinated into a logical sequence of goals and methods that is more effective than performing them in an uncoordinated fashion. The model proposes that managers have five distinct but interrelated goals: customer acquisition, customer retention, customer development, customer consultation, and customer conversion. Although each goal can be achieved using distinct and well-known marketing practices, the model integrates the practices in a temporal and logical order in which achieving one goal contributes to achieving other goals. Integrating the procedures and technologies used at each stage results is a synergistic effort that should benefit companies and can guide empirical research. DOI: 10.4018/jcrmm.2010090402 IGI PUBLISHING This paper appears in the publication, International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management, Volume 1, Issue 1 edited by Riyad Eid © 2010, IGI Global 701 E. Choc late Avenue, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.igi-global.com ITJ 5532 International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management, 1(1), 16-27, January-March 2010 17 Copyright © 2010, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. the economics of customer relationships yield lower costs and higher margins than pursuing one-off sales (Gronroos, 1997, p. 7). To achieve these economies, firms are recommended to follow the practices summarized by the term "customer relationship management" (e.g., Buttle, 2009). As is often the case, however, when new ideas appear in the business world, there is often an initial period of uncertainty with regard to their meaning. This is certainly the case with CRM, which is sometimes understood differently by both practitioners and by academics alike, and is taken to refer variously to techniques, strategies, and business philosophies. Bringing order to this confusion is a first step in its optimal application. Payne and Frow (2005) carefully document the variety of ways in which firms define and implement CRM. Their research highlights the tangle of CRM definitions and practices, some of which bear little resemble each other, but which share the same rubric. Based on their study of business practice, Payne and Frow (2005, p. 168) argue that CRM is commonly associated in the minds of managers with (1) technology, (2) relationship building, and (3) customer orientation. On this basis, they propose a continuum of definitions ranging from the narrow specification of technology and solutions to a middle ground of "customeroriented technology solutions," and finally to a strategic perspective for managing customer relationships to create shareholder value. Such comprehensive and consistent definitions are necessary in order to avoid piece-meal and inconsistent implementation by practitioners and to promote effective research and teaching. The present article does not propose yet another definition of CRM, but instead takes as given the current variety of understandings and practices and builds on existing CRM discussions from both academics and practitioners. First, the article accepts as given the economic and financial justification for adopting CRM strategies. Second, as a working definition, the article assumes that CRM is a cross-functional, process-oriented strategy that develops long-term customer relations through personalization (one-to-one marketing) and use of technology to analyze and understand customer preferences. Finally, it accepts the distal goals that CRM seeks to create customer and shareholder value. What is lacking, it proposes, is the notion that as a strategy, CRM also can also be organized and discussed in terms of five specific proximate goals that coordinate specific strategic initiatives. The variety of practices and techniques under the CRM rubric clearly has different goals. Sequencing them and linking the techniques in terms of these goals can be both a profitable way to implement an overall CRM strategy as well a suggestive way to guide research and teaching. tHe Goals of CustoMer relationsHiP ManaGeMent One way to present the proximal goals of CRM is to refer to five specific tasks that firms need to accomplish in order to create and to use these relationships. These goals are labeled: acquire, retain, develop, consult, and convert customers. The columns in Table 1 contain these five goals in their proposed temporal sequence, which can be thought of as pre-consumption, consumption, and post-consumption. How CRM can be used to accomplish the goals at each stage appear in the cells of the matrix. These are organized with regard to how they are related to management practice, to research needs, and to social or public policy concerns. This model integrates the goals and shows that each one builds on the preceding stage, and there are "feedback" links from each state to preceding stages, so they should not be seen as separate goals/strategies, but five stages in a single CRM strategy. The core ideas of building relationships, life-time value, personalization, and use of technology are integral to each goal. The remainder of the article discusses each type of goal and shows how it is integrated into an overall goal-oriented strategy. 10 more pages are available in the full version of this document, which may be purchased using the "Add to Cart" button on the publisher's webpage: www.igi-global.com/article/goals-customer-relationship-


Transmission congestion results in revenue collected from the loads that often exceeds the payment made to the generators. The financial transmission right (FTR) is an instrument that allows the independent system operator (ISO) to redistribute the excess revenue (congestion charge) among the market participants. Generators and loads hold FTRs to hedge against congestion charges. Since the revenues from the FTR and energy markets are interdependent, each generator and load must have a joint bidding strategy for FTR and energy markets to maximize its total payoff. This paper presents a two-tier matrix game model that allows the generators and loads to obtain joint bidding strategies. The model also allows the ISOs and the market designers to assess the impact of various network configurations and rules on market performance (e.g., market power). The two-tier model considers multiple participants, multidimensional bid vectors, network contingencies, and varying demand. We conducted a numerical validation of our model by analyzing the three-node network studied by Joskow and Tirole (2000). Additional numerical studies were conducted on a five-node network to examine the impact of holding FTRs on the bidding strategies in the energy market and joint payoffs of the participants.


I have long held the dangerous belief that William Osler's essays, judiciously used, could render teachers of medical ethics redundant. Virtually all the medical student needs for ethical behaviour is contained within them.

One of Osler's most famous essays, Aequanimitas, was first delivered to newly minted doctors in 1889 as a valedictory address at the Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Osler urges his young audience to "consider but two of the score of elements which may make or mar your lives." The first is imperturbability, which refers to "calmness amid storm, clearness of judgment in moments of grave peril." This poker faced composure, he claims, is essential to instil confidence in impressionable or frightened patients. Imperturbability is in part acquired through experience and a thorough knowledge of medicine. With these in hand, "no eventuality can disturb the mental equilibrium of the physician."

The second, related element—equanimity—has been the subject of some debate among Osler scholars. While some have interpreted it as apathy—the absence of emotions—others have read it as "metriopatheia," measured or moderated emotions. To acquire the virtue of equanimity, Osler recommends a tolerant, somewhat non-judgmental attitude towards our fellow humans. "The more closely we study their little foibles of one sort and another in the inner life which we see," he remarks, "the more surely is the conviction borne in upon us of the likeness of their weaknesses to our own." Osler continues: "The similarity would be intolerable, if a happy egotism did not often render us forgetful of it." Osler also advises us not to seek certainty when it cannot be found but to be satisfied with fragments of the truth and to be ready for the inevitable struggles and disappointments ahead. (Did he foretell MTAS?) When they arrive, "stand up bravely" and "wrestle on" with due persistence; and, should defeat come, cultivating a cheerful equanimity will make the pain easier to bear. When matters of principle or justice are in play, then "cling to your ideal," Osler urges, even in the face of evident failure.

The final part of the essay is of lesser interest to the modern reader, dealing with eminent alumni of his university and Osler's sadness at leaving.

Osler's essay is a classic for several reasons. Firstly, he tackles head-on a timeless question: what makes a good doctor? The ideals he proposes do not fade with passing years. Like Flaubert before him and Richard Selzer after, his writing is meticulously crafted—each phrase, word, sound, and intonation deftly chosen, at times blurring the line between prose and poetry. Rich in cultural and literary allusions, from Plato to Matthew Arnold, the essay can be enjoyed by the teenage reader and erudite professor alike. What is rare is that Osler's scholarship is not tainted by pretentiousness: "You remember in the Egyptian story, how Typhon with his conspirators dealt with good Osiris"—well, no, I remember no such thing, but this ignorance engenders curiosity rather than shame. Although the essay was written almost 120 years ago, there is a connection between author and reader. Even when discussing sombre matters Osler comes across as a benevolent presence, a calming hand on our shoulder: "It is sad to think, that for some of you, there is in store disappointment, perhaps failure."

Whatever your position on the value of imperturbability and equanimity in 21st century medicine, Osler's Aequanimitas, with its subtle wit, masterful writing, richness of allusion, unpretentious wisdom, and warmth and charm, is not only a classic of medicine but a classic of the essay genre.


This paper reviews the part which prior consumption of alcohol played in motor vehicular fatalities in Geelong and district between January, 1967, and June, 1978. There were 344 deaths of persons aged 17 years and older within four hours after the accident. Of 147 such victims who were aged 17 to 50 years and who were drivers of motor vehicles. 54% had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) greater than 0.1 g/100 mL (22 mmol/L) at autopsy. Of 35 male pedestrians, 60% had a BAC greater than 0.15 g/100 mL (33 mmol/L) at autopsy, and 80% of such accidents occurred between 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. A high degree of sobriety was noted among all female road traffic victims. The increasing road toll related to motorcycle accidents and the problem of legal and illegal drug use are also briefly discussed. Language: en


Abstract Following the 9/11 attacks on the American homeland, India and Pakistan emerged as important states in the US-led Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). The gathering momentum in the Indo-US relations during the Clinton Presidency underwent a dramatic transformation. Although increased cooperation in defence issues is understood to have 'led' the India–US relationship to its current level, it has not culminated in enhanced counter-terrorism cooperation. This perceived lack of cooperation can be located within the perceptual differences on key security issues. This paper seeks to examine whether the upswing in Indo-US relations and claims of heightened cooperation, has led to a commensurate level of counter-terrorism cooperation between both countries.


Efficient access of multimedia data is a big requirement of current decade. With advancement of storage and network technologies, there is huge generation of multimedia data. To store and access this multimedia data efficiently and accurately is a challenge. Videos are part of multimedia data. Important activities in video retrieval are efficient storage and accurate retrieval of relevant videos. This paper proposes a novel Content based Video Retrieval method using energy contents of the video. Proposed energy contents extraction method includes self-mutation of Hybrid Wavelet Transform. Further in proposed approach the efficient method to reduce the feature vector size using partial energies of the video content is also enlightened. Paper also list downs the performance comparison of four similarity measures alias Euclidean Distance, City Block Metric, Sorensen Distance, Kulczynski Distance. This paper aims at using a novel method for generation of orthogonal transform called Self Mutation of Hybrid Wavelet Transform and judging the efficiency of same for Content Based Video Retrieval with energy compaction using partial energies. Keywords— Self Mutation; Hybrid Wavelet Transform; Energy Compaction; Similarity measures; Partial Energy; Cosine Transform; Haar Transform; Walsh Transform;


This paper discusses how the technique of reverse engineering has been used in practice to analyze the cost of competitors. In the context of the strategic management of costs, it is important to emphasize that the analysis of the internal costs of a company must be complemented by an analysis of the costs of those companies with which it competes for the customers' preference. By using the reverse engineering technique to analyze the competitors' products, it is possible to identify ways to improve the features of the goods manufactured by one's own company and to manufacture new products similar to those made by the competitors, with the purpose of enhancing competition. Besides, there is an additional benefit of cost reduction in the ordinary research and development processes. This research is a study of a single case and was developed in a footwear company in the state of Rio Grande do Sul by interviewing the people in charge of the specific departments and by analyzing documents. A qualitative treatment was given to the information related to the design and manufacturing process and a quantitative focus was used to describe the results of the research. It was possible to see how the company's performance improved as a result of its increasing ability to compete.


MIDWIVES AND THEIR PUTPILS. SiR,-In the current number of Nursing Notes, which has ehanced to come my way, I find an interesting sidelight on the midwife question. ln this number; which 1 enclose, is a report of what seems to have been a very careful and complete lecture by Dr. Eden on liemorrhage occurring at any time of the child-bearing period, and which is one of a series of " post-graduate " lectures to midwives delivered at the Midwives' Institute. Placentation, natural haemostasis with retraction and contraction, methods of arresting heemorrhage, eauses of haemorrhage, separation of placenta, placenta proevia, concealed haemorrhage, post-partumr hemorrhage, and drugs and methods of treatment were all discussed. And this to "midwives" who have obtained an L.O.S. " eertificate " after, in many cases, but three months' preparation at the hands of womeni " qualified " at the same instituCion! Surely, if these women are possessed of such receptivity and power of application as this seems to imply, we are greatly mistaken in our present five years' course to medical -students. Perhaps a few weeks in the hands of the " graduates " of a society of practical bonesetters and other such societies would develop equal 'cuteness in our students, and do away with all need of anatomical, physiological, clinical, or pathological courses. The lecturer, however, finds it necessary to warn midwives of the unwisdom of undertaking the treatment of any haeinorrhage occurring during pregnancy, and eounsels " sharing the responsibility with a qualified medical practitioner"-a suggestion cliarming for its ingenuousness.am, etc., May 6th. F.R.C.S.


Within only a few years, hybrid perovskites have become one of the most intriguing semiconductors in different light-harvesting and light-emitting applications. Their optimization for targeting technological implementation can only be achieved if one gathers knowledge of their fundamental material properties and how they are influenced by factors like composition, particle size, and shape. Not only is shaping hybrid perovskite particles difficult, but capping agents binding to crystal surfaces might influence the intrinsic properties as well. We present a new aerosol-assisted crystallization with a liquid single-source precursor for making shaped CH3NH3PbBr3 crystals with "naked facets". The formation of microcrystals with either predominant (001) facets or the less favorable (011) facets is achieved. We were able to assemble the particles in a defined orientation on a substrate to investigate the facet influence on the optical properties. We find not only a pronounced influence on the lifetime of the photo-generated charge carriers, but also a shift in the photoluminescence energy, and, using confocal fluorescence spectroscopy, a facet-dependent local enhancement of the fluorescence features. Our study demonstrates that the particle shape is an important tool to modify the properties of hybrid perovskites for optoelectronic applications.