"Paul Ricoeur's Hermeneutic Detours and Distanciations: A Study of the Hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer and Paul Ricoeur" By: Carlos Eduardo Bohorquez Advisor: David M. Rasmussen Hans-Georg Gadamer and Paul Ricoeur have each proposed remarkably similar hermeneutic approaches to the interpretation of texts. They both approach hermeneutics starting from particular insights in Husserl's and Heidegger's respective phenomenologies. They both are wary of the claims of the need for objectivity to provide adequate interpretations of texts. They both turn to Plato and Aristotle to provide models and insights for the interpretation of texts. Gadamer and Ricoeur both devote considerable attention to the critique of prior significant figures in hermeneutics. They both utilize and exploit the difference between the structures and elements of a language and the actual use and expressions made in that language for the purpose of explaining how meaning is created. For all their similarities, there are differences between the hermeneutic approaches and theories of Gadamer and Ricoeur. One significant difference between the two is the attitude that each thinker takes toward tradition or dogma. Gadamer approaches prior interpretive contexts, i.e., tradition, in a manner that privileges their capacity to provide viewpoints to adequately and effectively interpret texts. Ricoeur, on the other hand, eyes tradition more critically. His research into many of the human sciences and their methodological and philosophical foundations leads to a greater awareness and acceptance of the possible deceptive and misleading capacities of tradition. This difference in attitude toward tradition expresses itself clearly in another difference between the two thinkers. Gadamer, unlike Ricoeur, is unwilling to accept the inclusion of methodologies and insights of the human sciences within the purview of hermeneutics. Gadamer argues that such an inclusion would be anathema to the hermeneutic and philosophical project. Ricoeur, on the other hand, argues that the inclusion of these insights leads to a broadening of hermeneutic resources and to the continued relevance of hermeneutics to the philosophical project. The inclusion of the insights of the human sciences within hermeneutics also points to another significant difference between Gadamer and Ricoeur. Ricoeur argues that the determination of the meaning of a text must always be achieved through a detour to a viewpoint that lies outside the text. There must be some distance between the text and interpreter if the interpreter is to provide an adequate interpretation. Ricoeur recognizes that this demand would seem to place him in the camp of those hermeneutists who demand objectivity for acceptable interpretation. Ricoeur provides a convincing defense against this charge. Gadamer, on the other hand, argues that any move outside of that of the text serves to impose an interpretation upon it that is not sensitive or authentic to it. For Gadamer, recourse to an interpretive viewpoint outside of the text is merely a capitulation to the methodologies of control and domination of positivism and scientism. In this dissertation I explore the similarities and differences among the theories of Gadamer and Ricoeur. I explore the similarities and differences that some commentators of Gadamer and Ricoeur have found. I provide a detailed examination of Gadamer's pivotal work Truth and Method. I consider Gadamer's assessments of prior hermeneutical figures, like Schleiermacher and Dilthey, and Gadamer's proposals for an alternative approach to hermeneutical interpretation. I also examine two of Ricoeur's significant works: The Conflict of Interpretations and Time and Narrative. In a short, but dense, article Ricoeur speaks directly to what he perceives to be the difference between his work and that of Gadamer and Habermas. Through the analysis of these three works, I hope to demonstrate how Ricoeur's hermeneutical theory is both similar to and different from Gadamer's. I argue that Ricoeur's hermeneutics provides resources to address some of the weaknesses present in Gadamer's thought, particularly Gadamer's assessment of the reliability of tradition for the interpretation of texts. Paul Ricoeur's Hermeneutic Detours and Distanciations: A Study of the Hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer and Paul Ricoeur


The electronic properties of high-efficiency CuInSe2 (CIS)-based solar cells are affected by the microstructural features of the absorber layer, such as point defect types and their distribution. Recently, there has been controversy over whether some of the typical point defects in CIS—VCu, VSe, InCu, CuIn—can form stable complexes in the material. In this work, we demonstrate that the presence of defect complexes during device operational time can be justified by taking into account the thermodynamic and kinetic driving forces acting behind defect microstructure formation. Our conclusions are backed up by thorough state-of-the-art calculations of defect interaction potentials as well as the activation barriers surrounding the complexes. Defect complexes such as InCu−2VCu, InCu−CuIn, and VSe−VCu are shown to be stable against thermal dissociation at device operating temperatures, but can anneal out within tens of minutes at temperatures higher than 150–200 °C (VCu-related complexes) or 400 °C (antisite pair). Our results suggest that the presence of these complexes can be controlled via growth temperatures, which provides a mechanism for tuning the electronic activity of defects and the device altogether.


Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is one of the most important and efficient applicants in industrial dust pollution protection. The charging method of ESP influences the efficient of dust-collection and operating stability of ESP markedly. A new pulsed high-voltage supplying technology of ESP was proposed in this paper. The principles of the pulsed high-voltage supplying circuit and the energy recuperation circuit are studied. The simulation experiments certified their feasibility and innovativeness.


The Nigerian State is a victim of high-level corruption, bad governance, political instability and a cyclical legitimacy crisis. Consequently, national development is retarded, and the political environment uncertain. The country's authoritarian leadership faced a legitimacy crisis, political intrigues, in an ethnically differentiated polity, where ethnic competition for resources drove much of the pervasive corruption and profligacy. While the political gladiators constantly manipulated the people and the political processes to advance their own selfish agenda, the society remained pauperized, and the people wallowed in abject poverty. This invariably led to weak legitimacy, as the citizens lacked faith in their political leaders and by extension, the political system. Participation in government was low because citizens perceived it as irrelevant to their lives. In the absence of support from civil society, the effective power of government was eroded. Patron client relationships took a prime role over the formal aspects of politics, such as the rule of law, well-functioning political parties, and a credible electoral system. In order to break this cycle and ensure good governance, accountability and transparency must be guaranteed.


Ultrasound is a common modality used in healthcare today. The ultrasound images can be used as a diagnostic tool and the image quality is therefore important. Earlier studies have shown that transducers used clinically are often damaged; a type of damage is dead elements in the transducer. In this study, it has been evaluated how the number and the placement of the dead elements impact the beam profile and how this is reflected in the image quality. This has been performed with two types of simulations, one simulated beam profiles and the other simulated dead elements in a transducer used to create real images. The results showed that the beam profile was affected by both the number and the placement of dead elements. It has not been determined how the altered beam profile affected the image quality, but there were indications that the image quality deteriorated when there were dead elements in the transducer. As both the number of dead elements and their placement affected the beam profile, an acceptance level could not be suggested regarding the number of dead elements.


Transition-metal-based kagome materials at van Hove filling are a rich frontier for the investigation of novel topological electronic states and correlated phenomena. To date, in the idealized two-dimensional kagome lattice, topologically Dirac surface states (TDSSs) have not been unambiguously observed, and the manipulation of TDSSs and van Hove singularities (VHSs) remains largely unexplored. Here, we reveal TDSSs originating from a ℤ2 bulk topology and identify multiple VHSs near the Fermi level (EF) in magnetic kagome material GdV6Sn6. Using in situ surface potassium deposition, we successfully realize manipulation of the TDSSs and VHSs. The Dirac point of the TDSSs can be tuned from above to below EF, which reverses the chirality of the spin texture at the Fermi surface. These results establish GdV6Sn6 as a fascinating platform for studying the nontrivial topology, magnetism, and correlation effects native to kagome lattices. They also suggest potential application of spintronic devices based on kagome materials.


Equality of participation is an important factor in the success of multidisciplinary science teams. The typical measure, standard deviation, fails to provide unbiased estimates across groups of different sizes or within groups that change size over time. We propose a new metric of participation equality that takes into account real-world teams that have members come and go naturally over the course of a meeting. This new metric ranges from zero (entirely equal participation) to one (entirely dominated by a single person). This metric is at the group level and for whatever period of time the researcher specifies. Using 11 hours of transcribed utterances from informal, fluid, co-located meetings during the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission, we computed this metric for 549 blocks of time. We found that this metric had good convergent validity via having strong positive correlations with both a standard deviation metric of words spoken and participation equality as assessed by two independent coders. It also had good discriminant validity by being uncorrelated with positive and negative affect words, including anxiety and sadness words. Furthermore, when only fluid groups were examined, it maintained a strong correlation with coder-assessed participation. Future research can take advantage of this metric in other settings where team membership is fluid and equality of participation is of interest.


Membrane-bound proteins can play a role in the binding of anionic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to model bilayers; however, the mechanism for this binding remains unresolved. In this work, we determine the relative orientation of the peripheral membrane protein cytochrome c in binding to a mercaptopropionic acid-functionalized AuNP (MPA-AuNP). As this is nonrigid binding, traditional methods involving crystallographic or rigid molecular docking techniques are ineffective at resolving the question. Instead, we have implemented a computational assay technique using a cross-correlation of a small ensemble of 200 ns long molecular dynamics trajectories to identify a preferred nonrigid binding orientation or pose of cytochrome c on MPA-AuNPs. We have also employed a mass spectrometry-based footprinting method that enables the characterization of the stable protein corona that forms at long time-scales in solution but remains in a dynamic state. Through the combination of these computational and experimental primary results, we have established a consensus result establishing the identity of the exposed regions of cytochrome c in proximity to MPA-AuNPs and its complementary pose(s) with amino-acid specificity. Moreover, the tandem use of the two methods can be applied broadly to determine the accessibility of membrane-binding sites for peripheral membrane proteins upon adsorption to AuNPs or to determine the exposed amino-acid residues of the hard corona that drive the acquisition of dynamic soft coronas. We anticipate that the combined use of simulation and experimental methods to characterize biomolecule-nanoparticle interactions, as demonstrated here, will become increasingly necessary as the complexity of such target systems grows.


Notions of Class and Gender in the Employment Service Job DescriptionsThis article examines whether job descriptions emphasize different characteristics and competences depending on the occupations' social class and gender relations. The study is partly a replication of a similar analysis conducted by Gesser in the 1970s. The purpose is to examine the prevalence of stereotypes in occupational descriptions provided by the Swedish state, and if the descriptions contribute to class and gender labeling of occupations and, by extension, its practitioners. Previous research has shown that career guiding materials are characterized by notions of the appropriate practitioner's class and gender. In this study we depart from the concept of doxa and argue that stereotypical images of occupations are based on common sense that remains unquestioned. The study draws on a quantitative content analysis of 420 job descriptions analyzed by various statistical methods. The overall results show that there are systematic differences. In general, social class seems to have greater impact than gender on what kind of competences that are emphasized in the descriptions. Social skills are emphasized in female dominated occupations, while physical abilities are highlighted in male-dominated occupations. To some extent, these results are uncontroversial, as it also portraits abilities necessary to do the work in different kind of occupations


Abstract Over the years the Artificial Intelligence (AI) community has produced several datasets which have given the machine learning algorithms the opportunity to learn various skills across various domains. However, a subclass of these machine learning algorithms that aimed at learning logic programs, namely the Inductive Logic Programming algorithms, have often failed at the task due to the vastness of these datasets. This has impacted the usability of knowledge representation and reasoning techniques in the development of AI systems. In this research, we try to address this scalability issue for the algorithms that learn answer set programs. We present a sound and complete algorithm which takes the input in a slightly different manner and performs an efficient and more user controlled search for a solution. We show via experiments that our algorithm can learn from two popular datasets from machine learning community, namely bAbl (a question answering dataset) and MNIST (a dataset for handwritten digit recognition), which to the best of our knowledge was not previously possible. The system is publicly available at https://goo.gl/KdWAcV.


Microelemental and cytomorphologic studies among preschoolers living in East Kazakhstan revealed accumulation of toxic metals (lead, mercury, cadmium) in hair and lower essential microelements (copper, selenium) in urine, increased number of cells with vacuole dystrophy, phagocyted, apoptotic (residual bodies) and degenerated cells, mastocytes, acaryotes in nasal and buccal epithelium. Noninvasive studies (of hair, urine, nasal and buccal epithelium) are sensitive, informative and prognostically valuable tests for diagnosis of ecologically dependent disorders.


Aim: Evaluate if cardiovascular (CV) risk factors increase at a greater rate during the prediabetes (preDM) stage rather than the diabetes (DM) stage by sex.
 Methods: We pooled data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. The CV risk outcome was the metabolic syndrome (MetS) severity z-score derived from components of waist circumference, HDL, triglycerides, SBP, and fasting glucose accounting for the weight of each component. The score was calculated for participants at visits 1 to 4 (3-year interval between visits) . We used linear mixed regressions to model the MetS z-score over time in men and women by levels of glucose (normal <100, preDM 100-125, DM ≥126 mg/dL) , adjusting for age, race, education, smoking, medication & cohort. A sex interaction was added to assess if the magnitude of risk factor changes over time differs by sex in each glucose level.
 Results: Men and women had a greater rate of change in MetS severity during the preDM than the DM stage. Women had a significantly greater increase of MetS severity than men during the preDM stage, while men had a significantly greater increase in the DM stage than women.
 Conclusion: A more rapid increase in MetS severity occurred in preDM than in DM. Women exhibited a faster increase in MetS severity compared to men during the preDM stage. Greater attention should be given to CV risk in women with preDM.

 Y.Yoshida: None. Z.Chen: n/a. R.L.Baudier: None. M.Krousel-wood: None. A.H.Anderson: None. V.Fonseca: Consultant; Abbott, Asahi Kasei Corporation, Bayer AG, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Research Support; Fractyl Health, Inc., Jaguar Gene Therapy, Stock/Shareholder; Abbott, Amgen Inc., BRAVO4Health, Mellitus Health. F.Mauvais-jarvis: Consultant; Mithra Pharmaceutical.

 NIH K12HD043451


Published by A H & A W Reed to immediate success late in 1961, New Zealand in Colour was the first of many large-format books of colour photographs of New Zealand. While they belonged to a tradition of scenic reproduction as old as European settlement, technological changes and the social and economic disruptions of the Second World War intensified the importance of the image in print culture. Drawing on recent historiographic approaches that seek to decentre New Zealand across transnational and city-hinterland relationships, this thesis argues that reproduction, through photography but also as a cultural practice, was intrinsic to a Pakeha conception of place. Looking at scenery was an activity thought to be peculiarly suited to New Zealand, but it was also a prime form of tourist consumption and was therefore essential to New Zealanders' successful participation in modernity, which required 'seeing ourselves' but also awareness of recognition from other moderns. During the decades after the Second World War, modernity took on a more international character with greater mobility of people and goods and a strengthening consumer culture. The complex kinds of looking involved in being modern were increasingly expressed as a tension between modern and anti-modern impulses. The colour pictorial displayed New Zealand as a cultural landscape of cameras, cars, and holidays, but also as a refuge from modernity. The 'coffee table book' was a luxury consumer object of advanced technology, but the gift was the preferred method for its circulation. To be at home with this New Zealand may require a move to the suburbs, but it offers a view of nation and nationalism in which mobility, leisure, and consumption have become the chief explanatory tools.


The purpose of this research was to develop a CAI lesson with error remediation strategies, to evaluate the CAI lesson and to investigate if students using the CAI lesson had higher scores on posttest than those using other instructional media.
 Firstly, the CAI lesson with error remediation strategies and a comparable CAI lesson without any strategies were designed and developed. Secondly, An experiment with nonrandomized control-group pretest-posttest design was conducted. The population of this research was the first year students of electrical department at vocational college of FPTK IKIP Yogyakarta. Three classes consisting of 16 students each were cluster-randomly sampled. Two experimental groups received the remediation and non-remediation CAI lesson and the control group received a written traditional instruction. Questionnaires and tests were used to gather data. The validity and reliability of the research instruments were established. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variances. The overall results of the research are summarized as follows: (a) the CAI lessons with error remediation strategies were designed and developed based on a tutorial method. The error remediation procedures were employed by presenting some additional explanations of the correct answer, (b) seventy-five percent to 94% of the students expressed that the CAI lesson concerning four aspects: subject matter, presentation, student interaction and program interaction was good, (c) the achievement of the students using the remediation CAI lesson was higher significantly (=0.05) than those of the students using the non-remediation CAI lesson, (d) the achievement of the students using the remediation CAI lesson was higher significantly (=0.05) than those of the students using the written traditional instruction.


During the first half of this research study, TxDOT had only placed 1000 tons of warm mix asphalt (WMA) as part of a demonstration project. By the end of this three year study, TxDOT had placed more than 1,000,000 tons of WMA and allowed its use in all dense-graded mixtures through the implementation of a special provision 341---020. This research project was focused on evaluating all aspects of WMA and identifying the effects of WMA technologies on mixture design, lab performance characteristics, and field performance. An ongoing implementation study is underway to continue to monitor performance of WMA field sections. Researchers found that WMA technologies improve the compactability of mixtures which can lead to a reduction in design asphalt content if incorporated in the mixture design process. Laboratory tests indicate that warm mix asphalt is initially less stiff than hot mix but stiffens considerably during the first year of service and with increases in laboratory oven curing time/temperature. Field performance of warm mix projects has, thus far, been comparable to hot mix projects. X-ray CT and ground penetrating radar testing indicate the uniformity of WMA construction may be better than that for hot mix construction.


In the present study, a convinient procedure for in vitro propagation of yellow tomato plant, (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under the risk of extinction, was developed. Shoot tip, hypocotyl, cotyledon, leaf, node and internode were excised from sprout seedlings and used for explant sources. In vitro adventitious shoot regeneration was achieved in MS medium supported with the particular concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) via direct organogenesis. The most successful (100%) adventitious shoot regeneration was provided from node and shoot tip explants in MS medium supported with the particular concentrations and combinationss of 6-Benzylaminopruine (BAP) and Naphtalane acetic acid (NAA). The highest root formation (100%) was achieved on regenerated adventitious shoot in MS medium supported with Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The whole seedlings regenerated in vitro were adapted to soil and acclimatized in field.


On the occasion of the International Congress of Hygiene and Demography held in Washington in 1912, it was pointed out that the ingestion of 25 grams of glycocoll or of 20 grams of alanin, each of which is convertible in the organism into 20 grams of glucose, caused a very great rise in the quantity of heat produced by a dog, whereas the ingestion of 20 grams of glucose itself had a slight or a negligible influence. It was also shown that when glutamic acid was administered there was no increase in the heat production of the dog. Since glutamic acid yields both sugar and urea in the course of its metabolism, it was concluded that the increased heat production after giving glycocoll and alanin could not be due to the processes of sugar formation, of deamination or of formation or elimination of urea. Also, ingestion


Women around the world suffer from discriminatory treatment ranging from violent persecution to social differentiation. Likewise, religious people are routinely targeted because of their faith. Moreover, many women of faith have historically been and are still today subject to increased risk of harm or actually experience a greater level of targeted harm (as compared to non-religious women or religious men) because of the interplay between their religious and gender identities. Despite this, a number of the most prominent international legal institutions that deal directly with discrimination against women inadequately use inter-sectional language to refer to religious women. In fact, there is a notable gap in scholar- ship and legal documents specifically addressing the disparate impact of discrimination toward religious women and a tendency to treat religion more as a source of oppression than as a distinct identity. Although many international organizations and agreements address issues of gender and religious discrimination separately, human rights bodies need to do more to address the intersection of gendered religious discrimination. This Note is directed both at audiences who may be skeptical of or hostile toward inter-sectionality as a legal or policy framework, and at audiences who may support inter-sectionality but who are skeptical of or hostile toward religion. It addresses the importance of religious and gender identities and the ways those two identities are often inextricably linked. This Note highlights a variety of historical and contemporary examples of persecution of religious women through an inter-sectional perspective, evaluates the failings of various international human rights institutions to address gendered religious persecution, and proposes a variety of recommendations for such groups to more consistently employ inter-sectionality to advance the human rights of women of faith.


Although the use of chloroquine (C) and hydroxychloroquine (HC) in the treatment of malaria prophylaxis during pregnancy is probably safe, the use of much higher doses for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy has been controversial. We analyzed the cases of 24 pregnant women with a total of 27 pregnancies who had taken these drugs during their first trimester of pregnancy. C and HC were given in 11 patients with SLE, three with rheumatoid arthritis, and four for malaria prophylaxis. Most of these women had already been on antimalarial drugs for 1 to 172 months prior to pregnancy (mean, 32.2 months). Of the 27 pregnancies, 14 resulted in normal full-term deliveries, six were aborted due to severe disease activity or social conditions, three were stillbirths, and four pregnancies resulted in spontaneous abortions. No congenital abnormalities were detected in the 14 live births at ages between 9 months and 19 years (mean, 5.3 years). All these children are physically and developmentally normal with no clinical evidence of eye or hearing defects. The seven pregnancies that were associated with fetal loss occurred particularly in patients who had active SLE, although stillbirth and spontaneous abortion occurred also in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in two of the three patients who had been treated prophylactically for malaria. Although of the 215 reported pregnancies with C and HC exposure, including our study, only seven (3.3%) had congenital abnormalities, the risk associated with antimalarials may be cumulative and further studies are needed to elucidate the safety of this drug later in pregnancy.


This paper will analyse the relationship between interest rate, income, GDP growth and house prices. First, the control power of interest rate for the prices is limited. Second, people's income increases, thus that also increases the demand for housing. But house prices are too high and will cause buying pressure. Third, the real estate industry's growth and GDP growth have inseparable relationship, they interact with each other.


Building context-aware mobile applications is one of the most ambitious areas of research. Such applications can change their behavior according to context or perform specific tasks in specific contexts. Regardless of the application, all context-aware mobile applications share the need to retrieve and process context information. This paper presents a Context Management tool for the Android platform (ACM). ACM allows easy access to internal on-board mobile sensors and hardware features extracting corresponding raw data. Raw context is processed into higher-level more human-readable context that is provided seamlessly to the mobile applications. Different methods are used for this purpose including fuzzy classifiers. Since different mobiles have different sensors and hardware features, ACM can adapt to the mobile device by deactivating access to unavailable ones. Information regarding the available sensors and hardware features and their specifications can also be queried. Additionally, applications can request notifications regarding context change or specific context values. In addition to providing developers with supporting classes and methods, ACM is accompanied by an application that allows developers to examine its functionality and capabilities before using it. The application can be also used to examine the readings of the different sensors in different situations and thus calibrate them as needed. Additionally, it can be used to modify and personalize default interpretations of raw context values to high-level ones. ACM has been tested empirically and the results show extreme interest of context-aware mobile application developers in its promising capabilities and that it is conducive to facilitating, speeding up and triggering development of many more of such applications.


It is perhaps presumptuous to talk about the molecular basis of a subjective sensation such as pain, but defined conformational changes in membrane proteins, controlled by a family of extra- and intracellular messenger molecules, are known to underlie the activation of sensory nerve terminals and the process of synaptic neurotransmission, which are necessary for pain perception. Furthermore, a subset of neurotransmission processes has a permissive, and possibly exclusive, role in pain perception. Clearly, the experience of pain in the clinical sense with all its affective components of unpleasantness and suffering cannot yet be fully understood in molecular terms, but the process of nociception, whereby the signal generated as a result of tissue damaging or potentially damaging peripheral stimuli reaches and evokes neuronal activity in the central nervous system, is becoming better characterized. Recent advances in neurobiology have given us insights that are already helping improve understanding of the events that lead to a patient experiencing pain and, it is hoped, will also lead to more successful treatment strategies.


Counter to previous assumptions, relations between E.M. Forster and T.S. Eliot are important to an understanding of the work of each, and reshape our view of their period. These mutual influence relations also enable revised theories of literary influence to be proposed. The two writers shared privileged upbringings founded on nineteenth-century capitalism. The friendship of each with Virginia Woolf brought them into contact with one another and then, in the 1920s, they were linked by The Criterion, which Eliot edited. The article examines two pieces of prose by Forster on Eliot, one gathered into his first collection of essays, Abinger Harvest (1936) and the other into Two Cheers for Democracy (1951). Over time, Forster came to see Eliot as self-deceiving and harmed by his attachment to conservative Christianity. If Eliot drew on Forster's work it was early in his career, before The Waste Land. Forster and Eliot can be understood in social terms as mandarins of British culture in the mid-twentieth century. While Eliot seemed to pay little attention to Forster in later years, Forster's career can be read as shadowed by Eliot's.


Mercury contamination poses a known threat to human health, yet the degree of contamination and resulting human exposure remains unknown in many regions. Assessments of the relative risks of fish consumption are fundamentally limited by the availability of data characterizing fish consumption behaviors in a given region and the mercury concentrations in fish consumed by humans, as well as by a lack of scientific consensus about how a given level of mercury exposure is likely to affect a particular fish consumer. Existing mercury data and research findings are often not accessible to fish consumers or communicated clearly and consistently. This thesis integrates two related, yet distinct, perspectives regarding how the availability of scientific information affects decision making about the consumption of mercurycontaminated fish through a focused study of the fish consumption and mercury exposure of one community of Adirondack anglers, as well as through a broader consideration of how data collection efforts can best provide information to protect human health. This effort had two overall goals: (1) to characterize how the collection, interpretation, and communication of mercury data influence the availability and clarity of information for decision making about fish consumption; and (2) to recommend how data collection, risk assessment, and risk communication efforts can foster informed, science-based decision making about fish consumption. The first part of this research effort builds upon ongoing assessments of mercury contamination by integrating available local, regional, and national fish mercury datasets with participant consumption records to estimate the mercury exposure of fish consumers (N=17), particularly anglers and families consuming fish species sport-caught from privately owned fishing preserves in the Adirondack region. We compared exposure estimates to measured mercury concentrations in participant hair samples and to recommended health guidelines. The estimated mercury exposure of 35% of participants exceeded the USEPA reference dose for methylmercury; 35% of measured hair mercury concentrations exceeded recommended levels, and the estimated mercury exposure and measured hair mercury concentrations of 29% of participants exceeded both guidelines. Fifty years of angling catch records showed a noticeable decrease in the percentage of the total catch kept for consumption rather than caught and released; this change in angling behavior is estimated to have reduced the mean mercury exposure of our study community from preserve sport-caught fish (e.g., from the waters of private Adirondack fishing preserves alone) by 84%. In the second part of this thesis, we review recent efforts to collect and integrate fish mercury data in the northeastern United States, a region that is particularly influenced by atmospheric deposition of mercury, and provide suggestions to improve and focus future research and monitoring efforts to better address threats to human health. Resource and sampling limitations have hindered comprehensive understanding of mercury in the environment and relative levels of methylmercury exposure through fish consumption. Because of these limitations, data collection should maximize the benefits of information gained by monitoring programs. By selecting appropriate target species – those species and sizes of fish harvested for consumption and those with the highest and most variable mercury concentrations at a given location – health and fisheries professionals can more comprehensively advise fish consumers and inform the protection of human health. Overall, the findings from this study will inform our understanding of: (1) how the availability and clarity of mercury information influence decision making about fish consumption, and (2) how a more comprehensive approach to data collection can more clearly characterize the relative risks to anglers and their families and thereby foster informed, science-based decision making about fish consumption.


somes that discuss in detail their various changes reported in the literature with useful tables, many illustrations both clinical and chromosomal, and clear chromosomal diagrams. There is a good cbapter on trisomy 8 mosaicism, accurately defined only since the introduction of chromosome banding, of which some 35 cases had been reported to the end of 1975. Among the structural chromosome changes, of nine duplications in the long arm of chromosome 7, three involve the same segment, another three a different segment, two involve yet another, and the remaining two are unique; while the twelve duplications in the short or long arm of chromosome 11 are nearly all unique, as are the four deletions in its long arm. In the case of each chromosome, information on the genes it carries is also given so that one is reminded of one of the applications of these chromosome studies, namely deletion mapping which can tell where some genes are not sited. Both for its practical value in diagnosing and counselling, and for its theoretical potential, the study of specific chromosome deletions and duplications is important and this book is recommended as one that documents and summarizes well the situation at present. It also serves by pointing to the many gaps in information and knowledge, and by indicating the details of study, clinical, chromosomal, and chemical, which are ideally necessary in order to make useful contributions to this expanding field of applied human genetics.


Traditional fluid simulations require large computational resources even for an average sized scene with the main bottleneck being a very small time step size, required to guarantee the stability of the solution. Despite a large progress in parallel computing and efficient algorithms for pressure computation in the recent years, realtime fluid simulations have been possible only under very restricted conditions. In this paper we propose a novel machine learning based approach, that formulates physics-based fluid simulation as a regression problem, estimating the acceleration of every particle for each frame. We designed a feature vector, directly modelling individual forces and constraints from the Navier-Stokes equations, giving the method strong generalization properties to reliably predict positions and velocities of particles in a large time step setting on yet unseen test videos. We used a regression forest to approximate the behaviour of particles observed in the large training set of simulations obtained using a traditional solver. Our GPU implementation led to a speed-up of one to three orders of magnitude compared to the state-of-the-art position-based fluid solver and runs in real-time for systems with up to 2 million particles.


E-cadherin is an important tumor suppressor gene whose expression is lost when cells acquire a metastatic phenotype. We analyzed the role of E-cadherin missplicing as a mechanism of its downregulation by analyzing a misspliced E-cadherin transcript that lacks exon 11 of this gene. This results in a frameshift and a premature termination codon that targets this transcript for degradation. Tumor tissues, including breast (20%, n = 9), prostate (30%, n = 9) and head and neck (75%, n = 8) cancer, express the exon 11-skipped transcripts (vs. nonmalignant controls) and its levels inversely correlate with E-cadherin expression. This is a novel mechanism of E-cadherin downregulation by missplicing in tumor cells, which is observed in highly prevalent human tumors. In the head and neck cancer model, nontumorigenic keratinocytes express exon 11–skipped splice product two- to sixfold lower than the head and neck tumor cell lines. Mechanistic studies reveal that SFRS2 (SC35), a splicing factor, as one of the regulators that increases missplicing and downregulates E-cadherin expression. Furthermore, this splicing factor was found to be overexpressed in 5 of 7 head and neck cell lines and primary head and neck tumors. Also, methylation of E-cadherin gene acts as a regulator of this aberrant splicing process. In 2 head and neck cell lines, wild-type transcript expression increased 16- to 25-folds, whereas the percentage of exon 11-skipped transcripts in both the cell lines decreased five- to 30-folds when cells were treated with a hypomethylating agent, azacytidine. Our findings reveal that promoter methylation and an upregulated splicing factor (SFRS2) are involved in the E-cadherin missplicing in tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(9); 1751–9. ©2011 AACR.


Examines Peter Drucker's views on government and public management, with special reference to the domestic sphere in the USA. Both Professor Drucker's diagnosis of the problems government face, including excessive size, power, and poor performance, and his prescriptions, including a major program of privatization, are examined. In analysing his views, several concerns are expressed, including a lack of empirical support for many of his claims and an over‐reliance on the private sector. The article concludes that the Druckerian approach is more that of political theorist than management consultant, and that as a political theorist he has made a major contribution by developing themes that everyone needs to consider ‐ the power and performance of government, the nature and role of private power, the determination and protection of the common good in a pluralist world, and the preservation of the freedom and dignity of the individual in a world of multiple, impersonal power centers.


of Earth, Venus, and Mars 1 Abstract The atmospheric and surface conditions of Earth, Venus, and Mars formed as a result of a chain of astrophysical and geophysical/chemical processes. The end results were the formation of a habitable environment on the Earth and highly inhospitable environments on Venus and Mars. Understanding these processes will improve our understanding of the formation of life on Earth and help us achieve a general understanding of how habitable planetary environments form. We propose an ISSI team to study the early evolution of the atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars as test cases for the formation of habitability on terrestrial planets. Our team contains a unique combination of expertise in the evolution of planetary interiors and surfaces, atmospheric formation processes, the Sun's activity evolution, planetary atmospheric loss mechanisms, and atmospheric chemistry. Many of the most critical processes took place within the first 100-200 Myr of solar-system formation and were highly intertwined. Initial H/He envelopes (protoatmospheres) may have remained on planets from their formation during the protoplanetary disk phase, preventing rapid cooling and the formation of a secondary atmosphere. However, solar radiation and the solar wind should have eroded such envelopes, and the cooling magma ocean surfaces eventually led to crust formation, outgassing of secondary atmospheres including heavier species such as H2O, CO2 and N2, and the collection of liquid water oceans, thus setting the stage for the operation of plate tectonics on Earth; the latter in turn helped remove potentially massive amounts of greenhouse-active CO2. A delicate timing of events and well adjusted amplitudes of solar and geophysical influences were thus critical for the Earth and may have failed on Venus due to its closer proximity to the Sun, preventing rapid cooling, the formation of oceans and therefore plate tectonics. The atmospheres of Earth and Venus thus evolved very differently, yielding a CO2 dominated atmosphere on Venus, and an N2 dominated habitable atmosphere on Earth. How these mechanisms interact to form habitable planetary environments, or why they may fail to do so, will be the major focus of this ISSI team.


Cell phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs) have become indispensable tools for today's highly mobile workforce. Small and relatively inexpensive, these devices can be used for many functions, including sending and receiving electronic mail, storing documents, delivering presentations, and remotely accessing data. While these devices provide productivity benefits, they also pose new risks to organizations. This document provides an overview of cell phone and PDA devices in use today and offers insights into making informed information technology security decisions on their treatment. The document gives details about the threats and technology risks associated with the use of these devices and the available safeguards to mitigate them. Organizations can use this information to enhance security and reduce incidents involving cell phone and PDA devices.


This study investigates the effect of uniform magnetic field on the deformation of a ferrofluid droplet in a two dimensional (2D) simple shear flow by means of numerical simulation. The magnetic field is applied in a perpendicular direction to the flow direction. A numerical scheme called level set method in combination with laminar two phase flow under fluid flow module is used to solve the flow field both inside and outside of the droplet while level set method is required to track the dynamic motion of the droplet interface which is suspended in another immiscible medium. A constant shear rate is applied by imposing velocities of the same magnitude but in opposite directions on the top and bottom walls respectively. Magnetic field both inside and outside of the droplet is simulated using the AC/DC module and it is applied to the flow domain using the volume force feature under laminar flow module. We found that at a low shear rate with increasing magnetic field strength, the magnetic field plays a dominant role on the deformation of the droplet and also the droplet is found to orient itself more along the direction of magnetic field. On the other hand, at high shear rate the deformation and orientation of the droplet is determined predominantly by shear flow although the magnetic field has a considerable effect at higher strengths. It is also found that the flow field inside and outside of the droplet changes at different conditions. Figures used in the abstract Figure 1: Velocity field and magnetic field inside and outside of a deformed ferrofluid droplet.


The inorganic crystal scintillator CsI(Tl) has been used for low energy neutrino and Dark Matter experiments, where the intrinsic radiopurity is an issue of major importance. Low-background data were taken with a CsI(Tl) crystal array at the Kuo-Sheng Reactor Neutrino Laboratory. The pulse shape discrimination capabilities of the crystal, as well as the temporal and spatial correlations of the events, provide powerful means of measuring the intrinsic radiopurity of 137Cs as well as the 235U, 238U and 232Th series. The event selection algorithms are described, with which the decay half-lives of 218Po, 214Po, 220Rn, 216Po and 212Po were derived. The measurements of the contamination levels, their concentration gradients with the crystal growth axis, and the uniformity among different crystal samples, are reported. The radiopurity in the 238U and 232Th series are comparable to those of the best reported in other crystal scintillators. Significant improvements in measurement sensitivities were achieved, similar to those from dedicated massive liquid scintillator detector. This analysis also provides in situ measurements of the detector performance parameters, such as spatial resolution, quenching factors, and data acquisition dead time. PACS Codes: 29.40.Mc, 29.25.R, 07.05.Kf.


Web service technologies are becoming a new paradigm for distributed computing. With increasing number of web services available on the internet, there is an urgent need for information brokers that can autonomously integrate web services on behalf of a user. To this end, we propose web service specification, which defines what the service is but not how the service is implemented, and service synthesizer, which can dynamically synthesize the implementation of the specification from existing web services over the web.


We have modelled the spectral energy distributions of the 13 Hubble Deep Field (HDF) galaxies reliably detected by the Infrared Space Observatoiy (ISO). For two galaxies the emission detected by ISO is consistent with being starlight or the infrared 'cirrus' in the galaxies. For the remaining 11 galaxies there is a clear mid-infrared excess, which we interpret as emission from dust associated with a strong starburst. 10 of these galaxies are spirals or interacting pairs, while the remaining one is an elliptical with a prominent nucleus and broad emission lines. We give a new discussion of how the star formation rate can be deduced from the far-infrared luminosity, and derive star formation rates for these galaxies of 8-1000o M? yr-1, where o takes account of the uncertainty in the initial mass function. The HDF galaxies detected by ISO are clearly forming stars at a prodigious rate compared with nearby normal galaxies. We discuss the implications of our detections for the history of star and heavy element formation in the Universe. Although uncertainties in the calibration, reliability of source detection, associations and starburst models remain, it is clear that dust plays an important role in star formation out to redshift 1 at least.


Sepsis, defined as life‐threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection, is recognised by the World Health Organization as a global health priority. Each year, 5000 of the 18 000 adults with sepsis treated in Australian intensive care units die, with survivors suffering long‐term physical, cognitive and psychological dysfunction, which is poorly recognised and frequently untreated. There are currently no effective pharmacological treatments for sepsis, making early recognition, resuscitation and immediate treatment with appropriate antibiotics the key to reducing the burden of resulting disease. The majority of sepsis, around 70–80%, is community acquired making emergency departments and primary care key targets to improve recognition and early management. Case fatality rates for sepsis are decreasing in many countries with the reduction attributed to national or regional screening and quality improvement programmes focused on early identification and immediate treatment. The optimum approach to treating established sepsis has been informed by high‐quality, multicentre investigator initiated randomised trials with much of the valuable data coming from National Health and Medical Research Council‐funded trials run from Australia. While early recognition and improved management of the acute episode are important steps in reducing death and disability from sepsis, a substantial reduction in the burden of sepsis‐related disease requires action across the entire healthcare system. In this narrative review, we provide a summary of current knowledge on epidemiology of sepsis and septic shock and recommendations on the optimum approach to the management of these conditions in adults.


This dissertation evaluates the differences in visual components of the design of university websites around the world. The key research questions are: Does the design of user interfaces vary across cultures? If differences in interface design exist across cultures, can they be measured using Geert Hofstede's five dimensions of culture (power-distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long/short time orientation)? Cultural differences and similarities have been studied extensively in anthropological and social research and have also become an important issue in international interface design. Most empirical studies have tried to explain cultural differences in web design through the works of cultural anthropologist Geert Hofstede, although those studies are based on assumptions that his model, which is related to organizational attitudes, is also applicable to design. This study attempts to test the validity of those assumptions.
The data for this dissertation consist of 900 websites from 45 countries and regions around the world. Websites were compared, using content analysis methods, on the basis of page layout, directionality, symmetry, length, and color scheme, as well as the presence of news and search engines. Pictures were analyzed by type and depiction category. Additional analysis included different linguistic versions of the website pages. The results of the analysis show significant differences across countries in relation to the variables examined, with the exception of page symmetry and centralization. In terms of Hofstede's dimensions, significant statistical correlations were found for the dimensions power distance and individualism/collectivism, while the other dimensions yielded no significant results. The study suggests the importance of carrying out additional cross-cultural studies so that scholars and companies can ascertain which cultural factors matter in the design of websites in local, national, and global contexts.


The authors present the design of a laboratory with software and hardware structures for digital and physical simulation in the area of power systems control education. The hardware structure includes a physically based model of the power system. The software structure includes a special man-machine interface designed with a graphical user interface approach. This interface allows the user full control over the simulation and provides facilities for the study of the response of the simulated system. This approach is illustrated with the design of a control system for a physically based high-voltage DC transmission system model. >


The purpose of this qualitative case study was to understand a child's experience with a learning disability (LD) through the way that they cope with it, and how self-esteem, self-efficacy, attribution style, and social support contribute to this process. Qualitative interviews were conducted with one child, his parents, and his teacher, accompanied by a content analysis of the child's psychosocial assessment report. It was found that the child copes well with having a learning disability, employing a problem-focused/approach coping style by seeking help and practicing for skills he struggles with, an emotion-focused coping style by implementing strategies to alleviate frustration, and compartmentalizing his disability. Further, self-esteem, self-efficacy, attribution style, social support and sports and leisure engagement were found to contribute positively to the coping process. These findings offer useful implications for parents, teachers, and practitioners to support other students with LD.


The presence of an extensive intraductal component (EIC) in patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma is a major factor for predicting local recurrence after breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy. A retrospective study including 67 consecutive cases of stage I and II infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast was conducted to determine the predictive values of mammographic features associated with the presence or absence of EIC. 43% of the lesions contained a pathologically verified EIC. 63% (25/40) of lesions showing mammographic evidence of calcifications with or without a mass were associated with an EIC. In contrast, only 17% (4/24) of carcinomas without calcifications demonstrated an EIC. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Lesions with calcifications greater than 3 cm in extent were significantly (p < 0.01) more likely to have an EIC (8/9; 89%) than those with calcifications less than 3 cm in extent (17/31; 55%). Furthermore, no patient with a palpable mass who had normal findings on mammograms was diagnosed to have an EIC.


In this paper, we propose a simple and fast method for chord recognition in music signals. We extract a chromagram from the signal which transcribes the harmonic content of the piece over time. We introduce a set of chord templates taking into account one or more harmonics of the pitch notes of the chord and calculate a scale parameter to fit the chromagram frames to these chords templates. Several chord types (major, minor, dominant seventh, etc.) are considered. The detected chord over a frame is the one minimizing a measure of fit between the rescaled chroma vector and the chord templates. Several popular distances and divergences from the signal processing or probability fields are considered for our task. Our system is improved by some post-processing filtering that modifies the recognition criteria so as to favor time-persistence. The transcription tool is evaluated on three corpora: the Beatles corpus used for MIREX 08, a 20-audio-song corpus, and a resynthesized MIDI corpus. Our system is also compared to state-of-the-art chord recognition methods. Experimental results show that our method compares favorably to the state-of-the-art and is less computationally demanding than the other evaluated systems. Our systems entered the MIREX 2009 competition and performed very well.


ONE OF THE GIVENS OF NATURAL history is that it is the observation of wild nature. However, that way of stating the case establishes a boundary between nature and culture, wild and domestic, whereas humans, as Douglas Sackman observes, have shaped what they call nature "into forms that [are] valuable to themselves or others" (171). This shaping of nature is particularly true of William Bernard Tegetmeier's (1816–1912) lavishly illustrated The Poultry Book (1873). A new edition of a work that had sold for one shilling per part in fifteen monthly parts through 1866 to 1867, it carried thirty chromolithograph color plates and ran to three hundred and ninety-two pages. Texts like The Poultry Book belonged to the wider circulation of ideas between the discourses of art, literature, and science that led eventually both to the protection of birds in the wild (Kean 113–15) and to their increasingly scientific management in agriculture.


Financial institutions, particularly banks, are one of the largest investors in the domains of information systems, and there are quite clear signs that these trends to overspread in the future. The advent and expansion of globalization and the development of information technologies pushed the banks to adopt advanced technology in order to launch new services. Banks have applied remote enabled service using the Internet to gain competitive advantage, increase efficiency, reduce costs and offer a variety of new services. Online systems make banking transactions easy and convenient, particularly for disabled people who may require special services. The main purpose of this current study is to examine the main keys to measure the merit perception of using Internet banking technology, as this advanced technology is considered as one of the principal motivations underlying the inclinations of individuals to adopt such a convenient technology. The model formulated and developed in this research study is an extension to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The model was tested with a survey sample of 400 people chosen randomly. The findings of the study indicate that all mentioned factors in the proposed model (CNV, SE, QI, AW, PEU, PU) have significant impact within prompting the use of Internet banking systems. Data analysis is based on the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).


Graph-based semi-supervised learning is a very powerful tool in classification tasks, while in most existing literature the labelled nodes are assumed to be randomly sampled. When the labelling status depends on the unobserved node response, ignoring the missingness can lead to significant estimation bias and handicap the classifiers. This situation is called non-ignorable non-response. To solve the problem, we propose a Graph-based joint model with Non-ignorable Non-response (GNN), followed by a joint inverse weighting estimation procedure incorporated with sampling imputation approach. Our method is proved to outperform some state-of-art models in both regression and classification problems, by simulations and real analysis on the Cora dataset.


One of the major areas for research and investment related to the Internet is the provision of quality of service (QoS). We remain confident that in the not-to-distance future, QoS will be introduced not only in private networks but in the whole Internet. QoS will bring some new features into the Internet market: (1) vertical product differentiation with BE and QoS, (2) usage-sensitive pricing with metering. In this dissertation, the equilibrium outcomes are analyzed when two rural Internet Access Providers (IAPs) interact with several business and technical strategies such as technology (BE or QoS), pricing scheme (flat-rate pricing or two-part tariff), interconnection (transit or peering) and investment in network capacity. To determine the equilibria, we construct a duopoly game model based on Cournot theory. We calibrate this model to data found in real markets. In this model, we study ten cases with a combination of strategic choices of two IAPs. We use two demand functions: one based on uniform distribution and the other based on empirical distribution which comes from the U.S. General Accounting Office (U.S. GAO) survey for Internet usage. We use a two-stage RNG (Random Number Generator) simulation and a linear regression for the latter. If we consider IAPs with the BE and the flat rate pricing as the current Internet, the equilibrium points of each case in this model suggest a progressive market equilibrium path to the future Internet market. Based on the equilibrium analysis of the game model, we conclude that (1) {QoS, two-part tariff, transit/peering} or {QoS, flat-rate pricing, peering} will be a plausible situation in the future Internet access market, (2) network capacity will still be an important strategy to determine market equilibrium in the future as well as in the current, (3) BE will take a considerable market share in the QoS Internet, and (4) peering arrangements in the QoS Internet will provide a higher social welfare than transit. These implications from the game analysis present an analytical framework for the future Internet policy.


Apparent intermediates between Eucalyptus amygdalina and E. pulchella occur well outside the recognized range of the latter species. Progenies of these isolated intermediates were grown in uniform conditions with progenies of trees of E. pulchella, E. amygdaline and apparent hybrids between these two species that are found where they occur parapatrically. The isolated intermediate population proved identical with E. amygdalina in seedling characteristics, while the parapatric intermediates were more variable than the other populations, this variability probably being partly the result of hybridization between E. amygdalina and either E. tenuiramis or E. risdonii. The allopatric intermediate population is more likely to have resulted from convergence of E. amygdalina in the direction of E. pulchella than from phantom hybridity or long distance gene migration.


To determine the frequency, predisposing factors and consequences of extrahepatic malignancy following long‐term immunosuppressive therapy of severe HBsAg‐negative chronic active hepatitis, 149 patients who had received prednisone (20 mg daily) or prednisone (10 mg daily) in combination with azathioprine (50 mg daily) for at least 6 months were evaluated systematically for 109 ± 5 months (range: 7 to 223 months). Seven neoplasms involving cervix (2), lymphatic tissue (1), breast (1), bladder (1), soft tissue (1) and unknown site (1) developed in seven patients after 116 ± 23 months (range: 18 to 164 months). The incidence of extrahepatic neoplasm was 1 per 194 patient–years of surveillance, and the probability of tumor occurrence was 3% after 10 years. Tumor frequency was similar in men and women and the risk was 1.4‐fold greater than that in an age‐and sex‐matched normal population (95% confidence interval, 0.6‐ to 2.9‐fold normal). Patients with extrahepatic malignancy were not distinguished by age, sex, treatment regimen, cumulative duration of treatment (42 ± 9 vs. 60 ± 4 months, p = 0.7) or individual features of the liver disease. Five of the seven patients survived during 48 ± 25 months of follow‐up, including two patients who have lived for at least 5 years after the diagnosis of malignancy. We conclude that extrahepatic malignancy develops infrequently during long‐term immunosuppressive therapy. Its occurrence is not related to the type or duration of treatment, and long‐term survival after tumor detection is possible. The low but probably increased risk of extrahepatic neoplasm does not militate against the use of immunosuppressive therapy in these patients.


On March 19, 2001, the Senate began consideration of the McCain-Feingold campaign finance reform bill. The bill–S. 27 (Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2001)–was introduced on January 22, 2001 by Senators McCain, Feingold, Cochran et al. It features a ban on the raising of soft money by national parties, a ban on the spending of soft money by state and local parties on federal election-related activities (as defined), and a disclosure requirement for electioneering messages not regulated by federal election law, along with a ban on their funding from union or for-profit corporation treasuries. Another bill receiving considerable Senate attention is S. 22 (Open and Accountable Campaign Financing Act of 2001), introduced on January 22, 2001 by Senators Hagel, Landrieu et al. It features limits on soft money donations to national parties, increases in hard money contribution limits, and a requirement that broadcasters make information available on groups engaging in issue advocacy. This report provides a summary and comparison of these two measures, according to various categories.


Non-formal education consists in the expression of personal interests through the voluntary participation of the young person in activities that are of interest or attract him directly in order either to spend free time in a constructive manner, or to develop personality or to grasp special talents in - an institutionalized framework. As a rule, non-formal education does not make literacy, but works on the student's apperceptive background (built up by formal education), strengthening the general knowledge of the young person in his / her areas of interest, along with the development of motivation, will, self-control and self-confidence.

Our analysis had focused on tackling chess as a logical game in non-formal education by studying few groups of preschoolers who do not yet know how to read and write, in order to be able to record during the play their own moves on the game board.

It has been noticed during the time that all these small age groups often commit mistakes, either on an involuntarily manner or deliberately, cheating for the purpose of winning at any cost, generating this way a controversy between opponents seeking the teacher's immediate support or assistance. One of the major limitations of the lesson is given by the fact that the teacher can't simultaneously watch the game on multiple chess boards in order to intervene in real time whenever his pedagogical assistance is needed.

So, to alleviate these shortcomings, a system based on deep learning techniques is used that allows, based on image analysis, to detect the positioning of each chess piece on the game board. Upon completion of a move a button is pressed by each player at which point an image is taken with a camera and the new position of the pieces is determined and compared to the previous one, to detect if any of the game's rules have been violated. Then the notation of the move is recorded and in the case of a violation of the game's rules, the system produces a warning sound, giving this way to the teacher the opportunity to intervene promptly.

The experiment consisted in recording the number of interventions necessary to correct the game first in a classic manner and then using the automated system, making this way a comparison between the two approaches. It has been noticed that using the automated system more errors could be detected in addition allowing an implied evaluation of the lesson in a manner which is more effective and objective then the classic one.


Modulation of burn‐associated CD8+ CD11b+ T cell receptorγ/δ+ suppressor T cells (BA2T cells) and improved resistance to herpesvirus infections was studied in thermally injured mice. The susceptibility of thermally injured mice to infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV) was approximately 100 times greater than it was in normal mice. The increased susceptibility of thermally injured mice to HSV infection was transferred to normal mice by BA2T cells, which appeared in spleens of mice 2–9 days after thermal injury. The suppressor cell activity of BA2T cells was effectively counteracted by CD4+ CD28+ T cell receptorα/β+ Vicia villosa lectin adherent antisuppressor cells (designated as bum‐induced contrasuppressor T cells; BCS cells), which were generated naturally in spleens of mice after the appearance of BA2T cells. The adoptive transfer of BCS cells to mice just after the injury improved the resistance of thermally injured mice to HSV infection to levels observed in normal mice. These results suggest that the increased susceptibility of thermally injured mice to HSV infection may be affected by BA2T suppressor cells and BCS cells may improve the resistance of thermally injured mice to HSV infection through the inhibition of BA2T suppressor cell activities. J. Leukoc. Biol. 58: 159–167; 1995.


BACKGROUND: Annually, the EU processes ∼750 000 M tonnes of black currants to juice with a substantial production of waste material. This pomace is currently disposed but could be exploited as a source of polyphenol antioxidants, bioactive components and flavour components. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the amount and composition of polyphenol components extractable from black currant residues, with a focus on anthocyanin components. METHODS: Polyphenol levels in laboratory derived juice, successive water-extracts and methanol-extracts of black currants were compared. Similar extractions were carried out on commercial black currant pomace. Differences in polyphenol composition were examined using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS: Extracts obtained with methanol after juice removal and water washing had considerably higher anthocyanin content and a higher proportion of anthocyanidin glucosides. The methanol extracts also contained putative C-C linked anthocyanin dimers not previously identified in berries. Similar ethanol extraction of commercial pomace also released an anthocyanin-rich fraction with elevated levels of anthocyanidin glucosides. CONCLUSIONS: Sequential alcohol extraction of black currant residues produced anthocyanin-rich fractions which contained components that may be tightly bound to the residues. These included putative anthocyanin dimers. Compositional differences in extracts from laboratory residues and commercial pomace may be related to the use of cell-wall-lyzing enzymes during juicing.


For original paper see ibid., vol. 33, no. 3, p. 1030-7 (1997). In IMMIE formulation, an input (cross-track acceleration) estimate is always used at every sample instant, regardless of whether the target is accelerating or not and hence it will degrade performance during constant-speed sections of track. For reducing computational burden and cost, the authors compromised on the accuracies in the estimates of target state vector. The probabilities a/sub n/ are to be found through innovation and so are their covariances in the corresponding Kalman filters. These are chosen arbitrarily as 0.9. The along-track-acceleration inputs which are supposed to be found adaptively using input estimation techniques are also chosen arbitrarily.


Abstract: The study describes a large (kilometre-scale) composite mud volcano system within the North Sea Chalk Group, containing both intrusion and extrusion features. The upper part of the system consists of three stacked constructive components. At the top, a Late Palaeocene mound-shaped extrusion with subtle onlaps is observed. Below, a Danian near-surface intrusion caused forced-folding of the c. 100 m thick overburden. This is underlain by a shallow intrusion. The lower part of the mud volcano system is defined by a depletion-related depression and the fluid conduit. Seismic data suggest that the source unit for the linked intrusion–extrusion is to be found either within a Lower Cretaceous diapiric siliciclastic structure or within the fine-grained carbonates of the Chalk Group. The latter is more probable, implying that chalk may generate hitherto undocumented intrusions and extrusions comparable with siliciclastic mud volcano systems. Remobilization is inferred to have been driven by fluidization caused by the influx of mainly pore water expelled from the Lower Cretaceous succession. A distinct depositional variation within the Chalk Group caused early diagenetic differences in porosity preservation and mechanical properties of the chalk units, allowing the remobilization of certain chalk units even at burial depths as great as 200 m.


Cystic tumors of the pancreas form a heterogeneous group, with benign, premalignant, and malignant tumors. The molecular events that underlie their neoplastic transformation process are poorly understood. Our purpose was to study DNA ploidy by flow cytometry and p53 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in a large series of cystic tumors of the pancreas. The series of 51 surgical specimens included 18 serous cystadenomas, 20 mucinous cystic tumors (benign, n = 14; borderline, n = 1; malignant, n = 5), 10 intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors (benign, n = 4; borderline, n = 1; malignant, n = 5), and 3 papillary and cystic tumors. The p53 protein immunohistochemical study was done in all cases on deparaffinized sections stained with the monoclonal antibody DO7. DNA flow cytometry was performed in 31 cases on formalin-fixed and paraffinembedded material. Neither p53 protein immunoreactivity nor DNA aneuploidy was observed in any case of serous cystadenoma. p53 protein overexpression was present in four of five malignant mucinous cystic tumors but was absent in benign and borderline cases. Only one case of malignant mucinous cystic tumor was DNA aneuploid. All benign and borderline intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors were p53 negative, and two of five malignant cases were p53 positive. There was no DNA aneuploidy in any case of intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors. The three cases of papillary-cystic tumors showed neither p53 protein immunoreactivity nor DNA aneuploidy. In cystic tumors of the pancreas, p53 protein overexpression and DNA aneuploidy are rare events, restricted to malignant cases, mostly mucinous cystadenocarcinomas. Our results confirm that this group of tumors is heterogeneous and underline the need for earlier markers of an aggressive behavior.


Symptoms of myasthenia gravis in infancy may occur from passive transfer of maternal disease, acquired autoimmune disease, or nonautoimmune hereditary disease. Of nine patients with infantile-onset myasthenia who were not born to mothers with the disease, two had detectable antibody to acetylcholine receptor. Patients with or without antibodies were clinically indistinguishable, except for the occurrence of similar disease in siblings of patients without antibody. Differentiation of autoimmune and hereditary myasthenia in infancy is necessary for appropriate therapeutic measures and genetic counseling. Antibody determinations provide a useful aid in this differentiation.


Free radicals (FRs) and oxidants (Os) have different vital activities in our bodies. Biological redox reactions are the major source for FRs-Os. In normal cases, they are under the control of our body's existing antioxidant (antiO) system. If their amounts exceeds a certain limit, they start to attack and damage various macromolecules and cells. In the case of DNA damage, dangerous diseases such as cancer "the human killer" can be elevated. The expression and regulation of the genes coding for the endogenous (endo) antiO enzymes are important for our health. Genetic polymorphism between different populations reflects the differences between individuals and populations abilities to produce antiOs. This review will discuss general aspects about different types of FRs-Os and antiOs as well as their direct and indirect interaction with genetic materials. The benefit of the antiOs, which can do a lot for our health, will be highlighted.


We consider the case of an integrable quantum spin chain with "soliton non-preserving" boundary conditions. This is the first time that such boundary conditions have been considered in the spin chain framework. We construct the transfer matrix of the model, we study its symmetry and we find explicit expressions for its eigenvalues. Moreover, we derive a new set of Bethe ansatz equations by means of the analytical Bethe ansatz method.


A novel ultra-wideband bandpass filter (BPF) is presented using a back-to-back microstrip-to-coplanar waveguide (CPW) transition employed as the broadband balun structure in this letter. The proposed BPF is based on the electromagnetic coupling between open-circuited microstrip line and short-circuited CPW. The equivalent circuit of half of the filter is used to calculate the input impedance. The broadband microstip-to-CPW transition is designed at the center frequency of 6.85 GHz. The simulated and measured results are shown in this letter.


Background Excessive salt consumption—associated with a range of adverse health outcomes—is very high in Portugal, and bread is the second largest source. Current Portuguese legislation sets a maximum limit of 1.4 g salt per 100 g bread, but imported and traditional breads are exempted. In 2017 the Ministry of Health proposed reducing the salt threshold to 1.0/100 g by 2022, however the legislation was vetoed by the European Commission on free-trade grounds. Aims To estimate the health impact of subjecting imported and traditional breads to the current 1.4 g threshold, and to model the potential health impact of implementing the proposed 1.0 g threshold. Methods We gathered bread sales, salt consumption, and epidemiological data from robust publicly available data sources. We used the open source WHO PRIME modeling tool to estimate the number of salt-related deaths that would have been averted in 2016 (the latest year for which all data were available) from; (1) Extending the 1.4 g threshold to all types of bread, and (2) Applying the 1.0 g threshold to all bread sold in Portugal. We used Monte Carlo simulations to generate confidence intervals. Results Applying the current 1.4 g threshold to imported and traditional bread would have averted 107 deaths in 2016 (95% CI: 43–172). Lowering the current threshold from 1.4 to 1.0 g and applying it to all bread products would reduce daily salt consumption by 3.6 tons per day, saving an estimated 286 lives a year (95% CI: 123–454). Conclusions Salt is an important risk factor in Portugal and bread is a major source. Lowering maximum permissible levels and removing exemptions would save lives. The European Commission should revisit its decision on the basis of this new evidence.


I study the role of shocks to beliefs combined with Bayesian learning in a standard equilibrium business cycle framework. By adapting ideas from Cogley and Sargent (2008b) to the general equilibrium setting, I am able to study how a prior belief arising from the Great Depression may have influenced the macroeconomy during the last 75 years. In the model, households hold twisted beliefs concerning the likelihood and persistence of recession and boom states, beliefs which are only gradually unwound during subsequent years. Even though the driving stochastic process for technology is unchanged over the entire period, the nature of macroeconomic performance is altered considerably for many decades before eventually converging to the rational expectations equilibrium. This provides some evidence of the lingering effects of beliefs-twisting events on the behavior of macroeconomic variables.


This paper describes the design and experimental test of a passive magnetic bearing system composed by a superconductor magnetic bearing (SMB) and a permanent magnet bearing (PMB). This bearing setup is part of a flywheel energy storage system. The advantage of using a passive bearing system is that it offers low friction without the need of a magnetic bearing controller, increasing the reliability and decreasing the energy consumption. The first set of tests were quasi-static radial and axial force measurements of the PMB operating alone and together with the SMB. As the PMB is intrinsically unstable in one degree of freedom, the operation of the SMB together with the PMB is necessary to stabilize the system. After that, dynamic measurements were made for the SMB operating alone and together with the PMB. The resonant speeds were identified and the bearing radial and axial forces were also measured for the SMB and SMB + PMB operation. These results indicate that the studied bearing set is technologically feasible to be used in flywheel energy storage systems.


The importance of sex differences in the brain and behaviour is indisputable. It forms the
basis for differences in risk across a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, as well
as gender roles within society. The classical approach to investigating sex differences
primarily involves comparisons between males and females. While informative for
characterizing the wide array of sexually dimorphic traits, straight comparisons are
insufficient to elucidate specific molecular contributions due to the multiplicity of
confounding factors. Discrete genetic polymorphisms can be used to investigate variance
in these traits due to sex-related molecular factors independent of confounds of sex.
This thesis applies candidate genetics to understand the specific contributions of molecular
components of the sex hormone pathways to sexual dimorphism in brain structure,
personality and cognition. A cohort of 384 individuals were recruited to undergo MRI
brain scans, cognitive and personality testing. They also provided blood samples for
candidate genotyping in polymorphisms in genes for the androgen receptor, oestrogen
receptors, progesterone receptor and aromatase enzyme that converts testosterone to
oestrogen. Voxel-based morphometry was used to characterise regional differences in
brain volume accounted for by these polymorphisms and the relationship to sex differences
in brain volume. Diffusion tensor imaging was then used to determine variation in white
matter integrity and structural connectivity due to these polymorphisms. Sex differences in
personality and cognition are further investigated in terms of correlations with the
polymorphisms and brain structure. Finally an endophenotype approach was used to
investigate differential risk for conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and depression
between sexes through related brain and personality-based traits. The neural and molecular
genetic mechanisms underlying this risk are inferred from correlations with brain-based
measures and genotype. The strengths and weaknesses of this approach and the scientific
implications of this work to gender research are discussed.


Calcium balance is decreased by an increased intake of purified proteins, although the effects of common dietary sources of protein (like meat) on calcium economy remain controversial. We compared the effects of several weeks of controlled high and low meat diets on body calcium retention, using sensitive radiotracer and whole body scintillation counting methodology. Healthy postmenopausal women (n 15) consumed diets with similar calcium content ( 600 mg), but either low or high in meat (12 vs. 20% of energy as protein) for 8 wk each, in a randomized crossover design. After 4 wk of equilibration of each diet, calcium retention was measured by extrinsically labeling the 2-d menu with Ca, followed by whole body scintillation counting for 28 d. Urinary and blood indicators of bone metabolism were also determined for each diet. Calcium retention was not different during the high and low meat dietary periods (d 28, mean pooled SD: 17.1 and 15.6%, 0.6%, respectively; P 0.09). An initially higher renal acid excretion in subjects consuming the high meat compared with the low meat diet decreased significantly with time. The diets did not affect urinary calcium loss or indicators of bone metabolism. In conclusion, under controlled conditions, a high meat compared with a low meat diet for 8 wk did not affect calcium retention or biomarkers of bone metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women. Calcium retention is not reduced when subjects consume a high protein diet from common dietary sources such as meat. J. Nutr. 133:


This study investigated the mathematics teaching efficacy beliefs and attitudes/ Professional Standards of 5 teachers towards students with intellectual disability (ID) educated within a special school setting. The Mathematics Teaching Efficacy Beliefs of the teachers was measured using the Mathematics Teaching Efficacy Beliefs Instrument (MTEBI) developed by Enochs, Smith, and Huinker (2000). Questionnaires, constructed in accordance with the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers (AITSL, 2011) were administered to para-professionals to measure teachers' attitudes/Professional Standards. The outcomes of the study showed that while all 5 teachers demonstrated high Outcome Expectancy and Self Efficacy beliefs in their ability to teach mathematics to students with ID, teachers' expectations of their students were found to be low, inconsistent and high for 20%, 40% and another 40% of the teachers respectively.


Objectives/Goals The intent of this research is to create a reporter system to assess the effectiveness of a newly discovered smart bomb approach to combat HIV. If a plasmid composed of the glycoprotein-160 HIV gene, and the two reporter genes Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) and Firefly Luciferase (Ffluc), is able to be successfully inserted into human T-cells to create cells that look like HIV, then data can be collected to analyze the efficacy of the therapeutic aptamer-small interfering RNA (siRNA) chimera for HIV cell destruction. Methods/Materials A plasmid that carries the 3 genes through molecular cloning was created and inserted into a human T-cell so that it would express the HIV-glycoprotein 120 (gp120) on the cell surface, thereby mimicking an HIV-infected cell. The plasmid was then transformed into bacteria to multiply. Taking the purified DNA plasmids, they were transfected into human cells through lentiviral packaging to create lentivirus. Human CD4+ T-cells were infected after the lentivirus multiplied. These infected cells were then tested by using Flow Cytometry and Luciferase Assays in order to analyze if the transgene in the cell was producing the HIV outer receptor protein, GFP, and Ffluc. Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to measure and quantify the mRNA for GFP, Ffluc, and gp160. Results The results indicated that the GFP-P2A-Ffluc-T2A-gp160 lentivirus was successful in the infection and subsequent gene expression in the CEM T-cells. By performing flow cytometry and luciferase assays, the expression of GFP and presence of luciferase was confirmed respectively. Conclusions/Discussion Through data collection of the presence of the reporter genes, the functionality of the aptamer-siRNA in targeting the HIV look-alike cell could be determined. The siRNA attached to the aptamer silenced one or both of the reporter genes, so a dip in light emission or fluorescence after the aptamer was introduced has proved that the aptamer does indeed have an effect on HIV. In conclusion, the Ubiquitin promoter in the lentiviral vector provides evidence of strong expression of all three genes. The Ffluc signal is detectable while GFP signal in those transduced cells were 100 times brighter than the non-infected cells. Lastly, the HIV gp160 gene expression does not appear to be toxic to cells. This indicates that our construct is safe and usable for human and animal systems.


Asymptomatic ulcerative colitis (UC) is increasingly detected by improved screening tests such as the fecal immunochemical test. However, there have been few reports on the difference in the clinical course of UC according to the presence or absence of symptoms at diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical course of UC according to the presence or absence of clinical symptoms at the time of diagnosis.

 Data were obtained from a retrospective chart review of 64 consecutive patients with UC diagnosed at our hospital between 2014 and 2020. Patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of clinical symptoms at the time of UC diagnosis, and clinical characteristics (age, sex, extent of disease, Mayo Score, endoscopic severity, and hematological findings) at the time of diagnosis were subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses. In the clinical characteristics, propensity score matched analysis was performed, and systemic steroids use, hospitalization within 1 year, and the introduction of therapies for refractory UC were evaluated. Patients with a clinical course of less than 1 year after UC diagnosis, patients intolerant to 5-aminosalicylic acid, patients with carcinoma, pregnant women, and patients under 15 years of age were excluded.

 Eligible patients were 64 UC patients (19 asymptomatic and 45 symptomatic) diagnosed at our hospital during the period of the study. The symptomatic group included 32 cases of bloody stools, 30 cases of diarrhea, 7 cases of abdominal pain, and 4 cases of fever. Multivariate analysis of clinical features at diagnosis showed significant differences in Mayo Score (p=0.003, odds ratio: 3.650, 95% confidence interval: 1.541–8.647) and serum hemoglobin level (p=0.021, odds ratio: 0.367, 95% confidence interval: 0.157–0.859). As a result of propensity score matched analysis, 24 patients (12 asymptomatic, 12 symptomatic) were selected. There were no significant differences in the rates of systemic steroid use (16.7% vs. 16.7%), hospitalization within 1 year (16.7% vs. 8.3%), and the introduction of therapies for refractory UC (16.7% vs. 8.3%) between the two groups (p=1.000 in all items).

 There was no difference in the prognosis of the asymptomatic group compared with the symptomatic group using propensity score matched analysis. The results suggest that asymptomatic UC detected by colonoscopy may be acceptable for follow-up without treatment.


Dicode pulse-position modulation (PPM) systems suffer from three types of pulse detection errors: wrong-slot, false-alarm and erasure. The author presents an original maximum likelihood sequence detector (MLSD) algorithm that uses the natural pulse sequences in dicode PPM to completely eliminate wrong-slot errors, and reduce the effects of false alarms and erasures. The error performance of a dicode PPM system using such a detector is analysed, and theoretical results are presented for a system transmitting 1 Gbit/s PCM data over a dispersive medium, such as graded-index plastic optical fibre, with a wide-bandwidth receiver and a classical matched filter. It is shown that little is gained if MLSD is used in a low-dispersion link. However, if the link bandwidth is equal to 0.46 times the PCM bit-rate, an MLSD dicode PPM system requires 4.0×104 photons per pulse, as opposed to 66×104 photons for a system without MLSD. This corresponds to a 12.2 dB increase in sensitivity. It is further shown that an MLSD dicode system can operate down to a bandwidth of 0.29 times the PCM bit-rate, making it an ideal candidate for high-dispersion links.


In this paper, we have shown the advantage of using 4-ary pulse position modulation (PPM) using intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD) as a power efficient system over coherent differential phase shift keying (DPSK) as a bandwidth efficient system in free space optical (FSO) weak turbulence channel (log-normal channel) and strong turbulence channel (negative-exponential channel). The comparison is done using avalanche photodetector (APD) and PIN receivers. A correct expression is derived for DPSK in negative-exponential channel using APD. The performance of 4-ary PPM is enhanced using high order 256-PPM modulation and forward error correction (FEC). We employed standard Reed-Solomon RS (255,239) and RS (255,223). This work was further extended by exploiting concatenated Reed-Solomon codes, RS (255,239) as an outer code and RS (255,223) as an inner code for higher efficiency.


Purpose: To develop a 2nd dose validation software for helical TomoTherapy, study the sensitivity of the commission data variation on the final dosimetry impact, and inter‐fraction setup uncertainty effect for patient quality assurance.Method and Materials: A 2nd dose validation software for helical TomoTherapy, called MU‐Tomo, has been developed to independently validates point dose upon archived patient documents, initial coordinates and planned dose of point of calculation, and common dosimetric functions. MU‐Tomo has been validated with a hundred cancer cases (30 prostate, 26 head&neck, 18 lung, 17 pelvis, and 9 brain patients). Sensitivity studies were performed by oscillating fluctuation regions of off‐axis profiles, shifting, and rotating profiles. Daily setup shifts were quantified into systematic and random shifts to evaluate dosimetric variations, separately. Results: For dose validation, 98% of dose differences are within ±5% with mean 0.20%±2.06%. Sensitivity studies show linear response by oscillating OARy, 15 times larger dose variation by shifting OARy than OARx, and less than 1.5% difference by rotating OARx in ±6° and more than 5% in ±1° by rotating OARy. Systematic variations are up to −10.02%±3.00%. Mean random variations are up to −5.65%±1.90%. ANOVA analyses show significant differences among patient random dosimetric variations and systematic dosimetric variations between head&neck‐brain group and body group. Variations are not significantly correlated with treatment fraction number with the Pearson correlation analysis. The overall random dosimetric impacts to each patient are ‐ 0.0053%±1.11%. Conclusion: MU‐Tomo, has been developed for TomoTherapy dose validation. Sensitivity studies on fifty patients have been evaluated that OARy profiles are more sensitive than OARx in dose calculation. Dosimetric consequences due to inter‐fractional setup shifts on a hundred helical tomotherapy patients were assessed. Conflict of Interest: This project was supported in part by Oncology Data Systems, Inc., Oklahoma City, OK, USA.


Your decision to publish an important paper on cerebral blood flow (CBF) in migraine1 as the first in Headache for 1989 is to be applauded. But does it clarify or cloud the issue? After 20 years of CBF studies in migraine the results show 1) a reduction of at least 25 30% in classical migraine1, 2) an average increase of 31% in common and classical migraine2, 3) or no change in common migraine3. Now we learn that the measurements need modifying by 40% to allow for scattering of radiation the Compton scatter effect which has led to "an unbalanced interpretation of the data"1 So the results are as contradictory as they can be, the measurements require adjustment, and the interpretation is therefore doubly doubtful. From the clinical point of view the neurological aura, the enlarging scotoma, the scintillations, the migration of the paraesthesiae up the arm or visual disturbances across the visual field, have not been seen in cerebrovascular disease.4 The headache is throbbing in only 47% of 750 patients questioned during a migraine5; but even when the pain is pulsatlie, it throbs for only a portion of the time at the maximum of the headache (Blau unpublished observations). The evidence for a neurological aetiology has been examined6: the most potent argument against a vascular cause is that the common triggers stress, light and hunger go direct to the nervous system, not via blood vessels. No one denies that vascular changes occur in migraine but are they primary or secondary to a neurological disturbance? Sokoloff7 concluded that the stimulated rat and monkey cortex showed increased glucose uptake, and that the increased local blood flow occurred "in response (my italics) to changes in local functional activity". The evidence, therefore, points to an underlying neurological basis with secondary vascular responses. The vascular theory may need resuscitation but who is going to give it the kiss of life?


Abstract
In light of the growing interest in neuroscience within the managerial and organizational cognition (MOC) scholarly domain at large, this chapter advances current knowledge on core neuroscience methods. It does so by building on the theoretical analysis put forward by Healey and Hodgkinson (2014, 2015), and by offering a thorough – yet accessible – methodological framework for a better understanding of key cognitive and social neuroscience methods. Classifying neuroscience methods based on their degree of resolution, functionality, and anatomical focus, the chapter outlines their features, practicalities, advantages and disadvantages. Specifically, it focuses on functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, heart rate variability, and skin conductance response. Equipped with knowledge of these methods, researchers will be able to further their understanding of the potential synergies between management and neuroscience, to better appreciate and evaluate the value of neuroscience methods, and to look at new ways to frame old and new research questions in MOC. The chapter also builds bridges between researchers and practitioners by rebalancing the hype and hopes surrounding the use of neuroscience in management theory and practice.