BACKGROUND
Zinc is involved in numerous metabolic roles, including energy metabolism, immunity, and antioxidative effects. Zinc losses during exercise, in particular through sweat, are well documented. However, conflicting results have been reported for changes in circulating and tissue zinc concentration as a result of exercise. The purpose of this article is to quantify the immediate effect of aerobic exercise on plasma or serum zinc levels, in healthy participants.

METHODS
We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles published up to December 20, 2014, to identify studies that investigated the acute effects of exercise on selected indices of zinc status. Meta-analyses were conducted to determine the change in serum zinc concentration immediately after a bout of aerobic exercise.

RESULTS
Forty-five studies were included in the systematic literature review. Of the included studies, sufficient data were available from 34 studies (providing 46 comparisons) to quantify the change in serum zinc concentration after exercise. Serum zinc concentration was significantly higher immediately after exercise (0.45 ± 0.12 μmol·L(-1), P < 0.001; mean ± SE). Secondary analyses showed greater increase in serum zinc for untrained individuals and exercise sessions that involved running or maximal intensity. Insufficient data were available to determine the effects of exercise on urinary, sweat, and erythrocyte zinc.

CONCLUSIONS
The present systematic review and meta-analysis indicated significant increase in serum zinc concentration immediately after an aerobic exercise session, suggesting acute perturbations in zinc homeostasis. Further research is required to ascertain the long-term effects of exercise on zinc metabolism and potential consequences for dietary zinc requirement for physically active populations.


The Hei River Basin (catchment area of c. 130,000 km2) is situated at the transition between the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and the southern slopes of Gobi-Tien-Shan. As part of the northwestern Chinese deserts, the Ejina Basin (Gaxun Nur Basin) constitutes the endorheic erosion base of the drainage system. The basin – hosting the second largest continental alluvial fans in the world, is tectonically strongly shaped by the Gobi belt of left-lateral transpression. The tectonic setting in combination with competing climatic driving forces (Westerlies and summer/winter monsoon currents) has supported the formation of a valuable long-time sediment archive comprises at least the last 250,000 yrs. of deposition. It is composed by the interplay of eolian, fluvial and lacustrine sedimentation cycles and today is dominated by widespread (gravel) gobi surfaces, insular dune fields and shallow evaporitic playa areas. Thus, it provides excellent conditions to investigate tectonic evolution and Quaternary environmental changes. Recently, geomorphological, geophysical, neotectonic and mineralogical studies have enhanced the understanding of the environmental history and the modern depositional environment. Moreover, the role of the Hei River Basin as an important source area of silt particles which were later deposited on the Chinese Loess Plateau is evaluated. Therefore, a 230 m long drill core, sediment sections and ca. 700 surface samples throughout the whole catchment and basin were analyzed. Instrumental and historical seismicity are very low, but the proximity to active fault zones and dating irregularitiein earlier publications indicate evidence for deformation in the study area. Despite flat topography, indications of active tectonics such as fault-related large-scale lineations can be observed. Seismically deformed unconsolidated lacustrine deposits (seismites), presumably of Holocene age, are evident and must be related to the nearby faults. The upper catchment is represented by the Qilian Shan mountain range and its immediate foreland. Here, a tripartite altitudinal distribution of terrestrial sediment archives is evident, which is representative of catchment-wide sedimentological processes. Insights into their formation mechanisms, therefore, add valuable perspective regarding the reconstruction of sedimentological and paleoenvironmental conditions in the depositional area of the Hei River Basin. For the characterization of provenance and dispersal of Quaternary sediments in relation to the modern depositional environment, over 200 surface samples from the whole catchment were analyzed using XRD and XRF measurements on the clay fractions, heavy minerals and bulk sediments. The clay mineral results in-particular show that it is possible to discriminate between the chlorite rich metamorphic sediments originating from greenschist bearing rocks in the Qilian Shan Mountain Range in the south, and the more intrusive rocks from the Bei Shan Mountain Range west of the Hei River Basin. Additionally, these two main sources reflect different transportation processes; the Qilian Shan sediments are mainly transported by the rivers Heihe and Beida He, and the deposition of the Bei Shan sediments is mainly driven by wind or local runoff. Grain size results of primary loess deposits indicat different eolian transport pathways, i.e. far-travelled dust input (medium silty) vs. local deflation from active fluvial channels (fine sandy). Along the altitudinal transect, the varying geomorphological settings exert a significant influence on the grain size composition showing an increased contribution of far-travelled dust at higher altitudes.


Frequently during the process of data analysis in epidemiological studies, the scale of one or more continuous variables is changed. The objective of this paper was to assess the consequences of categorizing variables during data analysis. We studied three situations with different scenarios for statistical analysis with regression models. The results show that dichotomizing continuous variables can substantially modify the relationships between dependent and independent variables. Thus, for example, in epidemiological studies trying to evaluate the effect of an exposure on a response, the magnitude and/or the direction of this effect can be biased by dichotomizing a variable. We therefore recommend avoiding, as much as possible, the categorization of variables when doing analyses.


Compliant amplification mechanisms are widely applied to extend the stroke of stacked piezoelectric actuators. Accurate modeling of static and dynamic performances is crucial for the optimal design of complex compliant mechanisms. By generalizing the planar element-node model-based finite element method, this paper proposes a new modeling method capable of describing the spatial complete kinetostatics and dynamics for compliant mechanisms. On the basis of the widely reported complete compliance models for flexure hinges, a versatile stiffness model is established for the hinge with an arbitrary notch shape through the force equilibrium model. The generalized model is then demonstrated by applying for modeling and optimizing a compliant mechanism with dual-stage amplification. The verification through finite element simulations suggests that the maximum modeling error for the kinetostatic and first six resonant frequencies for the mechanisms with and without structural optimizations is less than 20%. Finally, the open-loop and closed-loop performance tests on the prototype with optimized parameters are conducted, demonstrating the effectiveness of the developed modeling and optimization methods.


In Ethernet-based aggregation networks, several subscriber premises
may be logically connected to the same interface of an Edge Router.
This document proposes a method for the Edge Router to identify the
subscriber premises using the contents of the received Router
Solicitation messages. The applicability is limited to broadband
network deployment scenarios in which multiple user ports are mapped
to the same virtual interface on the Edge Router. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


We have carried out molecular dynamics simulation of the N-terminal domain of the lambda repressor protein in a surrounding environment including explicit waters and ions. We observe two apparent dynamics substates in the nanosecond protein simulation, the transition occurring around 500 ps. The existence of these two apparent substates results from a high flexibility of the arm in each monomer, a relative flexibility of both arms with respect to each other, and a relative displacement of the recognition helices from 30 to 40 A of interhelical distance. Many amino acid residues, including those involved in DNA recognition, undergo a simultaneous transition in their side-chain conformations, consistent with the relationship between side-chain conformation and secondary structural elements, as observed in protein crystal structures. This result suggests plausible conformational changes experienced by the protein upon DNA binding. On the whole, the non-consensus monomer appears to be more flexible than its consensus counterpart.


The use of high resolution, high signal-to-noise stellar spectra is essential in order to determine the most accurate and precise stellar atmospheric parameters via spectroscopy. This is particularly important for determining the fundamental parameters of exoplanets, which directly depend on the stellar properties. However, different techniques can be implemented when analysing these spectra which will influence the results. These include performing an abundance analysis relative to the solar values in order to negate uncertainties in atomic data, and fixing the surface gravity (log g) to an external value such as those from asteroseismology. The choice of lines used will also influence the results. In this paper, we investigate differential analysis and fixing log g for a set of FGK stars that already have accurate fundamental parameters known from external methods. We find that a differential line list gives slightly more accurate parameters compared to a laboratory line list, however the laboratory line list still gives robust parameters. We also find that fixing the log g does not improve the spectroscopic parameters. We investigate the effects of line selection on the stellar parameters and find that the choice of lines used can have a significant effect on the parameters. In particular, removal of certain low excitation potential lines can change the Teff by up to 50 K. For future HoSTS papers we will use the differential line list with a solar microturbulence value of 1 km/s, and we will not fix the log g to an external value.


Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) fetal remains are sometimes recovered from archaeological contexts. Pronghorn have consistent reproductive schedules so their remains may provide information on seasonality of site occupation and number of mortality events. To investigate the reliability of fetal remains for seasonality and mortality event assessment, bone size and tooth eruption were measured in a sample of modern fetal pronghorn remains with known mortality dates. Results indicate a strong correlation between bone size and mortality date, but no significant correlation between tooth eruption level and mortality date. Fetal bone size was used to estimate a late April or early May mortality date at both the Oyster Ridge (48UT35) and Trappers Point (48SU1006) archaeological sites. The number of mortality events at Trappers Point was also investigated. Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis are common in forensic appraisal of orbital fracture. Now imaging technology is very important for studying the forensic features of orbital fracture and evaluating the degree of injury. This article reviews the classification, pathogenesis and imaging diagnosis of orbital fracture. It may do some help to forensic appraisal of orbital fracture.


In this paper, multi-scale wavelet edge detection approach is investigated for real time inspection of diversified fabric texture. Multi-scale edge detectors smooth the signal at various scales and detect sharp variations points from their first or second order derivative. The extreme values of the first derivative correspond to the zero crossings of the second derivative and to the inflection points of the smoothed signal. Quadtree decomposition of segmented defects shows pinpoint location of specific web flaw. Further, preliminary graphical user interface (GUI) was designed so as to facilitate operation. After integrate GUI with procedure, parameters material can be acquired, which is vital to applying the inspection system on industrial PC.


Prior research into flexibility has largely focused on intra-organisational aspects of manufacturing flexibility or looked at the role of manufacturing companies in flexible supply chains – it has generally failed to explicitly consider the role of services. This paper presents the results of an exploratory empirical study into service flexibility based on interviews conducted in six companies: a recruitment agency, a plant hire firm, two logistics providers, a procurement service, and a provider of supply chain software. Many of these services provide an important source of flexibility to supply chains. Five roles fulfilled by the services are identified as follows: to provide continuity, to allow for expansion, to provide expertise, to improve cost efficiency, and to reduce risk. In addition, it is found that the companies are able to play these roles through having internal flexibility (e.g., flexible resources and/or excess capacity) and by themselves supplementing this either through their membership of a parent organisation/group (group collaboration) or through external partners (e.g., subcontracting and horizontal collaboration). Future research could build on this contribution, e.g., by conducting an integrated study of a network of manufacturing and service firms, by conducting a quantitative survey to add generality to the findings, and by conducting longitudinal empirical work to observe how supply chains cope with change over time.


During the last decade, globalization and democratization have been the major forces that helped transform the structures, functions and processes of Asian public sectors. These transformation efforts of Asian countries vary considerably depending on local context, and have met with different degrees of success. Some countries experienced smooth transformations. For others, the reform process has been more volatile. These issues were explored at a conference 7–9 July 2008 in Bangkok, Thailand, hosted by the Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University, and co-sponsored by the International Public Management Network, the Asia-Pacific Governance Institute, and Thailand Democracy Watch. This book presents some of the works contributed by participating scholars and practitioners at the conference. The contents fall into three categories: corruption and anti-corruption initiatives, public financial management (PFM) and public management reforms with emphasis on performance and results.


Denitrification with biogas consisting of approximately 60% methane was tested over one year in three types of lab-scale reactors. Denitrification of sanitary landfill leachate with biogas as a sole carbon source was found to be possible. Denitrification rates from 60 mg NO3–N/l. d with an activated sludge reactor, 150 mg NO3–N/l. d with a trickling filter and 550 mg NO3–N/l.d with a fluidized bed reactor were obtained. The oxygen concentration played a significant role in process optimization. Not only high concentrations of oxygen in the liquid medium but also low oxygen concentrations in the aeration gas inhibited denitrification.


Principals are often required to operate educational programs under a growing number of federal and state mandates for which they have limited knowledge and available recourses. This paper presents the results of a survey of 102 principals from 52 elementary schools, 25 middle schools, and 25 high schools within the state of Virginia. The survey instrument was administered during the 2008 school year and contained 25 professional development statements that previous research indicated were necessary for practicing principals. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of Virginia public school principals concerning their desirability for professional development training in order to meet current accountability measures. The results were analyzed by the following demographic characteristics: principal experience level, level of school (elementary, middle, or high school), the percentage of minority children, children with IEPs, children with limited English proficiency, and children in poverty; Title 1 status; and AYP accreditation. These results have implications for public school systems to determine principal needs and provide the necessary training to meet current mandates. Additionally, this information would allow advocacy and outreach professional organizations for school principals to design workshops that focus their efforts on the most needed professional development areas.


BACKGROUND
During the last decade, transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) has become a widely-used technique for the evaluation of endometrial histology. The purposes of this study were to compare transvaginal sonographic evaluation of the endometrium with histology obtained by endometrial biopsy in asymptomatic postmenopausal women and to determine whether screening transvaginal sonography might be useful in the evaluation of postmenopausal women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study included 59 unselected asymptomatic postmenopausal women who attended the outpatient clinic for annual cervical cytology at Ioannina University Hospital Greece. The women were evaluated by transvaginal scans, performed immediately before endometrial biopsy.

RESULTS
In the 43 women with a histopathological diagnosis of normal endometrium/inadequate for assessment/atrophy, the mean endometrial thickness was 5.1 +/- 3.3 mm (range 0.8-13.8 mm) whereas the corresponding value in the 16 women with abnormal findings was 17.6 +/- 4.3 mm (range 9.4-24.6 mm) (p<0.001). If a 9 mm cut-off limit was used for endometrial thickness, the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were 100%, 90.69% and 80%, respectively.

CONCLUSION
TVS is a sensitive test for determining endometrial disease in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. However, well-designed studies should be conducted, completed, analysed and validated before a mass-screening program using TVS is implemented.


Security as a profession and discipline has emerged principally in the later half of the twentieth century and has developed to become a more defined, usual, respectable and visual part of management. This study aimed to determine the degree of recognition and application of security risk management to corporate governance practices in Australia. Formal research design used descriptive research methodology, consisting of a literature review, primary document analysis and a questionnaire survey to collect data. This research was contrasted to a Corporate Governance Security Model formulated to determine if the model is applicable to the recognition, or application, of a security function to the Australian Stock Exchange ('ASX') Corporate Governance principles. A major finding of this study is that security functions and responsibilities are poorly recognised and documented by Australia's largest public company boards. A majority of directors will have no experience or qualifications in security risk management and this is likely to be reflected down through the organisation resulting in low to medium security awareness and culture. Corporate governance statements from companies listed on the ASX/S&P 200 strongly suggests that security related risks are not widely considered as part of the corporate governance framework. With limited application of security in the corporate governance framework, there is less focus on security related behaviour within the codes of conduct held by a majority of public companies. This can have an adverse impact on corporate ethics, internal controls and crisis response capabilities. The study developed a model which implements security risk management functions to the corporate governance framework in order to formally recognise and promote effective management of security risk and compliance. Applying security as a business process to support long term revenue was found to benefit corporate reputation and compliments other risk and business management practices. Security of information and confidentiality is enhanced to encourage reports of misconduct within the company, generating a security and reporting culture. Security functions are currently limited to form part of internal controls within the operating environment and generally viewed as a cost centre which does not contribute to revenue. Security functions are not holistically applied across the organisation or within the corporate governance framework. There are a number of recommendations resulting from the study and are primarily concerned with the continued need for research into the application and recognition of security within the hierarchy of executive and business management.


The purpose of the study is to examine the job satisfaction of Educators as well as to compare the various level of job satisfaction of Educators who are working in different Govt.-aided and Self-Financed B.Ed. Colleges in West Bengal. The teacher is the backbone of any nation. The progress and development of a nation largely depend on its teachers' community because of their noble and massive contributions in nation-building. They have remarkable contributions in making and shaping every person of society. The investigators choose various factors to measure the Level of Job Satisfaction of Teacher Training Colleges on the basis of multi-dimensions that are Working Conditions, Salary Status, Understanding between Colleagues, Recognition by Others, Work Load, Availability of Power, job security, Gender, Marital Status, Educational Qualification, Locality, location of College, Age, experience, Family conditions, income status and professional development, Individual Status, Stream and Promotion Opportunities. The main objective of the present study that the researcher analyses the satisfactory job level of Educators from different teacher education institutions in West Bengal. The researcher randomly took 6 Colleges &  12 Private Colleges. The researcher has selected only 191 Educators, out of which 38 Educators have been taken from 6 Government Aided B.Ed. Colleges and rest 153 Educators have been takenfrom 12 Private B.Ed. Colleges as a sample for the present study. The methodology of the study is a mixed type involving interpretative, analytical study of documents, interview, survey questionnaire, observation and study secondary sources, like books, university news, expert opinion, articles, journals, thesis and websites etc. Finally, meaningful suggestions are offered.


Background: Appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy is associated with improved outcomes of patients with Gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSI). Objective: Development of evidence-based institutional management guidelines for empirical antimicrobial therapy of Gram-negative BSI. Methods: Hospitalized adults with Gram-negative BSI in 2011-2012 at Palmetto Health hospitals in Columbia, SC, USA, were identified. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between site of infection acquisition and BSI due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa or chromosomally mediated AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CAE). Antimicrobial susceptibility rates of bloodstream isolates were stratified by site of acquisition and acute severity of illness. Retained antimicrobial regimens had predefined susceptibility rates ≥90% for noncritically ill and ≥95% for critically ill patients. Results: Among 390 patients, health care–associated (odds ratio [OR]: 3.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-6.3] and hospital-acquired sites of acquisition (OR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.6-8.4) were identified as risk factors for BSI due to P aeruginosa or CAE, compared with community-acquired BSI (referent). Based on stratified bloodstream antibiogram, ceftriaxone met predefined susceptibility criteria for community-acquired BSI in noncritically ill patients (95%). Cefepime and piperacillin-tazobactam monotherapy achieved predefined susceptibility criteria in noncritically ill (95% both) and critically ill patients with health care–associated and hospital-acquired BSI (96% and 97%, respectively) and critically ill patients with community-acquired BSI (100% both). Conclusions: Incorporation of site of acquisition, local antimicrobial susceptibility rates, and acute severity of illness into institutional guidelines provides objective evidence-based approach for optimizing empirical antimicrobial therapy for Gram-negative BSI. The suggested methodology provides a framework for guideline development in other institutions.


Factor-based allocation embraces the idea of factors, as opposed to asset classes, as the ultimate building blocks of an investment portfolio. Our study contributes to the literature by addressing the question whether there is a superior way of combining factors in a portfolio. We provide a comprehensive comparison of factor-based allocation strategies within a multiple testing framework. Factor-based allocation is profitable, even when applying the necessary multiple testing corrections. Investment portfolios can be efficiently diversified using factor-based allocation since we find robust economic performance over various market states. Ultimately, we provide guidance for investors on the best method to choose when constructing factor-based portfolios. A naive equal-weighted factor portfolio, albeit simple and costless, cannot be outperformed by more sophisticated allocation strategies.


The previously described Streptomyces tendae nikC::aph mutant was used to mutasynthesize nikkomycins Bx and Bz. The mutant is deficient in L-lysine 2-aminotransferase, which transaminates lysine to form piperideine 2-carboxylate, the precursor of the peptidyl side chain of the biologically active nikkomycins I, J, X, and Z, and is therefore unable to produce these nikkomycins. The mutant accumulates the biologically inactive biosynthetic nucleoside precursors nikkomycins Cx and Cz. Resting cell cultures of the mutant fed with benzoic acid produced the biologically active nikkomycins Bx and Bz, which contain 2-amino-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)butanoic acid as the peptidyl side chain. The structures of nikkomycins Bx and Bz were confirmed by mass spectrometry and NMR. Nikkomycins Bx and Bz exhibit significantly higher pH stability than their analogues nikkomycins X and Z.


Most of the countries caught up in the Asian financial crisis appear to have weathered the storm. But Indonesia's prospects are far more uncertain. In this Innocenti Insight, development journalist and writer Peter Stalker describes how the financial turbulence of the Krisis Moneter, or Krismon, set off a dramatic social and political chain reaction, with effects on children that could reverberate for years to come. Beyond Krismon examines the legacy of Soeharto's New Order regime in terms of child well-being, the impact of the financial crisis on areas essential to their survival and development and the crippling burden of debt that may jeopardize the nation's hopes for the future.


The Amazonian catfish, Panaque nigrolineatus have several physiological adaptions enabling the scraping and consumption of wood (xylivory), facilitating a detritivorous dietary strategy. Composed of lignocellulose, wood is a difficult substrate to degrade and as yet, it is unclear whether the fish obtains any direct nutritional benefits from wood ingestion and degradation. However, there are numerous systems that rely on microbial symbioses to provide energy and other nutritional benefits for host organisms via lignocellulose decomposition. While previous studies on the microbial community of P. nigrolineatus have focused upon the bacterial population, the role of fungi in lignocellulose degradation in the fish has not yet been examined. This study describes the detection of fungi within the fish gastrointestinal tract. Using next generation sequencing, the effects of diet on enteric fungal populations were examined in each gastrointestinal tract region. Fungal species were found to vary in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract as a function of diet. This study is the first to examine the fungal community in a xylivorous fish and results support the hypothesis that diet influences fungal distribution and diversity within the gastrointestinal tract of P. nigrolineatus.


We consider the problem of detecting a stochastic signal in white not-necessarily-Gaussian noise, using vector valued observations. The locally optimal detector is presented and its performance evaluated. The least-favorable signal spectrum and noise density (over specified classes) are found, and it is shown that the detector using these least-favorable assumptions is minimax robust. The class of spectra is that of any stochastic signal of specified power whose spectrum can be bounded from above and from below by two given positive functions. The class of densities is the /spl epsi/-contamination model. We present examples of the performance achievable with the robust detector in one of these the spectral uncertainty class corresponds to the unknown Doppler shift of a radar return signal. It is demonstrated that the standard matched-filter's performance degradation with increasing Doppler shift can be avoided almost entirely through use of the robust processor.


Feminism, as an ideology and a movement, has for decades improved the lives of women around the globe. However, despite feminism's essentially emancipatory role, its positive effects have not been equally felt or interpreted by all women who have come in contact with it. This paper explores transnational feminist discourses rooted in the Western world and directed at the women of Africa. It argues that when the power imbalances between Western and African women are not properly addressed, feminism can be used to shield existing and re-create harmful, colonial discourses about cultural hierarchy and normativity. It concludes that for feminism to fulfill its full and positive potential, the intersectionality of African women's identities needs to be addressed and privileged by Western feminists.


License plate recognition system (LPRS) is the key technology of intelligent transportation system (ITS), which makes great importance in transportation management. In this paper, we designed and realized a real time embedded LPR system based on digital signal processor (DSP) and field programmable gates array (FPGA).With the advantage of high speed, high stability, small size, and lower power requirement, this system has the function including the collection, transportation and recognition of license plate image. This paper introduces some modules in LPRS detailedly, including Video input module, DSP module and FPGA module. After simulation and a number of experiments, it is testified that this LPRS gets a better performance and practicability.


Vision-and-language tasks have increasingly drawn more attention as a means to evaluate human-like reasoning in machine learning models. A popular task in the field is visual question answering (VQA), which aims to answer questions about images. However, VQA models have been shown to exploit language bias by learning the statistical correlations between questions and answers without looking into the image content: e.g., questions about the color of a banana are answered with yellow, even if the banana in the image is green. If societal bias (e.g., sexism, racism, ableism, etc.) is present in the training data, this problem may be causing VQA models to learn harmful stereotypes. For this reason, we investigate gender and racial bias in five VQA datasets. In our analysis, we find that the distribution of answers is highly different between questions about women and men, as well as the existence of detrimental gender-stereotypical samples. Likewise, we identify that specific race-related attributes are underrepresented, whereas potentially discriminatory samples appear in the analyzed datasets. Our findings suggest that there are dangers associated to using VQA datasets without considering and dealing with the potentially harmful stereotypes. We conclude the paper by proposing solutions to alleviate the problem before, during, and after the dataset collection process.


Abstract : The objective of this research is to explore the technical soundness of a very large, cross-shaped, parabolic, sparse aperture antenna extending 75 m from the bus. Specifically, describing the environment of the satellite, the effect of fabrication error on the structure and the remaining error budget for the system. The methodology involves creation of an ideal truss structure, to which all others are compared. A uniform distribution of proportional errors up to 1e-5 is introduced into the truss members? lengths and the models are subjected to a static Finite Element Analysis. A solution for the surface normal error is addressed using Lagrange multipliers. The goal is to hold the surface normal error for the entire satellite below a root mean square of 15 mm. The analysis yields a surface error of less than 1.53 mm, well within requirements. Despite the enormous size of the antenna reflector, and tight diameter/surface error ratio of 10,000 required for L-band communication, the system seems feasible. The values achieved for truss induced surface errors are in line with established techniques for analyzing full aperture, and strip, mesh antennas. With the mesh reflector and truss largely defined, nearly half of the 15 mm error budget remains.


Introduction: Anterior open bite is considered a malocclusion that still defies correction, especially in terms of stability. The literature reports numerous studies on the subject but with controversial and conflicting information. Disagreement revolves around the definition of open bite, its etiological factors and available treatments. It is probably due to a lack of consensus over the etiology of anterior open bite that a wide range of treatments has emerged, which may explain the high rate of instability following the treatment of this malocclusion. Objective: Review the concepts of etiology, treatment and stability of anterior open bite and present criteria for diagnosing and treating this malocclusion based on its etiology, and provide examples of treated cases that have remained stable in the long term.


This text was conceived as a selection of topics in neonatal neurology in which there have been recent rapid advances in knowledge. Several topics are discussed by more than one contributor. The book appears to be targeted mainly toward neurologists involved in the care of newborns, although neonatologists will certainly appreciate many of the topics. The varieties of neonatal seizures are described under three topics: the diagnosis and management of hypoxiaischemia, the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the neonatal period, and neonatal seizures. In the latter, the important role of the EEG in the identification of subtle seizures is stressed, and it is emphasized that stereotyped movements and generalized parasympathetic discharges are common release phenomena and rarely represent true seizures, as reflected by EEG ictal activity. Perinatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia is discussed as two topics. The section on pathogenesis and neuropathology focuses on traditional pathologic concepts and on more recent ideas of abnormal


Abstract High level stress in work place is known to be associated with negative organizational behaviors and bad organizational performance. There are individual and organizational factors influencing stress coping behavior of employees. In this study we explore the impact of employees' perceptions of organizational support on their stress coping capabilities (problem-focused stress coping and emotion-focused stress coping) and whether their psychological capital (PsyCap) plays a mediating role in this relationship using the sample of employees in special education and rehabilitation centers in Turkey. Multivariate statistical analyses show a significant positive relationship between perceived organizational support (POS) and problem-focused stress coping (PFSC), and no significant relationship between POS and emotion-focused stress coping (EFSC). A significant positive association is detected between POS and PsyCap. Accordingly, our findings show that PsyCap plays a partial mediating role in the association between POS and PFSC.


The playtime and recreation plays an important role in child development. "Surplus energy" Spencer says That Both the man and the animal have the excess energy That are used in the activity fun. As we descended into the educational development Spencer Noted there was a decrease of fun Because The energy was used to meet basic needs. He Noted That in the higher animals there is a greater conservation of energy That Is Expressed in the activity fun. In 1900 Carl Cross argued That the recreational activity is a kind of exercise used to develop the individual's mental and motor activities. A sort of pre-exercise To ensure that structures are innate Certain transformed into complex structures and more December Especially Those Which are most suitable to environmental changes. The recreational activities are growing and changing together with the child's psychological and intellectual development, even if they REMAIN a milestone in the life of every person regardless of his age. Through the game as Schiller reminds us, "the man is fully human Only When he plays", through the game as everyone keeps his mind free from any thought, I know it has to be atto download his emotions and his instinct. The Game Becomes meaningful to the child's intellectual development, as When he plays, he Managed to surprise Himself by surprise and acquires new ways That allow them to interact with the outside world. In the game, the child Develops Their intellectual capabilities, emotional and relational. Becomes an instrument for the child Because it helps to develop creativity, helps him to experience cognitive abilities, so he can get in touch with his peers, gives life to the development of his personality.


Introduction: The
problems of adolescents' sexual behavior are grave and far-reaching. Methods:
Review of exiting literature via Google scholar, AJOL, Pubmed, HINARI and other
relevant data bases on the common problems of adolescents' inappropriate sexual
behavior. Result: Adolescent sexual behavior could result in adolescent
pregnancy which prevalence varies widely throughout Nigeria perhaps due to
differences in culture and development. Abortion, the willful termination of
pregnancy is another problem which is often undertaken for pregnancies
resulting from incest and sexual abuse. Also common is trans-generational sex
which occurs when an adolescent has non-marital sex in the last 12 months with
a man who is at least 10 years older than her. Also related to this, is
transactional sex found in both committed and casual relationships. It is not
always done for survival because in some cultures, sex for favor is carried out
for reasons other than subsistence. Furthermore, multiple sexual partners are
the engagement in sex with more than one partner over a particular time frame.
It may be sequential or concurrent. The high prevalence of these problems in
Nigeria raises a question of the possibility of achieving the millennium development
goals (MDGs) 4, 5 and 6 specifically targeted at reducing child mortality,
improving maternal health and combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
respectively. Conclusion: Policies and strategies such as family life and
HIV/AIDs education (FLHE) curriculum on adolescent reproductive health should
be pursued with greater vigor in our secondary schools in addition to
establishing HIV counseling centers and vocational training programs for
out-of-school adolescents. WHO support and commitment to key action areas for
countries and member states will build and strengthen their capacity to improve
reproductive and sexual health.


Cloud computing platforms are now constructed as distributed, modular systems of cloud services, which enable cloud users to manage their cloud resources. However, in current cloud platforms, cloud services fully trust each other, so a malicious user may exploit a vulnerability in a cloud service to obtain unauthorized access to another user's data. To date, over 150 vulnerabilities have been reported in cloud services in the OpenStack cloud. Research efforts in cloud security have focused primarily on attacks originating from user VMs or compromised operating systems rather than threats caused by the compromise of distributed cloud services, leaving cloud users open to attacks from these vulnerable cloud services. In this paper, we propose the Pileus cloud service architecture, which isolates each user's cloud operations to prevent vulnerabilities in cloud services from enabling malicious users to gain unauthorized access. Pileus deploys stateless cloud services "on demand" to service each user's cloud operations, limiting cloud services to the permissions of individual users. Pileus leverages the decentralized information flow control (DIFC) model for permission management, but the Pileus design addresses special challenges in the cloud environment to: (1) restrict how cloud services may be allowed to make security decisions; (2) select trustworthy nodes for access enforcement in a dynamic, distributed environment; and (3) limit the set of nodes a user must trust to service each operation. We have ported the OpenStack cloud platform to Pileus, finding that we can systematically prevent compromised cloud services from attacking other users' cloud operations with less than 3% additional latency for the operation. Application of the Pileus architecture to Open-Stack shows that confined cloud services can service users' cloud operations effectively for a modest overhead.


This report outlines briefly the methods of aerial navigation which have been developed during the past few years, with a description of the different instruments used. Dead reckoning, the most universal method of aerial navigation, is first discussed. Then follows an outline of the principles of navigation by astronomical observation; a discussion of the practical use of natural horizons, such as sea, land, and cloud, in making extant observations; the use of artificial horizons, including the bubble, pendulum, and gyroscopic types. A description is given of the recent development of the radio direction finder and its application to navigation.


The symptom of intermittent claudication is not invariably due to arterial disease. Exercise-related pain resulting from venous insufficiency is poorly defined, but has been described by a number of authors in the past. Fifteen patients with symptoms suggestive of venous claudication are reported. The history and clinical findings are described. The further investigation of these patients is outlined, starting with the non-invasive methods of Doppler ultrasonography and strain gauge plethysmography. Ascending phlebography was performed on all affected limbs (n. 19) and descending phlebography was performed on those shown to have a patent deep venous system. These investigations demonstrated deep venous abnormalities associated with the distinct symptom complex. Venous claudication is defined and the literature reviewed. It is hoped that a clearer understanding of the condition will result in more frequent and accurate diagnosis with subsequent benefit to the patient.


Environmental computer models are considered essential tools in supporting environmental decision making, but their main value is that they allow a better understanding of our complex environment. Despite numerous attempts to promote good modelling practice, transparency of current environmental computer models is limited, which hinders progress in both science and policy making. An important cause is that the structure, meaning and context of environmental computer models is often not clear for other people than the model developers. In the proposed research project we would like to find out whether it is possible to increase the transparency of environmental computer models by making their underlying conceptual model explicit. In preliminary research we identified the following challenges: 1) many model developers are mainly focused on the computational instead of the descriptive aspects of computer models 2) many environmental modellers may not consider the lack of transparency a big problem nor do they see computer scientists as natural partners in cooperation. However, we think that both environmental and computer science could benefit from an interdisciplinary or even a totally integrated approach. We expect that experimenting with tools and methods from computer science could teach us important lessons on the practice of environmental modelling and hopefully guide us to this novel, integrated way of performing e-science.


A novel speaker adaptation method based on two-way analysis of training speakers is described. A set of training models is expressed as a tensor and is decomposed into two factors using nonlinear iterative partial least squares, producing a bilinear model. The resulting model has bases of lower dimension and more free parameters than those of eigenvoice, enabling more elaborate modelling for a moderate amount of adaptation data. Results from the isolated-word recognition test show that the proposed model outperforms both eigenvoice and maximum likelihood linear regression (MLLR) for adaptation data longer than 15 s. Moreover, the proposed method can straightforwardly be extended to n-way analysis, e.g. for simultaneous adaptation of speaker, environment, etc.


There is little understanding of successional dynamics of N fixation in northern boreal forests. Recent evidence suggests that N fixation by cyanobacteria in association with the common feather moss Pleurozium schreberi contributes to a significant proportion of the total N economy. The purpose of the work herein was to determine how time since last fire influences N fixation rates in boreal forests. We evaluated seasonal N fixation rates on a total of 12 natural forest preserves varying in time since last fire (35–355 years). Each site was monitored for N fixation activity using a calibrated acetylene reduction assay. Nitrogen fixation rates were found to increase linearly with time since fire. This increase in N fixation with succession is likely a function of degree of colonization by cyanobacteria and site factors such as presence of available N. Surface applications of 4.5 kg N·ha−1·yr−1 as NH4NO3 were found to eliminate N fixation while applications of P resulted in only a slight and temporary increase of N fixation rates. In contrast to common observation our findings suggest that N fixation in boreal forests becomes more important in late succession. Limited N availability in late succession is clearly one of the primary drivers of N fixation rates in boreal forest ecosystems. These findings may help to explain the origin of high rates of net N accumulation in soil unaccounted for at northern boreal sites.


for those aged 55 and over, but not for females, those using passive methods, and those aged 15—54. In a later article (Lester, 1985), I found the Spring peak for most methods of suicide, but the Autumn peak only for those using poisons. Since the shape of the seasonal variation may vary with method for suicide, and age, as well as sex, these other variables must be controlled for before we can conclude that the sex difference is a reliable and valid phenomenon.


Superovulatory doses of PMSG and hCG, injected to anestrus crossbred ewes, induced more intensive luteinization of large follicles and progesterone secretion in ewes, lambed by twins (9) at first pregnancy, then in the cases of singleton lambed ewes or nonlambing ones (12). The ovaries of 2 ewes, lambed by twins, have healthy follicles, with increased estradiol concentration in their follicular fluid despite the presence of ovulatory follicles, giving corpora lutea. It is concluded that enhanced ovarian reactivity at anestrus can be related to the reserves of the reproductive system in more prolific ewes.


This coauthored article is part of Sangtin Kisaan Mazdoor Sangathan's (SKMS) efforts to participate in the coproduction of dialogical/dialectical relationships between theory and practice, the lettered and the unlettered, academia and activism, and the fields inhabited by members of SKMS, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and academic scholars.We narrate two intertwined tales based on dialogues among four members of SKMS in the context of producing the first four issues of SKMS's community newspaper, Hamara Safar. The first tale focuses on the political transformation of Sangtin, an organization that was conceptualized in 1998 as an NGO for rural women's empowerment based on the mainstream donor-based model of social change. A three-year–long process of critical reflection and writing by nine women on the politics of caste, class, religion, and gender in the context of rural development and women's empowerment programs — as well as on the global politics of knowledge production — paved the way for the emergence of SKMS, an organization that today consists of over five thousand poor farmers, manual laborers, and their families, most of them dalit. SKMS believes that definitions and processes of empowerment must evolve from rural people's struggles and active participation, instead of emerging from donor institutions, NGO headquarters, university-based experts, or think tanks—and then being applied to the rural people. The second story focuses on some of the hurdles in the path of SKMS as it remains grounded in feminist principles, but refuses to work exclusively with women. Together, the two intertwined stories map the archaeology of the shift from Sangtin to SKMS and some of the larger questions pertaining to "women's issues," "feminist politics," and "transnational collaborations" that this shift has opened up.


The present work aims to investigate barriers, motivations and perceptions as well as the role of students' future profession with respect to their propensity to donate blood, in students enrolled in different university undergraduate majors: Nursing, Psychology and Economics. Considerable research has underscored that it is crucial to create publicity campaigns differentiated on the basis of target groups' needs and characteristics. University students have been used in many studies to investigate motivations and barriers regarding blood donation, but their specific undergraduate majors have infrequently been studied. A self-report questionnaire was administered to 1,842 students in five different universities (Mean age = 23.27, SD = 5.04, females = 78.3%). The results show differences between the different typologies of the students investigated. Students in the Nursing major demonstrate more knowledge about donation and higher motivations to donate and perceive fewer barriers. They also acknowledge the greater relevance and responsibility existing between their academic major and blood donation. Economics students feel more distant from the world of donation while Psychology students occupy an intermediate position. These differences in knowledge and propensities underscore the necessity of evaluating formative/informative programs in relation to the target group in order to achieve maximum efficacy in interventions and to numerically increase donors of blood and blood products.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Australia's health system faces challenges in the management and prevention of chronic disease. Models of primary care delivery, such as the Health Care Home (HCH) model, have been proposed to help meet these challenges. The aim of this study was to explore pre-implementation consumer perspectives of the HCH model.

METHOD
Qualitative data were collected from focus groups and semi-structured interviews with 38 general practice patients diversified across rural and urban areas and patient demographics.

RESULTS
The qualitative findings revealed that consumers were confused about the name of the model. They were sceptical about potential hidden costs associated with the model and concerned about hidden agendas and where things in general practice are headed.

DISCUSSION
The findings indicate that consumers may not readily embrace the HCH model. To aid consumer acceptance, the authors recommend the terminology be clarified and the concepts, financial implications and expected outcomes of the model be clearly communicated.


The second messenger cyclic diadenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is essential for most of the bacteria synthesizing the nucleotide. c-di-AMP is produced by diadenylate cyclases (DACs) and degraded by specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs). c-di-AMP is involved in the control of different cellular processes, such as cell wall metabolism, carbon metabolism and osmoregulation. Osmoregulation is the cause for the essentiality of c-di-AMP, because regulation of osmolyte uptake systems has been shown to be affected by the second messenger. Hence, c-di-AMP is a major regulator of osmotic homeostasis in bacteria. The Gram-positive human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes possesses the DAC CdaA and the PDEs PdeA and PgpH for c-di-AMP synthesis and degradation, respectively. The CdaA-type of DAC is widespread in firmicute pathogenic bacteria and therefore a prime target for the development of novel antibiotics. The gene encoding CdaA is conserved with the genes cdaR and glmM, encoding the protein CdaR and the phosphoglucosamine mutase GlmM, respectively. It is however unclear, how bacteria modulate c-di-AMP concentrations in response to osmotic changes and how c-di-AMP affects important osmotic adaptation processes, such as potassium transport, in L. monocytogenes. Here, novel insights on the regulation of DAC activity and the impact of c-di-AMP on cellular processes are elucidated. Synthesis and degradation of c-di-AMP have to be tightly adjusted, in dependency of the external osmolarity to maintain an isosmotic intracellular environment. In concert with modulations of the cell wall metabolism this subsequently results in maintaining a balanced turgor pressure. Hence, the proteins CdaR and GlmM are prime targets to modulate CdaA activity. CdaR consists of an N-terminal transmembrane domain and four YbbR domains of unknown function. It is shown that CdaR, like CdaA, is a membrane protein, with the four YbbR domains located outside of the cell. Moreover, a ΔcdaR mutant shows defects in the adaptation to osmotic stress and an altered intracellular c-di-AMP concentration. For normal regulation of CdaA activity upon osmotic shock, both, the membrane localization and the presence of the YbbR domains are required. It is furthermore shown that both CdaR and GlmM are able to interact with CdaA and inhibit its activity in vivo. This highlights that CdaA probably integrates clues, signaling changes in osmolarity and cell wall biosynthesis, via its two regulators CdaR and GlmM, respectively. Additionally, protein-protein interaction studies, show possible interactions between CdaAR and the PDEs, indicating cross-talk of synthesis and degradation machineries and local signaling of c-di-AMP. Moreover, using directed and undirected approaches, novel targets in L. monocytogenes that might be regulated by c-di-AMP are investigated. The proteins KtrCD and KimA of L. monocytogenes are shown to possess potassium transporter activity and both, KtrCD and KimA are demonstrated to be inhibited by c-di-AMP in vivo. KtrC, furthermore, binds the nucleotide in vitro. The analysis of changes in global gene expression and protein synthesis demonstrates a broad impact of c-di-AMP on L. monocytogenes. Important cellular processes, such as the central metabolism, the regulation of transport processes and motility, as well as cell wall remodeling are implicated. Investigations of the connection between c-di-AMP signaling and alterations of the cell wall, additionally, demonstrated that L. monocytogenes rapidly adapts to the muralytic enzyme lysozyme by acquiring mutations in the promoter of the sRNA rli31, which has been shown to affect expression of cell wall modifying enzymes. To conclude, in the present study regulatory processes affecting c-di-AMP synthesis by changes in the osmolarity and the impact of c-di-AMP on global gene expression, protein biosynthesis, cell wall modifications and especially its impact on osmohomeostasis in the human pathogen L. monocytogenes, are investigated. The gained knowledge will help to understand the mechanisms Firmicutes use to sense changes in osmolarity and highlights mechanisms they use to adapt. Understanding regulation of DAC activity eventually can lead to the development of novel antibiotic to treat infections by these increasingly multi antibiotic resistant pathogens.


Nonsymbiotic hemoglobins (nsHbs) form a widely distributed class of plant proteins, which function remains unknown. Despite the fact that class 1 plant nonsymbiotic hemoglobins are hexacoordinate (6c) heme proteins (hxHbs), their hexacoordination equilibrium constants are much lower than in hxHbs from animals or bacteria. In addition, they are characterized by having very high oxygen affinities and low oxygen dissociation rate constants. Rice hemoglobin 1 (rHb1) is a class 1 nonsymbiotic hemoglobin. It crystallizes as a fully associated homodimer with both subunits in 6c state, but showing slightly different conformations, thus leading to an asymmetric crystallographic homodimer. The residues that constitute the dimeric interface are conserved among all nsHbs, suggesting that the quaternary structure could be relevant to explain the chemical behavior and biological function of this family of proteins. In this work, we analyze the molecular basis that determine the hexacoordination equilibrium in rHb1. Our results indicate that dynamical features of the quaternary structure significantly affect the hexacoordination process. Specifically, we observe that the pentacoordinate state is stabilized in the dimer with respect to the isolated monomers. Moreover, the dimer behaves asymmetrically, in a negative cooperative scheme. The results presented in this work are fully consistent with our previous hypothesis about the key role played by the nature of the CD region in determining the coordination state of globins. Proteins 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Lactitol, an unabsorbed sugar with defined laxative threshold and superior taste properties has been suggested as an alternative to lactulose in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. In the present study we have compared the colonic metabolism of the two sugars using an in vitro faecal incubation system. Both sugars were readily metabolised by faecal bacteria producing volatile fatty acids and the metabolism was inhibited by neomycin. The effect of lactitol and lactulose on terminal ileal and colonic pH was monitored in six normal subjects using a radiotelemetry technique. Both sugars significantly lowered right colonic pH (basal -6.51 +/- 0.48 vs lactitol -5.63 +/- 0.50; lactulose -5.18 +/- 0.82, p less than 0.05). The pH of rest of the colon and terminal ileum was unaffected. Neomycin given concurrently with lactulose abolished acidification of right colon. As lactitol and lactulose have similar effects within the colon, lactitol would appear to have a role in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. As neomycin antagonises the effect of lactulose in the colon, its concurrent use may be less effective in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.


Objectives Although association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and cardiovascular diseases was reported by many studies, the relation between ACE I/D polymorphism and coronary collateral circulation (CCC) has not been studied yet. The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and CCC. Methods Patients who were subjected to coronary angiography in the 2006 to 2009 period and had at least a completely occluded major artery were included in this study. To classify collateral circulation, we used the Rentrop classification. Patients were classified as having poor CCC (Rentrop grades 0 to 1) or good CCC (Rentrop grades 2 to 3). Gene polymorphism was detected through the detailed melting curve analysis of polymerase chain reaction products after amplification using real-time polymerase chain reaction method and LightCycler 1.5 apparatus. Results We prospectively studied 113 patients who had at least 1 totally occluded major epicardial coronary artery. Forty-seven patients had poor CCC and 67 patients had good CCC. There were no differences among groups in age, sex, risk factors, lipid profile, uses of cardiovascular drugs, and number of diseased vessels. Plasma ACE levels were significantly higher in poor CCC group (P < 0.001). The frequency of DD polymorphism was higher in the poor CCC group (P < 0.001). In allele frequency, we found that the frequency of the D allele was higher in poor CCC group than in the good CCC group (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.16–7.38; P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis with CCC development as the dependent variable revealed that the presence of total occlusion of the left circumflex artery (95% CI, 1.29–6.6; P = 0.001), ACE DD genotype (95% CI, 2.55–12.79; P = 0.001), presence of diabetes (95% CI, 1.03–3.16; P = 0.005), and pulse pressure (95% CI, 1.04–1.56; P = 0.045) were independent determinants of poor coronary collateral development. Conclusions This study showed that ACE DD polymorphism is associated with poor CCC. Poor collateral circulation in patients carrying the D allele may be associated with endothelial dysfunction and elevated blood ACE levels in these patients.


Abstract The story starts in Basel at CLINAM in 2013, when I asked Pieter about making nanoparticles and he advised me to "try this solvent-exchange method we have developed for making limit sized particles". We are particularly interested in what are "limit size materials" because we want to test the feasibility of an idea: could we design, make, develop, and test the concept for treating metastatic cancer by, "Putting the Drug in the Cancer's Food? "Limit size" is the size of the cancer's food, ? the common Low Density Lipoprotein, (LDL) ~20 nm diameter. In this contribution to Pieter's LTAA we focus on the "bottom" (nucleation) and the "up" (growth) of "bottom-up design" as it applies to homogeneous nucleation of especially, hydrophobic drugs and the 8 physico-chemical stages and associated parameters that determine the initial size, and any subsequent coarsening, of a nanoparticle suspension. We show that, when made by the rapid solvent-exchange method, the same sized particles can be obtained without phospholipid. Furthermore, the obtained size follows the predictions of classic nucleation theory when the appropriate values for the parameters (surface tension and supersaturation) at nucleation are included. Calculations on dissolution time for nanoparticles reveal that a typical fewmicromolar-solubility, hydrophobic, anti-cancer drug (like Lapatinib, Niclosamide, Abiraterone, and Fulvestrant) of 500 nm diameter would take between 3?7 s to dissolve in an infinite sink like the blood stream; and a 50 nm particle would dissolve in less than a second! And so the nanoparticle design requires a highly water-insoluble drug, and a tight, encapsulating, impermeable lipid:cholesterol monolayer. While the "Y" junction can be used to mix an ethanolic solution with anti-solvent, we find that a "no-junction" can give equally good results. A series of nanoparticles (DiI-fluorescently labeled Triolein-cored and drug-cored nanoparticles of Orlistat) were then tested in well-characterized cell lines for uptake and efficacy as well as a PET-imageable nanoparticle in initial PET-imaging studies in animals for EPR uptake and tumor detection. We show that, while free-drug cannot be optimally administered in vivo, a nanoparticle formulation of orlistat could in principle represent a stable parenteral delivery system. The article ends with a brief discussion of what we see as the way forward in Individualized Medicine from the Diagnostic-Therapeutic ("Diapeutic") side, requiring 18FDG detection of metastatic lesions, functional imaging of a protein target (e.g. Fatty Acid Synthase) using 11C acetate, then a PET (or other)-imageable nanoparticle to demonstrate EPR accumulation, and then the administration of the pure-drug nanoparticle taken in by the most aggressive cancer cells in the perivascular space, as they would their "food".


In this paper, we introduce the use of continuous prosodic features for speaker recognition, and we show how they can be modeled using joint factor analysis. Similar features have been successfully used in language identification. These prosodic features are pitch and energy contours spanning a syllable-like unit. They are extracted using a basis consisting of Legendre polynomials. Since the feature vectors are continuous (rather than discrete), they can be modeled using a standard Gaussian mixture model (GMM). Furthermore, speaker and session variability effects can be modeled in the same way as in conventional joint factor analysis. We find that the best results are obtained when we use the information about the pitch, energy, and the duration of the unit all together. Testing on the core condition of NIST 2006 speaker recognition evaluation data gives an equal error rate of 16.6% and 14.6%, with prosodic features alone, for all trials and English-only trials, respectively. When the prosodic system is fused with a state-of-the-art cepstral joint factor analysis system, we obtain a relative improvement of 8% (all trials) and 12% (English only) compared to the cepstral system alone.


This paper provides an improved method for predicting the I–V curve of the photovoltaic module using a hybrid machine learning system. The proposed method is based on a random forest algorithm and a cascade forward neural network. A random forest algorithm is used to predict a specific factor that is subsequently used as an input for the cascade neural network to remove the correlation between voltage and current. Then, the actual current is predicted using the cascade neural network. This procedure assures the ability of the proposed model to extract the I–V curve of any photovoltaic module regardless of its rating or type. A dataset that contains values for air temperature, solar radiation, voltage, and current of two polycrystalline photovoltaic modules is used in the training process of the proposed algorithm. The hybrid model has general inputs such as ambient temperature, solar radiation, and data from the photovoltaic module datasheet (Voc and Isc). The proposed model is trained, tested, and validated by 86% of the data. Meanwhile, 14% of the data are used for testing. Thus, the proposed model is tested using unknown data so as to avoid overfitting. Results show that the proposed model is very accurate in predicting I–V curves based on three types of errors which are mean absolute percentage error (0.68%), mean bias error (0.0191 A), and root-mean-squared error (0.04458 A). This hybrid model can be used to obtain the I–V curves for several types of photovoltaic modules.


Perception of Visual Similarity: Modeling Feature-Based Effects Michael Romano University of California, Merced Michael Spivey University of California, Merced Abstract: Similarity is central to human cognition. Its relevance is apparent in nearly all theories of cognitive science. Concept acquisition, metaphor, pattern recognition, priming, predictions, inferences; all these processes rely on similarity. Despite its relevance, relatively little is understood about how similarity is processed. In particular, there is a need to better understand the scope in which our perceptual systems constrain our judgments of similarity. The current study investigates this question in the area of visual cognition. By attempting to control for the influence of categorical knowledge, the goal was to understand how different types of feature-dimensions and category boundaries influence the perception of similarity. A connectionist model was developed to explain these findings.


Periodontitis, a chronic polymicrobial disease of the gums, affects the soft tissues and bone that support the teeth. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia are the major human bacterial pathogens responsible for periodontitis. They bind to and accumulate on the tooth surface, develop the biofilm matrix and form a periodontal pocket. These pathogenes acquire heme from host hemoproteins using the HmuY hemophore for nutrition and growth. This study will mostly concentrate on the characterization of HmuY as a unique heme acquisition system using of bioinformatic tools to introduce it as a candidate novel drug against periodontal pathogens.There results show that HmuY is a stable protein which is a membrane-associated heme-binding lipoprotein. The unique feature and the crystal structure of heme-bound HmuY reveal the presence of His 134 and His 166 residues. Protein interaction network have displayed that TonB- dependent receptor HmuR is in close relationship with HmuY. In conclusion, we revealed molecular properties of HmuY protein that can be as a putative virulence agent during bacterial infection. These features make it an appropriate candidate for biomedical applications against periodontal pathogens.


Ecomorphs of Anolis lizards evolved convergently via niche partitioning in separate radiations. Each ecomorph has a suite of traits including body size, morphology, microhabitat, anti-predatory behaviour, and foraging, but foraging movements of ecomorphs have not been characterized quantitatively. Data are presented on aspects of foraging for seven species representing four ecomorphs in the cristatellus series from Puerto Rico. Using these and published data for Jamaican and Hispaniolan anoles, an examination is made of predictions based on definitions of ecomorphs by Williams (1972, 1983). Grass-bush and trunk-crown anoles exhibited higher movement rates than trunk-ground anoles. Data for other radiations agree and support a prediction of relatively high movement rates for twig and trunk ecomorphs. All the species studied were ambush foragers and all used the head-down survey posture, indicating phylogenetic stability of these traits. Arboreal species adopted survey posture in about 75% of observations, and grass-bush species used it when on elevated perches. Rates of foraging movements increased as perch height decreased in grass-bush ecomorphs owing to visual obstruction by vegetation limiting the scanning area close to the ground. A similar relationship occurred unexpectedly in a trunk-crown II species, A. stratulus, whereas movement increased marginally with perch height in a trunk-crown I species, A. evermanni. Perch height and movement rates were unrelated in three trunk-ground species. Movements per minute and per cent time moving were highly correlated among species owing to the brevity of individual movements. Data from other Greater Antillean radiations are needed to separate the effects of ecology and phylogeny on anole foraging.


A transducer arrangement for active noise cancellation signals provides an acoustically permeable membrane between ports in direct communication with the noise propagating conduit and the transducers delivering sound pulses to the port. A housing defines at least one chamber exposed to at least one face of a transducer diaphragm, and each chamber is connected in fluid communication with the conduit through at least one port. The chamber is partitioned by the membrane to include chamber portions with a predetermined volumetric relationship. In a preferred embodiment where the transducer arrangement is coupled to a motor vehicle exhaust conduit, the membrane is preferably a silicone impregnated polyurethane film reinforced with aromatic polyamide fibers. Such a member provides a waterproof, acoustically permeable partition between the port and any adjacent speaker face that can withstand high temperatures. In a two transducer arrangement, two diaphragm faces are exposed to a common chamber including two membranes positioned on opposite sides of the port communicating with the chamber.


We used correlative models with species occurrence points, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation indices, and topo-climatic predictors to map the current distribution and potential habitat of invasive Prosopis juliflora in Afar, Ethiopia. Time-series of MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Indices (EVI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) with 250 m2 spatial resolution were selected as remote sensing predictors for mapping distributions, while WorldClim bioclimatic products and generated topographic variables from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission product (SRTM) were used to predict potential infestations. We ran Maxent models using non-correlated variables and the 143 species- occurrence points. Maxent generated probability surfaces were converted into binary maps using the 10-percentile logistic threshold values. Performances of models were evaluated using area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). Our results indicate that the extent of P. juliflora invasion is approximately 3,605 km2 in the Afar region (AUC  = 0.94), while the potential habitat for future infestations is 5,024 km2 (AUC  = 0.95). Our analyses demonstrate that time-series of MODIS vegetation indices and species occurrence points can be used with Maxent modeling software to map the current distribution of P. juliflora, while topo-climatic variables are good predictors of potential habitat in Ethiopia. Our results can quantify current and future infestations, and inform management and policy decisions for containing P. juliflora. Our methods can also be replicated for managing invasive species in other East African countries.


This thesis aimed at evaluating the tempe fermentation process as a means to develop nutritionally improved vegetarian products from barley and oats. The work was designed to assess relationships between selection of raw material and processing conditions in correlation to nutrient content and availability. Whole grains of high amylose/high s-glucan barley and high s-glucan oats were tempe fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus, in order to: reduce phytate content to increase iron absorption, obtain low glycemic responses, and increase formation and accessibility of folates. The barley and oat tempe were evaluated in human studies. Corresponding meals were also in vitro digested in order to evaluate the potential of estimating human nutrient bioavailability in a computer controlled gastrointestinal model.

Pearling, soaking and returning of pearling fractions before tempe fermentation was found to degrade the phytate content by 97% and to increase human iron absorption from 3.0% to 5.5%. In vitro digestion of similar meals showed an increase in iron availability from 1.7% to 4.9%, indicating that the tendency of the iron absorption could be predicted. The glucose response was lower from the barley tempe while the insulin response was lowest after intake of oat tempe. The calculated glycemic and insulinemic indices (GI and II) were 30 and 55 from barley tempe and 63 and 21 from oat tempe, respectively. In vitro starch digestion rate of barley and oat tempe meals were consistent with the human glycemic response, and by combining the determination of in vitro starch hydrolysis with microscopy studies of starch granules, a possible correlation between structural changes during digestion and the rate of starch hydrolysis was observed. Furthermore, tempe fermentation of barley increased folate content by 2.5 times, and the in vitro folate accessibility was 46-86% in boiled barley tempe.

This work shows the nutritional potential of tempe fermented whole-grain cereal products with a range of health benefits, such aslow glycemic responses and high availability of iron and folate. The work also shows that the in vitro gastrointestinal model is a possible tool to estimate the availability of important nutrients.


Depression is a mood disorder which currently affects 350 million individuals worldwide. Recently, research has suggested a protective role of diet for depression. The Mediterranean-style dietary pattern has been highlighted in several systematic reviews as a promising candidate for reducing depressive symptoms. It has been speculated that this could be due to the high polyphenol content of foods commonly found in the diet. Therefore, the aim of this review was to assess the effects of polyphenols found in a Mediterranean diet on the symptoms of depression. A systematic literature review was conducted of original research which assessed the role of polyphenols on the symptoms of depression in humans. The following databases were searched: PROQUEST, SCOPUS (Elsevier), MEDLINE (EBSCO), CINAHL, and EMBase, up to 18 February, 2019. The inclusion criteria consisted of both observational and experimental research in adults aged 18-80 y that assessed depression scores in relation to polyphenol intake. A total of 37 studies out of 12,084 met the full inclusion criteria. Of these, 17 were experimental studies and 20 were observational studies. Several different polyphenols were assessed including those from tea, coffee, citrus, nuts, soy, grapes, legumes, and spices. Twenty-nine of the studies found a statistically significant effect of polyphenols for depression. This review has found both an association between polyphenol consumption and depression risk, as well as evidence suggesting polyphenols can effectively alleviate depressive symptoms. The review uncovered gaps in the literature regarding the role of polyphenols for depressive symptoms in both young adults and men. This review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42019125747.


The oxidation of NO over Co-, Ptand Rh-based catalysts was studied by combined catalytic activity and FT-IR studies. The activity of Co-, Ptand Rh-based catalysts was measured in the presence and absence of H2O and SO2 in the feed. The activity studies showed that the support (Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2) of Pt catalysts significantly affects the extent of the oxidation reaction, in addition to the metal content and calcination temperature over Co/Al2O3 catalyst. The highest activity was measured over 5 % Co/Al2O3 calcined at 450 °C, while Pt/ and Rh/Al2O3 catalysts exhibited significant activity (absence of SO2). The presence of 200 ppm SO2 inhibited irreversibly the NO oxidation mainly over Co/ and Rh/alumina. In the presence of 10 % H2O in the feed the activity of all catalysts weakly decreased, reversibly. FT-IR studies, over fresh Rh/Al2O3, showed the formation of Rh-NO+, Al-NO2 and Al-NO3 species, while over presulfated catalyst only the Rh-NO+ species was detected. Activity and FT-IR studies were used to propose a mechanism for the NO oxidation, in the presence and in the absence of SO2.


Objective: Children with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of neonatal complications and comorbidities compared to the general population; however, the incidence, optimal screening intervals and outcomes in this population are uncertain. The purpose of this study is to phenotypically define this population of children with DS using a large multi-age and ethnic sample and current American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Guidelines testing practices.
Method: This is a retrospective review of a large cohort of 1,108 children with DS (male=602; mean age at initial contact: 5.72 years, SD ± 5.51) who received care at the Sie Center for Down Syndrome (SCDS) at The Children's Hospital Colorado from 2011 and 2016. Clinical data were collected from a prospective patient clinic database. Clinical details were collected, which included demographics, prenatal and birth history and complications, comorbidities, procedures, treatment plans and outcomes.
Results: Medical complications requiring admission to the neonatal intensive care unit were identified in 70.6% of children with DS. Frequent causes for these neonatal admissions included: Required oxygen (60.7%), feeding problem (48.2%), Respiratory Distress Syndrome (21.4%) and pulmonary hypertension (14.7%). Incidence of medical comorbidities in our population with DS included cardiac defects (64.3%), abnormal sleep study (71.1%), abnormal thyroid study (29.1%), pulmonary aspiration (12.2%), celiac disease (5.0%) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (28.3%).
Conclusion: Clinical data provides results from one of the largest investigations at a single pediatric hospital for children and young adults with DS in the US. This study describes the comorbidities affecting individuals with DS more accurately by applying AAP guidelines in studying a larger population than previously defined. This result improves our understanding of the incidence and identification of medical conditions in children with DS and reinforces recommendations on medical care screening for individuals with DS.


Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON) implies a system of different sensors that are generating data to be preserved, interpreted, and applied in a continuous manner over a long period on a pan-Arctic scale. This note summarizes the current institutional framework that relates to data generation and use, as well as decision making and operational responses, around the Arctic Ocean. Sustainable solutions will necessarily involve those institutions that have the financial, logistic, policy, and legal capacity to support infrastructure in the Arctic Ocean region into the future. Three options are introduced for supporting SAON as a key element of the sustainable Arctic Ocean infrastructure that governments and Indigenous peoples hope to develop. Option 1 would be for the Arctic coastal states to mandate that a portion of leasehold payments from energy companies be earmarked for general-purpose infrastructure development in the Arctic Ocean region, with specific inclusion of SAON. Option 2 would be for the Arctic Council, as the high-level forum for international cooperation in the Arctic, to spread the burden of supporting SAON among the Arctic states, non-Arctic states, and Indigenous peoples. Option 3 would be to support SAON through coordinated public-private partnerships among diverse organizations and institutions with Arctic remits. Compelling justification for supporting SAON is that it is needed to inform decision making about both sustainable infrastructure development and maritime domain awareness for commercial operations in the Arctic Ocean.


Background: Music is beneficial for adults, it enhances psychological comfort, self-confidence, self-esteem, and lowers the symptoms of anxiety, pain and depression, relieving stress by improving life quality and thus providing satisfaction. It holds the capacity to initiate a multitude of cognitive processes in the brain. We aim to evaluate and compare the effects of music on reaction time, attention, working capacity of short-term memory and verbal fluency of male and female subjects.
Methodology: An observational study was conducted on a sample of 300 subjects either males or females between the age groups of 19 to 30 years, affiliated with different universities and institutes. After inclusion, these subjects were divided into two groups, standard and experimental group with 150 subjects in each group. Ruler & Drop method test and Stroop test with or without music were used to test the reaction time (RT) and attention, respectively. Whereas, working capacity of short-term memory was tested using the George A. Miller rule of memory. And verbal fluency was evaluated using semantic verbal fluency (SVF) and phonological verbal fluency (PVF) tests. The data was analyzed using SPSS Version 22.
Results: The comparative mean values between the groups for RT, attention, short-term memory and verbal fluency scores were greater among the subjects in the experimental group as the tests were performed in association with musical interference. Mean reaction time for both visual and tactile cues were significantly increased in the experimental group i.e. 0.151±0.034 (males) and 0.124 ±0.050 (females) for tactile cues and 0.150 ±0.042 (males) and 0.152 ±0.033 (females). Moreover, Stroop interference also increased in both genders while short-term memory score declined from high to average and verbal fluency was also compromised due to musical interference.
Conclusion: It is concluded from the study results that music holds both positive and negative effects on brain activity. It imparts positive effect on both RT and attention but in case of the working capacity of short-term memory and verbal fluency, the effects are negative.


Selective cell retrieval from base material is necessary for developing and improving cell analyzing technologies as well as regenerative medicine. Many conventional technologies, such as micromanipulators, are developed for selective cell retrieval. However, selective cell retrieval at the single-cell level remains challenging because it is quite difficult to retrieve adhered single cells from base material with ease, rapidity, and no damage. Here, we propose a novel selective cell retrieval method using microarrays made of a light-responsive gas-generating polymer (LGP microarray). The convex LGP microarray was fabricated by a molding process using polystyrene microarray chips. LGP microarrays generate N2 gas when exposed to a specific light used for fluorescence microscopy. A human cervical cancer cell (HeLa) suspension was spread on the LGP microarray coated by fibronectin. After these HeLa cells were adhered to the surface of the LGP microarray structure, light at a wavelength of 365 nm was used to irradiate the LGP microarray. All the target HeLa cells were selectively released from the light-irradiated surface area of the LGP microarray by the generated N2 gas. The LGP microarray system was also applied to single-cell retrieval, and we easily and rapidly retrieved 100% of the single HeLa cells from the microarrays. In addition, approximately 90% of single HeLa cells retrieved from the LGP microarray proliferated on a chamber of a 96-well plate. Therefore, the LGP microarray system enables easy and selective retrieval of adhered cell groups or single cells with only harmless light irradiation.


Transient absorption spectroscopy has been employed to investigate three photo–active compounds; azobenzene, foldamer controlled by azobenzene, and oxazine. These compounds all have absorption in the ultra–violet regions responsible for their photo–active behavior. Due to this, the current transient absorption setup has been modified to extend the probing wavelength range to 320–650 nm, with the possibility of exciting the photo–active molecule in the ultra–violet.  Azobenzene is valuable in benchmarking and optimizing the transient absorption setup, it shows that the detection window has been extended out to 320 nm. By resolving the ground state bleach we have added support for the assignment of the final decay to thermalization in the ground state. Comparison of relaxation lifetime in acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran shows no noticeable change in the photophysics of isomerization between the two solvents.  The foldamer family excited state relaxation is similar to azobenzene. There is an extension in the S₁ branching lifetime from 1.1 ps in azobenzene to 1.7 ps for foldamer 1 and 4.2 ps for foldamer 2. The separation of branching on the S₁ surface and relaxation through the S₁ to electronic ground state intersection was possible by comparison of azobenzene and foldamer family. The solvent effects show little difference for all members of the foldamer family expect for foldamer 2, suggesting that the dynamics of the azobenzene moiety are not affected by the larger macro–structure of the foldamer.  For oxazine it has been established, by varying solvent polarity, that isomerization happens through three states; bond breakage, transfer to a dark state, and the final photo–isomer. This is confirmed by further studies completed after the introduction of electron withdrawing fluorine atoms. Carbon–oxygen bond cleavage occurs on the picosecond timescale, with solvent dependent rotation occurring in hundreds of picoseconds. Fluorinated oxazine shows a strong solvent dependence with rotation suppressed for all but the most polar of solvents.


In this paper, we take the yield impacts of Schlenker and Roberts (2009), specifically on cotton, under a range of uniform temperature changes and apply it to a global fiber model to map changes in cotton production and prices. Although we use the 2011-2020 time period, the results should be viewed more as potential long-term market adjustments in the absence of new technology rather than a specific forecast. We find that in terms of extreme higher temperatures in the U.S. alone (+5°C) results in higher cotton prices as much as 17% against the baseline over the 2011-2020 projection period as production is cut back, on average, by 1.8%. Meanwhile, a 5°C increase in temperature in the U.S. and the rest-of-the-world (ROW) induces a price increase of as much as 135%, on average, throughout the projection period given a lower production of 20% from baseline levels that ignore temperature changes. More modest temperature changes (+1°C) result in much more modest (+6% in price and -1.3% in global production) changes in the cotton market.


Steven Holl is outstanding architect who has been applied his phenomenological thinking to his works. he has been reported that he had adhered to focus his interest on coherent phenomenological theme and sublimated his architectural concept succesfully. This study focuses on relationship how phenomenological concept has common ground with architectural parts and with the study on phenomenological application methodology of architectonics of Steven Holl. In the case of Holl, with the theme of sense and flesh, he molds phenomenologically sensitive space. His works contains coherent phenomenolgical concepts such as distrust of rationality, synthesis of consciousness, and qeustions of perception. The Methodologies of connection with environment(nature or bridge), regional values, placeness, light and time are considered in his works(books and architectural works) as anchoring, interwining and parallax for phenomenological process in his concepts. His methodologies of enlisted works contain many valuable concepts of phenomenological intuition and would be applicable to contemporary and future architecture for humanism.


Purpose: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients undergo rigorous courses of myeloablative chemotherapy that increase vulnerability for infections. Complications can arise in the form of graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD) manifesting in various organs, including the skin, lung, liver, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Antibiotic therapy is generally begun in order to prevent further complications from infection but may increase the risk for acute GI GvHD. Studies that investigated antibiotic therapy and the subsequent occurrence of GI GvHD in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (aSCT) patients were reviewed. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL databases were utilized. Articles published between January 1, 2009, and December 15, 2019, were included in this review. A total of 1,142 articles were retrieved. Duplicates, reviews, letters to the editors, irrelevant interventions/outcomes, and non-English articles were excluded. Inclusion criteria included individuals who were undergoing an aSCT and received antibiotic therapy. A total of seven articles were included for this review after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics increased the risk of developing GI GvHD. Stool analysis when available showed a decrease in the diversity of the gut microbiome, which in turn led to the increase in acute GvHD. Implications: The increased risk of GvHD may have implications for the standard of care therapy, which includes treatment, for infections during SCTs. Providers will need to weigh the risk vs. benefit of antibiotic therapy and exercise judicious selection of antibiotics prior to engraftment.


We have developed a three dimensional movable robot of an ultrasound probe for remote echographic diagnosis to apply between hospital, clinic and home. The probe movable mechanism is carefully designed not to damage the human body since miniature force sensors detect not only the total contact force to body surface but also the angle of probe. The angle and position of probe are controlled not to exceed a dangerous contact force. We tried to control it via a network by using a two-axis joystick.. The remote control software is developed under ORB (object request broker) technique which has recently been used in the majority of distributed object systems. We applied it to control the robot via LAN and 128K ISDN (integrated services digital network). We found that real time control was possible with an image stream by setting the priority for image and control signals to the ISDN router. Though delay time of the image causes stress to the examiner, we confirmed that remote diagnosis of the human abdomen is useful.


The educational curriculum considered as one of The main  Education Tools  in achieving its objectives, it's a tool for interaction between the teacher and the learner; therefore  the civilized nations takes   great importance to the design  process on a sound basis, and to oversee their implementation in adequacy and effectiveness, and  evaluation and development processes in scientific methodology, it is considered a matter of national priorities that acquires the most of their attention (the hill et al., 1993). And the success of the process of implementing the curriculum and learning processes, education, depends largely on the presence of qualified teachers that they able to accommodate the educational philosophy of the educational system and the goals of the community, and the processes of development and modernization of the curriculum; to keep pace with developments and global changes in various fields; and the  curriculum needs of strategies for teaching and evaluation; to contribute in the Giving learners' knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to live in the developed and variable world, and away from the traditional methods of teaching and evaluation. It is no longer the role of the teacher in this era to indoctrination information, and facts, but its role  became  prepared for the learning and educational environment , is where the acquisition of knowledge, skills,, values and attitudes being  and  the educated started to have different thinking skills and the  objective educational of Mastery  that the modern education seeks to achieve; which required from teachers to realize it; and therefore the development of tactics, and methods of teaching; to keep pace with those objective and variables alrhmh (1987). Shows Sparks (Sparks, 2000) that the teacher should be able to diagnose students' needs, and understands how to learn every student, and that he should be familiar with the subject under consideration by, and roads that must be used to teach students, and owns stock a wide range of teaching strategies; that can choose what suits them learning educational situation. And the educationalists indicate to the close relationship between the teacher and teaching effectiveness, and that teaching provides a platform rich with opportunities, which provides the challenge for each student; to discover and invent applications of knowledge; to be used in solving problems, revealing the relationship between generalizations and concepts of realism and uses it, and the effectiveness of teaching keep teacher familiar strengths and weaknesses of the students, and make it able to adjust its strategies in education to suit requested (Selden, 1999). Sawa See (Sawa1995)that the teacher and teaching should be evaluate based on the appropriateness of the teachers strategies  and their impact on learning, and the ability to make optimum use of  teaching strategies, and building  meaningful class events  to teache students' .