86 In this article, we employ a systemiccomplex methodology to consider the targets, functions, and content of spatial planning in European countries and compare them to urban planning practices in Russia. We analyse concepts and terminology used in spatial planning and related areas — territorial, marine, and underground planning. The article examines the evolution of the ideas of spatial planning in the EU. We consider the documentary framework for spatial planning from the last third of the 20 century to the present. The basic principles of spatial planning are identified in the article. We describe the level of territorial development management in the EU and its member states. The concept of 'best practices' is interpreted as an approach that includes the transfer of expert knowledge, concepts, ideas and practices developed in certain conditions and their adaptation to the needs of a different set of conditions in order to attain similar goals using the components of the transferred technique, model, or policy. We present a classification of spatial planning systems. We show how civil society is being involved in spatial planning in the EU and Russia. We stress the need to draw on the EU spatial planning experience, in particular, the involvement of civil society in project evaluation. At the same time, it is important to take into account the features of Russian natural and socioeconomic conditions.


Students are immensely interested in the acclaimed science fiction trilogy, The Hunger Games (Collins 2008), which was made into a popular movie in 2012. In the story, Panem, a post-apocalyptic version of North America, uses genetically engineered organisms, such as jabberjays and tracker jackers, to frighten citizens to keep them in line. Students often wonder about our real-life abilities to create hybrid species. In fact, cross-species gene splicing is becoming increasingly common. Recent examples include the Enviropig that incorporates mouse DNA to improve digestion of phosphorus, jellyfish genes being used to make pigs glow, and experimental mice being given a "humanized" version of a gene linked to speech. So, if hybrids are possible in real life, what are the implications for society? Are there bioethical issues to consider regarding the possible effects of these new technologies on people as well as on the organisms themselves? Investigating questions like these through popular fiction allows students to achieve many of the literacy goals outlined in the Common Core State Standards (NGAC and CCSSO 2010) and the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Lead States 2013). (Note: While this activity centers on the The Hunger Games, it could easily be adapted for other books or films. For example, the classic 1997 film Gattaca explores similar issues involving genetic modification in humans.) Literary connection In the first book of The Hunger Games trilogy, mockingjays are described as descendants of engineered jabberjays who were manipulated so they could recall and repeat what they heard people say, similarly to parrots. Mockingjays developed unintentionally: The officials at Panem high command created genetically modified male jabberjays that could eavesdrop on rebel conversations and repeat them to the authorities. The rebels caught on and started feeding the jabberjays false information. That led authorities to abandon the jabberjays in the wild, hoping they would die off. Instead, the jabberjays mated with female mockingbirds, spawning mockingjays that could learn and repeat musical notes but not memorize words. The inability of the government to control these animals made them a symbol for the rebellion. Panem's Capitol city commanders used the tracker jackers--genetically engineered wasps--to attack anything that disturbed their nests, serving as cruel reminders of the com-manders' power over the inhabitants. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] This part of the story raises questions about real life: Should hybrid species be regulated? What are the possible effects of hybrids mating with native species? In this vein, students can research the effects of real-life cases of hybrid species affecting native populations. Then they can form guidelines for determining the ethical treatment and humane protection of both native and hybrid populations. A striking example of this issue is the Glofish, considered the first genetically modified pet and often used in science classrooms as a bio indicator to test for pollution and other chemicals. Glofish released into the wild are thought to be threatening native fish populations (Mueller and Zeidler 2010). Project description In this guided inquiry, students investigate advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering by integrating popular fiction into their study of bioethics. What are the effects of artificially created hybrid creatures on characters in The Hunger Games and in our society? What are the effects on and basic rights of the organisms themselves given their unnatural entry into the world? What impact might these hybrids have on native species? To consider the consequences of genetically engineered organisms in our own society, students must research current practices and policies, as well as contemporary case studies of genetically engineered organisms. Centered on a cognitively scaffolded set of guiding assessment prompts (Figure 1, p. …


Foraminifera are traditionally defined as marine granuloreticuloseans characterized by the presence of a membraneous, agglutinated or calcareous test. This definition has been recently challenged by molecular phylogenetic studies which showed that Foraminifera include both testate and naked species and that they occur in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Molecular data also revealed high taxonomic diversity of monothalamous (single-chambered) foraminiferans that developed different types of organic and agglutinated tests. First analyses of ribosomal DNA sequences suggested an early divergence of Foraminifera in the evolutionary history of Eukaryotes, but this result was not confirmed by later protein sequence data. Furthermore, analysis of variable regions in ribosomal DNA revealed the presence of several cryptic species, whose geographic distribution seems to be related to oceanic water mass circulation and productivity.


[reaction: see text] Fused cyclopropane beta-keto esters are versatile intermediates for the synthesis of many biologically active natural products. Here we report a new intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction of unsaturated beta-keto esters. In the presence of I(2), Et(3)N, and Lewis acids such as Mg(ClO(4))(2) and Yb(OTf)(3), beta-keto esters 1 bearing various olefin substituents were transformed to fused cyclopropanes 2 in a highly stereospecific manner with moderate to good yields. The mechanism of the reaction was also investigated.


Zakah institution is the intermediary organizations based on social. Although based on social activities, but the management is still needs to uphold professional, accountability and transparency principles. This study attempts to analyze the productivity level of zakat organization in Indonesia, both in terms of changes of its efficiency, and also its technological. There are two things that are calculated in Malmquist index measurement that is catch-up effect and frontier shift effect. The catch-up effect measures the rate of change in relative efficiency from period 1 to period 2. Meanwhile the frontier shift effect measures the rate of technological change that is a combination of input and output from period 1 to period 2. The frontier shift effect is often called an innovation effect. Findings from the results of the productivity index analysis are very interesting. In general, there has been an increase in the level of productivity of zakat institutions in Indonesia in the period 2011 to 2016. The increase in productivity growth (1.116) of zakat institutions in Indonesia is generally caused by technological change (1.137) instead of changes in efficiency (0.982). Thus the service of zakat institutions is needed which is more innovative in relation to the development of technology in the future.


Current anthropomorphic test device (ATD) positioning procedures for drivers and front-seat passengers place the crash dummy within the vehicle by reference to the seat track. Midsize-male ATDs are placed at the center of the fore-aft seat track adjustment range, while small-female and largemale ATDs are placed at the front and rear of the seat track, respectively. Research on occupant positioning at UMTRI led to the development of a new ATD positioning procedure that places the ATDs at positions more representative of the driving positions of people who match the ATD's body dimensions. This paper presents a revised version of the UMTRI ATD positioning procedure. The changes to the procedure improve the ease and repeatability of ATD positioning while preserving the accuracy of the resulting ATD positions with respect to the driving positions of people matching the ATD anthropometry.


The polarisation property of electromagnetic waves for applications in mobile communication systems has not been examined into detail yet. Due to multi-path effects and changes in the underlying coordinate systems of the involved antennas, the polarisation state of an electromagnetic wave at the receiving antenna of a mobile station is very likely to change. The presented project involves a data measurement and detailed visual investigation of these polarisation properties in the field of GSM mobile communication at the frequency band 1800 MHz. The measuring system mounted on a special car moves along a predefined trajectory around a GSM telecommunication cell. The collected data, which are received from a dual polarisation antenna, together with the information of the location, orientation and velocity of the system, which is provided by other sensors, is subsequently processed by the standard signal analysis hardware and the digital signal processing software, so that the polarisation behaviour of the received wave can be identified and visualized. The visualisation system is based on a digitized map into which the data received from GPS is inserted specifying the actual position of the measuring system. A particular polarisation state is simultaneously assigned to the position data in the digital map. The data analysis and signal filtering is performed to estimate multi-path propagation effects and to reduce the influence of them on the quality of the link. The results of this project could be for instance used in future generations of wireless mobile communication systems, where the polarisation dependent effects may contribute to increase reliability and capacity of the transmission service. This research was performed within the AMPER project, which is supported by the EU Commission.


Previous work across multiple disciplines has shown that norms have a powerful impact on behavior. Little is known, however about how norms are represented in the mind. Here we examine whether people's norm representations come in reliably identifiable grades of strength. Classical models of norms distinguished between the broad deontic categories of prescriptions, permissions, and prohibitions. Four studies demonstrate that people consistently and consensually distinguish between deontic expressions that denote grades of prohibition (e.g., frowned upon < unacceptable < forbidden) and grades of prescription (e.g., called for < expected < required). Selecting terms that have mean ratings with nonoverlapping confidence intervals form a bipolar scale that allows researchers to measure prescriptions and prohibitions at five levels of norm strength each.


Understanding and ultimately controlling the self-annealing of Cu in narrow interconnect lines has remained a top priority in order to continue down-scaling of back-end of the line interconnects. Recently, it was hypothesized that a bottom-up microstructural transformation process in narrow interconnect features competes with the surface-initiated overburden transformation. Here, a set of transmission electron microscopy images which captures the grain coarsening process in 48 nm lines in a time resolved manner is presented, supporting such a process. Grain size measurements taken from these images have demonstrated that the Cu microstructural transformation in 48 nm interconnect lines stagnates after only 1.5 h at room temperature. This stubborn metastable structure remains stagnant, even after aggressive elevated temperature anneals, suggesting that a limited internal energy source such as dislocation content is driving the transformation. As indicated by the extremely low defect density found in 48 nm trenches, a rapid recrystallization process driven by annihilation of defects in the trenches appears to give way to a metastable microstructure in the trenches.


Regeneration potential of different wheat, rye and barley species in leaf explant culture. Comparative analysis of the induction ability of morphogenetic processes in vitro has been carried out in 16 wheat genotypes, 4 barley species and 6 rye genotypes. It has been shown that tetra- and hexaploid wheat species as well as wild barley species exhibited the highest embryogenic potential in the leaf explant culture while diploid wheat species and rye genotypes showed the lowest one. Genotypic dependence of processes of callus formation, induction of embryogenic calli and regeneration was revealed in the studied species.


Sediments of Cretaceous age in northwest Scotland outcrop in small, often isolated exposures throughout the Inner Hebrides and Morvern. Despite limited exposure, a range of sedimentary facies are recognized which potentially influence the interpretation of offshore data, in particular with respect to the hydrocarbon potential of offshore Cretaceous sections. The Mid-Late Cretaceous development of the Inner Hebrides basin includes two periods of marine transgression. The first began in the latest Albian and continued through the early Cenomanian with the deposition of the marginal clastic facies of the Morvern Formation (Fig. 1). In the Late Cenomanian, a minor period of regression occurred during which the Lochaline Sandstone Member (the White Sandstone of Humphries 1961) was deposited. In and around the Lochaline sand mine (Grid Ref. NM 680450) extensive fresh exposures afford considerable potential for sediment-ological and petrophysical studies of a large siliciclastic sand body (Lewis et al. 1990), further detail of which is reported here. Regional sedimentological and palaeoenvironmental data, including description and interpretation of the late Cenomanian and Turonian strata, are reported in Braley (1990). Within the mine, between 3 and 8 metres of the Lochaline Sandstone Member are exposed, the workings generally lying between a lower silty horizon and an upper quartz-cemented horizon. Along the east shore of Loch Aline the sandstone is approximately 12 metres thick. Thicker, cleaner sandstone units are often located in fault footwalls. Small-scale syndepo-sitional faulting is also seen with evidence of sand draping. Slump structures provide additional evidence of sediment failure. An idealized vertical sequence through the mined


As the number of wireless applications increases every year, overcrowding the RF/microwave spectrum, research community and industry are gradually starting to dedicate more attention to the less exploited (sub)millimeter wave spectrum, spanning from 30 GHz to 1 THz. While the high frequency and large available bandwidth of the latter promises very fast communication and the space for countless new applications, the development of new devices working at high frequency is hampered by a series of challenges affecting both technology development and implementation. One of the bottlenecks in new technology development is the availability of accurate and reliable measurement techniques, to support the design and the model validation of both passive and active devices working at (sub)millimeter wave frequencies. As a matter of fact, the test and measurement market dedicated to sub-THz applications has presented small developments in the last decades, with the core instrumentation and measurement techniques still based on the same principles dedicated to lower frequency applications. This thesis is dedicated to the development of calibration and measurement techniques for the characterization of (sub)millimeter wave devices, allowing to bridge the gap between the current available measurement instrumentation and the new needs in the sub-THz range. This is done by mainly addressing two aspects: the development of advanced techniques and artifacts for the characterization of electronic devices in their native environment (i.e., on-wafer), and the implementation of measurement techniques allowing to characterize the small- and large-signal behavior of devices and circuits at (sub)millimeter wave, while overcoming the instrument-related challenges present at those frequencies.


The superior performance of Deformable Convolutional Networks arises from its ability to adapt to the geometric variations of objects. Through an examination of its adaptive behavior, we observe that while the spatial support for its neural features conforms more closely than regular ConvNets to object structure, this support may nevertheless extend well beyond the region of interest, causing features to be influenced by irrelevant image content. To address this problem, we present a reformulation of Deformable ConvNets that improves its ability to focus on pertinent image regions, through increased modeling power and stronger training. The modeling power is enhanced through a more comprehensive integration of deformable convolution within the network, and by introducing a modulation mechanism that expands the scope of deformation modeling. To effectively harness this enriched modeling capability, we guide network training via a proposed feature mimicking scheme that helps the network to learn features that reflect the object focus and classification power of R-CNN features. With the proposed contributions, this new version of Deformable ConvNets yields significant performance gains over the original model and produces leading results on the COCO benchmark for object detection and instance segmentation.


This study was undertaken to determine whether Cal Poly affiliated people were interested in purchasing Cal Poly honey online through its own web store. In addition to determining the level of interest, the target market was examined to explore how to market Cal Poly honey more effectively. The underlying objective of the project was to determine if a Cal Poly honey web store would be profitable as a honey marketing outlet in addition to current sales at stores around campus. A survey was administered to Cal Poly affiliated people online using SurveyMonkey.com over a nine-day time period. The survey focused on questions that gave insight into various aspects of consumer behavior and preferences towards Cal poly honey. The results from the twenty-three question survey were analyzed using a series of statistical tests including frequencies and chi-squared tests. The results of the tests provided significant information about consumer tastes and preferences. Of the entire sample, a target market of twenty respondents, or 20% of the population, was identified as respondents who indicated more than a slight possibility that they or their families would buy Cal Poly honey online. The recommendations made were based upon the statistical findings. The recommendations include possibly lowering the price of Cal Poly honey to increase sales and revenues, additional honey production to increase profits, as well as possible marketing strategies that could potentially increase awareness and potential sales of Cal Poly honey. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter.......................................................................................................................... Page


This thesis was submitted for the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Clinical Psychology. It comprises a systematic review and empirical study, which have both been prepared for submission to European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, followed by a critical appraisal of the research as a whole.
The objective of the systematic review was to synthesise and evaluate the findings of longitudinal studies of maternal depression and offspring antisocial behaviour. Longitudinal studies, examining maternal depression during pregnancy and beyond, provide the opportunity to examine the independent and cumulative effects of exposure. Three databases were searched (Psychinfo, Web of Science, Medline) from the period of January 1900 to December 2017. Twenty of 5936 studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the findings indicated significant, independent effects of exposure to maternal depression during pregnancy, postnatal depression and exposure to maternal depression after the perinatal period on offspring antisocial outcomes. The few studies that examined the effect of cumulative exposure to depression found a significant effect on child behaviour. Several limitations in the literature were identified, including a reliance on maternal reports for both depression and child outcomes and a limited conceptualisation of the antisocial behaviour construct.
The empirical study examined maternal depression from pregnancy to age 7 years postpartum and the association with Callous-Unemotional (CU) behaviour. The study was embedded within a longitudinal study of a British birth cohort (the Cardiff Child Development Study); mothers (n = 249) were assessed for depression at pregnancy, 6 months postpartum and at 7 years postpartum using a diagnostic interview. CU behaviour was measured in children at 7 years old using primary caregiver and teacher reports on the Inventory for Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU; Frick, 2004). Contrary to hypotheses, maternal depression during pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum was not associated with any aspect of the offspring's CU behaviour. However, regression analyses controlling for social adversity found that cumulative exposure to maternal depression from pregnancy to 7 years significantly predicted increased CU behaviour, according to the primary-caregiver but not teacher report. The preliminary evidence supports the need to intervene early to manage an often recurring depressive illness.
The final critical evaluation considers the research process undertaken in both the systematic review and empirical study as well as the research enquiry as a whole. Future research directions and implications for theory, policy, clinical practice and service development are discussed.


We study the Hii regions associated with the NGC 6334 molecular cloud observed in the submillimeter and taken as part of the B-fields In STar-forming Region Observations Survey. In particular, we investigate the polarization patterns and magnetic field morphologies associated with these Hii regions. Through polarization pattern and pressure calculation analyses, several of these bubbles indicate that the gas and magnetic field lines have been pushed away from the bubble, toward an almost tangential (to the bubble) magnetic field morphology. In the densest part of NGC 6334, where the magnetic field morphology is similar to an hourglass, the polarization observations do not exhibit observable impact from Hii regions. We detect two nested radial polarization patterns in a bubble to the south of NGC 6334 that correspond to the previously observed bipolar structure in this bubble. Finally, using the results of this study, we present steps (incorporating computer vision; circular Hough transform) that can be used in future studies to identify bubbles that have physically impacted magnetic field lines.


Operational cloud seeding has been conducted over parts of western North Dakota since the 1950's. Operations began with ground based seeding in the early years, but by the early 1960's airborne delivery of seeding agents became the preferred method. Currently, a combination of cloud base and cloud top seeding is employed on the North Dakota Cloud Modification Project (NDCMP) using an acetone-based AgI solution, end-burning AgI flares, ejectable AgI flares, and dry ice pellets  (CO2) as seeding agents. The goals of the dual-purpose project are to increase growing season precipitation and reduce crop and property damage caused by hail. The project is funded by county tax levies and limited state cost-sharing. Operations are conducted from June 1 through August 31 each year, twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. Every evaluation of the project has indicated beneficial results, but with varying statistical confidence. Rainfall increases on the order of 7 to 15% have been realized in and slightly downwind of the target counties. Crop-hall damage as been reduced by 45% and wheat yields have increased by 5.9%. A benefit-to-cost ratio of 35:1 has been realized for wheat production alone.


Understanding and contributing to the evidence base that supports their practice is a key survival strategy for Person-Centred/Experiential therapists and counsellors. Building on previous meta-analytic studies (e.g., Elliott, Greenberg & Lietaer, 2004), we added another 80 predominantly recent outcome studies to the large sample previously reported, in order to provide an analysis of more than 200 quantitative outcome studies on person-centred, nondirective-supportive, process-experiential/emotion-focused, and other experiential therapies. Consistent with previous versions of this meta-analysis, we found the following: (1) Clients in PCE therapies experience dlarge amounts of pre-post change. (2) Posttherapy gains were maintained over early and late follow-ups. (3) In controlled studies, clients experienced large gains relative to untreated groups. (4) In general, PCE therapies appeared to be statistically and clinically equivalent when compared to non-PCE therapies. (5) In focused comparisons examining four different types of PCE therapy, CBT was clearly superior to nondirective-supportive therapies, but equivalent to bona fide person-centred therapy; emotion-focused therapy appeared to be superior to CBT; while other experiential therapies were equivalent to CBT in effectiveness. These results held regardless of whether analyses made use of all available studies or were restricted to RCT studies only. These results are consistent with complementary lines of evidence relating empathy to outcome (Bohart et al., 2002), and client treatment preference data. Taken together, the body of evidence clearly indicates that PCE therapies should offered to clients in primary care, NHS, and other mental health settings. Relying on multiple lines of evidence, such as provided in the present study, provides a sound basis for establishing public mental health policy.


The single-particle electronic states of group-IB impurities, Cu, Ag and Au, in silicon are calculated by use of the self-consistent field scattered-wave Xα method. The clusters XSi 4 Si' 12 and XSi 10 Si' 16 , which have been used in some pioneer works and in our earlier successfully treatments of the 4d transition-metal impurities in silicon, are taken to simulate the silicon crystals locally perturbed by substitutional and tetrahedral interstitial group-IB impurities X, respectively. We find that the substitutional impurities introduce a t 2 type level in the band gap. This state is by no means (d-lik, but rather mostly dangling bond-like on the silicon neighbors. The interstitial impurities introduce an a 1 type level in the gap. In the case of Si:Au, this state is close to the bottom of conduction band and is rather delocalized. In addition, a hyperdeep s-like level just below the bottom of the valence band is obtained. The trends in the electronic properties of group-IB impurities in silicon have been discussed also.


Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of arthritides. Luminol was used as the primary reporter of ROS and photons resulting from the chemiluminescence reaction were detected using a super-cooled CCD photon counting system. Luminol was injected intravenously into groups of animals with different models of arthritis. Imaging signal correlated well with the severity of arthritis in focal and pan-arthritis as determined by histological measurement of ROS by formazan. Measurements were highly reproducible, sensitive, and repeatable. In vivo chemiluminescence imaging is expected to become a useful modality to elucidate the role of ROS in the pathogenesis of arthritides and in determining therapeutic efficacy of protective therapies.


If Jerome McGann has been the most influential critic of Romantic poetry over the last twenty-five years, Marilyn Butler runs him a close second. Published in 2006 was an important collection of essays in her honour (Repossessing the Romantic Past, edited by Heather Glen and Paul Hamilton), and the years work on Romantic poetry as a whole shows just how pervasive her influence has been. Butlers careful juxtaposition of major canonical pieces within a wider matrix of the minor, marginal, or non-literary, is well continued in a year which includes a massive increase in Southey studies, an important collection of essays on Robert Bloomfield, and work which opens up a series of contexts to poetry on forgery, plagiarism, visual art and encounters with Native Americans. Inevitably, the scope of a tribute to Butler exceeds the scope of a section covering only poetry, and this study is further discussed in other sections of this chapter. There are essays on everything from Maria Edgeworth to Mizra Abu Taleb Khan, but Shelley and Coleridge also feature. Michael Rossington skilfully reconstructs Shelleys Marlow coterie and the contours of the debate over the meaning of English republicanism. Shelleys Charles the First, Rossington argues, was composed in a spirit of republicanism which moved beyond the religious debates of the seventeenth century towards a Europeanizing, analytically detached republic. Paul Hamilton reopens the case of Coleridges philosophy, arguing that his Christianity strongly affected his approach to Continental philosophy. Coleridge offers a conception of discourse that, for Hamilton, troubles current divisions of writing into political, aesthetic, and scientific categories.


We address the multivariate version of French's group decision problem where the m members of a group, who are jointly responsible for the decisions they should make, wish to combine their beliefs about the possible values of n random variables into the group consensus probability distribution. We shall assume the group has agreed on the structure of associations of variables in a problem, as might be represented by a commonly agreed partially complete chain graph (PCG) we define in the paper. However, the members diverge about the actual conditional probability distributions for the variables in the common PCG. The combination algorithm we suggest they adopt is one which demands, at least on learning information which is common to the members and which preserves the originally agreed PCG structure, that the pools of conditional distributions associated with the PCG are externally Bayesian (EB). We propose a characterization for such conditionally EB (CEB) poolings which is more general and flexible than the characterization proposed by Genest, McConway and Schervish. In particular, such a generalization allows the weights attributed to the joint probability assessments of different individuals in the pool to differ across the distinct components of each joint density. We show that the group's commitment to being CEB on chain elements can be accomplished by the group being EB on the whole PCG when the group also agrees to perform the conditional poolings in an ordering compatible with evidence propagation in the graph.


Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of multi-area nonlinear power system
integrated with wind energy based Renewable Energy Conversion System (RECS).

A fuzzy PID controller has been proposed for AGC of a three equal area thermal system
integrated with RECS. Different physical nonlinear constraints like Governor Dead Band (GDB) and
boiler dynamics are introduced in the model for realization of non linear and realistic of proposed
multi area power system. To determine the optimum gain parameter, a Modified Symbiotic Organism
Search (M-SOS) algorithm has been used along with a fitness function which based on Integral
of Time Multiplied Absolute Error (ITAE).

For performance analysis, the performance of proposed M-SOS optimized fuzzy-PID controller
is compared with PI, PID and fuzzy PI controllers. For technique comparison, performance of
proposed M-SOS technique is compared with original SOS and conventional PSO algorithms. Robustness
of proposed controller has also been verified by varying applied load and system parameters.

 It is observed that M-SOS technique exhibits improved performance over original SOS
and PSO algorithms. It is also observed that proposed Fuzzy-PID controller provides better system
performance than PI, PID and fuzzy PI controllers. It has been observed that the proposed M-SOS
tuned fuzzy PID controller improves settling time of frequency response in area 1 by 11.30%, 15%
and 17.75% compared to M-SOS tuned fuzzy PI, PID and PI controllers respectively. Significant
improvements in settling time, peak overshoot and peak undershoot of the frequency response in
area 2 and tie line power are observed with the implementation this proposed approach.


In low-resource settings the use of local data for health system planning and decision-making is often limited. What data there is may be of poor quality and a data sharing culture is lacking. Health administrators often have limited capacity to analyse and use data for decision-making. The overall aim of the Data-Informed Platform for Health (DIPH) is to improve Maternal and Newborn Child Health (MNCH) programmes and services at state and sub-state levels. The DIPH brings together key district-level data on inputs and processes. The specific objective of the DIPH at the district level is to promote the use of local data for decision-making, priority-setting and planning through the introduction of a structured decision-making process. In working to transform the DIPH from a concept to a health systems initiative, the IDEAS project undertook a series of implementation research activities including, a background assessment and the development and testing of the intervention. In the Health Policy and Planning Journal (heapol.oxfordjournals.org - Volume 31, suppl 2, September 2016) we reported on the feasibility of establishing the DIPH in the context of district health systems in India, Nigeria and Ethiopia, taking into consideration five dimensions: technology and systems, economics, law and politics, operations and schedule feasibility. IDEAS worked in collaboration with Public Health Foundation of India to test the DIPH in two districts of West Bengal State - South 24 Parganas and North 24 Parganas - which have a population of 18 million people. The West Bengal University of Health Sciences is a local partner in this initiative. Continuous monitoring of data aand an evaluation of the prototype phase will be used to adapt and scale-up the DIPH across West Bengal.


The ice-albedo feedback on rapidly rotating terrestrial planets in the habitable zone can lead to abrupt transitions (bifurcations) between a warm and a snowball (ice-covered) state, bistability between these states, and hysteresis in planetary climate. This is important for planetary habitability because snowball events may trigger rises in the complexity of life, but could also endanger complex life that already exists. Recent work has shown that planets tidally locked in synchronous rotation states will transition smoothly into the snowball state rather than experiencing bifurcations. Here we investigate the structure of snowball bifurcations on planets that are tidally influenced, but not synchronously rotating, so that they experience long solar days. We use PlaSIM, an intermediate-complexity global climate model, with a thermodynamic mixed layer ocean and the Sun's spectrum. We find that the amount of hysteresis (the range in stellar flux for which there is bistability in climate) is significantly reduced for solar days with lengths of tens of Earth days, and disappears for solar days of hundreds of Earth days. These results suggest that tidally influenced planets orbiting M and K stars that are not synchronously rotating could have much less hysteresis associated with the snowball bifurcations than they would if they were rapidly rotating. This implies that the amount of time it takes them to escape a snowball state via CO2 outgassing would be greatly reduced, as would the period of cycling between the warm and snowball state if they have low CO2 outgassing rates.


This paper proposes a new dynamic mode of generating bioanalytical arrays based on ultrasonic trapping of microbeads in microfluidic systems. As compared to disposable glass slide microarrays, the proposed technology utilises exchangeable microbeads as the solid phase on which bioassays are performed. The use of microbeads in biochemical analysis is advantageous due to the increased surface area and thus the high binding capacity as compared to planar solid surfaces. By the integration of ultrasonic microtransducers in a microfluidic system, we have proved that it is possible to trap and manipulate microbead clusters by making use of acoustic standing wave forces. Functionalised microbeads have been trapped and moved between well-defined positions in a microchannel, thus for the first time showing trapping of microbeads within a flow-through device with individually controlled trapping sites in an array format. A device with three acoustic trapping sites was fabricated and evaluated. The lateral extension of each trapping site was essentially determined by the corresponding microtransducer dimensions, 0.8 x 0.8 mm2. The flow-through volume was approximately 1 µl and the active trapping site volumes about 100 nl each. The strength of trapping was investigated, showing that 50 % of the initially trapped beads were still trapped at a perfusion rate of 10 µl/min. Since the beads determine the chemical functionality in the device a high degree of flexibility is expected. A fluorescence based avidin bioassay was successfully performed on biotin-coated microbeads trapped in the flow-through device, providing a first proof of principle of the proposed dynamic arraying concept. The dynamic arraying is believed to be expandable to two dimensions, thus with a prospect of performing targeted and highly parallel protein analysis in microfluidics. (Less)


OBJECTIVE
To determine the effect of azithromycin chemoprophylaxis on the cumulative incidence of pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi, age at onset of pneumonia, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of azithromycin for R equi isolates cultured from fecal and clinical samples.

DESIGN
Controlled, randomized clinical trial.

ANIMALS
338 foals born and raised at 10 equine breeding farms; each farm had a history of endemic R equi infections.

PROCEDURES
Group 1 foals were control foals, and group 2 foals were treated with azithromycin (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], PO, q 48 h) during the first 2 weeks after birth. Foals were monitored for development of pneumonia attributable to R equi infection and for adverse effects of azithromycin. Isolates of R equi were tested for susceptibility to azithromycin.

RESULTS
The proportion of R equi-affected foals was significantly higher for control foals (20.8%) than for azithromycin-treated foals (5.3%). Adverse effects of azithromycin treatment were not detected, and there were no significant differences between groups for the MICs of azithromycin for R equi isolates cultured from fecal or clinical samples.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Azithromycin chemoprophylaxis effectively reduced the cumulative incidence of pneumonia attributable to R equi among foals at breeding farms with endemic R equi infections. There was no evidence of resistance to azithromycin. Nonetheless, caution must be used because it is possible that resistance could develop with widespread use of azithromycin as a preventative treatment. Further investigation is needed before azithromycin chemoprophylaxis can be recommended for control of R equi infections.


Background and aims The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented disruption to people's lives, especially for families, whose children have been taken out of schools during lockdown restrictions and required to learn from home. Little is known, however, about the perceived impact of the lockdown restrictions on the educational experiences of autistic children and young people – a group whose conventional schooling experiences are already often challenging. In this study, we sought to (1) understand these experiences from the perspectives of autistic young people and their parents, and (2) identify the underlying sources of positive experiences at this challenging time, in order to inform the ways in which autistic children might flourish at school in more normal times. Methods Ninety-one Australian participants, including 16 autistic young people aged 12–18 years, 32 autistic parents and 43 non-autistic parents of autistic young people aged 3–18 years, took part in semi-structured interviews about their experiences of life during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. The interviews were subjected to reflexive, thematic analysis to identify themes and subthemes for each research question. Results Overall, our participants initially found the transition to learning from home extremely challenging, with parents reporting that the support received from schools was far from adequate. After that initial period of transition, however, many autistic children reported flourishing at home both educationally and personally. For these children and families, we identified three key ingredients essential to this flourishing, including: (i) the importance of connected, trusting relationships ('people'); (ii) the sensory and social safety of home ('place'); and (iii) the flexibility to pace and structure learning to suit the individual child ('time'). Conclusions While the initial COVID-19 lockdown presented many challenges to children learning at home, there were aspects of this otherwise-unsettling situation that enabled children to thrive and from which we can learn for the future. Implications These findings have important implications for understanding how and when autistic children might thrive in institutional educational settings once the pandemic subsides, focusing on the relationships between teachers and students, the nature of the physical learning environment and the need for greater flexibility in planning the school day.


Quantum computers promise substantial speedups over conventional machines for many practical applications. While considered "dreams of the future" for a long time, first quantum computers are available now which can be utilized by anyone. A leading force within this development is IBM Research which launched the IBM Q Experience – the first industrial initiative to build universal quantum computers and make them accessible to a broad audience through cloud access. Along this initiative, the tool Qiskit has been launched which enables researchers, teachers, developers, and general enthusiasts to write corresponding code and to run experiments on those machines. At the same time, this provides an ideal playground for the design automation community which – through Qiskit – can deploy improved solutions e.g. on designing and realizing quantum applications. This special session summary aims to provide an introduction into Qiskit and is showcasing selected success stories on how to work with and develop for it. In addition to that, it provides corresponding references to further readings in terms of tutorials and scientific papers as well as links to publicly available implementations for Qiskit extensions.


Hydropower scheduling in day-ahead electricity markets is complex due to uncertainty in the electricity price. Internal cascade dependency of hydro power plants can also increase this complexity. One way to overcome this complexity is to replace the original hydropower system by an equivalent system, which provides simulation results sufficiently close to the ones of the original system. This paper presents a method to obtain multi-station equivalent models using a bilevel optimization problem, where the objective is to minimize the difference in outcomes between the original and the equivalent models. This bilevel problem is then transformed into a single-level optimization problem that can be solved using standard optimization techniques. Finally, the errors between the simulation results of the original and equivalent hydropower models are computed and analyzed for a Swedish system to show the accuracy of different multi-station equivalents.


Rhodium (Rh) nanoparticle (core)–carbon (shell) powder was prepared by double‐layer coating of a silica layer and a mesoporous silica/carbon layer on an Rh nanoparticle followed by chemical etching with aqueous hydrofluoric acid to remove siliceous components. The use of various techniques for characterization of the structure showed that the powder thus‐obtained had a rattle‐like structure: Rh nanoparticles were encapsulated in the hollow carbon‐shell having well‐developed porosity. The porous wall structure of the lateral carbon shell provides channels and hydrophobic void spaces that allow efficient penetration and absorption of organic species present in aqueous media. This offers a microenvironment with a high concentration of organic substrates inside the shell. Moreover, the surfaces of medial Rh nanoparticles were free from any ligands, i.e., the active surface site(s) was exposed to induce organic transformations. These unique properties, which cannot be achieved by conventional Rh nanoparticles stabilized with organic agents, led to excellent catalytic activity for hydrogenation of various aromatic and heterocyclic rings in water.


A series of tantalum doped titania samples were synthesized by a solid-state reaction method and thoroughly characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The electrical behavior of the samples has been investigated by dielectric and impedance spectroscopy. The XRD study reveals that the pristine and doped titania crystallizes in the rutile phase. EPR studies suggest that some of the Ti4+ is reduced to Ti3+ attributed to doping of Ta5+ in the titania lattice. Furthermore, these materials exhibit high dielectric permittivity which may be due to the conventional inter barrier layer capacitance effect. Among the samples, the 1 mol% Ta5+ doped TiO2 composition shows the highest dielectric permittivity. Upon increasing the amount of Ta5+, the dielectric permittivity decreases and the dielectric loss slightly increases. The dielectric permittivity of the Ta-doped TiO2 system is found to be lower than that of the previously reported Nb-doped TiO2 system. Based on DFT calculations it is found that the diffused nature of the 5d orbital and lower polarizability of Ta are responsible for the lower dielectric permittivity of Ta doped TiO2 in comparison to Nb doped TiO2 systems.


Author(s): Singer, Lisa | Advisor(s): Hylton, Nola M. | Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States. Effective chemotherapy can potentially treat micrometastases as well as the primary tumor, reducing the risk of metastasis later in the lifespan and improving overall survival. Chemotherapy implemented prior to surgery (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) allows for the additional benefits of 1) potential tumor down-staging and the option of breast-conserving surgical methods and 2) the ability to assess the tumor's response to chemotherapy while the tumor is still present. Currently, it is difficult to predict tumor response to chemotherapy and effective methods of monitoring tumor response to treatment are needed.Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) is sensitive to the random motion of water molecules, allowing for macroscopic detection of microscopic changes in cell density and cell content. This research focused on the use of DW-MRI in the monitoring of diffusion within the tumor during the course of treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In retrospective studies, the ability of DW-MRI measurements to predict patient outcomes was assessed. Problems related to the DW-MRI acquisition were identified and a technical solution was optimized for use in patients with breast cancer. Methods for improved DW-MRI processing were developed. Promising technical and processing innovations were evaluated in prospective clinical studies.In retrospective studies, results from limited patient numbers suggested that DW-MRI measurements may predict long-term patient outcomes. Multiple barriers to DW-MRI analysis were identified, including image quality and the time needed for manual delineation of tumor regions of interest. Use of a new sequence resulted in improved image quality, quantitative differences in measurements related to the tumor apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) distribution, and could allow for diffusion to be more accurately monitored throughout treatment. New segmentation methods were developed and could improve the efficiency of DW-MRI processing. In this work, diffusion was identified as a marker of long-term patient outcomes and developments in image acquisition and image processing showed promise in further improving the ability to measure tumor diffusivity and monitor changes throughout treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Validation in large, prospective studies is needed.


ABSTRACT Isavuconazole (BAL4815) is a promising novel broad-spectrum triazole in late-stage clinical development that has proven active in vitro against Aspergillus and Candida species. We compared the in vitro activities of this agent with those of voriconazole and fluconazole by the CLSI (formerly NCCLS) M38-A and M27-A2 procedures against a large collection of 1,007 relevant opportunistic fungi collected from 1986 to 2007: Aspergillus spp. (n = 702), Candida spp. (n = 218), Zygomycetes (n = 45), Scedosporium spp. (n = 22), and Fusarium spp. (n = 20). All Candida isolates were from patients with candidemia. For isavuconazole, these techniques were also compared with the Etest. Isavuconazole and voriconazole had MICs at which 50% and 90% of isolates were inhibited (MIC50 and MIC90), respectively, of 1 and 1 μg/ml and 0.5 and 1 μg/ml against Aspergillus spp. and of 0.015 and 0.03 μg/ml and 0.25 and 0.125 μg/ml against Candida spp. (including fluconazole-resistant strains). The MIC50 partial and complete inhibition end points of isavuconazole and voriconazole against the non-Aspergillus molds were as follows: 1 and 2 μg/ml and 16 and >16 μg/ml against Zygomycetes; 1 and 4 μg/ml and 0.25 and 0.5 μg/ml against Scedosporium apiospermum; 4 to 16 and >16 μg/ml and 4 to 8 and 16 to >16 μg/ml (ranges) against Scedosporium prolificans; and 16 and 16 μg/ml and 4 and 4 μg/ml against Fusarium spp. Isavuconazole showed minimal fungicidal concentrations for 50% and 90% of the isolates of 1 and 1 μg/ml against Aspergillus, 16 and >16 μg/ml against Candida, and 4 and >16 μg/ml against Zygomycetes, respectively, and >16 μg/ml against the remaining molds. The Etest proved to be a suitable alternative method for determining the antifungal activities of isavuconazole against Aspergillus and Candida; the Etest results showed 96% and 93% agreement with the results of the CLSI M38-A and M27-A2 methods, respectively.


[1] We carry out a self-consistent particle simulation with a dipole magnetic field to study the generation mechanism of VLF triggered emissions. The evolution of a wave packet propagating along a reference magnetic field line is solved by Maxwell's equations, while the bounce motion of energetic electrons in the nonuniform magnetic field is taken into account. Simulation result demonstrates that our model can investigate the detailed physics of VLF triggered emissions. In the simulation result we find that a triggered emission with a rising tone is generated near the equatorial region after the wave packet passes through the magnetic equator, and 26% rising from the original frequency of the injected wave packet is reproduced. The generation process simulated in the present paper is explained by roles of resonant currents JE and JB in association with an electromagnetic electron hole in the phase space produced through the nonlinear interaction. It has been suggested that a negative JE contributes to the growth of whistler-mode waves, while a negative JB induces the frequency rising. Simulation result shows that both negative JE and negative JB are formed at the trailing edge of the triggering wave, generating the emission with the rising tone. On the basis of the simulation result, we find that these resonant currents are formed by untrapped electrons through the nonlinear wave-particle interaction and suggest that the resonant current formation by untrapped electrons plays an essential role in the triggering mechanism.


Abstract. For this research, four regions have been studied which are the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region, low latitude region, middle latitude region and high latitude region. The active period which is the period when the geomagnetic storm occur chosen to be analyzed is on 6 August 2011 and 12 April 2014 and the normal period, a period when no geomagnetic storm happen is on 24 July 2011 and 14 May 2014. Year 2011 is chosen to be analyze in order to study the SAA region during the ascending phase of the solar cycle 24 and in year 2014, where the occurrence of the maximum phase of solar cycle 24 occur. The research is carried since there is no clear characterization of the SAA during ascending as well as maximum phase based on power spectrum analysis method. The Earth's magnetic field component chosen to be analyzed is the horizontal intensity (H) due to its sensitiveness regarding geomagnetic activeness. From the research conducted, the result reveal SAA region has a tendency to be persistent during both period compare to other region during both phases. Other regions in the research experience a tendency to be persistent and antipersistent.


The paper discusses the specifications and features of an automated assessment procedure for training of industrial operators. A case study applied to a real catalyst-injector-switch procedure in a polymer plant is presented and commented. The automated assessment procedure is made possible by the Plant Simulator tool that is conceived to log the actions of the operators, who are trained in its 3D immersive virtual environment, and the values of the process variables, which are simulated by a dynamic process simulator that runs in the background. The automated assessment procedure helps the trainer focusing on more human-oriented issues and leaves the quantitative marks/scores to the computer algorithm that analyzes and processes the trainee's actions. The performance assessment is then characterized by an aseptic judgment that can be invoked as many times as one pleases. The automated performance assessment is unbiased and does not make distinctions of age, sex, race, experience. During the training session (that is propaedeutic to the assessment one), the performance assessment can be run also by the trainee alone without the psychological pressure exerted by the presence of the trainer/examiner. In addition, being systematic and automated, the performance assessment can be of real help for both trainers and decision makers. Trainers and managers can use the quantitative evaluation of performance assessment for decision-making purposes. The automated procedure also allows scheduling operators' shifts in case of complex or periodic procedures, planning training courses, recruiting, and taking insurance related decisions.


It is impossible to attempt more than an outline sketch of two or three salient features of the geology of the Yorkshire Coalfield, and any description must be something like a magazine story, "to be continued in our next." It may be completed sometime in the next century when the eastern boundary of the Coalfield has been explored. In this respect the Yorkshire Coalfield differs from some others in this country to which the boundaries are completely traced, for instance, the Irish Coalfields are fully exposed. The boundaries of the Scotch and Northumberland Coalfields are known, except that they dip under the sea. The same remark applies to the Durham Coalfield, except the southern corner, which is covered by newer formations. The great Coalfield of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire has its boundaries well-defined, and the same may be said of the small Coalfield of the Forest of Dean. The Coalfields, however, of Somersetshire, South Gloucestershire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Cheshire, Denbighshire, Shropshire, South West Lancashire and Cumberland are each unexplored on one side at least, and the newly-discovered Coalfield at Dover has not yet been seen by the eye of man in any part. It is therefore evident that the next century will provide plenty of work for those who explore our Coal-fields, but of all the storehouses of fuel there is none more likely to be vigorously explored than that great Coalfield which stretches from the latitude of Leeds, on the north, to the neighbourhood of Nottingham, on the south.

At ...


Study Design: In vitro testing and retrospective study. Objective: To evaluate the biomechanical and preliminary clinical results of a staple. Summary of Background Data: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion is currently the most used technique in cervical surgery. Arthrodesis is obtained with a spacer generally secured using a screwed osteosynthesis plate. Implantation of a plate is time consuming and exposes the patient to additional adverse events. The C-JAWS device is a new cervical compressive staple developed to stabilize the spacer. Methods: Intact and instrumented behaviors of 6 cervical segments were compared. Instrumentation consisted of a spacer and the staple, fixed at C5-C6 level. The 3-dimensional ranges of motion (ROM) of C5 regarding C6 was tracked. Twenty-three consecutive patients, with single-level cervical disc herniation, were reviewed retrospectively. All patients were treated with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using a spacer secured by the staple. The Neck Disability Index score and Pain scores were reported; radiographic examinations were used to assess fusion. Results: Mean ROM were 10 degrees, 8 degrees, and 10 degrees for the intact specimens and 4 degrees, 5 degrees, and 8 degrees for the instrumented ones in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial torsion, respectively. The mean clinical follow-up was 24.4 months. The mean operating time was 35 minutes. Patients showed sustained clinical improvement, and radiographic fusion was obtained at last follow-up. No clinical complication was reported except 1 hardware breakage for a borderline indication: the patient reported no complaint, and solid fusion was obtained. Conclusions: Experimental results showed reduced ROM of the instrumented spine regarding the intact one. Fusion rate and the occurrence of complication are similar to previous published data. The staple seems to provide a safe and effective new way to stabilize and secure a spacer with a short surgical time. A multicenter prospective clinical study, with more patients, is in progress to confirm these promising results.


: Last May a federal judge struck down Washington State's law against assisted suicide on the grounds that it violated the U.S. Constitution. The judge ruled that just as a citizen has a right to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment, so does he or she have a right to request a physician's assistance in committing suicide. The court also concluded that because the decision to end one's life is as intimate and personal as a decision to have an abortion, assisted suicide must also be constitutionally protected. The court is mistaken. A "right" to assisted suicide is described nowhere in the text of the Constitution. Assisted suicide, furthermore, does not occupy a fundamental place in American history and traditions, and therefore cannot be deemed implicit in the constitutional guarantee of due process. Indeed, just the opposite is true: Our history and traditions actively discourage and prohibit assisted suicide. The asserted right to assisted suicide finds no support in cases involving either abortion or termination of medical treatment. Two terms ago, the Supreme Court relied heavily on stare decisis in upholding the abortion right, but there is no line of precedent for a right to assisted suicide. Not all "personal" decisions are constitutionally protected, so the personal nature of suicide does not dispose of the question of its constitutional status. Finally, in equating refusal of medical treatment with suicide, the federal court in Washington State ignores a long line of authority that recognizes a fundamental difference between the two.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Stormwater drainage and urban flooding are the popular issues in policy agendas and academia. Although the research on these title increases steadily an integrated review on stormwater drainage and urban flood with a focus on pluvial flooding has yet to be produced. This paper presents a critical review on stormwater drainage and urban flood based on 78 selected journal papers published over the period of 1990 to 2018. The review focus on pluvial flooding to relate urban stormwater drainage management and urban flood disaster management and to show the links between the two. The methods taken to manage urban stormwater drainage and urban flooding as well as the complexity of achieving a comprehensive urban flood disaster management are evaluated and discussed. To better understand the concepts behind urban flood and improve the urban flood risk management strategies, recommendation of future research directions are also provided.


This study is aimed to find out the strengths and the weaknesses of schoology in teaching and learning speaking and the student's perception on the implementing schoology in teaching and learning speaking. For this research the researchers took six students of 10th grade. Qualitative was chosen as research approach to answer the research questions, while the research methodology used in this paper was narrative inquiry. The research instruments that was used in this research are interview guideline, students' and teachers' reflective journal questions. The data were collected by doing the three techniques: interview, reflective journal and documentation. The data analysis used thematic analysis. The finding of this research is divided into two themes: understanding schoology as an instructional media in learning speaking and student's experience of schoology in learning speaking. In this research, the researchers find out some the strengths and the weaknesses of the schoology and the students' perception of the implementing schoology in teaching and learning speaking. (1) The advantages of using schoology in teaching and learning speaking are easy to access, easy to send assignment, students can get direct feedback from the teacher personally, the features are appealing. There is no significant weaknesses of the schoology in speaking, the only weaknesses that teachers and students face are those related to internet signals. (2) The students' perception towards the implementation of schoology has a positive perception and impression because they can express their ideas in the process of learning speaking. As the conclusion, schoology is very helpful in teaching and learning speaking process, however, the teachers need to pay more attention on the weaknesses. From these research, we can anticipate the troubles that will happen and hopes that this research becomes alternative for teachers in teaching speaking.


ABSTRACTCarbon dioxide (CO2) is an important compound for the inhibition of combustion flame. This work investigated the effects of CO2 addition on the soot particle sizes in axisymmetric laminar co-flow ethylene/air diffusion flames, as determined by using temporal laser-induced incandescence (LII). Additionally, the flame height and absorption function of soot particles were also studied. The results showed that the size and absorbency of soot particles decreases with the addition of CO2. The total flame height also decreases with CO2 addition, while the height of the dark region grows. These results show that CO2 addition dilutes the gas stream, compresses the nucleation of soot particles and makes them less mature. This study provides useful information for the control of soot particle formation during combustion processes.


This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 16231 "Immersive Analytics". Close to 40 researchers and practitioners participated in this seminar to discuss and define the field of Immersive Analytics, to create a community around it, and to identify its research challenges. As the participants had a diverse background in a variety of disciplines, including Human-Computer-Interaction, Augmented and Virtual Reality, Information Visualization, and Visual Analytics, the seminar featured a couple of survey talks on the first days, followed by plenary and working group discussions that were meant to shape the field of Immerswive Analytics. As an outcome, a book publication is planned with book chapters provided by the participants.


Analyses of faunal remains are a key means of inferring palaeoenvironmental change. In this paper, the use of faunal remains as a proxy for environmental conditions from Marine Isotope Stage 6 to the Holocene in southern Africa is reviewed. The focus of this review is on large herbivore abundance and how these fluctuate temporally and regionally in accordance with palaeo-climatic shifts. Here, southern Africa is divided into four eco-regions loosely based on climatic, biotic and zoogeographic traits: the Cape Floristic Region, the arid and semi-arid region, the savanna and grassland region, and the wetter eastern region. The relative abundance of large herbivores within these regions are noted, and temporal trends are inferred. On the whole, most eco-regions maintain similar herbivore compositions over time showing the regional ecological resilience of these taxa to local-scale environmental change. Yet some changes in faunal frequencies are apparent. The Cape Floristic Region shows evidence of significant faunal turnover from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene. Here, grazers are significantly more abundant during glacial periods, probably linked to the terrestrial expansion of the palaeo-Agulhas coastal plain. Shifts in ungulate abundance in the currently xeric central interior, also indicate wetter periods in the Pleistocene. Holocene faunas are generally similar to historic distributions but shifts between xeric and mesic periods are also evident.


Abstract The purpose of this study was to use fluoroscopy to measure the distance between the transseptal portal and the popliteal artery under arthroscopic conditions with an intact posterior knee capsule, and to determine the difference between 90 degrees of knee flexion and full extension. The popliteal artery of eight fresh-frozen cadaveric knees was dissected and cannulated proximal to the knee joint. The posterolateral, posteromedial, and transseptal portals were then established at 90 degrees of flexion. A 4-mm switching stick was placed through the transseptal portal, and barium contrast was injected into the popliteal artery. A lateral fluoroscopic image was taken with the knee in 90 degrees of flexion and full extension, and the distance between the popliteal artery and the switching stick was measured and compared using a paired t-test. In knee flexion, the average distance between the transseptal portal and the anterior aspect of the popliteal artery for the eight cadaveric specimens was 12.0 mm ± 3.3 mm; in extension, this decreased to 9.0 mm ± 2.7 mm. The distance between the transseptal portal and popliteal artery was significantly higher at 90 degrees of knee flexion as compared with extension (p = 0.0005). The transseptal posterior knee arthroscopic portal must be carefully created due to the close proximity to the popliteal artery, and may be closer to the artery than previously reported in specimens with an intact posterior knee capsule. Creating the portal with the knee in flexion significantly displaces the popliteal artery away from the portal reducing the risk of arterial injury.


We consider generalized scaling exponents for the graph of a scalar function to allow for multiscaling of the graph length. These generalized exponents are related to the moments of the distribution of roughness over the support of the graph. We report numerical computations of these exponents for the graphs of Coupled Map Lattices exhibiting phase transitions between laminar and turbulent behaviour. We observe multiscaling of the graph in the transition region. Furthermore, the generalized-dimensions D(q) are computed for a conserved measure of graph roughness.


We found that Adriamycin increased the pentose phosphate shunt activity in both Adriamycin-sensitive (WT) and Adriamycin-resistant (ADRR) human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. In contrast, hydrogen peroxide and cumene hydroperoxide markedly stimulated pentose-shunt activity in ADRR but only moderately increased the activity in WT cells. Furthermore, the altered oxidation-reduction regulation is associated with changes intrinsic to the key enzymes of the pentose-shunt pathway, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and with glutathione peroxidase. We found the Vmax values for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were 50- and 4-fold lower, respectively, in ADRR than WT cells and the Kms of NADP+ were 10-fold lower in ADRR than WT. The activity of glutathione reductase in ADRR is 42% of that in WT. In spite of these changes, the response of the cells to both hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxide is not limited by either the capacity of the pentose shunt or glutathione reductase, but is determined by the activity of glutathione peroxidase and a glutathione transferase which possess peroxidase activity. The kinetic properties of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in ADRR may, however, seriously limit the activity of cytochrome P-450 reductase, a major enzyme of Adriamycin conversion to a free radical.


Most of the aggregate-level analyses of the relationship between objective and subjective measures for well-being have limited themselves to the measures of national gross domestic product (GDP) and mean life satisfaction. We develop this line of research by embedding the analysis into the context of 289 NUTS (Nomenclature des Unités Territoriales Statistiques) regions in Europe and replacing the simple life satisfaction measure with measures of active human functioning. We suggest that the measures of personal and social well-being, as they are operationalized in the 6th Round of the European Social Survey (ESS) questionnaire, can be treated as subjective indicators for social and human capital and, thereby, can be associated with the regional level GDP in cross-sectional analysis. The empirical analysis shows that the indicator for 'social trust' appears to have a positive and significant correlation with regional GDP. The analysis also distinguishes another form of social capital; 'social contact and support', reflecting the relative frequency and quantity of social support, which also shows a positive relationship with regional GDP. Concerning subjective human capital, the strongest predictor for regional GDP appears to be the aggregated sense of 'competence and meaning' in the regions. These effects proved robust after including the objective control variables (population density, intramural research and development (R&D) expenditure, share of tertiary-educated population and employment).


[1] Using Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) radio occultation data from June 2006 to December 2009, the temperature structure and the tropopause height over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is studied in this paper. The temperature over the TP is warmer and experiences a lager magnitude of change than that over the same latitudinal plain area (hereinafter referred to as the Plain) at the same level of lower troposphere. The lapse rate tropopause (LRT) shows a strong correlation with thermal properties of the atmosphere. Its height variation is anticorrelated with its temperature, highest at ∼19 km and coldest at approximately −72°C in boreal summer, but lowest at ∼13 km and approximately −56°C in boreal winter. Those of the cold point tropopause (CPT) exhibit a positive correlation but barely seasonal variation all year long. As an outstanding heat source in boreal summer, the TP thermally pushes the LRT upward by ∼2 km compared with the Plain, while the LRT drops below that over the Plain in boreal winter. The LRT height is also strongly dependent on the subtropical jet that is associated with the tropopause fold and/or multiple tropopauses, leading to fairly bimodal distribution of the LRT probability density function. As the "roof of the world," the elevated topography of the TP dynamically lifts the CPT to a higher altitude without significantly seasonal variations. Along the latitude of 32.5°N the CPT is located at ∼18 km over the main body of the TP and drops to ∼15 km over the Plain. Given the area in the TP (30°–35°N, 87°–95°E) as well as in the Plain (30°–35°N, 112°–120°E), the CPT primarily resides at 17–18 km, 72.52% over the TP and 69.22% over the Plain. Their monthly mean difference can reach 1.4 km for the complete analysis period.


Introduction Experimental studies3,6,7indicate that the use of an artificial heart pump to provide long-term circulatory support is a valuable therapeutic adjunct in the treatment of heart failure. The use of a suitable pump to provide such support is therefore suggested in the treatment of clinical conditions in which heart failure has occurred but is potentially reversible. Pulmonary embolism, coronary thrombosis, and severe hemorrhagic shock are examples of conditions in which this variety of heart failure may occur. This paper describes a new type of heart pump which is being developed primarily for the sake of providing long-term circulatory support. An experimental study to evaluate the performance of the pump when used for 12-hour venoarterial perfusions in dogs is reported. Description of the Pump The new heart pump is powered by compressed air or other gas and is controlled by a fluid amplification system. A photograph of the latest


Both QoS support and congestion management techniques become essential to achieve good network performance in current high-speed interconnection networks. The most effective techniques traditionally considered for both issues, however, require too many resources for being implemented. In this paper we propose a new cost-effective switch architecture able to face the challenges of congestion management and, at the same time, to provide QoS. The efficiency of our proposal is based on using the resources (queues) used by RECN (an efficient Head-Of-Line blocking elimination technique) also for QoS support, without increasing queue requirements. Provided results show that the new switch architecture is able to guarantee QoS levels without any degradation due to congestion situations.


To the Editor:—Mark Twain may have overstated his distrust of statistics , but the issue of interpretation of statistics comes to the forefront in the study by Arbous et al. 1 and the accompanying editorial by Warner. 2 As the results of the study are discussed, Arbous et al. jump from describing associations between outcomes and management factors, to cause-and-effect descriptions: " it was found. .. a checklist decreased the risk, " " the reversal of the effect of opiates and muscle relaxants seems to decrease the risk, " and so on. Warner embraces these ersatz " risks " as showing " anesthetic management processes to dramatically reduce perioperative mortality. " When one looks at baseline characteristics of the study and control groups, there are, as the authors note, huge differences in the categories of urgent/emergent nature, time of day procedure performed, and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status. In fact, 40% of the study cases were rated American Society of Anesthesiologists V—not expected to survive for 24 h, with or without surgery (regardless of anesthetic management). If we accept that a large proportion of the study cases carry greater risk by virtue of their physical status and the emergent nature of the injury or disease process, and that urgent/ emergent cases generally account for all the outside working hour cases, differences in anesthetic management processes between the two groups seem more coincidentally associated than causative. Were equipment checks performed less frequently in the study group because of the emergent nature of the cases? Was the lower percentage of two providers at termination of a procedure simply a function of the outside hour the procedure was performed? Was the lower reversal rate of opiates and muscle relaxants due to the fact that the study group was sicker, undergoing more complex procedures, and so remained intubated postoperatively? Did the study groups receive fewer narcotics and local anesthetics for postoperative pain because of their moribund (comatose?) or unstable condition? This is not to suggest that anesthesia practice factors do not affect morbidity and mortality; some of the anesthetic practice factors in this study may one day be proven to be causative. But let us appreciate the method of this study for what it is: a tool to identify associations. Those associations then need to be further studied to identify them as caus-ative or coincidental. Cars manufactured on Monday do not have more …


Place names have been systematically studied by various disciplines, including linguistics, history, geography, and anthropology. Most of these studies have, however, focused on the historical value of place names in documenting language change, the spread of human settlement, distribution of geomorphological objects and the evolution of legal practices in times past. Surprisingly little attention has been paid to contemporary place-naming practi-ces and the role they play in structuring social relations and reproducing social identities. After reviewing the principal linguistic, geographical and anthropological approaches to place names we propose a multidisciplinary approach which should help us better under-stand the importance and significance of place names in the perception and construction of every-day landscapes.


BACKGROUND: Right hemicolectomy is indicated for primary appendiceal carcinoids with diameters greater than 2 cm because of an increased risk of metastasis to the lymph nodes of the gut. However, the natural history of positive nodes remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of metastatic lymph nodes on survival among patients with pure or mixed primary appendiceal carcinoids, while controlling for potential confounders such as age, sex, tumor size, surgical intervention, and lymph node rate (number of positive lymph nodes/lymph node yield). DESIGN: This is a retrospective comparative study.. SETTINGS: Data were retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. PATIENTS: Patients undergoing colectomy for appendiceal carcinoids between 1998 and 2009 were selected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The survival curves for the 2 groups were compared to evaluate differences in prognosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Lymph node rates did not significantly differ between the pure and mixed carcinoid groups (p = 0.768), although overall survival was poorer among patients with mixed carcinoids (p = 0.004; HR, 0.498; 95% CI, 0.310–0.800). For pure carcinoids, surgical intervention (p = 0.029; HR, 0.241; 95% CI, 0.067–0.867), age (p < 0.001; HR, 1.083; 95% CI, 1.051–1.116), and lymph node rate (p = 0.039; HR, 5.295; 95% CI, 1.089–25.754) were independent predictors of overall survival. For mixed carcinoids, surgical intervention (p = 0.019; HR, 1.675; 95% CI, 1.088–2.578), tumor size (p < 0.001; HR, 0.442; 95% CI, 0.286–0.683), age (p < 0.001; HR, 1.041; 95% CI, 1.026–1.056), and lymph node rate (p < 0.001; HR, 17.471; 95% CI, 10.047–0.382) were significant prognostic factors. LIMITATIONS: The study is limited by its retrospective nature and by the shortcomings of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database related to the availability and quality of data. CONCLUSION: Based on the data retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database and adjusted for potential confounding factors, the lymph node rate of metastasis strongly impacts overall survival among patients with pure or mixed carcinoids. Nodal metastasis thus appears to be a reliable clinical hallmark of tumor aggressiveness.


The research on the interplay of exploration and exploitation of opportunities is incompatible and its results and models are ambiguous. Past research witness that exploration and exploitation can co-exist, are parallel concept and are indeed necessary for long term survival and growth of firms. However, literature seems to lack clear and viable assertions in relation to timing and execution of exploration and exploitation. This has been an impediment to develop a better understanding of how and when to manage the exploration and exploitation absurdity. This paper takes the focus of incorporating creativity and innovation as a means to understand exploration and exploitation. An entrepreneurial framework within the context of opportunity and risk mindset was developed to highlight the role of exploration and exploitation. Empirical findings were gathered through an Australian-based case study, Aspire Solutions Group in providing practical avenues for organisations in making investment decisions relating to exploration and exploitation activities. A four quadrant matrix was developed in order to determine the choice of the level of exploration and exploitation within organisational settings.


The use of solid particles as a heat-transfer fluid and thermal storage media for concentrating solar power is a promising candidate for meeting levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) targets for next-generation CSP concepts. Meeting these cost targets for a given system concept will require optimization of the particle heat-transfer fluid with simultaneous consideration of all system components and operating conditions. This paper explores the trade-offs in system operating conditions and particle thermophysical properties on the levelized cost of electricity through parametric analysis. A steady-state modeling methodology for design point simulations dispatched against typical meteorological year (TMY) data is presented, which includes computationally efficient submodels of a falling particle receiver, moving packed-bed heat exchanger, storage bin, particle lift, and recompression supercritical CO2 (sCO2) cycle. The components selected for the baseline system configuration presents the most near-term realization of a particle-based CSP system that has been developed to date. However, the methodology could be extended to consider alternative particle receiver and heat exchanger concepts. The detailed system-level model coupled to component cost models is capable of propagating component design and performance information directly into the plant performance and economics. The system-level model is used to investigate how the levelized cost of electricity varies with changes in particle absorptivity, hot storage bin temperature, heat exchanger approach temperature, and sCO2 cycle operating parameters. Trade-offs in system capital cost and solar-to-electric efficiency due to changes in the size of the heliostat field, storage bins, primary heat exchanger, and receiver efficiency are observed. Optimal system operating conditions are reported, which approach levelized costs of electricity of $0.06 kWe−1hr−1.


The ninth edition of the International Petroleum Technology Conference (IPTC) took place 6–9 December 2015 in the Qatar National Convention Centre in Doha. This was the fourth time that Qatar Petroleum (QP) has hosted the event since the IPTC's inception in the same city back in 2005, with Shell acting as cohost for this year's event. Despite the current downturn in the oil markets, the conference and exhibition attracted 3,800 industry professionals, representing 630 companies from 63 countries.


Pulmonary embolism is a common disorder and an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Since genetic predisposition appears to explain only about one fifth of cases, identification of other risk factors is critical. Pulmonary embolism ranges from incidental, clinically unimportant thromboembolism to massive embolism with sudden death. The initial diagnostic approach in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism commonly involves transesophageal echocardiography and ventilation-perfusion scanning. In patients with indeterminate findings on these exams, thoracic spiral computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography are promising. Pulmonary angiography is becoming less used because it is invasive and expensive. Unfractionated heparin is considered the treatment of choice for most patients with pulmonary embolism, except those with hemodynamic instability, who may need thrombolytic therapy. There is limited information on the efficacy and safety of low-molecular-weight heparin for the initial treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. An up to date review of the international literature focused on epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, potential treatment and prognosis is presented.


The Alexander technique is an educational self-development self-management method with therapeutic benefits. The primary focus of the technique is learning about the self, conceptualized as a mind–body unity. Skills in the technique are gained experientially, including through hands-on and spoken guidance from a certified Alexander teacher, often using everyday movement such as walking and standing. In this article the authors summarize key evidence for the effectiveness of learning the Alexander technique and describe how the method was developed. They attempt to convey a sense of the unique all-encompassing and fundamental nature of the technique by exploring the perspectives of those engaged in teaching and learning it and conclude by bringing together elements of this account with relevant strands of qualitative research to view this lived experience in a broader context.


The Canary Island pine, Pinus canariensis, is an endemic tree that forms one of the main forest ecosystems within the archipelago, and whose distribution has been reduced in the last five centuries by clear cutting for the extraction of timber and tar. It was in the XXth century that exploitation declined and reforestation programs were brought forward for the restoration of an ecosystem that harbours a number of endangered endemic species of plants and animals. In addition to reforestation efforts, an understanding of population genetic processes is also necessary for the successful conservation management of the Canarian pine forest, particularly in light of gathering evidence for local adaptation. In this thesis historical and contemporary gene flow within P. canariensis was studied with nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers. High immigration rates (0.68–0.75) were estimated as expected for an outcrossing windpollinated tree. Nevertheless, significant population differentiation (theta = 0.019, RST = 0.044) was detectable for sites separated by only a few kilometres. Within the context of reforestation programs the high levels of gene flow detected would appear to have a positive effect on reforested stands by facilitating the immigration of local alleles from natural stands into potentially genetically depauperate first generation gene pools of reforested stands. Historical population growth was revealed with chloroplast microsatellites for most populations of P. canariensis. Population expansions for the pine parasite weevil Brachyderes rugatus were also detected, broadly coinciding with the population expansions within the Canary Island pine forests. Given the estimated times of expansion, these population demographic increases would seem likely related to the process of colonisation of newly emerged islands or local patches after volcanic disturbance. Detection and dating of these expansions from chloroplast microsatellites was, to some degree, negatively affected by homoplasy (i.e. parallel and back mutations). Coalescent simulations of the evolution of chloroplast microsatellites were applied to study the effects of homoplasy in the statistical analysis of population structuring. Measures of genetic diversity based on number of haplotypes and genetic distances were differently affected. Genetic distances were underestimated but were proportional to the actual value. These effects help to explain the lower performance of statistical analyses for the detection and dating of population expansions. Further research on the effects of homoplasy in the analysis of population differentiation using chloroplast microsatellites is essential.


Investment of portfolio known that there is an important level of uncertainty about the future worth of a portfolio. The concept of value at risk (VAR) has been used to help describe a portfolio's uncertainty. The current trend of investment in India is to invest in stock market which categorized as a high-risk level of investment. There are various methods to calculate the variance. Monte Carlo simulation method is one of the methods to calculate the VAR of the portfolio. Monte-Carlo simulation method is considered to be the optimization technique in which objective is to minimize/maximize the risk/profit before making any type of investment with portfolio. The Monte Carlo simulation method calculation for VAR of a portfolio can briefly be summarized in two steps. In the first step, a stochastic process is specified for financial variables. In the second step, financial variable of interest are simulated to get fictitious price path. The aim of the research is to develop the financial model for the safest portfolio selection based on VAR and Markowitz classical models. In the financial model, at first we measures the value at risk of Indian equity markets over short horizon of time (less than one year) by creating multiple scenarios by using Monte Carlo simulation. With the help of financial model, we ranks measured values at risk by using statistical tools. Finally, financial model will suggest an optimal portfolio over the same horizon of time using a developed optimization model. A real case study was selected and introduced to find the safest allocation of a portfolio; eight of the most active share volume was selected to perform a analysis. The results obtained by financial model indicates that the reliability description of the portfolio's uncertainty and then gave highly reliable recommendation on portfolio optimization.


The complexity of computer systems in many application areas has increased rapidly in the last decade. In order to deal with this complexity, application programs should be constructed by layering reusable modules. Therefore, an object-based design and implementation methodology is advocated. In addition, dependability of these computer systems is very important, and thus timeliness has to be guaranteed. In this paper, a pre-run-time scheduling approach is proposed to guarantee timeliness for computer systems in an almost fully predictable environment and in the presence of faults. The advantages of pre-run-time scheduling over other strategies to guarantee timeliness are discussed. The approach is used to schedule applications with a novel combination of timing and functional constraints. In addition, a novel characteristic of the approach is the enhancement of inherent parallelism of an application in order to find a schedule.<<ETX>>


Realistic generative face video synthesis has long been a pursuit in both computer vision and graphics community. However, existing face video generation methods tend to produce low-quality frames with drifted facial identities and unnatural movements. To tackle these challenges, we propose a principled framework named StyleFaceV, which produces high-fidelity identity-preserving face videos with vivid movements. Our core insight is to decompose appearance and pose information and recompose them in the latent space of StyleGAN3 to produce stable and dynamic results. Specifically, StyleGAN3 provides strong priors for high-fidelity facial image generation, but the latent space is intrinsically entangled. By carefully examining its latent properties, we propose our decomposition and recomposition designs which allow for the disentangled combination of facial appearance and movements. Moreover, a temporal-dependent model is built upon the decomposed latent features, and samples reasonable sequences of motions that are capable of generating realistic and temporally coherent face videos. Particularly, our pipeline is trained with a joint training strategy on both static images and high-quality video data, which is of higher data efficiency. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our framework achieves state-of-the-art face video generation results both qualitatively and quantitatively. Notably, StyleFaceV is capable of generating realistic $1024\times1024$ face videos even without high-resolution training videos.


A remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) the Phantom S2, is being converted to an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) for shallow-water and coastal environments. After an overview of issues associated with designing and implementing an automated monitoring system, we provide justification and motivation for our research and define ecosystems and ecosystem management. We then discusses how the ROV to AUV conversion is being done by using mostly commercially available of-the-shelf hardware and software technologies. We then present the fundamentals of the three-layer fuzzy-logic navigation scheme for the underwater vehicle, as well as details pertaining to the virtual-reality-based environment modeling approach.


In this work, the pits were successfully etched on the (001) sapphire single crystal surface. The experiments were processed by using fused KOH etchant at different temperature about 15 minutes. The difference in the morphology of etching pits on c plane sapphire was observed by metallurgical microscope and atomic force microscopy. It was found that the size of etch pits would be increasing if the temperature high enough. And the density of etch pits had a maximum at about 320°C.Finally, it was put forward and discussed that three kinds of mechanisms about the etching pits based on the experimental fact: annexed, merger, expansion.


[1] Comparisons between tidal wind signatures diagnosed from satellite and ground-based observations and a general circulations model for two (September–October 2005, March–April 2007) of the four Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES) Global Tidal Campaign observation periods are presented (CAWSES is an international program sponsored by Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics). Specific comparisons are made between model (extended Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model), satellite (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED)), meteor, MF and incoherent scatter radar (ISR), and lidar tidal signatures in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The satellite and ground-based signatures are in good agreement and demonstrate for the first time that the tidal wind fields observed by both types of observations are consistent with each other. This is the first time that such agreement has been reported and effectively resolves the long-standing issue between ground-based radar and satellite optical measurements of winds. This level of agreement, which has proved elusive in the past, was accomplished by superposing the significant tidal components from the satellite analyses to reconstruct the fields observed by the ground stations. Particularly striking in these comparisons is the extent to which the superposed fields show strong geographic variability. This variability is also seen in the component superpositions generated from the extended Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (eCMAM), although differences in the geographic patterns are evident.