A field study was conducted to determine the yield potential of three promising lines of long staple cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) and the effect of environment (soil moisture and fertility) on the fibre properties of these lines. The cotton lines were planted on three different dates, depicting three different soil moisture scenarios. Five fertilizer (N:P:K) levels (0:0:0, 30:13:13, 60:26:26, 90:39:39, and 120:52:52) and three lines [Pima S2, Giza 45, and Bar 14/25(79)24], were arranged in a split-plot design with cotton lines assigned to the main plot and fertilizer levels to the sub-plots. Boll weight, seed cotton yield, and seed and lint yields were significantly influenced by soil moisture conditions. Fibre length, fineness, and fibre strength increased with increase in soil moisture conditions. Soil fertility levels had no impact on seed cotton and lint yields and on fibre properties except for fineness. Genotype Giza 45 had the finest fibre and a moderate fibre length.


LOPES aims for an active role of the patient by selective and partial support of gait functions during robotic treadmill training sessions. Virtual model control (VMC) was applied to the robot as an intuitive method for translating current treadmill gait rehabilitation therapy programs into robotic rehabilitation therapy. Virtual models are proposed for the selective control of gait functions during treadmill training. From this collection of models several, representing the extremes of the entire set of virtual models, were implemented. The results show that VMC is a promising method for the control of a gait rehabilitation robot.


Abstract We present a multimodal spatial data access framework designed to serve the informational and computational requirements of architectural design assistance systems that are intended to provide intelligent spatial decision support and analytical capabilities. The framework focuses on multiperspective semantics, qualitative and artifactual spatial abstractions, and industrial conformance and interoperability within the context of the industry foundation classes. The framework provides qualitative and cognitively adequate representational mechanisms, and the formal interpretation of the structural form of indoor spaces that are not directly provided by conventional computer-aided design based or quantitative models of space. We illustrate the manner in which these representations directly provide the spatial abstractions that are needed to enable the implementation of intelligent analytical capabilities in design assistance tools. We introduce the framework, and also provide detailed use cases that illustrate the usability of the framework and the manner of its utilization within architectural design assistance systems.


Broccoli is rich in glucosinolates, which can be converted upon chewing and processing into Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) ligands. Activation of AhR plays an important role in overall gut homeostasis but the role of broccoli processing on the generation of AhR ligands is still largely unknown. In this study, the e ff ects of temperature, cooking method (steaming versus boiling), gastric pH and further digestion of broccoli on AhR activation were investigated in vitro and in ileostomy subjects. For the in vitro study, raw, steamed ( t = 3 min and t = 6 min) and boiled ( t = 3 min and t = 6 min) broccoli were digested in vitro with di ff erent gastric pH. In the in vivo ileostomy study, 8 subjects received a broccoli soup or a broccoli soup plus an exogenous myrosinase source. AhR activation was measured in both in vitro and in vivo samples by using HepG2-Lucia ™ AhR reporter cells. Cooking broccoli reduced the AhR activation measured after gastric digestion in vitro , but no e ff ect of gastric pH was found. Indole AhR ligands were not detected or detected at very low levels both after intestinal in vitro digestion and in the ileostomy patient samples, which resulted in no AhR activation. This suggests that the evaluation of the relevance of glucosinolates for AhR modulation in the gut cannot prescind from the way broccoli is processed, and that broccoli consumption does not necessarily produce substantial amounts of AhR ligands in the large intestine.


A brief account of the representative and workable industrial minerals namely magnesite, talc and barite in Lesser Himalaya, is presented here emphasizing their genesis. Deposits of magnesite and talc are found associated with Neoproterozoic, plateform type, shelf-slope limestone-dolomite host rocks from inner Lesser Himalayan sequences. Field, textural, geochemical signatures and fluid inclusions trapped in dolomite and magnesite reveal within basin processes, in an increased burial- diagenetic environment responsible for formation of magnesite replacing dolomite. Talc is formed at the expense of magnesite and silica, and with limited dolomite involvement at transition conditions from diagenetic to metamorphism. Barite deposit is hosted within Neoproterozoic Nagthat quartzite rocks of outer Lesser Himalaya, wherein its textures, fluid inclusion, sulfur and strontium isotopic studies helped in genetic understanding.


For modeling proteins in conformational states, two methods of representation are used: internal coordinates and Cartesian coordinates. Each of these representations contain a large amount of structural and simulation information. Different processing steps require one or the other representation. Our goal is to rapidly translate between these coordinate spaces so that a scientist can choose whichever method he or she would like independent of the coordinate representation required. An algorithm to convert Cartesian to internal coordinates is implemented by taking a protein structure file and the trajectories of protein's atoms within a time frame. The implementation then computes bond distances, bond angles and torsion angles of the atoms. This is implemented on two types of hardware: CPU and a heterogeneous system combining CPU and GPU. The CPU sequential codes in MATLAB and C are compared with MATLAB Parallel Computing Toolbox, OpenMP, and GPU versions in CUDA-C and CUDA-MATLAB. The performance is evaluated on two different protein structure files and their trajectories. Our results show that this computation is well suited to the parallelism offered in modern Graphics Processing Units. We see many orders of magnitude improvement in speed over the original MATLAB code and have brought the computation time from over an hour down to tens of milliseconds.


With its 2015 electoral victory in Greece, Syriza became the first left political party to lead a European government since the founding of the European Union. As such, its eventual capitulation to the demands of the Troika was a bitter development, and not only for the people of Greece. Because the need for change remains as great as ever, and efforts at electoral-based transformations continue, especially in Europe, this paper seeks to assess the Greek experience, and in particular Syriza's political options and choices, in order to help activists more effectively respond to the challenges faced when confronting capitalist power. Section 1 examines how Greece's membership in the euro area promoted an increasingly fragile and unsustainable economic expansion over the period 2001 to 2007. Section 2 discusses the role of the Troika in Greece's 2008 to 2014 downward spiral into depression. Section 3 discusses the ways in which popular Greek resistance to their country's crisis helped to shape and nourish Syriza as a new type of left political organization, "a mass connective party." Section 4 critically analyzes the Syriza-led government's political choices, highlighting alternative policies not chosen that might have helped the government break the Troika's strangle hold over the Greek economy and further radicalize the Greek population. Section 5 concludes with a presentation of five lessons from the Greek experience of relevance for future struggles.


Brand image is supposed to influence consumers' product evaluations. The goal of this study was to enlighten this phenomenon. A total of 220 participants rated fictitious but realistic articles from newspapers that have different images: Blick, a popular tabloid newspaper and NZZ, a traditional quality newspaper. Articles were created that appeared as if they were copied from Blick or NZZ but, in fact, both contained the same text. The main hypothesis that product ratings would differ as a result of the manipulation of image was confirmed. Participants evaluated the fictitious articles completely differently. As expected, product ratings were in line with the related brand images. Also, more salient stimuli elicited stronger image effects. The effect persisted at general as well as detailed product-rating levels. Next to product ratings, image effects also influenced participants' consumption experiences. Involvement, knowledge, and usage did not moderate the image effect.


The determination of the safety of a patient with dementia who continues to drive is a difficult task for the physician who cares for geriatric patients. This study used the Traffic Sign Recognition Test (TSRT) discrimination between dementia patients who continue to drive and normal elderly volunteers. Thirty-seven subjects with dementia who continue to drive and 47 normal elderly volunteers were recruited to participate in the study. Each group was tested with the TSRT similar to that used for licensing in the state of Indiana. The difference in total number of signs correctly identified between the two groups was determined using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. The difference between groups of each individual sign recognition was determined using a Chi Square test. The affected group was also tested with a neuropsychological battery (NB) designed to measure skills thought to be needed for driving. Drivers with dementia correctly identified 5.95 (± 2.17) of the 10 traffic signs used in licensing as compared to the normal elderly volunteers who correctly identified 8.77 (± 1.58) total signs (p < 0.0001). The "Slow Moving Vehicle" sign provided the largest difference between the two groups; demented drivers correctly identified the sign 39 percent of the time, compared with 89 percent in the normal volunteers (X2= 15.333, df= 1, p < 0.005). Only 76 percent of the demented drivers correctly identified a "Stop" sign compared with 98 percent of the normal elderly drivers. The percentage of correctly identified signs on the TSRT also correlated with several tests in the NB. Drivers with dementia who continue to drive perform worse on traffic sign recognition than normal elderly drivers. While our current screening tool did not assess the driving safety of either group, it suggests that demented patients who still drive may not recognize common traffic signs and may thus pose a risk to society.


A reverse phase HPLC method is described for the determination of Nelfinavir Mesylate in tablet dosage form. Chromatography was carried on an ODS column using a mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer pH 6 (90:10 v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min with detection at 230 nm. The retention time of the drug was 6.68 min. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 1-20 mcg/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was 1.0 and 10.0 mcg/ mL respectively. The percentage assay of Nelfinavir Mesylate was 99.77 %. The method was validated by determining its sensitivity, accuracy and precision. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate and precise and hence can be applied for routine quality control of Nelfinavir Mesylate in bulk and tablet dosage form.


Abstract : A traditional compiler translates each expression or statement in a high-level language into a sequence of lower-level target statements (e.g., operations in an intermediate representation, or machine instructions), in a manner fixed by the compiler writer. The output is then subject to further optimization. This compilation strategy is called custom code generation, as the compiler generates custom code for each input construct. An alternative strategy is to generate a call to a runtime library for each high-level language construct. This approach is attractive if the source language contains complex, powerful constructs, like the distributed array assignment statement in High Performance FORTRAN (HPF). The decision between custom code generation and use of a runtime library involves tradeoffs between efficiency (performance of the generated code), maintainability (ease of developing and maintaining the algorithm), and generality (implementation of the general case, rather than merely a simplified canonical case). I introduce a new compilation strategy, high-level code composition, which combines the advantages of custom code generation and runtime libraries. The compilation of each construct is controlled by code templates, which contain both target code to be generated and compile-time control instructions that specify how the templates are composed together. The templates are external to the compiler, making them easy to write and modify.


The distributions of temperature, salinity thermosteric anomaly, density flux function and stability along 88 degrees E in the Bay of Bengal are presented. The surface salinities showed strong gradients both horizontally and vertically in northern Bay of Bengal. Two isolated high salinity pockets coinciding with the 400 cl/t steric surface have been identified as the remnants of the Arabian Sea High Salinity Watermass. The salinity maxima in the depth range of 200-900 m have been explained as due to the penetration of the isohaline layer which forms (at the boundary) when Persian Gulf watermass and Red Sea watermass come in contact in the Arabian Sea. The geostrophic flow pattern shows that the flow is primarily westward except between 12 degrees and 14 degrees N and at extreme southern and northern regions of the section. The mass transport relative to 1000 db is also estimated


The Compagnie Generale d'Electricite started in the construction of the telecommunications satellites at the bottom. On a market controlled by the American firms, the french company benefited by the public orders to build earth stations of emission-reception. It is still with the orders of the french administration of telecommunications that the industry of satellites construction is built (program Telecom 1), CGE took a place in this industry by the purchase of the Thomson's subsidiaries. Gradually, the European orders will take over, at the moment where the firm is more and more European (1986-1987). In the 1990's, the evolution of the satellites market forced Alcatel Space to enter in a competitive logic.The constitution of the industrial pole of space telecommunications within the CGE is the result of a long term industrial policy of the authorities as well as the consequence of restructurings of the telecommunications industry (agreements, mergers…). This sector was never a strong axis of development of the group, but today, Alcatel subsidiary in space telecommunications is the first European manufacturer of satellites.


WITH AUTISM: A STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF FUTURE LEARNING by PAMELA LYNN HAUKE (Under the Direction of David L. Gast) ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of presenting non-target stimuli in the consequent event on the future learning of non-target stimuli for 5 children with autism using a constant time delay (CTD) procedure to teach students to read sight words. Following criterion level performance in the future and non-future conditions, students were taught using a CTD procedure to read the future target words and a new set of target stimuli. An adapted alternated treatments design was used to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of the two instructional conditions. Results indicated that presentation of future target stimuli does not interfere with current target stimuli instruction. Future research needs to be conducted to determine if students will require fewer sessions and less instructional time to achieve criterion on future target stimuli compared to initial target stimuli.


This paper constitutes one of six analyses of cross-sectoral challenges in water governance. These have been conducted as part of the STEER research project and results are published in separate analyses and position papers. The Emscher River restoration project reveals wide-ranging usage conflicts associated with the long-term revitalisation of the water system for the development of the natural environment. The Emscher was converted into an open wastewater channel in the late 19th Century. With mining activity having ceased in the Ruhr region, it has been possible to discharge wastewater via subterranean sewers and improve the environmental quality of the water courses. This modification process requires coordination between sectors and local authorities, particularly the water, open space development and nature conservation sectors. The completed governance analysis shows that coordination in the Emscher catchment area is already effective, be it between stakeholders at local, regional and national level (vertical), or between the different sectors (horizontal). Examples include forums for dialogue between local authorities, voluntary environmental monitoring during construction, financing options for green infrastructure projects and a GIS (geographic information system)-based tool facilitating coordination between different public departments. The regional water board, the Emschergenossenschaft (Emscher Cooperative), initiates many processes that combine water course modification with urban planning and landscape architecture. There is room for improvement when it comes to involving citizens at an early stage and on a comprehensive basis in all planning and implementation processes in order to increase acceptance among stakeholders. Planning processes should also be characterised by a higher degree of flexibility. The following recommendations arise from the analysis: * Coordination at regional level has proven to be a success factor. This involves regular dialogue between regional stakeholders. * The cooperative principle, which involves the region's cities and companies as associates within the water board, is highly conducive to regional coordination. * Working groups operating across sectors and local authorities have also emerged as a useful instrument. * The concept of ecosystem services could also be useful for identifying usage conflicts at an early stage and finding viable solutions and/or compromises.


Forest products are important to rural households across virtually all forest types in developing countries. There are, however, only few comprehensive and systematic efforts at valuing these products and determining their absolute and relative economic importance to rural households. Having used the novel income survey approach developed by the global Poverty and Environment Network (PEN), this paper presents methodological experiences with forest product valuation in lowland Bolivia. Household (n = 118) data was collected in six communities in the Tropics of Cochabamba from February 2006 to January 2007. Households used a large number of products, including 151 forest and non-forest environmental products. Valuing all these products was time consuming but possible using the households' own-reported values. Even for non-traded products useful values can be estimated. Generally, using household ownreported estimates result in aggregate unit values with satisfactory properties.


Chlorine is an essential building block in the environment and can be found in most places. Chlorine participates in a complex biogeochemical cycle and has been discussed for many years and it is well documented that natural chlorination of organic compound takes place in many parts of the ecosystem. Chlorine can be inorganic (Clin) and organically bound (Clorg). Previous studies have shown that the transformation of Clin to Clorg is connected with the amount of organic matter and the microbial activity in the soil. So far, studies have been focused on forest soil and there is a need for analysing the natural chlorination in other soil types. The aim of this study was to provide chlorination rates in agricultural soil which does not weem to have been done previously. Three common agricultural soils experiencing different agricultural practice and different cropping systems were incubated with Na36Cl at 20o C in a 56 days radiotracer experiment. The results show that a chlorination of 36Clin to 36Clorg in agricultural soil occurred and the Clorg levels increased over time. The chlorination rates ranged from 0,040 to 0,063 μg Cl g dry weight soil-1 d1. This was 10-fold lower than rates previously measured in coniferous forest soil. However, when expressed as μg Cl g dry weight organic carbon-1 d-1, rates in the agricultural soil was only slightly (at the most 2-fold) lower than in coniferous forest. This study contributes with new knowledge of natural chlorination rates in agricultural soil and gives further evidence that the natural chlorination can be connected to the amount of organic matter in the soil.


"Your majesties reigne...[is] an age wherein if science bee increased, conscience is rather decayed, and if mens wits bee great their wills be greater." So begins Francis Bacon's rationale for the writing of his commentary The Elements of the Common Lawes of England, presented to the queen in 1598. His work will provide a remedy for the recent tendency toward cavilling by those witty, wilful and corrupt male subjects (some of them lawyers), "so that the incertainty of law, which is the principal and most just challenge that is made to the lawes of our nation at this time will be...corrected" (Preface). Bacon's concern about the individual's conscience and will (matters which at one time were the jurisdiction of God and his stand-in, the Confessor) and his relation of this concern to the well-being of the state itself aligns his text with a proliferation of 16th-century works articulating the rationale for what Michel Foucault calls the "governance" of the individual by the state. As historian Colin Gordon explains, "government" used in this way refers to "'the conduct of conduct'...a form of activity aiming to shape, guide or affect the conduct of some person or persons" (2). Through a "political pastorate," the state as "shepherd" will both totalize--know and govern the entire population of a nation--and individualize--instruct, correct and direct the conduct of each citizen. The "policies" of such governance include "startlingly ambitious promises" of prosperity (Gordon 12), of the fulfilment of human desire in this world and not the next, of "the utmost happiness...in life" (Foucault, "Omnes" 250). Foucault argues that this form of government "as a general problem seems...to explode in the sixteenth century" ("Governmentality" 87). When Francis Bacon complains about those wilful subjects with deteriorating consciences who require such governance, he is principally concerned with what happens in the courtroom, where the law is manipulated through rhetorical prowess. He sets out to discern and relate the true intentions of the principal maxims of the law, in order to protect the law from the devious intentions of duplicitous legal subjects. His concern is "that words are so to bee understood, that they worke somewhat, and bee not idle and frivolous" (18). The words of the law require Bacon "to restraine and represse them" in order that "the great hollownesse and unsafety in assurances of lands and goods" might be corrected ("Epistle Dedicatorie"). He will intervene as master interpreter and guardian, as shepherd in a pastoral relation. In this essay, I wish to explore how two other 16th-century law books--Doctor and Student and The Lawes Resolutions of Women's Rights: Or, The Lawes Provision for Woemen--employ the "worke" of words in order to operate as "tactics of governance." Both are produced by legal practitioners for a lay reading public. Both provide knowledge about the legal subject for this subject's own consumption, with the promise of greater prosperity through self-knowledge. Doctor and Student is directed implicitly at landholding men; it defines, celebrates and works to limit what it sees as the supreme liberty of those holding absolute title to land. The Lawes Resolutions is directed explicitly at the daughters, wives and widows of such men; it provides English women with knowledge about their own position in the law so that they might use the law (and their own wits) to protect themselves and their estates from the grasp of duplicitous, land-hungry men. The aim of this text is to conscript the services of women in the governance of both themselves and the men with whom they are involved. Both texts paradoxically claim to liberate while acting to restrain their implied readers, soliciting voluntary acts of self-governance for the good of the whole English realm. Such covert enforcement proceeds by the employment of several literary devices: a narrative voice, fictional characters, references to characters from other well known narratives (from St. …


Litchi cultivation is one of the most important income sources for small-scale farmers in the northern upland regions of Thailand. However, increasing productivity and trade liberalisation have lead to a considerable decline of farm-gate prices that threatens the profitability of litchi cultivation. Neglect of the orchards, or cutting down litchi trees in the worse cases, are the ultimate effects. This change in litchi cultivation endangers sustainable land use and accelerates soil erosion. To avert such developments, supportive measures to find upgrading possibilities within the value chain of litchis that put the upland farmers in a more strategically advantaged position are required. Different upgrading strategies in comparison to the present situation of upland farmers are the focus of an ongoing field research in Chiang Mai province in northern Thailand. The overall objective is the assessment of different upgrading strategies to give recommendations about the most suitable alternative for upland farmers; meaning solutions that align high benefits with sustainable land use. One upgrading strategy within the value chain is the production of higher quality litchi that can be sold to special "niche" markets rather than ordinary wholesale markets. Another strategy is upgrading production through the adoption of further activities in the value chain, in particular the case of litchi drying. Necessary equipment for the drying is foremost a drying oven, fuelled by either gas or wood. The intention of litchi drying directly by the farmers is a decoupling of the volatile fresh market and a takeover of an activity that offers additional benefits. It is believed both strategies can increase and sustain netprofits of upland farmers. To assess these strategies, different value chains for fresh as well as dried litchis were analysed, including value chains with a focus either on exports or local markets. The analysis followed the value-chain-analysis approach where special attention is paid to organisational structures and contract type. The economic evaluation of different upgrading strategies was done by a cost-benefit analysis, with a special focus on investment and processing costs. Based on a strengthand weakness analysis of the present situation of upland farmers, adoption possibilities are critical discussed.


Objectives: To investigate the relationship between obesity and distal radius fracture severity after low-energy trauma and to identify patient-specific risk factors predictive of increasing fracture severity. Design: Retrospective review. Setting: Level 1 Trauma Center. Patients/Participants: Four hundred twenty-three adult subjects with a history of fracture of the distal radius resulting from a fall from standing height. Intervention: Demographic data and injury characteristics were obtained. Preoperative wrist radiographs were reviewed and classified by the OTA classification system. Distal radius fractures were categorized as simple [closed and extra-articular (OTA 23-A)] and complex [intra-articular (OTA 23-B or 23-C) or open fracture or concomitant ipsilateral upper extremity fracture]. Multivariate logistic regression was completed to model the probability of incurring a complex fracture. Main Outcome Measurements: Simple versus complex fracture pattern. Results: Average age at the time of injury was 53.8 years (range, 18.9–98.4). Seventy-nine percent of subjects were female. The average body-mass index was 28.1 (range, 13.6–59.5). Two hundred forty-four patients (58%) suffered complex distal radius fractures per study criteria. Obese patients (body-mass index > 30) demonstrated increased fracture severity as per the OTA classification (P = 0.039) and were more likely to suffer a complex injury (P = 0.032). Multivariate regression identified male gender, obesity, and age ≥50 as independent risk factors for sustaining a complex fracture pattern. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with more complex fractures of the distal radius after low-energy trauma, particularly in elderly patients. This relationship may have important epidemiologic implications predictive of future societal fracture burden and severity in an obese, aging population. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the value of percutaneous endopyelotomy (PE) in the treatment of ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction, particularly after failed ureteropelvioplasty.

METHODS
A series of 14 (PE) procedures performed at our institution were retrospectively studied. The patients were divided into two groups: group I comprised patients in whom PE was used for primary repair and group II comprised patients submitted to PE after failed ureteropelvioplasty. The patients were assessed for hydronephrosis, lithiasis, previous procedures performed, operating time, duration of hospital stay and outcome. The Fisher test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS
The success of PE did not correlate with the degree of hydronephrosis, the presence of calculus or a previous procedure. The operating times were similar for both groups and for patients with and without lithiasis. The results were better for group II than for group I (p = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
1. In correctly selected cases, PE appears to be a good method of treatment for recurrent UPJ obstruction after failed ureteropelvioplasty. 2. The difficulty and the operating time of PE for recurrent UPJ obstruction is not different to that of previously untreated cases. No factor was found to correlate more with the success or failure of PE.


Millets are gaining attention due to their many advantages in cultivation and overall nutritional benefits. Research has been carried out to explore the nutritional properties of various millets. However, the use of millets in today's food processing is minimal as compared to wheat. Three minor millets, namely foxtail, proso, and pearl millets grown in Iran were used in this study. The  water  absorption characteristics and hardness of these millets have been investigated. The effect that millet flours incorporated in dough have on its rheology has been studied and compared with the effect of wheat on dough rheology. The moisture content of millets increased with an increase in the water temperature, and a regular increase in the water absorption capacity, too, was observed as the temperature rose. The hardness of the millet decreased with an increase in the moisture content of the grains. Pearl millet has been found to have the lowest hardness irrespective of the steeping time and temperature. Incorporation  of millet in the dough adversely affected the dough rheology in terms of workability and baking quality. Proso millet highly negatively affected the dough rheology in terms of dough hardness, stability, and dynamic rheological properties. This research highlights the possibility to predict the water absorption characteristics of millet grains to be used to optimise the conditions under which millets are steeped in various bioprocessing operations. It is supposed that on performing proper baking trials to compare the properties of composite flours made from these millets, the results of the rheological studies will prove beneficial and the rheological properties and behaviour will be accurately correlated when the food is applied practically.


The present study analyzes interregional migration flows in Finland during 1985-96 using a large sample from the longitudinal census data file. The regional concentration of population has sped up in recent years, and most migrants now head to five urban growth centers. The empirical analysis reveals that it is particularly the human capital component (young, educated individuals) that moves to, and stays in, the growth centers. They are attracted by the higher expected wages and employment chances. Conversely, some individuals, mainly older and less educated ones, move back to their original home regions. This countermovement reduces the speed of population concentration. Declining regions are nevertheless rapidly losing their most productive human capital through interregional migration flows.


The development engineer has to face the question of where to place an interleaver in a digital communication system. In this paper we propose to solve this problem according to the channel transmission characteristics in the particular case of turbo-equalization system. Using a state of the art in coded modulations and some simulation results, we deduce the best interleaver, among the coordinate, bit and symbol interleavers, depending on the channel time selectivity. The coordinate interleaver is then proposed as a trade-off between the two latter types of interleaver.


Accepted 15 April 2009 ABSTRACT Objective: To appraise the published epidemiological evidence quantifying the risk of falls associated with acute and usual alcohol consumption among young and middleaged adults. Design: Systematic review. Methods: Data sources: searches of electronic databases (eg, Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus), websites of relevant organisations, major injury journals, reference lists of relevant articles, and contact with experts in the field. Inclusion criteria: epidemiological studies with an English language abstract investigating alcohol use as a risk factor (exposure) for unintentional falls or related injuries among individuals aged 25–60 years. Studies were critically appraised using the GATE LITE tool. Meta-analysis was not attempted because of the heterogeneity of the eligible studies. Results: Four case–control, three cohort and one case– crossover study fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The studies showed an increased risk of unintentional falls among young and middle-aged adults with increasing exposure to alcohol use. However, the magnitude of this risk varied considerably across studies with most estimates being relatively imprecise. Modest evidence of a dose–response relationship with acute alcohol use was observed. The association between usual alcohol use and fall risk was inconclusive, and evidence of a gender difference was inconsistent. Conclusions: Alcohol use appears to be an important risk factor for falls among young and middle-aged adults. Controlled studies with sufficient power that adjust effect estimates for potential confounders (eg, fatigue, recreational drug use) are required to determine the populationbased burden of fall-related injuries attributable to alcohol. This can help inform and prioritise falls prevention strategies for this age group.


Many security protocols are built as the composition of an application-layer protocol and a secure transport protocol, such as TLS. There are many approaches to proving the correctness of such protocols. One popular approach is verification by abstraction, in which the correctness of the application-layer protocol is proven under the assumption that the transport layer satisfies certain properties, such as confidentiality. Following this approach, we adapt the strand spaces model in order to analyse application-layer protocols that depend on an underlying secure transport layer, including unilaterally authenticating secure transport protocols, such as unilateral TLS. Further, we develop proof rules that enable us to prove the correctness of application-layer protocols that use either unilateral or bilateral secure transport protocols. We then illustrate these rules by proving the correctness of WebAuth, a single-sign-on protocol that makes extensive use of unilateral TLS. In this thesis we also present a full proof of the model's soundness. In particular, we prove that, subject to a suitable independence assumption, if there is an attack against the application-layer protocol when layered on top of a particular secure transport protocol, then there is an attack against the abstracted model of the application-layer protocol. In contrast to existing work in this area, the independence assumption consists of eight statically-checkable conditions, meaning that it can be checked statically, rather than having to consider all possible runs of the protocol. Lastly, we extend the model to allow protocols that consist of an arbitrary number of layers to be proven correct. In this case, we prove the correctness of the intermediate layers using the high-level strand spaces model, by abstracting away from the underlying transport-layers. Further, we extend the above soundness results in order to prove that the multi-layer approach is sound. We illustrate the effectiveness of our technique by proving the correctness of a couple of simple multi-layer protocols.


Aims: Type 2 diabetes is increasing as a common global health issue. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparison of the effect of eight weeks aerobic training and vitamin C supplements on antioxidant enzymes in men with type 2 diabetes. Materials & Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 45 men with type 2 diabetes were selected by convenience sampling method. Were divided randomly into 3 equal groups: aerobic training with supplement, aerobic training with placebo and control groups. Aerobic training program included aerobic trainings up to 50-60 minutes at 65%-75% maximum reserve heart rate, three sessions per week which lasted for 8 weeks. Meanwhile, the supplement group took 100 mg of vitamin C before each training session. In this period, the control group did not take part in any physical activity. To make intra and between groups comparison, repeated measure (ANOVA) was used. For all statistical comparisons, the level of significance was set at p<0.05. Findings: Eight weeks aerobic training with placebo and vitamin C supplements lead to a significant reduction in MDA and increase of SOD and CAT in men with Type 2 Diabetes. The average differences in the MDA, SOD and CAT levels have a statistically significant difference between the three groups. Conclusion: Eight weeks of aerobic training, vitamin C supplements consumption and especially mix of them with together have similar affected on increase of antioxidant enzymes, prevents exercise-induced oxidative stress and thus type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is recommended to use this method as an effective nonpharmacologic treatment method for prevention of adverse effects of an increased incidence of diabetes mellitus.


A GC-based approach involving preseparation via solid-phase extraction was established for the quantitation of acyl chain oxidation products (ACOPs) formed upon thermo-oxidation (180 °C, 40 min) of oleates and linoleates of phytostanols and phytosterols. The concentrations of ACOPs resulting from initially formed 9-hydroperoxides (octanoates, 8-hydroxyoctanoates, 9-oxononanoates) were higher than those from 8-hydroperoxides (heptanoates, 7-hydroxy- and 7-oxoheptanoates, 8-oxooctanoates) in both oleates and linoleates. Significantly higher amounts of ACOPs were found in heat-treated linoleates compared to oleates. However, despite lower thermally induced losses of stanyl oleates and linoleates compared to the respective steryl esters, higher concentrations of ACOPs (approximately 9 and 10% of the ester losses, respectively) were observed in the heat-treated stanyl esters. In contrast, in the heated steryl oleates and linoleates the contribution of the ACOPs to the ester losses was lower (approximately 3 and 5%, respectively), and there was a more pronounced formation of oxidation products of the sterol moieties (approximately 26 and 18% of the ester losses, respectively).


The implementation of ERP systems has been problematic for many organizations.
Given the many reports of substantial failures, the implementation of packaged ERP software
and associated changes in business processes has proved not to be an easy task. As many
organizations have discovered, the implementation of ERP systems can be a monumental
disaster unless the process is handled carefully.
The aim of this study is to identify the risks and controls used in ERP implementations, with
the objective to understand the ways in which organizations can minimize the business risks
involved. By controlling and minimizing the major business risks in the first instance, the
scene can be set for the successful implementation of an ERP system. The study was motivated
by the significance, for both the research and practice communities, of understanding the
risks and controls critical for the successful implementation of ERP systems.
Following the development of a model of risks and controls, a field study of an ERP system
implementation project in an organization was conducted to provide a limited test of the
model. The results from the field study provided support for risks and controls identified in
the literature. The results also identified several controls not mentioned in the reviewed
literature. The study lays the foundation for further research into the risk/control framework
so important for the success of the implementations of ERP systems.


Musical graphic notation is a written representation of music that uses none or only few of the elements of traditional staff notation.[1] Graphic notation is often an indeterminate, ambiguous type of notation whose symbols and interpretations are explained in a legend or in annotations. Musical graphics, on the other hand, has its own aesthetic value as a visual art and does not have to be defined through its translatability into music. Like visual scores—that is, images instead of graphics—musical graphics is composed not with the intent of producing concrete music; it may, however, be translated into music.[2] The first graphic notations and musical graphics were produced within the New York school of composers around John Cage: Morton Feldman's Projection from 1950 was the first instance of graphic notation (called graph notation), and Earle Brown's December 1952 is often deemed the first work of musical graphics (called musical graph). However, the term musical graphics, or musikalische Grafik, was coined by Roman Haubenstock-Ramati in Europe, where in the late 1950s a music-theoretical discussion began that primarily revolved around the dissolution of the concept of the work of art and the aesthetics of autonomy. Starting in the 1970s, more and more visual artists began to engage in musical graphics, and improvising performance artists developed new interpretational styles. Other categorizations of notation specify their function. Thus, aural scores are descriptive graphic representations for music, mostly for tape, that are produced after the music has been performed, with the tape possibly having been made by means of a realization score. The latter has in common with the (prescriptive) action score that the action generating the sound is described, not the acoustic result. Thus they are prescriptive. [1] On the origin and history of notation, see Willi Apel, The Notation of Polyphonic Music, 5th ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Medieval Academy of America, 1961). See also Johannes Wolf, Handbuch der Notationskunde, 2 vols. (Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1913, 1919). [2] For more details, see Helga de la Motte-Haber, Musik und Bildende Kunst: Von der Tonmalerei zur Klangskulptur (Laaber, Germany: Laaber-Verlag, 1990), 47–56 and 223–251, here 53 and 227. 1 Precursors Figural notations, precursors of graphic notation, were produced as early as around 1400. The lines are arranged in the shape of a heart, a circle, or a cross, and in addition to their decorative character, they often have the form of a puzzle canon. Graphics on music paper, such as Moritz von Schwind's (1804–1871) Die Katzensymphonie (The Cat Symphony, 1868),[1] were prevalent in the nineteenth century.[2] At this point in time, the score had already become autonomous as text and was available independent of the performance of the piece as an autonomous, time-independent foundation of the ideal form. There were various attempts in the 1920s to overcome the boundaries between the art genres. At the same time, visual artists used music as a model for abstract art. In addition to Paul Klee's graphic representation of a piece by Bach (Fugue in Red, 1921/22), in 1923, Wassily Kandinsky developed a graphic representation of music by translating the beginning of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony into dots.[3] Bauhaus student Karl Peter Röhl drew abstract graphics on music paper as early as 1926.[4] 2 Graphic Notations and Musical Graphics after 1950 2.1 American Development In 1950, the New York school of composers (John Cage, Morton Feldman, Earle Brown, and Christian Wolff) began developing new forms of notation. The central category of this form of notation is indeterminacy, through which the composer grants the performer improvisatory latitude.[5] Morton Feldman's composition Projection 1 (1950) in graph (paper) notation is indetermined with respect to its pitch. Feldman does, however, prescribe three different registers and thus a framework within which the performer has to choose the pitch. John Cage's performance material Cartridge Music (1960) is also indetermined, as are several of the compositions in the Variations series (1958–1967), which consists of various printed transparencies that the performer can lay over one another in a new way for each performance and interpret according to Cage's instructions. The resulting values often specify actions and not sounding results. In his Concert for Piano and Orchestra (1958), Cage assembles a compendium of different notations for the piano solo part. Earle Brown's December 1952 from the Folio series is regarded as the first graphic music. Instrumentation, pitch, and rhythm, as well as the reading order and turning of the page, are indetermined. By using these types of graphics, the composer Brown, who was interested in jazz, wanted to motivate the performers to improvise.[6] Whereas Brown aimed at improvisation with the spontaneous translation of the visual impression, Feldman and Cage avoided the term improvisation and demanded the detailed elaboration and planning of each performance. In the 1950s, compositions by the New York school of composers were primarily played by David Tudor (1926–1996), one of the leading performers of contemporary music for piano. He realized the indetermined pieces by devising a playing score: he laid down all of the decisions to be made by the performer in a rehearsal phase and put them in writing. Between 1956 and 1962, Tudor performed at the Darmstädter Ferienkurse für Neue Musik (Darmstadt New Music Summer School). Numerous European composers wrote works specifically for him. In 1959, Sylvano Bussotti wrote the following about his Five Piano Pieces for David Tudor: "The expression 'for David Tudor' in the title is not a dedication but almost designates an instrumentation. [...] In many cases, the acoustic event that such graphics may trigger remains in the pianist's hands."[7] 2.2 European Development On the one hand, the development of graphic notation can be understood as an indication of changes in music,[8] whereby above all continuous sound processes increasingly take on more importance in the contemporary practice of composition. With the aid of graphic notation symbols, these continuous sound movements can now be fixed, whereas conventional staff notation merely symbolizes discrete pitch and tone duration.[9] On the other hand, the dissolution of discrete notation was accompanied by the abandonment of the concept of the work of art, because the frequently ambiguous and open forms no longer comply with the criteria for consolidation. Despite the distinct pictorial nature of his graphic notation (from 1958), Anestis Logothetis (1921–1994) distinguishes it from musical graphics, which he considers a means of improvisation.[10] The symbols, associative signs, and action notations that he uses in his graphic notations cancel out any conventional reading order.[11] In contrast, Sylvano Bussotti (born in 1931) seems to be concerned with the transition between symbols (conventional notation) and graphics (musical graphics) when at the end of a system he splits up the staves or twists them. "The ways to graphically record music realize a scale from the known staff notation to the unknown symbol."[12] The term musikalische Grafik, or musical graphics was coined by Roman Haubenstock-Ramati,[13] who in 1959 initiated an exhibition of musical graphics in Donaueschingen through the music publisher Universal Edition. One example of his musical graphics is Pour Piano (1971). Often, musical graphics are also meant to open up elements of expression to the viewer or the performer that cannot be accomplished by standard symbolic notation.[14] In musical graphics, the expressive qualities that in cases of music written in traditional staff notation can be experienced only during the performance can emanate directly from the visual effect. Thus, it is conceivable to have music that is only read: Dieter Schnebel's Mo-No. Musik zum Lesen (Mo-No: Music to Be Read, 1969) is a book with musical graphics whose sole aim is imagined sound. Schnebel blends sound memories in the form of excerpts (i.e., quotations of musical scores), creative sound presentation in musical graphics (in order to imagine unheard sounds), and quietly read text fragments. As early as the 1950s, Iannis Xenakis (1922–2001) assumed the translatability of spatial into tonal structures. He developed the UPIC,[15] a computer with graphic interface by means of a pen that transforms graphics directly into sound. 3 Graphic Notations and Musical Graphics by Sound Artists With the emergence of cross-genre sound art, visual artists began to use musical graphics. Their interest in the individual handwriting manifesting itself in musical graphics is greater than that of composers, who were concerned with the establishment of a new, normative graphic canon. Nelson Goodman distinguishes the autographical, artistic signature from allographic notation, which can be standardized and thus reproduced and of which there is no original.[16] In the mid-1970s, several visual artists turned to the border area of music. In 1976, the artist Gerhard Rühm (born in 1930) began creating visual music, which does without a performer or assigns this role to the reader.[17] Besides Lesemusik (music for reading), freely drawn graphics on sheet music that do or do not specify instruments, there are Notenüberzeichnungen (overdrawn sheet music), in which the notes of a printed piece of music are blackened out with pencil so that the musical density developments are visually heightened. As a sound artist, Rolf Julius deals with the structure of sound, its combination with visual elements, and its position in space, as well as with the associative potential that his musical graphics, such as the Song Books, have for musicians. In Verstrijken (2007), the artist William Engelen (born in 1964) transcribes the daily routine of musicians into a graphic score to which t


Modern trademark scholarship and jurisprudence view trademark law as an institution aimed at improving the amount and quality of information available in the marketplace by reducing search costs. By providing a concise and unequivocal identifier of the particular source of particular goods, trademarks facilitate the exchange between buyers and sellers, and provide producers with an incentive to maintain their goods and services at defined and persistent qualities. Working within this paradigm, this Article highlights that reducing search costs and providing incentives to maintain quality are related yet distinct functions and shows that recognizing their distinct nature enriches our understanding of trademark law. The Article first develops a distinction between two functions of trademarks: a linguistic and a trust functions. Then, the Article demonstrates how the distinction provides a matrix for evaluating the normative strength of various trademark rules and doctrines. Under this matrix, rules that promote both functions would be considered normatively strong; rules that promote neither function would be normatively weak; and rules that promote one function but not the other would be normatively ambiguous, their strength depending on the results of a closer cost-benefit analysis.


Recent trends in distributed embedded systems, such as those found in avionics and trains, have shown an increase in the amount and heterogeneity of the information that needs to be exchanged, together with a growing importance of supporting dynamic reconfiguration and adaptive behaviors. In this paper we focus on Ethernet technologies with real-time reconfiguration support and we address the case of middle-size networking infrastructures with a few switches. We use the FTT-SE protocol with the needed adaptations to support dynamic heterogeneous real-time transactions in multi-hop networks. The paper presents a worst-case response-time analysis that provides timeliness guarantees, improving the results obtained with another previous analysis, decreasing the needed network capacity for guaranteed schedulability by 25% on average. Practical experiments and simulation results validate the proposed approach and analysis.


ABSTRACT Recent reports have made important revelations, uncovering direct regulation of DNA damage response (DDR)-associated proteins and chromatin ubiquitination (Ubn) by macroautophagy/autophagy. Here, we report a previously unexplored connection between autophagy and DDR, via a deubiquitnase (DUB), USP14. Loss of autophagy in prostate cancer cells led to unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) as indicated by persistent ionizing radiation (IR)-induced foci (IRIF) formation for γH2AFX, and decreased protein levels and IRIF formation for RNF168, an E3-ubiquitin ligase essential for chromatin Ubn and recruitment of critical DDR effector proteins in response to DSBs, including TP53BP1. Consistently, RNF168-associated Ubn signaling and TP53BP1 IRIF formation were reduced in autophagy-deficient cells. An activity assay identified several DUBs, including USP14, which showed higher activity in autophagy-deficient cells. Importantly, inhibiting USP14 could overcome DDR defects in autophagy-deficient cells. USP14 IRIF formation and protein stability were increased in autophagy-deficient cells. Co-immunoprecipitation and colocalization of USP14 with MAP1LC3B and the UBA-domain of SQSTM1 identified USP14 as a substrate of autophagy and SQSTM1. Additionally, USP14 directly interacted with RNF168, which depended on the MIU1 domain of RNF168. These findings identify USP14 as a novel substrate of autophagy and regulation of RNF168-dependent Ubn and TP53BP1 recruitment by USP14 as a critical link between DDR and autophagy. Given the role of Ubn signaling in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), the major pathway for repair of IR-induced DNA damage, these findings provide unique insights into the link between autophagy, DDR-associated Ubn signaling and NHEJ DNA repair. Abbreviations: ATG7: autophagy related 7; CQ: chloroquine; DDR: DNA damage response; DUB: deubiquitinase; HR: homologous recombination; IR: ionizing radiation; IRIF: ionizing radiation-induced foci; LAMP2: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MIU1: motif interacting with ubiquitin; NHEJ: non homologous end-joining; PCa: prostate cancer; TP53BP1/53BP1: tumor protein p53 binding protein 1; RNF168: ring finger protein 168; SQSTM1/p62 sequestosome 1; γH2AFX/γH2AX: H2A histone family member X: phosphorylated, UBA: ubiquitin-associated; Ub: ubiquitin; Ubn: ubiquitination; USP14: ubiquitin specific peptidase 14.


Economic growth in the industrial countries will be much more muted in 2008 than in the past year. One cause is the prolonged oil price hike during 2007. The second and more important cause is the intensification of tensions on world financial markets. Due to problems in the financial sector, credit expansion will slow next year in the euro area as well as in the US. This will dampen demand in the real economy. A significant downswing in the industrial countries, however, is not the most likely scenario: in the US, expansive economic policy and a weak dollar that gives production in the US a competitive edge will prevent the economy from sliding into recession. In the euro area, high profitability of firms and structural improvements in the working of labour markets will help the economy cope with the stronger euro and with higher costs of external financing due to the turmoil in the financial sector. In Germany, the upswing has still not reached the demand of private households. The main reason is that real wages were stagnating in 2007 and will not rise by much in 2008, since inflation has accelerated considerably at the end of last year. In addition, weaker dynamics of external demand will dampen export growth. This and the end of tax incentives for investment at the end of 2007 will dampen investment activity. All in all, the economy will slow down in the first half of 2008. However, chances are good that the upswing will only have taken a break: when the dampening external shocks have ceased, the driving powers of the upswing will prevail; dynamic employment growth is a reflection of the strong confidence of firms. A major risk for employment and for the German economy in general is, however, the possibility that the policy concerning the labour markets changes course; bad omens are the recent the introduction of minimum wages for postal services and the announced extension of unemployment benefits for persons older than 50.


This paper examines the performance of an optimized fractional sliding mode controller on the two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) Quanser AERO helicopter testbed. In order to reduce the chattering inherited from the classical sliding mode, the sliding surface will be chosen in a fractional hyperplane. We will prove via a rigorous Lyapunov-based analysis the convergence of the Quanser aero angles to the desired ones, and we will guarantee the robustness against external perturbations. The surface fractional order and the designed controller parameters and will be chosen via the genetic algorithm optimization method, the cost function will be chosen in order to minimize both the chattering and the tracking errors. The results of this work will be illustrated through numerical simulations and experimental application on the Quanser AERO Helicopter testbed.


Very high power densities have been shown for both SiC MESFET and GaN HEMT devices. Both of these active devices benefit from the high breakdown voltages afforded by their wide-bandgap semiconductor properties. The GaN device also benefits from current densities as high as 1 A/mm. This high power density, along with good efficiency and linearity, provide an excellent base for future military and commercial power amplifier applications. High power densities are possible using narrow band power-matching networks. Although the gain-bandwidth limitation is exacerbated due to the high-impedance load lines required, high power design is possible even over multi-octave bandwidths.


Patients with end-stage renal disease require vascular access for hemodialysis. Repeated insertions and long-term duration of permanent central venous catheters may cause venous stenosis and thrombosis in central veins, which may result in superior vena cava syndrome. A 38-year-old male patient with end-stage renal disease was admitted with complaint of dyspnea, edema of the face, neck and bilateral upper extremities. We had created a radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula at the level of left wrist two weeks ago, he had a permanent catheter in the right internal jugular vein for 2 months. The Doppler ultrasound and venographic examinations of central veins showed that the permanent catheter in the right internal jugular vein had caused the edema of the neck, face and bilateral upper extremities by narrowing the superior vena cava. The catheter was removed and the patient was anticoagulated. The patient's symptoms of shortness of breath were alleviated on hospital discharge and the swelling of the upper extremities diminished after one week. The hemodialysis patients should be directed to arteriovenous fistula surgery instead of central venous catheterization as soon as possible to avoid superior vena cava syndrome due to central venous catheters.


Somatosensory perception is hampered on the moving limb during a goal-directed movement. This somatosensory suppression is mostly attributed to a forward model that predicts future states of the system based on the established motor command. Here, we examined whether and how this suppression is modulated by the predictability of object features important for controlling a grasping movement. Participants reached to grasp an object between thumb and index finger and then lifted it as straight as possible. Objects with symmetric or asymmetric mass distributions were presented either in a blocked or random manner, so that the object's mass distribution could be anticipated or not. At the moment of object contact, a brief vibrotactile stimulus of varying intensities was presented on the dorsal part of the moving index finger. Participants had to report whether they detected the stimulus. When the object's mass distribution was predictable, contact points with the object were modulated to the object's centre of mass. This modulation contributed to a minimized resultant object roll during lifting. When the object's mass distribution was unpredictable, participants chose a default grasping configuration, resulting in greater object roll for asymmetric mass distributions. Somatosensory perception was hampered when grasping both types of objects compared to baseline (no-movement). Importantly, somatosensory suppression was stronger when participants could predict the object's mass distribution. We suggest that the strength of somatosensory suppression depends on the predictability of movement-relevant object features.


Abstract The ultraspherical polynomial approximation which unifies all classical polynomial sequences in a unique form is used to calculate the albedo for isotropic scattering in a homogeneous spherical medium. This is the most general polynomial approach in the sense that it includes all classical polynomial methods to solve the transport equation such as and methods. For the first time an antisymmetric polynomial (ultraspherical polynomial) solution to the corresponding pseudo-slab problem is proposed. Very accurate and consistent albedo values are obtained for a variety of methods when compared to the literature. It is also shown that various approximations differ only in convergency characteristics; some converge monotonically, some in the mean.


Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a relatively new 3-dimensional technology used in the construction industry. While many research has been done to harness its potential, most have been focused on the inter-operability. This paper serves to find ways to improve the Singapore BIM guidelines via evaluation and comparison with other nations' BIM guidelines. In particular, Hong Kong will be the first nation to be evaluated due to its similarity with Singapore. This paper will also look at a project to improve site productivity via an induction course for contractors. The results show some possible suggestions to improve the workflows and standards for both Singapore and Hong Kong. As for the induction course, more research was deem necessary and administrative issues proved to be an obstacle. This research is neither definitive nor conclusive; it acts as a platform and will be used as background research for the longer-term investigation.


The progress in novel light sources, detectors, materials and technology enable new opportunities and challenges for diffractive optics and nanoscale photonics. Important are also analysis tools, such as near-field imaging (SNOM). Only structures that can be characterized can be fabricated


Abstract A multidisciplinary project on an archaeological site on the Mitchell River, which feeds into Choctawhatchee Bay on the Florida panhandle, was designed to understand human adaptations to a dynamic hydrological environment during the Middle and Late Archaic period (ca. 8000–3000 B.P.). Now in a freshwater environment, on a sandy terrace above the Mitchell River floodplain, the Mitchell River 1 archaeological site contains an oyster-shell midden and other features indicating human exploitation of an estuarine environment. Estuarine exploitation at the site occurred over a long span of time, from around 7300 to 3400 2cal B.P., although the site was abandoned two or three times over the millennia. The site was more permanently abandoned after 3400 B.P. Because estuarine shellfish, such as oysters, are low trophic level species, they have been considered marginal resources, and archaeologists modeling collector strategies assume that people will not travel far to obtain them. Under an optimal foraging model, estuarine resources should have been closer to the site than at present. A multidisciplinary team was assembled to address whether a mid-Holocene sea-level highstand had produced estuarine conditions in the Mitchell River floodplain during the Archaic. Using microfossils and stratigraphy from a dated core taken in the floodplain due south of the site, the project members attempted to correlate the changing paleoenvironment with human occupation and abandonment of the area. Results indicate that, at ca. 7300 cal B.P., when the Mitchell River 1 site was first inhabited, the floodplain was a shallow, open, sedge marsh. The site inhabitants must have traveled some distance to gather the oysters and other estuarine species that were discarded on the site. The earliest occupation was brief, but the site was reoccupied between 5900 and 5300 cal B.P., when the floodplain had become a Taxodium/Nyssa swamp. Site deposits indicate intensive exploitation of oyster and to a lesser extent Rangia, which may have been closer to the site than at 7300 B.P. but still would have required some travel. At some point, the mouth of the Mitchell River was forced eastward, and the bayhead delta, recognized as a 2-meter-deep wedge of sand in the core, was located adjacent to the site. By 4700 cal B.P., brackish water conditions prevailed, although direct evidence of oyster beds in the immediate area is lacking. Unfortunately, scouring of the core sediments sometime after 4700 cal B.P. destroyed the paleoenvironmental record for the last part of the Archaic occupation of the site. However, some evidence in Core 1, along with research elsewhere on the Florida panhandle, suggests that catastrophic storms may have played a part in the more permanent abandonment of the site after 3400 B.P.


Many cancer genomes contain large numbers of somatic mutations, but few of these mutations drive tumor development. Current approaches to identify cancer driver genes are largely based on mutational recurrence, i.e. they search for genes with an increased number of nonsynonymous mutations relative to the local background mutation rate. Multiple studies have noted that the sensitivity of recurrence-based methods is limited in tumors with high background mutation rates, because passenger mutations dilute their statistical power. Here, we observe that passenger mutations tend to occur in characteristic nucleotide sequence contexts, while driver mutations follow a different distribution pattern determined by the location of functionally relevant genomic positions along the protein-coding sequence. To discover new cancer genes, we searched for genes with an excess of mutations in unusual nucleotide contexts that deviate from the characteristic context around passenger mutations. By applying this statistical framework to whole-exome sequencing data from 12,004 tumors, we discovered a long tail of novel candidate cancer genes with mutation frequencies as low as 1% and functional supporting evidence. Our results show that considering both the number and the nucleotide context around mutations helps identify novel cancer driver genes, particularly in tumors with high background mutation rates.


Women in Papua New Guinea (PNG) have a vital role to play in managing the long-term sustainable supply of food to the formal and informal markets. With over 85% of the food grown by women, and with relatively little public investment in the food crop sector over time, national non-government organisations such as PNG Women in Agriculture Development Foundation (PNGWiADF) have been formed. They aim to help smallholder farmers address supply constraints and physical and market infrastructure issues, and to provide opportunities and assistance such as agricultural and business training, and brokerage services. They lobby and advocate for improved utilities as well as providing quality assurance. This paper outlines the key characteristics of the agricultural sector in PNG, discusses the markets for fresh produce, and analyses the value chain using case studies from PNGWiADF. It also outlines strategies and recommendations made by the PNGWiADF to contribute to the development of a viable food crop sector in Papua New Guinea.


A 55-year-old man with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus had vertical diplopia secondary to metastasis to the brain stem. The lesion was detected by magnetic resonance scanning but not by computed tomography. Clinically, the disturbance in ocular motility localized to the right inferior rectus muscle. At autopsy, a single metastasis was present in the brain stem, contiguous with the right oculomotor nucleus and involving a small portion of the nucleus. The findings in this case support the concept that, in humans, the oculomotor nucleus is organized into functional subnuclei.


Abstract The article is based on a detailed study of the applications of female candidates who applied to the London Missionary Society for consideration as missionaries to serve in the foreign field, from 1875 to 1900. Drawing on the candidates' own letters, formal applications and the selection process as revealed in the archives of the Ladies' Committee of the Society, the article describes the process of professionalisation of the female missionary's role during this period. A textual analysis reveals how this process of professionalisation negotiated the boundaries of gender and class in late nineteenth-century England, maintaining a conventionality through the religious rubric within which the offer to be a lady missionary was constructed. Critical to this religiosity and its ability to twin convention with iconoclasm was the discursive presence of the imperial and colonial other. The article also reflects on themethodological issues of interpreting and re-presenting the narratives of the past from ...


Objective: The most common form of autologous blood transfusion is where blood is donated in anticipation of elective surgery. The aim of this study is to critically evaluate the product safety of autologous blood units. Material and Methods: The results are based on an analysis of the documented data and records of 22,630 cases with 21,553 patients and 49,650 autologous blood donations, blood processing and testing protocols, and reported transfusion reactions following autologous transfusions. Results: Autologous blood components are prepared individually, and an established system of quality assurance with controls of processes and products is particularly important to meet quality standards. The red cell content of autologous units cannot be standardized as in allogeneic components. Due to the differences between the laboratory screening programs for patients and donors, the risk of transmission of virus infections is different from that of allogeneic blood components. The quality of stored autologous red cells is comparable to that of allogeneic products. Conclusion: Results of systematic sterility monitoring lead to the conclusion that under the conditions practiced the risk of transfusion-associated sepsis is not higher than that associated with allogeneic products. Soluble biological response modifiers which accumulate during storage are assumed to be the cause of transfusion reactions that occur in 1 of 4,500 autologous transfusions. Incorrect allocation and handling errors continue to be a serious problem in autologous transfusions.


The efficacy of biologic or conventional systemic therapies for psoriasis has been shown in randomized controlled trials. Effectiveness, however, has been studied in daily practice cohorts, and no aggregation of effectiveness data is available. This systematic review searched PubMed and EMBASE and summarized the real-world evidence on effectiveness of biologics (adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab and ustekinumab) and conventional systemic therapies (acitretin, cyclosporine, fumarates and methotrexate) for the treatment of plaque psoriasis in adults. Thirty-two studies were included. Few data were available on infliximab, ustekinumab and conventional systemics. Results show that biologics and conventional systemics were effective in real-life treatment of psoriasis, with large ranges in the percentage of patients reaching 75% improvement in psoriasis area and severity index score compared with baseline, especially for etanercept and adalimumab treatment. Combination therapies of biologics with conventional systemics, and dose adjustments of biologics were frequently applied strategies and may explain the large range in improvements between cohorts.


We present a demonstration of Ropossum, an authoring tool for the generation and testing of levels of the physics-based game, Cut the Rope. Ropossum integrates many features: (1) automatic design of complete solvable content, (2) incorporation of designer's input through the creation of complete or partial designs, (3) automatic check for playability and (4) optimization of a given design based on playability. The system includes a physics engine to simulate the game and an evolutionary framework to evolve content as well as an AI reasoning agent to check for playability. The system is optimised to allow on-line feedback and realtime interaction.


This article focuses on the impact that face and/or neck tattoos may have on the employment screening process. With some estimates placing the number of possible candidates with tattoos as high as 28%, and the increase in social acceptance of tattoos, reveals that this research may play a significant role for the employer and the candidate during the employment screening process. Tattoos today can be found on men and women, with no limits on professional status and the tattoo designs can hold profound meaning to the wearer. This qualitative study analyzed data from 243 participants. The data was broken down into gender responses when it comes to assessing a candidate with a face/neck tattoo during the employment screening process. One significant theme that emerged is that 50% of the participants reported that they would hire a candidate with a visible face/neck tattoo depending on the position, revealing that employment screeners still feel that a visible tattoo may be acceptable for some positions and not acceptable for other positions.


Background: Despite much research published on lung cancer screening, China has had no large-scale study on the missed diagnosis of lung cancer in physical examination population. We therefore did a real-world study using the current lung cancer screening guidelines to the physical examination population in China to determine the proportion of lung cancer cases that have been missed.Methods: A real-world prospective cohort study of screening, with the use of low-dose computed tomography, was conducted among people who took yearly health checkup in health management center of West China Hospital between 2006 and 2017. We respectively used current guidelines including lung cancer screening guidelines of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and expert consensus on low dose spiral CT lung cancer screening in China. Results: In a total of 15996 participants with physical examination who completed the baseline screening, 6779 (42.4%) subjects had at least one positive finding, and 142 (2.1%) cases of lung cancer were screened positive. The false positive rate was 97.9%. Of 142 lung cancer cases detected in our study, only 9.2% met the lung cancer screening guidelines proposed by the USPSTF, and 24.4% met that of China. The rates of missed diagnosis were as high as 90.8% and 75.6% respectively. In addition, we did an in-depth analysis by gender. We found that among male lung cancer patients, the proportion of smokers was 75%, and the proportion of young people under 50 was 23.2%. Among female patients with lung cancer, the proportion of smokers was only 5.8%, and the proportion of young people under 50 was up to 33.3%.Conclusions: The rate of missed diagnosis was as high as 90.8% applying the current lung cancer screening guidelines to the physical examination population in China. Further study to determine screening guidelines for targeted populations, is warranted.


The purpose of this study was to determine the competencies entry–level Extension professionals will need in 2015. A Delphi panel of nationally recognized Cooperative Extension experts was developed to collect data. The 12 panelists reached consensus on 19 competencies. There were two key groupings among the competencies: extension program development process and core interpersonal skills. Cooperative Extension should examine ways to align its efforts with the competencies identified from this study in order to pro–actively plan for a successful future.


The effect of the growing plant on the balance between certain nutritional groups of soil bacteria is discussed in the light of a paper by Wallace and King who reported findings at variance with those obtained in this laboratory. Since the "rhizosphere effect" is considered to be the influence exerted by the growing plant in its immediate environment, rhizosphere and control samples from field tests should be regarded as a unit. The control samples taken by Wallace and King bore no direct relation to the location of the plants whose rhizosphere effects were under study; their procedure was therefore radically different from that used in this laboratory and consequently any precise comparison of results is vitiated. One of the most characteristic rhizosphere effects is believed to be the preferential stimulation of bacteria requiring amino acids and data from experiments with a variety of crops are presented.


We present an inexact interior point proximal method to solve linearly constrained convex problems. In fact, we derive a primaldual algorithm to solve the KKT conditions of the optimization problem using a modified version of the rescaled proximal method. We also present a pure primal method. The proposed proximal method has as distinctive feature the possibility of allowing inexact inner steps even for Linear Programming. This is achieved by using an error criterion that bounds the subgradient of the regularized function, instead of using subgradients of the original objective function. Quadratic convergence for LP is also proved using a more stringent error criterion.


This paper estimates the effect of privatization on multifactor productivity using comprehensive panel data on initially state‐owned manufacturing firms in four economies. We exploit the data's longitudinal dimension to control for preprivatization selection and estimate long‐run impacts. The estimates are robust to functional form but sensitive to selection controls. Our preferred random growth estimates imply positive multifactor productivity effects of 15 percent in Romania, 8 percent in Hungary, and 2 percent in Ukraine, but a −3 percent effect in Russia. The foreign privatization effect is larger (18–35 percent) in all countries. Positive domestic effects appear immediately in Hungary, Romania, and Ukraine and continue growing thereafter, but emerge only five years after privatization in Russia.


In comparison with the body as a whole the central nervous system grows precociously during prenatal life and the period of infancy. 1 About 75 per cent of the bulk of the brain has been established by the conclusion of the first year of life. Injury to the developing brain may manifest itself functionally or structurally. In some instances injury to the brain incurred at birth or during infancy does not make itself obvious until malfunction becomes apparent at a later age. In other instances, however, injury to the brain affects the rate of growth of the cranium. It follows, then, that if the physician has a means of appraising accurately the degree and rate of growth of the head of an infant, he often will be able to discern damage to the central nervous system earlier than otherwise would be possible. Measurement of the circumference of the head is


Objective To observe the effect of Bioglass guiding bone regeneration and forming normal new bone in extending alveolar bone crest by surgery. Methods Thirty-six rabbits were randomly divided into three groups. The first group was treated with Bioglass and the second with hudroxyapectite (HA). The third group was control group. At 4, 8, l2weeks after surgery, the condition of bone regeneration was observed with radiological and pathological methods. Results Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the third group and the other two groups (P<0.05). In addition, Bioglass can guide bone regeneration faster than hydroxyapatite, and it can to substituted by new bone to form completely normal bone. Conclusion Since Bioglass is more effective than HA in guiding bone regeneration, it is an ideal bone graft substitute.


We introduce a three-phase model of decision-making as examined through a Machiavellian lens. Distinct from previous research, we broaden our research premise from Machiavellianism exhibited by an individual to Machiavellianism at the organizational level. We examine this type of organization beginning with an emphasis on organizational values and practices, which we define as climate emergence. After establishing the process of climate emergence, we examine employee sensemaking within a Machiavellian climate by drawing on Rest's decision-making model. Our research culminates with an exploration of resultant employee behaviors while emphasizing the moderating role of dispositional Machiavellianism. We conclude with a discussion centered on how this perspective fits within recent research and its impact on organizational practices.


This research is an analysis of the major challenges and barriers confronted when considering civil-military coordination in disaster operations. The main objective of this study was to investigate Swedish civil-military governmental organizations strengths and weaknesses together with the intention of increasing civil-military coordination. This study is conducted, to provide knowledge on progress understanding the challenges for civil-military coordination for Sweden. The main conclusion of the research addresses the findings from Swedish organizations views about conditions for coordination. Also the implications of coordination based on real-life experiences, such as the Haiti earthquake, into a greater civil-military coordinating in disaster operations.Based on this analysis the Swedish organizations paradox remains that; at the same time of increasing demands on efficiency and effectiveness measuring organization's performances, it presently has also the further demands and growing requests of military involvement in humanitarian operations. Thus, the issue of coordination becomes even more obvious amongst governmental organizations, in such way that it is challenging the current political policies, strategies and mandates, governing organizations today. Coordination becomes evident and illustrates the need for organizational changes; from traditional methods and processes, to a more useful and business oriented operations. Of which, greater efficiency and effectiveness should be the desired output. The question of coordination in disaster operations represents also motivation for organizations, to develop areas of performance in which greater use of their resources and capabilities can be achieved.In view of these, logistical challenges, including clear differences in capabilities, values and focus that make organizations develop in different ways; good examples of coordination were presented. These were intended as a foundation for further discussions among Swedish governmental organizations.Unresolved still, is whether increasing civil-military coordination is a marginal activity in the logistics area and consequently preventing the duplication and overlapping of tasks. Thus, it is more of an integrated activity that seeks to complement responses only partly, or is it more of a single strategy reaching higher effectiveness and efficiency of national resources? Finally, the empirical findings are highlighting the need for a coherent governance of the humanitarian issue in Sweden. Therefore signifying, the need for greater trust and understanding of each other which should be regarded as the most important factors in the development of efficient civil-military coordination. Including, the need for a national coordination platform in which organizations can coordinate and develop capability for coordination.


In the ultra-precision machining of KDP crystal, there are many factors affecting the surface quality[1-3]. The experiments show that the rake angle and back angle of the tool have significant effects on machined surface roughness. Therefore, an efficient way to improve the surface roughness is to select a proper negative rake angle. In this study, the ANSYS static analysis method was employed to analyze the stress field distribution within the whole cutting region. A finite element simulation model was set up to calculate the residual stresses variation with tool's angles, which can be considered to select optimal rake and back angles in the ultra-precision machining of KDP crystal. Results show that the optimal tool rake angle and back angle are -49° and 7°, respectively. Finally, by using different tool angles to process KDP crystal and utilizing AFM to analyze the surface roughness, it can be found that the measurement results agree well with what are deduced from theoretical calculation.


The brief account of the hospitality offered by Martha and Mary to Jesus has been interpreted allegorically in at least three different ways. The majority tradition has identified the figure of Mary with contemplation, and considered this to be the 'one thing necessary' to Christian life. Meister Eckhart suggests, however, that Martha, representing action, has chosen the better part, and Aelred of Rievaulx that action and contemplation are both commended. Feminist and other recent interpretations continue, sometimes unconsciously, to draw on this allegorical tradition. The theological importance and significance of the passage has been due largely to its use as the gospel reading for the feast of the Assumption of Mary the mother of Jesus.


Comparing data distributions is a core focus in descriptive statistics, and part of most data analysis processes across disciplines. In particular, comparing distributions entails numerous tasks, ranging from identifying global distribution properties, comparing aggregated statistics (e.g., mean values), to the local inspection of single cases. While various specialized visualizations have been proposed (e.g., box plots, histograms, or violin plots), they are not usually designed to support more than a few tasks, unless they are combined. In this paper, we present the v‐plot designer; a technique for authoring custom hybrid charts, combining mirrored bar charts, difference encodings, and violin‐style plots. v‐plots are customizable and enable the simultaneous comparison of data distributions on global, local, and aggregation levels. Our system design is grounded in an expert survey that compares and evaluates 20 common visualization techniques to derive guidelines for the task‐driven selection of appropriate visualizations. This knowledge externalization step allowed us to develop a guiding wizard that can tailor v‐plots to individual tasks and particular distribution properties. Finally, we confirm the usefulness of our system design and the user‐guiding process by measuring the fitness for purpose and applicability in a second study with four domain and statistic experts.


The possibility of determining the relative changes in the stroke volume of the left ventricle on the basis of ultrasonic Doppler-cardiography was studied in animal experiments and in tests with volunteers. The dynamic measurements of the cardiac output by means of ultrasonic Doppler-cardiography were performed on the basis of recording the amplitude of excursions of the posterior wall of the ventricle during the ejection phase by way of integrating the Doppler frequencies in the 150--800 cycles range. Simultaneously the dynamics of the cardiac output was studied electromagnetically (in animal experiments) and rheographically (in volunteers). The results of both the methods correlated closely: the reciprocal correlation coefficient in animal experiments comprised r=0.89 (p less than 0.001), in volunteers r=0.78 (p less than 0.001). The authors concluded that ultrasonic Doppler-cardiography can be used for measuring the relative changes in the stroke volume.


Recently there is a growing interest in the phenomenon 'posttraumatic growth': the experience of positive change that occurs as a result of the struggle with a highly challenging life crisis. Until now, research on PTG was for the most part directed at demonstrating that the phenomenon PTG exists. However, little is known about the mechanisms which play a part in (the process) of posttraumatic growth. As PTG is associated with beneficial psychological and sometimes even physical health outcomes it is of (clinical) interest to investigate how the process of PTG can be facilitated. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate, both theoretically and empirically, how and under which conditions, the confrontation with undesirable disruptive life events can result in person development or transformation of the person and concomitant well-being. Since ancient times disorders that are connected with unexpected breaches in the life course are made manageable by means of certain symbolic structures, e.g. transformational metaphors. The rationale being to provide people with a new and more encompassing perspective toward self, problems and others. Coming in contact with these salutogenic symbolic structures, which are abundantly present in several ancient (e.g. spiritual traditions and world literature) and contemporary (e.g. films) cultural resources, may have effect on the well-being of people when they succeed in mapping their own life experiences onto them. First, it was investigated whether there is a scientific basis in the literature for the hypothesis that certain symbolic tools are suited for inducing meaning-quest and meaning-finding (both are aspects of posttraumatic growth) in persons after confrontation with adversity. A conceptual framework concerning meaning-quest and meaning-making was formulated. Next, in two separate longitudinal case studies it was investigated whether persons who experienced pressure for meaning after the confrontation with adversity 'spontaneously' used certain symbolic structures, e.g. transformational metaphors, to reorder their experiences. In one of these studies a person was followed daily over a one-year period. Time- series analyses were used in order to investigate whether use of symbolic structures resulted in a subsequent increased coherence of life experiences as well as enhanced well-being. Arima-based analyses provided supportive evidence for this hypothesis. Next, for clinical purposes , a theory guided aftercare group-program 'Op Verhaal Komen' (OVK) was constructed. The effectiveness of OVK was investigated within a group of ex-facialis patients. The results showed that the film-based OVK-intervention has the potential in contributing to the acquiring of a new life perspective and concomitant well-being. This research makes a contribution in charting mechanisms which play a role in the process of PTG. Based on empirical research it has been shown that at least some transformational metaphors can have a positive influence on the personal growth and well-being of people who have experienced life disruption. This investigation shows that mapping one's own life experiences onto the symbolic structure implied by a transformational metaphor leads to new meaning for a life crisis and associated emotional valuations. These insights may be helpful in supporting people who have experienced major adversity


Students need digital learning resources that will benefit their learning process, and educators need tools that provide meaningful data insights and can be integrated into their teaching practice. Courseware as a learning resource is designed based on learning science principles to optimize the learning process for students. However, it is also well-known that digital resources do not get optimum engagement on their own. The instructor's approach for implementation can have a sizable impact on student engagement—and ultimately—on outcomes. In this paper, we will compare two Psychology courses run in the Spring of 2020 and Spring of 2021 at the University of Central Florida. The courseware used was initially created by artificial intelligence and further enhanced by the instructor and instructional designer. The instructor taught both classes online using the same courseware, but made changes to how she implemented it. We will compare data from both sections to understand how these implementation changes impacted students—from platform engagement and learning data to student exam data. Results show that the instructor's implementation changes increased student use of the courseware throughout the semester, and also increased exam scores. This direct comparison showcases the importance of instructor choices when incorporating digital resources into the classroom and provides a set of successful implementation practices for other educators to model in the future. In a time of significant change in education, it is more important than ever to better understand how technology and teaching practice can work together to help students be successful.


SuIphonamides in Measles SIR,-The writers of the letters extolling the use of sulphonamides in measles appear to ignore the importance of controls in assessing the value of a drug. The score or so of cases I have seen in children in the recent epidemic were all treated by cutting off all food and drink except water, sugar, and fruit juice until the temperature was nearly normal. Some of them had expectorant cough mixtures, others sedative cough mixtures, and the rest no drugs at all, but this slight variation in treatment seemed to make no difference to the course of the disease. All the cases were as mild as those described by Dr. Frankland West (April 21, p. 567). It may be that if sulphadiazine had been withheld from some of the cases described the course of the illness would have been more severe, but proof of such a theory is completely lacking. -I am, etc.,


Family Flaviviridae genus flavivirus contains numerous pathogenic viruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, etc, which cause public health problems in the world. Since many mammals and birds can act as amplifying hosts and reservoir hosts in nature and those viruses are transmitted by haematophagous mosquitoes or ticks, those viruses could not be eradicated from the nature. In the recent few decades, the viral replication mechanism and the ultrastructure of viral proteins as well as the viral immune evasion mechanism have been elucidated extensively, leading to develop novel types of antivirals and vaccines. In this review, the flavivirus nature and epidemiology, replication mechanism, immune response and immune evasion, and antivirals and vaccines against flaviviruses were described.


Much of the seismic activity of northern Sweden consists of micro-earthquakes occurring near postglacial faults. However, larger magnitude earthquakes do occur in Sweden, and earthquake statistics indicate that a magnitude 5 event is likely to occur once every century. This paper presents dynamic analyses of the effects of larger earthquakes on an upstream tailings dam at the Aitik copper mine in northern Sweden. The analyses were performed to evaluate the potential for liquefaction and to assess stability of the dam under two specific earthquakes: a commonly occurring magnitude 3.6 event and a more extreme earthquake of magnitude 5.8. The dynamic analyses were carried out with the finite element program PLAXIS using a recently implemented constitutive model called UBCSAND. The results indicate that the magnitude 5.8 earthquake would likely induce liquefaction in a limited zone located below the ground surface near the embankment dikes. It is interpreted that stability of the dam may not be affected due to the limited extent of the liquefied zone. Both types of earthquakes are predicted to induce tolerable magnitudes of displacements. The results of the postseismic slope stability analysis, performed for a state after a seismic event, suggest that the dam is stable during both the earthquakes.