In natural environments, plants have to deal with a wide diversity of attackers, resulting in major crop losses in agricultural settings. Plant can activate defense responses against these attackers, however, there are fitness penalties like reduced plant growth associated with this. The production of plant hormones plays a crucial role in the activation of induced defense responses. The hormonal blend that is produced upon pathogen or insect attack is dependent on the lifestyle and invasion strategy of the attacker. Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in the activation of induced plant defenses against biotrophic pathogens. On the other hand, jasmonic acid (JA) together with abscisic acid (ABA) results in activation of the MYC-branch of the JA signaling pathway, which induces defense responses against herbivorous insects, whereas JA together with ethylene (ET) results in activation of the ERF-branch, which is effective against necrotrophic pathogens. The main goal of this study was to investigate how activation of defense signaling pathways and the crosstalk between them influences plant defense and plant fitness. We show that ABA is required for both the activation of the MYC-branch and the suppression of the ERF-branch of the JA pathway in Arabidopsis leaves infested with Pieris rapae caterpillars (small cabbage white). This antagonistic effect on the ERF-branch seems to be caused by MYC-mediated production of ABA. ABA is shown to suppress the ERF-branch at the level of transcriptional activation at the GCC-box of JA-responsive genes. Furthermore, systemic leaves of P. rapae-infested plants become primed for activation of the MYC-branch. Production of ABA upon secondary herbivore attack leads to elevated activation of defenses and improved resistance to P. rapae caterpillars. Together, we provide evidence that ABA is a crucial regulator of JA-dependent defense responses during the Arabidopsis-P. rapae interaction. Crosstalk between the different hormone signaling pathways is hypothesized to contribute to plant fitness by prioritizing one set of defense responses over others, thereby prioritizing effective over ineffective defenses, and thus minimizing fitness costs. We show that there are no additional long-term negative effects on plant fitness when plants encounter multiple attackers that activate different antagonistic defense pathways, providing a first suggestion that hormonal crosstalk might indeed be a cost-saving strategy. In a field study, we observed that Arabidopsis plants that were infected with the biotrophic downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis even displayed enhanced fitness, as evidenced by a 70% increase in seed production. We show that under low nutrient availability, long-day conditions and low disease pressure, this positive effect of H. arabidopsidis infection on plant fitness was most pronounced, likely due to enhanced resource allocation from the roots to the shoots. Hence, we show that interactions between plants and pathogens do not necessarily lead to negative fitness effects for the plants, which in this case might be associated with the biotrophic lifestyle of H. arabidopsidis. Overall, understanding whether and how the functioning of the defense signaling pathways and the crosstalk between them influences plant defense and plant fitness is necessary for successful application of defense traits in crops.


Tax evasion is an illegal activity that consists of non-payment of taxpayers' obligations towards the state, through fraudulent maneuvers that alter the amount of taxes to be paid. This research analyzes the scientific production related to tax evasion in the ScienceDirect database during the years 2010-2019. With that purpose, a descriptive and relationship analysis was carried out between variables such as, author, continent, determinant of tax evasion, scope, focus, among others. The place of application of this research was established as the scope while the type of tax was the focus. We found that the efficiency of the tax authorities is the most analyzed determining factor regarding tax evasion. 82% of articles are published in European journals, of which 54% belong to case studies carried out on this continent. 51% of authors are economists and 54% of the articles were approached from the perspective of economics. This research shows that tax evasion is a topic of global interest which might be approached from different perspectives and in several areas.


Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) based nanocomposites were prepared by mixing ENR latex (epoxide content of 35 mole%) with silica nanoparticles (SiO2). SiO2 were previously treated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS). Morphological and mechanical properties of ENR/SiO2 composites were investigated. The dispersion of SiO2 in ENR matrix, which was characterized by SEM, indicated that the treated SiO2 exhibited better dispersion than that of the untreated SiO2. Moreover, it has been found that the modified SiO2 with either APS or MPS gave much significant reinforcing effect than the untreated one. However, the treatment of SiO2 nanoparticles with MPS resulted in better interfacial interaction when the APS treatment was compared.


We investigated the serological changes in hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related markers in 55 and 26 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐negative patients undergoing allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplantation, respectively, over the past 4 yr. Five of the 17 allogeneic and one of the five autologous patients with pretransplant anti‐hepatitis B core antigen antibodies (anti‐HBc) were HBsAg‐positive after transplantation, whereas none of the patients negative for anti‐HBc were HBsAg‐positive in both groups. All patients who became HBsAg‐positive received steroid‐containing immunosuppressive therapy for chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD) or myeloma. Four of the six patients developed flare of HBV hepatitis, and two patients did not. One patient developed fulminant hepatitis treated with lamivudine and plasma exchange. Other five patients received entecavir from the detection of HBsAg. Although HBV‐DNA levels became below the limit of detection in all patients, HBsAg positivity remained in three patients after 6 months of treatment. We concluded that anti‐HBc positivity is a risk factor for reactivation of HBV after both autologous and allogeneic transplantation, and HBV‐related markers should be monitored regularly in these patients. We also stress the efficacy of pre‐emptive use of antiviral agents in controlling HBV replication and limiting hepatic injury due to reactivation of HBV in these patients.


Ecosystem engineers typically exert positive feedback on their environment, which enhances their performance. Such positive feedback is lacking in the establishment phase, when densities are too low and/or patches are too small. There is a strong need to unravel the mechanisms for overcoming the resulting establishment thresholds, both for ecological restoration purposes and to be able to use their services. In the present study, we question whether providing a transient substratum can be used as tool to overcome establishment thresholds, by creating a window of opportunity for initial settlement, using mussels (Mytilus edulis) as a model system. Combining field and flume experiments, we study how biogenic substratum enrichment in the form of a shell layer on a soft mudflat affects the critical dislodgement thresholds and, thus, the chances of mussel establishment at different mussel densities and aggregation states. Flume results showed that the presence of a shell layer reduced dislodgement of mussel patches in low-energy environments but was conditional for establishment in high-energy environments. That is, in high-energy environments with shells, aggregation into clumps enhanced dislodgement, while dislodgement was reduced with increasing overall mussel biomass and overall mussel patch weight. Without shells, dislodgement was always 100%. These findings agreed with our field studies, which showed that coarse shell material reduced mussel losses (by a factor of 3), reduced aggregation (by a factor of 2.4), and increased attachment strength (by a factor of 2.4). Overall, our results show that the local presence of biogenic substratum increases the chance of mussel establishment by enhancing the critical hydrodynamic dislodgement threshold. Thus, the local addition of a biogenic substratum may create a window of opportunity to initiate settlement in more dynamic environments, to shift at a local scale from a bare mudflat state into an established biogenic reef state. Our findings have clear implications for how to approach restoration and management of ecosystem engineers dominated systems. For instance, when positive feedback of ecosystem engineers is lacking, (1) the transient offering of suitable settling substratum may be a necessary step to overcome establishment thresholds, and (2) this becomes increasingly important with increasing abiotic stress.


Two progesterone metabolites 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (5-alpha) and 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one (5-beta) were investigated for anaesthetic potency in male rats with an EEG-threshold method. Dose rate curves were obtained by infusing 5-alpha and 5 beta intravenously with different rates until an EEG-criterion (a burst suppression of one sec. or more, the "silent second") was seen in the EEG. The potency of the investigated drugs has been estimated by comparing threshold doses at optimal infusion rates. 5-alpha and 5-beta were tested on both young (44 to 46 days) and adult (109 to 118 days) rats. The relation between age and the anaesthetic sensitivity of 5-beta was tested by weekly threshold determinations. 5-alpha and 5-beta infused separately with different infusion rates gave almost V-shaped dose rate curves. The optimal infusion rate was in all age groups 2 mg/kg/min. In young rats 5-alpha (6.7 mg/kg) was more potent than 5-beta (8.9 mg/kg). In adult rats the sensitivity was increased but the relation in potency between 5-alpha (5.1 mg/kg) and 5-beta (6.6 mg/kg) was unchanged. With 5-beta the main change in this age-related increase in anaesthetic sensitivity was seen between 49 and 70 days of age. Both 5-alpha and 5-beta exhibited an excitatory action seen as jerks during induction of the EEG-criterion.


Objectives
To measure acceptance of recipes taught and demonstrated through the University of Georgia Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) and Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) nutrition education curricula through sensory evaluation.

Methods
Sensory evaluation was conducted on seven newly developed recipes through the SNAP-Ed Food Talk: Farmer's Market curriculum and sixteen existing recipes through the EFNEP Food Talk curriculum. To evaluate acceptance of the recipes, SNAP-Ed and EFNEP program participants were provided with a nine-point hedonic scale with 1 being 'dislike extremely' and 9 being 'like extremely.' Program participants were asked to rate for overall liking (OL) of the recipe and liking of additional sensory attributes, including appearance, flavor, texture, saltiness, and sweetness. Recipes were prepared following standardized instructions for consistency of preparation and portion size.

Results
A total of 1438 SNAP-Ed and EFNEP participants (78% female, 66% African American) evaluated 7 newly developed recipes (n = 563) and 16 existing recipes (n = 872). The Curly Noodle Supreme (OL = 6.11, flavor = 5.58, texture = 6.56) and Cheesy Broccoli Soup (OL = 6.63, flavor = 6.51, texture - 6.64) had the lowest ratings from the 16 existing recipes. The Chicken Chili with White Beans (OL = 7.34, flavor = 7.11, texture = 7.31) and Vegetarian Tacos (OL = 7.28, flavor = 7.04, texture = 7.15) had the highest ratings from the 7 newly developed recipes. With standard range of acceptability for a recipe being 7.0 and higher in sensory evaluation, these ratings provide justification for the addition of newly developed recipes and modification or replacement of existing recipes into the SNAP-Ed and EFNEP nutrition education curricula.

Conclusions
The study findings suggest that sensory evaluation has the potential to contribute to the development, testing, and modification of recipes that are more responsive to the unique sensory preferences of low-income populations for nutrition education programs.

Funding Sources
USDA SNAP-Ed, USDA EFNEP.


The synthesis of Ag, Cu and Ag-Cu nanoparticles with divalent disulfur ligand by the Brust method were obtained. The metals were reduced by sodium borohydride and stabilized with 2,2'-dithioethanol (Ll), N,N'-dithiophtalimide (L2) and triphenylmethanesulfenamide (L3). The nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, EDX, electron diffraction and FTIR. The stability of the colloids at room temperature was also measured. We can observe a high stability for the colloids dispersion with L3 ligand (>1 week by AgCu-L3, Ag-L3 and Cu-L3). We found TEM studies show a size distribution between 9.7 and 15.8 nm, depending on the ligand. Electron diffraction analysis for the metallic nanoparticles shows the presence of Ag2S, Ag, CuO and bimetallic compounds such as CuAgS. The active solids were obtained by solvent evaporation from the nanoparticles dispersed to 50 °C. The FT-IR exhibit the presence of the ligand incorporated in the solid.


In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, competing measures of the trend in macroeconomic variables such as U.S. real GDP have featured prominently in policy debates. A key question is whether large shocks to macroeconomic variables will have permanent effects—i.e., in econometric terms, do the data contain stochastic trends? Unobserved-components models provide a convenient way to estimate stochastic trends for time series data, with their existence typically motivated by stationarity tests that allow at most a deterministic trend under the null hypothesis. However, given the small sample sizes available for most macroeconomic variables, standard Lagrange multiplier tests of stationarity will perform poorly when the data are highly persistent. To address this problem, we propose the use of a likelihood ratio test of stationarity based directly on the unobserved-components models used in estimation of stochastic trends. We demonstrate that a bootstrap version of this test has far better small-sample properties for empirically relevant data-generating processes than bootstrap versions of the standard Lagrange multiplier tests. An application to U.S. real GDP produces stronger support for the presence of large permanent shocks using the likelihood ratio test than using the standard tests.


Since the discovery of gas in the Oriskany sand in north-central Pennsylvania in 1930, nineteen deep wells have been drilled to the Oriskany on seven major folds 30-40 miles southeast of the old oil and gas fields in northern West Virginia. This exploratory drilling has resulted in the discovery of two gas fields known as the Terra Alta and Canaan Valley fields situated respectively 25 and 50 miles south of the Summit field in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. The Terra Alta field has eight gas wells and the Canaan Valley field three gas wells. The extent of neither field has been fully defined. Gas is produced from the Huntersville chert and the underlying Oriskany sand, which are encountered at depths ranging from 4,900 to 8,250 feet. Yields vary from ½ million to 4 million cubic feet daily per well. Small flows of gas also have been obtained in the Benson and Speechley sands and Helderberg limestone in a few wells. Shows of oil have not been reported. The gas obtained in the two fields contains 97 per cent methane and 1 per cent ethane. It is consequently unlikely that oil will be found in Devonian formations. However, there are 10,000 feet or more of older Paleozoic rocks which are oil-bearing in marginal parts of the Appalachian basin. Only three of the nineteen deep wells drilled in the region have reached the base of the Silurian. Older Paleozoic formations have n t been penetrated. It is believed that no factual or theoretical data can be presented to disprove the possibility that oil may be present in pre-Devonian formations in some of the major folds of the region where fracturing and solution weathering may have developed secondary porosity. It is possible that the hydrocarbon content of the entire pre-Trenton Paleozoic section may have migrated along fissures to the Trenton and be held there by the impermeable cover of Upper Ordovician shale.


The permafrost monitoring network in the polar regions of the Northern Hemisphere was enhanced during the International Polar Year (IPY), and new information on permafrost thermal state was collected for regions where there was little available. This augmented monitoring network is an important legacy of the IPY, as is the updated baseline of current permafrost conditions against which future changes may be measured. Within the Northern Hemisphere polar region, ground temperatures are currently being measured in about 575 boreholes in North America, the Nordic region and Russia. These show that in the discontinuous permafrost zone, permafrost temperatures fall within a narrow range, with the mean annual ground temperature (MAGT) at most sites being higher than −2°C. A greater range in MAGT is present within the continuous permafrost zone, from above −1°C at some locations to as low as −15°C. The latest results indicate that the permafrost warming which started two to three decades ago has generally continued into the IPY period. Warming rates are much smaller for permafrost already at temperatures close to 0°C compared with colder permafrost, especially for ice‐rich permafrost where latent heat effects dominate the ground thermal regime. Colder permafrost sites are warming more rapidly. This improved knowledge about the permafrost thermal state and its dynamics is important for multidisciplinary polar research, but also for many of the 4 million people living in the Arctic. In particular, this knowledge is required for designing effective adaptation strategies for the local communities under warmer climatic conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A reciprocal frame (RF) is a self-supported three-dimensional structure made up of three or more sloping rods, which form a closed circuit, namely an RF-unit. Large RF-structures built as complex grillages of one or a few similar RF-units have an intrinsic beauty derived from their inherent self-similar and highly symmetric patterns. Designing RF-structures that span over large domains is an intricate and complex task. In this paper, we present an interactive computational tool for designing RF-structures over a 3D guiding surface, focusing on the aesthetic aspect of the design. There are three key contributions in this work. First, we draw an analogy between RF-structures and plane tiling with regular polygons, and develop a computational scheme to generate coherent RF-tessellations from simple grammar rules. Second, we employ a conformal mapping to lift the 2D tessellation over a 3D guiding surface, allowing a real-time preview and efficient exploration of wide ranges of RF design parameters. Third, we devise an optimization method to guarantee the collinearity of contact joints along each rod, while preserving the geometric properties of the RF-structure. Our tool not only supports the design of wide variety of RF pattern classes and their variations, but also allows preview and refinement through interactive controls.


Students in grades 3-8 can earn a free book at the last book fair by meeting the challenge: 3rd Grade - 6 books 4th Grade - 7 books 5th Grade - 8 books 6-8th Grade - 10 books (and other conditions ;))


Abstract The intertwining of strands into 3D spirals is ubiquitous in biology, enabling functions from information storage to maintenance of cell structure and directed locomotion. In synthetic systems, entwined fibers can provide superior mechanical properties and act as artificial muscle or structural reinforcements. Unlike structures in nature, the entwinement of synthetic materials typically requires application of an external stimulus, such as mechanical actuation, light, or a magnetic field. Herein, we use computational modeling to design microscale sheets that mimic biology by transducing chemical energy into mechanical action, and thereby self-organize and interlink into 3D spirals, which spontaneously rotate. These flexible sheets are immersed in a fluid-filled microchamber that encompasses an immobilized patch of catalysts on the bottom wall. The sheets themselves can be passive or active (coated with catalyst). Catalytic reactions in the solution generate products that occupy different volumes than the reactants. The resulting density variations exert a force on the fluid (solutal buoyancy force) that causes motion, which in turn drives the interlinking and collective swirling of the sheets. The individual sheets do not rotate; rotation only occurs when the sheets are interlinked. This level of autonomous, coordinated 3D structural organization, intertwining, and rotation is unexpected in synthetic materials systems operating without external controls. Using physical arguments, we identify dimensionless ratios that are useful in scaling these ideas to other systems. These findings are valuable for creating materials that act as "machines", and directing soft matter to undergo self-sustained, multistep assembly that is governed by intrinsic chemical reactions.


We consider a general proposal for generating a train of entangled single-photon wavepackets. The photons are created inside a resonator via an interaction with an active medium. In the course of the generation process photons are transferred to the continuum outside the resonator through cavity loss. We show that wave packets generated in this way can be regarded as independent logical qubits. This and the possibility of producing strong entanglement between the qubits suggests many applications in quantum communication. We give a specific example in the context of cavity QED and show that undesired decoherence effects can be efficiently reduced in the considered scheme.


The deep time (pre-Quaternary) glacial record is an important means to understand the growth, development, and recession of the global cryosphere on very long timescales (106–108 Myr). Sedimentological description and interpretation of outcrops has traditionally played an important role. Whilst such data remain vital, new insights are now possible thanks to freely accessible aerial and satellite imagery, the widespread availability and affordability of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles, and accessibility to 3D rendering software. In this paper, we showcase examples of glaciated landscapes from the Cryogenian, Ediacaran, Late Ordovician and Late Carboniferous where this approach is revolutionizing our understanding of deep time glaciation. Although some problems cannot be overcome (erosion or dissolution of the evidence), robust interpretations in terms of the evolving subglacial environment can be made. Citing examples from Australia (Cryogenian), China (Ediacaran), North and South Africa (Late Ordovician, Late Carboniferous), and Namibia (Late Carboniferous), we illustrate how the power of glacial geomorphology can be harnessed to interpret Earth's ancient glacial record.


This paper presents a simple method for localizing calcium in its natural distribution. This method depends on freeze-substituting rapid-frozen tissue, and combines the spatial precision of conventional plastic sections with the reliable calcium localization characteristic of direct freezing methods. Calcium is retained in the tissue during freeze-substitution and subsequent processing, and its distribution in frog skeletal muscle suggests that it is not displaced during tissue processing or in the electron probe. Examples of new findings with this method are the presence of a postsynaptic sequestration system for cations entering at the neuromuscular junction, and a nonmitochondrial system in nerve muscle synapses that sequesters cations entering during depolarization-secretion coupling.


In this paper we have introduced a novel electromagnetic source imaging (ESI) technique and demonstrated its validity and excellent performance in imaging the location and extent of underlying epileptic sources in patients suffering from focal epilepsy. The proposed algorithm employs ideas from sparse signal processing literature and convex optimization theories to improve source imaging results obtained from scalp-recorded electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG source imaging results generally use subjective methods to determine the extent of the underlying brain activity. The proposed technique provides significant improvement in dealing with such shortcomings and eliminates the need for thresholding. The results of our computer simulations and clinical validation study demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed algorithm and suggest it may become a useful tool for objectively determining the location and extent of focal epileptic activity in a noninvasive fashion.


The vagal nucleus consists of four nuclei located in the medulla oblongata. The three main nuclei are the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve [CN] X), nucleus ambiguus, and the solitary nucleus. The fourth nucleus has a minor input from the vagus nerve, the spinal trigeminal nucleus, which receives the main input from the trigeminal nerve. These nuclei all contribute to the various functions of CN X as well as the function of several other cranial nerves. The functions of CN X include motor, sensory, taste, and chemoreception involving numerous organ systems of the body, such as the heart, pharynx, tongue, and gastrointestinal system. Due to the diverse actions of CN X, there are many clinical connections associated with vagal nuclei pathology.


Magnetic and 57Fe Mössbauer measurements are reported on Taylor-phase compounds T-Al3Mn(Pd,Fe), which are complex metallic alloys containing 156 atoms in the unit cell. These investigations are extended to Al71Mn19Fe10 which crystallize as decagonal quasicrystal. Common for all samples spin glass behavior is present at low temperatures with freezing temperatures Tf increasing (decreasing) with Fe (Pd) content. Below Tf rejuvenation and memory effects are observed in aging investigations. Above Tf the 57Fe Mössbauer spectra were analysed by a superposition of two subspectra with intensity ratio around 75:25, which might be allocated to Fe substituted on Mn sites surrounded either by Al and Mn or completely by Al in the nearest neighborhood. Below Tf broad hyperfine field distributions are present.


This article presents the use of an emotion-focused, transdiagnostic therapy approach designed for adolescents with a range of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, depressive, and related disorders, referred to here as emotional disorders. Preliminary work suggests that emotional disorders share underlying temperament factors, such as high neuroticism and low extroversion in adults and adolescents, possibly influencing the development and maintenance of emotional disorders across the life span. The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents (UP-A) and similar core dysfunction-focused, transdiagnostic therapy approaches may lead to successful treatment by targeting higher order factors that cut across an array of emotional disorders The utility of UP-A for adolescents experiencing a variety of emotional disorder symptoms is demonstrated here through the case illustration of Tony, a 15-year-old adolescent male with severe social and generalized anxiety and mild levels of depression. After 16 individual treatment sessions, Tony demonstrated significant reductions in anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as an ability to respond more adaptively to a range of emotional experiences. This case study illustrates how short-term, transdiagnostic treatment using the UP-A can effectively ameliorate a wide range of emotional disorder symptoms in adolescents and may also lead to changes in core features of neuroticism, potentially preventing development of further emotional difficulties over time.


The phenomena of erosion and sediment transport are often observed with a time lag and / or space within a watershed, especially between the upstream and downstream areas. This difference between runoff and erosion assessments that depends on the size of observation is commonly called the "scale effect". This effect has often been studied globally and reduced runoff and erosion rates are generally reported as one moves from the local to the regional level.
To quantify the scale effect, local erosion models are often linked to the empirical concept of SDR (Sediment Delivery Ratio): the ratio of exported sediment at the outlet of a drainage system on the gross erosion that occurred locally. This empirical parameter is used as a connectivity factor to estimate the contribution of net soil losses to sedimentary basins exports. A recent renewed interest on these topics has led the development of more or less elaborate variants that propose a conceptualization of the (es) connectivity (s) of the landscape to describe the sedimentary flows within watersheds.
In general, these concepts allow apprehending the spatial variability of flow in heterogeneous environments and for events / climates not too extreme. Their use is more difficult when the flows are constrained by the production process. A limit also appears when trying to cover too large a range of spatial scales, because beyond a spatial succession of (re) detachment and deposition processes a new nature of process can emerge.
 We will rely on several measured database of erosion / sediment transport at different scales and in diverse geomorphological contexts to illustrate and discuss the relevance of these concepts.


The purpose of this research is to discover high school student ethnocentrism and their attitude toward domestic product. Identifying these factors are very important for marketers in design their marketing program. Based on consumer ethnocentrism questionnaire (CETSCALE) developed by Shimp and Sharma (1987), 17 questions were given to the student from one private high school in Pekanbaru City, Riau Province. Moreover, question about their attitude, preference, and the reason to choose domestic product also being questioned. About 118 students participated in this study. The data collected was analyzed through qualitative and quantitative method. The result showed that this study provides support for the CETSCALE's reliability and validity. Mean score on the CETSCALE is 57.20, which is indicating a moderate level. From the question about country of origin, approximately 60.2% respondents pay attention to the product country of origin. In relation to the price, 55.1% would buy the domestic product if the price between the domestic and foreign product is the same. On the other situation 71.2% respondent would buy the domestic product if the price is cheaper, contrary to only 23.7 % respondent that keep buying domestic product even the price is higher. It is important to note that even they have high ethnocentrism score, not all of them willing to buy domestic product when the price is higher. We also gave them opened question asking about what kind of product and services they prefer domestic made. Nearly 50% mentioned clothes or dress and many respondents refer to specific kind of clothes or motive such as Batik. Food is chosen by at least 66% respondent as domestic product they prefer. The most reasons are the cheap prices, same quality, delicious taste for food, and proud to consume the domestic product. We may conclude that respondent were ethnocentrism at certain product but still considering the price to make a buying decision.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine how innovation-related firm-specific ownership advantage (FSA) plays a role in developing the competitive advantage of Chinese multinationals when they internationalize.

Design/methodology/approach
Based on a review of the existing literature concerning foreign direct investment by emerging economy multinational enterprises (EMNEs), the authors identify that numerous studies explain this phenomenon on the basis of their location-bound country-specific advantages. However, such views do not fully explain the key underlying factors behind the rapid rise and success of many EMNEs as these firms rapidly internationalize and develop global competitiveness in developed markets. The current research explores three leading innovative Chinese EMNEs from the engineering sector: BYD, Sany Heavy Industry and CSR China.

Findings
The authors find that EMNEs' knowledge, and particularly their innovation-creating technological knowledge, has contributed greatly to their successful internationalization. The illustrative cases show that the three firms have now moved beyond the infant to the mature stage of EMNE development through developing their technological knowledge in order to realize FSA through internationalization. This study helps in contributing fresh reflections to the continuing debate concerning the causes of internationalization and global competitive development by EMNEs and the role of their FSAs in these processes.

Originality/value
This is one of the few studies which have demonstrated that some of the EMNEs do possess firms' specific advantage which helps explain their innovative capabilities, competitive advantages and subsequent internationalization patterns.


The reaction of H2 and O2 gases with pristine and Pd doped Sn10O16 clusters is investigated using transition state theory and density functional theory. The reaction of hydrogen and oxygen molecules is controlled by a transition state that implies crossing an activation energy hill to react with the SnO2 cluster. Our investigation performs thermodynamic calculations, including Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of activation and reaction in the temperature range 25-500 °C. The results show that the Gibbs free energy of activation of H2 gas reaction is 0.23 and 0.18 eV for pristine and Pd doped Sn10O16 respectively at standard conditions. The reduction of 0.05 eV of the activation barrier is enough to raise the reaction rate constant by a factor of 7 between pristine and Pd doped at standard conditions. The temperature-dependent reaction rate increases continuously as the temperature increases in the investigated range. A double exponential function describes the time dependence of cluster concentration. Variation of energy gaps due to the H2 reaction explains the sensitivity values of present clusters to H2 molecules.


Recently MoSi2 sacrificial particles embedded in yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YPSZ) have been proposed as attractive healing agents to realize significant extension of the lifetime of the thermally loaded structures. Upon local fracture of the YPSZ, the embedded healing particles in the path and in the vicinity of the crack react with the oxygen atoms transported via the crack and first fill the crack with a viscous glassy silica phase (SiO2). The subsequent reaction between this freshly formed SiO2 and the existing tetragonal ZrO2 of the YPSZ leads to the formation of rigid crystalline zircon (ZrSiO4), which is key in the crack-healing mechanism of YPSZ based materials. The isothermal kinetics of the self-healing reaction and the mechanism of zircon formation from the decomposing MoSi2 and the surrounding YPSZ were assessed via X-ray diffraction (XRD). The obtained results revealed that at 1100 !C the reaction between amorphous SiO2 and YPSZ is completed after about 10 h. For a more accurate determination of the kinetics of the self-healing reaction, bilayer samples of YPSZ e MoSi2 (with and without boron addition) were annealed in air over a temperature range of 1100e1300 !C. This led to the formation of a MoSi2/amorphous (boro)silica/zircon/YPSZ multi-layer, which was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA). Kinetic modeling of the growth of zircon and silica or borosilicate layers showed that zircon growth was dominated by the diffusion of Si4þ in zircon whereas the growth of the silica or borosilicate layer was controlled by oxygen diffusion. Moreover, a significant increase in the rate of ZrSiO4 formation was observed due to the presence of B in the MoSi2 particles.


The introduction of synthetic fuels produced from various alternative approaches has led to the concern over their compatibility with elastomeric seals used in current aircraft engines. The aim of this research is to investigate into this compatibility issue of alternative aviation fuels with typical elastomeric sealing materials. Experimental methodologies employed were the stress relaxation test (under both isothermal and temperature cycling conditions) and the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A wide range of valuable data was collected and detailed analysis was carried out using statistical method and the Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs).

The outcome of this research establishes the fundamental stress relaxation characteristics of typical sealing materials in jet fuels produced via various sources. It demonstrates different impacts that individual fuel species may have on seals. A correlation has been found between the stress relaxation and the molecular structure changes of the O-rings. The HSP analysis suggests a good non-linear correlation between the equilibrium compression force and the RED number generated from the 'triangle' test data. It is proved that temperature is an influential factor in terms of the sealing performance of an O-ring. Generally, the stress relaxation process slows down (accelerates) as the temperature decreases (increases). At extremely low temperatures, seals become very inert and the relaxation process would stop. Temperature cycling tests show the relationship between seals' ability to recovery from thermal contraction and the aromatic content in the fuel. Based on the knowledge gained here, recommendations have been given on the potential future work related to this topic.


Problem and Aim. There is a lack of scientific literature about hydration status changes of combat athletes during different periods over a one-year training cycle. The aim of this study is to evaluate the hydration status in youth judo athletes during an off-season 5-day judo training camp. Methods. The research sample was composed of six judo athletes, age 16 (IqR=3.25), body weight 81 (IqR=18.75) kg, height 179 (IqR=6.5) cm, sports age 9.5 (IqR=3.5). Morning urine samples in test-tubes were collected from athletes´ rooms and analysed using a digital refractometer ATAGO PAL-10S for urine specific gravity (U SG ). The data was analysed using a non-parametric ANOVA for repeated measures (Friedman´s ANOVA) with the calculation of effect size (Kendall´s Coefficient of Concordance). The results were expressed as a median (Med) with interquartile range (IqR). The statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results. After the first morning measurement, the participants were hypohydrated U SG =1.0235 (IqR=0.0100). Next day the participants were still hypohydrated U SG =1.0259 (IqR=0.0154) and the values were even worse than the previous day. The U SG values tended to improve on the 4 th day U SG =1.0195 (IqR=0.0100) and 5 th day as well U SG =1.0177 (IqR = 0.0100) and athletes were only minimally hypohydrated. However, there was no significant difference between all measurements (p=0.334) and the effect size was small (Kendall´s W =0.189). Conclusions. Even though judo athletes trained off-season when body weight reduction was not necessary their hydration status was still suboptimal.


Anisotropic gelation has been studied by immersing chitosan in aqueous acetic acid sandwiched by a pair of square cover glasses into aqueous sodium hydroxide. The shape of the gel front line initially remained a square, whereas it approached a circle with immersion time. The time course of the distance between the side of the cover glasses and the gel front line xs was expressed initially as scaled proportional relationship (xs/L)2 =2K(t/L2), where t is the immersion time, L; the length of the side of the cover glasses and K; a constant. The characteristic behavior was independent of chitosan concentration.


Background Evidence regarding the most appropriate management of aneurysm recurrences following coiling consists only of uncontrolled case series and the resulting expert opinions, which range from not following coiled patients at all to performing invasive angiography at regular intervals. Methods We discuss several current attitudes toward how to manage post-coiling recurrences and outline an approach to finding concrete, practical answers to common clinical questions. Results Although some maxims and general statements can be reluctantly offered, in the absence of evidence the best approach is to emphasize proper methods in order to one day find reliable answers. These can only come from randomized clinical trials. The multitude of research questions is an added difficulty. A program of necessary trials is proposed and centers are encouraged to work in a collaborative fashion in order to offer best possible care as well as progress. Conclusion Common clinical questions, including how to follow coiled aneurysm patients, if and when to re-treat, and with which treatment modality, are best addressed with the sound scientific methodology of clinical trials.


Although spoken plays in eighteenth-century Germany and Austria frequently included arias, the presence of instrumental music as overtures, entr9actes, and finales is less well documented. Few instrumental pieces appear to have been composed especially for particular plays before 1780. Haydn wrote one of the most celebrated of these pieces-music to Regnard9s play Le distrait, performed in German as Der Zerstreute-and then arranged it as a symphony (no. 60, 1774). Theater journals of the 1770s listed Haydn as music director to theatrical troupes in residence at Eszterhaza, notably that of Karl Wahr, known for performing serious plays and Shakespeare9s tragedies; indeed, references in the same journals suggest that Haydn had even written music to Hamlet for Wahr. Yet no such music nor any other theater music by Haydn has been recovered. This study explores the hypothesis that Haydn9s symphonies served as theater music and examines theories of theater symphonies, the flourishing of Hamlet on the Austrian stage in the 1770s, and the relevance of titles of Haydn9s symphonies of the later 1760s and 1770s. The author proposes that much of Haydn9s symphonic music of the period widely described as exemplifying the musical Sturm und Drang was either originally destined for the stage, or composed with a view to possible later use as overtures and entr9actes, and that important dramatic and rhetorical features of his style can be better understood in this light than in traditional ways.


It is well understood that Australian climate is affected by natural climate variability such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), depending on seasons and regions. However, studies on Australian climate extremes associated with natural climate variability remain limited. This study examines the observed impact of natural climate variability on inter‐annual changes in seasonal extremes of rainfall and temperature over Australia during 1957–2010. We use non‐stationary Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) analysis, where GEV parameters are specified as a linear function of modes of climate variability, and compare results with the case when climate variability is not considered. Results from two station‐based observational data sets consistently suggest that extreme responses overall resemble mean responses to climate variability. Anomalously drier and hotter conditions occur over northeastern Australia and the southern coast during El Niño and a positive phase of the IOD in the cold seasons, while wetter and cooler conditions are observed during La Niña and a negative phase of IOD. A positive (negative) phase of the SAM brings wetter and cooler (drier and warmer) conditions over much of the eastern continent in summer. Covariation and relative importance of ENSO and the IOD as well as an inverse relationship between rainfall and daily maximum temperature are also found to hold for extremes. This suggests that teleconnection mechanisms responsible for seasonal mean variations may be at work for inter‐annual changes in extremes, providing important implications for climate model evaluations and regional climate change projections.


We present a hybrid, hierarchical architecture for mission control of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The architecture is model based and is designed with semiautomatic verification of safety and performance specifications as a primary capability in addition to the usual requirements such as real-time constraints, scheduling, shared-data integrity, etc. The architecture is realized using a commercially available graphical hybrid systems design and code generation tool. While the tool facilitates rapid redesign and deployment, it is crucial to include safety and performance verification into each step of the (re)design process. A formal model of the interacting hybrid automata in the design tool is outlined, and a tool is presented to automatically convert hybrid automata descriptions from the design tool into a format required by two hybrid verification tools. The application of this mission control architecture to a survey AUV is described and the procedures for verification outlined.


We present a unified deformation model for the markerless capture of human movement at multiple scales, including facial expressions, body motion, and hand gestures. An initial model is generated by locally stitching together models of the individual parts of the human body, which we refer to as "Frank". This model enables the full expression of part movements, including face and hands, by a single seamless model. We capture a dataset of people wearing everyday clothes and optimize the Frank model to create "Adam": a calibrated model that shares the same skeleton hierarchy as the initial model with a simpler parameterization. Finally, we demonstrate the use of these models for total motion tracking in a multiview setup, simultaneously capturing the large-scale body movements and the subtle face and hand motion of a social group of people.


Two transglutaminase-mediated modifications of the rat epididymal spermatozoon surface were demonstrated in vitro. Transglutaminase was effective in promoting the binding of spermidine to the sperm. Moreover, the enzyme, by reacting with one of the major proteins secreted by the rat seminal vesicle epithelium, produced a modified form of the protein with a higher molecular weight and the capability of binding to the sperm cells. A specific physiological role for the enzyme, bringing about modifications of the rat sperm surface in the seminal fluid environment, is suggested.


We investigate the laser-induced quantum interference in extreme ultraviolet superfluorescence (SF) occurring in a dense gas of Λ-type helium atoms coupled by a coherent laser field in the visible region. Due to the constructive interatomic and intraatomic interferences, the SF can split in two pulses conveniently controlled by the gas density and intensity of the driving field, suggesting potential applications for pump-probe experiments.


: Experience of surgical treatment of the two-barrel branching of main vessels from right ventricle in the first year of life children was summarized. There were operated 105 patients. In 53 (50.5%) infants in arms radical intervention (intraventricular tunneling, operation of Kavashima, arterial switching) was performed with general lethality 24.5%. In 52 (49.5%) patients--palliative operation was done (formation of Blelock--Taussig anastomosis, the pulmonalis artery narrowing) with general lethality 12.7%.


Deep sand and sand on clay profiles occupy a large proportion of the Cambodian landscape. However, the diversity and the factors affecting origin and formation of sand profiles of Cambodia has not been explored and analysed in detail. Moreover, currently there is limited knowledge about the edaphic properties of these sands particularly those that are limiting to agricultural production. The present study concentrated on origin and properties and some management methods to ameliorate acidity of sands in south-eastern Cambodia.

From texture analysis of 19 profiles sampled along toposequences in four study areas (Kampot, Tramkak, Ponhea Krek, and Rolea Bier/Tuek Phos districts), sand fractions ranging from 63 to 200 μm and 200 to 600 μm were predominant in most profiles, except for Kampot 4, where the fraction was dominated by sand grains from 200 to 600 μm and five profiles from Kampong Chhnang province, where the three medium-coarse sand fractions (63-200, 200-600 and 600-2000 μm) were equally dominant. Clay content was generally < 100 g/kg within 0-80 cm depth but mostly increased from 60 to 160 cm depth. Sub-angular and sub-rounded grains were the major shapes of sand grains in most profiles (20-80 %). Sub-angular shapes of sand grains in Tramkak and Kampong Chhnang generally decreased from the site at the base of mountain to the lower part of the toposequence. In contrast, percentages of sub-rounded grains were higher in the profile in the lower part of the toposequence. Moderately spherical sand grains were the major class in all profiles, ranging from 40-75 % of grains. Based on the above analysis and their proximity to the mountains, the sand profiles sampled along toposequences in four study areas of south-east Cambodia showed the major influence of in situ weathering of siliceous parent materials and to a lesser extent colluvial transport of sands. There was no evidence of long range transport of the sand grains or of any aeolian processes in re-working of the sands.

All the sands were strongly acid with pH (CaCl2) around 4. When pH was 4.2 or greater there was limited exchangeable Al while at pH 4 or less exchangeable Al comprised 30% or more of the effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC). The DPTA extractable Mn varied from low and potentially deficient values to potentially toxic levels. Almost all the topsoils had low levels of extractable P, K, S, Zn and B that suggest deficiency risk for crops.

The pot experiments on mung bean response to lime application on acid sands of two contrasting sands from Ponhea Krek1 (PK), and Kampong Chhnang 4 (KC) showed that near maximum growth of mung bean (90-95 % of maximum) was achieved at 0.60-0.76 t of lime /ha in PK and 0.4-0.65 t of lime /ha in KC. Lime at 1 t/ha reduced leaf Mn concentrations from toxicity levels to suitable values for mung bean growth, but resulted in marginal or deficient levels of leaf P.

Despite relatively short duration of the experiments, there was evidence of mobility of exchangable Ca from lime-treated topsoil to the untreated subsoil. In addition, pH increases up to 25 cm below the depth of lime incorporation were recorded even at CaCO3 or Ca(OH)2 rates of 1 t/ha. These results suggests that subsoil amelioration of acidity may be feasible after shallow surface application of lime on weakly buffered sands subject to monsoonal rainfall.

Field experiment results also showed strong response of mung bean grain yield to lime application on the two acid sands (Tramkak 1-TK, PK). To achieve 90-95 % of maximum grain yield required 0.6-0.7 t of lime/ha in TK and 0.8-0.9 t/ha in PK. In contrast, incorporating lime only within subsoil had limited effect on mung bean growth and grain yield. Given the heavy and frequent rainfall in the wet season, mixing 1 t of lime/ha within 10-15 cm depth should be an effective method of lime application on acid sands to achieve optimum mung bean yield and over time to alleviate subsoil acid constraints.


In this dissertation, mixtures of first order Markov chains and Hidden Markov models were used to model variable length sequences in order to find longitudinal patterns. Data from the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) study was used to estimate these models. A mixture of four first order Markov chains found patterns of movers and stayers. Cluster 4 is the stayers. Cluster 3 are movers among the depression, well and submania states. Cluster 2 are movers that tend to stay in the well state. Cluster 1 are movers that tend to go to the submania/subdepression state. On the other hand, a hidden Markov model with ten hidden states justifies the use of a scale with syndromal, subsyndromal and asymptomatic episodes defined by psychiatrists. The inclusion of covariates in hidden Markov models showed that: males move more than females, children move more than teenagers, and patients who live in another situation move more than patients who live with both natural parents. For bipolar diagnosis, BPII and BPNOS patients show similar transition patterns. Age of bipolar onset sheds light on the stability of patients with a childhood and an early adolescence onset. Thus, the possibility of an early diagnosis of the disorder would consequently lead to provide appropriate treatment, and that would lessen the impairment of bipolar youth. Socio-economic status showed patients with low socio-economic status staying more weeks with subsyndromal submanic and mixed episodes, and less weeks with subsyndromal depression and asymptomatic episodes. Quite the opposite behavior observed for their counterparts in with high socio-economic status. This is the first research using these two Markov models to analyze the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. No previous study has modeled the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder using Markov models that estimate the transitions among the different episodes of bipolar disorder. Furthermore, no previous study has modeled the effects of covariates consistently with the longitudinal nature of the disease.


A total of 288 weanling pigs (13.4 lb and 18 d of age) was used in a 27 d growth assay to determine the effects of adding Zn from ZnSO4 or ZnO on growth performance. Pigs were allotted to one of eight dietary treatments consisting of a control diet; diets containing one of six concentrations of Zn from ZnSO4 (500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 2,500, or 3,000 ppm); and a diet containing 3,000 ppm of Zn from ZnO. Increasing Zn from ZnSO4 linearly improved ADG and F/G from d 9 to 19; however, adding ZnSO4 to the diet decreased ADG from d 19 to 33. Thus, pigs fed diets containing ZnSO4 or 3,000 ppm of Zn from ZnO had similar growth performance compared to pigs fed the control diet for the overall trial. In conclusion, no benefit was observed for the overall trial from adding increasing concentrations of Zn from ZnSO4 or 3,000 ppm of Zn from ZnO.


CRISPR systems have been co-opted by Tn7-like elements to direct RNA-guided transposition. Type V-K CRISPR-associated transposons rely on the concerted activities of the pseudonuclease Cas12k, the AAA+ ATPase TnsC, the Zn-finger protein TniQ, and the transposase TnsB. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopic structure of a target DNA-bound Cas12k-transposon recruitment complex comprising RNA-guided Cas12k, TniQ, TnsC and, unexpectedly, the ribosomal protein S15. Complex assembly on target DNA results in complete R-loop formation mediated by critical interactions between TniQ and the trans-activating crRNA, and is coupled with TniQ-dependent nucleation of a TnsC filament. In vivo transposition assays corroborate our structural findings, and biochemical and functional analyses of S15 supports its role as a bona fide component of the type V crRNA-guided transposition machinery. Altogether, our work uncovers key aspects of the mechanisms underpinning RNA-mediated assembly of CRISPR-associated transposons that will guide their development as programmable site-specific gene insertion tools.


As technology down scales, single event transient (SET) is more vulnerable than before in combinational circuits. This paper proposes a novel layout technique to mitigate the SET effect in combinational circuits. Based on 65nm CMOS process, technology computer aided design (TCAD) SET simulations are conducted on conventional layout, source-isolation layout, dummy transistor layout and the proposed layout. Heavy ions with different liner energy transfer (LET) values, inject angles and striking locations are simulated. The results indicate that, the proposed layout have considerable effect on decreasing the SET pulse width than other layouts. Compare with dummy transistor the proposed enhance dummy transistor have no additional area cost.


This chapter provides an overview of the assembly pathways for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules, with particular emphasis on reactions and components occurring in the periplasm. Species-specific variations on the generally conserved theme are now being identified. In the current working model, it is proposed that lipid A core binds to MsbA and the polar parts of the exported molecule enter the lumen of the transporter. WecA is an integral membrane protein that forms the undecaprenyl pyrophosphoryl-GlcNAc. The premise for the periplasmic location of the glucosylation reaction is based on studies with Salmonella that first showed undecaprenyl pyrophosphate-linked intermediates provide the acceptor for glucosylation. O-Acetyltransferases also modify O-polysaccharides. Well-documented examples include OafA, which confers O:5 specificity in Salmonella Oac encoded by the Shigella seroconverting bacteriophage SF6 and the O-acetyltransferase carried by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage D3. The WbdD-mediated chain termination reactions establish modal regulation in participation with the ABC transporter because the export process is coupled to chain termination. Synthases are processive glycosyltransferases that have the capacity to synthesize polymers within one or more linkages. It has been shown that peptidoglycan is also distributed in a helical arrangement along the side walls of Escherichia coli and it will be interesting to see whether the events are coupled and whether the emerging bacterial cytoskeletal components play any role in dictating the sites of LPS insertion.


Background:
 Early mobilization of medical and critical care patients benefits outcome, length of stay, and patient satisfaction. There is limited data regarding safety of early mobilization of stroke patients, because concern for falls or neurologic deterioration due to positional hypoperfusion has led to promoting bed rest during the acute phase of care. The study evaluated the ability of nursing staff to safely assess and mobilize stroke patients at an appropriate level within 24 hours of admit.

 Methods:
 A Stroke Mobility Protocol was developed to assess the clinical readiness of patients to be mobilized. The protocol was implemented in January 2011 for all stroke patients in our neurosciences unit. Protocol safety was evaluated by the number of persistent clinical deteriorations, falls occurring due to the protocol and the overall fall rate. Nurses were to monitor for clinical decline and report any changes not resolving after repositioning. Falls in patients with a stroke diagnosis were tracked using unusual occurrence reports. Fall rates were calculated as number of falls per 1,000 patient days. Post-implementation fall rate from 2011 was compared to pre-implementation falls rate from 2010. Our 2011 fall rate was also compared to 2011 fall rate of an affiliated hospital not using the protocol. Fall rates were compared using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test.

 Results:
 There were no reports of persistent neurologic deterioration. The post-implementation fall rate per 1,000 patient days was lower (1.4 falls, mean rank=408.00, n=436) compared to the pre-implementation rate (6.3 falls, mean rank=405.21, n=376) although these differences were not statistically significant (p=.38). The 2011 fall rate at the comparable hospital (5.1 falls, n=590) was also higher compared to the protocol hospital, although not statistically significant (mean ranks: 516.31 versus 509.69, respectively, p=.11). No falls occurred as a result of the protocol.

 Conclusions:
 Initial data indicate that early mobilization does not lead to prolonged neurologic deterioration or more falls. The Stroke Mobility protocol enables nurses to safely evaluate patients' function, allowing earlier mobilization.


Locomotion in virtual reality (VR) is one of the biggest problems for large scale adoption of VR applications. Yet, to our knowledge, there are few studies conducted in-the-wild to understand performance metrics and general user preference for different mechanics. In this paper, we present the first steps towards an open framework to create a VR locomotion benchmark. As a viability study, we investigate how well the users move in VR when using three different locomotion mechanics. It was played in over 124 sessions across 10 countries in a period of three weeks. The included prototype locomotion mechanics are arm swing,walk-in-place and trackpad movement. We found that over-all, users performed significantly faster using arm swing and trackpad when compared to walk-in-place. For subjective preference, arm swing was significantly more preferred over the other two methods. Finally for induced sickness, walk-in-place was the overall most sickness-inducing locomotion method.


New materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion are the key to the electrification and sustainable development of our modern societies. Molecular modelling based on the principles of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics as well as empowered by machine learning techniques can help us to understand, control and design electrochemical energy materials at atomistic precision. Therefore, this roadmap, which is a collection of authoritative opinions, serves as a gateway for both the experts and the beginners to have a quick overview of the current status and corresponding challenges in molecular modelling of electrochemical energy materials for batteries, supercapacitors, CO2 reduction reaction, and fuel cell applications.


In this article, we focus on the isolated voice command recognition for autonomous man-machine and intelligent robotic systems. We propose to create a grammar model for a small testing command set with self-loops for each state to return blank symbols for noise and-of-vocabulary words. In addition, we use single arc connected beginning and ending of the grammar in order to filter unknown commands. As a result, the grammar is resistant to distortions and unexpected words near or inside of command. We implemented the proposed approach using Finite State Transducers in the Kaldi framework and examined it using self-recorded noised data with various level of signal-to-noise ratio. We compared recognition accuracy and average decision-making time of our approach with the state-of-the-art continuous speech recognition engines based on language models. It was experimentally shown that our approach is characterized by up to 60% higher accuracy than conventional offline speech recognition methods based on language models. The speed of utterance recognition is 3 times higher than speed of traditional continuous speech recognition algorithms.


In this essay, I argue that Theodore Dreiser's 1900 novel Sister Carrie can be read as a narrative of African American migration to the Northern cities. Sister Carrie engages with social change at the turn of the century, of which the migration of African Americans and others to large urban centers was a significant part. The novel describes the social fall and ruin of the middle-class figure Hurstwood while it depicts Carrie as an ethnic Other becoming rich and famous. In numerous accounts of Carrie's attitudes and behavior, there are striking similarities to stereotypes of African Americans, which were widely circulated through the era's popular culture. Moreover, the way in which Carrie achieves fame as a Broadway actress echoes the success that a number of black performers were experiencing there for the first time. Through these resemblances, the turn-of-the-century reader could come to recognize an important subtext in Sister Carrie—the possibility of upward mobility for African Americans moving to places such as New York City or Chicago.


—We consider the geologic structure, composition, and age of early Paleozoic intrusive rock associations of the Tugrug, Udzur-Hunga, Hatan-Hunga, Mandalt, Bayasgalant, and Dut Uul plutons. The plutons are located among late Neoproterozoic–early Cambrian volcanic and volcanosedimentary strata in the southern part of the island-arc system of the Lake Zone in Western Mongolia. We have recognized plagiogranitoid and gabbroid associations of different petrochemical compositions, ages, and geodynamic settings of formation in these plutons. The results of geochronological studies show that the plagiogranitoid associations in the south of the Lake Zone formed in the period from 531 to 481 Ma. Two major stages of intrusive magmatism in the zone have been established in this time interval: island-arc, 531–517 Ma, and accretion–collision, 504–481 Ma. The plagiogranitoid associations that formed at the island-arc stage are the most widespread, whereas those formed at the accretion–collision stage are much scarcer. The intrusive plutons of all ages are composed predominantly of granitoid associations of the tonalite–trondhjemite series, which are calc-alkalic rocks. Study of xenogenic and inherited zircons from plagiogranitoid associations formed at the island-arc and accretion–collision stages of the regional evolution has shown their age range 664–520 Ma. Four age groups of inherited zircon have been recognized (~664, 570–560, 545–531, and 530–520 Ma), which generally correspond to the stages of island-arc (volcanic and intrusive) and ophiolite magmatism and, most likely, reflect the additional magma-generating sources of parental plagiogranitic melts.


This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding a trace minerals-fortified microbial culture (TMC) on the performance and carcass characteristics of late-fattening Hanwoo steers. A mixture of microbes (0.6% [v/w] of Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Saccharomyces sp.) was cultured with 99% feedstuff for ensiling and 0.4% trace minerals (zinc, selenium, copper, and cobalt). Sixteen late-fattening steers (mean age, 21.8 months) were allocated to two diets: a control diet (concentrate mix and rice straw) and a treated diet (control diet+3.3% TMC). At a mean age of 31.1 months, all the steers were slaughtered. The addition of TMC to the diet did not affect the average daily weight gain of the late fattening steers, compared with that of control steers. Moreover, consuming the TMC-supplemented diet did not affect cold carcass weight, yield traits such as back fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, yield index or yield grade, or quality traits such as meat color, fat color, texture, maturity, marbling score, or quality grade. However, consumption of a TMC-supplemented diet increased the concentrations of zinc, selenium, and sulfur (p<0.05) in the longissimus muscle. With respect to amino acids, animals consuming TMC showed increased (p<0.05) concentrations of lysine, leucine, and valine among essential amino acids and a decreased (p<0.05) concentration of proline among non-essential amino acids. In conclusion, the consumption of a TMC-supplemented diet during the late-fattening period elevated the concentrations of certain trace minerals and essential amino acids in the longissimus muscle, without any deleterious effects on performance and other carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers.


A laser beam profilometry technique was used to investigate residual stress accumulation during TiN deposition and stress relaxation during post-deposition heat treatment. The test coatings were reactively sputtered on silicon and steel substrates using a UMS technique. TiN coatings, deposited at different bias and pressure levels, were evaluated for residual stress and microhardness. It was found that both the residual stress and the hardness were strongly affected by the coating deposition conditions. In addition, stress-temperature correlations were obtained by subjecting the coatings to temperature cycles up to 450°C. Stress-temperature plots revealed that the level of residual stress relaxation depended on deposition conditions and only coatings deposited at low ion bombardment could be fully annealed. The role of intrinsic and thermal stresses in the total residual stress in the coating/substrate system was also discussed.


The action of V/Hz limiter of generator excitation system and its influence on generator in isolated operation are analyzed with the generator in Youjiang hydro power station as an example which is in isolated operation with local load after the trip of main transformer of 500kV Baise substation in Guangxi power grid. It is pointed out that the action of V/Hz limiter is the reason that causes the long time operation of generator under low voltage and low frequency status. Suggestions on the functions of V/Hz limiter and how to avoid such low voltage and low frequency operation status are proposed.


The purpose of this article is to investigate how Swedish and US elite newspapers framed the publication of cartoons of the Muslim prophet Mohammad in a Danish newspaper in September 2005, and the events that ensued from that publication. These cartoons proved to be very controversial, and, since the original publication has been reprinted several times, continue to stir controversy. In order to investigate how different frames emerged in the news coverage, the study includes all news articles published in the selected newspapers during a six-month period from the first publication of the Mohammad cartoons. Methodologically, the study uses quantitative and qualitative content analysis. Theoretically, the study is based on framing theory and international news determinants. The results show some interesting differences as well as similarities. In the conclusions, four propositions that might be explored in future research are offered.


As a basic Aristotle element, water is the most abundant and more importantly crucial substance on earth. Without water, there would not be any form of life as we know. Understanding many phenomena in water such as water evaporation and ice melting and formation requires a deep understanding of hydrogen bond breaking and formation. In particular transition states play a key role in the understanding of such hydrogen bond behavior. Transition states, unlike other metastable states, are energy maxima along the minimum energy path connecting two isomers of molecular clusters. Geometry optimization of transition state structures, however, is a di±cult task, and becomes even more arduous, especially when dealing with complex biochemical systems using ̄rst-principles calculations. In this paper, a novel molecular memetic algorithm (MOL-MA) composing of specially designed molecular-based water evolutionary operators coupled with a transition-state-local search solver and valley adaptive clearing scheme for the discovery of multiple precise transition states structures is proposed. The transition states of water clusters up to four water molecules uncovered using MOL-MA are reported. MOL-MA is shown not only to reproduce previously found transition states in water clusters, but also established newly discovered transition states for sizes 2 4 water molecules. The search performance of MOL-MA is also shown to outperform its compeers when pitted against those reported in the literature for ̄nding transition states as well as recent advances in niching algorithms in terms of solution precision, computational e®ort, and number of transition states uncovered.


The Mainstreaming Market Based Instruments for Environmental Management Project will assist the Government of Costa Rica (and FONAFIFO - National Fund for Forestry Financing - in particular) in consolidating and expanding its instrument of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) thereby increasing the proportion of funding for PES activities generated from payments from service users; extending the scope of PES activities in new areas and improving the efficiency of current activities; and, improving the contribution of PES activities to poverty reduction. Specifically, the project seeks to regain degraded, grazing land to convert it into either forests, or to attain agro-forestry systems. The project region fits into what conservationists describe as Eco-region of Isthmian-Pacific Forests, with diverse wildlife zones: tropical rain forest, very humid tropical rainforest, basal forest, transitional tropical forest, and tropical pre-forest. The nature of the project will certainly benefit the environment; however, its implementation may foster some environmental adversity, namely, soil erosion, surface and groundwater contamination, and air pollution due to infrastructure works, as well as an endangered biodiversity, and land degradation due to misuse of pesticides. It is paramount the institutional framework be strengthened to appropriately inform farmers, and indigenous populations in the area on new agricultural extension technologies, followed by relevant capacity building. Within the project design, financing will be available to enhance agro-forestry systems, and, it is further recommended that FONAFIFO implement agricultural economy studies to form the basis for commercial activities, namely for coffee - and the potential for growing coffee around shadowy areas - and livestock, but also as important, those for other agricultural products in the area. Also recommended are an inventory on seedlings and certified seeds; enhanced cooperation on fire prevention and control; improved pastures for livestock development; integrated biodiversity conservation and sustainable development practices; introduction of new technologies for ecosystem rehabilitation; awareness and information on the use of aquifers, and hydroelectricity; and, training assistance and capacity building skills in the use of, and PES reinvestments.


Radio Frequency System on Chip (RFSoC) offers great potential for implementing a complete next generation signal processing system on a single board for radio astronomy. We designed a pulsar digital backend system based on the ZCU111 board. The system uses RFSoC technology to implement digitization, channelization, correlation and high-speed data transmission in the Xilinx ZU28DR device. We have evaluated the performance of the eight 12-bit RF-ADCs, which are integrated in RFSoC, with the maximum sampling rate of 4.096 GSPS. The RF-ADC sampling frequency, channel bandwidth and time resolution can be configured dynamically in our designed system. To verify the system performance, we deployed the RFSoC board on the Nanshan 26 m radio telescope and observed the pulsar signal with a frequency resolution of 1 MHz and time resolution of 64 μs. In the observation test, we obtained pulsar profiles with high signal-to-noise ratio and accurately searched the DM values. The experimental results show that the performance of RF-ADCs, FPGA and CPU cores in RFSoC is sufficient for radio astronomy signal processing applications.


Previous research indicates that high levels of life satisfaction are associated with positive outcomes in various life domains, but the mechanisms underlying these associations are largely unclear. In this article, we argue that life satisfaction is associated with motivational consequences that may explain its positive effects on major life outcomes. This hypothesis was tested in 7 correlational and experimental studies that examined desire for change and goal orientation as motivational and volitional outcomes. Across studies, people low in life satisfaction reported a greater desire to change their life circumstances as well as a greater orientation toward change and a weaker orientation toward stability than people high in life satisfaction, statistically controlling for affect. These findings contribute to life-satisfaction research by providing initial evidence on the motivational consequences of life satisfaction and adding to the growing literature on the functional distinction between life satisfaction and affect. Furthermore, these findings contribute to motivation science by showing that motivational processes do not just arise in the presence, but also in the absence of a perceived negative discrepancy between one's desired and one's actual state. Together, these studies suggest that life satisfaction is an important factor in motivating people to influence their life circumstances through the adoption of personal goals.


The machining of titanium alloys is critical also because of high temperature reached at the tool nose. The temperature of the cutting tool affects the tool life and, in order to decrease the temperature, cutting speed is reduced. The prediction of temperature can allow designing the cutting process, in terms of cutting parameters, or make the best selection of the cutting tool, with reduced experimental effort. The rheological model is an important issue in the FEM simulation of cutting in order to achieve a good accuracy, In this paper the milling operation will be considered. This is very common in manufacturing and, often, it represents the last operation, determining the final product quality. Cutting forces, measured by dynamometer table, and temperature, measured by infrared camera, have been recorded during milling tests. The infrared camera captures a part of the workpiece close to the cutting edge. First the material model has been set up considering only cutting forces; next, a sensitivity analysis about the material model parameters has been performed in order to assess the influence of temperature in the determination of the material parameters.


Abstract. The purpose of this application, under Articles 23.9.3, 23.9.5 and 81.2.1 of the Code, is to conserve the specific name Onitis aeruginosus Klug, 1855. Although Onitis aeruginosus Perty, 1830 and Onitis aeruginosus Klug, 1855 are primary homonyms, both names are in use today and have not been considered congeneric since 1859, when the senior homonym was transferred to the genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837. As the probability of these being considered congeneric in the future is very small, it is proposed that Onitis aeruginosus Klug, 1855 be conserved by ruling that it is not invalid by reason of being a primary junior homonym of Onitis aeruginosus Perty, 1830. A third homonym, Onitis aeruginosus Gistel, 1831, also has priority over Onitis aeruginosus Klug, 1855, but cannot be fixed to any species; therefore, it should be considered a nomen dubium and totally suppressed for the purposes of the Principle of Priority and of the Principle of Homonymy.


Autophagy is a critical process for recycling of cytoplasmic materials during environmental stress, senescence and cellular remodeling. It is upregulated under a wide range of abiotic stress conditions and is important for stress tolerance. Autophagy is repressed by the protein kinase target of rapamycin (TOR), which is activated in response to nutrients and in turn upregulates cell growth and translation and inhibits autophagy. Down-regulation of TOR in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to constitutive autophagy and to decreased growth, but the relationship to stress conditions is unclear. Here, we assess the extent to which TOR controls autophagy activation by abiotic stress. Overexpression of TOR inhibited autophagy activation by nutrient starvation, salt and osmotic stress, indicating that activation of autophagy under these conditions requires down-regulation of TOR activity. In contrast, TOR overexpression had no effect on autophagy induced by oxidative stress or ER stress, suggesting that activation of autophagy by these conditions is independent of TOR function. The plant hormone auxin has been shown previously to up-regulate TOR activity. To confirm the existence of two pathways for activation of autophagy, dependent on the stress conditions, auxin was added exogenously to activate TOR, and the effect on autophagy under different conditions was assessed. Consistent with the effect of TOR overexpression, the addition of the auxin NAA inhibited autophagy during nutrient deficiency, salt and osmotic stress, but not during oxidative or ER stress. NAA treatment was unable to block autophagy induced by a TOR inhibitor or by a mutation in the TOR complex component RAPTOR1B, indicating that auxin is upstream of TOR in the regulation of autophagy. We conclude that repression of auxin-regulated TOR activity is required for autophagy activation in response to a subset of abiotic stress conditions.


A new algorithm for the design of overloaded real-valued signature sets with total-squared-correlation equal to Welch bound equality (WBE) set is presented. It is proved that if K=N+1 the normalized cross correlation between any pair of signatures in a set obtained by the proposed algorithm is either -1/(K-1) or +1/(K-1) and the entire cross correlation matrix G is obtained analytically. Using this algorithm we solved the open problem of existence of complex valued WBE sequence sets with constant chip magnitude in the simplex case. The results are derived in the context of synchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) channels and a numerical example for K=3 and N=2 is given.


Between 1973 and 1979, a number of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) varieties developed at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana and thought to have resistance or tolerance to cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV) were evaluated at 128 sites on farmers' holdings. In 1997, inspections were carried out at 6 of these sites in the Ashanti Region (AR) and 17 sites in the Eastern Region (ER) to study the extent of further spread of CSSV after the farms were returned by the Government to the farmers in 1988. Infection recurred at two sites in the AR after 1988 while in the ER there was no further infection at six of the sites. Three other sites in the ER were most affected, namely, Jumapo with a re-infection of 43.6%, Tafo South with a rate of 31.2%, and Owura Twum With a rate of 23.2%. Of the remaining eight sites in the ER, five sites showed 1.0-10.9% CSSV infection, while the other three sites had <1% CSSV infection. The results are discussed in relation to the control of swollen shoot disease in the worst-affected areas of the ER where control is currently limited to new plantings and on farmers' request.


This paper discusses various approaches to decompose economic time series into their trend and cyclical components. For over 30 years now, the Deutsche Bundesbank publishes trend-adjusted indicators in its Statistical Supplement 4 entitled ?Seasonally Adjusted Business Statistics? which are calculated basically as unweighted moving averages. As alternatives to the Bundesbank?s current approach, the widely used Hodrick-Prescott filter, the extended exponential smoothing filter and the Baxter-King low-pass filter are investigated. All three of the filters are able to clearly separate the trend component from the cyclical component for German economic indicators. The turning points of the growth cycles are largely consistent with the Bundesbank?s current approach. However, the trend deviation level at the end of the series is still subject to noticeable changes. This uncertainty can be quantified with the help of ARIMA forecasts. The choice of filter ultimately depends on the features of the time series to be filtered. Whereas extended exponential smoothing is well suited to I(1) processes, the Hodrick-Prescott filter is preferable for I(2) series.


Elgazzar, S., Tipi, Nicoleta S., Hubbard, Nick J. and Leach, David Z. (2011) Linking supply chain operations' performance to the company's financial strategy: a case study of an Egyptian natural bottled water company. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Logistics (ISL) 2011. Centre for Concurrent Enterprise Nottingham University Business School, Nottingham, UK, pp. 173181. ISBN 978 085358 278 6


Background: Prevention strategies delivered through digital media technology (DMT) have been developed to reduce HIV incidence among young people. However, no best-practice DMT intervention strategies exist in handling HIV prevention programs among young people. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of DMT-based interventions in reducing risk-taking behaviours among young people that may predispose them to acquiring HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Subjects and Selection Criteria: Randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies with rigorous controls comparing DMT-based interventions and controls on reducing risk-taking behaviors among young people aged 10-24 years were included. Data Collection: Search methods were done on the following: MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Trials Register, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, TRIP database, HERDIN, reference lists, & local databases until December 2017. Analysis: Statistical analysis was done using Review Manager Version 5.3, heterogeneity examined, and analyses done under random effects model. Condom use, sexual behavior, number of sexual partners, STI testing, and sexual health knowledge in standardized effect sizeswere calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Data were analyzed in subgroups: Didactics, Modules, Virtual decision-making. Main Results: Identified sixteenstudies with 7925 subjects comparing DMT interventions and controls. DMT interventions significantly increased condom use (d=0.29, 95% CI 0.18-0.41; p<0.00001), particularly in Didacticssubgroup; and decreased frequency of sexual behavior (d=0.16, 95% CI 0.06-0.26; p=0.002), particularly in Virtual decision-making subgroup.Data significant but heterogeneous for improved sexual health knowledge.There was no statistical difference for decreased number of sexual partners and STI testing. Conclusions: DMT-based interventions on condom use and frequency of sexual behavior were noted to be effective in reducing risk-taking behaviors among young people.These findings can be appropriately adapted for use in HIV/STI prevention campaigns.


We propose here in a technique for product recommendation in E-commerce by considering the context of product purchases, and verify the effectiveness of the technique through an evaluation experiment. Researchers have been aggressively studying techniques that can be used by stores to recommend to customers products that have relatively high purchase potential. Collaborative filtering is representative of conventional techniques. However, the collaborative filtering technique is based on the hypothesis that similar customers purchase similar products, and the context of product purchases is not considered in full. In the present study, a context matrix by which to manage the context history of product purchases is proposed. The results of an evaluation experiment reveal that our proposition is useful.


Helicobacter pylori exists in two different morphological forms, spiral and coccoid. This study demonstrated that both forms can infect BALB/c A mice. The animals were inoculated orally three times at 2-day intervals with 10(8) cfu of both spiral and coccoid forms of strain CCUG 17874 (NCTC 11637), strain 25 and strain 553/93. Infection was followed over a 30-week period by histological scoring of the grade of inflammation in gastric biopsies. At each time point sera were collected for analysis in ELISA and immunoblot analysis. Both spiral and coccoid forms of all H. pylori strains gave significantly higher inflammation scores than a control group of animals 1 week after inoculation. The histological evidence persisted throughout the entire 30 weeks. The inflammation was most severe in the pylorus and duodenum. Infection with strain 553/93 displayed the most severe gastritis. The spiral form of strain CCUG 17874 gave an immune response after only 4 weeks, whereas its coccoid form as well as strains 25 and 553/93 (spiral and coccoid forms) gave a significant increase in antibody response in ELISA and immunoblot after 16 weeks. It is concluded that both spiral and coccoid forms of H. pylori can cause acute gastritis in BALB/c A mice.


Twelve Simple Dances (in 4 parts) uses the physical language of Martina Bergman Osterberg's rational gymnastics as a vehicle to revisit our own archive.
Part I (video) presents an intuitive interpretation of the written instructions of Osterberg's movement regime set to Collectress compositions from the last 10 years, reworked into simple piano etudes. The film adopts the simplicity of the visual aesthetics from the turn of the century, drawing a link between movement, music and nature.
Parts II and III. (Illustration) Through reviewing their photographic and film archive Collectress identified typical physical movements within their own practice, which they have sought to extend into suggested dances through illustrative drawing and pattern making.
Part IV (video) responds to Bergman's holistic approach to health and well being, focusing on the details of each movement through breath. The temporal extension and duplication of Part I acknowledges Bergman's legacy and the impact it has had on our lives, and will have on future generations, through both physical education and women's emancipation.
Each component of Twelve Simple Dances was made by members of Collectress individually, the collaboration coming through dialogue and discourse around the works. This collaborative, responsive practice is what maintains Collectress as a workable collective of composers, musicians, artists and performers who come together to share practice as simply and intuitively as they can.
Martina Bergman Osterberg (1849-1914) a pioneer educationalist working in the area of women's physical training and an early supporter of women's suffrage, taught at one of the founding colleges of the University of Greenwich: Dartford College of Physical Education. The archive of material documenting her influential teaching methods and the achievements of the women who followed them remains with the University. In addition to many photographs, its contents include books, manuscripts, registers, trophies, certificates and badges; alongside uniforms, clothing-lists and cuttings. Altogether the archive records one hundred years of radical change for women both within and beyond the field of "PT".
In this exhibition, selected artists take a range of responses to the archive in a variety of media, including performance, painting and sound. They seek to explore not only the subject of the body as it is presented within the archive, but also the body of the researcher as it engages with it.


The microgrid is a potential solution for future distributed generation systems. It aggregates many distributed energy resources (DERs) and loads together as an autonomous entity. As the penetration of DERs is increasing and their characteristics are very distinct, the control of DERs in microgrid is still a complex task. In this paper, a multi-agent system (MAS) approach, as a branch of distributed artificial intelligence methods, is introduced for DERs control in microgrid. The DER units and loads are classified and three types of agents, namely, the regional agent (RA), the local agent (LA) and the service agent (SA) are also defined. Two-layer control strategies are established to achieve local autonomy and global optimization respectively, operating in both grid-connected mode and island mode. Generation/load forecasting and schedule of loads shedding are also discussed in this paper.


The functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) and graphene by TiO2 and other metal oxides has attracted considerable attention due to numerous promising applications in catalysis, energy conversion, and storage. Hydrogenation of this class of materials has been proposed as a promising way to tune catalytic properties by altering the structural and chemical transformations that occur upon H incorporation. Herein, we investigate the structural changes that occur during the hydrogenation process using in situ powder X-ray diffraction and pair distribution function analysis of GO–TiO2 and TiO2 under H2 reduction. Sequential Rietveld refinement was employed to gain insight into the evolution of crystal growth of TiO2 nanoparticles in the presence of two-dimensional (2D) GO nanosheets. GO sheets not only significantly retarded the nucleation and growth of rutile impurities, stabilizing the anatase structure, but was also partially reduced to hydrogenated graphene by the introduction of atomic hydrogen into the h...


This is a research thesis into the relationship between emotional intelligence and engagement within the workplace. Literature review has found a relationship between the two concepts, particularly self-awareness, empathy and emotional regulation constructs of emotional intelligence. Employment that requires emotional skill higher emotional intelligence was reported, particularly in the health and educational industries.

Surveys were administered and completed by 104 employees in a non-profit organisation on emotional intelligence and employee engagement. Results from the study showed a positive relationship between higher emotional intelligence and engagement and more significantly a predictor of performance. The results also concurred with previous studies that specific constructs within EI according to the Goleman's model scored higher as a predictor. Specifically managing others emotions and use of emotions compared to perception of emotions and managing ones emotions.

Recommending that recruiters should employ those with higher emotional intelligence, they are more likely engaged and will perform in the workplace. A gap in research was identified regarding motivation as a factor that may increase turnover intention, if employees with higher emotional intelligence are not motivated in the work place through challenges and opportunities to grow.


In the past decade, medical imaging has made great advances, and we can now see many parts of the human body with amazing detail. While there has been an exponential increase in medical imaging, there are few data demonstrating improvements in outcome, and imaging that requires ionizing radiation is known to be harmful. Indeed, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services is so concerned about the increased use of advanced imaging that, starting in 2016, there will be requirements for adherence to appropriate use criteria. The "slippery slope" story of Dr Michael Barry et al1 illustrates one of the unintended harms of graphic imaging: dramatic pictures make clinicians (and patients) more likely to want to "do something" instead of considering a more conservative therapy. Their example is of a sports-related orthopedic injury, but in my own field of cardiology we see this same pattern. An "oculostentotic reflex" is when a cardiologist sees a stenosis on coronary angiography and wants to stent it, even if the patient is asymptomatic and would therefore derive no benefit. Barry et al call for more reports and studies of conservative therapy, which would be helpful. We also need to be more cautious about ordering imaging and then feeling that we must "do something" about the images. Their story is another reminder of the importance of treating the patient and not the laboratory test or the image.


The Zaphrentid phase faunas which occur at intervals throughout the Dinantian of the Craven Lowlands have not as yet been described in detail. Those occurring in the upper part of the Clitheroe Limestone and which are of lower C2 age. are characterised by Rhopalolasma . They have as yet only been recorded by Hudson (1936b) from Butterhaw Quarry, Gargrave, near Skipton, and by Hudson and Mitchell (1937) from the base of the Embsay Limestone of the Skipton district: both localities are to the east of the Craven Lowlands. In the first part of this paper the author records a similar fauna from the central part of the Craven Lowlands. The exposure from which the fauna was collected was found by Mr. H. V. Dunnington and is near the base of the west bank of the railway cutting, 30 yards south of the railway bridge east of Swinden Manor House, Swinden, south of Hellifield, Yorkshire (6 in. map, Yorks. 149 S.E.). The fossiliferous bed is a hard calcareous shale near the middle of a thick limestone series which is known as the Swinden Limestone since it is well exposed in the bed of the Ribble, west of Swinden Clint. The corals collected, both by Mr. Dunnington and the author, include the following1:—

Cryptophyllum caryophyllatum juv. de Kon. emend. Hudson (G.S. 62958).

Rhopalolasma tachyblastum Hudson (G.S. 62960).

R . aff. tachyblastum Hudson (G.S. 62959).

Rylstonia benecompacta Hudson and Platt var. brevisepta var. n. (G.S. 62946, 48–51, 54).

R . aff. benecompacta var. brevisepta var.


Receptor-estrogen (R-E) complex in the nuclear fraction of the pituitary and hypothalamus of male and female immature rats was investigated. 3 anterior pituitaries or 3 hypothalami were incubated with tritiated estradiol alone or tritiated estradiol plus diethylstilbestrol (DES) and the amount of estradiol in the nuclear fraction was determined. No marked differences were observed in the dissociation constant of R-E complex when male and female pituitaries were compared. In the female hypothalamus, nuclear complexes were measurable and appeared to be similar to those of the pituitary with respect to dissociation constant; however, the R-E complex concentration was much lower. In the male hypothalamus no nuclear R-E complex was observed. It was concluded that normal circulating levels of testosterone have no effect on the estradiol receptor of the anterior pituitary but that either the level of receptor or the ability of the receptor to move from the cytoplasm to the nuclear fraction has been altered during the development of the male hypothalamus.