This essay tries to explore and develop a collaborative governance concept as an alternative approach for developing BUM Desa program of the Ministry of Village, Development Regions and Transmigration. Recently, there are more than 45,000 units of BUM Desa in which 66% of them were established after 2015. However, the vast majority of them are still under-developed. This study uses a qualitative evaluation method for a deeper and more detailed understanding the dynamics of an ongoing program. Data collection techniques used in this study are in-depth interview, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), observation, documentary, visual material and online data gathering with constant comparative analysis. The result from this study explain that 'BUM Desa Bersama Program' is an example of a collaborative governance concept. 'BUM Desa Bersama' is a collaboration between village's economic institutions involving several BUM Desa's across villages. The government needs to encourage broader partnerships to enable experiences exchange which may strengthen the BUM Desa and expand their business scale and market penetration. This partnerships may involve collaboration with public institutions and private institutions.


We analyse the dynamics of trapped matter shells in spherically symmetric inhomogeneous \Lambda-CDM models. The investigation uses a Generalised Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi description with initial conditions subject to the constraints of having spatially asymptotic cosmological expansion, initial Hubble-type flow and a regular initial density distribution. We discuss the effects of shell crossing and use a qualitative description of the local trapped matter shells to explore global properties of the models. Once shell crossing occurs, we find a splitting of the global shells separating expansion from collapse into, at most, two global shells: an inner and an outer limit trapped matter shell. In the case of expanding models, the outer limit trapped matter shell necessarily exists. We also study the role of shear in this process, compare our analysis with the Newtonian framework and give concrete examples using density profile models of structure formation in cosmology.


Both of the books under review (R. Dworkin, Justice in Robes and N.E. Simmonds, Law as a Moral Idea) offer a challenge to the dominant jurisprudential tradition of legal positivism. Underlying this superficial similarity in aims is a sharp divergence in philosophical outlook. Whereas Dworkin's arguments operate within a body of background assumptions that he shares with his opponents, and which he has done much to shape, Simmonds sees his task as challenging those assumptions. This is particularly evident in the moral philosophies at the heart of each book: Dworkin (I argue) can be seen as offering a Protestant-voluntarist-atheist philosophy; whereas Simmonds resembles a Catholic-conservative-Aristotelian.


Purpose – This paper aims to examine the personal and organisational factors that affected public sector managers' participation in leadership training programmes and their ability to transfer learning to their workplace. Design/methodology/approach – In-depth interviews were conducted with five Canadian and five Northern Irish managers who participated in one-day leadership training programmes. Findings – The uncertain environment throughout the public sector was the greatest inhibitor to training participation and transfer. However, other training characteristics and training design features were also noted (e.g. motivation, trainer influence). Practical implications – Public sector organisations must take concrete steps to address current environmental challenges to fully benefit from leadership training programmes. The paper highlights pre-, during, and post-training strategies that can be implemented. Originality/value – The findings illustrate that leaders in both public sector jurisdictions face similar issues and these have been exacerbated by the current turbulent climate. The authors suggest that to maximise return on training investment the public sector must create an environment supportive of training participation and transfer and suggest recommendations to help organisations in the future. These findings were facilitated by the use of qualitative training evaluation methods, not traditionally used in training transfer research.


Spacecraft missions need efficient and precise attitude control systems. With the aim of reducing the vehicle volume and mass, and for a greater reliability, a system combining the conventional spacecraft attitude control and thermal control systems in a single system is proposed. The combined attitude and thermal control system (CATCS), which can work as an attitude actuator and as a heat pipe, uses the satellite's excess heat to circulate an electric conductivity fluid in a circular closed duct. The fluid circulation provides an angular momentum that can be used for spacecraft attitude controls. The CATCS system is a maiden solution that combines both the attitude and thermal control systems. The feasibility of CATCS has been demonstrated in a previous study. However, the demonstration is dedicated to a single axis (pitch) attitude control capability using the proportional-integral (PI) controller. The proposed work focuses on improving the performance of the attitude control of LEO small satellites with the CATCS system as an actuator by applying a number of advanced control methods. The thermal control performances and properties are constant as in Ref. (Varatharajoo et al., 2003). In addition, there will be no thermal control degradation. A mathematical model of the satellite is represented based on the assumption that the satellite is a rigid body. First, the classical PI controller has been used for a 3-axis attitude control (roll, pitch and yaw). Then, four advanced control methods have been designed and tested to improve the attitude control performance of a small satellite using the CATCS system. The advanced controllers are: the Active Force Control (AFC) with PI controller (AFC-PI), H2 controller, H∞ controller, and the mixed H2/H∞ controller. The proposed controllers are designed to keep the attitude accuracy below the 0.2. The controllers were applied to a 3-axis satellite attitude control independently. The controllers together with their governing equations are coded in MATLAB and SIMULINKâ for both ideal and non-ideal system numerical simulations.
 The analysis of the results shows that the H2 controller gives the best attitude control performance compared to the other tested controllers, while the PI controller gives the worst attitude control performance for the reference case. The AFC-PI controller shows much better responses than the solely PI controller. The mixed H2/H∞ control shows good attitude accuracies, while the H∞ control has low attitude accuracies compared to the other advanced controllers. The control gains of the designed controllers are small and reasonable except that of the H∞ controller. However, from the performance figures, it is clear that all the proposed controllers can efficiently provide a full 3-axis control with attitudes accuracies below 0.2. The attitude performances show that the CATCS attitude pointing accuracy can be improved through the proposed advanced control methods.


Angiogenesis, formation of new blood vessels, play an important role in some diseases such as cancer and its metastasis. Using angiogenesis inhibitors, therefore, is one of the ways for cancer treatment and prevention of metastasis. Medicinal plants have been shown to play a major role in the treatment of a variety of cancers. In this direction, cytotoxic and angiogenic effects of oleo gum resin extracts of Rhus coriaria, Pistacia vera and Pistacia khinjuk from Anacardiaceae family were studied. For IC50 values, cytotoxic effects of the plant extracts were evaluated at different concentrations (1, 10, 20, 40, 80,100 μg/ml) against human umbilical vein endothelial normal cell (HUVEC) and Y79 cell lines using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. In vitro tube formation on matrigel base was used to evaluate angiogenic effects in the presence of increasing concentrations (50, 100, 250 μg/ml) of the extracts. Vascular endothelium growth factor was used as angiogenesis stimulator. Gas chromatography results showed that α-pinene and β-pinene were the major essential oils constituents of all plant extracts. According to the MTT assay results, the R. coriaria resin extract was more cytotoxic than those of P. vera and P. khinjuk extracts (IC50, 9.1 ± 1.6 vs 9.8 ± 2.1 and 12.0 ± 1.9, respectively; P<0.05). Cytotoxic effects of all extracts against Y79 cell line was significantly higher than those of HUVEC used as a normal cell line (P<0.05). Tube formation assay also showed that extract of R. coriaria resin inhibited angiogenesis more significantly than other tested extracts (P<0.05). It could be concluded that R. coriaria resin extract possess cytotoxic effect and antiangiogenesis against cancer cells and as an anticancer natural product has a good potential for future studies.


The dramatic clinical responses to L-asparaginase led to renewed interest in other enzymes that might be effective antitumor agents. Biochemical and nutritional studies on animal and human tumors have shown that enzymatic depletion of glutamine, arginine, cysteine, citrulline, and serine could have selective cytotoxicity for some tumors. Several glutaminase-asparaginase enzymes have antitumor activity in animals and man. These enzymes are currently in phase I trials. Arginine-depleting enzymes with suitable properties of therapy have been developed and are in preclinical study. Enzymes have not yet been found that can adequately deplete circulating levels of cysteine, citrulline, or serine for treatment of cancer.


The Agency for International Business and Cooperation (EVD) of the Ministry of Economic Affairs has asked SEO Economic Research to conduct a study towards the degree of internationalization of two sectors of the Dutch economy: the ICT sector and the creative industries. The aim of this study is to quantify - as far as the data allow - the relationships these sectors have with other economies, in particular the economy of the United States of America. To this end this report follows a detailed delineation of the creative industries on a 5-digit SBI-level, which was constructed for a research program concerning the economic effects of culture and creativity. The national economic importance of the creative industries is sketched, after which the available data on internationalization are scrutinized.


This paper deals with some of the problems arising in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems, when the receiver's clock is not synchronized to the modulator. Considering that the spatial diversity is exploited through quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes (QOSTBC), we examine the influence of the remaining timing offset on the performance of the system, after coarse timing acquisition has been carried out at the receiver. Specifically, by utilizing the statistical properties of the channel paths and simulating the time error as a uniformly distributed random variable, we show that the average trace of the diversity gain matrix (DGM) undergoes a decrease with respect to the ideal case of zero intersymbol interference (ISI).


The purpose of the study was to examine the differential relations between mother–child reminiscing about a positive emotional event vs. a negative emotional event and attachment security, family climate, and young children's socioemotional development. Fifty preschool children (M age = 50.69 months, SD = 4.64) and their mothers completed two reminiscing conversations at the laboratory, which were coded for emotion-laden discourse, affect, and elaboration, and children completed measures of emotional understanding and representations of relationships. At their homes, mothers completed the attachment Q-sort and the self-report family inventory. Both attachment security and family climate were related to the quality of mother–child affect and maternal elaboration during both positive and negative reminiscing conversations. Attachment security and family climate, however, were principally related to discussion of emotion during the negative event discussions. In addition, it was mother–child reminiscing about the negative emotional event that was associated with high levels of children's socioemotional development.


The study examines the relationship between economic growth and life expectancy by considering the potential role of financial development and energy consumption in ASEAN Countries. Unit root testing was applied to check the level stationarity data before checking for cointegration between variables using the Error Correction Term (ECT) approach, and ARDL bounds testing was applied for cointegration with structural damage that occurred at a specific time using the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Pooled Mean Group (MG). The empirical results showed the existence of cointegration among variables. PMG was selected based on Hausmann Test that indicated energy consumption could significantly and positively affect life expectancy. Therefore, ASEAN countries would be extensively dependent on non-renewable energy to generate their economic activities in the long run. In contrast, in the short run, higher economic growth can reduce life expectancy in most developing countries, as energy consumption is examined to affect life.


We introduce submodular optimization to the problem of training data subset selection for statistical machine translation (SMT). By explicitly formulating data selection as a submodular program, we obtain fast scalable selection algorithms with mathematical performance guarantees, resulting in a unified framework that clarifies existing approaches and also makes both new and many previous approaches easily accessible. We present a new class of submodular functions designed specifically for SMT and evaluate them on two different translation tasks. Our results show that our best submodular method significantly outperforms several baseline methods, including the widely-used cross-entropy based data selection method. In addition, our approach easily scales to large data sets and is applicable to other data selection problems in natural language processing.


Janos Kornai, a distinguished Hungarian economist, began his adult life as an ardent believer in socialism and then became a critic of the communist political and economic system. He lost family members in the Holocaust, contributed to the ideological preparation for the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, and became an influential theorist of the post-Soviet economic transition. He has been a journalist, a researcher prohibited from teaching in his home country, and a tenured professor at Harvard. By Force of Thought traces Kornai's lifelong intellectual journey and offers a subjective complement to his academic research. Disenchanted with communism, Kornai published Overcentralization (1956), the first book written by someone living behind the Iron Curtain to be openly critical of Soviet-style economics. Although it was attacked in Hungary, it was hailed by Western economists. The Kornai-Liptak theory on two-level planning captured the attention of mathematical economists. Kornai went on to publish the controversial Anti-Equilibrium (1971), a critique of the general equilibrium theory underpinning mainstream economic analyses of markets, Economics of Shortage (1980), The Road to a Free Economy (1990), and the summary of his lifetime research, The Socialist System (1992). An intellectual emissary between East and West, Kornai commuted between Harvard and Budapest for many years. Kornai's memoir describes his research—including his present-day evaluation of his past work—as well as the social and political environments in which he did his work. The difficulties faced by a critic of central planning in a communist country are made especially vivid by material from newly opened secret police files and informers' reports on his activities. By Force of Thought will be an essential resource for students of economic thought, socialist systems, and postsocialist transition, and for readers interested in Eastern European intellectual life before, during, and after communism.


Mass tourism is growing uncontrolled in many destinations worldwide. Negative impacts emerge from it, transforming the city and influencing on locals' lifestyle and well-being. However, debates and contradictions emerge on the real impact on communities. From that, a deeper analysis of this issue is needed to understand how people perceive tourism and its effects. A quantitative study was conducted in two mature destinations in Spain: Barcelona and Sevilla. One of the major findings from this research is the importance of locals' support to manage tourism. Practical and managerial implications are suggested in order to promote more sustainable and participative development of destinations.


The dynamic and complex processes (exchanges of substance and energy) which occur differently for each species of cultivated plant and for each type of ecosystem are conditioned by biological requirements and by the action of vegetation factors and territorial ecological factors (climate and soil). Knowledge regarding the way in which the existing natural conditions satisfy the biological requirements of agricultural plants is of great importance for the national economy because a rational location of crops can be accomplished only starting from this scientific basis.Common flax (flaxseed or linseed) is a crop with special importance, as the seeds are used in the food and pharmaceutical industry, for the production of inks, in the soap and linoleum industry, in tannery, for the impregnation of electrical insulators etc. In the present article, the authors have tried to demonstrate that the littoral zone is suitable for the cultivation of common flax. In this regard, a flax crop was established in the didactical and experimental field of the Laboratory of Phytotechny, within "Ovidius" University of Constanta, and another crop was cultivated in the vicinity of the locality Enisala (Tulcea county).Considering that, over the recent years, common flax was cultivated in Romania on small farms (65 ha in 2005), compared to the 1980s-1990s (70-80 thousand ha), and that the average yield for our country is between 500 and 700 kg/ha (800 kg/ha at international level), but also that, in the above mentioned region, due to the fact that the surfaces cultivated with wheat, barley and sunflower increased to the detriment of other plants, a rational crop rotation can no longer be observed. Thus, this article intends to represent a starting point for the expansion of this economically valuable crop in the studied area.


The term "Brain Imaging" identi�es a set of techniques to analyze the structure and/or functional behavior of the brain in normal and/or pathological situations. These techniques are largely used in the study of brain activity.
In addition to clinical usage, analysis of brain activity is gaining popularity in others recent �fields, i.e. Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) and the study of cognitive processes. In this context, usage of classical solutions (e.g. f MRI, PET-CT) could be unfeasible, due to their low temporal resolution, high cost and limited portability. For these reasons alternative low cost techniques are object of research, typically based on simple recording hardware and on intensive data elaboration process. Typical examples are ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG) and Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), where electric potential at the patient's scalp is recorded by high impedance electrodes. In EEG potentials are directly generated from neuronal activity, while in EIT by the injection of small currents at the scalp. To retrieve meaningful insights on brain activity from measurements, EIT and EEG relies on detailed knowledge of the underlying electrical properties of the body. This is obtained from numerical models of the electric �field
distribution therein. The inhomogeneous and anisotropic electric properties of human tissues make accurate modeling and simulation very challenging, leading to a tradeo�ff between physical accuracy and technical feasibility,
which currently severely limits the capabilities of these techniques. Moreover elaboration of data recorded requires usage of regularization techniques computationally intensive, which influences the application with heavy temporal constraints (such as BCI).
This work focuses on the parallel implementation of a work-flow for EEG and EIT data processing. The resulting software is accelerated using multi-core GPUs, in order to provide solution in reasonable times and address requirements of real-time BCI systems, without over-simplifying the complexity and accuracy of the head models.


To determine the effects of physiological and pharmacological insulin concentrations on leucine-carbon kinetics in vivo, eight postabsorptive normal volunteers were infused with L-[4,5-3H]leucine and alpha-[1-14C]ketoisocaproate (KIC). Insulin concentrations were sequentially raised from 8 +/- 1 to 43 +/- 6 and 101 +/- 14 and to 1,487 +/- 190 microU/ml, while maintaining euglycemia with adequate glucose infusions. At the end of each 140-min insulin-infusion period, steady-state estimates of leucine and KIC rates of appearance (Ra), KIC (approximately leucine-carbon) oxidation, nonoxidized leucine-carbon flux [an index of leucine incorporation into protein (Leu----P)], and leucine and KIC interconversion rates were obtained. After the three insulin infusions, leucine Ra decreased by a maximum of approximately 20%. KIC Ra decreased by a maximum of approximately 50%. The sum of leucine plus KIC Ra in the basal state was 2.59 +/- 0.24 mumol X kg-1 X min-1 and decreased by approximately 30% at the maximal insulin concentrations. KIC oxidation decreased by a maximum of approximately 65%. Leu----P did not increase after hyperinsulinemia. Interconversion rates were promptly and markedly suppressed by 50-70%. Leucine clearance increased by approximately 120%. We conclude that euglycemic hyperinsulinemia, at physiological and pharmacological concentrations, decreased leucine and KIC concentrations, leucine-carbon turnover and oxidation, and leucine and KIC interconversions in a dose-dependent manner in vivo.


Abstract The Paleocene/Eocene boundary (c. 55.2 ma) represents transient greenhouse warming of <220 ky duration that had a critical impact upon North American mammals but an apparently limited impact upon subtropical plants. The effect of enhanced warming on biomes already tolerant of paratropical/tropical climate conditions is essentially unknown at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary because most research has centered on high latitude changes in plant turnover. Fossil pollen and spores from the US Gulf Coast allow an assessment of the impact that Paleocene/Eocene climate events had on a Paleo—paratropical/tropical vegetation type. Pollen data from two marginal marine sections either side of the boundary in Alabama, USA, demonstrate secular but subdued changes in composition that are manifest primarily as a restructuring of the vegetation type. Taxa found in the Paleocene remain dominant in the early Eocene (≥89% of taxonomic groups), and both extinction and immigration rates are moderate. Immigrants probably came from at least two different continents, Europe and South America, which implies a highly individualistic response of plant species from different Paleocene biomes to greenhouse warming. Diversity changes are not pronounced across the boundary, but within-sample diversity changes reflect a more heterogeneous, or possibly more successional, early Eocene vegetation type than the late Paleocene. This does not lead to greater between-sample diversity because the Paleocene palynofloras are moderately more diverse, if less heterogeneous at the within-sample level. Results imply that on time-scales of 105 years, Paleocene/Eocene warming is correlative with only minor compositional and diversity changes in paratropical vegetation types.


This paper examines the dynamics of contraceptive discontinuation in the Northeast Region of Brazil. A hierarchical discrete-time competing risks hazards model is used to derive cumulative rates of discontinuation in the first 12 months of use, by causes, according to a set of socio-demographic variables. The hierarchical approach is used not only to obtain corrected parameter estimates and standard errors but also to have a better understanding of the contraceptive discontinuation process. Despite the large number of socio-demographic variables in the model, the study shows that there is a substantial amount of unexplained variation at the level of individual women.


Objective This study determined acute and long-term effects of propofol administration in patients with severe headaches undergoing endoscopic procedures. Background Approximately 13% of the US population is affected by migraines or severe headaches. The effect of propofol on headaches more than a few days after the intervention has not been explored. Methods We employed a nonrandomized, prospective observational study that recruited patients with chronic headaches who received propofol from an outpatient endoscopy center for either upper or lower endoscopies. Patients completed the six-item Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) questionnaire prior to the procedure and 30 days after endoscopy. Additionally, the patients' response to propofol two days after endoscopy was assessed via phone. Results The age of the participants (n=31) ranged from 20 to 70 years. The mean HIT-6 composite scores were significantly lower (p < 0.05) 30 days after propofol administration when compared to baseline scores. Upon stratification, 23 patients indicated an improved condition, 7 a worsened outcome, and 1 showed no change. Furthermore, mean scores were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in three HIT-6 questions pertaining to the severity of pain, daily activity, and frequency of lying down. Finally, the mean pain score obtained was significantly lower (p < 0.05) two days after procedure. Conclusions The results of this suggest that propofol administration should be considered in treating chronic headaches. Double-blind studies are necessary to confirm these results.


In the theory of financial intermediation, bank debt is often characterized as being more readily renegotiable than public debt. Banks are also conjectured to gain valuable non-public information through closer monitoring. Given these features, bank debt can theoretically be more flexible than public debt and can lead to better investment/liquidation decisions. We investigate this possibility using a sample of firms facing the important decision of whether to reinvest the proceeds from asset sales or whether to distribute the proceeds to debtholders. While higher levels of leverage are associated with an increased probability of distributing proceeds to creditors, this relationship is significantly muted for bank debt as opposed to public debt. This finding is consistent with the conjecture that bank debt provides enhanced flexibility when compared to public debt. Further we find that asset sale announcement period abnormal stock returns are increasing in firms' use of bank debt, but not public debt. This suggests that market participants believe that banking relationships are leading to better decision making for this particular type of investment/liquidation decision. We find no significantly different effects of bank vs. public debt on the initial decision to undertake an asset sale in the first place. Thus, in the context of asset sales, the main observable difference arises in the use of proceeds decision, rather than the initial asset sale decision.


Abstract In advancing the 'professionalizing' claims, the UK accountancy bodies emphasise that their members have command of practical and theoretical education, engage in ethical conduct, serve the public interest and act in a socially responsible way. However, such claims are routinely problematized by scandals that highlight the highly partisan role of accounting and accountants and failures of accounting education. Rather than undertaking a radical review of accounting education, the professional bodies seek to rebuild confidence in accounting and their jurisdictions by (re)affirming that accounting education is or will be devoted to producing reflective accountants through educational processes focussing on sound education principles, ethics, professional scepticism, lifelong learning opportunities, distinguishing between private and public interest and serving the public interest. These promises presuppose that students on professional accounting courses are exposed to such values. To advance the debate, this paper examines a number of financial accounting, auditing and management accounting books and finds that, beyond a technical and instrumental view of accounting, there is little discussion of theories, principles, ethics, public interest, globalization, scandals or social responsibility to produce socially reflective accountants.


Abstract Objective To compare the performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Data sources Medline, citation tracking, January 1986 to December 2004. Selection criteria Original studies evaluating the direct agglutination test or the rK39 dipstick with clinical visceral leishmaniasis as target condition; adequate reference classification; and absolute numbers of true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative observations available or derivable from the data presented. Results 30 studies evaluating the direct agglutination test and 13 studies evaluating the rK39 dipstick met the inclusion criteria. The combined sensitivity estimates of the direct agglutination test and the rK39 dipstick were 94.8% (95% confidence interval 92.7% to 96.4%) and 93.9% (87.7% to 97.1%), respectively. Sensitivity seemed higher and more homogenous in the studies carried out in South Asia. Specificity estimates were influenced by the type of controls. In phase III studies carried out on patients with clinically suspected disease, the estimated specificity of the direct agglutination test was 85.9% (72.3% to 93.4%) and of the rK39 dipstick was 90.6% (66.8% to 97.9%). Conclusion The diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and the rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis is good to excellent and seem comparable.


This study reveals the impact of Inquiry-based learning method with the 1st year students at MIST (Memorial International School of Tirana) and shows how this method of teaching can improve their learning. The aim of the study is to show the importance of Inquiry and present the main activities of teaching. To have a wider understanding about the topic, a survey was conducted about three months in one of the 1st classes of this school. The study was completed using primary data which were the questionnaires, book analysis, observations, and the secondary data which were books, articles and different websites. The study is focused on 1st year students and shows the impact of Inquiry based-learning on teaching English language. This study provides important information about teaching English. This method makes students more active, positive and independent in their learning.


Wildland fires are natural disturbances that enable the renewal of forests. However, these fires also place public safety and property at risk. Understanding forest fire spread in any region of Canada is critical to promoting forest health, and protecting human life and infrastructure. In 2014, Ontario updated its Wildland Fire Management Strategy, moving away from "zone-based" decision making to "appropriate response" decision making. This new strategy calls for an assessment of the risks and benefits of every wildland fire reported in the province. My research places the emphasis on the knowledge and understanding of fire spread rates and their variabilities. To satisfy these needs for a forest fire risk-benefit assessment tool that incorporates the effects of ignition, extinction, and spreading rate, the research herein explores new methods for spread rate estimation with an emphasis on understanding spread rate variability, for use in stochastic forest fire models. In this research, we develop a novel anisotropic smoothing method for change-point data that uses estimates of the underlying data generating process to inform smoothing. We show that our anisotropic local constant and local linear kernel regression estimators are consistent with convergence rate O ( n−1/(q+2) ) . We demonstrate their effectiveness on simulated oneand two-dimensional change-point data that are motivated by fire spread data. We detail the design and experimentation procedure of a micro-fire spread apparatus. We consider these micro-fire experiments a mouse model for wildland fire spread. We apply the anisotropic smoothers as image processors for measured data, and as an estimator for ignition and extinction event times at the pixel resolution. Those event times are then used to estimate instantaneous and average fire spread rates, and residency times for burning cells.


Previous studies have shown that active learning in classroom contexts improves student engagement, motivation, and performance. However, recent changes to the educational landscape, resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, have constrained many classes to online environments. Our study investigated how we could support active online learning with a learning community approach. We redesigned an activity for active learning classrooms, called Community Supported Worksheets (CSW), as an online activity. Results show how learning community pedagogy can be applied online to support group and whole-class interactions and individual learning in undergraduate mathematics. Challenges of asynchronous collaboration within this context are briefly discussed. This study serves to grow our understanding of how to develop flexible active learning patterns and provides implications for future iterations.


Abstract The article utilizes public sources of information and brings up a list of companies that remain in the current portfolio of largest Russia-focused funds as of September, 2008. Its intention is to facilitate our understanding of who are the most active funds in Russia, and what industries or industry sectors are most appealing to them. The article also discusses the challenges of investing in Russia, and the impact of the ongoing global financial crisis on the private equity industry in the country.


Groundwater resources of low-lying atoll islands are threatened due to short-term and long-term changes in rainfall, wave climate, and sea level. A better understanding of how these forcings affect the limited groundwater resources was explored on Roi-Namur in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. As part of a 16-month study, a rarely recorded island-overwash event occurred and the island's aquifer's response was measured. The findings suggest that small-scale overwash events cause an increase in salinity of the freshwater lens that returns to pre-overwash conditions within one month. The overwash event is addressed in the context of climate-related local sea-level change, which suggests that overwash events and associated degradations in freshwater resources are likely to increase in severity in the future due to projected rises in sea level. Other forcings, such as severe rainfall events, were shown to have caused a sudden freshening of the aquifer, with salinity levels retuning to pre-rainfall levels within three months. Tidal forcing of the freshwater lens was observed in electrical resistivity profiles, high-resolution conductivity, groundwater-level well measurements and through submarine groundwater discharge calculations. Depth-specific geochemical pore water measurements further assessed and confirmed the distinct boundaries between fresh and saline water masses in the aquifer. The identification of the freshwater lens' saline boundaries is essential for a quantitative evaluation of the aquifers freshwater resources and help understand how these resources may be impacted by climate change and anthropogenic activities.


ABSTRACT Section 5 of the International Trade Administration Act 71 of 2002 (ITAA) provides that the Minister of Trade, Industry and Competition has the power to issue "Trade Policy Directives" subject to the procedures and requirements of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Constitution) and other laws. However, there is uncertainty as to how trade policy is formulated under section 5 of the ITAA and the rights of affected parties in this regard. Thus, this article offers an exposition of the process of trade policy formulation under section 5 of the ITAA. To this end, it is my view that trade policy formulation under section 5 must be guided by section 195 of the Constitution, which requires that the public must be "encouraged" to participate in policy formulation and that this must occur in a climate of openness, transparency and accountability. In the narrower sense, it is also my view that interested parties must be given an opportunity to participate in trade policy formulation on the ground of procedural rationality and to avoid a charge of arbitrariness as twin components of the rule of law. Keywords: Trade policy; International Trade Administration Act; rule of law; legality; rationality; arbitrariness; transparency; accountability; governance.


BACKGROUND
Retinoids have shown antiproliferative and chemopreventive activity. We analyzed data from a randomized, placebo-controlled chemoprevention trial to determine whether a 3-month treatment with either 9-cis-retinoic acid (RA) or 13-cis-RA and alpha-tocopherol reduced Ki-67, a proliferation biomarker, in the bronchial epithelium.

METHODS
Former smokers (n = 225) were randomly assigned to receive 3 months of daily oral 9-cis-RA (100 mg), 13-cis-RA (1 mg/kg) and alpha-tocopherol (1200 IU), or placebo. Bronchoscopic biopsy specimens obtained before and after treatment were immunohistochemically assessed for changes in the Ki-67 proliferative index (i.e., percentage of cells with Ki-67-positive nuclear staining) in the basal and parabasal layers of the bronchial epithelium. Per-subject and per-biopsy site analyses were conducted. Multicovariable analyses, including a mixed-effects model and a generalized estimating equations model, were used to investigate the treatment effect (Ki-67 labeling index and percentage of bronchial epithelial biopsy sites with a Ki-67 index > or = 5%) with adjustment for multiple covariates, such as smoking history and metaplasia. Coefficient estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained from the models. All statistical tests were two-sided.

RESULTS
In per-subject analyses, Ki-67 labeling in the basal layer was not changed by any treatment; the percentage of subjects with a high Ki-67 labeling in the parabasal layer dropped statistically significantly after treatment with 13-cis-RA and alpha-tocopherol treatment (P = .04) compared with placebo, but the drop was not statistically significant after 9-cis-RA treatment (P = .17). A similar effect was observed in the parabasal layer in a per-site analysis; the percentage of sites with high Ki-67 labeling dropped statistically significantly after 9-cis-RA treatment (coefficient estimate = -0.72, 95% CI = -1.24 to -0.20; P = .007) compared with placebo, and after 13-cis-RA and alpha-tocopherol treatment (coefficient estimate = -0.66, 95% CI = -1.15 to -0.17; P = .008).

CONCLUSIONS
In per-subject analyses, treatment with 13-cis-RA and alpha-tocopherol, compared with placebo, was statistically significantly associated with reduced bronchial epithelial cell proliferation; treatment with 9-cis-RA was not. In per-site analyses, statistically significant associations were obtained with both treatments.


The development of regional development area didn't go far from the regional autonomy principle application. In its basic principles, regional autonomy was media or way to
answer basic problems of governmental arrangement and service to public. Regional autonomy should be way or effort to take the government closer to the people. Rule No.32 / 2004 brought freshness to the residence / City to do their own government on the decentralization basic (autonomy) in wide, real and responsible way. Strengthen factors of Kubu Raya Residence developmental process were the wide or residence line, the amount of citizens, the service area of residence government where the people were difficult to access the service because of the imbalance regional development. If in a residence, there only a few sub-districts had easy way in economic or bureaucracy, while the other sub-districts, since they were far from the central residence, they were left and ignored the host. That's why by look at the regional condition and the location which was far from residence, the nine sub-districts in Pontianak, they were Batu Ampar sub- districts, Terentang, Kubu, Teluk Pakedai, Sungai Kakap, Rasau Jaya, Sungai Raya, Sungai Ambawang, and Kuala Mandor B had initiative to develop their village named Kubu Raya Residence. In this research, the writer used qualitative method, the research was descriptive. While the location was Pontianak residence, by cinsideration that Pontianak residence was host residence and the place where the writer lived which would make the research easier. The subject
researched were The chief of Kubu Raya residence, The chief of Pontianak Residence (host residence), the chief of government and social wellnes department, the chief of regional employee, the chief of organization and financial, the chief of general department, the chief of citizenship and education, the chief of farm and forestry residence, people and village forum institution Kubu Raya residence and the elders of Pontianak Residence.
The result showed that Kubu Raya residence area development process had run well. As showed by the other development regions. The process happened in 2 years, started by the will of the society to develop their region into new residence, Kubu Raya residence which represented by
chief of villages from 9 sub-districts, the elders of Pontianak residence who was Bapak Muda Mahendrawan and Village Forum Institution of Kubu Raya Residence. The people will to develop their region was based on will for a better services in health, education, and so on, since the other area was far from the residence.
That's why there held a Team of Kubu Raya Residence development which called team 9 as container to accomodate and make access easier in forming Kubu Raya Residence. Then begin a struggle to prove people aspiration to form Kubu Raya Residence which started by aspiration to Pontianak Residence Representative, Chief of Pontianak Residence, Government of West Kalimantan Province, Chief of Pontianak Residence, Regional Government of West-Kalimantan
Province, Governor of West- Kalimantan Province, and Ministry of Internal Affairs. Supports flew from Pontianak Residence (Host Residence), including from the government of West-Kalimantan Province, the Province gave 5 billion rupiahs and Pontianak Residence (Host Residence) gave 10 billion fund. So for operational fund, there was 15 billion rupiahs. While the Chief of Kubu Raya Residence located in Graha Pramuka building which was province asset and the host residence also apply for the representative office borrowing to the Kubu Raya Residence.
At last, in August 10th 2007, Commission II Legislative legalized Rule No.35 / 2007 No 101 and the additional paper No.4751 about the form of Kubu Raya residence and the
process Kubu Raya residence development ended.
So that there could be concluded that the Kubu Raya residence development was aspiration from society of Batu Ampar sub-district, Terentang, Kubu, Teluk Pakedai, Sungai Kakap, Rasau Jaya, Sungai Raya, Sungai Ambawang, and Kuala Mandor B which wanted to develop their region into a better way, especially people service, whether in education, health, etc, since the region located far from residence center, since the access was not efficient.
According to the residence could be seen that regional autonomy development of Kubu Raya residence needed to prepare various supporter's toolslike government infrastructure facility, economic, social, human resource and financial, also the other supporting facilities needed by an autonomy region and increasing facility and
infrastructure in land so that they could reach regions which still could not be accessed to make service to the society easier and focused their service to sub-district and villages around. So that the service given to the society would be faster since the time shorter and people would felt more satisfied in receiving service from the government.


This study was about extracting essential oils from Baeckea frutescens by conventional hydrodistillation (HD) method and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (USE) using ultrasound
cleaning bath. The essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The weight of essential oils extracted using HD and USE was
1.098% (w/w) and 0.084% (w/w), respectively. Essential oils obtained by HD contained 13 components: IR-.E'-Pinene; p-Pinene; Limonene; Eucalyptol; 3-Penten-2-ol; Caryophyllene; I±-Caryophyllene; 3-Octyne; Cyclohexene 1-methyl-4-1-[1-
methylethylidene]-; Hexanedioic acid, bis[2-ethylhexyl] ester; 2,6-Octadienoic acid,3 ,7- dimethyl-,methyl ester; Cyclohexene,3-methyl-6-[1-methylethenyl]-,[3R-trans]-; and 3- Cyclohexene-l-methanol, .alpha.,.alpha. 4-trimethyl- (I±-terpineol). Comparatively, essential oils obtained by USE contained 8 components: lR-.I±.-Pinene; I²-Pinene; Eucalyptol (l ,8-Cineole); 1,6-Octadien,3,7-dimethyl-; p-menth-l-en-8 ol (I±-terpineol); Eicosane; Hexadecane; and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,bis[2- methylpropyl] ester. The
major components of Baeckea frutescens, Eucalyptol (l,8-Cineole) and Pinenes, were found in both extracts. The presence of Hexanedioic acids, bis[2-ethylhexyl] ester, 2,6-
Octadienoic acid,3,7 -dimethyl-,methyl ester and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,bis[2- methyl propyl] ester might possibly contribute to the aroma for the essential oils from
Baeckea frutescens. The differences in components obtained by the extraction methods may probably be due to the use of drastic heat in HD compared in USE.


PURPOSE OF THE STUDYBone overgrowth of the femur after fracture in childhood treated either conservatively or surgically is well documented. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of bone overgrowth in childhood fractures treated by elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN), to evaluate it in relation to conservative treatment and to compare its presence in the youngest age categories.MATERIAL AND METHODSA total of 49 patients, age range 4 to 17 years, with femoral shaft fracture treated in our department by ESIN osteosynthesis between 2001 and 2005 were asked to appear for a follow-up not earlier than one year after the fracture had healed to be examined for the presence of bone overgrowth. The results were statistically analysed and compared with a group of 99 patients treated conservatively (CONS) between 1987 and 1997.RESULTSIn the ESIN group, femoral overgrowth ranging from 5 to 22 mm was found in 15 out of 49 patients. It was most frequent in children up to 6 years of age; with an increasing age overgrowth frequency decreased. In the CONS group, overgrowth was recorded in 30 out of 99 patients and ranged from 4 to 20 mm. Similarly to the ESIN group, it was most frequent in the youngest age category (up to 6 years). In relation to age categories, there were no significant differences in overgrowth values between surgical and conservative treatment.DISCUSSIONESIN osteosynthesis is currently the most universal method of surgical treatment for long-bone fracture. Although it has undisputable benefits, it may also be associated with longitudinal femoral overgrowth. Children in youngest age categories are often not indicated for ESIN for the fear of bone overgrowth.CONCLUSIONSThe use of ESIN for treatment of femoral fractures in childhood is not associated with a higher risk of long-bone overgrowth, as compared with conservative therapy. Moreover, the authors' experience shows that the method of retrograde insertion of osteosynthetic material is safe even in distal diaphyseal fractures and does not increase risk of bone overgrowth.


Background: People with severe mental illness (SMI) have a two to three-fold higher risk of developing diabetes. Mental healthcare providers have an important role in supporting people with SMI in diabetes management, but little is known about preferences for diabetes support among people with SMI and diabetes. The aim of the study was to explore the needs and preferences for diabetes support in this population. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 adults with SMI and diabetes recruited from four psychiatric outpatient clinics in Denmark. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using systematic text condensation. Results: Participants' mean age was 47 years, 40% were women, and 80% had T2DM. Mental health diagnoses included schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and personality disorder. Four main themes emerged in relation to support needs and preferences: 1) mental illness care significantly overshadowed diabetes care. It was difficult for people with SMI to prioritize diabetes management; 2) emotional state influenced diabetes management e.g., anxiety was linked to higher fat and sugar intake, and isolation lead to physical inactivity; 3) daily routines were experienced as difficult making diabetes routines even harder to perform, e.g., planning and preparing healthy meals and participating in routine diabetes health visits; 4) support from mental healthcare providers was perceived as crucial for managing diabetes for people with SMI. However, people with SMI experienced that the healthcare providers payed little attention to their physical health including their diabetes. Conclusions: This study highlights difficulties of living with SMI and managing diabetes care. The results can facilitate the shaping of tailored interventions to support people with SMI in their diabetes management. Further studies are needed to develop and test relevant diabetes support for people with SMI and diabetes including training of mental healthcare providers. Disclosure V. Stenov: None. I. Willaing: None. L. Knudsen: None. D.L. Hansen: None. L.E. Joensen: None.


The liver is the body's biggest organ and is involved in metabolic processes. The liver is involved in both metabolism and dehydration. It helps in the detoxification of harmful chemicals as well as the growth of microorganisms. For systemic removal and preservation of organisms and other creatures, the liver is the most essential organ. As a result, liver injury has significant ramifications. Liver disease is regarded as a serious health issue. Overuse of several medicines, which are occasionally prescribed as part of treatment, can cause organ damage. Hepatotoxicity is caused by other chemical agents, such as those employed in labs (thioacetamide, alcohol, etc.) and industry, as well as natural compounds (such as microcystin). Many over-the-counter medicines aren't prescribed to help people with liver disease, and they can actually harm the liver. As a result, plant-based treatments are utilised to treat liver illness. As a result, several human herbal treatments have been evaluated in experimental animal models for antioxidant and hepatoprotective liver function. Acanthus ilicifolius was used as Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Traditional Indian medicine (TIM). The plants showed many clinical properties. Still, the neurological related functions and disorders are not well explored in this plant. Complex interplay of positive and negative emotions orchestrated by intricately associated neuronal circuits, neurotransmitters coupled with endocrinal in- fluence holds responsible for human behavior, considered as the root of human civilization, is currently facing existential crisis during COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study, an attempt was made to identify the interaction between A. ilicifolius natural compounds and Echinacoside as reference compounds were to study the neurotransmitters functions through biomathematical and computational method. Initially, in silico molecular docking was performed to identify the potent natural compounds against neurological disease. The results show among 8 natural compounds, 26.27-Di(nor)- cholest-5,7,23-trien-22-ol, 3-methoxymethoxy, Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3, Beta.)-, carbonochloridate, Cholesterol and Echinacoside exhibited maximum interaction with all the target proteins. Especially, Echinacoside exhibited the maximum interaction with (Serotonin) 5- hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (-17.077), Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter (-15.810) and (Histamine) Histamine H2 receptor (-17.556). These two neurotransmitters act as a major concern related to the mental disorders and neurological functions. The natural compounds may potent inhibitor for neurological disorders.


Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells characteristically exhibit low or undetectable surface B cell receptor (BCR) and diminished responses to BCR-mediated signaling. These features suggest that CLL cells may have sustained mutations affecting one or more of the BCR proteins required for receptor surface assembly and signal transduction. Loss of expression and mutations in the critical BCR protein B29 (Igb, CD79b), are prevalent in CLL and could produce the hallmark features of these leukemic B cells. Because patient CLL cells are intractable to manipulation, we developed a model system to analyze B29 mutations. Jurkat T cells stably expressing m, k, and mb1 efficiently assembled a functional BCR when infected with recombinant vaccinia virus bearing wild-type B29. In contrast, a B29 CLL mutant protein truncated in the transmembrane domain did not associate with m or mb1 at the cell surface. Another B29 CLL mutant lacking the C-terminal immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif tyrosine and distal residues brought the receptor to the surface as well as wild-type B29 but showed significant impairment in anti-IgM-stimulated signaling events including mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. These findings demonstrate that B29 mutations previously identified in CLL patients can affect BCR-dependent signaling and may contribute to the unresponsive B cell phenotype in CLL. Finally, the features of the B29 mutations in CLL predict that they may be generated by somatic hypermutation.


The more formal the used re-engineering techniques are, the less non-technical facts can be captured. Several business process reengineering and software development projects fail, because the project management concentrates to much on formal methods and modelling approaches. A successful change of work and organisational processes and structures needs primarily the agreement among all involved groups. To come up with a shared understanding, the quality and the quantity of communication are critical success factors. The moderation--instead of modelling--of human activities is of crucial importance. To change an organisation means to persuade people to behave in a different way than before. A model per se does not change anything, only an agreement among all affected parties is the basis of a real change. Participatory design and the adequate moderation of all necessary learning processes are the crucial success factors.


It is well acknowledged that teachers' wellbeing has an impact on teachers' work and play a deciding role in the achievements and improvement of both students and schools. A positive internal environment will ensure that teachers are happy and enjoy their work. This study focuses on the relationship between teacher empowerment (TE) and teacher wellbeing at the workplace (TWB). It examines the various subscales of TE to determine the subscales that best predict TWB. The study tool consists of the adapted instrument, the School Participant Empowerment Scale (SPES) that measures teachers' perceived empowerment and a modified version of the Workplace Wellbeing Index that measures TWB. This study was a cross-sectional survey involving 371 schoolteachers selected via multi-stage sampling in one of the states in Malaysia. Results showed no significant difference in TWB based on the demographic factors (gender and age). Results also indicated significant positive correlations between TE and TWB (r=.64, p<0.01) and TE explained as high as 60% of the variance in TWB (r2=.60, F=91.187). Separate analysis of the TE dimensions witnessed only the DecisionMaking dimension positively and significantly predicted TWB (β=0.65, p<0.05).


Most analysts start with an overview of the data before gradually refining their view to be more focused and detailed. Multiscale pan-and-zoom systems are effective because they directly support this approach. However generating abstract overviews of large data sets is difficult, and most systems take advantage of only one type of abstraction: visual abstraction. Furthermore, these existing systems limit the analyst to a single zooming path on their data and thus a single set of abstract views. This paper presents: (1) a formalism for describing multiscale visualizations of data cubes with both data and visual abstraction, and (2) a method for independently zooming along one or more dimensions by traversing a zoom graph with nodes at different levels of detail. As an example of how to design multiscale visualizations using our system, we describe four design patterns using our formalism. These design patterns show the effectiveness of multiscale visualization of general relational databases.


This research presents a modeling and a manufacturing method of screw flow meter. This paper introduces the efficient design and manufacturing method of screw type flow meter using reverse engineering and test technology. The methods introduced this paper utilize the reverse engineering that is increasing accuracy of modeling and manufacturing of reverse model. And then it can be used in performance test with hydraulic test equipment. Hence this can be used in the basic document for development of the quite accurate flowmeter.


PURPOSE
Emission guided radiation therapy (EGRT) is a new modality that uses PET emissions in real-time for direct tumor tracking during radiation delivery. Radiation beamlets are delivered along PET lines of response (LOR' s) by a fast rotating ring therapy unit consisting of a Linac and PET detectors. The feasibility of tumor tracking has been demonstrated previously. In this work, we develop a planning scheme for EGRT to accomplish sophisticated intensity modulation based on an intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plan while preserving tumor tracking.

METHODS
To incorporate the IMRT plan into EGRT treatment, we sample EGRT's detection and delivery space into 3D parallel sinogram space. Planning modulation is achieved via generating an LOR response probability distribution in the same sinogram space, which accounts for attenuation correction, PET activity normalization, and a modified IMRT plan. The IMRT plan is optimized for a planning target volume that encompasses the tumor motion. Evaluation studies are performed on a 4D digital patient as well as a clinical breast cancer patient with moving tumors in the lung. The Linac dose delivery is simulated using a Monte Carlo algorithm. Emission data are obtained using GATE and a commercial PET scanner.

RESULTS
Compared with the 3D IMRT treatment which covers the same PTV based on the same IMRT plan, EGRT achieves a 15.1%, 15.2% relative increase in dose to 95% of the gross tumor volume (GTV) and a 31.8%, 20.7% increase to 50% of the GTV for the digital and clinical patients, respectively. The organs at risk doses are kept similar or lower for EGRT in both cases, with tumor tracking preserved.

CONCLUSION
With the capabilities of incorporating planning modulation and accurate tumor tracking, EGRT has the potential to enable a practical and effective implementation of 4D biologically guided radiation therapy for planning and delivery. This work is supported by Georgia Institute of Technology new faculty startup fund, RefleXion Medical and the National Cancer Institute (R43CA153466). SRM, ASN and LZ have financial interest in RefleXion Medical. BWL receives speaking honoraria from Varian and research support from Varian, Philips, and RaySearch Labs.


The study's purpose was to examine a 6-function model of conducting using concurrent measures in 3 ensemble types. The model sorts conducting gestures into mechanical precision, expressive, motivational, psychosocial, physical technique, and unrestrained tone functions. A convenience sample of choir, orchestra, and band conductors (N = 3) at a Midwestern U.S. top-tier university consented to different levels of data collection designed to test measures by type of validity. Conducting Priorities Survey (CPS) ratings across all ensembles (N = 62) supported content and construct validity with strong subscale alpha reliabilities. Correlations between conductor CPS self-ratings, ensemble CPS average ratings, researcher observations of band and orchestra conducting, and band conductor and random band member interview content were significant and substantial, supporting concurrent validity. Strongest significant correlations among observed conducting functions demonstrate how the band conductor drew on musician-oriented functions to support music-oriented functions. Strongest significant correlations between observed band conductor functions and computerized analysis of band ensemble sound support convergent validity, and with descriptive interview content plausibly explain how a conductor functionally shaped ensemble sound. Present study findings illustrate the potential application of mixed methods and the 6-function model in future research and teaching of conducting and support the CPS as a valid accessible measurement tool.


A PROFI-BUS based industrial robot control system is introduced from the viewpoint of both software and hardware. It is discussed about how to use PC technology and field-bus technology to design an open robot control system. The system adopts a three- layer structure, which is mainly configured with universal control devices, to realize a modular and universal design. A high-speed field-bus is designed for connecting servo system and IPC, to ensure real-time capability; another low-speed Field-bus is used to connect IPC and PLC, HMI, teaching panel and other devices for data exchange, while reducing the occupancy of system resources. The software system adopts the modular design with Windows NT and RTX, which fully exploits the powerful functions of Window NT system and meets the requirements of real-time system. This open structure greatly enhances the system's flexibility and openness.


Despite the performance limitation with minimum-sized packet processing, a modern PC-based router can provide as competitive service as a specialized hardware router while offering more flexibility and possibility to extend beyond routing. We focus on a use case in which the PC-based router also functions as a server. In this paper, we propose an architecture to boost overall performance of the PC-based router by offloading packet processing tasks to the NIC. We introduce a fast path for packet forwarding based on caching of flow entries in on-board classification hardware on the NIC. We describe our design and present an experimental evaluation.


Gut microbiota is deeply involved in the regulation of both health and disease within our body. The restoration of a healthy gut microbiota is, therefore, a main clinical target in the management of diseases associated with its disruption. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an old therapy that has recently been rediscovered, having proved a clear efficacy against recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. By restoring the altered gut microbiota in a substantial and durable manner, FMT is considered a cutting-edge promising option for the treatment of disease that recognize the alteration of the gut microbiota as having a pathogenic role. FMT has shown interesting (even if uncertain) results in diseases such as metabolic syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases. Moreover, the definition of a standard procedural protocol for each specific disease, as well as exhaustive studies about the relationship between donor's microbiota composition and clinical results, will certainly improve the therapeutic potential of FMT. Both the application of cutting-edge technologies for the assessment of gut microbiota composition (such as metagenomics) and the development of well-designed, large randomized trials are needed to put such perspectives into practice.


This study investigates suitable several indexes, as well as risk coping potential of index-based insurance in Central Asia. This study discusses the challenges of index selection for irrigated systems and compares the results with rainfed systems. For this purpose, suitability and impact of area-yield, irrigation water intake at regional level, as well as remote sensing based indexes are analyzed. The results of the study show that selection of index for the irrigated systems is more complex than rainfed systems and more caution is required in order to minimize the basis risk.


Piezoelectric multilayer actuators are technologically important devices used in numerous positioning and force generation applications. During operation, the actuator displacement and force are nonlinearly coupled to the applied electric field, which is often ignored during material characterization. In this study, a novel experimental arrangement is presented that acts like a virtual linear spring, allowing for characterization of the full operational range as a function of applied electric field as well as the true blocking force and impedance matching system stiffness. The macroscopic measurements are contrasted to previous experimental techniques, providing insight into the effect of path dependence on the blocking force.


Because of architectural condition and structure application, sometimes mass source and stiffness source are not coincidence and the structure is irregular. The structure is also might be asymmetric as an asymmetric bracing in plan which leads to unbalance distribution of stiffness or because of unbalance distribution of the mass. Both condition lead to eccentricity and torsion in the structure. The deficiency of ordinary code to evaluate the performance of steel structures against earthquake has been caused designing based on performance level or capacity spectrum be used. By using the mentioned methods it is possible to design a structure that its behavior against different earthquakes be predictive. In this article 5-story buildings with different percentage of asymmetric which is because of stiffness changes have been designed. The static and dynamic nonlinear analysis under three acceleration recording has been done. Finally performance level of the structure has been evaluated.


Summary
The dicistronic genomic RNA 3 of brome mosaic virus (BMV) was used in experiments on site-specific cleavage by RNase H and subsequent religation of large BMV RNA 3 fragments with T4 RNA ligase. BMV RNA 3 was cleaved at the intercistronic poly(A) tract into two fragments: a long (L-BMV 3) 5′-terminal fragment (M
r 0.40 × 106) containing the 3a gene, and a short (Sh-BMV 3) fragment (M
r 0.28 × 106) containing the coat protein gene and the 3′-terminal tRNA-like tyrosine-accepting structure. Two or three adenylate residues were present at the 5′ end of Sh-BMV 3 and one adenylate at the 3′ end of L-BMV 3. After religation of these RNA fragments BMV RNA 3 was constructed with a deletion including the entire intercistronic poly(A) tract but not the flanking sequences. The religated RNA 3 replicated in wheat plants co-inoculated with BMV RNA 1 and RNA 2. The normal poly(A) tract was restored in progeny BMV RNA 3 during the course of replication.


Three global trends are about to greatly influence the world we live in; collaborate consumption, a strong environmental awareness and a third industrial revolution that includes 3D printing, advanced robotics and open source software. This project is addressing these changes in order to evoke new enthusiasm for cars among the general public and again be a creative and positive driving force in our modern society.The proposal is illustrated through a halo car for a local car sharing fleet targeted at the Norwegian market. The car seeks to create immediate attention through dynamic design elements as well as long lasting enthusiasm through non-compromised usability.


What works well in teaching statistics and statistical programming to a novice group of students? I present key insights from more than a decade of teaching statistical methods with constant tinkering. These boil down to having frequent online quizzes with unlimited attempts and providing starter scripts with embedded tasks for each lab. Because some changes took effect during the same semester and cohorts vary considerably, this is not a cut-and-dried template for success. However, assessment data is presented to support the value of online quizzes with unlimited attempts. The paper also includes a discussion of transitioning the class from Stata to R and creating interactive tutorials (using the Swirl library in R) to aid learning.


Become a successful information technology consultant! This is the only book on the market that will teach you the crucial "soft skills" of communication, facilitation, and presentation, plus a methodology for applying IT analysis skills to meet your client's business needs. Using an organized, common sense approach based on his 15 years experience as an IT consultant, Rick Freedman presents this landmark method for partnering with clients, collecting and analyzing data, creating recommendations, and delivering business benefits to clients. You'll learn how to: * Develop rewarding and mutually beneficial client relationships * Help clients visualize the end product of IT systems consulting projects * Negotiate projects that have clear goals, specifications, budgets, and schedules * Market proposals to executives, managers, and users Plus, the accompanying CD-ROM provides you with customizable job aids for use in your own work. Never again will you be simply a "technician-for-hire." Whether you're a newcomer to consulting or a seasoned professional, The IT Consultant provides you with a blueprint for developing your advisory skills, providing quality services, and building successful client relationships.


Although livestock forms a very important component of the livelihoods of rural populations of developing countries, productivity remains very low. Livestock keepers are beset by various constraints. In sub-Saharan Africa, cattle are exposed to a number of tropical diseases and other environmental stresses. Breed improvement programs provides key entry points for increasing productivity in cattle populations, especially those plagued by animal diseases. However, breed improvement programs have tended to focus on single, market-driven production traits in isolation of broader livestock system functions. This potentially leads to genotypes that are not well adapted to the environment and not suitable for performing the multiple roles of cattle in developing countries. In order to design a sustainable breed improvement program, farmer preferences for cattle traits need to be integrated into the breeding objective. To explore preferences for cattle traits by cattle keepers, data are used from a choice experiment household survey from a sample of 507 cattle keeping households in trypanosomosis challenge areas in Kenya and Ethiopia. A multinomial logit and mixed logit models are applied to estimate the economic values of preferred cattle traits. The results show existence of preference heterogeneity for cattle traits based on cattle production systems. Further, the results suggest that important traits in developing breed improvement programs should include trypanotolerance, fitness to traction, drought tolerance and fecundity, drawing implications on conservation of breeds which possess these traits.


OBJECTIVE: Stress and fear conditioning are both involved in the development of affective disorders, but their interconnected relationship remains unclear. Here in this study we employed acute and chronic stress model to investigate their respective effect on fear conditioning and the CRFR1 signaling change in the limbic areas including mPFC, hippocampus and BLA. METHODS: Male rats were subjected to acute restraint stress or chronic unpredictable mild stress before open field test and fear condition test. In situ hybridization was used to investigate CRFR1 mRNA expression in limbic region including mPFC, hippocampus and BLA. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that acute and chronic stress have opposite effects on the acquisition of fear conditioning, which is correlated to CRFR1 mRNA expression in hippocampus; however, they have similar effects on fear extinction and both facilitated contextual-related fear conditioning. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed acute and chronic stress led to distinct behavioral responses in fear conditioning and indicated CRFR1 is involved in the interaction of stress and fear conditioning, which help understand the connection between stress and fear memory.


The relationship between fertility and female labour force participation has been a subject of attention for several decades. Most of the literature focuses on developed countries and responds to the interest in understanding the evolution of the increasing female role in labour markets during the last century and the possible effect that controlled fertility may have on it. Fertility, however, is a choice variable and thus endogenous. Therefore, disentangling its impact is not straight forward and several approaches have been proposed over time in order to isolate it. One of those methods is the use of multiple births occurrence as an instrument for exogenous fertility which was introduced by Rosenzweig and Wolpin (1980) and also used by Bronars and Grogger (1994) and Jacobsen et al. (1999) in the context of developed countries and by Careces-Delpiano (2012) and Ponczek and Souza (2012) for developing countries.


Abstract Humour in advertising is long-established, but whether such appeals travel across cultures is debatable. Two studies investigated the impact of country and individual-level cultural differences on the use and effectiveness of humorous advertising in the United States (USA) and People's Republic of China (PRC). The first study examines current practice and replicates previous findings that certain humour mechanisms (incongruency-resolution contrasts) are universal across cultures. The second study examines audience effects for a specific humour type (aggressive). At the national level findings are contrary to expected with Chinese showing higher perceived humour for aggressive themes than did Americans. At the individual level, cultural values best explain the varying effectiveness of aggressive humour appeals. Interestingly, the findings of both studies show that what advertisers practice is not always in line with audience expectations. Implications on how humour can transfer successfully across cultures is discussed, and directions for future research offered.


Interest in vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) is experiencing a renaissance after most major research projects came to a standstill in the mid 1990s, in favor of conventional horizontal-axis turbines (HAWTs). Nowadays, the inherent advantages of the VAWT concept, especially in the Darrieus configuration, may outweigh their disadvantages in specific applications, like the urban context or floating platforms. To enable these concepts further, efficient, accurate, and robust aerodynamic prediction tools and design guidelines are needed for VAWTs, for which low-order simulation methods have not reached yet a maturity comparable to that of the blade element momentum theory for HAWTs' applications. The two computationally efficient methods that are presently capable of capturing the unsteady aerodynamics of Darrieus turbines are the double multiple streamtubes (DMS) theory, based on momentum balances, and the lifting line theory (LLT) coupled to a free vortex wake model. Both methods make use of tabulated lift and drag coefficients to compute the blade forces. Since the incidence angles range experienced by a VAWT blade is much wider than that of a HAWT blade, the accuracy of polars in describing the stall region and the transition toward the "thin plate like" behavior has a large effect on simulation results. This paper will demonstrate the importance of stall and poststall data handling in the performance estimation of Darrieus VAWTs. Using validated CFD simulations as a baseline, comparisons are provided for a blade in VAWT-like motion based on a DMS and a LLT code employing three sets of poststall data obtained from a wind tunnel campaign, XFoil predictions extrapolated with the Viterna–Corrigan model and a combination of them. The polar extrapolation influence on quasi-steady operating conditions is shown and azimuthal variations of thrust and torque are compared for exemplary tip-speed ratios (TSRs). In addition, the major relevance of a proper dynamic stall model into both the simulation methods is highlighted and discussed. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4034326]


Vertical cell-cell contact is an important difference between 2D- and 3D-culture models. We hypothesized that this difference in cell-cell contacts is critical in maintaining hepatocyte functions. Here we developed a simple culture technique to investigate the effect of the vertical cell-cell contacts on morphogenesis, proliferation, and differentiation of hepatocytes. Two separate monolayers of primary rat hepatocytes were first cultured on a microporous membrane and a culture dish and one was then inverted and placed on top of the other to create a 3D-configuration. Imaging techniques revealed that hepatocytes recovered cell polarity and formed bile canaliculi in response to the addition of the vertical cell-cell contacts. Quantitative analysis revealed that the cells exhibited cuboidal cell shape with vertical cell-cell contacts and maintained differentiated functions while their proliferation activity was inhibited. In contrast, hepatocytes in a monolayer gradually flattened due to the lack of vertical cell-cell contacts, resulting in cells losing differentiated functions which correlated to the deformation of cell shape. Controlling 2D- and 3D-configurations is important in switching growth and differentiation of hepatocytes. These results implicate how we apply 2D- and 3D-cultures for tissue engineering of the liver.


In contrast to the well characterized serum stimulators of cartilage metabolism, information is scarce on the nature of circulating inhibitors. Human serum was fractionated by molecular sieving chromatography on Sephadex G-200, G-75, G-50 and Biogel P-4 gels. Six fractions with molecular weights of 150, 45, 30, 16, 9 and 1.2 kD inhibited [35S]sulphate incorporation into rabbit cartilage segments. All fractions but the smallest one exhibited their inhibitory effect only in the serum-stimulated cartilage. The 1.2 kD fraction impaired [35S]sulphate and [3H]methyl-thymidine incorporation into the cartilage segments in both stimulated and basal conditions. A seventh inhibitory fraction corresponded to the serum salt peak.


From the Publisher:
The Kronecker product of matrices plays a central role in mathematics and in applications found in engineering and theoretical physics. These applications are signal processing, statistical physics, quantum groups and quantum computers. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the Kronecker product of matrices together with its software implementation in C++ using an object-oriented design.


INTRODUCTION
The ovine model is the gold standard large animal model of myelomeningocele (MMC); however, it has a high rate of fetal loss. We reviewed our experience with the model to determine risk factors for fetal loss.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective review from 2009 to 2018 to identify operative factors associated with fetal loss (early fetal demise, abortion, or stillbirth). Operative risk factors included gestational age at operation, operative time, reduction of multiple gestations, amount of replaced amniotic fluid, ambient temperature, and method of delivery.

RESULTS
MMC defects were created in 232 lambs with an overall survival rate of 43%. Of the 128 fetuses that died, 53 (42%) had demise prior to repair, 61 (48%) aborted, and 14 (11%) were stillborn. Selective reduction of multiple gestations in the same uterine horn was associated with increased fetal demise (OR 3.03 [95% CI 1.29-7.05], p = 0.01). Later gestational age at MMC repair and Cesarean delivery were associated with decreased abortion/stillbirth (OR 0.90 [95% CI 0.83-0.90], p = 0.03, and OR 0.37 [95% CI 0.16-0.31], p = 0.02), respectively.

CONCLUSION
Avoiding selective reduction, repairing MMC later in gestation, and performing Cesarean delivery decreases the rate of fetal loss in the ovine MMC model.


Voice and knowledge are intimately connected. Learning to write gives us voice beyond the range of hearing and takes the adventure of language across time and distance, placing us in social worlds and social projects with people we cannot see and sometimes cannot even imagine. While early childhood literacy education, helps young children express themselves and grow the motive to write out of per sonal and play relations, as schooling continues those motivating experiences decreases and writing becomes a narrow exercise mostly associated with assessment rather than accomplishing real life interests. Yet writing outside of school is intimately related to participating in society, and skill in writing gives one voice in professional and civic communities. Writing in school needs to be connected to real life uses and intellectual growth of students. Writing should be supported at each level of education, ex press and share meanings of importance to students, connected with thinking and knowledge is subject areas, connected with reading, and address situations outside of school important to students.


Behavioral synchrony has been linked to endorphin activity (Cohen et al., 2010; Sullivan and Rickers, 2013; Sullivan et al., 2014; Tarr et al., 2015, 2016; Weinstein et al., 2016). This has been called the synchrony effect. Synchrony has two dominant phases of movement; in-phase and anti-phase. The majority of research investigating synchrony's effect on endorphin activity has focused on in-phase synchrony following vigorous activities. The only research to investigate the effects of anti-phase synchrony on endorphin activity found that anti-phase synchronized rowing did not produce the synchrony effect (Sullivan et al., 2014). Anti-phase synchrony, however, is counter-intuitive to the sport of rowing and may have interfered with the synchrony effect. This study investigated the effect of anti-phase synchrony on endorphin activity in a different task (i.e., drumming). University students (n = 30) were asked to drum solo and in in-phase and anti-phase pairs for 3 min. Pain threshold was assessed as an indirect indicator of endorphin activity prior to and following the task. Although the in-phase synchrony effect was not found, a repeated measures ANOVA found that there was a significant difference in pain threshold change among the three conditions [F(2,24) = 4.10, = 0.255, p < 0.05). Post hoc t-tests showed that the anti-phase condition had a significantly greater pain threshold change than both the solo and in-phase conditions at p < 0.05. This is the first time that anti-phase synchrony has been shown to produce the synchrony effect. Because anti-phase drumming may have required more attention between partners than in-phase synchrony, it may have affected self-other merging (Tarr et al., 2014). These results support Tarr et al.'s (2014) model that multiple mechanisms account for the effect of synchrony on pain threshold, and suggest that different characteristics of the activity may influence the synchrony effect.


Objective The aim of this study was to compare knowledge and lifestyles in relation to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in a student population within the UK. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting and Participants A questionnaire was distributed to 279 students over four sites on the University of Leeds' main campus. This assessed the knowledge and lifestyles of the students using 55 close-ended multiple choice questions. Main Outcome Measures/Data Interpretation The data were quantitatively analysed using a weighted scoring system. The data were descriptively analysed. Univariate modelling was accomplished with unpaired t-tests. Results A significant difference in lifestyle score was evident between high and low knowledge groups (p<0.05) in the population studied. Furthermore, a significant, weak positive correlation was found between lifestyle and knowledge scores (R=0.13). Science-based students had a significantly better knowledge of CHD risk factors than arts-based students (p<0.05), without a significant improvement in lifestyle score (p=0.15). Females (p<0.01) and individuals with a family history of CHD (p<0.05) demonstrated significantly better lifestyles than males and individuals without a history of CHD, respectively, without a significant improvement in knowledge. Conclusion This study confirms that lifestyle is related to CHD risk factor knowledge. It also indicates that various factors constrain behaviour. Social factors including perceived susceptibility, financial concerns, university culture, family history, discrepancies in knowledge and the risk taking nature that is prevalent in young adults may all influence behaviour in this population. Given that the pathogenesis of CHD begins early in life and health behaviour patterns attained during childhood extend into adulthood, this indicates that current trends in the health related behaviour of students is an area for concern. As CHD preventative efforts are predominantly focused on older generations, readdressing health promotion campaigns to include younger generations could disrupt the seemingly inevitable global increase in CHD. Given the role of CHD risk factor knowledge as a prerequisite for the intention of health promoting behaviour, the ongoing education of such information to the public is fundamental. However, it is equally important to address the variety of constraints that inhibit beneficial behavioural changes.


Copper nanoparticles makes important progress in the area of nanotechnology and nanomedicine due to their good optical, electrical and anti-fungal/bacterial application. It is prepared using some methods such as vacuum vapour deposition, microwave irradiation methods, chemical reduction and laser ablation. The chemical reduction method is simple, inexpensive and gives a liable control of geometrical nanoparticle characteristics like size and shape. 20 millimolar of 80 ml copper sulphate prepared using double distilled water. The plant extract is added with the metal solution and was made into 100 ml solution. The synthesised nanoparticles solution is preliminarily characterized by using UV- vis-spectroscopy, 3ml of the solution is taken in curette and scanned in double beam UV-vis- spectrophotometer from 300 nm to 700 nm wavelength. The agar well diffusion method is used. Different concentration of Cu NPs was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans (gram +), Enterococcus sp and Pseudomonas sp. The result reveals that Moringa Oleifera mediated with copper nanoparticles show effective antibacterial activity. CuNPs ex significantly higher activity with an increase in the zone of inhibition diameter. The plant extract is observed to be dark green, and the copper nanoparticles are seen to be in light greenish in colour. They can be used in toothpaste and oral medicines due to their antibacterial activity. Nanoparticles are expected to be used in future for the effective drug systems and immunity against diseases.


The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Colatina -ES, Brazil, aiming at evaluating the flowering of lychee ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in response to the girdling of branches of different diameters, located in different parts of the plant canopy and in two seasons, October 2010 and March 2011. The girdling was also carried out in October, as an attempt to extemporaneous production of litchi. As the girdling in October produced no induction of flowering, the final analysis of the experiment outlined in randomized blocks was done in 4 x 4 factorial (quadrants x branches), with four replications and one tree as experimental plot. The girdling in isolated plants consisted of: girdling branches or main branches (8.0 to 10.0 cm in diameter), girdling branches from 6.0 to 7.9 cm in diameter, girdling branches with diameters of 4.0 to 5.9 cm, and without girdling (control), located in the southeast, southwest, northeast and northwest quadrants of the plant's canopy. The amount and the length of the inflorescences and the percentage of flowering of lychee were evaluated in light of the girdling of branches and of the location of the quadrants in the canopy of the plants.  It was observed that there was a difference between the amount of girdling in the variables for length and amount of inflorescences, while the girdling of branches with 8 to 10 and from 6 cm to 7.9 cm in diameter were superior to the control in girdling of branches of 4 to 5.9 cm diameter. Concerning the position of the branches in the canopy (quadrants) it was discovered that the quadrants receiving less light (southeast and southwest) had more flowers and flowering percentages, but there was no significant difference for the variable length of the inflorescence according to the quadrants. The girdling of the branches can be an alternative to the insertion of hot climates in the production of lychee.


Iron-based substrates with polyethylene glycol coating were prepared as possible materials for biodegradable orthopedic implants. Biodegradable materials that provide mechanical support of the diseased tissue at the time of implanting and then disappear gradually during the healing process are sometimes favored instead of permanent implants. The implant degradation rate should match the time of the tissue regrowth. In this work, the degradation behavior of iron-based foams was studied electrochemically during immersion tests in Hanks' solution. The corrosion rate of the polyethylene glycol-coated samples increased and the corrosion potential shifted to more negative values. This indicates an enhanced degradation rate as compared to the uncoated material, fulfilling the goal of being able to tune the degradation rate. It is the interfacial interaction between the hydrophilic polymer layer and the iron surface that is responsible for the enhanced oxidation rate of iron.


In this paper, we look at how Artificial Swarm Intelligence can evolve using evolutionary algorithms that try to minimize the sensory surprise of the system. We will show how to apply the free-energy principle, borrowed from statistical physics, to quantitatively describe the optimization method (sensory surprise minimization), which can be used to support lifelong learning. We provide our ideas about how to combine this optimization method with evolutionary algorithms in order to boost the development of specialized Artificial Neural Networks, which define the proprioceptive configuration of particular robotic units that are part of a swarm. We consider how optimization of the free-energy can promote the homeostasis of the swarm system, i.e. ensures that the system remains within its sensory boundaries throughout its active lifetime. We will show how complex distributed cognitive systems can be build in the form of hierarchical modular system, which consists of specialized micro-intelligent agents connected through information channels. We will also consider the co-evolution of various robotic swarm units, which can result in development of proprioception and a comprehensive awareness of the properties of the environment. And finally, we will give a brief outline of how this system can be implemented in practice and of our progress in this area.


In this paper, we have presented a new face recognition algorithm based on region covariance matrix (RCM) descriptor computed in monogenic scale space. In the proposed model, energy information obtained using monogenic filter is used to represent a pixel at different scales to form region covariance matrix descriptor for each face image during training phase. An eigenvalue based distance measure is used to compute the similarity between face images. Extensive experimentation on AT&T and YALE face database has been conducted to reveal the performance of the monogenic scale space based region covariance matrix method and comparative analysis is made with the basic RCM method and Gabor based region covariance matrix method to exhibit the superiority of the proposed technique.


Since July 2008, the World Radiation Monitoring Center (WRMC) is hosted at the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) of Polar and Marine Research at Bremerhaven, Germany (see http://www.bsrn.awi.de). In mid 2014, 58 BSRN stations submitted their data to the WRMC. The data import is organized in so-called "station-to-archive files" which contain all the data from one station collected during one month. There have been a total of 7825 station-month data sets from 58 stations collected in the WRMC in September 2014.

All submitted station-to-archive files are read-accessible from any user who accepts the BSRN data release guidelines (see http://www.bsrn.awi.de/en/data/conditions_of_data_release/). The files can be obtained via ftp://ftp.bsrn.awi.de/ by using a web browser or any ftp tool. The access to the public file archive is password-restricted. Read accounts can be obtained from the WRMC (email firstname.lastname@example.com). An alternative to the ftp access is a data access via the Publishing Network for Geoscientific and Environmental Data, PANGAEA (see http://www.pangaea.de/) which offers much more user-friendly services.
Since December 2011 the WRMC also checks the quality of all incoming data. The station scientists are recommended to test their data prior to submission using e.g. the BSRN-Toolbox (http://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/BSRN_Toolbox). An updated Technical Plan for BSRN Data Management is now available via the BSRN webpage or www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-174.pdf.

The BSRN measurements at Neumayer are ongoing. They are part of a much bigger observatory program which includes synoptic observations, upper air soundings, ozone soundings, and surface air chemistry measurements. Radiation data from an automatic weather station (AWS) which run one year directly besides the BSRN measurements were analyzed to quantify typical errors of unmanned systems in Antarctica.


This study aims to determine the effect of taxes, bonus mechanism, and tunneling incentive to transfer pricing decisions. Dependent Variables used in this research is transfer pricing and Independent Variables used in this study is the tax bonus mechanism, and tunneling incentive.The population in this study are all companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange except for those engaged in the field of finance. The sample selection using purposive sampling method with a final sample of 140 observation period of 2012-2015. The data used is taken from the secondary financial statements of the company. Data analysis techniques used in this study is the technique of logistic regression analysis. With the help of SPSS program application. The results showed that the variables and tunneling tax incentive does not affect tehadap transfer pricing decisions, whereas a variable bonus mechanism of influence on transfer pricing decisions. The coefficient of determination in this study amounted to 13.4%. Future studies are expected to add another independent variable such as an arm's length.


The current government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, led by the Prime Minister Sheikh Hassina, is committed to introducing a pension scheme for the privately employed citizens of Bangladesh by 2018. This private scheme will seek to reinforce and extend the present coverage of the Provident Fund for government employees and the age pension within the government's social security programs. Drawing on the experience of countries such as Chile, Singapore and India, the authors note the scope for mandatory contributions to a private fund in Bangladesh from high profile export growth sectors, such as garments. They suggest that a fund that is government-controlled, centrally managed and professionally invested, similar to the model presented by the Indian National Pension Scheme (NPS), might provide a valuable starting point. The Indian experience however suggests the need for a deeper understanding of the objectives and benefits of the privately funded scheme and more targeted education of industry participants. Given the government's wish to prioritise benefits for particular industry sectors and social groups in Bangladesh, the authors suggest that the Bangladesh government consider a hybrid model, beginning with the centralised management and investment of the fund but developing participation in the fund incrementally, industry by industry, to achieve the best possible coverage.