The effects of transverse hydrodynamic dispersion on altering transformation-induced compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) signals within groundwater pollution plumes have been assessed with reactive transport modeling accommodating diffusion-induced isotope fractionation (DIF) and implementing different parameterizations of local transverse dispersion. The model reproduced previously published field data showing a negative carbon isotope pattern (-2 ‰) at the fringes of a nondegrading PCE plume. We extended the study to reactive transport scenarios considering vinyl chloride as a model compound and assessing, through a detailed sensitivity analysis, the coupled effects of transverse hydrodynamic dispersion (with and without DIF) and aerobic fringe degradation on the evolution of carbon and chloride isotope ratios. Transformation-induced positive isotope signals were increasingly attenuated with distance from the source and higher degradation rate. The effect of DIF on the overall isotope signal attenuation was greatest near the source and for low values of groundwater flow velocity, transverse dispersion coefficient, molecular weight, rate constant, and isotope fractionation factor, α, of the degradation reaction. Models disregarding DIF underestimate the actual α. The approximately twice larger DIF effect for chlorine than for carbon together with the low α for oxidation resulted in strong chlorine CSIA depletions for VC at the plume fringe.


The "response" of Drs. Glass and Shellhaas to my earlier Commentary in the Journal reiterates most of the points that they made in the original report concerning Early Discontinuation of Antiseizure Medication (ASM) in Neonatal Seizures (Glass HG, et al., JAMA Neurology, 2021). They have clarified some of the terminology that was not entirely clear in the original paper. I am pleased that they agree with my recommendation to proceed with caution in the decision concerning discontinuation of ASM in the neonatal period. However, their statement that "we... stand by our conclusions that routine discontinuation of ASM after resolution of acute provoked neonatal seizures and prior to hospital discharge is safe and warranted in most cases" remains confusing to me. At the risk of enmeshing ourselves in semantic silliness, if discontinuation of ASM is acceptable to Drs. Glass and Shellhaas "in most cases", then why use the term "routine"? Their conclusion that the recommendation for discontinuation applies to "most" but presumably not all cases indicates to me that the recommendation is not "routine", nor should it be. The remainder of the Response of Drs. Glass and Shellhaas principally repeats some of the findings in their original study. Although the repetition is useful, their otherwise excellent study is insufficiently powered to draw decisive conclusions about certain etiologies, e.g., arterial stroke. In their study fully 72% of the infants with stroke were maintained on ASM after discharge. Only 22 infants with stroke had ASM discontinued. As stated in my Commentary, this small number renders the comparative date concerning outcomes in stroke seriously underpowered. Moreover, their "three simple questions" for the clinician to ask before discontinuation of ASM do not include mention of the results of the neurological examination. Surely Drs. Glass and Shellhaas do not make such an important decision as ASM discontinuation without carefully examining the infant. As with stroke, only approximately 20% (n = 20) of the infants with an abnormal neurological examination at discharge had ASM discontinued, thus again rendering the conclusion that this assessment is not necessary in the decision-making underpowered. Thus, I consider their "three simple questions" for the clinician to address re: discontinuation of ASM to be too "simple". The final sentence of their Response indicates that Drs. Glass and Shellhaas have dug in their heels and will retain the ambiguity associated with use of the terms "routine" and "for most neonates" in the same sentence. I conclude, then, from that closing statement that some newborns with acute provoked seizures should not have their ASM discontinued prior to hospital discharge. I agree. The absolute number of such newborns is likely quite small. Moreover, it is that small group for whom I suggested follow-up in 1–3 months. I did not suggest and do not suggest "1–3 months" of ASM treatment for more than that small group, as implied incorrectly by Glass and Shellhaas in their Response. Finally, I agree with the statement made by Glass et al. in the original paper that "larger, longer-term studies are needed". Clearly, we need more data to identify more conclusively the small group for whom discontinuation of ASM in the neonatal period is not optimal.


COVID-19 has impacted Higher Education worldwide. While several studies have examined the effects of the pandemic on students, few have addressed its impact on academic staff. Here, we present both survey (n = 89) and interview (n = 12) data highlighting the pandemic-induced effects on academics from various disciplines and career stages. Data was collected between May and September 2020, aiming to capture and understand the immediate effects of the U.K. lockdown on the academics examining demographic and employment factors, digital abilities and confidence, and mental wellbeing. Analyses revealed that most academics were satisfied with the support they received from the university and colleagues, and they had adequate equipment and space at home to work. However, half incurred additional financial costs to maintain access to technology and many felt an altered relationship with the university. There were discrepancies in digital abilities and confidence according to employment status, age, faculty, and social identity as an academic. Teaching workload did not increase across the board, rather seniority predicted increases. Levels of wellbeing were low but were not significantly predicted by workload increase or abilities and confidence in working digitally as might have been expected. Stronger social identity as an academic may predict higher mental wellbeing with qualitative data suggesting teamwork and collegiate activities helped. Furthermore, interviewees identified several positive aspects to working remotely. These findings suggest universities should consider carefully how to support all staff to work digitally and consider flexible working post-pandemic.


Workplace bullying is a toxic dynamic that is widespread in the modern workplace. While there is a wealth of qualitative data about the process of bullying, very little is documented about the emotional and cognitive experiences of those exposed to workplace bullying. What do they feel about themselves? What do they feel towards the perpetrators of the abuse and their organisation? This is an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) of the experiences of four individuals who self-identified and were also operationally identified as being bullied by a manager within their organisation. Common themes were identified across the four individuals and are discussed using TA concepts, specifically those from the cathexis and classical schools of TA. The results suggest that the bullying dynamic is predicated on discounting by the participants, their managers and the organisations. The participants were discounted by their managers through a negative and withholding stroke pattern of criticism and blame. This resulted in a loss of trust in their employer and lack of support by the organisation, both of which were seen as a discount of the individual. The participants react to their situation by moving into script which could be seen through the Miniscript process.   Citation - APA format:O'Neill, M. & Borland, D. (2018). Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis of Experiences of Four Individuals Reporting Exposure to Workplace Bullying in the UK. International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice, 9(1), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.29044/v9i1p23


Lung carcinomas represent a highly heterogenous group of tumors, which includes small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The ganglioside fucosyl-GM1 (FucGM1) was originally identified as a highly selective marker for SCLC. A number of monoclonal antibodies against FucGM1 have been produced against the purified ganglioside, and their specificity validated. With monoclonal antibodies, FucGM1 has been detected in tissues as well as in serum samples from SCLC patients. A sensitive, quantitative assay method for FucGM1 was developed based on scintillation proximity immunoassay (SPA): A specific monoclonal antibody against FucGM1 is bound to immunosorbent particles that contain a fluor. When radiolabelled FucGM1 binds to these particles, the fluor is excited, and the photons emitted can be measured directly in a beta-counter. This sensitive assay for FucGM1 has several potential diagnostic applications: differential diagnosis of SCLC, development of serum assays for diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression, and monitoring of patient response to therapy. The expression of FucGM1 in SCLC cells is heterogeneous, and may depend on the differentiated state of tumor cells. However, monoclonal antibodies specific for FucGM1 may have important future applications for radioimmunoimaging as well as in immunotherapy for SCLC.


X chromosome inactivation silences one of two X chromosomes in the mammalian female cell and is controlled by a binary switch that involves interactions between Xist and Tsix , a sense-antisense pair of noncoding genes. On the future active X chromosome, Tsix expression suppresses Xist upregulation, while on the future inactive X chromosome, Tsix repression is required for Xist -mediated chromosome silencing. Thus, understanding the binary switch mechanism depends on ascertaining how Tsix expression is regulated. Here we have taken an unbiased approach toward identifying Tsix regulatory elements within the X chromosome inactivation center. First, we defined the major Tsix promoter and found that it cannot fully recapitulate the developmental dynamics of Tsix expression, indicating a requirement for additional regulatory elements. We then delineated two enhancers, one classical enhancer mapping upstream of Tsix and a bipartite enhancer that flanks the major Tsix promoter. These experiments revealed the intergenic transcription element Xite as an enhancer of Tsix and the repeat element DXPas34 as a component of the bipartite enhancer. Each enhancer contains DNase I-hypersensitive sites and appears to confer developmental specificity to Tsix expression. Characterization of these enhancers will facilitate the identification of trans -acting regulatory factors for X chromosome counting and choice.


The effects of rat atrial tissue extract on renal hemodynamics and fluid and electrolyte excretion were investigated in the isolated perfused rat kidney (IK). IK were perfused at a constant effective perfusion pressure of about 90 mmHg. After control clearance periods (C), extracts of rat atria (AE) or ventricles (VE) were added to the perfusate and three 10-min experimental periods followed. AE, but not VE, significantly increased (P less than 0.001) renal vascular resistance (RVR) to 133 +/- 8% of C, GFR to 201 +/- 34%, filtration fraction to 245 +/- 41%, urine flow (V) to 675 +/- 131%, fractional excretion (FE) of H2O to 336 +/- 29%, absolute Na excretion (UNaV) to 1,259 +/- 290%, FENa to 642 +/- 129%, UKV to 2,226 +/- 1,237%, and FEK to 542 +/- 119%. Despite the marked natriuresis, since GFR doubled, Na reabsorption rose from 78.3 +/- 36.3 in C to 132 +/- 36.3 mueq/min after AE. The effects of AE were immediate and lasted to the end of the perfusion. The lower the initial control GFR, the larger was the AE-induced increase in GFR. Perfusion with low [Ca] (0.2 mM) or verapamil (10(-5) M) severely blunted the hemodynamic, diuretic, kaliuretic, and natriuretic effects of AE. AE decreased rather than increased the RVR when IK were perfused with vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II, norepinephrine, or vasopressin. The results demonstrate that AE acts directly on the kidney, eliciting powerful Ca-dependent hemodynamic and natriuretic responses. The natriuresis induced by AE can be accounted for, at least in part, by its renal hemodynamic effects rather than by the presence of a putative tubular natriuretic factor. The hypothesis is advanced that AE contains a substance(s) which behaves as a functional agonist/antagonist of endogenous vasoconstrictors with a preferential site of action on the efferent arterioles of the renal vasculature.


PURPOSE
We used quantitative parameters of renal sonography to differentiate children with significant obstruction requiring surgical intervention from those without significant obstruction who were followed conservatively.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed the records of children who underwent evaluation for hydronephrosis. Those with a history of vesicoureteral reflux, anatomical abnormalities or neurogenic bladder were excluded from study. Patients were divided according to hydronephrosis grade into groups 1-grades III and IV followed conservatively, 2-grades III and IV requiring surgical intervention, 3-unilateral grade II and 4-bilateral. All images were scanned into a computer. Renal parenchymal and pelvic area was determined using National Institutes of Health image software. Parenchymal-to-pelvic area ratios were calculated from all images. We evaluated the ability of these measurements to determine the likelihood of surgical intervention.

RESULTS
The records of 81 children were available for analysis. Deterioration in parenchymal area growth was a predictor of surgical intervention. Such patients had catch-up growth of the affected kidney after pyeloplasty. A parenchymal-to-pelvic area ratio of greater than 1.6 on the initial ultrasound study after birth predicted cases that would need pyeloplasty in the future (p <0.05). No patient with grade II hydronephrosis required surgical intervention.

CONCLUSIONS
Following serial parenchymal area on serial ultrasound is useful for evaluating children with hydronephrosis. Those with a parenchymal area below the nomogram for growth usually require pyeloplasty. A parenchymal-to-pelvic area ratio of less than 1.6 on the initial ultrasound study after birth in patients with prenatally diagnosed ureteropelvic junction obstruction or on initial ultrasound in those diagnosed postnatally indicated the need for surgical intervention in this limited series.


This paper presents results of a three-year research project focused on the emplacement of Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) in a living lab setting with seven households. The HEMS used in this study allowed householders to monitor energy consumption both in real-time and in retrospective on the TV and on mobile devices. Contrasting with existing research focused on how technology persuades people to consume less energy, our study uses a grounded approach to analyze HEMS emplacement. As an important result, we present here the issue of 'energy literacy'. Our study reveals that, by using HEMS, participants became increasingly literate in understanding domestic electricity consumption. We discuss the role HEMS played in that process and how the acquired literacy changed energy consumption patterns. We conclude that literacy in energy consumption has value on its own and explain how eco feedback system designs can benefit from this understanding.


This paper reviewed the wide range of policies and approaches formulated and implemented to effect agricultural and rural development in Nigeria. The paper reveals that the common feature of all the strategies is the use of institutionalized agricultural extension service, devoted principally to augment smallholder productivity by promoting the adoption of new scientific farming practices. It shows that this approach have achieved limited success due to factors related to: their lethargic attitude towards decision making, inflexibility, over centralization, lack of appropriate technology and available supplies of production inputs, lack of trained manpower, wrong role perception and performance, inadequate coordination with research and training institutions, and lack of requisite logistic supports essential to extension success. It is the belief of this paper that total eradication of rural poverty in Nigeria through the use of extension approach will be achieved only when the role of extension is properly conceived and backed with adequate staffing, effective coordination with research centers and training institutions, provision of useful technologies and requisite physical inputs, adequate financing and proper recognition that extension system does not offer utopian solution to agricultural and rural modernization. It is only one of the numerous needed inputs, and that it's effect is in the nature of a catalytic ingredient of the modernization mix. Global Approaches to Extension Practice Vol.1(1) 2005: 31-46


We study the interaction of a Bose-Einstein condensate with the light field in a driven high-quality optical cavity. The light field acts as an optical potential for the condensate while simultaneously the condensate changes the optical path length of the cavity according to its refractive index. We thus obtain a set of two coupled nonlinear equations of motion for the light and the condensate wave function. We solve these equations numerically and discuss the properties of the obtained stationary ground state of the compound system formed by the condensate and the cavity. Furthermore, we calculate the spectrum of collective excitations which, in contrast to the case of fixed external potentials, involves oscillation of the condensate wave function as well as of the intracavity light intensity. For appropriate system parameters, the dissipative cavity dynamics via the cavity decay leads to damping of the collective condensate excitations.


We need whole-person, generalist medicine, now more than ever.1–3 Yet the dominant model defining quality in medical education and practice — evidence-based medicine (EBM) — has become a barrier to expert generalist practice through its assertion of a hierarchy of knowledge defining best practice.4 EBM was developed as a model for lifelong learning, and later clinical decision making, within the field of specialist medicine.5 It is acknowledged that specialist and generalist medicine are grounded in different models of scientific thinking.1,6,7 They therefore require different approaches; different hierarchies for judging between knowledge and so defining best practice. If we are to revitalise generalist practice, we must retire EBM.

To train the next generation of generalists — and indeed to support the current generation — generalists must now assert our own model of best practice in lifelong learning and clinical decision making. We can learn from the successes of the implementation of the EBM movement. There is a need for clear statements of practice, stepped learning tools, and support for training the trainer as well as the trainee, in order to disseminate learning and practice. But we need to redefine quality of practice.

I propose the need for a new model of scholarship-based medicine (SBM): a model of practice that places the intellectual task of generalist medicine at the top of a knowledge hierarchy (Box 1). This will redefine quality in practice to support the revitalisation of generalist medicine and reverse the reported decline in person-centred care in the primary care setting,8 …


This thesis explores the perspectives of academics on the impacts of quality assurance (QA) processes on their professional practices in a higher education institution in North Cyprus, the European University of Lefke (EUL). After considering how QA might be conceptualized, it describes QA development in this context, before exploring how QA was understood and experienced by a range of different EUL academics.

In keeping with a phenomenological approach, the study adopted a qualitative research design. Building on an assumption that social processes reveal the perspectives, thoughts and realities of individuals in context, it examined the social realities of QA from the academics' perspectives. The epistemological and ontological positioning of the study, therefore, followed a social constructivist and interpretive approach in order to explore the construction of the social processes associated with QA in my research context. Research methods involved documentary analysis of selected institutional texts and semi-structured interviews with 18 academics in different subject areas and of different seniority. Through these, the thesis aims to give voice to academics and to present their situated understandings of quality assurance and its impacts on their professional practices.

My findings indicate that QA was viewed positively by many academics, who associated it with 'quality' in both academic and administrative practices in higher education. They also understood it as being characterised by standards, transparency and quality in teaching and learning. The study further revealed that achieving quality in teaching and learning was strongly associated with aspects such as adequate provision of technological resources and facilities. The thesis also suggested that academics valued QA as a means of supporting the development of particular qualities in students, such as educating them as professionals, and for their own professional development.
Regardless of the variety of meaning that can be attached to the concept of quality and QA, ultimately it was the academics who held individual motivations and wished to have quality in their professional practices, mainly in teaching and learning, although also through the interaction of teaching and research. They also attached significance to research as part of their understanding of quality HE.

However, the findings also demonstrate that when implemented, QA processes do not operate in a straightforward way. The empirical data demonstrated that there appeared to be a wide gap between what academics would have liked QA processes to achieve and what they thought it had accomplished. My study suggested that the implementation of the QA initiatives at institutional level has been challenged by a number of weaknesses in implementation due to the absence of institutional text(s) on principles and procedures as well as a lack of procedural orientation on how QA should be carried out. The evidence in my research suggested that academics were not satisfied with the process, partly because they had strong convictions about what quality HE provision might involve, but also because they desired an institutional environment which allowed them more participation in the decision-making process.

An important conclusion from this research is the evident difficulties in implementation of QA processes in this context are mainly due to the lack of involvement, participation and cooperation between academic staff and university management. The findings suggest that the key issues which were important for these academics were more communication, more participation that was responsive to academics' views, and the desire to have such an institutional environment. Instead of this, QA development in this institutional context had resulted in different and individualised QA practices. In this thesis I argue therefore for the need to broaden the communication and cooperation between the academics and the authorities in the conception, implementation and evaluation of change.


Top performance of athletes is not limited to the demand of fame, public recognition, sponsorship, and prize money but genetic inheritance contributes a prime role to hold such traits. Recent years, we have witnessed the rise of sports specific tests that identify person's athletic talents, but human vary on genetic factors which silently work to achieve success in sports. Recent progress on the genetic determination in the sports sciences offer great perspective to analyze the genotype profile associated with the athletes. One of the most used advances in this field is the identification of variations in the DNA sequence, known as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Genetic evaluations should be combined with other tools to get an accurate identification of athletes and their respective fields to achieve optimum success.


An experiment is presented comparing the effectiveness of three parameters of sound for the auditory presentation of statistical data or auditory graphs. The dimensions of pitch, loudness, and time were used alone and redundantly to map the values of a box plot to an auditory graph. While previously, temporal mappings had resulted in better performance than mappings using pitch, panning, or loudness, these benefits were not consistently found in the current paradigm. Furthermore, to investigate possible benefits of mappings using two dimensions redundantly over mappings using one dimension, this experiment, compared mappings using integral and separable dimensions of sound - specifically, pitch and loudness (integral) and pitch and timing (separable). There was a benefit of a redundant design when the dimensions of sound used were integral whereas there was no benefit when they were separable. Finally, a task closer to a real-life application of auditory graphs was used where two sources of information were monitored simultaneously. The results support the argument that auditory graphs can be used effectively in "eyes busy" situations where more than one source of information is being monitoring.


Approximately one in seven low-risk deliveries was by cesarean in 2018 in the United States using the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine definition; the rates varied widely by state. OBJECTIVE: To assess variations in low-risk cesarean delivery rates in the United States using the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) definition of low-risk for cesarean delivery and to identify factors associated with low-risk cesarean deliveries. METHODS: From hospital discharge data in the 2018 National Inpatient Sample and State Inpatient Databases, we identified deliveries that were low-risk for cesarean delivery using the SMFM definition based on the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. We estimated national low-risk cesarean delivery rates overall and by patient characteristics, clinically relevant conditions not included in the SMFM definition, and hospital characteristics based on the nationally representative sample of hospital discharges in the National Inpatient Sample. Multivariate logistic regressions were estimated for the national sample to identify factors associated with low-risk cesarean delivery. We reported low-risk cesarean delivery rates for 27 states and the District of Columbia based on the annual state data that represented the universe of hospital discharges from participating states in the State Inpatient Databases. RESULTS: Of an estimated 3,634,724 deliveries in the 2018 National Inpatient Sample, 2,484,874 low-risk deliveries met inclusion criteria. The national low-risk cesarean delivery rate in 2018 was 14.6% (95% CI 14.4–14.8%). The rates varied widely by state (range 8.9–18.6%). Nationally, maternal age older than 40 years, non-Hispanic Black or Asian race, private insurance as primary payer, admission on weekday, obesity, diabetes, or hypertension, large metropolitan residence, and hospitals of the South census region were associated with low-risk cesarean delivery. CONCLUSION: Approximately one in seven low-risk deliveries was by cesarean in 2018 in the United States using the SMFM definition and the low-risk cesarean delivery rates varied widely by state.


We proposed that employees' individual- and group-level organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) would transmit the effect of servant leadership onto customer perception of service quality in the hotel context. Participants were 198 supervisors, lower-level customer-contact employees, and customers at South Korean hotels. Survey packets, comprising separate survey forms for each of the 3 groups of respondents, were distributed to the supervisors, who completed their own survey forms and provided the other versions of the survey form to the employees and customers. The results of the analysis of the matched responses supported the study hypotheses. We found that supervisors' servant leadership was positively related to customers' perception of level of service quality and that this positive relationship was mediated by both the hotel employees' individual-level and group-level OCB. The findings suggest that, to improve customer service quality at hotels, supervisors need to facilitate the active performance by their staff of OCB both individually and as a group.


The use of traditional international taxation principles seems inadequate to tackle electronic commerce. This appears most clearly when the object of the economic transaction is the transmission of information. However, it seems possible to rescue the traditional concepts by reformulating them. The way of doing this is to define transactions with reference to their economic function and to the rights being transferred rather than to physical characteristics like "location" or "form of deliverance". Two concepts in particular come mt0 discussion: "presence" and "type of transaction". Possible solutions must take into account that location of contacts may have little relationship with the essential economic activity and that the classification of a transaction should depend upon the function of the rights being transferred rather than on its form.


The human eye can detect 400 to 700 nanometers of light. Processed by the brain, this light in all its digital manipulations, is perceived and interpreted in terms of physical and sensual associations. From the use of red in Communist China to the use of Schiaparelli pink in high fashion, designers and communication masterminds have reimagined age-old colours and given names to previously unrecognizable ones. This rivoting collection features vibrant full-colour examples of layout and graphic designs. It details how the colour spectum is organized, expanded, and manipulated by a variety of artists, including illustrators, graphic designers, advertisers, and members of the media. It reveals how colour evokes memories, moods, sentiments, and desires, and takes an in-depth look at the striking usage of colour in propoganda, journalism, and advertising campaigns.


The primary objective of this project was to design, build, and test an air cleaner for residential use with the potential to substantially improve indoor air quality, or maintain indoor air quality unchanged, when outdoor air ventilation rates are reduced to save energy. Two air cleaners were designed and fabricated. The design targets for airflow rate, fan power, and projected cost were met. In short term laboratory studies, both units performed as expected; however, during field studies in homes, the formaldehyde removal performance of the air cleaners was much lower than expected. In subsequent laboratory studies, incomplete decomposition of some indoor air volatile organic compounds, with formaldehyde as a product of partial decomposition of volatile organic compounds, was confirmed as the explanation for the poor formaldehyde removal performance in the field studies. The amount of formaldehyde produced per unit of decomposition of other volatile organic compounds was substantially diminished by increasing the amount of catalyst on the filter and also by decreasing the air velocity. Together, these two measures reduced formaldehyde production, per unit destruction of other volatile organic compounds, by a factor of four, while increasing the removal efficiency of volatile organic compounds by a factor of 1.4. A company with a southern California office is conducting studies in conjunction with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, with the goal of incorporating the ITAC catalytic air cleaning technology in their future commercial products.


It has been reported previously that the bcl-2 protooncogene protein is detectable in neoplastic cells from cases of human lymphoma in which the 14;18 chromosomal translocation is present, but not in lymphomas that lack this chromosomal rearrangement or in normal lymphoid tissue. In the present study we confirmed, by immunohistologic labeling with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, that bcl-2 protein is strongly expressed in many cases of follicular lymphoma and that these neoplastic follicles differ clearly from their nonmalignant counterpart (reactive germinal centres) in which bcl-2 protein is undetectable. However we also found bcl-2 protein in normal T- and B-lymphoid cells and in a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders in which the 14;18 translocation is not present. It is therefore concluded that expression of bcl-2 protein is not a specific marker for lymphomas bearing the 14;18 chromosomal translocation and that the observations of other investigators may have reflected the inadequate sensitivity of their staining procedure.


Social vulnerability indicators seek to identify populations susceptible to hazards based on aggregated sociodemographic data. Vulnerability indices are rarely validated with disaster outcome data at broad spatial scales, making it difficult to develop effective national scale strategies to mitigate loss for vulnerable populations. This paper validates social vulnerability indicators using two flood outcomes: death and damage. Regression models identify sociodemographic factors associated with variation in outcomes from 11,629 non-coastal flood events in the USA (2008–2012), controlling for flood intensity using stream gauge data. We compare models with (i) socioeconomic variables, (ii) the composite social vulnerability index (SoVI), and (iii) flood intensity variables only. The SoVI explains a larger portion of the variance in death (AIC = 2829) and damage (R 2 = 0.125) than flood intensity alone (death—AIC = 2894; damage—R 2 = 0.089), and models with individual sociodemographic factors perform best (death—AIC = 2696; damage—R 2 = 0.229). Socioeconomic variables correlated with death (rural counties with a high proportion of elderly and young) differ from those related to property damage (rural counties with high percentage of Black, Hispanic and Native American populations below the poverty line). Results confirm that social vulnerability influences death and damage from floods in the USA. Model results indicate that social vulnerability models related to specific hazards and outcomes perform better than generic social vulnerability indices (e.g., SoVI) in predicting non-coastal flood death and damage. Hazard- and outcome-specific indices could be used to better direct efforts to ameliorate flood death and damage towards the people and places that need it most. Future validation studies should examine other flood outcomes, such as evacuation, migration and health, across scales.


OBJECTIVE
Although chronic pain is prevalent among American Indian (AI) populations, the use of traditional healing practices has not been widely investigated. The aim of this qualitative study was to solicit information from adult AIs with chronic pain regarding use of traditional health practices (THPs) for chronic pain and pain reduction.

DESIGN
Prospective qualitative design.

SETTING
The Min No Aya Win Human Services Center, Fond du Lac Band Reservation in Cloquet, MN, and the Center for American Indian Resources, Duluth, MN.

PATIENTS
The cohort included 21 (10 women and 11 men) AI patients with chronic pain.

INTERVENTION
A semi-structured interview guide was developed, and audiotaped interviews were conducted with all patients.

OUTCOME MEASURE
Audiotaped interviews were transcribed, and thematic analysis strategies were used to identify core concepts and categories for coding interview data. A qualitative software analysis program was used to facilitate data coding.

RESULTS
A range of THP were described including smudging (burning sage), sweat lodge (ceremonial sauna), sema (ceremonial tobacco), feasting (strengthening process), pipes (ceremonial herb and tobacco), storytelling (nonhierarchical environment for verbal communication), and contact with a traditional healer (elder spiritual leader). The majority of individuals from the Reservation described prior exposure to THP; however, the majority of urban individuals reported limited exposure. Although the majority of individuals endorsed inclusion of THP in ambulatory-based pain treatment programs, recommendations for inclusion of specific practices were not systematically identified.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this qualitative study suggest AIs from this tribal community utilize THP, but which specific THPs should be included in an ambulatory-based pain treatment program will require further research.


We contribute to the economic literature on patent litigation by taking a new perspective. In the past, scholars mostly focused on specific litigation cases at the patent level and related technological characteristics to the event of litigation. However, observing IP disputes suggests that not only technological characteristics may trigger litigation suits, but also the market positions of firms, and that firms dispute not only about single patents but often about portfolios. Consequently, this paper examines the occurrence of IP litigation cases in Belgian firms using the 2013 Community Innovation Survey with supplemental information on IP litigation and patent portfolios. The rich survey information regarding firms' general innovation strategies enables us to introduce market-related variables such as sales with new products as well as sales based mainly on imitation and incremental innovation. Our results indicate that when controlling for firms' IP portfolio, the composition of turnover in terms of innovations and imitations has additional explanatory power regarding litigation propensities. Firms with a high turnover from innovations are more likely to become plaintiffs in court. Contrastingly, firms with a high turnover from incremental innovation and imitation are more likely to become defendants in court, and, moreover, are more likely to negotiate settlements outside of court.


This dissertation centers on supersaturated designs and strong orthogonal arrays, which provide useful plans for screening experiments and computer experiments, respectively. Supersaturated designs are a good choice for screening experiments. In order to use such designs, a common assumption that all interactions are negligible is made. In this dissertation, this assumption is dropped for the use of supersaturated designs. We propose and study a new class of supersaturated designs, namely foldover supersaturated designs, which allow the active main effects to be identified without making the assumption that two-factor interactions are absent. The E(s2)-optimal foldover supersaturated designs are constructed, and further optimization is also considered for these E(s2)-optimal supersaturated designs. Strong orthogonal arrays were recently introduced and studied as a class of space-filling designs for computer experiments. This dissertation tackles two important problems that so far have not been addressed in the literature. The first problem is how to develop concrete constructions for strong orthogonal arrays of strength 3. We provide a systematic and comprehensive study on the construction of these arrays, with the aim at better space-filling properties. Besides various characterizing results, three families of arrays of strength 3 are presented. The other important problem is that of design selection for strong orthogonal arrays. We conduct a systematic investigation into this problem with the focus on strong orthogonal arrays of strength 2+ and 2. We first select arrays of strength 2+ by examining their 3-dimensional projections, and then formulate a general framework for the selection


This paper introduces an efficient reactive routing protocol considering the mobility and the reliability of a node in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSNs). The proposed protocol accommodates the dynamic behavior of the spectrum availability and selects a stable transmission path from a source node to the destination. Outlined as a weighted graph problem, the proposed protocol measures the weight for an edge the measuring the mobility patterns of the nodes and channel availability. Furthermore, the mobility pattern of a node is defined in the proposed routing protocol from the viewpoint of distance, speed, direction, and node's reliability. Besides, the spectrum awareness in the proposed protocol is measured over the number of shared common channels and the channel quality. It is anticipated that the proposed protocol shows efficient routing performance by selecting stable and secured paths from source to destination. Simulation is carried out to assess the performance of the protocol where it is witnessed that the proposed routing protocol outperforms existing ones.


The birth deformity of ear, known as microtia, varies from a minimal deformed ear to the absence of auricular tissue or anotia. This malformation has been treated by reconstructing the external ear, mainly by autogenous rib cartilage in auricular repair. The fabrication of the ear framework is a prolonged reconstructive procedure and depends of the surgeon's skill. In order to avoid these inconveniences and reduce surgery time, it was proposed in a previous work to use implants made with biocompatible materials. One of these is a scaffold made by fused deposition modeling using PLA based in the three-dimensional geometry of the ear cartilage. The aim of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of this scaffold to perform cell culture in a perfusion biorreactor by estimating the flow transport characteristics in porous media using a scaffold with the porous geometry of the human auricular cartilage for microtia. Flow and heat transfer through the scaffold were simulated by the lattice Boltzmann method, and permeability and shear stress distribution were obtained at different Reynolds numbers. The permeability values of the scaffold achieved are in the order of magnitude of scaffolds used for cell culture. Linear dependencies between maximum shear stress and Reynolds number, and between maximum shear stress and permeability were obtained. The values of shear stress achieved correspond to high percentage of cell viability. The scaffolds for microtia treatment with the proposed filling pattern select is appropriate for cell culture in a perfusion bioreactor with characteristics similar to those described herein.


Prenatal alcohol exposure can cause a number of physical, behavioral, cognitive, and neural impairments, collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). This article examines basic research that has been or could be translated into practical applications for the diagnosis or treatment of FASD. Diagnosing FASD continues to be a challenge, but advances are being made at both basic science and clinical levels. These include identification of biomarkers, recognition of subtle facial characteristics of exposure, and examination of the relation between face, brain, and behavior. Basic research also is pointing toward potential new interventions for FASD involving pharmacotherapies, nutritional therapies, and exercise interventions. Although researchers have assessed the majority of these treatments in animal models of FASD, a limited number of recent clinical studies exist. An assessment of this literature suggests that targeted interventions can improve some impairments resulting from developmental alcohol exposure. However, combining interventions may prove more efficacious. Ultimately, advances in basic and clinical sciences may translate to clinical care, improving both diagnosis and treatment.


Photovoltaics have been regarded as a promising solution to energy and environmental problems, however the state-of-the-art photovoltaics cannot harvest energy or therefore generate electricity in completely dark conditions. To address this issue, we present here the realization of physical proof-of-concept hybridized solar cells by tailoring photovoltaics with polyaniline and its derivates for harvesting energy from the sun and rain. Through interfacial engineering, the optimized polyaniline–graphene/PtCo tailored solar cell yields a photo efficiency of 9.09% under air mass 1.5 illumination and a dark efficiency of up to 25.58% as well as current and voltage under the stimulus of real rain. This work may enable scientists to explore advanced all-weather solar cells revolutionizing photovoltaics.


: A ligated intestine model in calves, pigs, and rabbits was tested for its value as an indicator of virulence of potential vaccine strains of Salmonella typhimurium. A wild virulent strain (3860C), a laboratory strain LT2, and mutants of these 2 strains were evaluated. Inoculation of calf intestinal segments with strain 3860C revealed that fluid responses were greatest in the proximal portion of the small intestine and that doses greater than 10(7) organisms were required to produce fluid responses and mucosal damage. Immunoperoxidase-stained sections of intestine revealed that a large dose of Salmonella organisms was required before mucosal invasion could be detected. Aromatic (aroA), galactose epimerase (galE), and diaminopimelic acid (dap) mutants of strain 3860C all resulted in much less fluid response, mucosal invasion, and mucosal damage compared with those by the parent organism. Strain LT2 induced such weak responses that it was not possible to evaluate reductions in virulence of its mutants. In 6-week-old pigs, there was no fluid response to any strains; however, in 1-week-old pigs, there was fluid response to the wild strain and some of its mutants. In adult rabbits, fluid responses were not observed, except when the wild strain was inoculated in the proximal portion of the small intestine. The calf and 1-week-old pig models appeared to be best suited for assessment of virulence of mutant strains of S typhimurium.


Fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) of type I and IIA were fabricated in Ge-doped and B–Ge co-doped fibres using a 248 nm excimer laser and their performance characteristics were tested and compared with those of a chemical composition grating (CCG), written in a fluorine–germanium doped fibre, over a wide range of temperatures. Long-term testing (more than 600 h) involving a series of step-wise incremental temperature changes shows for the first time the potential of FBGs for high temperature measurement applications (up to and beyond 1100 °C), this depending on the type of FBG involved and the material and composition of the substrate fibre (the CCG was observed to be the most durable at very high temperatures). These gratings are likely to be useful for the simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature over these higher temperature ranges.


The maintenance of balance in upright stance is traditionally evaluated using heavy and expensive force platforms. The aim of this work is to prove the usefulness of a low-cost wearable sensor (an actigraph) to assess postural sway. We compared the performance of the device to a gold standard force platform. We analyzed measurements of postural sway in four conditions differently challenging the subject: with eyes open or closed, while keeping a small or large base of support. We estimated the main postural parameters (ellipse area, mediolateral and antero-posterior root-mean square, eccentricity, sway path length) considering: 1) acceleration data recorded by the actigraph, and 2) traditional COP data obtained from the force platform. We found that it is possible to clearly distinguish the differences among the postural parameters, obtained in the various balance conditions, also using acceleration data. Our results show that the wearable device allows for obtaining information similar to those achievable by the force platform. This support the use of wearable devices to assess postural balance, in a handy and cheap manner.


Adaptive Educational Hypermedia systems (AEH) enhance learning by adaptation and personalisation. As a consequence, wide ranging knowledge and learning content are needed. Problems then emerge in the provision of suitable authoring tools to carry out the authoring process which is complex and time consuming. Based on the fact that former research studies on authoring have identified drawbacks in collaboration, usabilility, efficiency, or interoperability, this paper proposes an approach for collaborative adaptation authoring for adaptive learning. The intended approach aims at improving authoring for AEH systems by allowing many people to participate and enhancing authors' interaction. The novelty of the approach lies in how the domain knowledge which has been semantically defined is enriched, and in the application of Computer Support Collaborative Work (CSCW). This approach adopts the advantages of existing semantic web technology and wiki-based authoring tools used to develop domain knowledge; its output is then enriched with pedagogy-related knowledge including adaptation. The output of the system is intended to be delivered in an existing AEH system.


OBJECTIVE To determine the safety of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban with dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes. DATA SOURCES A literature search of MEDLINE (1946–January 2013) was conducted, using the search terms dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban in combination with dual antiplatelet therapy. A search of literature citations was conducted to identify additional references. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Randomized controlled trials involving the use of one of the new anticoagulants with concomitant dual antiplatelet therapy were included in the review. DATA SYNTHESIS Five randomized controlled trials were reviewed, including 1 trial of dabigatran, 2 trials of rivaroxaban, and 2 trials of apixaban. These studies were conducted in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome, so most patients were receiving aspirin and clopidogrel as dual antiplatelet therapy in addition to a therapeutic dose of one of the anticoagulants. The 3 Phase 2 dose-ranging trials (1 each of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban) found an increasing risk of major and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding with increasing doses of the anticoagulants. The Phase 3 trial of apixaban was terminated early due to an excess of bleeding events, and the trial of rivaroxaban also found an increased risk of bleeding. CONCLUSIONS The emerging use of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban into clinical practice has introduced additional management options, but also safety concerns when combined with antiplatelet agents. Due to the increased risk of bleeding when combining an anticoagulant with 2 antiplatelet agents, clinicians should monitor and educate patients on avoiding potential complications. The need for continued triple regimens should be periodically reviewed.


We leverage the small open economy Switzerland as a testing ground for basic premises of macroeconomic models of endogenous information acquisition, using tailored surveys of firms and households. First, we show that firms perceive a greater exposure to exchange rate movements than households, which is reflected in higher levels of information acquisition and less dispersed beliefs about past and future exchange rate realizations. Similarly, within the two samples, acquisition of exchange rate information strongly increases in various proxies for stake size. Second, households who perceive higher costs of acquiring or processing information acquire less information. Finally, an exogenous increase in the perceived uncertainty of the exchange rate increases firms' demand for a report about exchange rate developments, but not households'. Our findings inform the modeling of information frictions in macroeconomics. JEL Classification: D12, D14, D83, D84, E32, G11


Stability of fast pyrolysis bio-oils is a complex phenomenon, especially as numerous compounds with different reactivities are involved. Acid-catalysed condensation and polymerization reactions of carbonyl compounds and reactive lignin-derived radical species take place which increase the share of water-insoluble compounds, average molecular weight and viscosity of bio-oil. Aging can be slowed by dilution, removing of alkali metals catalysing the aging reactions, removing hemicelluloses causing acidic environment, or adding antioxidants to stabilize reactive specimens. In some cases, controlled aging can be used to stabilize bio-oil. Enhanced stabilization can be achieved by esterification and acetalization of carboxylic acids and carbonyls, respectively. Stage-fractionation of bio-oil and separate stabilization of these fractions is one alternative approach. In low temperature catalytic hydrodeoxygenation reactive carbonyl compounds are stabilized by hydrogen. All these stabilization methods have advantages and disadvantages. The appropriate stabilization method will depend on the bio-oil application. When hydrocarbon fuels are the desired product, more expensive hydrotreatment (HDO) routes to stabilization might be justified. When targeted as feedstock for an oil refinery, thermal stability is a key factor. Viscosity increase would be an indicative factor on polymerization tendency of the oil but also oxygen content, distillability, and micro carbon residue.


Radioactivity is understood to be described by a Poisson process, yet some measurements of nuclear decays appear to exhibit unexpected variations. Generally, the isotopes reporting these variations have long half lives, which are plagued by large measurement uncertainties. In addition to these inherent problems, there are some reports of time-dependent decay rates and even claims of exotic neutrino-induced variations. We present a dedicated experiment for the stable long-term measurement of gamma emissions resulting from β decays, which will provide high-quality data and allow for the identification of potential systematic influences. Radioactive isotopes are monitored redundantly by thirty-two 76 mm × 76 mm NaI(Tl) detectors in four separate temperature-controlled setups across three continents. In each setup, the monitoring of environmental and operational conditions facilitates correlation studies. The deadtime-free performance of the data acquisition system is monitored by LED pulsers. Digitized photomultiplier waveforms of all events are recorded individually, enabling a study of time-dependent effects spanning microseconds to years, using both time-binned and unbinned analyses. We characterize the experiment's stability and show that the relevant systematics are accounted for, enabling precise measurements of effects at levels well below \order{-4}.


"The day will come when a sneeze in the East will generate a cataclysm in the West," Libia Herrero, MD, said in a talk about viruses at the University of Costa Rica, some years ago. This day has arrived! Against the pandemic, public institutions need effective action to stop transmission and provide necessary treatment. Prior experience and the ongoing response to COVID-19 in Costa Rica offer important lessons.

Since the 1980s, when Costa Rican authorities established the National Health System, the country has faced multiple epidemics and pandemics with satisfactory results. What allowed the country to achieve these results? What are the reasons why the cholera epidemic that originated in Peru in the early 1990s with hundreds of thousands of cases and hundreds of deaths, only had 35 cases in Costa Rica—half of which were by people who caught it abroad. Similar success happened with SARS, H1N1, and others. In this article, we discuss some of the features that allowed Costa Rica to effectively deal with previous pandemics and are being brought to bear on COVID-19. We hope this experience will provide insights to public authorities in other countries.


In the last years the European policy for the management of chemicals is deeply changed after entering into force of the European Regulations (EC) no. 1907/2006 and (EC) no. 1272/2008. The implementation of the two Regulations requests a strong effort both from the enterprises and from national and regional institutions. The activities already realised or that are planned for the implementation of one of them could support the implementation of the other one. The crucial point is the creation of the surveillance coordination through a network that involves also the professional figures currently present in the border areas in order to check the compliance with the European legislation of substances on their own, in mixtures or in articles before they are put on European market.


Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by vascular alterations and deregulated fibroblast activation leading to fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. SSc is thought to be an autoimmune disease, owning the presence of auto-antibodies. Genetic studies lend support to the critical role exerted by the immune response in the physiopathology of the disease, since several of the SSc-associated polymorphisms have been found in genes involved in the immune response. Oligoclonal T cells, preferentially producing type 2 cytokines, are present in affected tissues and peripheral blood early in the disease course, and their soluble mediators favor the production of pro-fibrotic and pro-angiogenic factors by fibroblasts, most likely participating in the establishment of fibrosis. More recently, we and others have reported an increased expression of additional T cell subsets, including Th17 cells, and their hallmark cytokines in the peripheral blood, serum and skin of SSc individuals. Here, we will review recent data on the presence of various T helper cells in SSc, and discuss the potential role of Th17 cells in promoting inflammatory responses while keeping fibrosis in check. An understanding of the immune abnormalities characteristic of SSc and their significance, represents a critical step towards the identification of novel therapies that could modify the course of the disease.


Five countries – Austria, Costa Rica, Croatia, Israel and Singapore – have already implemented a ban on the use of wild animals in circuses. In 2009 Bolivia went one step further and became the first country in the world to ban the use of all animal acts in circuses. However our Government recently stated that it would not be implementing a ban on the use of wild animals in circuses but would introduce a new licensing system instead. It argued that a ban could be challenged in the courts as disproportionate under the Human Rights Act 1998 and under the recent European Services Directive. This Comment assesses the likelihood of a successful legal challenge to a ban. Firstly it analyses the challenges to the Hunting Act 2004 under human rights law and applies the case law by analogy to a ban on wild animals in circuses; secondly, it examines the case law on Article 49 of the EC Treaty (which prohibits restrictions on the free movement of services) as well as the wording incorporated into the new European Services Directive which builds on the Article 49 case law. It concludes that a ban in England will not be unlawful under human rights law or the law of the European Union.


Axillary hyperhidrosis is a troublesome condition, particularly in women. The usual history is that of a young woman in her teens or early 20s, who, since puberty, (when the apocrine glands mature) is drenched with perspiration in the armpits but nowhere else. She has undoubtedly tried numerous antiperspirants, has taken anticholinergic medications, and has had all her clothes fitted with axillary pads. Because her sweating is increased under excitement, she may fear heterosexual contact and may seek to combat her anxiety by becoming a chronic consumer of tranquilizers. Sympathectomy might have been suggested to her, but it is less successful for axillary hyperhidrosis than for the palmar and plantar types. Local radiation therapy in a dosage to be effective may be associated with later complications. Fortunately, the problem of hyperhidrosis can be corrected in a relatively simple fashion by surgery. Unfortunately, most patients have had to suffer many years before


Genetic programming has rarely been applied to manufacturing optimisation problems. In this report we investigate the potential use of genetic programming for the solution of the one-machine total tardiness problem. Combinations of dispatching rules are employed as an indirect way of representing permutations within a modified genetic programming framework. Hybridisation of genetic programming with local search techniques is also introduced, in an attempt to improve the quality of solutions. All the algorithms are tested on a large number of benchmark problems with different levels of tardiness and tightness of due dates.


This paper aims to demonstrate how the integration of netnography and business analytics can support companies in the process of value creation from social big data by leveraging on customer relationship management and customer knowledge management (CKM).,This paper adopts the methodology of a single case study by using desk analysis, netnography and business analytics. The context of analysis has been identified into the case of Aurora Company, a well-known producer of fountain pens.,The case demonstrates how the integration of big data analytics and netnography is relevant for the development of a customer relationship management strategy. The results obtained have been categorized according to the three main categories of customer knowledge, such as knowledge for, from and about customer.,This paper presents implications for the advancement of the theory on CKM by demonstrating, as the acquisition, storage and management of data generated by customers on social media require the adoption of a cross-disciplinary approach resulting from the integration of qualitative and quantitative approaches. The framework is structured as methodological tool to detect knowledge in virtual community.,Practical implications arise for managers and entrepreneurs in terms of value creation from knowledge assets generated on social big data through the management of the customers' relationship and data-driven innovation patterns.,This paper offers an original contribution of integration of well-established research streams. The focus on the knowledge under the perspectives of information assets for, from and about customers in the debate on value creation and management of big data is an element of value offered by this study in addition to the comprehension of strategies of social customer relationship management as actual initiative embraced by a company in the leveraging of innovation and tradition.


To date, models of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latency and reactivation have depended on the use of primary myeloid cells, which have limited availability, are difficult to culture and are challenging to genetically modify. We now show that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from circulating late outgrowth endothelial progenitors (EPC) can be differentiated down the myeloid lineage, where HCMV latent carriage and reactivation is known to occur in vivo, and act as a model to allow the interrogation of viral and cellular factors involved in latency and reactivation of this persistent human pathogen. In contrast, monocytes generated from iPSCs derived from de-differentiated fibroblasts failed to support HCMV latent carriage. These iPSCs derived from EPCs may also be suitable for in depth genetic interrogation of other viruses which also infect cells of the myeloid lineage, such as HIV and Zika.


A case report is presented of a patient in whom a lumbosacral meningocele had been successfully removed in the neonatal period and who later received a lumbar epidural block for pain relief during labour. Although a high level was chosen for the puncture, deficiency of the dorsal interspinous layer of ligaments complicated the localisation of the epidural space when the 'loss of resistance' technique was applied. Analgesia was achieved more rapidly and with a lower dose of analgesic drug than is normally necessary for satisfactory relief of pain in labour.


The sedimentary records of Nulhegan Pond and Beecher Pond in the Nulhegan Basin of north‐eastern Vermont were analyzed to yield a history of environmental change since the latest Pleistocene. Shoreline landforms indicate that part of the Nulhegan Basin was inundated by Glacial Lake Nulhegan (GLN), which was impounded behind a dam of glacial sediment. Outwash derived from stagnant ice forms the bottom 176 cm of the Nulhegan Pond core. Fine‐grained inorganic sediment deposited between 13.4 and 12.2k cal a BP is interpreted as a deep‐water facies representing GLN, while coarser sediment from 12.2 to 11.8k cal a BP records draining of the glacial lake. Rapid, simultaneous increases in organic matter and biogenic silica signal the onset of productivity following the Younger Dryas. Beecher Pond formed c. 11.3k cal a BP through surface collapse over a buried ice block; buried stagnant ice may have persisted in the vicinity of the pond into the early Holocene. From 8.9 to 5.5k cal a BP, sediment in both lakes became coarser and richer in aquatic organic matter, suggesting a low‐water phase in which previously deposited lacustrine sediments were reworked and the littoral zone shifted basinward. Low water levels at this time are consistent with other records from Maine and southern Quebec, but contrary to records from ∼325 km to the south. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


With a goal to help develop pressure sensor calibration and deployment algorithms using computer simulations, an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) approach was adopted in this research to predict the responses of side crash pressure sensors for unitized vehicles. For occupant protection, acceleration-based crash sensors have been used in the automotive industry to deploy restraint devices when vehicle crashes occur. With improvements in the crash sensor technology, pressure sensors that detect pressure changes in door cavities have been developed recently for vehicle crash safety applications. Instead of using acceleration (or deceleration) in the acceleration-based crash sensors, the pressure sensors utilize pressure change in a door structure to determine the deployment of restraint devices. The crash pulses recorded by the acceleration-based crash sensors usually exhibit high frequency and noisy responses. Different from those of the acceleration-based crash sensors, the data obtained from the pressure sensors exhibit lower frequency and less noisy responses. Due to its ability to discriminate crash severities and allow the restraint devices to deploy earlier, the pressure sensor technology has gained its popularity for side crash applications. The lower frequency and less noisy characteristics are also more suitable for non-linear finite element codes to predict.Fifteen different benchmark problems were designed and tested in the first stage of this research to investigate the responses of pressure sensors in different impact conditions and the capabilities of the ALE method in the predictions of different pressure sensor responses. The fifteen benchmark problems were divided into three groups to examine the capabilities of the ALE method in detail. Different structures, gases, hole locations, sensor locations, hole sizes, impact speeds, and impactors, were chosen in the fifteen benchmark problems so that the sensitivity of the pressure responses to different factors could be obtained and understood. Computer simulations conducted by employing the ALE method for all fifteen benchmark problems were compared to their corresponding theoretical solutions or test data. The correlations between the tests and the computer simulations were found to be reasonable as reported in a paper published previously.The research was advanced into its final stage, full vehicle tests, after the positive results obtained from the benchmark study. The full vehicle study included two major vehicle architectures, body-on-frame and unitized, that are commonly used to design vehicles in the automotive industry. This paper focuses on the unitized vehicles. A total of thirteen tests, including different body styles, powertrains, drivetrains, test modes, and impact speeds, were investigated.A simulation methodology was developed in this study to correlate the structural responses and to predict the pressure sensor responses for unitized vehicles. The results obtained from the developed methodology using the ALE simulations are compared to those obtained from the corresponding tests. In the full vehicle study, low speed impact conditions were found to be more challenging to predict compared to those of the high speed impact conditions. This is because the pressure responses for the low speed impacts are usually much weaker than those of the high speed impacts. The numerical errors obtained from the simulations become more significant when the magnitudes of the pressure responses are low. The numerical errors induced by the coupling of Lagrangian and Eulerian calculation need to be distinguished and ignored (or filtered) when processing the pressure information. The slopes, peak values, and overall shapes of the predicted pressure responses correlate reasonably with most of the full vehicle tests selected. The correlations of the pre-peak responses are better than those of the post-peak responses which involve air leakage. The oblique pole, IIHS MDB, and FMVSS 214 MDB test modes create distinct door deformations and pressure responses which can be predicted by the computer simulations reasonably. Sensor engineers analyzed the results obtained from a FMVSS 214 simulation and confirmed that replacing the test data with the predicted results would result in the same deployment algorithm. Language: en


Freeze concentration is a process in which water is selectively separated out of binary solution in the form of ice, thereby concentrating solution. The freeze concentration system under consideration is a heat pump based freeze concentration system (FCS) that uses layer freezing process. The application of this system for the present paper is in the process of jaggery making used to concentrate sugarcane juice. A mathematical model is developed that helps in simulation of system under various operating parameters. The model is validated using previously published experimental results. Finally, based on simulation effects of various system parameters on ice growth and subsequent juice concentration have been discussed.


MYEOV and NEGR1 are novel candidate gene targets in neuroblastoma that were identified by chromosomal gain in 11q13 and loss in 1p31, respectively, through single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis. In the present study, to assess the involvement of MYEOV and NEGR1 in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma, we analyzed their mutation status and/or expression profiles in a panel of 55 neuroblastoma samples, including 25 cell lines, followed by additional functional studies. No tumor‐specific mutations of MYEOV or NEGR1 were identified in our case series. Expression of MYEOV was upregulated in 11 of 25 cell lines (44%) and in seven of 20 fresh tumors (35%). The siRNA‐mediated knockdown of MYEOV in NB‐19 cells, which exhibit high expression of MYEOV, resulted in a significant decrease in cell proliferation (P = 0.0027). Conversely, expression studies of NEGR1 revealed significantly lower expression of this gene in neuroblastomas at an advanced stage of the disease. Exogenous NEGR1 expression in neuroblastoma cells induced significant inhibition of cell growth (P = 0.019). The results of these studies provide supporting evidence for MYEOV and NEGR1 as gene targets of 11q13 gains and 1p31 deletions in a neuroblastoma subset. In addition, the findings suggest a possible prognostic value for NEGR1 in neuroblastoma. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 1645–1650)


Soil bacteria participate in self-immobilization processes for survival, persistence and producing virulence factors in some niches or hosts through their capacities of autoaggregation, cell surface hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, and antibiotic and heavy metal resistance. This study investigated potential virulence, antibiotics and heavy metals resistance, solvent adhesion, and biofilm-forming capabilities of six cellulolytic bacteria isolated from soil samples: Paenarthrobacter sp. MKAL1, Hymenobacter sp. MKAL2, Mycobacterium sp. MKAL3, Stenotrophomonas sp. MKAL4, Chryseobacterium sp. MKAL5 and Bacillus sp. MKAL6. Strains were subjected to phenotypic methods, including heavy metal and antibiotic susceptibility and virulence factors (protease, lipase, capsule production, autoaggregation, hydrophobicity and biofilm formation). The effect of ciprofloxacin was also investigated on bacterial susceptibility over time, cell membrane and biofilm formation. Strains MKAL2, MKAL5 and MKAL6 exhibited protease and lipase activities, while only MKAL6 produced capsules. All strains were capable of aggregating, forming biofilm and adhering to solvents. Strains tolerated high amounts of chromium, lead, zinc, nickel and manganese and were resistant to lincomycin. Ciprofloxacin exhibited bactericidal activity against these strains. Although the phenotypic evaluation of virulence factors of bacteria can indicate their pathogenic nature, an in-depth genetic study of virulence, antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes is required.


We report a case of gastric adenocarcinoma in a 23-yr-old white man. Since only 1% of gastric cancers occur in patients under 35 yr or age, the diagnosis is often overlooked. The presence of persistent pain, weight loss, early satiety, anemia, and vomiting are clues to the underlying disorder. Endoscopy is the best means of diagnosis. All ulcers or other suspicious lesions should be biopsied. Prognosis is poor, related to the failure to suspect the diagnosis and to the aggressive nature of the disease. This case points out the importance of the thorough investigation of all patients with suggestive findings regardless of the patient's age.


Colonoscopy is a safe, well-tolerated procedure routinely performed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes of colorectal diseases. Although splenic injury is an uncommon complication, it is associated with a significant morbidity and mortality. Therefore, splenic injury should always be in the differential in any patient with abdominal pain or hemodynamic instability during or following colonoscopy. We present a case of splenic rupture during an elective colonoscopy. J Med Cases. 2014;5(10):541-544 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc1817w


This article studies Parameterised Networks of Automata (pNets) from a theoretical perspective. We illustrate the expressiveness of pNets by showing how to express a wide range of classical constructs of (value-passing) process calculi, but also how we can easily encode complex interaction patterns used in modern distributed systems. Our framework can model full systems, using (closed) hierarchies of pNets, we can also build (open) pNet systems expressing composition operators. Concerning more fundamental aspects, we define a strong bisimulation theory specifically for the pNet model, prove its properties, and illustrate it on some examples. One of the original aspects of the approach is to relate the compositional nature of pNets with the notion of bisimulation, this is exemplified by studying the properties of a flattening operator for pNets.


In order to prove that mathematics cannot be exhausted by a finite set of procedures, Alan Turing conceives, in 1936, of an abstract machine 1. The machine makes its debut in "On Computable Numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem," his first major mathematical paper 2. A close reading of this machine's dynamic will show that Turing's thought in the field of mathematics is a consciously embodied thought that contemplates its own incompleteness. By examining Turing's machine through the lens of incompleteness, this project will reveal how, through his extension into abstraction, Turing engages in a paradoxically intensive movement that reveals his body as inextricably enfolded in thought. To understand this radical act of contemplation, Turing must be situated within a history of thinkers working against totality, because in thinking his own incompleteness, he refutes the idea that systems are defined by completeness, or that the unfolding of something is circumscribed by that something as goal. This constellation of thinkers includes Kurt Godel, before Turing, with his Incompleteness Theorem 3;
it also includes Gilles Deleuze, with his
explanation of how meaning gets made in The Logic of Sense ,4 and Michel Foucault, with his formulation of meaning's dissolution in "The Thought of the Outside."5 Brian Massumi then ushers this tradition into the present by defining the limit of a human being as immanent to that being in Parables for the Virtual.6 Massumi grounds his theory in Deleuzeian and Foucauldian concepts, themselves built from Turing's legacy of lived thought, which in turn is grounded in Godel's theorem. Explaining these writers' relation to Turing's work on incompleteness will reveal the way in which systems of meaning are always torn between their own constitution and dissolution; this state of being torn will clarify, in turn, the movement of Turing's mathematical body.


Multiple proteins are proteolytically shed from the membrane, including the amyloid precursor protein (APP) involved in Alzheimer's disease, the blood pressure regulating angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), the low affinity IgE receptor CD23, and the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-). The inhibitory effect of a range of hydroxamic acid-based compounds on the secretases involved in cleaving and releasing these four proteins has been examined to build up a structure-activity relationship. Compounds have been identified that can discriminate between TNF- convertase and the other three secretases (compound 15), between the shedding of CD23 and the shedding of APP and ACE (compound 21), and between the secretases and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (compound 22). The structure-activity relationship for the APP -secretase and the ACE secretase were remarkably similar, and both secretases were activated in whole cell systems by the serine proteinase inhibitor 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin. The basal and carbachol-stimulated shedding of APP and ACE from human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells could not be differentiated by any of the hydroxamate compounds, implying that the same or very similar activities are involved in the constitutive and regulated shedding of these two proteins. By utilizing a key discriminatory compound (compound 15) that potently inhibits TNF- convertase but not -secretase, we show that TNF- convertase is not involved in the regulated shedding of APP from human neuronal cells. The compounds reported here will be useful in future studies aimed at identifying and validating candidate secretases.


The aims of this research are 1). to analyze the stereotypes and prejudices in intercultural
communication and the indigenous Moslem ethnic Chinese in Medan; 2). to obtain a pattern of communication
used by indige
nous Moslem and ethnic Chinese in Medan; 3). to find patterns of social interaction that exists
between indigenous Moslem and the ethnic Chinese in Medan; 4). to analyze intercultural communication
barriers caused by stereotypes and prejudices. This study
uses a qualitative method with phenomenological
approach using the target depth interviews with 40 informants with saturated the data obtained from the ethnic
Chinese and indigenous Moslem. An important result of research shows that 1). In intercultural co
mmunication
and the indigenous Moslem ethnic Chinese in Medan still marked the elements of stereotypes and prejudice,
giving rise to social distance and become an obstacle to the harmonization of relations native Moslem and
ethnic Chinese in Medan. Stereot
ypes are marked with various labels of each ethnic namely: happy group;
Strong family ties; rude and arrogant; aggressive and uncouth; steal; cunning and like broken promises; less
educated; tenacious and hardworking; prejudice against ethnic expressed in
various forms, namely: anti
dwelling; avoidance; discrimination; Intercultural communication between them in the end did not take place
effectively, in which each ethnic group retains his ethnic identity and do not want to understand the culture of
other e
thnic groups. Furthermore, communication is established finally only apparent, rigid, and superficial.
While effective communication occurs only limited in the public domain. 2). The pattern of communication
between Indigenous and ethnic Chinese Moslem in
the city of Medan is the primary communication and circular
patterns. The pattern in which the primary communication occurs between the nuclear family and extended
family from both sides. The pattern of circular communication where the communication patter
n between
indeginous Moslem and ethnic Chinese with their neighborhoods. 3). Intercultural interaction with the ethnic
Chinese native Moslem is not effective and does not take place between 3 harmonis.di existing pattern of
interaction then Associative Pat
tern is a pattern of interaction that are relevant to this study. 4). Stereotypes and
prejudice are two main obstacles in intercultural communication indigenous Moslem and ethnic Chinese in
Medan.
Keywords:
Stereotypes, Prejudice, Intercultural
Communication, Indigenous Moslem, ethnic Chinese


The reproductive condition of Thais chocolata (copulative aggregation establishment, clutch laying in capsules and specimen density), was studied monthly between February 2009 and January 2010, in the locality of Chanavaya (Tarapaca, Chile). Results showed that the specimens are mainly distributed in aggregations, and that their gonad development is asynchronous with the presence of mature females being registered during the entire year. Reproductive aggregations were found in the shallow stratus from late January to August 2009 and reappearing in January 2010. However, the larger ones (which sustained extraction) occurred during June-July and January. An increase in specimen density in the 5 to 17 m stratum was registered in May-August and December-January, coinciding with the periods previous to, during and after the highest aggregation magnitudes registered. The aggregation periods coincided with temperatures over 15oC, with a lower reproductive activity associated to a decrease in temperature. We state that abrupt temperature changes occurring in short time periods could cause mature specimen to move, increasing their density in shallow waters for reproductive purposes. We suggest increasing protection for the resource during the reproductive aggregation processes given that extraction leaves the clutches unprotected and prone to predation from other organisms.


The classical union-find algorithm is the basis for many graph algorithms and for dealing with equality. The easiest way to implement concurrent objects is by means of classical software solutions, but this leads to blocking when the process that holds exclusive access to the object is delayed or stops functioning. Thus we require our solutions to the data structure problem have the lock-free property. In this paper, we present an efficient lock-free algorithm for union-find with deletion, which promises more robust performance and reliability than conventional lock-based implementations.


This study uses a randomized design to assess the impact of the Balanced Leadership program on principal leadership, instructional climate, principal efficacy, staff turnover, and student achievement in a sample of rural northern Michigan schools. Participating principals report feeling more efficacious, using more effective leadership practices, and having a better instructional climate than control group principals. However, teacher reports indicate that the instructional climate of the schools did not change. Furthermore, we find no impact of the program on student achievement. There was an impact of the program on staff turnover, with principals and teachers in treatment schools significantly more likely to remain in the same school over the 3 years of the study than staff in control schools.


Field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is presented. The system implements 8 point QAM. The system is suitable for realization of the digital baseband-modulation part of software-defined radio systems. In addition, this kind of implementation can be used for educational purposes. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is widely used due to its spectrum efficiency. The proposed system accepts input message signal from the external user. Xilinx ISE 14.6 for the Verilog code simulation and hardware implementation is done on Spartan 3 XC3S400 FPGA board using Xilinx ISE 14.6 and iMPACT (manage configuration project process) software. The real time output is viewed on a digital storage oscilloscope. Keywords— FPGA, QAM, Verilog, Digital Modulator and Demodulator.


The ability and willingness of health care workers to report for work during a pandemic are essential to pandemic response. The main contribution of this article is to examine the relationship between risk perception of personal and work activities and willingness to report for work during an influenza pandemic. Data were collected through a quantitative Web-based survey sent to health care workers on the island of Montreal. Respondents were asked about their perception of various risks to obtain index measures of risk perception. A multinomial logit model was applied for the probability estimations, and a factor analysis was conducted to compute risk perception indexes (scores). Risk perception associated with personal and work activities is a significant predictor of intended presence at work during an influenza pandemic. This means that correcting perceptual biases should be a public policy concern. These results have not been previously reported in the literature. Many organizational variables are also significant.


This report is the second of a three-part release of national information from the second National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) swine study, the Swine '95 Grower/Finisher. The 1990 National Swine Survey focused on farrowing sows and preweaning piglets. For the Swine '95 Study, the USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) collaborated with Veterinary Services (VS) to select a producer sample that was statistically designed to provide inferences to the nation's swine population. Data collected for the study represented the top 16 pork states and nearly 91 percent of the U.S. hog inventory, as well as nearly three fourths of the nation's pork producers. Data for this report were collected from 418 producers whose operations had 300 or more market hogs, including at least one of 120 or more pounds. The most frequent reason for switching pigs in the grower/finisher phase from one type of diet to the next was weight; number of diets fed was likely to increase as the size of an operation increased. Percent operations feeding different diets to males and females also increased as the size of an operation increased. Over 92 percent of grower/finisher pigs received preventive/growth promotant antibiotics in feed. Agents most frequently used were bacitracin (52 percent of operations) and chlortetracycline (41 percent of operations). The most frequent source of grower/finisher pigs was on-site farrowing and nursery units (77 percent of operations). The most frequently diagnosed disease in breeding herds was porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS, 17 percent of operations). The most frequently diagnosed disease in nursery pigs was Escherichia coli (21 percent of operations). Thirty-eight percent of grower/finisher deaths were due to respiratory problems. The per-pig average feed efficiency was 3.24 lbs fed/lb gained. Sixty-five percent of operations marketed pigs directly to a slaughter plant buying station. Contact for this paper: Eric Bush


In document-level relation extraction (DocRE), graph structure is generally used to encode relation information in the input document to classify the relation category between each entity pair, and has greatly advanced the DocRE task over the past several years. However, the learned graph representation universally models relation information between all entity pairs regardless of whether there are relationships between these entity pairs. Thus, those entity pairs without relationships disperse the attention of the encoder-classifier DocRE for ones with relationships, which may further hind the improvement of DocRE. To alleviate this issue, we propose a novel encoder-classifier-reconstructor model for DocRE. The reconstructor manages to reconstruct the ground-truth path dependencies from the graph representation, to ensure that the proposed DocRE model pays more attention to encode entity pairs with relationships in the training. Furthermore, the reconstructor is regarded as a relationship indicator to assist relation classification in the inference, which can further improve the performance of DocRE model. Experimental results on a large-scale DocRE dataset show that the proposed model can significantly improve the accuracy of relation extraction on a strong heterogeneous graph-based baseline. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/xwjim/DocRE-Rec.


Purpose
This paper aims to investigate teacher-initiated whole-group oral reading practices in two ninth-grade reading intervention classrooms and how teachers understood the purposes of those practices.

Design/methodology/approach
In this qualitative cross-case analysis, a literacy-as-social-practice perspective is used to collaboratively analyze ethnographic data (fieldnotes, audio recordings, interviews, artifacts) across two classrooms.

Findings
Oral reading was a routine instructional reading event in both classrooms. However, the literacy practices that characterized oral reading and teachers' purposes for using oral reading varied depending on teachers' pedagogical philosophies, instructional goals and contextual constraints. During oral reading, students' opportunities to engage in independent meaning making with texts were either absent or secondary to other purposes or goals.

Practical implications
Findings emphasize the significance of understanding both how and why oral reading happens in secondary classrooms. Specifically, they point to the importance of collaborating with teachers to (a) examine their own ideas about the power of oral reading and the institutional factors that shape their existing oral reading practices; (b) investigate the intended and actual outcomes of oral reading for their students and (c) develop other instructional approaches to support students to individually and collaboratively make meaning from texts.

Originality/value
This study falls at the intersection of three under-researched areas of study: the nature of everyday instruction in secondary literacy intervention settings, the persistence of oral reading in secondary school and teachers' purposes for using oral reading in their instruction. Consequently, it contributes new knowledge that can support educators in creating more equitable instructional environments.


Pipe faults, such as leakage and blockage, commonly exist in water pipeline systems. It is essential to identify and fix these failures appropriately in order to reduce the risk of water pollution and enhance the security of water supply. Recently, transient-based detection methods have been developed for their advantages of non-intrusion, efficiency and economics compared to traditional methods. However, this method is so far limited mainly to simple pipelines with a single known type of pipe fault in the system. This paper aims to extend the transient-based method to multiple-fault detection in water pipelines. For this purpose, this study introduced an efficient and robust method for transient pressure signal analysis – a combination of the empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert transform – in order to better identify and detect different anomalies (leakage, blockage and junction) in pipelines. To validate the proposed transient-based time-frequency analysis method, laboratory experimental tests were conducted in this study for a simple pipeline system with multiple unknown types of pipe faults including leakages, blockages and junctions. The preliminary test results and analysis indicate that multiple pipe faults in simple pipelines can be efficiently identified and accurately located by the proposed method.


Event argument extraction (EAE) identifies event arguments and their specific roles for a given event. Recent advancement in generation-based EAE models has shown great performance and generalizability over classification-based models. However, existing generation-based EAE models mostly focus on problem re-formulation and prompt design, without incorporating additional information that has been shown to be effective for classification-based models, such as the abstract meaning representation (AMR) of the input passages. Incorporating such information into generation-based models is challenging due to the heterogeneous nature of the natural language form prevalently used in generation-based models and the structured form of AMRs. In this work, we study strategies to incorporate AMR into generation-based EAE models. We propose AMPERE, which generates AMR-aware prefixes for every layer of the generation model. Thus, the prefix introduces AMR information to the generation-based EAE model and then improves the generation. We also introduce an adjusted copy mechanism to AMPERE to help overcome potential noises brought by the AMR graph. Comprehensive experiments and analyses on ACE2005 and ERE datasets show that AMPERE can get 4% - 10% absolute F1 score improvements with reduced training data and it is in general powerful across different training sizes.


We are pleased to present Issue 3 of AJET for Volume 29. In this issue you'll find an article that considers factors that influence students' adoption of mobile learning tools (Mac Callum & Jeffery), papers that consider the role of Facebook in students' learning (Ramble; McCarthy) and a paper that reports on factors that lead to successful language learning in 3-D multiuser virtual environments (Tseng, Tsai & Chao). Thomas Cochrane and David Rhodes report on a participatory action research study that considers pedagogical changes in a mobile learning project over a number of years. Dale Holt and his colleagues report on the outcome of an Australian Learning and Teaching Council project which presents a quality management framework drawing on models of distributed leadership, while Boyd and Ellis reflect on tricky issues of knowledge ownership and creation in the open source world of teaching and learning. One paper reports on primary school teachers' technology adoption (Tondeur, Kershaw, Vanderlinde & van Braak) while a second paper reports on how the performance of primary school students is effected by the timing of scaffold provision (Yu, Tsai & Wu). The final paper in the issue (Sever, Oguz-Unver & Yurumezoglu) reports on an empirical investigation of inquiry based learning environments in science, which employ video-based demonstration methods. The rich tapestry of educational technology research and practice is certainly showcased in this issue.


. Particulate organic carbon (POC) flux estimated from POC concentration observations from sediment traps and 234 Th are compiled across the global ocean. The compilation includes six time series locations: CARIACO, K2, OSP, BATS, OFP, and HOT. Efficiency of the biological pump of carbon to the deep ocean depends largely on biologically mediated export of carbon from the surface ocean and its remineralization with depth; thus biologically related parameters able to be estimated from satellite observations were merged at the POC observation sites. Satellite parameters include net primary production, percent microplankton, sea surface temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm, euphotic zone depth, and climatological mixed layer depth. Of the observations across the globe, 85 % are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere with 44 % of the data record overlapping the satellite record. Time series sites accounted for 36 % of the data, while 71 % of the data are measured at ≥ 500 m with the most common deployment depths between 1000 and 1500 m. This data set is valuable for investigations of CO 2 drawdown, carbon export, remineralization, and sequestration. The compiled data can be freely accessed at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.855600.


The lack of a viable organizational typology is cited as a factor in the current absence of comparative research among physical rehabilitation facilities. A short discussion of approaches to typology construction is given which concludes that theoretically grounded typologies are most likely to produce useful insights. Subsequently, a fourfold typology of treatment facilities-maintenance, processing, changing and rehabilitation-is generated from a theory of variations in patient handling.


Web searches are often needed in collocated meetings. Many research projects have been conducted for supporting collaborative search in information-seeking meetings, where searches are executed both intentionally and intensively. However, for most common meetings, Web searches may happen randomly with low-intensity. They neither serve as main tasks nor major activities. This kind of search can be referred to as opportunistic search. The area of opportunistic search in meetings has not yet been studied. Our research is based upon this motivation. We propose an augmented tangible tabletop system with a semi-ambient conversation-context-aware surface as well as foldable paper browsers for supporting opportunistic search in collocated meetings. In this paper, we present our design of the system and initial findings.