WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT EDUCATION AND DIVERSITY, AND HOW DO WE KNOW IT? This two-part question guided the work of the Multicultural Education Consensus Panel, which included the eight scholars named above. The panel's work was sponsored by the Center for Multicultural Education at the University of Washington and the Common Destiny Alliance at the University of Maryland. Our aim was not simply to respond individually to the question but, through deliberation, to arrive at a consensus. This brief article summarizes our consensus findings. (1) We call our findings essential principles. They are designed to help educational practitioners in all types of schools increase student academic achievement and improve intergroup relations. Another aim is to help schools successfully meet the challenges of--and benefit from--the diversity that characterizes the United States and its schools. We believe that democratic societies are fragile works-in-progress. Their existence depends upon thoughtful citizens who believe in democratic ideals and are willing and able to participate in civic life. We believe that schools make a difference in the lives of students and are essential to maintaining our democratic way of life. There are twelve essential principles organized into five categories: (1) Teacher Learning; (2) Student Learning; (3) Intergroup Relations; (4) School Governance, Organization, and Equity; and (5) Assessment. The categories overlap somewhat. Teacher Learning Principle 1: Professional development programs should help teachers understand the complex characteristics of ethnic groups within U.S. society and the ways in which race, ethnicity, language, and social class interact go influence student behavior. Continuing education about diversity is especially important for teachers because of the increasing cultural and ethnic gap that exists between the nation's teachers and students. Effective professional development programs should help educators to: (1) uncover and identify their personal attitudes toward racial, ethnic, language, and cultural groups; (2) acquire knowledge about the histories and cultures of the diverse racial, ethnic, cultural, and language groups within the nation and within their schools; (3) become acquainted with the diverse perspectives that exist within different ethnic and cultural communities; (4) understand the ways in which institutionalized knowledge within schools, universities, and popular culture can perpetuate stereotypes about racial and ethnic groups; and (5) acquire the knowledge and skills needed to develop and implement equity pedagogy, defined by Banks as instruction that provides all students with an equal opportunity to attain academic and social success in school. (2) Professional development programs should help teachers understand the complex characteristics of ethnic groups and how variables such as social class, religion, region, generation, extent of urbanization, and gender strongly influence ethnic and cultural behavior. These variables influence the behavior of groups both singly and interactively. Social class is one of the most important variables that mediate and influence behavior. In The Declining Significance of Race, Wilson argues that class is becoming increasingly important in the lives of African Americans. (3) The increasing significance of class rather than the declining significance of race is a more accurate description of the phenomenon that Wilson describes. Racism continues to affect African Americans in every social-class group, although it does so in complex ways that to some extent--but by no means always-reflect social--class status. Although students are not solely products of their cultures and vary in the degree to which they identify with them, there are some distinctive cultural behaviors that are associated with ethnic groups. (4) Teachers should become knowledgeable about the distinctive cultural backgrounds of their students; they should also acquire the skills needed to translate that knowledge into effective instruction and an enriched curriculum. …


Objectives: The objectives of this study were to examine variations in the cross-sectional morphology of the mandible at the premolar region. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty-three cone-beam computed tomography datasets, providing 486 sites, were reviewed to examine the cross-sectional morphology of the mandible in the premolar region. Results: A lingual concavity was detected in 14% of the sites examined. A buccal cavity was present in 17.9% of sites. In the presence of a buccal concavity, there was a statistically significant association between increased mandibular height (P = 0.002) and increased crest to neurovascular bundle distance (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the mandibular height or ridge crest to the neurovascular canal distance, where there was a lingual concavity. The most common cross-sectional shapes observed in the premolar region of the mandible were straight-convex (26.3%), convex-convex (24.1%), and straight-straight (21.6%). The least common shapes were convex-concave (10.1%) and concave-concave (3.9%). Conclusions: In this study, 28% of mandibular premolar sites had a concavity in the buccal and/or lingual cortical plate. It is clear that the lower premolar regions require considerable three-dimensional pre-implant planning not only due to the complex neurovascular elements but also due to the frequent presence of concavities in the buccal and/or lingual plates.


Recently, deep learning has produced encouraging results for kidney stone classification using endoscope images. However, the shortage of annotated training data poses a severe problem in improving the performance and generalization ability of the trained model. It is thus crucial to fully exploit the limited data at hand. In this paper, we propose SegPrompt to alleviate the data shortage problems by exploiting segmentation maps from two aspects. First, SegPrompt integrates segmentation maps to facilitate classification training so that the classification model is aware of the regions of interest. The proposed method allows the image and segmentation tokens to interact with each other to fully utilize the segmentation map information. Second, we use the segmentation maps as prompts to tune the pretrained deep model, resulting in much fewer trainable parameters than vanilla finetuning. We perform extensive experiments on the collected kidney stone dataset. The results show that SegPrompt can achieve an advantageous balance between the model fitting ability and the generalization ability, eventually leading to an effective model with limited training data.


Discrete-time mobile adaptive networks have been successfully used to model self-organization in biological networks. We recently introduced a continuous-time adaptive diffusion strategy with the goal of better modeling physical phenomena governed by continuous-time dynamics. In the present paper we extend our previous work, proposing a new continuous-time diffusion estimation strategy that allows asymmetric mixing matrices. We prove that the new algorithm is stable and has better convergence properties than stand-alone learning for the case of doubly-stochastic mixing matrices.


Oral health deficits can have a significant effect on workers' general health and their ability to carry out normal activities. Although farmworkers have been found to lack access to dental care, few studies have documented their oral health status or its impact on quality of life (QOL). This research (1) describes the oral health problems experienced and oral health care received by Latino farmworkers in North Carolina, and (2) explores the association between oral health and QOL. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews from a representative sample of 151 farmworkers; data included oral health-related QOL (OHIP-14) and general health-related QOL (SF-12 Health Survey). Workers reported a high number of unmet needs: 52% reported caries, and 33% reported missing teeth. Only 21% had received dental services in the past year, almost all in Mexico rather than the U.S. The dimensions of oral health-related QOL most impaired were psychological discomfort and physical pain caused by dental problems. Number of functional oral health problems was the strongest predictor of oral health-related QOL (p < 0.001) and physical health-related QOL (p < 0.05), but was unrelated to mental health-related QOL. These findings indicate that the high rate of unmet oral health needs is associated with poorer farmworker QOL. The consequences of suffering on-going dental pain for work performance, sleep, and nutritional status are unknown. Because national data indicate that fewer farmworkers are returning to their countries of origin, communities with large farmworker populations need to address their unmet needs for dental care.


Conflict is natural social phenomenon. Conflict though often has been viewed only from the negative sense is not so in actual. The conflict can be viewed from a different perspective as well as various dimensions. The social, cultural, political, economical and psychological dimensions of conflict vary with each other among themselves. However all types of conflict demand a proper management in the society to prevent the conflict to transform into a negative energy or violence. Conflict in its real sense is a part of human life which can be made functional and used as a positive energy for the transformation of pain into peace. Conflict has its different forms and nature. Often the importance of transformation of conflict is defined closely to 'struggle for sustainable peace'. Conflict transformation therefore involves reconstruction and reconciliation. It means that conflict is not essentially an evil. The classical theories on peace and conflicts and their management have been obsolete to capture the complex dimensions of the conflicts in the modern and post-modern period. Therefore there is a need of rethinking on the theories of peace and conflicts. The success in avoidance of conflict lies on a deepening awareness of human rights and rule of law values among the general people. This paper highlights that the conflict transformation must not aim to eliminate conflict but to utilize conflict solving processes for generative and positive changes.


The conception of innovation has evolved quite drastically over the last 60 years. This evolution has generated two results: first, innovation is no longer considered as a discrete occurrence only engaging the development of technical solutions, but as a process also engaging interactions between all parts of society; second, in the social network theories, innovation results from the combinations of tangible forms of capital in conjuction with intangible forms of capital described by disorderly and sustained interactions occurring between economic actors. This study introduces selected concepts from the analysis of social networks and integrates them into National Innovation System (NIS) conceptual framework. The application of social networks into NIS provides a deeper understanding of mechanisms driving industrial development.


A new effective technique based on Chebyshev Finite Difference Method is introduced. First order smoothness of the approximation polynomial at the end points of each sub-interval is imposed in addition to the continuity condition. Both round-off and truncation error analyses are given besides the convergence analysis. Coupled Lane Emden boundary value problem in Catalytic Diffusion Reactions is investigated by using presented method. The obtained results are compared with the existing methods in the literature and it is observed that the proposed method gives more reliable results than the others.


where treatment was started on the first and second day (47 out of 66). Thirdly, though great detail was given, no mention was made concerning the sex of the patients. In my own limited collection of 19 cases, all 11 men made a complete recovery, while 4 out of 8 women failed to make a complete recovery (the great majority being treated by prednisolone at 20 mg per day). I wonder if this clinical impression (i.e., that women fare worse than men) was borne out by Dr. Taverner's patients. Finally, there is still doubt in some circles whether steroids in any form influence the outcome of this condition, since Dr. Taverner and colleagues' trial of 19661 was stopped prematurely and in the final results the differences did not reach statistical significance, the early sequential analysis having by chance exaggerated the effectiveness of the ACTH treatment. Conclusions were in fact based on "expected values" rather than direct controls. In the present trial, therefore, it might have clarified the case for steroids had the potential controls-i.e., the patients excluded because of late arrival, etc. -been followed up as well as the two treated groups.-I am, etc., W. T. BERRILL


We review major experiments and results obtained by the on-line low temperature nuclear orientation method at the NICOLE facility at ISOLDE, CERN since the year 2000 and highlight their general physical impact. This versatile facility, providing a large degree of controlled nuclear polarization, was used for a long-standing study of magnetic moments at shell closures in the region Z=28, N=28–50 but also for dedicated studies in the deformed region around A∼180. Another physics program was conducted to test symmetry in the weak sector and constrain weak coupling beyond V–A. Those two programs were supported by careful measurements of the involved solid state physics parameters to attain the full sensitivity of the technique and provide interesting interdisciplinary results. Future plans for this facility include the challenging idea of measuring the beta–gamma–neutron angular distributions from polarized beta delayed neutron emitters, further test of fundamental symmetries and obtaining nuclear structure data used in medical applications. The facility will also continue to contribute to both the nuclear structure and fundamental symmetry test programs.


UDP-GalNAc:lactosylceramide/GM3/GD3 beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-T) transforms its acceptors into the gangliosides GA2, GM2 and GD2. It is well established that it is a Golgi-located glycosyltransferase, but its sub-Golgi localization is still unclear. We addressed this question in Chinese hamster ovary K1 cell clones stably transfected with a c-myc-tagged version of GalNAc-T which express the enzyme at different levels of activity. In these cell clones we examined the effect of brefeldin A (BFA) on the synthesis of glycolipids (in metabolic-labelling experiments) and on the sub-Golgi localization of the GalNAc-T (by immunocytochemistry). We found that in cell clones expressing moderate levels of activity, GalNAc-T immunoreactivity behaved as the trans-Golgi network (TGN) marker mannose-6-P receptor (M6PR) both in BFA-treated and untreated cells, and that BFA completely blocked the synthesis of GM2, GM1 and GD1a. On the other hand, in cell clones expressing high levels of activity and treated with BFA, most GalNAc-T immunoreactivity redistributed to the endoplasmic reticulum, as did the medial-Golgi marker mannosidase II, and the synthesis of GM2, GM1 and GD1a was not completely blocked. These results indicate that GalNAc-T is a TGN-located enzyme and that the mechanism that localizes it to this compartment involves steps that, when saturated, lead to its mislocalization to the cis-, medial- or trans-Golgi. Changes of Golgi membrane properties by modification of local glycolipid composition due to the activity of the expressed enzyme were not the main cause of mislocalization, since it persists when glycolipid synthesis is inhibited with d, l-threo-1-phenyl-2-hexadecanoylamino-3-pyrrolidino-1-propanol-HCl.


Various methods can be used to construct input-output data for sectoral modelling. These methods are broadly classified in the literature as commodity based survey, non-survey and hybrid approaches. Each approach has its own strengths and weaknesses. This paper presents an alternative approach to map the flows of goods and services. The case study of generating inputoutput data for agricultural industries in Western Australia is used to show how value chain modelling can accurately and reliably provide input-output data.


In this paper, we develop a queueing analysis for opportunistic decode-and-forward (DF) relay networks. It is assumed that the networks undergo Nakagami-m fading and that the external arrival process follows a Poisson distribution. By selecting the best relay according to the opportunistic relaying scheme, the source first transmits its signal to the best relay which then attempts to decode the reception and forwards the output to the destination. It is assumed that each relay operates in full-duplex mode, i.e., it can receive and transmit signals simultaneously. The communication process throughout the network can be modeled as a queueing network which is structured from sub-systems of M/G/1 and G/G/1 queueing stations. We invoke the approximate analysis, so-called method of decomposition, to analyze the performance behavior of the considered relay network. The whole queueing network is broken into separate queues which are then investigated individually. Based on this approach, the end-to-end packet transmission time and throughput of the considered relay network are quantified in comparison with the networks with partial relay selection (PRS).


Infants spend most of their indoor time at home; however, residential air quality is poorly understood. We investigated the air quality of infants' homes in the New England area of the U.S. Participants (N = 53) were parents of infants (0–6 months) who completed telephone surveys to identify potential pollutant sources in their residence. Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤0.5 µm (PM0.5), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) were measured in 10 homes over 4–7 days, and levels were compared with health-based guidelines. Pollutant levels varied substantially across homes and within homes with overall levels for some homes up to 20 times higher than for other homes. Average levels were 0.85 ppm, 663.2 ppm, 18.7 µg/m3, and 1626 µg/m3 for CO, CO2, PM0.5, and TVOCs, respectively. CO2, TVOCs, and PM0.5 levels exceeded health-based indoor air quality guidelines. Survey results suggest that nursery renovations and related potential pollutant sources may be associated with differences in urbanicity, income, and presence of older children with respiratory ailments, which could potentially confound health studies. While there are no standards for indoor residential air quality, our findings suggest that additional research is needed to assess indoor pollution exposure for infants, which may be a vulnerable population.


liberation of lipids accompanyingthe tissue-destroyingprocessesand by the liberation of tissue lipids qualitatively different from those usually present. As with most other hypotheseswhich invoke the formation of auto-antibodies, the experimentalevidencemarshalledfor the antigenicity of the .tissue lipids, and for the altered antigenic quality of lipids releasedin syphilis, Is unsatisfactory. Nevertheless, the views presentedby Kahn are of interest as a genuine attempt, on the part of one who has devoted most of his working life to the study of the serological reactions in syphilis, to discover the mechanism underlying these reactions. The book is well-producedand there are good author and subject indexes.


Abstract The paper outlines the materials and methods employed for the conservation of the Mausoleum 4, an excavated fired brick structure dating from the eleventh century. The ruin is located in Burana (upper Chuy valley, Kyrgyzstan), an archaeological site that played a relevant role in the development of the northern stretch of the central Asian Silk Roads. The paper discusses the experimental laboratory analyses carried out to test both historic and repair materials. It also discusses the information provided by the direct study of wall structures. A description is also given of how local experts were trained in conservation activities such as: damage assessment, analytic investigation of materials, craftsmanship, traditional skills, and intervention recording. The conservation of Burana's heritage was part of a wider UNESCO/Japan Trust Fund project named 'Preservation of Silk Roads Sites in the Upper Chuy Valley in Kyrgyzstan: Navikat (Krasnaya Rechka), Suyab (Ak Beshim) and Balasagyn (Burana)'. The recommendations and practical methods explained here could be of use for those conservators working in similar projects in the Middle East or Asia.


Emissive C8-aryl-2'-deoxyguanosines placed within G-tetrads of G-quadruplex structures are useful probes for distinguishing G-quadruplexes from duplex structures using fluorescence spectroscopy. Here, we report the positional impact of C8-furyl-dG ((Fur)dG) on G-quadruplex folding in the human telomere 22-mer oligonucleotide (HTelo22, (d[AG3(T2AG3)3])). The (Fur)dG probe was inserted into four different positions within the three unique G-tetrads of HTelo22, and G-quadruplex folding was monitored by UV-vis thermal denaturation, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Our studies demonstrate the impacts of C8-aryl-dG adduct formation on G-quadruplex polymorphism in K(+) solution and in the presence of the additives and cosolutes, CH3CN, polyethylene glycol (PEG-600), and N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM). Our experiments predict that C8-aryl-dG derivatives can serve as useful tools for various in vitro studies aimed at understanding both the implications of DNA adduct formation within G-quadruplex structures and the unique implications imposed by various folding topologies on biological function/recognition.


The increasing prevalence of immune‐related diseases, including multiple sclerosis, may be partly explained by reduced microbial burden during childhood. Within a multi‐centre case–control study population, we examined: (i) the co‐morbid immune diseases profile of adults with a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination (FCD) and (ii) sibship structure in relation to an autoimmune (FCD) and an allergic (asthma) disease. FCD cases (n = 282) were aged 18–59 years; controls (n = 558) were matched on age, sex and region. Measures include: history of doctor‐diagnosed asthma; sibling profile (number; dates of birth); and regular childcare attendance. FCD cases did not differ from controls with regard to personal or family history of allergy, but had a greater likelihood of chronic fatigue syndrome [odds ratio (OR) = 3·11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·11, 8·71]. Having any younger siblings showed reduced odds of FCD (OR = 0·68; 95% CI: 0·49, 0·95) but not asthma (OR = 1·47; 95% CI: 0·91, 2·38). In contrast, an increasing number of older siblings was associated with reduced risk of asthma (P trend = 0·04) but not FCD (P trend = 0·66). Allergies were not over‐represented among people presenting with FCD. Sibship characteristics influence both FCD and asthma risk but the underlying mechanisms differ, possibly due to the timing of the putative 'sibling effect'.


Co-based composite coatings reinforced by TiN particles were fabricated on Ni-based superalloy substrate by using a 5 kW CO2 laser. The microstructures and phases constitution of the composite coating were studied by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microhardness and wear resistance of the coating were also examined. The results showed that the composite coating was mainly composed of γ-Co, TiN, TiC, (Cr, W)23C6 and Co3Ti. And different solidification morphologies, such as planar, cellular and dendrite, were obtained. Structural transformations were attributed to the temperature gradient and solidification rate in metal-melting region. It was found that the microhardness of the composite coating was enhanced prominently as compared to the substrate region, which should be due to the undissolved TiN and other new complicated phase. Friction and wear tests without lubrication showed that the addition of TiN particles into Co-based coating can improve its wear resistance significantly without evidently increasing the friction coefficient of coating.


To study the forced variability of atmospheric circulation regimes, the use of model ensembles is often necessary for identifying statistically significant signals as the observed data constitute a small sample and are thus strongly affected by the noise associated with sampling uncertainty. However, the regime representation is itself affected by noise within the atmosphere, which can make it difficult to detect robust signals. To this end we employ a regularised k‐means clustering algorithm to better identify the signal in a model ensemble. The approach allows for the identification of six regimes for the wintertime Euro‐Atlantic sector and leads to more pronounced regime dynamics, compared to results without regularisation, both overall and on sub‐seasonal and interannual time‐scales. We find that sub‐seasonal variability in the regime occurrence rates is mainly explained by changes in the seasonal cycle of the mean climatology. On interannual time‐scales relations between the occurrence rates of the regimes and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are identified. The use of six regimes captures a more detailed response of the circulation to ENSO compared to the common use of four regimes. Predictable signals in occurrence rate on interannual time‐scales are found for the two zonal flow regimes, namely a regime consisting of a negative geopotential height anomaly over the Norwegian Sea and Scandinavia, and the positive phase of the NAO. The signal strength for these regimes is comparable between observations and model, in contrast to that of the NAO‐index where the signal strength in the observations is underestimated by a factor of 2 in the model. Our regime analysis suggests that this signal‐to‐noise problem for the NAO‐index is primarily related to those atmospheric flow patterns associated with the negative NAO‐index as we find poor predictability for the corresponding NAO − regime.


Large areas prone to clay slides are present in Canada, Sweden and Norway. Traditionally, mainly geotechnical approaches have been used to solve clay-slide issues. However, there is great potential to utilise interdisciplinary studies in order to prevent or reduce possible slide damage. The present study combines geology, morphology and geophysical investigations, with geotechnical data. The purpose is to better understand landscape development, formation of quick clay and sliding in clay.Thick, marine clay deposits in valleys along the Norwegian coast are occasionally subjected to large landslides involving quick clay. The development of quick clay is closely related to the deglaciation history of the coastal parts of Norway. During and after the last ice age, up to several hundred metres of glaciomarine and marine deposits accumulated in Norwegian fjords. These sediments were subsequently exposed on land due to glacioisostatic rebound. Leaching of salt from the marine clay by groundwater resulted in the development of quick-clay layers or pockets, which completely liquefy when remoulded.The study area of this thesis is the small valley Buvika, located in the Trondheimsfjorden area, Mid Norway. Buvika is characterised by its undulating terrain with numerous slide scars and ravines. There are thick occurrences of quick clay in the subsurface.The existing geotechnical and geophysical data, combined with sedimentology, structural geology, morphology, geophysical results, and 14C-datings, have given input to the understanding of the landscape development of the study area. From this, a deglaciation history has been deduced, indicating at least one, and possibly two, minor glacier re-advances in Late Allerod/Early Younger Dryas time. This implies that there have been more and larger ice-front oscillations in the study area than earlier documented.The lowered relative sea level led to incision by rivers accompanied by numerous slides involving quick clay. The erosion pattern of a valley filled with glaciomarine and marine deposits can be quite complex, but careful analyses have helped outlining the interplay between river and ravine incision, groundwater erosion and sliding. The study of sediments and structures in large excavated sections have resulted in the detection of slide material from old flake-type slides, where only a thin layer of quick clay acted as a slide plane. Younger slide scars cutting into theses older slide deposits show further quick-clay development. Mapping of the morphology in Buvika has identified numerous slide scars and ravines. A relative chronology of slide events has been established based upon the slide scars' position in the terrain and/or results from 14C-datings of terrestrial organic material. Most of the historical slide scars are located in the northern part of the valley.Detailed mapping of the quick-clay extent is of great interest for planning and protection purposes, as the position of quick clay within slopes has a major impact on the landslide risk. In this study, the resistivity method is found to be potentially well suited for outlining quick-clay occurrences since quick clay has a slightly higher electrical resistivity (10-80 Ωm) than intact unleached clay (1-10 Ωm). This is due to a higher salt content in the latter. These relationships are supported by pore water salt content measurements. The resistivity profiles that were acquired show good correlation with other geophysical data and geotechnical drillings. However, the resistivity method must be combined with other investigations, since both leached, non-quick clay and silty, non-sensitive material may give resistivity values of the same range as quick clay.The stratigraphy of an area strongly influences the landscape development. It determines the morphology, such as ravine development, and size, shape and distribution of slides. To the east of Buvika, thick and frequent layers of sand and gravel in the dominant clay deposits drain the slopes, leading to development of deeply incising ravines. To the south and north, thinner layers of coarse material in the clay lead to pore-pressure build-ups and quick-clay development, resulting in numerous slide scars.


The rat hepatoma cell line Ml.19 is stably infected by the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), and the expression of the virus is induced by glucocorticoid treatment. However, in the 6.10.2 variant of M1.19, an increase in MMTV transcription is hardly detectable upon exposure to hormone. The mechanism of hormone-unresponsiveness in these cells has been unclear. In this study, we show that nuclear extract from 6.10.2 cells contains a specific DNA-binding activity that recognizes a sequence motif extending from positions -163 to -147 on the MMTV promoter. An oligonucleotide probe spanning this region binds a nuclear factor distinct from the glucocorticoid receptor. In vivo competition experiments, where increased amounts of a plasmid containing this element were transfected into 6.10.2 cells, showed a dose-dependent increase in hormonal inducibility of MMTV expression. To-gether, these results indicate that this sequence motif negatively modulates glucocorticoid-inducible activation of the MMTV promoter. Moreover, we have characterized a nuclear factor that preferentially binds to the coding strand of this element. The stably integrated MMTV in the 6.10.2 variant of rat hepatoma cells responds poorly to glucocorticoid treatment (12, 13). In this particular cell line, -2-fold increase in the GR protein levels


This paper considers the question of how effective caches are in processing network I/O. Our analysis shows that operating system structure plays a key role in the caches behavior, with BSD Unix (a monolithic OS) making more effective use of the cache than Mach (a microkernel OS). Moreover, closer inspection shows that several factors contribute to this result, including how TLBs are managed, how scheduling points are interspersed with data accesses, how data is laid out in memory, and how network functionality is distributed between user space and the kernel.


Abstract This study is aimed at finding which factors constitute the interpretation skills of interest inventory profile scores and what kind of relationship these factors exhibit with the constructs of measuring counseling skills. Also, the intention is to analyze whether the scores change depending on various independent variables. Two studies have been conducted in relation to these aims. The sample of the study was guidance teachers (n = 892) in the first study; whereas, the undergraduate counseling and guidance (PCG) students (n = 245) have participated in the second study. The findings reveal that profile interpretation skills have a two-component structure, and the twofactors model - instead of one factor model - reflects a better fit of the database for the sampling of guidance and counseling department graduates. These two measures point out significant relationships with the measures about the school counseling skills. Also, they indicate significant differences according to the professional experience, the departments from which the participants graduate, and the class levels. In the discussion part, it was considered that another dimension -entitled as matching and interpretation-could be taken into account and some suggestions have been given. Key Words Profile Interpretation, Career Counseling Process, Scale Development. Holland, Magoon, and Spokane (1981) mention that among the vocational help services, the administration and interpretation of interest inventories are the most popular interventions. However, till now, the process of interpreting the profiles of interest inventories has not been focused (See Herr, Cramer and Niles, 2004; Reardon and Lenz, 1999; Tinsley and Chu, 1999; Zytowski, 1999). Some studies have been conducted in line with this issue (See Brown and Ryan Krane, 2000; Brown, Ryan Krane, Brecheisen, Castelino, Budisin, Miller and Edens, 2003; Hanson, Claiborn and Kerr, 1997; Randahl, Hansen and Haverkamp, 1993; Kuzgun, 2003; Reed, Patton and Gold, 1993; Whiston, Lindeman, Rhardja and Reed, .2005; Whiston, Sexton and Lasoff, 1998). In addition, the related literature reports the assessments of some experts regarding the interpretation of interest inventories profiles (See Boggs, 1998; Prince, 1998; Rayman, 1998; Spokane, 1998; Zytowski, 1998, 1999). This research is aimed at developing an interpretation efficacy scale for counselors of interest inventories. Both Bandura's point of view in terms of the measurement of self-efficacy expectations (1997) and the Skill List (Ozyurek, 1997) have been used in order to determine the items in the scale that the counselors need in this process. Much attention has been given to the effectiveness of using the determined items in small group guidance (3-4 students) by guidance teachers and to the assurance that they were not too easy and that they were well expressed. Study 1 Method Sample The sample of this study consists of 892 guidance teachers. The title of "guidance teacher" is used instead of "school counselor" because the graduates of other departments who have not been trained in counseling can also be appointed for the counseling position in Turkey. The subjects of this study have worked in seven geographical regions of Turkey in 2002. They represent 15 % of the population. On the other hand, 70 % of these guidance teachers are the graduates of Guidance and Counseling Departments. The other groups of guidance teachers in the study are graduates of the psychology (16.6 %), curriculum development (5 %) and other departments (7.8 %) (Table-1). Counseling education is given at undergraduate level in Turkey, and most of graduates from these departments are appointed as guidance teachers. Instruments In addition to a personal background questionnaire, the Profile Scores Interpretation Efficacy Scale and the School Counselor Self-Efficacy Scale SC-SES (Yiyit, 2001) have been administered in the present study. …


Crack is the common drawback in deposition manufacturing process with high energy beam, which usually leads to the manufacturing process being given up halfway. So it is important and urgent to investigate the generating principle of crack and establish relative means to prevent crack appearance. In this paper, the principle of crack generating in the process of hybrid plasma and laser manufacturing was studied experimentally and systematically. The influences of power system and shielding atmosphere on crack were researched. The results were summarized as follows: (1) The crack generating in the course of manufacturing is mainly heat crack. (2) Excessive energy density and temperature will result in crack. (3) The best method preventing part being manufactured from oxidation is to put the whole part into the inert gas.


Free-space propagations of the optical beams generated by the fractal zone plates with fractional structural parameters [i.e., fractional fractal zone plate (FZP)] are analytically studied in this paper. The results demonstrate that the axial location of the main focus and axial distance between two neighboring foci of the fractional FZP beam can be precisely customized. Furthermore, we first demonstrate optical manipulation with the fractional FZP beam. The experimental results verified that such an FZP beam can simultaneously trap multiple particles positioned in different focal planes of the beam, owing to the multiple foci and self-reconstruction property of the FZP beam. The customized locations of trapped particles can also be realized by the fractional FZP beam, which would be useful for constructing three-dimensional optical tweezers.


In this paper we discuss a class of AutoEncoder based generative models based on one dimensional sliced approach. The idea is based on the reduction of the discrimination between samples to one-dimensional case. Our experiments show that methods can be divided into two groups. First consists of methods which are a modification of standard normality tests, while the second is based on classical distances between samples. It turns out that both groups are correct generative models, but the second one gives a slightly faster decrease rate of Fr\'{e}chet Inception Distance (FID).


Idiopathic clubfoot is an uncommon congenital deformity that clusters in families but does not fit typical Mendelian inheritance patterns. Studies done on twins, different incidences in various ethnic groups, and transmission between generations all suggest a genetic component to clubfoot causation. Complex segregation analysis strongly supports the hypothesis that one major gene is responsible for a large portion of the risk for having a clubfoot. A few studies suggest an environmental causation of clubfoot, but are not persuasive. Clubfoot may be etiologically and/or genetically heterogeneous resulting in its complex inheritance pattern. Alternatively, idiopathic clubfoot may require a predisposing gene acting in a particular background of polygenes or environmental influences. Discovery of the cause or causes of clubfoot will provide improved genetic counseling and the potential for improved treatment, and insights into normal foot and leg development.


We have isolated a novel cDNA from human myeloma cells encoding a member of the reprolysin family of metalloproteinases. Derived amino acid sequence predicts a protein of approx. 76 kDa. The open reading frame predicts the presence of a leader peptide, a pro-peptide with a 'cysteine switch', a metalloproteinase domain, a disintegrin-like domain, a cysteine-rich domain, an epidermal growth factor-like domain and a putative transmembrane sequence. Expression of the mRNA for this metalloproteinase has been demonstrated in human myeloma cells.


This paper reflects on the importance of study groups in contributing to a positive postgraduate experience and explores specific concepts, such as 'disappearing behaviours' in contrasting the 'official' languages of universities with the beneficial behaviours found through study groups. Additionally the paper advocates the systematic inclusion of strategies such as study groups in the postgraduate experience. Funding arrangements and research frameworks for higher education in Australia focus on student progress and completion, as well as comparison of research quality within and between universities. As a result, there is a significant emphasis on timely completion of postgraduate degrees. This paper posits that there is an apparent contradiction between the indicators of success in this area, such as completion rates and annual progress reports and the positive contribution that study groups can make to the doctoral student experience.


Background: In recent years public health research increased its focus on Psycho social determinants of health related behaviors. Various psychological constructs like sense of coherence are related to oral and general health behaviors. A less researched yet another possible construct in this aspect is Emotional Intelligence (EI). Aim and objectives: To assess Association of EI with General health and Oral health behaviours among corporate professionals in Mysore city, India. Methodology: A Cross-sectional was conducted during April 2010 among 478 corporate professionals. Selfadministered questionnaires were utilized to obtain information on general health behavior (GHB) and Oral health behavior (OHB).The EI of the participants were assessed by Trait EI (short version) questionnaire. Total EI, oral and general health behavior scores were calculated. Data was analyzed using SPSS version17. Results: Positive correlation was observed between total EI score with OHB score which was very highly significant (p=0.000). Similar correlation observed between total EI score and GHB scores which was again very highly significant (p=0.000). Those who had early onset of smoking and alcohol in their life, showed lesser EI scores in our study (p=0.005) which was statistically significant. After controlling effect of age and qualification on Oral and general health behavior, total EI was positively correlated with oral health and general health behavior scores (p = 0.000). Conclusion: The study results supported the hypotheses of a positive association between EI with OHB & GHB. Higher EI is a protective factor against potential health threatening behaviors like tobacco and alcohol use.


Genes that prevent self-fertilization in poppy can function in Arabidopsis, which diverged 140 million years ago. The plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Papaver rhoeas (poppy) shared a common ancestor approximately 140 million years ago. Because of this evolutionary distance, although many of their genes share function, the mechanisms that allow these genes to function are expected to have diverged. However, Lin et al. found that a pair of genes that prevent self-fertilization in poppy can confer the same trait when expressed in Arabidopsis. This incompatibility was much more like that of poppy than that of incompatible close relatives of Arabidopsis. Thus, similar long-distance transfer of incompatibility, a trait of interest for plant breeding, may be useful between other distantly related species. Z. Lin, D. J. Eaves, E. Sanchez-Moran, F. C. H. Franklin, V. E. Franklin-Tong, The Papaver rhoeas S determinants confer self-incompatibility to Arabidopsis thaliana in planta. Science 350, 684–687 (2015). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Ozone depletion is a humaninduced global phenomenon that allows increased ultraviolet radiation (UVR) to the Earth's surface. Although UVR is known to be harmful, relatively little is known about how increased UVR impacts natural ecosystems. Ecosystems in New Zealand are particularly at risk, because ozone depletion is much greater here, with levels of biologically harmful UVR up to two times greater than in northern latitudes. In the intertidal environment, potentially negative abiotic stressors are associated with low tide; and organisms inhabiting this environment are particularly vulnerable to UVR. Furthermore, embryos and larvae deposited in this habitat are especially susceptible to these stressors. The aim of this study is to identify the effect of UVR and other environmental stressors on the development of mollusc embryos in New Zealand. Surveys of microhabitats in which egg mass deposition occurs, and what effect this site of deposition has on the survivorship of embryos, revealed that encapsulated embryos of the two common pulmonate limpets Benhamina obliquata and Siphonaria australis are highly vulnerable to the environmental stressors associated with different microhabitats. In particular, egg masses deposited in the sun for both species suffered high mortality. Although, B. obliquata is more susceptible to UVR damage than is S. australis, B. obliquata predominantly deposits egg masses in dry shaded microhabitats while S. australis deposits the majority of its offspring in sunny tidal pools, which surprisingly equated to highest embryonic mortality. Results of manipulative experiments reflected those found in the surveys: egg masses exposed to full spectrum light incurred the greatest embryonic mortality; additionally environmental stressors (e.g. tidal pool conditions and desiccation) synergistically enhanced this mortality. UVR in North America is significantly lower compared to New Zealand; this allowed a unique opportunity to use identical methods to examine the responses of ecologically similar, related species (bubble shell snails in the genus Haminoea), from two regions where UVR naturally differs. Results from surveys and manipulative experiments revealed that the New Zealand species Haminoea zelandiae suffered high embryonic mortality under full spectrum light and this mortality was enhanced by periods of desiccation. The North American species Haminoea vesicula also suffered significant mortality during periods of desiccation, but there were no signs of UVR damage. These results appear to be driven by speciesspecific vulnerability to these stressors and not to ambient UVR intensity in the regions at the time of study. Relative concentrations of the chemical sunscreen compounds, mycosporinelike amino acids (MAAs), varied depending on several factors, but the biggest differences were among species. Analyses revealed that B. obliquata had the highest concentration of MAAs despite suffering high embryonic mortality when exposed to direct sunlight. MAA concentrations in S. australis were intermediate, with H. zelandiae having the lowest concentrations of all three species. MAA concentration for B. obliquata was dependent on stage of development and initial sun exposure at egg mass deposition site, suggesting interactions between MAAs, environmental conditions and embryonic development that need to be further explored. MAA concentrations were higher in S.australis egg masses deposited in spring compared to those deposited in early autumn, which may be driven by a shift in diet or nutrient levels. MAA concentrations did not appear to be correlated with ambient levels of UVR or embryonic survival in S.australis. However, MAA concentrations were related to UV irradiance in both Haminoea species with higher MAA concentrations observed in egg masses initially deposited in the sun compared to those found in the shade. Combined these results suggest: (1) increased UVR due to ozone depletion together with increases in temperatures due to climate change are likely to have strong impacts on the early life stages of these species, unless behavioural and physiological adaptations occur; (2) New Zealand species may be at particularly high risk from UVR damage compared to those from the Northern hemisphere; (3) the role of MAAs as photo-protection in these mollusc species is likely to be species specific, with a variety of abiotic and biotic factors influencing their uptake and sequestration. These experiments in part demonstrate how New Zealand's mollusc species are responding to humaninduced changes in UVR levels.


Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004

3852

Induction of cellular differentiation has been proposed as a unique modality for prostate cancer treatment. However, it is unclear whether or not terminal differentiation, resulting in irreversible growth arrest, can be produced in prostate cancer cells. In this study, the effect of androgen exposure on terminal differentiation in the androgen-sensitive LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line was examined. A 4-day exposure of LNCaP cells to 1 nM of the synthetic androgen R1881 resulted in a G0/G1 growth arrest with no decrease in cell viability compared to untreated control LNCaP cells. LNCaP cells growth arrested by androgen exposure showed a 3.6-fold increase in cell volume, a 1.2-fold increase in intracellular calcium levels, and a significant change in cellular reduction/oxidation status (i.e., a 52% decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio), consistent with the development of a more differentiated phenotype. In addition, androgen exposed LNCaP cells showed a 2.2-fold increase in cytokeratin 18 protein expression, a marker of differentiated prostate secretory cells. An increase in the secretory activity of R1881 treated LNCaP cells was observed by a 7.1-fold increase in prostate specific antigen release. Also, an increase in intracellular granularity after androgen exposure in LNCaP cells, as determined by flow cytometric side light scatter analysis, was suggestive of increased secretory granules. Using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, a population of highly granular LNCaP cells was selectively collected and maintained in complete growth medium for 7 days without the addition of androgen. Compared to untreated control LNCaP cells and cells with low intracellular granularity, highly granular cells continued to release high levels of prostate specific antigen and were terminally growth arrested. These data suggest that prostate cancer cells can be induced to terminally differentiate, which may serve as a useful endpoint in identifying novel agents for prostate cancer treatment.


We discuss various ideas on the nonperturbative vacuum structure in QCD. The stochastic vacuum model of Dosch and Simonov is presented in some detail. We show how this model produces confinement. The model incorporates the idea of the QCD vacuum acting like a dual supercon-ductor due to an effective chromomagnetic monopole condensate. We turn then to high energy, small momentum transfer hadron-hadron scattering. A field-theoretic formalism to treat these reactions is developed, where the basic quantities governing the scattering amplitudes are correlation functions of light-like Wegner-Wilson lines and loops. The evaluation of these correlation functions with the help of the Minkowskian version of the stochastic vacuum model is discussed. A further surprising manifestation of the nontrivial vacuum structure in QCD may be the production of anomalous soft photons in hadron-hadron collisions. We interpret these photons as being due to " synchrotron radiation from the vacuum ". A duality argument leads us from there to the expectation of anomalous pieces proportional to (Q 2) 1/6 in the electric form factors of the nucleons for small Q 2. Finally we sketch the idea that in the Drell-Yan reaction, where a quark-antiquark pair annihilates with the production of a lepton pair, a " chromodynamic Sokolov-Ternov effect " may be at work. This leads to a spin correlation of the q ¯ q pair, observable through the angular distribution of the lepton pair.


The use of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as a pozzolanic material for partial cement replacement in concrete reduces the cost of concrete as well as cuts down the number of landfill area required for disposing the ash. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the engineering properties and durability aspects of blended cement concrete incorporating POFA as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). An Ordinary Portland Cement concrete mix termed P0 and two POFA concrete mixes with different fineness termed (POFA 45 and POFA 10) at 20% replacement level by weight of cement were considered in the study. Acid solution was found to be the most destructive under the applied exposure conditions on P0. The loss of mass and the resistance to chloride penetration were found to be depended on the degree of fineness of POFA to which the specimens were exposed. As for the values obtained from compressive strength test, P0 specimens were found to be the lowest compared with specimen consisting POFA. On the other hand, POFA 10 exhibited better resistance against acid than POFA 45. Conclusively, integration of POFA as partial cement replacement, especially very fine POFA increases the resistance of high strength POFA concrete towards both chloride attack and acid attack.


When smart city data and technology are now primarily used to manage public safety, energy, health, and education, the city's identity is becoming increasingly important. Cultural innovation and diversity as sustainable resources appear to be an urgency for smart cities. The advancement of virtual/digital technologies has fundamentally altered the narrative scenario of the city, and the design discipline can contribute to the development of new narrative forms through the mediation of physic systems and virtual systems. This paper analyzes which are the new ways of people interact with space in contemporary urban environments through case studies. The aim is to solve the question of how cyberspace specifically interferes with physical space in today's urban space, and what new spatial perception people have when they are moving in urban space. These cases include flash mob, hybrid games, IoTs projects. The authors attempt to understand new characteristics and trends associated with human interaction in urban spaces through the examination of these cases.


BACKGROUND
COVID-19 has quickly become a worldwide threat to health, travel, and commerce. Studies adressing the clinical-functional presentation of viral infection and physiotherapy management in children are scarce. The purpose statement was to provide current perspectives on the physiotherapy interventions for managing children based on COVID-19 evidences.

METHODS
In this review, databases were searched between 1th January and 26 th March 2020. The following descriptors were considered: (novel coronavirus); (novel corona virus); Coronavirus; (corona vírus); 2019-nCoV; nCovor; COVID-19; SARSCoV-2; in the electronic databases National Library of Medicine (PubMed/Medline), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). The results were described through the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.

RESULTS
16 papers were included in this review. COVID-19 seems to lead to restriction of participation and interfere in tasks, such as recreation and leisure activities, respiratory muscle function and exercise tolerance. Personal protective equipments and contact precautions are important part of treatment. Effective oxygen therapy should be given immediately in presence of hypoxia. Nasal high-flow oxygen therapy, non-invasive ventilation, lung-protective ventilation strategies and prone position, should be undertaken when necessary under appropriate conditions. Airway clearance techniques should be administered only strictly needed and early activities must be encouraged.

CONCLUSIONS
Potential physiotherapy interventions for children with COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 consist on ventilatory management, airway clearance techniques and early activities and mobilization.


Petrochronology is a field of Earth science in which the isotopic and / or elemental composition of a mineral chronometer is interpreted in combination with its age, thus yielding a more synergistic combination of petrology and chronology that can be used to interpret geologic processes. It has recently attracted renewed interest as technologies for mineral analysis have improved. Examples are many, and continue to grow, from the early adoption of U / Th ratios in zircon as an indicator for magmatic vs. igneous crystallization (e.g., Ahrens 1965), to using the Nd isotopic composition in titanite to track source contribution over time (see Applications ; B. R. Hacker, personal communication). Age and chemical information can be obtained by a variety of techniques: electron microprobe (age; major and minor elements; see Williams et al. 2017), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS; age; trace elements; isotopic ratios; see Schmitt and Vazquez 2017), and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS; age; trace elements; isotopic ratios).

Laser-ablation ICPMS instrumentation and techniques, the focus of this chapter, have been employed as a petrochronologic tool for decades, starting with separate analyses of ages and elemental and / or isotopic compositions, which were then combined and interpreted. For example, Zheng et al. (2009) employed LA-ICPMS to analyze the trace-element (TE) chemistry, Hf isotopic composition, and age of zircons from kimberlites by using three spots on each zircon grain, one for each type of analysis. This work was relatively time consuming and expensive, given the required number of analytical sessions, but yielded far better confidence in the conclusions, because of the link between physical conditions (petrology) and time (chronology).

Instrumentation and techniques which employ LA-ICPMS have continued to improve, particularly in the ease with which petrochronologic data can be obtained. A single LA-ICPMS instrument can now measure both the …


Abstract The transition from the late seventeenth to the early eighteenth century represented an interesting time in the development of the Materia Medica, with the traditional 'Galenical' approach being progressively replaced by the 'Chymical' approach, a necessary precursor to modern pharmacology. Four surviving complete and partial Materia Medica cabinets belonging to Sir Hans Sloane, John Vigani, John Addenbrooke and William Heberden form the focus for a consideration of changing practices in the medicinal use of geological materials over this period. The working and teaching cabinets contain both processed and unprocessed specimens of geological simples. Of these, some were waning in popularity (e.g. nephrite jade, Irish slate, pyrite and garnets, jet and cannel coal), others were hardly ever used (e.g. belemnites, echinoid spines, Goa Stone, hematite and aetites), whilst others still continued to be popular, either in raw or processed form (e.g. amber, cinnabar, selenite and Terra Sigillata). The collections, considered in the context of contemporary literature, provide a unique insight into this dynamic period in the history of pharmacy.


OBJECTIVE
To characterize patients with inflammatory myopathies who present with weakness in the proximal regions of the arms.

METHODS
Clinical, laboratory, and myopathologic features were evaluated in 10 patients, identified consecutively over 12 years, with inflammatory myopathies and weakness that was most severe in the proximal regions of the arms. The features of these brachio-cervical inflammatory myopathy (BCIM) syndromes were compared with those of other inflammatory and immune-mediated myopathies evaluated during the same period.

RESULTS
Patients with BCIM developed progressive weakness at ages 24-82 years (mean +/- SD age 55 +/- 9 years). Posterior neck weakness occurred in 60% of patients, while motor neuron disease was the referring diagnosis in 30%. All patients had other systemic autoimmune disorders, including myasthenia gravis (40%) and rheumatoid arthritis (20%). Antinuclear antibodies were present in all patients. Serum creatine kinase levels were usually moderately high (mean 910 IU/liter). Active myopathy was identified in muscle biopsy samples from the patients. Focal collections of mononuclear cells, some predominantly B cells, were present in perivascular and perimysial regions. MxA- and CD123-positive dendritic cells were present in the endomysium. C5b-9 components of complement were present diffusely in endomysial connective tissue. Most patients improved in strength after receiving corticosteroids.

CONCLUSION
Patients with BCIM syndromes have progressive weakness in the proximal regions of the arms and neck. The predominant myopathologic findings are active myopathy, C5b-9 staining of endomysium, focal perivascular and perimysial inflammation, often with a prominent B cell component, and endomysial dendritic cells. Corticosteroid treatment of BCIM is often followed by improvement in strength.


: Summarized results of the experiments (conducted in 1981-1984) demonstrate seasonal rhythms of some behavioural effects (catalepsy and depression of locomotor activity) of haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) and levomepromazine (5 mg/kg) in white rats. In intact rats neuroleptics were more effective in depressing high than low motor activity. Catalepsy induced by single administration of neuroleptics was more pronounced in spring and autumn months. A certain negative correlation exists between seasonal variations of neuroleptic catalepsy and the speed of monoamine (dopamine and serotonin) metabolism in the brain of intact rats.


Heme metabolism normally involves enzymatic conversion to biliverdin and subsequently to bilirubin, catalyzed by heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase, respectively. We examined the ability of exogenously added hemin, biliverdin, or bilirubin to regulate Cyp1a1, an enzyme that may be active in bilirubin elimination. A substantial dose-dependent increase in Cyp1a1 mRNA occurred after treatment of Hepa 1c1c7 cells with either of the three compounds. This increase was readily apparent 1 hr after treatment with biliverdin or bilirubin but required >/=2 hr with hemin. Treatment of Hepa 1c1c7 cells with these compounds also caused a dose-dependent increase in Cyp1a1-dependent 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity. Of the three compounds, bilirubin produced the greatest maximal increase in Cyp1a1 mRNA and EROD (5.5-, 10.5-, and 15-fold for 100 microM hemin, biliverdin, and bilirubin, respectively) activity. The RNA polymerase inhibitor actinomycin D completely blocked Cyp1a1 induction by these compounds, indicating a requirement for de novo RNA synthesis via transcriptional activation. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide did not affect Cyp1a1 mRNA induction, indicating a lack of requirement for labile protein factors. In contrast, EROD induction by hemin, biliverdin, or bilirubin was completely blocked by cycloheximide treatment, indicating that the increase in enzyme activity is dependent on increased Cyp1a1 apoprotein synthesis. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)- and AHR nuclear translocator-deficient mutant Hepa 1c1c7 cells did not exhibit increased Cyp1a1 mRNA or EROD activity after treatment with these compounds, indicating the requirement for a functional AHR for this response. Consistent with this, hemin, biliverdin, and bilirubin were able to induce expression of the dioxin-response element/luciferase reporter plasmid pGudLuc1.1 after transient transfection into wild-type Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Gel retardation assays demonstrated that bilirubin, but not hemin or biliverdin, was able to transform the AHR to a form capable of specifically binding to a 32P-labeled oligonucleotide containing a dioxin-response element sequence. These data indicate that bilirubin induces Cyp1a1 gene transcription through direct interaction with the AHR. In contrast, hemin and biliverdin seem to induce Cyp1a1 indirectly by serving as precursors to the endogenous formation of bilirubin via normal heme metabolism pathways. This is the first direct demonstration that the endogenous heme metabolite bilirubin can directly regulate Cyp1a1 gene expression and enzymatic activity in an AHR-dependent manner.


Using both ancient and modern rhetoric, linguistics, and argumentation theory, this study offers a fresh approach to 1 Peter and New Testament ethics. It is often claimed that the growing interest in paraenesis, or ethical teaching, among early Christians indicates how Jesus' revolutionary teaching and the Pauline notion of justification by faith were gradually replaced by an emphasis on good works and ethics borrowed from the surrounding Hellenistic and Jewish culture. The Motivation of the Paraenesis challenges this traditional view of ethics in early Christianity, arguing that paraenesis was an original, essential part of early Christian doctrine and life. The book also provides a new, well-balanced picture of 1 Peter and its message, giving a natural interpretation to many puzzling sections and clarifying the internal logic of the text and the theology behind it.


DNA assembly allows individual DNA constructs or designed mixtures to be assembled quickly and reliably. Most methods are either: (i) Modular, easily scalable and suitable for combinatorial assembly, but leave undesirable 'scar' sequences; or (ii) bespoke (non-modular), scarless but less suitable for construction of combinatorial libraries. Both have limitations for metabolic engineering. To overcome this trade-off we devised Start-Stop Assembly, a multi-part, modular DNA assembly method which is both functionally scarless and suitable for combinatorial assembly. Crucially, 3 bp overhangs corresponding to start and stop codons are used to assemble coding sequences into expression units, avoiding scars at sensitive coding sequence boundaries. Building on this concept, a complete DNA assembly framework was designed and implemented, allowing assembly of up to 15 genes from up to 60 parts (or mixtures); monocistronic, operon-based or hybrid configurations; and a new streamlined assembly hierarchy minimising the number of vectors. Only one destination vector is required per organism, reflecting our optimisation of the system for metabolic engineering in diverse organisms. Metabolic engineering using Start-Stop Assembly was demonstrated by combinatorial assembly of carotenoid pathways in E. coli resulting in a wide range of carotenoid production and colony size phenotypes indicating the intended exploration of design space. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Serious efforts to develop computerized systems for natural language understanding and machine translation have taken place for more than half a century. Some successful systems that translate texts in limited domains such as weather forecasts have been implemented. However, the more general the domain or complex the style of the text the more difficult it is to reach high quality translation. The same applies to natural language understanding. All systems need to deal with problems like ambiguity, lack of semantic coverage and pragmatic insight. In this article, some philosophical questions that underlie the difficulty of natural language understanding and good quality translation are first studied. These two areas of dealing with languages are actually closely related. Namely, for instance Quine's notion of indeterminacy of translation have shown that the problem of translation does not only hold for translation between different languages but similar problems are encountered when communication between users of same language is considered. The term intralingual translation has been used e.g. by Roman Jakobson. Intralingual translation relates to translation between languages and to the problem of sameness of meaning. In this article, arguments and methods of considering translation and meaning within the framework of continuous-valued multidimensional representations, probability theory, fuzzy sets and neural adaptive systems are considered.


An image adaptive watermarking algorithm based on ridgelet transform and two- dimensional(2-D) fuzzy partition classification is proposed. In order to obtain a sparse representation of straight edge singularity, the image is first partitioned into small pieces and the ridgelet transform is applied for each piece. After analyzing texture distribution in ridgelet coefficients of each piece, two feature vectors are selected to make up for the 'wrap around' effect for FRIT on representation of the image texture. Then the image is classifed into frat regions and texture regions by applying 2-D fuzzy partition classification algorithm with the two feature vectors prepocessed. An watermark sequence is embedded into texture regions with the embedding strength adaptively adjusted by ridgelet coefficients based on the feature of luminance masking and texture masking. Experimental results prove robustness and transparency of the proposed watermarking scheme.


The aim of this thesis is to investigate how public sector clients engage with external clients on information technology projects. It does so by gathering documentary and interview information from clients and consultants on five public sector IT projects. The data were analysed using thematic and template analysis, resulting in a potential model of how project participants build engaged relationships.

Little research has investigated the client-consultant relationship on IT projects and a literature review revealed little theoretical basis to model engagement between participants arriving new to a project with no pre-existing relationships. By drawing on related literature and qualitative research data, the thesis develops a conceptual model of engagement with components that explain engaged relationships in terms of interaction between conditions and behaviours. Emerging behaviours are identified as sharing, sense making and adapting and these behaviours arise from conditions of environment, participants and expertise. Sharing and sense making behaviours reinforce each other, and lead to adapting, and a consequence of adapting is the potential to change conditions. Adapting conditions alters behaviours, which in turn can alter conditions, thus implying that once started, engagement is a dynamic self-replicating phenomenon with cycles that a manager or consultant can identify and alter for the benefit of the project.

The research contributes to theory by offering an understanding of the phenomenon of engagement between participants on projects, demonstrating the self-reinforcing role of conditions and behaviours and adding to theories of client-consultant relationships. The research findings offer consultants and their clients a means to identify how they can deliberately alter engagement to improve a project's process.


Real-time visualization of large volume data sets demands high-performance computation, pushing the storage, processing and data communication requirements to the limits of current technology. General-purpose parallel processors have been used to visualize moderate-size data sets at interactive frame rates; however, the cost and size of these supercomputers inhibits the widespread use for real-time visualization. This paper surveys several special-purpose architectures that seek to render volumes at interactive rates. These specialized visualization accelerators have cost, performance and size advantages over parallel processors. All architectures implement ray casting using parallel and pipelined hardware. We introduce a new metric that normalizes performance to compare these architectures. The architectures included in this survey are VOGUE, VIRIM, Array-Based Ray Casting, EM-Cube and VIZARD II. We also discuss future applications of special-purpose accelerators.


The pro-ecological and pro-saving behavior of households as energy consumersThe aim of the article is to indicate the changes related to households' behavior linked to energy saving and pro-ecological activities. Therefore, the authors conducted acomparison analysis of the results of the nationwide Polish research about Polish ecological awareness and identified — as part of the Polish National Science Centre NCN project called "Modelling prosumers' behavior on theenergy market" — pro-economical attitudes of households. The first part of this paper presents the opinions of Poles about the possibilities of development of the different kinds of energy sources in Poland, taking into special consideration the development of renewable energy sources. In the second part of this paper the authors describe households' behavior connected with saving energy. They analyzed pro-economical behavior such as: switching off lights in empty rooms, unplugging phone chargers after use, using economical bulbs and unplugging devices that are not in use. The diversifying variables of behavior are: sex, age, income. The analysis of households' behavior was supplemented with the analysis of pro-economical attitudes of Wroclaw university students.


The effect of ovotransferrin (ovoTF), human lactoferrin (hLF) and bovine lactofer- rin (bLF) on the obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydophila (Cp.) psittaci was evaluated using a model of Buffalo Green Monkey kidney (BGM) cells and HD11 chicken macrophages as ar- tificial hosts. Firstly, the effect of transferrins on the infectivity of the bacteria was evaluated. Pre-incubation of Cp. psittaci with 0.5 to 5 mg/mL ovoTF prior to infecting BGM cells significantly lowered the infection rate (P < 0.05). For both lactoferrins, the infection rate could only be reduced with 5m g/mL, albeit not significantly as compared to the infection rate created by the untreated bacteria. Secondly, transferrins were tested for their ability to influence bacterial adhesion and entry in HD11 cells. Maximal non-cytotoxic and non-bactericidal concentrations of 0.05 mg/mL ovoTF and 0.5 mg/mL hLF and bLF were used. Overall, ovoTF was more effective than human and bovine LF in inhibiting bacterial irreversible attachment and cell entry and the latter was accompanied by a dose-dependent reduction of actin recruitment at the bacterial entry site. However, once bacte- ria had entered HD11 cells, transferrins had apparently no effect on intracellular replication. The present findings suggest a possible role for transferrins and especially ovoTF, in preventing avian Cp. psittaci infections. ovotransferrin / lactoferrin / Chlamydia / Chlamydophila psittaci


We present the self-consistent numerical-basis-set linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) discrete variational method for treating the electronic structure of thin films. As in the case of bulk solids, this method provides for thin films accurate solutions of the one-particle local density equations with a non-muffin-tin potential. Hamiltonian and overlap matrix elements are evaluated accurately by means of a three-dimensional numerical Diophantine integration scheme. Application of this method is made to the self-consistent solution of one-, three-, and five-layer Ni(001) unsupported films. The LCAO Bloch basis set consists of valence orbitals (3d, 4s, and 4p states for transition metals) orthogonalized to the frozen-core wave functions. The self-consistent potential is obtained iteratively within the superposition of overlapping spherical atomic charge density model with the atomic configurations treated as adjustable parameters. Thus the crystal Coulomb potential is constructed as a superposition of overlapping spherically symmetric atomic potentials and, correspondingly, the local density Kohn-Sham (..cap alpha.. = 2/3) potential is determined from a superposition of atomic charge densities. At each iteration in the self-consistency procedure, the crystal charge density is evaluated using a sampling of 15 independent k points in (1/8)th of the irreducible two-dimensional Brillouin zone. The total density of states (DOS)more » and projected local DOS (by layer plane) are calculated using an analytic linear energy triangle method (presented as an Appendix) generalized from the tetrahedron scheme for bulk systems. Distinct differences are obtained between the surface and central plane local DOS. The central plane DOS is found to converge rapidly to the DOS of bulk paramagnetic Ni obtained by Wang and Callaway. Only a very small surplus charge (0.03 electron/atom) is found on the surface planes, in agreement with jellium model calculations.« less


Traditional noise reduction systems modify a noisy signal to make it more like the original clean signal. For speech, these methods suffer from two main problems: under-suppression of noise and over-suppression of target speech. Instead, synthesizing clean speech based on the noisy signal could produce outputs that are both noise-free and high quality. Our previous work introduced such a system using concatenative synthesis, but it required processing the clean speech at run time, which was slow and not scalable. In order to make such a system scalable, we propose here learning a similarity metric using two separate networks, one network processing the clean segments offline and another processing the noisy segments at run time. This system incorporates a ranking loss to optimize for the retrieval of appropriate clean speech segments. This model is compared against our original on the CHiME2-GRID corpus, measuring ranking performance and subjective listening tests of resyntheses.


Objective: To compare the transfer of technetium-99m labelled red blood cells (99mTc RBCs) in monochorionic (MC) placentas, MC placentas after laser coagulation of the vascular anastomoses for TTTS and fused dichorionic (DC) placentas. Methods: Placental perfusion study with 99mTc O Rh – RBCs in 5 MC, 5 lasered MC and 5 fused DC placentas. The arteries of twin 1 were injected with 20–30.10 × 9 99mTc RBCs diluted in 100 mL NaCl, whereas the vessels of twin 2 were rinsed with 200 mL NaCl. The % of transferred 99mTc RBCs was calculated by dividing the radioactivity measured in the rinsing solution of twin 2 by the initial radioactivity injected in twin 1. Afterwards, each placenta was injected with dyed barium sulphate to document the angioarchitecture. Results: GA at birth was similar in the 3 groups. None of the lasered MC and fused DC placentas had visible anastomoses, whereas all 5 MC placentas had visible anastomoses-1 had only small arteriovenous (AV)-venoarterial anastomoses (VA) without an arterioarterial (AA) anastomosis, 4 had an AA with AV/VA. The % of transferred 99mTc RBCs in lasered MC placentas (0, range: 0–000012) was similar to fused DC placentas (0, range: 0–001760) (NS), but significantly lower than in MC placentas (8.5, range: 1–66) (p < 0.01). In MC placentas, the larger the AA, the higher the % of transferred 99mTc RBCs. Conclusion: In MC placentas successfully separated by laser coagulation of the vascular anastomoses, the transfer of 99mTc RBCs was not significant and similar to fused DC twin placentas. Therefore, laser seems to functionally separate the 2 fetal circulations.


The purpose of this study is to determine whether public service institutional arrangements of Information Technology (IT) in South Africa serve their mandate. A survey of public service (PS) Chief Information Officers (CIOs) reveal that more than half of respondents do not support more than 80% of services in their respective national departments or provincial governments. The average respondent was appropriately educated in IT or Math & Natural Sciences, highly experienced in IT and PS, and employed at a senior or executive management level. Inferential results reveal that the mandate for overcoming public service Information Technology challenges does not drive activities of the Government Chief Information Office, the PS CIOs, and the PS CIO Council. This study contributes to a better understanding and the improvement of PS IT institutional arrangements in developing countries, for the deployment of IT as a strategic tool of public service delivery.


It is widely accepted that the network of the future will require a greater degree of service awareness and optimal use of network resources. This article presents an architectural design for an open software-defined network infrastructure that enables the composition of fast and guaranteed services in an efficient manner and the execution of these services in an adaptive way, taking into account better shared network resources provided by network virtualization. Validation results are provided with special emphasis on service deployment scalability over virtualized network infrastructures.


ABSTRACT The fusogenic orthoreoviruses express nonstructural fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins that induce cell-cell fusion and syncytium formation. It has been speculated that the FAST proteins may serve as virulence factors by promoting virus dissemination and increased or altered cytopathology. To directly test this hypothesis, the gene encoding the p14 FAST protein of reptilian reovirus was inserted into the genome of a heterologous virus that does not naturally form syncytia, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Expression of the p14 FAST protein by the VSV/FAST recombinant gave the virus a highly fusogenic phenotype in cell culture. The growth of this recombinant fusogenic VSV strain was unaltered in vitro but was significantly enhanced in vivo. The VSV/FAST recombinant consistently generated higher titers of virus in the brains of BALB/c mice after intranasal or intravenous infection compared to the parental VSV/green fluorescent protein (GFP) strain that expresses GFP in place of p14. The VSV/FAST recombinant also resulted in an increased incidence of hind-limb paralysis, it infected a larger volume of brain tissue, and it induced more extensive neuropathology, thus leading to a lower maximum tolerable dose than that for the VSV/GFP parental virus. In contrast, an interferon-inducing mutant of VSV expressing p14 was still attenuated, indicating that this interferon-inducing phenotype is dominant to the fusogenic properties conveyed by the FAST protein. Based on this evidence, we conclude that the reovirus p14 FAST protein can function as a bona fide virulence factor.


Advanced computer simulation is recently well-established methodology for evaluation of resistance of concrete engineering structures. The nonlinear finite element analysis enables to realistically predict structural damage, peak load, failure, post-peak response, development of cracks in concrete, yielding of reinforcement, concrete crushing or shear failure. The nonlinear material models can cover various types of concrete and reinforced concrete: ordinary concrete, plain or reinforced, without or with prestressing, fibre concrete, (ultra) high performance concrete, lightweight concrete, etc. Advanced material models taking into account fibre concrete properties such as shape of tensile softening branch, high toughness and ductility are described in the paper. Since the variability of the fibre concrete material properties is rather high, the probabilistic analysis seems to be the most appropriate format for structural design and evaluation of structural performance, reliability and safety. The presented combination of the nonlinear analysis with advanced probabilistic methods allows evaluation of structural safety characterized by failure probability or by reliability index respectively. Authors offer a methodology and computer tools for realistic safety assessment of concrete structures; the utilized approach is based on randomization of the nonlinear finite element analysis of the structural model. Uncertainty of the material properties or their randomness obtained from material tests are accounted in the random distribution. Furthermore, degradation of the reinforced concrete materials such as carbonation of concrete, corrosion of reinforcement, etc. can be accounted in order to analyze life-cycle structural performance and to enable prediction of the structural reliability and safety in time development. The results can serve as a rational basis for design of fibre concrete engineering structures based on advanced nonlinear computer analysis. The presented methodology is illustrated on results from two probabilistic studies with different types of concrete structures related to practical applications and made from various materials (with the parameters obtained from real material tests).


Intergranular corrosion (IGC) of model alloys in the 6000-series, with and without 0.2 wt% Cu, was studied using an accelerated corrosion test (BS ISO 11846 B), FE-SEM and FE-TEM. Low Cu alloys (0.02wt%) did not exhibit IGC even though they contained excess Si. The high-Cu, naturally aged material (T4) was susceptible to severe superficial etching. In the underaged state (below peak strength), the Cu-containing material was highly susceptible to IGC. Materials aged to peak strength (T6) or overaged were only slightly susceptible to IGC, with localized, shallow attacks. FE-TEM investigation of the underaged material revealed scattered, small AlMgSiCu-type precipitates, as well as a Cu-enriched film along the grain boundaries. The overaged material showed more extensive, coarse grain boundary precipitation. However, the Cu-enriched film was still present at localized sites. The reduced susceptibility to IGC upon artificial ageing was attributed to breaking of the continuity of the grain boundary film. The possible role of matrix precipitation is also discussed.


The way in which persons with dementia and their spouses regard the future could influence how they experience the disease itself. This study aims to explore how the future is understood by couples living with dementia. The analysis reveals different ways in which couples understand the future. The findings show that persons with dementia describe the here and now in ways that take the gloomy future they dread as a point of reference, and as a result of this, they operate in what we term "the not yet horizon". But while they take for granted that there is a horizon that they have not yet reached, their spouses always seem to focus on the horizons that they have already crossed. The article discusses the findings in relation to ideas such as critical periods, existential coordinates and possible selves, and problematizes the implicit assumptions about the future that dementia researchers tend to operate from.


Jackfruit is a potential tropical fruit as raw material for food industry. Jackfruit could be processed by co-crystallization technique to extend its shelf life and increase its value. This research was conducted to study and to determine the shelf life of jackfruit powder extract. Shelf life test is conducted using variety of treatments such as: anti-caking types and temperature storage. The results showed that the shelf life of the jackfruit extract powder using anti-caking of magnesium oxide (MO), magnesium carbonate (MC), dan magnesium silicate (MS), which is store in the temperature of 27°C, were: 8.06, 5.42, and 5.5 months respectively. The variation of anti-caking type was significantly affect the product shelf life.  The effect of storage temperature on the product shelf life is more significant for the product using anti-caking MO compared with product using anti-caking MC and MS.


Celebrate librarianship and the love of libraries with this charming collection of quotes! Tatyana Eckstrand has compiled nearly three hundred of the most insightful, thought-provoking, and inspiring aphorisms about the library profession. Writers from Shakespeare to Ray Bradbury and librarians from John Cotton Dana to Nancy Pearl are gathered together to sing the praises of librarians' skills, values, and the amazing institutions they support. Citations are provided to the original source material, and a handy biographical dictionary provides background on individuals who may not be household names. With its broad selection of sayings that pay honor to their work and commitment, "The Librarian's Book of Quotes" is a perfect gift for information professionals and lovers of libraries.


This paper presents new algorithms for yield enhancement of redundant memories. These algorithms are based on the technique of spare cutting f o r a redundant memory chip in which repair is implemented by row/column deletion. Diflerent approaches are proposed: some of these approaches are based on a fully exhaustive process, while others try to heuristically reduce the computational overhead involved in detennining the repair-solution.


Summary: The bactericidal activities of mixtures of various chemotherapeutic drugs were tested against the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis when growing in Tween albumin medium. Oxytetracycline (terramycin) antagonized the bactericidal activities of streptomycin, isoniazid and viomycin, whereas p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) was slightly synergistic or did not influence their activities. Mixtures of viomycin and streptomycin were slightly less bactericidal than streptomycin alone, but more bactericidal than viomycin alone. Viomycin acted synergistically with isoniazid, and with isoniazid + streptomycin. The emergence of strains resistant to streptomycin, isoniazid or viomycin was not prevented in the cultures by the presence of oxytetracycline, probably because of its rapid inactivation. Drug resistance emerged in dual mixtures which included PAS, where the concentrations of streptomycin, isoniazid or PAS were low, but not when these concentrations were high. Resistant strains did not emerge in cultures containing viomycin + streptomycin or viomycin + isoniazid.


While the media and some professional blogs propose austerity policies because the European debt crisis is due to the misuse of public finances by some national authorities, this paper suggests that the existence of national conflicts within the ECB's governing bodies is the main cause of the crisis. By examining the interventions of the Eurosystem in favour of the Government sector, the paper argues that fiscal policies enhancing growth and reductions in the interest rates on sovereign securities are needed. This requires minimising moral hazard regarding the behaviour of the national political authorities. The literature on the institutional organization of policy coordination contains rich material for the identification of sensible solutions to this problem. Yet, the unfounded fears spread by the media among the taxpayers make it difficult to apply them.


Context. For the evolution of large-scale structures in the Universe, it is unclear whether active galaxies represent a phase that each galaxy undergoes, and whether and to which extent the evolution of black holes at their centers is important. Binary black hole (BBH) systems may play a key role in our understanding of the above questions. Aims. We investigate the Caltech-Jodrell Bank flat-spectrum (CJF) sample to identify evidence that supports the merger-driven evolution scheme of active galaxies, and search for tracer-systems of active galactic nucleus (AGN) evolution and possible BBH candidates. We discuss the strength of and uncertainty in the evidence and formulate a set of selection criteria to detect such tracer-systems. Methods. We conduct an extensive literature search for all available multiwavelength data, particularly in the optical and infrared regime, and morphological information about the CJF sources. We perform a statistical analysis of the properties of this sample. Results. We find 1 ULIRG (Mrk 231) included in the CJF prototype of a transitory system. In total, 28.6% of the CJF sources with z ≤ 0.4 are distorted or have a companion. Given the unbiased sample used here, this provides strong evidence of the ubiquity of the merger phenomenon in the context of active galaxies. We find a correlation between the radio and the near-infrared luminosity of the high-luminosity sources, interpreted in the context of the interplay between a star-formation and AGN component. We find a connection between variability and evolutionary transitory systems, as selected on the basis of their near-infrared colors. We select 28 sources that trace the different evolution phases of an AGN, as well as a number of the most promising BBH candidates. We find 4 sources with almost periodical variability in the optical and radio on similar timescales.


OBJECTIVE
To explore the temporal profile of serum antibody against coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and to evaluate the reliability of indirect immuno-fluorescence assay (IFA) in the diagnosis of SARS.

METHODS
Clinically confirmed SARS patients, suspected SARS patients, and controls were included in the study. IFA was used to detect the serum antibody against SARS coronavirus. General information about the subjects was collected using a standard questionnaire.

RESULTS
The positive rates of specific IgG and IgM against SARS virus within 10 days after onset of the disease were 55.1% and 16.3% respectively and then increased up to 89.8% for IgG and 65.3% for IgM. After 25 days of the onset of the disease, 90.9% patients became positive for both IgG and IgM. Results from chi-square for trend test revealed that the positive rates of both IgG and IgM increased with time (chi(2) for trend = 16.376, P = 0.00005 for IgG; chi(2) for trend = 28.736, P = 0.00000 for IgM). Sensitivity, specificity and agreement value of IFA regarding the diagnosis of SARS were all higher than 90%.

CONCLUSION
IFA can be used to assist diagnosis of SARS after 10 days of the onset of disease.


Coatings with developed surface stereometry, being based on a porous system, may be obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation, PEO (micro arc oxidation, MAO). In this paper, we present novel porous coatings, which may be used, e.g., in micromachine's biocompatible sensors' housing, obtained in electrolytes containing magnesium nitrate hexahydrate Mg(NO3)2·6H2O and/or zinc nitrate hexahydrate Zn(NO3)2·6H2O in concentrated phosphoric acid H3PO4 (85% w/w). Complementary techniques are used for coatings' surface characterization, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), for surface imaging as well as for chemical semi-quantitative analysis via energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The results have shown that increasing contents of salts (here, 250 g/L Mg(NO3)2·6H2O and 250 g/L Zn(NO3)2·6H2O) in electrolyte result in increasing of Mg/P and Zn/P ratios, as well as coating thickness. It was also found that by increasing the PEO voltage, the Zn/P and Mg/P ratios increase as well. In addition, the analysis of XPS spectra revealed the existence in 10 nm top of coating magnesium (Mg2+), zinc (Zn2+), titanium (Ti4+), and phosphorus compounds (PO43−, or HPO42−, or H2PO4−, or P2O74−).


CLT and other tip loading propellers designs can be checked by model tests as in the case of conventional propellers. In this paper the problem of the scaling of the model tests results of these propellers is reviewed. A way of solving this problem consists in the introduction of new procedures for scaling of the Open Water model tests results while maintaining the rest of the scaling procedures for resistance and propulsion tests. ITTC'78 standard method is widely used but some Institutes and Model Basins have their own more or less similar procedures. A series of technical approaches used for the scaling of Open Water tests results are presented here and applied to a reference case that has been very deeply studied in several Research Projects. The conclusion is that it is definitely necessary to use specific Open Water model tests results scaling procedure for CLT propellers in order to obtain full scale predictions with the same level of accuracy than in the case of conventional propellers.


Schizophrenia is a severe, debilitating, neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 1% of the world's population. Recent findings from our laboratory have identified reduced levels of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) and several downstream FMRP targets in superior frontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia. We hypothesized that altered subcellular expression of FMRP and its signaling partners may explain these changes. In the current study we employed subcellular fractionation and western blotting to determine levels of FMRP, phosphorylated-FMRP as well as selected signaling partners [protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2AC), p70 S6 kinase (p70 S6K), and amyloid-&bgr; A4 precursor protein (APP)] in the total homogenate, nuclear, and rough endoplasmic reticulum fractions in superior frontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia versus controls (N=12/group). In total homogenate of individuals with schizophrenia, we identified significantly lower levels of FMRP, phosphorylated-FMRP, and PP2AC. In the nuclear fraction of individuals with schizophrenia we found significantly higher levels of PP2AC, p70 S6K, APP 120 kDa, and APP 88 kDa proteins. Finally, in rough endoplasmic reticulum of individuals with schizophrenia, we identified significantly lower protein levels of p70 S6K and APP 120 kDa. These results provide evidence for a potential mechanism to explain altered FMRP expression in schizophrenia.


The agriculture thesauri (e.g. AGROVOC or NAL Agriculture Thesaurus) represent very large and robust systems of formalized knowledge. They are primarily focused on information related to agriculture. But they also use fragments of geomatic information and knowledge in a form of concepts and their terms. These concepts include general terms of all parts of geomatics as well as data instances (such as particular methods). Even though these concepts are not the main component of above-mentioned thesauri, the concepts from geomatic domain play very important role in a process of detail description of agricultural and other concepts (including processes of their measurement, observation or mapping) contained in thesauri. This paper assess geomatic concepts in AGROVOC and NAL Agriculture Thesaurus from the view of geomatics (but with a respect to methodologies of thesauri development and maintenance). It means evaluation of the subset of concepts related to geomatics and close scientific disciplines such as cartography, photogrammetry, GIS science or remote sensing. Authors look into definitions of concepts, their hierarchy, relations and links to other information resources. As the result there is a short list of recommendations how to improve and enrich the above-mentioned thesauri from the view of concepts from geomatic domain. It can enhance the quality of thesauri and their information value. The paper introduces the fundamental terminology (terms thesaurus, geomatics and concept) and related researches. Then a description of mapping of concepts in particular tools follows. The results of mapping are summarized in the part focused on the most frequent imperfections. The last section (with the exception of the final conclusion) presents the set of recommendations concerning usage of concepts from geomatic domain in agricultural thesauri.