Lorber, J., Kalhan, S. C., and Mahgrefte, B. (1970). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 45, 178. Treatment ofventriculitis with gentamicin and cloxacillin in infants born with spina bifida. Of 783 newborn infants with spina bifida cystica and cranium bifidum treated in the 6 years to December 1966, 11% died of ventriculitis. 24% of all deaths were due to this cause. Experience with treatment of ventriculitis with 2 of the antibiotic drugs, gentamicin and cloxacillin, during an 18-month period is presented. CSF levels were estimated during systemic and intraventricular administration of a drug and the clinical response was correlated with these levels. Of the 14 infants treated with gentamicin, the majority of whom had Gram-negative infections, 7 recovered. The 7 who died as a result of ventriculitis were mostly under 4 weeks of age. There was close correlation between the CSF levels attained and results of therapy. It was essential to give the drug intraventricularly to attain any recordable level, and to obtain the best results the systemic and intraventricular dose of the drug had to be adjusted to give CSF levels that exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration considerably. 2 infants who recovered died later of other causes, but 4 of the 5 survivors had normal developmental attainments. No toxic effects were observed. The 7 infants treated with cloxacillin, all of whom had Gram-positive infections, survived, 3 with normal development. The importance of intraventricular administration of drugs and proper control of doses to achieve optimal therapeutic levels is emphasized.


The preparation of a library of new P-O-P ligands (phosphine-phosphites and phosphine-phosphinites), easily available in two synthetic steps from enantiopure Sharpless epoxy ethers, is reported. The "lead" catalyst of the series has proven to have outstanding catalytic properties in the rhodium-catalysed asymmetric hydrogenation of a wide variety of functionalised alkenes (16 examples). The excellent performance and modular design of the catalysts makes them attractive for future applications.


Between 1980 and 1998, AIDS cases among people who are 13 years old or over in the State of Sao Paulo were reported by different AIDS-case definitions. The objective of this paper is to estimate the trend of reported AIDS cases according to the three main Brazilian AIDS-case definitions. Utilizing the database from the Brazilian National Coordination of STD/AIDS, the study used CD4 T-lymphocytes count of cases reported by CDC/Adapted, PAHO/Caracas/Rio and "CD4" criteria; and the distribution of cases of AIDS per exposure category according to these criteria. The medians for CD4 T-lymphocytes count according to the CDC/Adapted, PAHO/Caracas/Rio and "CD4" criteria are respectively 86 cells/mm³, 135 cells/mm³ and 215 cells/mm³. According to the CDC/Adapted and PAHO/Caracas/Rio criteria, the number of new AIDS cases among homosexuals and IDU has been decreasing since 1992 and among heterosexual men and women since 1996. The "CD4" criteria should not be utilized for analyzing the trend of AIDS between 1980 and 1988. The analysis of the trend of AIDS cases, considering the HIV clinical latency period without AIDS, reveals the decrease of new infections among homosexual men and IDU since 1985. The reduction of new AIDS cases among heterosexual men and women from 1996 on can be reflecting both the anti-retroviral therapy in process and the prevention measures for heterosexuals since 1990, when AIDS stopped being considered a disease that affects essentially homosexuals and IDU.


Nicotine polacrilex ("nicotine gum") is effective in helping persons to quit smoking cigarettes. Because many persons try to quit without formal assistance, it may be an appropriate product for over-the-counter (OTC) purchase. Some smokers, however, might use such a product in lieu of more effective methods of cessation, and still others might use it to cope with enforced periods of nicotine abstinence (eg, at the work place) and thereby delay their decision to quit. The study's objective was to assess the public health benefits and risks of OTC availability of nicotine gum. A Markov model was developed and used to contrast two alternative policy scenarios: one in which nicotine gum was assumed to remain available only by prescription, and another in which it was assumed to be made available for OTC purchase. Various data sources were used to estimate the model, including the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Supplement to the 1991 National Health Interview Survey and the 1986 Adult Use of Tobacco Survey. Primary outcome measures included the numbers of persons who would try to quit smoking, the numbers who would use various methods of smoking cessation, including OTC nicotine gum, and the numbers of current adult smokers who would be abstinent at the end of 10 years. Findings suggest that an average of 3 million persons each year would use OTC nicotine gum. As a consequence of OTC availability, an additional 450,000 smokers would be abstinent at the end of 10 years. These results are sensitive to assumptions regarding the effectiveness of OTC nicotine gum, as well as to the effect of OTC availability on the use of other methods of smoking cessation. The number of persons who would quit smoking, however, increases under a fairly wide range of assumptions. Over-the-counter availability of nicotine gum may confer significant public health benefits.


In this paper, the simulation of an occupant's behaviour in a single-occupant ambient intelligent environment is addressed. The algorithm of the simulator is designed flexible enough to accept different environmental profiles including the number of areas and the connections between them along with different occupant's profiles including expected daily occupancy pattern of him/her and the uncertainty of his/her behaviour to follow this occupancy pattern. The generated occupancy signal by the simulator represents the occupancy of areas by assuming a signal level for the occupancy of each area in a single-occupant environment with the resolution of one minute in a whole day activity of the occupant in the environment. The validity of the simulator will be verified by tuning the simulator's parameters to occupancy data collected by sensory agents from a real equivalent environment. By applying the generated data from this simulator to the data mining techniques, the ability of different techniques will be investigated.


midline. This included one case seen two hours after attendance at hospital where the patient was given ampicillin and paracetamol. Detorsion relieves the pain immediately and dramatically and the testis descends in the scrotum with immediate relief to the patient. Analgesics may not be needed to do this. This does not of course reduce the need for operation on both sides, 'since recurrence is likely, but it does make operation less urgent, and may be a useful practical procedure while awaiting anaesthesia or make the operation an elective one.-I am, etc.,


Diet is a major environmental factor influencing gut microbiota diversity and functionality, which might be relevant to subjects following dietary therapies. Celiac disease (CD) is an enteropathy caused by an aberrant immune response to cereal gluten proteins and the only therapy is the adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). In this context, a preliminary study was conducted to establish whether the GFD in itself could modify the composition and immune properties of the gut microbiota. The trial included 10 healthy subjects (30.3 years old), which were submitted to a GFD over 1 month. Analysis of fecal microbiota and dietary intake indicated that numbers of healthy gut bacteria decreased, while numbers of unhealthy bacteria increased parallel to reductions in the intake of polysaccharides after following the GFD. Fecal samples of subjects under a GFD, which represent an altered microbiota, also exerted lower immune stimulatory effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells than those of subjects on a regular gluten-containing diet. This addendum presents further discussion on the rationale behind these findings, limitations of the study and possible consequences of dietary counseling in the care process of celiac disease patients.


[1] Using first principles quasi-harmonic theory, we have investigated the vibrational and thermodynamic properties of P21/c and C2/c MgSiO3 clinoenstatites. Very good agreement between experimentally measured thermodynamic properties, such as equation of state, and those predicted by the local density approximation (LDA) functional has been found. The level of agreement found in these chain silicates is comparable to that found in framework silicates such as MgSiO3 perovskite. The phase boundaries calculated by the LDA and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) bracket the experimentally measured ones following the established trend that the GGA functional overestimates the transition pressure while the LDA functional underestimates it. The calculated Clapeyron slope is 2.9 MPa K 1 and is used to constrain the position of the 3-pyroxene (P21/c, C2/c, and Pbca) triple point in MgSiO3, with the aid of room temperature experimental hysteresis in the P21/c to C2/c transition.


Wage setters take into account the future consequences of their current wage choices in the presence of downward nominal wage rigidities. Several interesting implications arise. First, a closed-form solution for a long-run Phillips curve relates average unemployment to average wage inflation; the curve is virtually vertical for high inflation rates but becomes flatter as inflation declines. Second, macroeconomic volatility shifts the Phillips curve outward, implying that stabilization policies can play an important role in shaping the trade-off. Third, nominal wages tend to be endogenously rigid also upward, at low inflation. Fourth, when inflation decreases, volatility of unemployment increases whereas the volatility of inflation decreases: this implies a long-run trade-off also between the volatility of unemployment and that of wage inflation.


UNLABELLED
A new technique for computing left ventricular function, including left ventricular volumes, mass and ejection fraction, has been developed. This method is a logical extension of the results of a standard perfusion quantification technique; thus, it allows integration of perfusion and functional information.

METHODS
Anatomically based models of the endocardial and epicardial surfaces are generated using the myocardial samples for which perfusion values are quantified, for all frames in the cardiac cycle. With these surface points, left ventricular chamber volume and myocardial volume can be computed. A computer simulation was used to determine the sensitivity of the approach to the assumptions of the model. Validation of volume, mass and ejection fraction was performed with correlative MR studies, and ejection fraction and left ventricular volumes were further investigated using correlative first-pass studies.

RESULTS
Automated processing was successful in 96% of the cases analyzed. End diastolic volume, end systolic volume, left ventricular mass and left ventricular ejection fraction correlated with MRI with r = 0.97, 0.99, 0.87, and 0.85, respectively. Ejection fraction from tomography correlated with first-pass values with r = 0.82, and end diastolic and end systolic volumes from tomography correlated with first-pass values with r = 0.85 and r = 0.91, respectively.

CONCLUSION
The new integrated approach is accurate and robust for computing both perfusion and function from perfusion tomograms.


Mobile software applications ("apps") are used by billions of smartphone owners worldwide. The demand for quality to these apps has grown together with their spread. Therefore, effective techniques and tools are being requested to support developers in mobile app quality engineering activities.

Automation tools can facilitate these activities since they can save humans from routine, time consuming and error prone manual tasks. Automated GUI exploration techniques are widely adopted by researchers and practitioners in the context of mobile apps for supporting critical engineering tasks such as reverse engineering, testing, and network traffic signature generation. These techniques iteratively exercise a running app by exploiting the information that the app exposes at runtime through its GUI to derive the set of input events to be fired.

Although several automated GUI exploration techniques have been proposed in the literature, they suffer from some limitations that may hinder them from a thorough app exploration.

This dissertation proposes two novel solutions that contribute to the literature in Software Engineering towards improving existing automated GUI exploration techniques for mobile software applications.

The former is a fully automated GUI exploration technique that aims to detect issues tied to the app instances lifecycle, a mobile-specific feature that allows users to smoothly navigate through an app and switch between apps. In particular, this technique addresses the issues of crashes and GUI failures, that consists in the manifestation of unexpected GUI states. This work includes two exploratory studies that prove that GUI failures are a widespread problem in the context of mobile apps.

The latter solution is a hybrid exploration technique that combines automated GUI exploration with capture and replay through machine learning. It exploits app-specific knowledge that only human users can provide in order to explore relevant parts of the application that can be reached only by firing complex sequences of input events on specific GUIs and by choosing specific input values.

Both the techniques have been implemented in tools that target the Android Operating System, that is today the world's most popular mobile operating system. The effectiveness of the proposed techniques is demonstrated through experimental evaluations performed on real mobile apps.


We provide additional support for Cowan's claim that short term memory (STM) involves a range of 3–5 tokens, on the basis of language correlational analyses. If language is at least partly learned, linguistic dependency structure should reflect properties of the cognitive components mediating learning; one such component is STM. In this view, the range over which statistical regularity extends in ordinary text would be suggestive of STM span. Our analyses of eight languages are consistent with STM span being about four chunks.


OBJECTIVE:The value of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (INM) during intramedullary spinal cord tumor surgery remains debated. This historical control study tests the hypothesis that INM monitoring improves neurological outcome. METHODS:In 50 patients operated on after September 2000, we monitored somatosensory evoked potentials and transcranially elicited epidural (D-wave) and muscle motor evoked potentials (INM group). The historical control group consisted of 50 patients selected from among 301 patients who underwent intramedullary spinal cord tumor surgery, previously operated on by the same team without INM. Matching by preoperative neurological status (McCormick scale), histological findings, tumor location, and extent of removal were blind to outcome. A more than 50% somatosensory evoked potential amplitude decrement influenced only myelotomy. Muscle motor evoked potential disappearance modified surgery, but more than 50% D-wave amplitude decrement was the major indication to stop surgery. The postoperative to preoperative McCormick grade variation at discharge and at a follow-up of at least 3 months was compared between the two groups (Student's t tests). RESULTS:Follow-up McCormick grade variation in the INM group (mean, +0.28) was significantly better (P = 0.0016) than that of the historical control group (mean, –0.16). At discharge, there was a trend (P = 0.1224) toward better McCormick grade variation in the INM group (mean, –0.26) than in the historical control group (mean, –0.5). CONCLUSION:The applied motor evoked potential methods seem to improve long-term motor outcome significantly. Early motor outcome is similar because of transient motor deficits in the INM group, which can be predicted at the end of surgery by the neurophysiological profile of patients.


In this study, 30 bacterial strains isolated from marine biofilms were screened for their antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani by dual culture assay. Two bacterial strains, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus , showed a clear antagonism against R. solani on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The antagonistic activity of B. subtilis against this pathogen persisted after one month of co-culture. An in vitro antagonistic assay using potato tuber slices was set up allowing both the screening of bacteria for their biocontrol proprieties and for their rotting effect on plant tissues. Potato tuber slices treated with B. cereus showed a heavy tissues rotting, probably due to the secretion of several enzymes. Whereas, B. subtilis did not show any tissues rotting on treated potato tuber slices. In addition, the potato tuber slices treated with B. subtilis and subsequently inoculated with R. solani agar culture showed a reduced fungal infection in comparison to the control tuber slices inoculated with the pathogen only. The crude extract of B. subtilis strain culture in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium at 48 h of incubation showed a high antifungal activity against R. solani growth and no cytotoxic effect on Brine shrimp larvae. Key words: Antagonism, Bacillus spp., biological control, black scurf of potato, marine biofilms.


The study seeks to describe the growth of Chile's main cities, especially in the cycle 2002 to 2010. This series presented a growth economy averaged around 7%, with the consequent growth in the residential construction sector. In that sense, there is an increase in housing prices that impact on real estate products offered. This period was characterized by neoliberal policies, in a low-density city center rings in their peri central an impact on the urban fabric of the city.
Communes as Ñuñoa; Providencia and Recoleta, in the metropolitan area of Santiago, Viña del Mar and Con Con, in the metropolitan area of Valparaiso, Chiguallante and San Pedro de la Paz in the great conception, are obvious example of this process as it grew up, estate submitted higher-priced products of past and pointing to families in training, with prices can only pay the highest decile of income each metropolitan reality.
To conclude, it requires new public policies that analyze the problem pericenter ring and also agree on the elements themselves beyond the city economic growth.


Maternal alcohol or tobacco consumption may negatively impact the fetus and breastfeeding infants. Maternal tobacco consumption is also known to negatively affect exposed young children. The current study therefore aimed to assess the prevalence of these lifestyle behaviours in a sample of 6-24-months post-partum women and to elucidate socio-demographic and maternal factors associated with these behaviours. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted on 6-24-months post-partum women (n = 318) in three cities in the South Island of New Zealand. Self-reported data on current alcohol and tobacco consumption were collected from these women using a self-administered questionnaire. The results showed that nearly 72% and 23% of these women consumed alcohol and tobacco, respectively. Being Caucasian, having a higher level of education and higher household income were significant factors for alcohol consumption, while being of younger age and of lower educational status were significant factors for tobacco consumption. Pregnancy was associated with lower odds for alcohol consumption (0.07; P < 0.001), but not with lower odds for tobacco consumption. In contrast, breastfeeding was not associated with lower odds of alcohol consumption (0.08; P = 0.075). In conclusion, younger women with lower levels of education and household income must be targeted for public health education on the negative effects of tobacco consumption on their own health and on the health of their children.


Sensor fusion algorithms often assume perfect time synchronization of the sensor clocks. In a practical sensoractuator setup this is often difficult to achieve which in turn can give rise to systematic errors in the sensor fusion. In this article we suggest how the effect of the synchronization error from an unknown static or slowly varying measurement time-delays in a nonlinear state space system can be handled by linearizing the measurement equation in time. Based on the linearization an augmented system is constructed from which the system states and the delays can be jointly estimated. Expressions for the system, measurement, and covariance matrices of the augmented system are derived. Finally, the feasibility of the suggested approach is demonstrated by an example and a Monte-Carlo simulation.


Dupuytren's disease is characterised by nodular fibroblastic proliferation of the palmar fascia leading to contracture of the hand. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is thought to play a role in its pathogenesis. We performed a cDNA microarray analysis of Dupuytren's diseased cord tissue with an emphasis on TGF-β isoforms. Normal-appearing transverse ligament of the palmar fascia from adjacent to the diseased cord and palmar fascia from patients undergoing carpal tunnel release were used as controls. TGF-β gene expression was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Over 20 unique genes were found to be significantly up-regulated, including several previously reported genes. A dominant increase in TGF-β2 expression was seen in the cord tissue, whereas TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 were found not to be significantly up-regulated. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed these findings. This gene expression profile allows for further experiments that may eventually lead to gene therapy to block the development and progression of Dupuytren's disease clinically.


Currently, multimedia documents can be accessed at anytime and anywhere with a wide variety of mobile devices, e.g., laptops, smartphones, tablets. Obviously, platforms heterogeneity, user's preferences and context variations require documents adaptation according to execution constraints, e.g., audio contents may not be played while a user is participating at a meeting. Current context modeling languages do not handle such a real life user constraints. They generally list multiple information values that are interpreted by adaptation processes in order to deduce implicitly such high-level constraints. This paper overcomes this limitation by proposing a novel context modeling approach based on services where context information are linked according to explicit high-level constraints. In order to validate our proposal, we have used Semantic Web technologies by specifying RDF profiles and experiment their usage on several platforms.


Abstract : Cylinder Pressure Monitoring AVL CYPRESS (trade mark) is a technology which provides closed-loop feedback to enable real-time control of combustion in a compression ignition engine. This makes it possible to adapt to the fuel ignition quality and energy density by adjusting the main injection quantity and the placement of the injection events. The engine control system can thus detect fuel quality and adapt the combustion phasing quickly and robustly and without any prior knowledge of fuel properties. By using a cylinder pressure sensor(s), the engine controller will be able to map the development of the apparent rate of heat release (ARHR) and the mass fuel burn curve - which provides good thermal efficiency correlation. The cylinder pressure map detects the combustion event and the feedback controller adjusts the start of injection to maintain the combustion event at the desired crank position. The cylinder pressure sensor allows for accurate measurement of the power produced. By varying the volume of fuel in each injection shot the controller actively manages the engine power and noise signature with different fuels (e.g. DF-2, JP-8, JP-5, etc.). The initial concept for this approach was derived from AVL's suite of hardware and software tools developed for base engine combustion research and development. This technology is now licensed to major OEMs and is in production vehicles in Europe.


Syphilis continues to represent a significant public health issue. The number of cases globally remains high at over ten million newly infected patients each year, with highest rates seen in countries of low income. The main mode of transmission is by sexual contact, with men who have sex with men, co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the sexually promiscuous particularly at risk. Infection rates are also linked with times of war and social upheaval; this is also true of other sexually transmitted diseases.

Prevention of new cases is clearly desirable. Most major health organisations (including the CDC and WHO) have elimination plans which rely on education, promotion of safe sexual practices and screening of high-risk individuals at the core of the strategy.

Key Concepts:

Clinical differences in the treponematoses have been attributed to adaptation of the organism to climatic factors.

An African rather than an American origin is suggested for syphilis.

The control of syphilis by public health measures is exemplified by a lower incidence of syphilis in Europe and North America than the rest of the world.

An increased incidence in syphilis is found associated with wars and civil disturbance.

Keywords:

syphilis;
treponematosis;
origin of syphilis;
epidemiology


As a built environment, architecture had faced the challenges that must be answered in 21 st century. The most ever whelmingly urgent crisis facing mankind is the degradation of the natural environment. The fragility of the natural environment comes to the fore as a compelling principle for the revitalization of architecture. This study intended to formulate theory or principle that leads architecture to faced the challenge. This is a library research, with logical argumentation & critical methods and Jurgen Habermas strategy. The result hope to be a theoretical alternative in architecture, especially for revitalization in nature and architecture.


Introduction Chapter One: Heavy Metal Thunder: Witchfynde, Saxon, Tigers of Pentang, Iron Maiden Chapter Two: Lipstick and Leather: Britny Fox, David Lee Roth, Faster Pussycat, Motley Crue, Cinderella, Europe, Hanoi Rocks, Poison Chapter Three: Metal Thrashing Mad: Metallica, Slayer, Anthrax, Kreator, MOD, Megadeth, Nuclear Assault Chapter Four: Requiem For Metal: Death, Obituary, Morbid Angel, Sodom, Cannibal Corpse, Candlemass, Deicide, Sepultura Chapter Five: F*ck You, I Won't Do What You Tell Me: Alice in Chains, Rage Against the Machine, Soundgarden, Rollins Band, Biohazard, Bodycount Chapter Six: Blackened is the End, Winter it will Send: Ulver, Darkthrone, Burzum, Immortal, Graveland, Cradle of Filth Chapter Seven: Fairies Wear Boots: Black Sabbath, Fu Manchu, Monster Magnet, Kyuss, Chapter Eight: Planet Rock: Slipknot, Marylin Manson, Korn, Funeral for a Friend, Nile, Arch Enemy, Mastodon, Limp Bizkit, Mortiis Chapter Nine: All Men Play on Ten: Manowar Potential candidates for interview: Lars Ulrich: Metallica drummer Kerry King: guitarist with Slayer and outspoken metal fanatic, a favourite with young and old die hard metal fans Pushead and Derek Riggs: two names instantly recognizable by metal fans, most famous for their artwork for Metallica and Iron Maiden respectively. Marilyn Manson: Cover star and probably the hippest name in metal today.


The shaft disc prepared with SiC 3D continuous ceramic frame reinforced aluminum alloy 7075 (3D-SiC/Al) composite of the CRH3 high speed train with a speed at 250 km/h was chosen as the research object, and the course of emergency brake was simulated by Cosmos. A three dimension model was established, the way of applying loads were discussed, and the temperature field and thermal stress field were obtained. The result shows that the highest temperature appears at about 57 s since braking and the value is about 373 °C. The biggest stress is about 237 MPa, appearing at about 51 s since braking, the regions distribute at the surface corresponding with the radiating ribs, and near the inner diameter. The hoop stress is larger than other directions. The result shows that the thermal stress duce to the transient temperature distribution model is released well for the distribution of the 3D continuous ceramic frame reinforced aluminum alloy 7075 structure compares with the conventional brake disc, which can satisfy the requirement of the shaft disc of the high speed train with a speed at 250 km/h applying emergency braking.


The thesis examines the application of the metatheoretical discipline of integral theory to environmental policy, personal and collective politics, and democracy. It reconsiders a range of questions environmentalists continue to pose around who or what is responsible for our environmental problems and how challenges can best be met. It demonstrates broad agreement between some environmental scholars on some matters, but shows, using the insights of integral theory and integral ecology, that until relatively recently there has been no robust theoretical framework for integrating ecological approaches and perspectives, each of which have some applicability to environmental problem-solving. It is posited that integral theory and its environmental cousin, integral ecology, can integrate seemingly disparate approaches in environmental policy development and democratic governance, and that an integrative approach is also the key to the development of any kind of green or ecological state. The type of integral ecology used in the thesis - that of Sean Esbjorn-Hargens and Michael Zimmerman ('EZI') – is placed within the field of other emerging integral ecologies; integrative ecological frameworks developed by Leonardo Boff, Mark Hathaway, Thomas Berry, Brian Swimme, Felix Guattari, Edgar Morin, and Pope Francis. Wilberian integral theory, upon which EZI is based, is shown to be part of a long tradition of scientific and philosophical thought aimed at developing integrative models and methods.
A proposed new integral framework for policy, politics and democracy known as the Integral Policy Tryptic (IPT) is then briefly presented. To supply additional methodological rigour, the use of Wilberian integral theory, EZI, and the IPT model, is framed by Mark Edwards' methodological approach for metatheorising. This requires the "four involvements of method, data, interpretation and theory" and also a researcher's explicit acknowledgement of their metatheorising intentions. Metatheorising uses other theories - from subjective, relational and objective sources - as 'data', and the IPT model and method is premised on Wilber's integral framework, EZI, and the use of Edwards' injunctions. The proposed 'case study' for the IPT model – Antarctic policy and politics – is then briefly discussed. The development of Wilberian integral theory is charted in some detail and a substantial background on integral theory and integral ecology is presented. Particular areas to which prominence is given include: Wilber's Quadrants or main four perspectives (objective, interobjective, subjective and intersubjective); levels and lines of development; Integral Methodological Pluralism; moral and cognitive development; and the Terrains, Niches and Ecoselves of integral ecology. In the introductory method chapters, a number of the tensions between integral theory and other key environmental critiques, such as ecofeminism and deep ecology, are explored, and, in the spirit of integral ecology, some tentative bridge-building is attempted. Some practical examples of how an integral approach could be used as a framework for Antarctic policy are then provided. The tendency of green theorists to throw the baby of modernism out with the modern bathwater is also discussed. Integral theory, it is shown, could salvage the "dignities" of modernism, for example the differentiation of arts, morals and science, while also dealing with its "disasters", these being disassociation and the consequent perspectival hegemonies that reduced subjective and intersubjective interiors to external objective and interobjective correlates.
The IPT model is then presented in full. It gives an ecological patina to Wilber's "I", "We" and "Its" by labelling the pronouns as "Person", "Polity" and "Planet" respectively. The Person represents the subjective perspective (EZI's Terrain of Experiences), and focuses on the adoption of a personal integral praxis. The Polity is the intersubjective (EZI's Terrain of Cultures), and focuses on the communications within and between sub-jurisdictions and individuals in the Polity; and the values shared and agreed upon through these communications. The Planet is the combined Terrain of Behaviours and Terrain of Systems, and focuses on objective and interobjective policy approaches, such as the hard sciences, economic and ecological modelling, legislation and regulation. The IPT model is presented as both the method for the thesis and a potential new integral model for the review and analysis of middle-range theory relevant to policy, politics and democracy. This is followed by an explanation of the Planet aspect of the Integral Policy Tryptic, focusing on the use of objective and interobjective disciplines and perspectives such as chemistry, biology, international relations, political analysis, system sciences and behavioural policy development. In this case the subject of many of the disciplines used is Antarctica. In particular, it is demonstrated that the future policies and politics of Antarctica will not just be the result of objective structural or material effects - for example the potential exploitation of mineral resources – but also a result of the intersubjective framing of Antarctica. Hence, the importance of the normative discourses underlying this framing, and the need for an integral ethic to underpin national and global institutions, are emphasised. Discussion of the Polity aspect, which fleshes out such an ethic, follows, focusing on the intersubjective - in this case the distinctively Habermasian, albeit ecological, critique and practice of Robyn Eckersley's critical political ecology, her "Green State" and her more recent work with others on the environment and globalisation. This critical yet real-world approach is complemented by a view of integral democracy based on John Keane's 'monitory democracy'.
The Habermasian principles underlying Eckersley's' approach are explored. In particular, Habermas's unconstrained dialogue and communicative action are shown to be the keys to influencing normative discourses on environmental, policy, political and democratic issues. Finally, the Person, or the subjective, is explored. This was done through an interpretation of the author's ecoselves and other interior aspects of a personal Antarctic experience, notes on how each ecoself can be best communicated to in political communications, and a brief exploration of two iconic Antarctic explorers and their ecoselves. The Person is also examined using a transpersonal research approach known as organic inquiry and through proposing a hypothetical individual called the Integral Policy Adviser, who, as well as having a good grounding in practical political skilful means, enacts an integral model through the use of the Integral Policy Tryptic. The discussion and conclusion reiterate how the use of an integral framework by environmental policy practitioners, political advisers and political parties would enable the honouring and inclusion of a diverse range of environmental or broader policy approaches and views in proposed solutions. They show how the constituent theories of the IPT model (integral theory, EZI, Habermas's critical theory, Eckersley's critical political ecology, and a wide range of other theories, disciplines and studies used to 'populate' the IPT) have been used according to Edward's metatheorising injunctions to create a new overarching model that successfully applies integral ecology to policy, politics and democracy, at least at a broad but robust conceptual level. The thesis thus answers the question of what or who is responsible for the environmental challenges by answering it is many "whats" and many "whos". To create solutions to environmental problems therefore requires the mapping and understanding of complex policy and political landscapes, and for this an integral approach is recommended.


We present a compact, field-portable lens-free microscope based on the principle of spatio-spectral light-field fusion. This is the first time a device of this kind has been introduced whereby both superresolution and signal-to-noise ratio are enhanced via the marriage of synthetic aperture imaging and spectral light-field fusion holography, culminating in a system that is self-contained and fieldportable while achieving high resolution, contrast, strong signal fidelity, and ultra-wide field-of-view. The active spatio-spectral illumination is accomplished in the presented microscope by arranging a series of pulsing LEDs emitting at different spectral wavelengths in a specific spatial formation. To demonstrate the performance of the presented microscope, the system was used to observe two histology samples: a bovine lung, and corn stem. The imaging results demonstrate the ultra-wide field-of-view advantage of the presented microscope over any other system of its kind, thus enabling for acquisition of the entire sample without the need for scanning, while producing high-resolution, high-contrast microscopy images (168 megapixels in the current system) that makes it well-suited for scientific and clinical examinations.


In the twentieth century, Modernism swept through virtually every form of art and design—except cuisine. In painting, dance, architecture, literature, and nearly every other form of intellectual creative expression, the continual rejection of the old in favor of new, avant-garde styles became, as Renato Poggioli observed, "the typical chronic condition." But it was not until the 1970s that Nouvelle Cuisine began to transform classical French cooking, and Nouvelle was a rather limited revolution, narrow in its focus on techniques and ingredients, and limited as well in its impact on Spanish and Italian cuisine. A true Modernist revolution in food has begun only recently, as chefs such as Ferran Adria began consciously developing gastronomic experiences that transform meals into dialogues between chef and diner. Avant-garde cooking emphasizes novel, unconventional presentation of familiar flavor themes—the "deconstruction" of the meal by evoking diners' memories of past meals while taking the dishes in novel directions. A meal at elBulli or other Modernist restaurants often exposes conventions that guests do not even realize exist until the innovative food violates them. Like other good art, Modernist cuisine is challenging and provocative. Dozens of chefs around the world are now advancing this culinary movement as it follows a trajectory that is similar, in many ways, to the Modernist transformations of other cultural disciplines. Like those predecessor movements, Modernist cuisine has faced some resistance and criticism. But it has arrived.


Abstract The bronze archer-king statue, masterpiece of the Sudan National Museum in Khartoum, was discovered in 1974 on the site of Tabo, Argo Island, in North Sudan. Its aesthetical and technological qualities inspired archaeologists to perform a complete study and full conservation in Zurich in the 1970s. The multidisciplinary work included iconographic and scientific investigations as well as defining a conservation protocol, and the results were published in 1986. On the occasion of an exhibition in Paris entitled Méroé: Un empire sur le Nil in 2010, a complementary study was conducted in the Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France (C2RMF) while restoration treatment was carried out. With a 40-year gap between the first work and the present effort, this example demonstrates, on one hand, the evolution of technological analysis methods and progress in the study of metallurgy and materials. On the other, it shows how the restart of necessary conservation interventions could be based on detailed knowledge of the first protocol and treatment.


Oxygen separation with dense oxide membranes may be an attractive method for the production of oxygen from air. Another possible application is the direct supply of oxygen in membrane reactors for the (partial) oxidation of hydrocarbons. The driving force for oxygen permeation through dense mixed ionic-electronic conducting membranes is an oxygen partial pressure gradient, which causes selective transport of O2- from the high to the low oxygen partial pressure side. The oxygen diffusion process is facilitated by a large concentration of vacant crystallographic sites in the oxygen sublattice of the oxide. Overall charge neutrality in the membrane is maintained by a counterbalancing flux of electrons or electron holes. This thesis describes a number of studies on the oxygen transport and catalytic properties of several dense inorganic membranes. The relationship with the defect chemistry of the metal oxide is investigated.


This article combines two apparently distinct strands of contemporary research on fertility: the literature on employment uncertainty and fertility and the literature on subjective well-being and fertility. We advance the hypothesis that the impact of term-limited work contracts and precarious jobs on fertility intentions is channeled by an individual's level of subjective well-being. To test this hypothesis, we adopt a formal framework for causal inference and apply techniques of mediation analysis to data from two rounds of the European Social Survey (ESS 2004 and 2010). Our analysis clearly suggested that the impact of employment uncertainty on fertility intentions depended on the level of subjective well-being: the negative effect was found only when subjective well-being was relatively low (i.e. life satisfaction levels equal or below 6). Detailed results show that parents and younger individuals reduced their fertility intentions more than the childless and older individuals when experiencing employment uncertainty and facing low subjective well-being. We also found that in 2010 – while the economic crisis was underway – it was especially the deterioration in men's position in the labor market that inhibited fertility planning.


The possibility to carry out vacuum heat treatment with gas quenching, as well as to combine sintering and heat treatment in one single step process, has been investigated on some medium-low alloy steels. In addition to through hardening, which greatly improves mechanical properties of a chromium steel, and to austempering, which can be carried out with a accurate control of the temperature profile during the isothermal step at the bainitic transformation temperature, some examples of vacuum sintering processes, characterized by a specific quenching strategy (sinterhardening and sinteraustempering) have been studied successfully. Vacuum heat treatment with gas quenching opens new possibilities to expand the applications of sintered steels for automotive applications.


We investigate the microdomain orientation kinetics of concentrated block copolymer solutions exposed to a dc electric field by time-resolved synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering. As a model system, we use a lamellar polystyrene-b-polyisoprene block copolymer dissolved in toluene. Our results indicate two different microscopic mechanisms, i.e., nucleation and growth of domains and grain rotation. The former dominates close to the order−disorder transition, while the latter prevails under more strongly segregated conditions. This conclusion is corroborated by computer simulations based on dynamic density functional theory. The orientation kinetics follows a single-exponential behavior with characteristic time constants varying from a few seconds to some minutes depending on polymer concentration, temperature, and electric field strength. From the experimental results we deduce optimum conditions for the preparation of highly anisotropic bulk polymer samples via solvent casting in the presence of an ele...


This paper presents an empirical investigation of how people appropriated Twitter for socio-political talk in response to a television (TV) portrayal of people supported by state welfare and benefits. Our findings reveal how online discussion during, and in-between, TV broadcasts was characterised by distinctly different qualities, topics and user behaviours. These findings offer design opportunities for social media services to (i) support more balanced real-time commentaries of politically-charged media, (ii) actively promote discussion to continue after, and between, programming; and (iii) incorporate different motivations and attitudes towards socio-political concerns, as well as different practices of communicating those concerns. We contribute to the developing HCI literature on how social media intersects with political and civic engagement and specifically highlight the ways in which Twitter interacts with other forms of media as a site of everyday socio-political talk and debate.


The demand for real-time data services is increasing in many applications including e-commerce, agile manufacturing, and telecommunication network management. In these applications, it is desirable to execute transactions within their deadlines, i.e., before the real-world status changes, using fresh (temporally consistent) data. However, it is challenging to meet these fundamental requirements due to dynamic workloads and data access patterns in these applications and potential conflicts between transaction timeliness and data freshness requirements. In this paper, we define average/transient deadline miss ratio and new data freshness metrics to specify the required quality of real-time data services. We also present a novel QoS management architecture to support the required QoS even in the presence of unpredictable workloads and access patterns. To prevent overload and support the required QoS, the presented architecture applies feedback control, admission control, and flexible freshness management schemes. A simulation study shows that our QoS-aware approach can support the required QoS, whereas baseline approaches fail to support the required miss ratio and/or freshness. Further, our approach shows a comparable performance to the theoretical oracle that is privileged by a complete future knowledge of data accesses.


OBJECTIVES
To use the ethanol-lock technique (in conjunction with systemic antibiotics) to salvage central lines from removal and to prevent persistence of catheter-related infections among pediatric patients with long-term intravascular devices.

DESIGN
Medical records of patients treated with ethanol locks were retrospectively reviewed from June 1, 2004, through June 22, 2005.

SETTING
Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif, a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Patients Forty children with diverse underlying disorders were treated for 51 catheter-related infections using the Childrens Hospital Los Angeles ethanol-lock technique.

INTERVENTIONS
Eligible infected central lines were instilled with a dose volume of 0.8 to 1.4 mL of 70% ethanol into the catheter lumen during 12 to 24 hours and then withdrawn. The volume of ethanol used was based on the type of intravascular device.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Clearance of infection and incidence of recurrence.

RESULTS
Of the 51 ethanol-lock treatments in 40 children, no catheters were removed because of persistent infection. Eighty-eight percent (45/51) of the treated episodes cleared without recurrence (defined as a relapse within 30 days with the same pathogen). Twelve (75%) of 16 polymicrobial isolates and 33 (94%) of 35 monomicrobial isolates were successfully treated. There were no adverse reactions or adverse effects reported.

CONCLUSION
This retrospective study supports the use of the ethanol-lock technique in conjunction with systemic antibiotics as an effective and safe method to retain the use of a previously infected central venous catheter, decrease the need for line removal, and eradicate persistent pathogens in catheter-related infections.


The geomagnetic activity of the D st index is analyzed using wavelet transforms and it is shown that the D st index possesses properties associated with self-affine frac-tals. For example, the power spectral density obeys a power-law dependence on frequency, and therefore the D st index can be viewed as a self-affine fractal dynamic process. In fact, the behaviour of the D st index, with a Hurst exponent H ≈0.5 (power-law exponent β≈2) at high frequency, is similar to that of Brownian motion. Therefore, the dynamical invariants of the D st index may be described by a potential Brownian motion model. Characterization of the geomag-netic activity has been studied by analysing the geomagnetic field using a wavelet covariance technique. The wavelet co-variance exponent provides a direct effective measure of the strength of persistence of the D st index. One of the advantages of wavelet analysis is that many inherent problems encountered in Fourier transform methods, such as windowing and detrending, are not necessary.


Abstract The migration and delivery of filter flavour agents were studied by dissolving 10 model flavour compounds in triacetin at 10 mg/ml each and fabricating cigarettes with flavoured filter tips. The concentrations of these compounds in filters, tobacco, and smoke particulates collected on Cambridge filters were determined by capillary column gas chromatography initially and after 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Flavour migration was found to obey first-order kinetics, with the rate constant being determined by the volatility of the flavour compound dissolved in the plasticized filter. Delivery of flavour compounds decreased with time at a greater rate than could be explained by flavour migration. A high correlation between the solubility characteristics of the flavour and its rate of delivery efficiency loss lead to the proposed explanation that flavour compounds diffuse into the cellulose acetate fibers with time and become less accessible for elution into the smoke aerosol. Model compounds with poor solubilities in plasticized cellulose acetate remain near the surface of the fibers where they are readily eluted into the mainstream smoke and, consequently, exhibit smaller delivery efficiency losses with time. Ventilation was observed to initially increase the ratio of flavour to TPM delivery, but this advantage was lost as the cigarette aged.


Neuraxial anesthesia, as the standard of care for Cesarean deliveries, is associated with decreased blood loss. However, parturients with inherited bleeding disorders are at increased risk for epidural hematomas. A small retrospective study has shown that parturients with known factor deficiencies can safely undergo neuraxial anesthesia once the specific factors are replenished. We present a patient who had a considerably increased risk of peripartum bleeding from an unspecified inherited bleeding disorder and was provided a successful neuraxial anesthetic without complications. We discuss the multidisciplinary approach among the surgeons, anesthesiologists, hematologist, and nursing staff to maximize patient safety and comfort.


The past few years have witnessed the development of prejudiced attitudes in some places in Europe. Biases alike are often considered a consequence of increased migratory movements to the continent and have also been connected to a more general crisis of the European Union political project. However, societies have diversely responded to migration even in countries presenting similar economic performances and immigrant inflows. Akin different reactions have raised some important questions: is prejudice connected to a broader European crisis and what does the latter consist of? This article responds to these research questions through a multilevel analysis of 24 European countries, and shows that the percentages of migrant population alone are not associated to anti-migrant sentiments. Such a situation has instead been the case only in those countries that have concurrently experienced cuts to the two key public sectors of education and health care, which constituted the pillars of the European Welfare State and one of the cores of the European Union's political project.


Aims The mid-term results of kinematic alignment (KA) for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using image derived instrumentation (IDI) have not been reported in detail, and questions remain regarding ligamentous stability and revisions. This paper aims to address the following: 1) what is the distribution of alignment of KA TKAs using IDI; 2) is a TKA alignment category associated with increased risk of failure or poor patient outcomes; 3) does extending limb alignment lead to changes in soft-tissue laxity; and 4) what is the five-year survivorship and outcomes of KA TKA using IDI? Methods A prospective, multicentre, trial enrolled 100 patients undergoing KA TKA using IDI, with follow-up to five years. Alignment measures were conducted pre- and postoperatively to assess constitutional alignment and final implant position. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) of pain and function were also included. The Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Arthroplasty Registry was used to assess survivorship. Results The postoperative HKA distribution varied from 9° varus to 11° valgus. All PROMs showed statistical improvements at one year (p < 0.001), with further improvements at five years for Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score symptoms (p = 0.041) and Forgotten Joint Score (p = 0.011). Correlation analysis showed no difference (p = 0.610) between the hip-knee-ankle and joint line congruence angle at one and five years. Sub-group analysis showed no difference in PROMs for patients placed within 3° of neutral compared to those placed > 3°. There were no revisions for tibial loosening; however, there were reports of a higher incidence of poor patella tracking and patellofemoral stiffness. Conclusion PROMs were not impacted by postoperative alignment category. Ligamentous stability was maintained at five years with joint line obliquity. There were no revisions for tibial loosening despite a significant portion of tibiae placed in varus; however, KA executed with IDI resulted in a higher than anticipated rate of patella complications. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(8):656–665.


The formula for the sums of powers of positive integers, given by Faulhaber
 in 1631, is proven by using trigonometric identities and some properties of
 the Bernoulli polynomials. Using trigonometric functions identities and
 generating functions for some well-known special numbers and polynomials,
 many novel formulas and relations including alternating sums of powers of
 positive integers, the Bernoulli polynomials and numbers, the Euler
 polynomials and numbers, the Fubini numbers, the Stirling numbers, the
 tangent numbers are also given. Moreover, by applying the Riemann integral
 and p-adic integrals involving the fermionic p-adic integral and the
 Volkenborn integral, some new identities and combinatorial sums related to
 the aforementioned numbers and polynomials are derived. Furthermore, we
 serve up some revealing and historical remarks and observations on the
 results of this paper.


This research was carried out to investigate the effect of gas adsorption towards the electrical resistance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) thin film. CNTs were synthesized by Floating Catalyst Chemical Vapor Deposition (FC-CVD) method on quartz substrate at 950°C under methane gas flow rate of 150 Standard Cubic Centimeters per Minute (SCCM). Then, the electrical resistance of CNTs was measured by exposing the sensors to CO2 and CH4 gases operating at room temperature. The sensors showed high responses to the gaseous molecules. In the same experimental conditions, the recovery of the sensors was different for CO2 and CH4. It was also observed that the CNTs device behaves as a p-type semiconductor when exposed to gaseous molecules. The fabrication process was relatively simple and did not require special techniques.


Objective:Suppression of ovarian hormones in premenopausal women on gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHAG) therapy can cause fat mass (FM) gain and fat-free mass (FFM) loss. Whether this is specifically caused by a decline in serum estradiol (E2) is unknown. This study aims to evaluate the effects of GnRHAG with placebo (PL) or E2 add-back therapy on FM, FFM, and bone mineral density (BMD). Our exploratory aim was to evaluate the effects of resistance exercise training on body composition during the drug intervention. Methods:Seventy healthy premenopausal women underwent 5 months of GnRHAG therapy and were randomized to receive transdermal E2 (GnRHAG + E2, n = 35) or PL (GnRHAG + PL, n = 35) add-back therapy. As part of our exploratory aim to evaluate whether exercise can minimize the effects of hormone suppression, some women within each drug arm were randomized to undergo a resistance exercise program (GnRHAG + E2 + Ex, n = 12; GnRHAG + PL + Ex, n = 12). Results:The groups did not differ in mean (SD) age (36 [8] and 35 [9] y) or mean (SD) body mass index (both 28 [6] kg/m2). FFM declined in response to GnRHAG + PL (mean, −0.6 kg; 95% CI, −1.0 to −0.3) but not in response to GnRHAG + E2 (mean, 0.3 kg; 95% CI, −0.2 to 0.8) or GnRHAG + PL + Ex (mean, 0.1 kg; 95% CI, −0.6 to 0.7). Although FM did not change in either group, visceral fat area increased in response to GnRHAG + PL but not in response to GnRHAG + E2. GnRHAG + PL induced a decrease in BMD at the lumbar spine and proximal femur that was prevented by E2. Preliminary data suggest that exercise may have favorable effects on FM, FFM, and hip BMD. Conclusions:Suppression of ovarian E2 results in loss of bone and FFM and expansion of abdominal adipose depots. Failure of hormone suppression to increase total FM conflicts with previous studies of the effects of GnRHAG. Further research is necessary to understand the role of estrogen in energy balance regulation and fat distribution.


Percutaneous transseptal mitral valvotomy was performed on 14 occasions in 13 patients; in one patient, the procedure was unsuccessful at the first attempt, but was repeated successfully. All other attempts were successful, giving a procedure success rate of 93% and a patient success rate of 100%. The only complication was transient diplopia in one patient, presumably due to a small cerebral embolus. This early experience confirms that this procedure is easily learnt, and can be performed with good results and low risk in selected patients with mitral stenosis.


The main emph~,:s ;1\ this b'o,'" is on diagnosis through history-:",;.,ng, plus the type and distribution of primary and consecutive lesions. There are two main reference sections, one entitled "Common Regional Skin Diseases" and the other "Text on Diseases of the Skin". The treatment recommended Is limited to well-tried remedies, but on occasions the brevity of the text has precluded reference to possible harmful side-effects.


OBJECT
Anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) and selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SelAH) are the preferred surgical approaches for the treatment of medically refractory epilepsy involving the nondominant and dominant temporal lobes, respectively. Both techniques provide access to mesial structures-with the ATL providing a wider surgical corridor than SelAH. Because the extent of mesial temporal resection potentially impacts seizure outcome, the authors examined mesial resection volumes, seizure outcomes, and neuropsychiatric test scores in patients undergoing either ATL or transcortical SelAH at a single institution.

METHODS
A retrospective study was conducted in 96 patients with medically refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Fifty-one patients who had nondominant temporal lobe epilepsy underwent standard ATL, and 45 patients with language-dominant temporal lobe epilepsy underwent transcortical SelAH. Volumetric MRI analysis was used to quantify the mesial resection in both groups. In addition, the authors examined seizure outcomes and the change in neuropsychiatric test scores.

RESULTS
Seizure-free outcome in the entire patient cohort was 94% at a mean follow-up of 44 months. There was no significant difference in the seizure outcome between the 2 groups. The extent of resection of the mesial structures following ATL was slightly higher than for SelAH (98% vs. 91%, p < 0.0001). The change in neuropsychiatric test scores largely reflected the side of surgery, but overall IQ and memory function did not change significantly in either group.

CONCLUSIONS
Transcortical SelAH provides adequate access to the mesial structures, and allows for a resection that is nearly as extensive as that achieved with standard ATL. Seizure outcomes and neuropsychiatric sequelae are similar in both procedures.


A 700bp portion of the promoter of CYP2D25, the porcine microsomal vitamin D 25-hydroxylase was isolated and sequenced. The computer analysis of the sequence revealed the existence of a putative VDRE at 220 bp upstream of the transcription start site. A CYP2D25 promoter-luciferase reporter plasmid was constructed in order to study the transcriptional regulation of the gene. Treatment with the vitamin D metabolites calcidiol and calcitriol suppressed the promoter, provided that the nuclear receptors VDR and RXR were overexpressed. Phenobarbital was also capable of suppressing the promoter if the nuclear receptors PXR or CAR were overexpressed.The 25-hydroxylases are not expressed solely in liver but in a wide array of other organs as well. It is therefore possible at least in theory to study the vitamin D 25-hydroxylation in human subjects using cells from extrahepatic organs, from which biopsy retrieval is easier than from the liver. Dermal fibroblasts are frequently used to study different pathological conditions in human subjects and they are easy to come by. Dermal fibroblasts were shown to express two vitamin D 25-hydroxylases: CYP27A1 and CYP2R1. The expression pattern of CYP2R1 displayed considerable interindividual variation. The fibroblasts were also capable of measurable vitamin D 25-hydroxylation, which makes dermal fibroblasts a possible tool in studying vitamin D 25-hydroxylation in human subjects.Little is known about the regulation of expression and activity of the human vitamin D 25-hydroxylases. Therefore dermal fibroblasts – expressing CYP2R1 and CYP27A1 – and human prostate cancer LNCaP cells, that express CYP2R1 and CYP2J2, were treated with calcitriol and phenobarbital and efavirenz, two drugs that give rise to vitamin D deficiency. Treatment decreased the mRNA levels of CYP2R1 and CYP2J2 provided that the treated cells also expressed the necessary nuclear receptors. CYP27A1 did not respond to any of the treatments. The treatments also managed to decrease the 25-hydroxylating activity of the cells.The results show that vitamin D 25-hydroxylases can be regulated by both endogenous and xenobiotic compounds.


Purpose: It has been shown that interferon (IFN)-γ is involved in the development of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU), but its exact role is unclear. We aimed to elucidate the role that endogenous systemic IFN-γ plays in EIU pathogenesis. Methods: EIU was induced in wild-type (WT) or IFN-γ knockout (GKO) mice on the C57BL/6 background by injecting Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin into a hind footpad. Twenty-four hours later, the eyes were harvested for histological analysis, and the serum was collected for cytokine ELISAs. WT and GKO mice were also intraperitoneally injected with 1 microg of recombinant murine IFN-γ (rmIFN-γ) just after and 6 h after EIU induction, and their eyes and sera were evaluated 24 h after EIU induction, as above. Results: The GKO mice had significantly more severe EIU as determined by the number of ocular infiltrating cells and lower serum IL-6 levels after EIU induction compared to WT mice. The injection of rmIFN-γ suppressed the severity of EIU and increased the serum IL-6 levels in both the WT and GKO mice. Conclusions: Endogenous IFN-γ suppresses EIU pathogenesis. In addition, the systemic administration of IFN-γ suppresses EIU. The suppressive mechanism involved is unclear but may relate to the production of IL-6.


From 1919-1933, the Bauhaus Art and Design School revolutionized design pedagogy through its radical and pioneering approach to studio and workshop teaching, embodied by Itten's 'preliminary course'. The 'Masters': Gropius, Rohe and Breuer proposed teaching styles that explored architecture and design theory. Moholy-Nagy developed new understandings of spatial abstraction through photography and sculpture (Droste), and, in more extreme conceptual forms, Schlemmer (Schlemmer) used the theatrical measurements of man to map and define space.

In the Autumn of 2018, we initiated an open studio at the Dessau Bauhaus (https://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/en/programmes/bauhaus-open-studios.html) with a cohort of 20 interior design students that developed new pedagogical insights into the relationships between space, architecture, furniture, product design and the human form. This paper describes a series of experimental workshops which advocate new pedagogic models of design education using environmental volume, human interaction and spatial immediacy. Using the iconic building as a backdrop, the workshops ruptured and reinterpreted the spatial principles from the great masters in a newly-defined context, exploring transitions and alignments in design pedagogy (Tovey) that enrich knowledge and empower an evolution in creative learning.

The workshops explored the 'death of geography' (Morgan) through mass digitalization and how this impacts the development of pedagogic constructive alignment (Biggs and Tang). This specifically emphasises a new relevance for spatial dimensions, enabling an examination of physical proximity (Hall) versus organisational juxtaposition (Dovey). This experimental pedagogic paradigm used geography and human proximities to re-define the learning relationship within an environment using territory, place and surface.

Two key pedagogic themes influenced by Bauhaus; spatial standards and experiential qualitative space, were examined during two interconnected studio workshops, where students mapped the Bauhaus environment through digital contouring, interpretive drawings and 3D explorations. The workshops tested the paradigms of geographic learning and investigated how human proximities form unique and powerful learning situations through exploration. The paper outlines series of new spatial standards which are developed between architecture, interior space and the human occupants. These themes widen through the analysis of learning productivity and spatial relationships and how their potential modification impacts upon the effectiveness of design communication. In addition, the studio explored, through qualitative analysis, the value of reinterpreting the constituent parts of design pedagogy using, arguably, the most famous of all design schools.

The Bauhaus studio forms part of a wider design educational project under the title of 'Building: Future: Learning:' that uses the environment as a catalyst to form new harmonies between the pedagogic landscape and a spatial context. The themes ultimately contribute to an overarching investigation of how the impact of space, both 'within' and 'without' the design studio can inform, perform and reform the knowledge experience. By identifying how proximity can modify the perception of spatial territory, we hope to trigger new styles of design anthropology (Clarke; Smith et al.) and scholarship underpinned by the philosophy of Gropius to 'conceive, and create together the new construction of the future'.


This paper joins a growing body of work within ICTD and related fields studying the privacy challenges in the Global South. While most of the existing work in this area has focused on uses of technology in personal and home settings, a large part of computing in the Global South centers around public places, such as commercial Digital Service Centers (DSCs). In this paper, we present the findings from a six-month-long ethnography studying 19 Digital Service Centers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We find that infrastructural limitations, local power politics, lack of knowledge, and insufficient protection mechanisms lead to privacy vulnerabilities for the customers of these centers. We apply the lens of informal markets to analyze these vulnerabilities and connect our findings to the broader concerns of ICTD around development, ethics, and postcolonial computing and discuss potential design and policy implications around these issues.


Shared opinions drive society: what we read, how we vote, and where we shop are all heavily influenced by the choices of others. However, the cost in time and money to systematically share opinions remains high, while the actual performance history of opinion generators is often not tracked.

This article explores the development of a distributed open opinion layer, which is given the generic name of TOOL. Similar to the evolution of network protocols as an underlying layer for many computational tasks, we suggest that TOOL has the potential to become a common substrate upon which many scientific, commercial, and social activities will be based.

Valuation decisions are ubiquitous in human interaction and thought itself. Incorporating information valuation into a computational layer will be as significant a step forward as our current communication and information retrieval layers.


BACKGROUND
Benign chronic familial pemphigus (BFCP) is an autosomal dominant dermatosis characterized by flares of painful and often debilitating blistering lesions in high friction areas of the body such as the groin, axillae, lateral neck, and intergluteal cleft. Limited knowledge of its pathophysiology has made treatment of BFCP a considerable challenge and efficacy with current first line therapies, topical corticosteroids and antibiotics, is variable.

CASE REPORT
We present a case of this disease in a 52 year old woman that has responded dramatically to the addition of oral cyclosporine to her existing regimen of oral acitretin, with significant improvement of skin lesions, mobility, and quality of life. Cyclosporine's mechanism of action in BFCP is poorly understood, although it possibly acts through inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes or modulation of intracellular calcium. BFCP, the use of cyclosporine for its treatment, and possible mechanisms of action of cyclosporine are reviewed.


Abstract. This paper aims to present a useful numerical method to simulate the propagation and deposition of debris flow across the three dimensional complex terrain. A depth-averaged two-dimensional numerical model is developed, in which the debris and water mixture is assumed to be continuous, incompressible, unsteady flow. The model is based on the continuity equations and Navier-Stokes equations. Raster grid networks of digital elevation model in GIS provide a uniform grid system to describe complex topography. As the raster grid can be used as the finite difference mesh, the continuity and momentum equations are solved numerically using the finite difference method. The numerical model is applied to simulate the rainfall-induced debris flow occurred in 20 July 2003, in Minamata City of southern Kyushu, Japan. The simulation reproduces the propagation and deposition and the results are in good agreement with the field investigation. The synthesis of numerical method and GIS makes possible the solution of debris flow over a realistic terrain, and can be used to estimate the flow range, and to define potentially hazardous areas for homes and road section.


Abstract Through a comparative analysis of two contested states—Kosovo and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), the paper analyses the impact of internal and/or external statehood contestation on the scope of citizenship rights. It does so by introducing the concept of liminality in the study of citizenship in contested states. It contends that while the negative impact of contested statehood on citizenship rights is inevitable, the degree of impediment depends on the nature and level of contestation of statehood, the wider (regional) citizenship constellations, and on the ability of contested states to use different strategies to overcome sovereignty deficits.


Two accelerated-relief sculp-tures depicting the same scene from slightly different viewpoints can serve as sculpted stereo-scopic half-imagesor twin-reliefs. Unlike traditional relief sculpture, which compresses sculptural space, twin-reliefs expand it, creating lifelike illusionistic depths. Viewed binocularly in a large Wheat-stone stereoscope, the twin-relief's virtual world appears colorful, atmospheric and life-size even infinitely deep. Furthermore, unlike flat-picture stereoscopy, which allows just one undistorted, perspectively robust view, twin-reliefs provide infinitely many such views because, being sculptural, they adapt to the observer's movement. Twin-reliefs syner-gistically combine essential physical attributes previously separated between the domains of painting, sculpture and traditional flat-picture stereoscopy.


Animal populations occurring at high elevations are often assumed to be in peril of extinctions or local extirpations due to elevational-dispersal limitations and thermoregulatory constraints as habitats change and warm. However, long-term monitoring of high-elevation populations is uncommon relative to those occurring at lower elevations, and evidence supporting this assumption is limited. We analyzed 45 years of reproductive data for two Colorado populations of white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura), an alpine-endemic species with restricted distribution in western North America. Seasonal temperatures measured by the number of growing degree days warmed significantly at our study sites for pre-nesting, nesting, and brood-rearing seasonal periods (mean advance of 8 growing degree days per decade), and both populations advanced their reproductive phenology over the study period based on median hatch dates (median advance of 3.7 and 1.9 days per decade for the northern and southern sites, respectively). Reproductive performance measured by the number of chicks per hen declined significantly at one study site but not the other, and differences between sites may have been due to habitat degradation at one study area. Annual variability in chicks per hen was large at both sites but only weakly related to seasonal weather. An index of precipitation and temperature during the brood-rearing period was the best predictor for reproductive success with warm and dry conditions relating positively to number of chicks per hen. Our results provide evidence for two alpine ptarmigan populations that are remarkably invariant to fluctuations in seasonal weather with respect to reproductive success as measured by number of chicks per hen in the breeding population. These results are surprising given the general perception of alpine animal populations as being highly sensitive to warming temperatures.


Objective The aim of this study was to investigate whether immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCP) can be detected in saliva of patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and if it relates to clinical manifestations. Methods Salivary samples were collected (by 'passive drooling') from 63 consecutive patients with established RA at a visit to the rheumatology outpatient clinic (Falun, Sweden), and from 20 healthy persons (hospital staff). The samples were centrifuged and kept frozen at −70°C until analysis. IgA-class anti-CCP antibodies in saliva were analysed by adaptation of a commercial ELISA (Immunoscan RA, Euro-Diagnostica AB, Malmö, Sweden) using polyclonal rabbit antihuman α-chain specific antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (DakoCytomation, Glostrup, Denmark) as secondary antibody.To ensure specificity of the reaction, a corresponding ELISA was set up to analyse IgA antibodies to control antigen (cyclic arginine peptide, CAP), and anti-CCP/anti-CAP ratios were calculated. Also, inhibition studies were performed by preincubation of sera with soluble CCP or CAP. Clinical and laboratory data on disease activity, that is, C reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and 28-joint count disease activity score (DAS28) as well as radiological outcome (occurrence or absence of erosions as judged by a radiologist in diagnostic routine) were achieved retrospectively via the patients' medical records. Results Background reactivity against CCP was found in virtually all patients and healthy subjects, whereas a positive anti-CCP/anti-CAP ratio (≥1.5) was found in 14 out of 63 RA patients (22%) and in one healthy subject (5%). Salivary IgA-reactivity with CCP was dose-dependently inhibited by soluble CCP (but not with CAP) in sera with anti-CCP/anti-CAP ratios ≥1.5. No IgG-reactivity to CCP was found in saliva, although all patients with salivary IgA anti-CCP tested IgG anti-CCP-positive in serum. Furthermore, less than half of those testing IgA-positive in saliva were IgA anti-CCP positive in serum, strongly arguing against passive leakage of anti-CCP antibodies from blood to saliva. The patients testing positive for salivary IgA antibodies had lower average disease activity measures (CRP, ESR, DAS28) at presentation and fewer developed bony erosions within 6 years after presentation (p=0.043, Fisher's exact test). Conclusion Salivary IgA antibodies to citrullinated proteins were found in a subset of IgG anti-CCP positive RA patients. In contrast to their serum counterparts, salivary IgA antibodies may associate with a milder/less destructive disease course. This accords with the notion that secretory IgA antibodies exert anti-inflammatory actions, and that they may be associated with induction of systemic tolerance (oral tolerance). The possible disease-modifying role of mucosal immunity to citrullinated proteins needs further investigation!


Balls and spheres are amongst the simplest 3D modeling primitives, and computing the volume of a union of balls is an elementary problem. Although a number of strategies addressing this problem have been investigated in several communities, we are not aware of any robust algorithm, and present the first such algorithm.
 Our calculation relies on the decomposition of the volume of the union into convex regions, namely the restrictions of the balls to their regions in the power diagram. Theoretically, we establish a formula for the volume of a restriction, based on Gauss' divergence theorem. The proof being constructive, we develop the associated algorithm. On the implementation side, we carefully analyse the predicates and constructions involved in the volume calculation, and present a certified implementation relying on interval arithmetic. The result is certified in the sense that the exact volume belongs to the interval computed.
 Experimental results are presented on hand-crafted models illustrating various difficulties, as well as on the 58,898 models found in the tenth of July 2009 release of the Protein Data Bank.


Public Service Motivation (PSM) has become one of the most prominent and widely used theoretical models to explain employee psychology and behaviours in the public sector. It theorises that higher levels of PSM lead to positive outcomes for public service employees, such as greater job satisfaction, stronger organisational commitment and lower intention to quit. However, these relationships have not been confirmed consistently in different national contexts, and the exact role of PSM in shaping employee attitudes and behaviours is still being explored. Because of this, PSM researchers increasingly advocate for a more institution-focused approach in investigating PSM. This study contributes to the existing research by investigating possible negative institutional influences at macro level, something that has been largely omitted by the PSM researchers so far. Specifically, it looked into the influence of wasta, a form of Arabic indigenous nepotism, on PSM and PSM-employee outcomes relationships. The study also aimed to shed light on international PSM dynamics by investigating its role in a new context (The Saudi Ministry of Education) and applies an internationally validated questionnaire for a more precise investigation of PSM in a non-western environment.

A mixed method research design was applied by using 206 survey responses and 20 semi-structured interviews. Qualitative data were used to supplement the quantitative results described by a robust moderated regression model. The results of the study confirmed the presence of a negative effect of wasta on both PSM and employee outcomes. Wasta also showed negative moderating effect on the relationship between PSM and organisational commitment as well as PSM and job satisfaction. A partial mediating effect of PSM was observed for the relationship between wasta and organisational commitment as well as wasta and job satisfaction. In the course of analysis, PSM variable was parcelled into two factors representing norm-based rational and affective (emotional) dimensions of motivation. The observed effects were stronger for norm-based rational PSM.
The results of the study confirmed the presence of negative institutional influences of wasta on PSM, employee outcomes and the relationships between them. Such influences were both direct and indirect. This suggests that public service organisations aiming to enhance their employees' motivation and improve employee outcomes should seek ways to decrease the influence of negative institutions in their working environments. Some practical suggestions in this regard are offered.


INTRODUCTION
Calcaneal fractures have posed a challenge to orthopaedic surgeon for many years. The major problem is to reconstruct the fracture and improve healing of the fracture and also the surrounding tissues. Anatomic restoration of the three-dimensional anatomy of the calcaneum is the goal of surgical management of calcaneal fractures. Over the years, various techniques have been developed to accomplish this goal.

AIM
To determine the functional outcome in displaced tongue-type calcaneal fracture treated by percutaneous screw fixation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A prospective study was conducted from October 2012 and September 2014. A total of 23 patients with intra-articular 'tongue type' calcaneal fractures were included in the study. Complete clinical and radiological evaluation was done. The surgical procedure encompassed closed reduction and fixation with two criss-cross 6.5 mm cannulated cancellous across the fracture site under fluoroscopic guidance. Postoperatively, on day three ankle and toe mobilization was begun. Non-weight bearing crutch mobilization was begun on postoperative day three. Reviews were done at 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 24 weeks postoperatively. At 6 weeks partial weight bearing mobilization was started. Full weight bearing was begun at 12 weeks. The patient was finally reviewed at 24 weeks and assessment of ankle function was done as per the Maryland foot scoring system. Radiographs were compared and preoperative and postoperative Gissane's and Bohler's angles were also compared. The results were analysed as per descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage). The complications noted were documented.

RESULTS
Of the 23 patients under the study, three had excellent results with mean score of 90, 17 had good results with mean score of 82.94 and three had fair results with mean score of 74. Only one patient had subtalar arthritis as a complication. No other complications were seen.

CONCLUSION
Percutaneous screw fixation of tongue type calcaneal fractures is a very effective surgical technique.


Carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered as the prime reason for the global warming effect and one of the useful ways to transform it into an array of valuable products is through electrochemical reduction of CO2 (ERC). This process requires an efficient electrocatalyst with high faradaic efficiency at low overpotential and enhanced reaction rate. Herein, we report an innovative way of reducing CO2 using copper-metal supported on titanium oxide nanotubes (TNT) electrocatalysts. The TNT support material was synthesized using alkaline hydrothermal process with Degussa (P-25) as a starting material. Copper nanoparticles were anchored on the TNT by homogeneous deposition-precipitation method (HDP) with urea as precipitating agent. The prepared catalysts were tested in a home-made H-cell with 0.5 M NaHCO3 aqueous solution in order to examine their activity for ERC and the optimum copper loading. Continuous gas-phase ERC was carried out in a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) reactor. The 10% Cu/TNT catalysts were employed in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) on the cathode side with Pt-Ru/C on the anode side. Faradaic efficiencies for the three major products namely methanol, methane, and CO were found to be 4%, 3%, and 10%, respectively at −2.5 V with an overall current density of 120 mA/cm2. The addition of TNT significantly increased the catalytic activity of electrocatalyst for ERC. It is mainly attributed to their better stability towards oxidation, increased CO2 adsorption capacity and stabilization of the reaction intermediate, layered titanates, and larger surface area (400 m2/g) as compared with other support materials. Considering the low cost of TNT, it is anticipated that TNT support electrocatalyst for ECR will gain popularity.


The New England based, conservative periodical North American Review published two reviews of Haiti, in 1821 and 1829. The reviews were starkly different in content and tone. This essay contextualizes the two reviews, using them as a mirror for the transformation of New England's political elite and its acceptance of the emerging racialist tenets of American nationalism. The essay thus sheds light on our understanding of antebellum nationalism and its nature.


A common feature of progeria syndromes is a premature aging phenotype and an enhanced accumulation of DNA damage arising from a compromised repair system. HGPS (Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome) is a severe form of progeria in which patients accumulate progerin, a mutant lamin A protein derived from a splicing variant of the lamin A/C gene (LMNA). Progerin causes chromatin perturbations which result in the formation of DSBs (double-strand breaks) and abnormal DDR (DNA-damage response). In the present article, we review recent findings which resolve some mechanistic details of how progerin may disrupt DDR pathways in HGPS cells. We propose that progerin accumulation results in disruption of functions of some replication and repair factors, causing the mislocalization of XPA (xeroderma pigmentosum group A) protein to the replication forks, replication fork stalling and, subsequently, DNA DSBs. The binding of XPA to the stalled forks excludes normal binding by repair proteins, leading to DSB accumulation, which activates ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ATM- and Rad3-related) checkpoints, and arresting cell-cycle progression.


Wheat yields in the Western Australian wheat industry have risen by about 3.9 percent per year over a period of 20 years. This has coincided with a decline in growing season rainfall over the grain belt. However, in the last few years yields have been highly variable because of fluctuations in rainfall and because two of the three driest years in the last 70 years have occurred during the last five years. Farm managers, consultants, researchers and research funders need to understand the key drivers of improvements in productivity. Researchers from the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia have conducted intensive research on wheat varieties and management practices needed to achieve high wheat yields. These have been combined into recommendations known as High Yield Packages (HYPs) for the regions of the state. The question addressed in this paper is which elements of these packages have been important and what other factors may have contributed to the improvements in productivity. Using graphical, statistical and regression analysis of benchmark data from PlanFarm Consulting group for 1995 to 2004, supported by in-depth qualitative analysis of 40 case study farmers, and a random telephone survey of 100 farmers, key factors associated with yield increases were investigated. The evidence suggests farmers have increased their water use efficiency since 1995 and that improvements in productivity are associated with nitrogen and phosphorous use, herbicide use, higher seeding rates and management performance. There is also qualitative evidence to suggest that the widespread adoption of one pass operations or no-tillage systems has been an important complementary factor.


Abstract The South Sumatra Basin, having experienced continuous exploration since the 1880's, is today considered one of Indonesia's most mature hydrocarbon provinces. Although gas reserves totaling nearly 4 TCF were discovered prior to the 1990's, the majority of these volumes were found in accumulations of less than 100 BCF, rendering major gas development projects economically unattractive. In 1991, Gulf Indonesia discovered the first major gas field in the basin at Dayung in the Corridor PSC area. A key feature of this field is that most of the reserves are held within fractured rocks of Pretertiary age and include granite wash, highly weathered, in-situ granites, fresh granites and limestones. In rapid succession over the next 8 years, another 7 significant Pretertiary gas fields were discovered in the area representing nearly 15 TCF of raw, recoverable gas reserves. The relationship between these unique reservoirs and the Tertiary Petroleum System has been clarified through ongoing drilling and seismic activities defining this new play type. The most unique aspect of the Pretertiary gas play is the reservoir, historically considered as economic basement rock, a formation, that when encountered, gave the signal to stop drilling. The growing inventory of reservoirs, which range in age from Triassic to late Cretaceous, are demonstrated to possess not only significant fracture porosity, but also an unusual matrix porosity apparently created within the granites through a combination of hydrothermal and near-surface leaching. Quantifying fracture porosity is done through evaluation of both drilling and logging parameters and via extended flow testing of the reservoirs. Understanding the fracture network has helped to guide well positioning for deliverability. Traps containing the gas fields were created through a combination of early Tertiary transtensional faulting and late Tertiary compressional folding. Understanding the distribution of structures associated with these two events has been the key to identifying the location of the gas fields. Early stages of prospecting made effective use of regional gravity data in conjunction with existing 2D seismic to pinpoint basement-related structures. Seismic data quality at the reservoir level is affected by tight, compressional folding, low velocity contrasts between cap rock and reservoir and gas charging into the overlying Tertiary sediments. 3D data acquired over the fields, however, has proved effective in imaging the trap limits, defining the location, orientation and density of extensional fault patterns across the trap and, in some cases, differentiating different reservoirs within the Pretertiary. Drilling has confirmed that most of the traps are filled to structural spill point which attests both to the sealing capacity of the overlying Tertiary claystones and to late charging of the structures with thermal methane. This situation has allowed for the creation of gas columns with heights up to 1000 meters. Large volumes of carbon dioxide have also been generated as a result of the high subsurface temperatures associated with the back-arc environment and this contaminant has also filled the traps to varying degrees. The Pretertiary play in South Sumatra is significant in that it has provided a sufficiently large gas reserve base to support economic development of the fields. High capital costs associated with the creation of new pipeline infrastructure between the fields and markets in either Central Sumatra or Singapore can be borne by long term contracts when sales volumes exceed 1 TCF of gas. An immediate benefit to Indonesia has been realized because the initial gas contracts have focused on displacing crude oil as fuel, thereby generating additional export revenues from the sale of the saved crude oil. Development of the pipeline infrastructure also opens the way for future sales from smaller fields in the basin to buyers located along the pipeline routes. In most cases, these sales will replace expensive imported liquid fuels, a business activity which can only help to strengthen the country's economy. Geologic conditions which have allowed the Pretertiary gas accumulations to develop in South Sumatra appear to be present in other Tertiary basins of Southeast Asia. Recent Pretertiary oil and gas discoveries offshore Vietnam as well as a focus on Pretertiary reservoir objectives in both Thailand and Indonesia both confirm that the Pretertiary could play a significant role in providing large oil and gas discoveries during the next decade. Presented at: 2003 South East Asia Petroleum Exploration Society (SEAPEX) Conference, Singapore, 2003


Objective This study aimed to assess magnitude and associated factors of suicidal ideation and attempt among people with epilepsy attending outpatient treatment at primary public hospitals, northwest Ethiopia using suicide module of World Mental Health Survey initiative version of the WHO, composite international diagnostic interview. Design Multicentre-based cross-sectional study was used. Setting Data were collected using face to face interview from patients with epilepsy who attended outpatient treatment at primary public hospitals at northwest Ethiopia. Participants Adult patients with epilepsy (n=563) who came to attend outpatient treatment during the study period were included in the study using systematic random sampling technique. Outcome measures Suicidal ideation, suicidal attempt and factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempt. Results The overall magnitude of suicidal ideation and attempt was 26.5% and 12.6%, respectively. Being woman adjusted OR ((AOR)=1.68, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.23), living alone (AOR=2.4, 95% CI 1.47 to 3.92), divorced/widowed/(AOR=2.2, 95% CI 1.09 to 7.8), family history of suicidal attempt (AOR=2.53, 95% CI 1.34 to 4.79), depression (AOR=3.18, 95% CI 1.85 to 5.45), anxiety (AOR=2.92, 95% CI 1.68 to 5.09), comorbid medical illness (AOR=2.60, 95% CI 1.17 to 5.82) and poor social support (AOR=2.35, 95% CI 1.26 to 4.40) were statistically associated with suicidal ideation. Depression (AOR=4.87, 95% CI 2.56 to 9.28) living alone (AOR=2.66, 95% CI 1.62 to 5.41), family history of committed suicide (AOR=2.80, 95% CI 1.24 to 6.39), taking medication for mental illness (AOR=2.17, 95% CI 1.06 to 4.46), hazardous alcohol use (AOR=2.10, 95% CI 1.05 to 4.23) were statistically associated with suicidal attempts at a p value <0.05. Conclusion This study showed that the magnitude of suicidal ideation and attempt was high among people with epilepsy. Being woman, living alone, having depression and anxiety, single, divorced/widowed in marital status, family history of suicidal attempt and poor social support were statistically associated with suicidal ideation. Having depression, living alone, family history of suicide attempt, hazardous alcohol use and drug taking for mental illness were statistically associated with suicidal attempt. Based on the findings of this study early screening, detection and management of suicide were recommended in people with epilepsy.


Transformation of the Dental Faculty to Promote Changes in Dental Education Clark A. Dana Department of Biology, BYU Doctor of Philosophy This work introduces a series of papers developed to explore the case for change in dental education. Three issues facing dental education are (a) the challenging financial environment of higher education, making dental schools very expensive and tuition-intensive for universities to operate and producing high debt levels for students, which limits access to education and restricts career choices; (b) the profession's apparent loss of vision for taking care of the oral health needs of all components of society and the resultant potential for marginalization of dentistry as a specialized health care service available only to the affluent; and (c) the nature of dental school education itself, which has been described as convoluted, expensive, and often deeply dissatisfying to its students. The theoretical rational for this work is that developing dental faculty from solely clinicians to academicians will allow for the curricular change so needed in dental education. Furthermore, it is curricular change that can lead to changes in the oral health profession. My work first explores the scientific nature of research into dental education to determine its ability to advance the profession. This study found that while there has been a small increase in the amount of rigorous dental education research in the past 10 years, it remains a small percentage of the overall research completed in the field. We then researched the effect of pedagogical training for dental clinicians and discovered predictors for those faculty members more likely to alter their methods to be more student centered. Our narrative research into faculty resistors (those unwilling to change) allowed us to identify themes that can alter our approach to future faculty development. And finally, we researched the effect of modern pedagogy on a course in the dental school curriculum. This research allowed us to justify curricular changes that improve efficiency and student performance.