Asteraceae family grows as wild plants in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia near the Gulf coast with prevalent high humidity coupled with more moderate temperatures. Eight genera were collected during the flowering season to study genetic diversity according to protein patterns for each plant. The protein patterns showed different numbers of bands, concentrations, molecular weight and intensity. Two common bands were observed to ensure the existence of fixed gene and it can also be considered as a marker of the studied genera. Protein profiles revealed genetic diversity among these species for adaptation to environmental factors. Similarity coefficient was high for Sonchus oleranceus and Senecio desfontainei, while low for Launaea capitata and Osteospermum vaillantii among the studied plants. The hierarchical cluster analysis, formed two major clusters, which indicates the existence of genetic diversity among the studied genera. The first cluster was divided into two sub-clusters. Sub-cluster A comprised three species, Scorzonera  papposa , Senecio desfontainei , and Sonchus oleranceus; and the second sub-cluster B comprised four species Anthemis melampodina, Echinops hussoni, Launaea capitata, and O. vaillanti. The second cluster contained only one species Artemisia inculta, which suggests that the Asteraceae family may have more than one evolutionary line.

 Key word: Asteraceae, genetic diversity, protein patterns.


Purpose:To compare the fracture load and failure mode of the monolithic lithium disilicate crown (e.max group) and 2 types of veneered zirconia crowns, hand layer (ZV group) and heat pressed (ZP group), as a posterior implant-supported restoration. Methods:A total of 24 all-ceramic crowns for molar tooth were fabricated using the computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacture (CAD/CAM) system. The e.max group crowns and zirconia copings for ZV and ZP groups were fabricated using a Cerec milling unit. The ZV group was fabricated using a hand-layer veneering method, and the ZP group using a heat-pressing method. All crowns were luted to the abutments, which were connected to implant fixtures, using resin cement. Fracture load was measured using the universal testing machine, and the fracture surface was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Results:The ZP group showed significantly higher fracture load (5229.3 N) compared with the e.max group (3852.1 N) and ZV group (3100.3 N). All fractures in the ZV group occurred in the veneered layer. Conclusion:Monolithic CAD/CAM lithium disilicate crowns are applicable to posterior implant-supported restorations because the fracture load was higher than the average occlusal force.


Adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, catalyzed by the ADAR enzyme family, acts on dsRNA structures within pre-mRNA molecules. Editing of the coding part of the mRNA may lead to recoding, amino acid substitution in the resulting protein, possibly modifying its biochemical and biophysical properties. Altered RNA editing patterns have been observed in various neurological pathologies. Here, we present a comprehensive study of recoding by RNA editing in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of irreversible dementia. We have used a targeted resequencing approach supplemented by a microfluidic-based high-throughput PCR coupled with next-generation sequencing to accurately quantify A-to-I RNA editing levels in a preselected set of target sites, mostly located within the coding sequence of synaptic genes. Overall, editing levels decreased in AD patients' brain tissues, mainly in the hippocampus and to a lesser degree in the temporal and frontal lobes. Differential RNA editing levels were observed in 35 target sites within 22 genes. These results may shed light on a possible association between the neurodegenerative processes typical for AD and deficient RNA editing.


Cartilage is characterized by unique biomechanical and morphological properties. These properties are dictated mainly by the visco-elastic behavior of the interstitial matrix. Attempts to quantify the biomechanical properties of cartilage have been based on in-vitro confined and unconfined compression experiments and indentation tests, in-situ measurements of intact cadaveric knee joint specimens under loading using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), numerical modeling, or in-vivo techniques such as those applying arthroscopic indentation or loading with MR imaging.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


Objective The current study evaluates long-term quality of life (QOL) and sexual function of patients with endometrial cancer who received adjuvant pelvic external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and/or vaginal brachytherapy (BRT). Materials and Methods One hundred forty-four endometrial cancer survivors who were treated between January 2000 and December 2009 in our department were included in this study. Median follow-up was 79 months (range, 31–138 months). Fifty-two patients were treated with 45 to 50.4 Gy EBRT, 76 were with BRT, and 16 were with both EBRT and BRT. Brachytherapy was in the form of vaginal cuff BRT with 5 × 550 cGy high dose rate BRT, prescribed to the first 4 cm and whole wall thickness of vagina. Quality of life was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 and subscales from the supplemental 24-item Cervical Cancer Module. Results Vaginal BRT patients reported better physical functioning (P = 0.01), role functioning (P = 0.03), and sexual enjoyment (P = 0.01) compared to EBRT group. Symptom score (P = 0.01), lymphedema (P = 0.03), pain (P = 0.02), and diarrhea (P = 0.009) scores were also higher with EBRT. Vaginal BRT did not worsen symptom scores or sexual functions when added to EBRT. Obese patients experienced higher rates of lymphedema (P = 0.008). Cognitive and role functioning scores were significantly higher in patients with normal body mass index. Conclusions External beam radiotherapy negatively affects long-term QOL and sexual functions in endometrial cancer survivors. Vaginal BRT provides higher QOL. Patients with body mass index within normal limits have improved QOL.


Flows past open cavities are known to exhibit tonal features at well-dened frequencies driven by the velocity U  and the cavity length L, following Rossiter's semi-empirical model [5]. In the incompressible regime, such striking spectral features are the result of a global instability that makes the steady base flow unstable with respect to self-sustained oscillations, via a super-critical Hopf bifurcation [2, 6]. In experiments, however, the oscillations are never perfectly monochromatic and always undergo amplitude and/or frequency modulations. Part of the modulation is due to the inner-cavity recirculation, that brings information back to the shear-layer and couple to it [7]. It has been recently discovered that the lowest broad-band frequencies that modulate the envelope find their origin in the dynamics that develop in the inner-flow [1, 3]. A closer look at the inner flow dynamics indeed reveals the spanwise formation of slowly evolving alleys of streamwise vortical structures that swirl around the main recirculating flow. Such patterns appear at Reynolds numbers much smaller than the critical values usually observed for the shear-layer self-sustained oscillations [4]. In this contribution, we present the compilation of a decade of experimental investigations on both the shear-layer oscillations and the inner-flow dynamics, together with their dynamical coupling, in incompressible open cavity flows.


The recent development of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) digital brain atlases and high-throughput brain wide imaging techniques has fueled the generation of large datasets that can be registered to a common reference frame. This registration facilitates integrating data from different sources and resolutions to assemble rich multidimensional datasets. Generating insights from these new types of datasets depends critically on the ability to easily visualize and explore the data in an interactive manner. This is, however, a challenging task. Currently available software is dedicated to single atlases, model species or data types, and generating 3D renderings that merge anatomically registered data from diverse sources requires extensive development and programming skills. To address this challenge, we have developed brainrender: a generic, open-source Python package for simultaneous and interactive visualization of multidimensional datasets registered to brain atlases. Brainrender has been designed to facilitate the creation of complex custom renderings and can be used programmatically or through a graphical user interface. It can easily render different data types in the same visualization, including user-generated data, and enables seamless use of different brain atlases using the same code base. In addition, brainrender generates high-quality visualizations that can be used interactively and exported as high-resolution figures and animated videos. By facilitating the visualization of anatomically registered data, brainrender should accelerate the analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of brain-wide multidimensional data.


In this paper, we offer an experimental phonetic analysis of vowel length in two dialects of Liguria, those of Genoa and Porto Maurizio. Although Ligurian dialects show a high degree of uniformity, they nonetheless display differences, notably in the distribution of vowel length. This study, based on read speech data collected through dedicated fieldwork, shows some asymmetries in the phonetic implementation of vowel length and its correlates in the two dialects: in Genoese, the phonetic manifestation of the vowel length contrast is more stable than in Portorino, which is in keeping with the fact that the latter is part of Western Ligurian, a subdivision for which contrastive vowel length has been previously reported to be losing ground.


This extended lesson plan uses the book Queen of the Falls to investigate the life of Annie Edson Taylor, the first person to successfully fall over Niagara Falls in a barrel Niagara Falls. Through the various activities, students will explore resources such as photographs, first-hand accounts, newspaper articles, songs, and poems from the era, to learn what life was like for women in 1901, and to discuss the events surrounding Taylor's decision to venture over Niagara Falls. Several questions will be posed to the students including "How was Annie Edson Taylor a woman of her time?" "To what extent was Annie Edson Taylor a hero?" "Was Annie Edson Taylor's trip over the Falls worth the attempt for fame and fortune?" The lesson concludes with the following question: "Was Annie Edson Taylor a woman of her time or by her design?"


Feynman path integrals offer a convenient and elegant tool for dealing with the statistical physics of quantum-mechanical systems. By using the Trotter product formula, one can evaluate directly the propagation of many-body quantum systems in imaginary time. The idea of an influence functional arises when one wishes to consider division of the physical system into a primary system and a bath. We present a general approach to the problem of constructing influence functionals, one that is capable of dealing both with Boltzmann baths (classical oscillators) and quantum baths of bosons or fermions. The fermion bath of special interest is generally a submanifold of the electronic state such as the bridge structure connecting chromophores or electron localization subunits which are common in problems of mixed valency and superexchange. The fermion bath is treated by a general rewriting of the influence phase S as a sum of an eigenvalue part ${S}_{\mathrm{EV}}$ and a remainder, ${S}^{0}$, that describes transitions. Reduction of the original Hamiltonian leads to a reduced Hamiltonian with effective off-diagonal matrix elements and influence functionals which can include memory effects. We present a general formalism for construction of influence functionals, and discuss particular applications to systems of interest, especially in electronic-structure problems. The following paper presents a variational technique for finding effective Hamiltonians.


A simple continuum damage mechanics (CDM) based 3D progressive damage analysis (PDA) tool for laminated composites was developed and implemented as a user defined material subroutine to link with a commercially available explicit finite element code. This PDA tool uses linear lamina properties from standard tests, predicts damage initiation with an easy-to-implement Hashin-Rotem failure criteria, and in the damage evolution phase, evaluates the degradation of material properties based on the crack band theory and traction-separation cohesive laws. It follows Matzenmiller et al.'s formulation to incorporate the degrading material properties into the damaged stiffness matrix. Since nonlinear shear and matrix stress-strain relations are not implemented, correction factors are used for slowing the reduction of the damaged shear stiffness terms to reflect the effect of these nonlinearities on the laminate strength predictions. This CDM based PDA tool is implemented as a user defined material (VUMAT) to link with the Abaqus/Explicit code. Strength predictions obtained, using this VUMAT, are correlated with test data for a set of notched specimens under tension and compression loads.


Purpose of review There is increasing emphasis on medical care of the whole patient. This holistic approach encompasses supporting the spiritual or religious needs of the patient. Particularly at the end of life, spiritual concerns may come to the fore as patients recognize and accept their impending death. Physicians may also recognize this spiritual distress but may not be clear on how to provide spiritual support. Recent findings Tools to screen for spiritual concerns are available for physicians to use. Some physicians wish to go further, supporting patients at the end of life in their spiritual quest. Other physicians express concern about causing more distress to patients in a time of significant need. Descriptions of educational tools, as well as the difference between spiritual generalists and spiritual specialists have emerged. Integration of chaplains into the medical team caring for patients at the end of life will also enhance care of the whole patient. Summary The increasing emphasis on whole patient care is leading to increasing focus on spiritual concerns of patients. Although not every patient has an interest in spiritual conversation, most do and medical teams will need to become more educated about appropriate spiritual engagement.


This research mainly focused on discovering the application of literary theory in literary texts. Literary theories and literary texts were the same as two sides of a coin. They could not be separated or segregated. In addition, they both also helped people or the readers understand the application of them. However, even though literary theory and literary texts were interrelated or interconnected, they both shared different concept. Literary theory referred to on this basis, a set of assumptions or principles in which they could be used to explain, criticize, and interpret particular aspects, situations, or conditions in literary texts. Whereas, literary text, to some extent, referred to a created story in which it was based on people's experience such as novels, poems, and many others.
The method used in this research was the library research or library studies in which the data were gathered through reading literatures and taking important notes. The primary and secondary data were used to analyze the study. The primary source was some of the literary theories in the literary works such as novel and short stories. The secondary source was gathered through reading journals, articles, and books.
The findings of the study referred to four main theories, namely, structuralism, post-structuralism, post-modernism, and psychoanalysis. The application of structuralism theory in literary texts gave some insights which showed that although a thing had its structure that shape or form, it is still standing a single unity. It also happened to the literary works. Even though a literary work had its structure, it was still seen as a unity eventually. The application of post-structuralism theory showed that in reading a literary text, one might had different interpretation toward it. One might say A, but the other would probably say B. However, it was rather difficult to have the same interpretation as what the author of the texts really wanted to say without referring it to another related source to help people understand and be able to do certain analysis.  The application of post-colonialism theory in literary text showed that the post-colonial theorist entered the literary texts or works through a specific critical lens, or a specific way of reading them. That critical lens, post-colonial theory or post-colonialism, asked the reader to analyze and explain the effects that colonization and imperialism, or the extension of power into other nations, had on people and nations. The last theory, the application of psychoanalysis theory in literary text showed that this theory was not the only theory that people could use to analyze or criticize the characters in literary works or texts. It might be possible if one wanted to use this theory to reveal what is intended by the author or what the characters' motivations were.

Key words: Literary theory, literary text.


PURPOSE
The aim of the study is to evaluate the porcine liver as a teaching and training model for the glissonian approach.

METHODS
Ten livers were removed from domestic adult white pigs weighting 35 to 45 kg. Based on anatomical landmarks, the glissonian pedicles of each liver segments were dissected and biopsies were taken for histological examination, to analyze the presence of the glissonian sheath.

RESULTS
During microscopic examination, a sheath of conjunctive tissue was observed wrapping each segmental pedicle in porcine liver. This could be clearly seen when histological preparation for connective tissue was obtained (Masson technique).

CONCLUSION
The morphological arrangement of glissonian pedicles in porcine liver makes this model a useful tool for training the intra-hepatic glissonian approach.


Accurate prediction of burst speed and critical location of a rotating disk is a great concern for turbomachinery designers and enables the reduction of test numbers required to show rotor integrity during turbo engine certification. Existing burst methodologies mainly focused on axial disks with well-defined bore, web, and rim regions and mostly depended on correction factors that require previous test data of rotors with similar sizes and features. Furthermore, variation of radial and hoop stresses in a radial disk is less predictable than in axial disks due to the asymmetric nature of impellers, which results in uneven distribution of centrifugal and bending loads. This paper aims to explain the experimental and numerical effort dedicated to building an accurate burst methodology for impellers. Elastoplastic finite element analyses are performed by incorporating geometric and material nonlinearities. Analysis results allowed the prediction of failure locations and observation of redistribution of stresses due to material plasticity as rotor speed increases. An extensive test campaign is carried out to validate the numerical analysis. Critical strain criteria, which corresponds to the plastic strain of true ultimate tensile strength (UTS), is used to determine burst speeds before tests. Experimental results are compared with Robinson's Average Hoop Stress Criteria, Hallinan's Criteria, and Critical Strain Criteria to show the strong and weak sides of these methodologies for an impeller application. The numerical burst speeds and crack initiation locations associated with critical strain criteria are found to be in good agreement with the spin test results.


: Aspects of mental disorder in developing communities are considered. The effects of changes precipitated by modern living conditions are expounded and these are related to the nature of, and impediments to, effective treatment strategies. An explosion in the need for treatment is predicted, and suggestions are made to handle the phenomenon.


This research concerns the design of a presenter mouse which is currently available, and applies the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) design method to carry on the improvement and design of the product. The objective is practicability and functional improvement of a wireless presenter mouse, letting it combine the principles of human factors engineering so that possible discomfort induced by long time operation can be lightened. Finally, Pro/Engineer and Photoshop drawing software is applied to finish the design drawing of two mice, one for males and one for females.


Physical security technology is being used more often to protect the integrity of computing systems and the assets they contain. A physical security rating system is defined in terms of the difficulty of mounting a successful physical attack against it, quality assurance documentation and system testing. An evaluation system is presented for determining adequate physical security, as a function of the environment in which the system is placed and the value of the assets resident in the system.<<ETX>>


The long-running and devastating conflict between the Ugandan government and the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) has become the focus of increased international attention in recent years, and international actors have been involved in a negotiations process led by the Government of Southern Sudan that started in 2006. Mareike Schomerus examines the motivations of the sides for engaging in the Juba talks, as well as the roles international actors have had in supporting them. She identifies problems around the ambivalence of international support for the negotiations, the influx of peace-related funds, and the LRA's distrust of international involvement, especially related to the problem of whether International Criminal Court arrest warrants for LRA commanders could or should be circumvented by an agreement on accountability. She concludes with reflections on how the overpowering effects of international actors and agendas on fragile negotiations could be addressed.


Abstract : In this decade, behavioral scientists will be developing a much greater awareness of the psychological and metabolic effects of environmental factors on human task performance. It has long been recognized that people remain alert and work better within certain ranges of temperature, humidity, and illumination; it has become evident that there are also critical ranges of electromagnetic fields and atmospheric ion balance which have an impact, varying from subtle to dramatic, on human capacity to function in critical tasks. There is much to be learned about the mechanism of these effects. Since they vary widely from one individual to another with age, stress, health, and biological reaction time, we are also faced with the more immediate necessity of learning either how to provide all personnel with optimum working environments, or discovering the best means of discriminating between environmentally labile and stable individuals in making assignment selections afor duty in critical or stressful environments. We have outlined recent accomplishments, near-term objectives, and potential applications of new ionic and aeroelectrostatic developments across a broad spectrum of military and civil requirements. We think that many of you will be able to identify with some of the problems and solutions discussed here.


To improve the planet detection efficiency, current planetary microlensing experiments are focused on high-magnification events searching for planetary signals near the peak of lensing light curves. However, it is known that central perturbations can also be produced by binary companions and thus it is important to distinguish planetary signals from those induced by binary companions. In this paper, we analyze the light curves of microlensing events OGLE-2007-BLG-137/MOA-2007-BLG-091, OGLE-2007-BLG-355/MOA-2007-BLG-278, and MOA-2007-BLG-199/OGLE-2007-BLG-419, for all of which exhibit short-term perturbations near the peaks of the light curves. From detailed modeling of the light curves, we find that the perturbations of the events are caused by binary companions rather than planets. From a close examination of the light curves combined with the underlying physical geometry of the lens system obtained from modeling, we find that the short timescale caustic-crossing feature occurring at a low or a moderate base magnification with an additional secondary perturbation is a typical feature of binary-lens events and thus can be used for the discrimination between the binary and planetary interpretations.


Abstract Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a promising technology to provide automated contactless identification of objects, people and animals. The identification process is performed as the reader receives simultaneous responses from various tags over a shared wireless channel and without no requirement of line-of-sight in the interrogation zone. The communication between the reader and tags is separated into two processes: identification and acknowledgment processes. Both processes suffer from serious drawbacks that limit the proliferation of RFID. Such drawbacks are security and privacy and collision problems.
This thesis has two main parts. The first part examines the security and privacy of the existing RFID authentication protocols. We introduced a novel cryptographic scheme, Hacker Proof Authentication Protocol (HPAP) that allows mutual authentication and achieves full security by deploying tag static identifier, updated timestamp, a one-way hash function and encryption keys with randomized update using Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR). Cryptanalysis and simulation show that the protocol is secure against various attacks. In comparison with the various existing RFID authentication protocols, our protocol has less computation load, requires less storage, and costs less.
The second part focuses on solving RFID collision arbitration imposed by the shared wireless link between a reader and the many tags distributed in the interrogation zone. In most proposed anticollision algorithms, tags reply randomly to the time slots chosen by the reader. Since more than two tags may choose the same time slot in a frame, this Random Access (RA) causes garbled data at the reader side resulting the identification process fails. Towards this challenge, two ALOHA based anti-collision algorithms that adopt a new way for tags to choose their replied time slots to enhance system efficiency are presented. In MBA and LTMBA, tags use modulo function to
choose their owned time slot. The difference between the two algorithms relies on the method by which the reader estimates the next frame size. The performance evaluation of the two algorithms shows better performance than previously proposed algorithms in terms of fewer communication rounds and fewer collided/empty slots considering the limitation of the EPCglobal Class-1 Gen-2 standard.


The interdisciplinary and structured integration of subsystems into a functioning whole is at the root of Systems Engineering. Until recently in the automotive market, much of this has been specific to an automotive sub-domain such as Telematics, Infotainment, Chassis Control, or Engine Management Systems. In the realm of Telematics and Connected Vehicles, the recent trend has been outward from the vehicle, focusing on expanding connectivity and data sources. Systems Engineering for Telematics now includes multiple transports spanning PAN, WLAN, and WAN communications, and beyond that has grown to include entities on the far side of the network link, including data servers, aggregation portals, and network security. Although it was not trivial for Continental to develop the embedded Telematics connectivity subsystems for products such as GM/OnStar®, Ford SYNC®, BMW AssistTM, and Mercedes Tele Aid®, consumer and regulatory expectations are rendering inadequate the artificial boundary of an embedded connectivity domain for new automotive systems. For example, reducing vehicle weight is a common approach in the effort to improve fuel efficiency, and weight targets have been cascaded down to each subsystem and module. However, for each 100 pound weight reduction for passenger vehicles (and without corresponding changes to other vehicles or additional safety technologies), NHTSA and other studies have indicated the effect of hundreds of additional fatalities per year [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] in the United States. With both safety goals and US CAFE fuel efficiency goals to meet, the design and interaction of many previously unrelated subsystems in the vehicle become key factors, and in particular, the new interaction between vehicle connectivity subsystems with vehicle safety and performance subsystems. For this discussion, we take a systems view of the evolving field of vehicle connectivity, review the historical trends, introduce a framework to analyze several human constraints, and use the framework to identify ideal characteristics in a modern vehicle system.


Personality disorders are common clinical syndromes that often go unrecognized in medical practice. Because patients with personality disorders receive care in all clinical settings, physicians could profit from a heightened awareness of the personality psychopathology of their patients and its impact on medical practice. Personality traits are universal and describe the "normal" range of behavior, while personality disorders are characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns. The etiology of personality disorders is multifactorial. Physician awareness of the multiple manifestations of specific personality disorders is helpful in matching the proper interventions to appropriate patients. Although management is symptomatically palliative rather than curative, physicians and patients alike can benefit from appropriate recognition and treatment of personality disorders.


High power ultrasonic transducers for medical surgery require closed loop regulation of operating frequency and amplitude. This is a tutorial design paper which provides a description of the fundamental component properties and the criteria which are required to drive a power ultrasonic transducer. In addition, a classical root locus system analysis of the regulator servo in conjunction with requirements for idealizing individual blocks is also provided.


Clutch wear is dominantly manifested as the reduction of friction plate thickness. For dry dual clutch with positioncontrolled electromechanical actuators this affects the accuracy of normal force control because of the increased clutch clearance. In order to compensate for the wear, dry dual clutch is equipped with wear compensation mechanism. The paper presents results of experimental characterization and mathematical modeling of two clutch wear related effects. The first one is the decrease of clutch friction plate thickness (i.e. increase of clutch clearance) which is described using friction material wear rate experimentally characterized using a pin-on-disc type tribometer test rig. The second wear related effect, namely the influence of the clutch wear compensation mechanism activation at various stages of clutch wear on main clutch characteristics, was experimentally characterized using a clutch test rig which incorporates entire clutch with related bell housing. Finally, the previously proposed and experimentally validated physical clutch model, which was focused on the clutch actuator and axial dynamics, is extended to capture both wear related effects as a further step towards a more comprehensive overall clutch dynamics model.


Tree roots of northern hardwoods are shallow rooted, winter active, and minimally frost hardened; dieback is a winter freezing injury to roots incited by frost penetration in the absence of adequate snow cover and exacerbated by drought in summer. High soil water content greatly increases conductivity of frost. We develop a model based on the sum of z-scores of soil frost (December-February) and drought in summer (May-September) that accurately predicts timing and severity of dieback on sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), Betula spp., Fraxinus spp., and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in Maine, USA, during 1920-1995. Discrepancies between predicted and actual dieback relate largely to tree population dynamics. Extraordinary levels of dieback on Betula during 1935-1950 occurred under low stress but in mature populations; under high climate stress during 1951-1975, younger surviving Betula proved resistant and showed little dieback. Severe dieback in Acer stands during 1975-1995 may relate to extensive partial cutting, leaving stands open to frost and high water tables. Widespread use of forwarder feller/buncher and wheeled skidders after 1960 commonly left hummocky, irregular surfaces subject to pooling and accelerated frost penetration. Silvicultural applications include modifying harvesting practices to minimize frost complications and use of the model to track and map climatic risk to avoid conditions and locales subject to dieback.


Here we characterize several new lines of transgenic mice useful for optogenetic analysis of brain circuit function. These mice express optogenetic probes, such as enhanced halorhodopsin or several different versions of channelrhodopsins, behind various neuron-specific promoters. These mice permit photoinhibition or photostimulation both in vitro and in vivo. Our results also reveal the important influence of fluorescent tags on optogenetic probe expression and function in transgenic mice.


Eukaryotic translation is a multistep process that utilizes 47 individual translation factor subunits. eIF3 is the largest and most complex translation factor, acting during initiation where it promotes assembly of the 43S preinitiation complex and the recruitment of the mRNA to the ribosome. Here we analyzed the native wheat eIF3 complex, showing that this 13 subunit factor forms a stable complex in vivo. We were able to recombinantly express and purify the individual subunits under native conditions. However they failed to spontaneously assemble into the holocomplex, suggesting that the maturation of the eIF3 complex requires factors and mechanisms not available when produced in prokaryotes.
Another important aspect of eukaryotic gene expression is the spatial-temporal separation of transcription in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm. Cells evolved mechanisms to keep the levels of translation factors in the nuclear interior continually low. Exportins actively transport these proteins to the cytoplasm in a RanGTPase-driven manner. Crm1 is known to interact with almost all translation factors; Exportin 4 specifi cally removes eIF5A from the nucleus. We could show that addition of Crm1 and Exportin 4 to an in vitro translation system decreases translation rates of reporter constructs in a RanGTP dependent manner, supporting the assumption that nuclear transport factors act as compartment speci fic inhibitors of translation.
In addition, we present a new tool for a ffinity chromatography based on a MADA activated solid phase and a novel affi nity tag system. The solid phase reacts  specifi cally with thiol groups, allowing to immobilize any ligand that contains an exposed and reduced cysteine. A ffinity resins based on the MADA chemistry compare very favorable to commercially available systems, in particular in terms of reduced background binding under low salt conditions.
The streptavidin:biotin system is routinely used as state of the art technique for a ffinity purifi cations. Nonetheless it has severe disadvantages, namely the tetrameric state of streptavidin, poor folding of streptavidin as well as biotin contamination during bacterial expression/purifi cation and bait proteins require covalent modi fication with biotin.
We now developed an alternative based on the extremely tight B.amyloliquefaciens Barnase:Barstar complex (KD=10-14M). To allow for separate cytoplasmic expression of these modules, we detoxifi ed the RNase Barnase by a His102Asp mutation and restored high binding strength by a compensatory Cys42Lys mutation on Barnase inhibitor Barstar. The 1.98 A crystal structure indeed shows that the mutated residues form a shielded salt bridge that further stabilizes the complex. Barstar initially showed poor solubility upon overexpression in E.coli. This problem was solved by switching to the Barnase:Barstar pair identifi ed in the hyperthermophilic Bacillus relative Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius.


the first infection with tuberculosis. In a study in Madras, one of us"a found that the death-rate under the age of 10 among 1,947 children born to tuberculous patients was mnore than eight times that for children under 10 in the general population, although the causes of individual deaths could not be verified. It is therefore difficult for persons outside Minneapolis (where the morbidity and mortality rate from tuberculosis is outstandingly low) to agree with the statement that "the immediate danger of-natural primary infection has been over-emphasized." On the other hand, the authors stress the long-term hazard of primary infection. While there is no doubt that clinical and contagious tuberculosis can occur only in persons who have become sensitized to tuberculin as a result of the natural primary infection, not all students of tuberculosis will agree with the authors about the relative hazards of infection as between the post-primary and remote periods following the infection. Nor will the average chest specialist be inclined to attach such importance to the so-called distinction between the primary pulmonary infiltrates and clinical lesions. For the over-populated and under-developed countries with their totally unsatisfactory organization of medical facilities, the precedent established by Myers in the application of tuberculin testing and rigid contagious disease technique for the control of tuberculosis has little practical value. The immense magnitude of the tuberculosis problem in underdeveloped countries, the lack of adequate financial and other resources, and the evidence that B.C.G. vaccination can confer a substantial degree of protection and reduce the incidence of tuberculosis in those uninfected justify the continued administration of B.C.G. on a mass scale as a short-term measure, but not to the exclusion of recognized fundamental control measures. In conclusion, we wish to say that we have no desire to rouse a controversy. We merely wanted to present to our friends in the Western Hemisphere a picture of our local conditions and to impress upon them how different the tuberculosis problem can be in other parts of the world.-We are, etc., K. S. RANGANATHAN. Madras, India. K. S. SANJIvI.


BACKGROUND
Status epilepticus (SE) and acute repetitive seizures (ARS) are common canine neurologic emergencies. No evidence-based studies are available to guide treatment in veterinary patients. Parenteral levetiracetam (LEV) has many favorable properties for the emergency treatment of seizures, but its safety and efficacy in dogs for SE and ARS are unknown.

HYPOTHESIS
Intravenous LEV is superior to placebo in controlling seizures in dogs with SE or ARS after treatment with IV diazepam.

ANIMALS
Nineteen client-owned dogs admitted for SE or ARS.

METHODS
Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked study. Dogs with SE or ARS were randomized to receive IV LEV (30 or 60 mg/kg using an adaptive dose-escalation approach) or placebo, in addition to standard of care treatment. They were monitored for at least 24 hours after admission for additional seizures.

RESULTS
The responder rate (defined as dogs with no additional seizures after administration of the study medication) after LEV was 56% compared with 10% for placebo (P = .06). Dogs in the placebo group required significantly more boluses of diazepam compared with the LEV group (P < .03). Seizure etiologies identified were idiopathic epilepsy (n = 10), inflammatory central nervous system disease (n = 4), intracranial neoplasia (n = 2), hepatic encephalopathy (n = 1), and 2 dogs had no cause determined. No serious adverse effects were attributable to LEV administration.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
LEV was safe and potentially effective for the treatment of SE and ARS in these client-owned dogs. Larger, controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm this preliminary observation.


It needs to track the maximum power point for enhancing the output power of the photovoltaic power generation systems. Perturbation and observation (P&O) method is one of the control algorithms to realize maximum power tracking, which has extremely wide range of application because its tracking method is simple, the control circuit is easy to digitize and it is not strict to the accuracy requirement of sensor, etc. Comparing with traditional constant-step perturbation and observation method, which has disadvantages of power oscillation and slow tracking speed, this paper presents an improved method. The system is established in Matlab/Simulink, and the simulation results show that this method can track the maximum power point of the photovoltaic array quickly and accurately and the power oscillation is feeble.


The paper assesses the farm financial problems in the Slovak Republic and provides recommendations for improving the situation. Although positive changes have occurred in the financing of agriculture in the Slovak Republic since becoming an independent country in 1993, problems still remain. Many farms remain unprofitable, farms still have old debt that was issued prior to 1990 and uncollectible debt that was issued since 1990, farms are not paid promptly for the products they sell, and there continues to be difficulty in farms attracting credit. Recommendations for improving the delinquent farm liquidation decision, farm profitability, prompt payment, and credit access are provided.


We present a non-negative inductive latent factor model for binary- and count-valued matrices containing dyadic data, with side information along the rows and/or the columns of the matrix. The side information is incorporated by conditioning the row and column latent factors on the available side information via a regression model. Our model can not only perform matrix factorization and completion with side-information, but also infers interpretable latent topics that explain/summarize the data. An appealing aspect of our model is in the full local conjugacy of all parts of the model, including the main latent factor model, as well as for the regression model that leverages the side information. This enables us to design scalable and simple to implement Gibbs sampling and Expectation Maximization algorithms for doing inference in the model. Inference cost in our model scales in the number of nonzeros in the data matrix, which makes it particularly attractive for massive, sparse matrices. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model on several real-world data sets, comparing it with state-of-the-art baselines.


Presently, there are multiple web and mobile application stores on the market providing various tools and supporting creation of mashup spaces. However, only some of them concentrate on offering learning tools and neces- sary guidance in constructing Personal Learning Environments (PLEs) by the users. This paper represents a marketplace focusing on educational applications and their categorisation according to functionalities, learning phases they sup- port, and learning domains the tools refer to. The represented approach aims at assisting users in selecting applications supporting their particular learning goals and needs. Besides interoperability and technical issues, the actual use of the technology and further research questions are discussed.


Neuron production takes place continuously in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) of the adult mammalian brain. The molecular mechanisms that regulate progenitor cell division and differentiation in the RMS remain largely unknown. Here, we surveyed the mouse genome in an unbiased manner to identify candidate gene loci that regulate proliferation in the adult RMS. We quantified neurogenesis in adult C57BL/6J and A/J mice, and 27 recombinant inbred lines derived from those parental strains. We showed that the A/J RMS had greater numbers of bromodeoxyuridine‐labeled cells than that of C57BL/6J mice with similar cell cycle parameters, indicating that the differences in the number of bromodeoxyuridine‐positive cells reflected the number of proliferating cells between the strains. AXB and BXA recombinant inbred strains demonstrated even greater variation in the numbers of proliferating cells. Genome‐wide mapping of this trait revealed that chromosome 11 harbors a significant quantitative trait locus at 116.75 ± 0.75 Mb that affects cell proliferation in the adult RMS. The genomic regions that influence RMS proliferation did not overlap with genomic regions regulating proliferation in the adult subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. On the contrary, a different, suggestive locus that modulates cell proliferation in the subgranular zone was mapped to chromosome 3 at 102 ± 7 Mb. A subset of genes in the chromosome 11 quantitative trait locus region is associated with neurogenesis and cell proliferation. Our findings provide new insights into the genetic control of neural proliferation and an excellent starting point to identify genes critical to this process.


The objective of this research was 1 ) to study community participation in tourism management at Busai Village Home Stay, Wangnamkheo District, Nakhon Ratchasim Province, and 2 ) to study the effect of the attitudes upon local tourism, particularly in Busai Village Homestay, Wangnamkheo District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province. This research used both qualitative and quantitative methods, and the population studied was 155 family leaders of households in Busai Village Homestay. In addition, we used content analysis in the qualitative method, and in the quantitative method, we analyzed 155 questionnaires utilizing percentage, arithmetic mean, and standard deviation with the SPSS/PC program. The findings were as follows: Community participation was high with regard to developing ideas for tourism management, in planning locations for tourist attractions and use of natural resources, in budgeting for supporting and developing tourist attractions, and in viewing tourist attractions as financially beneficial for the community. Villagers' participation in keeping attractions clean and safe, in beautifying the attractions, and in receiving information on tourism were also high. The community's overall attitude toward tourism was at a medium level. A widely held opinion was that Tambon Administrative Organization (TAO) should accept the people's ideas in order to develop a tourism management system because TAO has not cooperated with the local people in tourism management as it should have. Apart from this, the local people believe that all people are the owners of natural resources serving as tourist attractions and that all should be responsible for taking care of them.. The local people should not protest tourism management, and neither should they consider it as the responsibility of TAO only.


Pancreatic cystic lesions are being increasingly detected in last years. Pancreatic cysts can be classified grossly into pseudocysts and true cysts. In the true cysts group, it is important to distinguish mucinous from non-mucinous cysts because the former are considered being premalignant lesions. In this article the major types of pancreatic cysts are reviewed, with emphasis on the histopathological aspects. Molecular markers in the cyst fluid are being increasingly studied in recent years ; the clinical utility of such biomarkers should be addressed in future studies.


Dear reader, In 2022, we are celebrating several important anniversaries related to the adoption of laws important for the building of the Estonian legal order. Against the backdrop of a major forum for the Estonian legal profession – Estonian Lawyers' Days 100 – this year's edition is dedicated to another important anniversary: the 70th birthday of the University of Tartu's Professor Emeritus Paul Varul. It is difficult to overestimate Prof. Varul's contribution to the rebuilding of the Estonian legal system after regaining of independence. In this connection, I would like to draw special attention to his belief in young lawyers. Thanks to his support, many of the students from those days now hold positions that play an essential role in the legal profession. It is precisely this belief in young people alongside respect for more seasoned peers that Prof. Varul's colleagues and students alike have inherited from him. In addition, there are many important qualities to be learnt from his example, such as the importance of infinite kindness and patience, the fundaments of academic ability, and the value of charm and personality. While he was the main architect of Estonia's civil-law system in general, Prof. Varul's favourite area of attention over the years has always been bankruptcy law, which he has been intimately involved in reforming. His willingness to speak up and actively contribute to the legislative process is testimony to the jubilarian's thoughtfulness and continuing high level of professionalism. In this edition of the journal, readers will find an article by Chirstoph G. Paulus, a long-time colleague of Prof. Varul, which is dedicated to bankruptcy law. It provides a historical overview of the relationship between debtors and creditors and analyzes the contracting process as eternal struggle for supremacy. Silvia Kaugia and Raul Narits devote their article to finding an answer to the question of how to create a law that corresponds to the idea of law. In this issue, the reader can also find a paper written by Katre Luhamaa and Merike Ristikivi about the role of the judiciary in the transitional debates, judicial reform, and changes in the professional requirements set for judges in Estonia. Modern problems of the independence of the judiciary are reflected upon specifically in an article contributed by Jesús Manuel Villegas Fernández and Victoria Rodríguez-Blanco, and Anneli Albi's article examines another angle of the ongoing evolution: the changing role of courts in Europe – which is shifting from protecting the fundamental rights of individuals toward protection of the neoliberal economic order. Alongside these pieces are three articles dedicated to matters of criminal law. Mari‑Liis Tohvelmann and Kristjan Kask have focused their contribution on interviews with children as evidence in criminal proceedings; Carri Ginter and Anneli Soo offer the reader a meaningful analysis of the arguments for and against the criminalisation of hate speech; and, finally, Mario Truu discusses the principle of foreseeability of liability and punishment in the practice of the ECHR. The volume meshes well with Prof. Varul's ethos in one other respect too: doctoral students have had a say in the publication, representing younger voices. One can find a discussion centred on the need to use artificial intelligence in the context of deciding on the patentability of an invention, provided by Liva Rudzite, and the concept of the duty of diligence in procurement law from the standpoint of CJEU practice is tackled by Kadri Härginen. Finally, the fine tradition of publishing opinions by official opponents in public defence of doctoral dissertations has been maintained, with the opinion written by Marta Otto on the dissertation of Seili Suder. Congratulations to Professor Emeritus Paul Varul and to all who have had the opportunity to know him. We are all richer for your work.


The relatively high level of Nigeria's external indebtedness, and rising debt burden which has serious implications on the country's development and debt sustainability in terms of ability to pay has led to continued deterioration in Nigeria's economic performance. This study examines the extent to which Nigeria's external debt relates to indices of ability to pay in order to ascertain the sustainability of it and to identify the main determinants of her external indebtedness for the period 1986 to 2010. Based on available data and the use of statistical methods, we observed that Nigeria's external debt is not sustainable in terms of willingness and ability to pay, and that the country's external debt is characterised by capital flight as a results of external debt accumulation which is evident in the ratio of the country's reserves to external debt. Using theoretical framework that justifies the demand for external borrowing by developing countries and relying on error correction mechanism and the Johansen cointegration test, we estimated our model after conducting stationarity test, using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test. The result from cointegration test showed presence of long run relationship between external debt and the explanatory variables. The study also found that the main determinants of Nigeria's external debt are gross domestic product, debt service and exchange rate. To reduce the adverse effects of external debt on the Nigerian economy and make it sustainable the study recommends that an analysis of the economic and social profitability of all external debt financial projects be carried out to ensure that the returns would be in excess of the interest and principal repayment. The aim is to prevent the deadweight effect of external debt on the economy and make it sustainable. The study also recommends that Government should ensure that external finance be used only for projects of highest priority and productivity and adequate machinery should be put in place by all sectors of government to arrest corruption and penalize those who divert and embezzle public funds. This will help to reduce the rising profile of Nigeria's external debt.


The quantile ratio index is a simple and effective measure of relative inequality for income data that is resistant to outliers. A useful property of this index is investigated here: given a partition of the income distribution into a union of sets of symmetric quantiles, one can find the inequality for each set and readily combine them in a weighted average to obtain the index for the entire population. When applied to data for various years, one can track how these contributions to inequality vary over time, as illustrated here for Australian Bureau of Statistics income and wealth data.


The calix[4]arenes (abbreviated as CX[4]) are characterized by a specific hydrophobic cavity formed by a four cyclically phenol groups to encapsulate a gas or small molecules. Recently, the CX[4] molecule is used in a specific media and in pharmaceutical drug delivery. The pollution problem will be a vital subject in the future because the increase of the explosions of the gaseous pollutants in the environment. In this report, we have encapsulated the polluting gases NO3, NO2, CO2 and N2 by the calix[4]arene molecule. In this work, The binding energies of the CX[4]-gas has been calculated including the BSSE (Basis Set Superposition Error) counterpoise (CP). The red-shift of the O-H bonding interactions obtained by adding the gas in the sensitive area of calix[4]arene is clearly explained by the infrared spectrum analysis. The Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of the stable CX[4]-gas complexes have been investigated in the endo-vs. exo-cavity regions. Finally, the non-covalent interactions analyses of the stable host-guests complexes have been estimated by using DFT calculations.


Perturbation models are families of distributions induced from perturbations. They combine randomization of the parameters with maximization to draw unbiased samples. Unlike Gibbs' distributions, a perturbation model dened on the basis of low order statistics still gives rise to high order dependencies. In this paper, we analyze, extend and seek to estimate such dependencies from data. In particular, we shift the modelling focus from the parameters of the Gibbs' distribution used as a base model to the space of perturbations. We estimate dependent perturbations over the parameters using a hardEM approach, cast in the form of inverse convex programs. Each inverse program connes the randomization to the parameter polytope responsible for generating the observed answer. We illustrate the method on several computer vision problems.


Melanie Smart is a research associate at Sunfield School, Worcestershire, and a trainee clinical psychologist. In this article, she reports the results of a small-scale survey which looked at the views of 17 parents whose children with severe and/or complex learning difficulties had made the transition from a residential special school to an adult placement. Pa rents were asked their retrospective views on the transition planning process; their own involvement; and how the adult placement met the needs of their children.

Melanie Smart's findings indicate that the majority of parents were very much involved in the planning process, although they reported struggling to get consistency of approach and basic information. The young people themselves were found to be marginalised in the planning process, with very few being involved in any decision making. Most parents were happy with the eventual placement, but those who had concerns were still pushing for basic services and care. Of those who had suffered placement breakdowns, the major factor was lack of consistency of approach and failure to use prior information about the child.

This survey shows that parents and their learning disabled children experience difficulties in the transition process. There seems to be a distinct lack of person-centred planning, particularly with this user group, by both child and adult services. Parents are vital to this type of planning approach, particularly when the young people themselves cannot voice their needs or advocate their own rights to quality service provision. Melanie Smart argues that parents need access to better quality information and reassurance that their children will receive the services they deserve as young adults. The various agencies, she asserts, need to work together to ensure that the transition process is effective.


Background/introduction Recent national guidance for the detection of gonorrhoea (GC) has raised concerns that the majority of initial positive GC test results are likely to be false positives when a low prevalence population is screened using a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). Our local chlamydia screening programme uses a dual NAAT for chlamydia and GC and has a low reactive GC rate <1%. All GC reactive cases are referred to GUM for further investigation. Aim(s)/objectives To determine whether GC reactive cases referred from our local chlamydia screening programme were true GC infections or likely to be false positive cases. Methods A retrospective case notes review of 13 consecutive GC reactive cases seen at our clinic referred from the local chlamydia screening programme. Results 10/13 were women. 10/13 cases were confirmed as true GC infections by positive genital GC cultures. In 1 case genital culture was negative but screening and supplementary NAAT with a different target confirmed a true GC infection. In 1 case genital cultures were negative however pharyngeal culture was positive indicating a true GC infection. In 1 case GC cultures were all negative but NAAT tests were reactive from genital and pharyngeal sites and equivocal from the rectum. Discussion/conclusion Only 1/13 GC reactive cases seen in our GU referred from a low prevalence screening population might have been a false positive. Contrary to recent publications, in our area, using a dual NAAT is unlikely to lead to high numbers of false positive GC results.


Global finite-time observers are designed for a class of nonlinear systems with bounded varying rational powers imposed on the increments of the nonlinearities whose solutions exist and are unique for all positive time. The global finite-time observers designed in this paper are with two homogeneous terms. The global finite-time convergence of the observation error system is achieved by combining global asymptotic stability and local finite-time stability.


Background/context In 2013 I was appointed as the first Educational Co-ordinator for Emergency Medicine at SCSCHF and am now joined by Dr Roger Alcock. We aim to maximise utilisation and effectiveness of simulation for learning amongst frontline healthcare staff. We recognised that there were many unmet educational needs for EM trainees nationally and wanted to create a series of simulation-based training courses tailored specifically to their needs. Specific idea/innovation Our online survey collected responses from 68 EM trainees (62% response rate) across all four deaneries and training grades CT1 to ST6, OOPTs and those specialising in PEM. Trainees gave feedback about positive/negative aspects of previous experiences of SBME and we collected data regarding technical and nontechnical skills that they felt they could, and would like to, learn through SBME. Planned or potential methods being considered and Progress to date We engaged with consultant colleagues in PICU, OBGYN and Acute Medicine to design/deliver new courses. Our newest most popular courses are TOPEM (The Obstetric Patient in Emergency Medicine) and SCiPE (Simulation Course in Paediatric Emergencies). These run regularly with dates scheduled into 2016/17 which can be viewed on our website and through our link on the RCEM website. We believe the true multidisciplinary multispecialty nature of our courses is quite unique and TOPEM is currently the only course of it's type in UK. Next steps/expectations Feedback received from individual staff attending our courses has been universally extremely positive. Already supported by NES, we now collaborate with stakeholders SAS Development Fund and SMMDP and RCEM. We have ensured courses are generalisable and can be performed in any standard simulation centre and in situ within Emergency Departments. We now have a large group of faculty members across Scotland and are learning how to use our resources sensibly to ensure future sustainability.


In the first chapter of this dissertation I present a new method to identify and estimate the strength of social spillovers in the classroom and the distribution of teacher and student effects. The identification depends on the assumptions of double randomization of teacher and students to classrooms and the linear in means equation of test scores. The linear independent factor representation of test scores allows the estimation of the parameters of interest by combining all the joint moments of different orders. I also present a theoretical model of social interactions in the classroom that yields the linear in means equation for test scores. In this model, the teacher and students play a game in which they choose how much effort to exert. The method I provide allows the estimation of moments of Rth order, recovering more features of the distribution of teacher and student effects than the mean and variance. Class size heteroskedastic teacher and student effects can be easily accomodated. For the estimation, I use a minimum distance procedure that combines the information coming from different moments. Using the Tennessee Project STAR dataset, I find sizeable spillovers in the classroom. Moreover, the distributions of teacher and student abilities seem to depart from the usual normality assumption, and the student distribution exhibits a high degree of heteroskedasticity in class size. Based on these estimates, I perform several counterfactual social planning experiments, comparing who are the losers and winners under different assignment rules. Assignment of good teachers to large classrooms increases the average test scores, with students in the left tail of the distribution benefiting more than the rest. Assignment of good students to small classrooms increases the test scores of students in the right tail of the distribution, while decreasing test scores of students in the left tail of the distribution, with an overall increase in mean test scores. Mixing good and bad students together results in a small effect on mean test scores, but reduces inequality.In the second chapter I propose an estimator of the conditional distribution of an outcome variable in the presence of heterogeneous effects and a continuous endogenous treatment. The model is triangular, with both the first and the second stage equations being a linear-in-covariates quantile process. The endogeneity of the model is captured by the quantile copula of both equations, and it is identified by inverting the quantile processes conditional on a vector of covariates. Using quantile regression techniques, I estimate both conditional quantile processes, and the copula distribution can then be estimated either nonparametrically or parametrically. Integration of the copula for a given vector of the instruments, estimates the conditional distribution of the outcome variable. This allows to then estimate the distribution of the covariates on the unconditional distribution of the outcome variable, or any other function such as the unconditional quantile function or the Gini Index. Similarly, to estimate the effect of a policy on the unconditional distribution of the outcome variable, one simply needs to integrate the conditional distribution over the marginal of the covariates under the counterfactual policy. Uniform asymptotic distribution for these estimators is provided, allowing to make inference on them and constructing the usual confidence sets. I use data on twins to estimate the the unconditional quantile treatment effect of increasing education by one year to all individuals in the dataset. The results show an increase in the distribution of wages that ranges between 8% and 20%, with those at the upper quantiles of the distribution benefiting the most.In the third chapter I propose an estimator of the unconditional distribution of an outcome variable, when this variable depends on a binary treatment that is endogenous to the unobservables, and the effect of the treatment and other exogenous variables on the outcome variable is heterogeneous. The estimator is based on a triangular model consisting on the probability of being treated and a quantile process that determines the outcome variable. Using a parametric assumption about the copula distribution and the exclusion restriction I identify the copula distribution. The estimation is a multi-step procedure that involves the estimation of the quantile process of the second stage equation, the probability of being treated by maximum likelihood, and the copula distribution. These estimators are then used to estimate the distribution of the outcome variable conditional on a set of instruments. Finally, I show the finite sample performance of the estimator with a Monte Carlo experiment.


In which ways does the media discursively make sense of contemporary society? In which ways does the public, through the media, deal with and negotiate ongoing changes in society? How can we study this? Such questions are addressed in this volume. The authors consider societal changes not only as structural, material processes, but also as deeply ideological. They further consider ideologies to be observable in various discursive practices. A new concept, ideological horizon, is introduced, and its theoretical and methodological fruitfulness is developed. The analytical richness of the concept is demonstrated and different methods are suggested for empirically studying ideological horizons in the media and among citizens. Areas of current interests, such as "the global war on terrorism", drug trafficking, crises events, mental illness and violence, health and healthism, and contemporary working life, are analysed.


SCOPE
The maintenance of interpodocyte slit diaphragm is critical in the sieving function of glomerular filtration barrier. Eucalyptol is a natural constituent in aromatic plants with antioxidant properties. This study investigates whether and how eucalyptol inhibits podocyte slit diaphragm malfunction in glucose-exposed podocytes and diabetic mouse kidneys.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Podocytes were incubated in media containing 33 mm glucose with 1-20 μm eucalyptol. The in vivo model employed db/db mice orally administrated with 10 mg kg-1 eucalyptol. Nontoxic eucalyptol enhanced podocyte expression of nephrin, podocin, FAT-1, CD2AP, and α-actinin-4 diminished by glucose. Oral administration of eucalyptol augmented the induction of the slit diaphragm proteins, α-actinin-4, and integrin β1 in diabetic kidneys, and ameliorated glomerular fibrosis and foot process effacement. Eucalyptol counteracted the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) induction in podocytes with glucose or AGE-BSA, and elevated the reduction of the slit diaphragm proteins by AGE-BSA. Eucalyptol attenuated the RAGE induction and AGE accumulation in diabetic kidneys. The blockade of ERK-c-Myc signaling enhanced the nephrin and CD2AP expression downregulated in AGE-exposed podocytes. These results indicate that eucalyptol blocked glucose-induced AGE-RAGE axis and podocyte injury through disturbing RAGE-ERK-c-Myc signaling.

CONCLUSION
Eucalyptol may be a potent agent antagonizing diabetes-associated malformation of interpodocyte slit junction and podocyte actin cytoskeleton.


Social networks (SNs) have become a powerful tool for the jihadism as they serve as recruitment assets, live forums, psychological warfare, as well as sharing platforms. SNs enable vulnerable individuals to reach radicalized people, hence triggering their own radicalization process. There are many vulnerability factors linked to socio-economic and demographic conditions that make jihadist militants suitable targets for their radicalization. We focus on these vulnerability factors, studying, understanding, and identifying them on the Internet. Here, we present a set of radicalization indicators and a model to assess them using a data set of tweets published by several Islamic State of Iraq and Sham sympathizers. Results show that there is a strong correlation between the values assigned by the model to the indicators.


PurposeThe present paper uses Twitter to analyze the current state of the worldwide, Spanish-language, independent publishing market. The main purposes are to determine whether certain Latin American Spanish-language independent publishers function as gatekeepers of world literature and to analyze the geopolitical structure of this global market, addressing both the Europe-America dialectic and neocolonial practices.Design/methodology/approachAfter selecting the sample of publishers, the authors conducted a search for their Twitter profiles and located 131; they then downloaded data from the corresponding Twitter APIs. Finally, they applied social network analysis to study the presence of and interaction between the sample of independent publishers on this social media.FindingsThe results provide data-based evidence supporting the hypothesis of some literary critics who suggest that in Latin America, certain publishers act as gatekeepers to the mainstream book market. Therefore, Twitter could be considered a valid source of information to address the independent book market in Spanish. By extension, this approach could be applied to other cultural industries in which small and medium-sized agents develop a digital presence in social media.Originality/valueThis paper combines social network analysis and literary criticism to provide new evidence about the Spanish-language book market. It helps validate the aforementioned hypothesis proposed by literary critics and opens up new paths along which to pursue an interpretative, comparative analysis.


Purpose

Literature established that applicable parameters must be used in determining facilities management (FM) performance in any market; otherwise, findings could be confusing and misleading. This is particularly relevant to Nigeria where FM application is in its infancy and seriously constrained by particular socio-economic conditions which make it prone to crises situations such as frequent power outages and surges, abundance of fake and adulterated construction materials and equipment, heavy presence of unqualified artisans, poor transparency and terribly chaotic and unpredictable traffic to mention a few. Hence, this research aims to identify contextual parameters for evaluating performance of FM service in office buildings in Lagos, reflecting these peculiarities.

Design/methodology/approach

The research adopts survey design, using self-administered questionnaires that were served on building occupants. Means and standard deviation were used in the analyses. Factor analysis was used in identifying the important factors or constructs and to confirm the practical significance of the measures.

Findings

The study developed a multi-item scale of 41 measures for evaluating performance of facilities managers in offices in Lagos, Nigeria. The scale comprises three major dimensions, i.e. "financial", "quality of service" and "crises response and management". Using factor analysis, the study identified five important factors, two of which (comprising ten new measures) have not been featured in previous studies.

Practical implications

The developed performance measurement scales (PMS) can be applied to FM performance evaluation, management and control in the Nigerian context. The PMS and identified factors would also aid FM policy formulation, resource allocation and facilities review.

Originality/value

The research is considered the first to develop a PMS for FM in office facilities in Lagos, Nigeria. The new factors and measures that were uncovered in the study makes it possible to evaluate the Nigerian facility manager's ability to manage the near-crises challenges imposed by the peculiar socio-economic context. Furthermore, the scale adopts simplistic financial success criteria, which makes it relevant and easy to use for the poor financial record disclosing and research-averse Nigerian audience. It is also more relevant to the less strategic and more operational task-based Nigerian FM context and by extension, to the context of other developing countries with similar socio-economic features.


Background: COVID-19 is a viral infection that causes pneumonia with dyspnea, cough, and fever. Its outcomes are more severe in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and other disorders than in healthy people. New-onset diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) have been reported as the complications of COVID-19 in several studies. It seems that the prevalence of DKA due to Covid-19 is increasing. Therefore, two cases of individuals with DKA due to COVID-19 are presented in this study to inform other researchers about the details of this phenomenon. Material and Methods: Demographic characteristics, medical histories, physical examinations, laboratory investigations, real-time RT-PCR tests, computed tomography (CT) imaging studies, given treatments, clinical courses, and management outcomes were documented prospectively. Results: In the present experience, the manifestation of COVID-19 disease in the second case with a history of diabetes was more severe than in the first case. In the second case, with underlying diabetes and COVID-19, the DKA manifestation was associated with consciousness loss, severe restlessness, and respiratory distress;however, in the first case, with COVID-19 without diabetes, the DKA manifestation was associated with anorexia, weight loss, and lack of respiratory distress, which were milder symptoms than the second case. Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 in Iran, it is recommended to raise awareness of DKA symptoms among health professionals. © The Author(s) 2021;All rights reserved. Published by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Press.


Oocyte vitrification causes a temporary disassembly of the metaphase plate and spindle, which needs time to recover after warming. As a consequence, early post‐fertilization events—such as timing of second polar body extrusion—might be altered, with unknown effects on preimplantation development, timing to pronuclear breakdown, and timing of cleavages. The aim of this study was to evaluate if differences exist among these events when comparing embryos obtained from fresh‐donated versus vitrified/warmed oocytes from young women. We performed a prospective study with 201 embryos from 100 fresh and 101 vitrified/warmed oocytes that were subsequently fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Kaplan–Meier curves of each time period were generated, in which we observed that median developmental times did not differ between embryos from fresh versus vitrified/warmed oocytes among all the metrics assessed. Thus, for young women without fertility problems, no differences exist between the timing of early developmental milestones in embryos derived from fresh or vitrified oocytes, and vitrification does not affect the preimplantation development of the resulting embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 624–629, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The popular impression of Bohmian mechanics is that it is standard quantum mechanics with the addition of some extra gadgets---exact particle positions and a guiding equation for particle trajectories---the advantages being that the gadgets pave the way for a resolution of the measurement problem that eschews state vector reduction while restoring the determinism lost in standard quantum mechanics. In fact, the Bohmian mechanics departs in significant ways from standard quantum mechanics. By itself this is not a basis for criticism; indeed, it makes Bohmian mechanics all the more interesting. But Bohmian mechanics is not, as the popular impression would have it, empirically equivalent to standard quantum mechanics in terms of probabilistic predictions for the outcomes of measurements of quantum observables. Indeed, in physically important applications to systems for which standard quantum mechanics delivers empirically well-confirmed probabilistic predictions, the sophisticated form of Bohmian mechanics designed to prove the global existence of Bohmian particle trajectories fails to deliver unequivocal predictions---of even a probabilistic variety---for the future behavior of said systems. Possible responses to this lacuna are discussed.


Nanoparticles or nanostructured materials are categorized as those within the size of several hundreds of nanometres, having at least one dimension in the nanoscale, depending on the type. Over the last decade, the trial and application of nanoparticles has been tremendous in the fields of healthcare, manufacturing/catalysis, environment and consumer goods. A variety of structural types ranging from inorganic to organic and hybrid nanomaterials has been designed, which use more than one route of synthesis. Materials synthesized by different routes may be used for similar applications, depending on the reproducibility in terms of size and shape. Two general approaches in the synthesis of nanomaterials are bottom-up and top-down. Bottom-up approaches comprise nucleation and self-assembly from molecular dimensions either in the liquid or the vapour phase, while top-down approaches involve mechanical grinding, high pressure deformations and surface erosion. The necessary parameters that define a proper nanostructured material in bulk are their identical size, identical morphology, being monodispersed and having the same composition. Nanoparticles of any type being metastable clusters tend to aggregate. Hence, simultaneous surface modification of nanoparticles remains a prerequisite. The purpose of this chapter is not to summarize all the results reported in the literature, but to give a thorough understanding of the ongoing chemical processes in each method. Hence, it focuses on the major routes of chemical synthesis and capping routes of various types of organic–inorganic nanoparticles (mainly metallic, polymeric and magnetic) for diverse applications. Detailed properties and functional mechanisms of them for various applications are not within the scope of the chapter.


Thrombospondins (TSPs) are an evolutionarily ancient family of extracellular calcium-binding glycoproteins. The five mammalian TSPs collectively have important roles in angiogenesis and vascular biology, synaptogenesis, wound repair and connective tissue organisation. Their complex functions relate to the multiple postsecretion fates of TSPs that can involve endocytic uptake, proteolysis or retention within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Surprisingly, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which TSPs become retained within the ECM are poorly understood. We hypothesised that the highly conserved TSP C-terminal domain mediates ECM retention. We report that ECM incorporation as insoluble punctate deposits is an evolutionarily conserved property of TSPs. ECM retention of TSP1 is mediated by the C-terminal region in trimeric form, and not by C-terminal monomer or trimers of the N-terminal domain or type 1 repeats. Using a novel mRFP-tagged TSP1 C-terminal trimer, we demonstrate that ECM retention involves the RGD site and a novel site in the L-lectin domain with structural similarity to the ligand-binding site of cargo transport proteins. CD47 and β1 integrins are dispensable for ECM retention, but β1 integrins enhance activity. These novel data advance concepts of the molecular processes that lead to ECM retention of TSP1.


Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare form of vasculitis of unknown aetiology. Multifaceted clinical manifestations, non-specific MRI findings, a broad range of differential diagnoses and diverse pathological appearances prove to be a diagnostic challenge. However, a prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment are crucial to avoid permanent damage. Hence, we present the clinico-pathological spectrum of this entity and highlight the limitations of currently available diagnostic modalities. We describe in detail the histopathological findings of eight cases of PACNS diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, AIIMS, over a period of eight years. Eight cases of PACNS were identified during this period. Five cases (62.5%) showed features of granulomatous vasculitis, two (25%) showed lymphocytic vasculitis and one case (12.5%) showed a predominantly necrotizing pattern of vasculitis. Diagnosis of PACNS is a challenge and requires a high index of clinical suspicion. Appropriate work-up to exclude other conditions is mandatory. Brain biopsy is useful in making the diagnosis and ruling out mimicking conditions.


BACKGROUND
As cancer survival rates improve, understanding and preventing the adverse off-target and long-term impacts of cancer treatments, including impacts on fertility, have become increasingly important. Cancer therapy-mediated damage to the ovary and depletion of the primordial follicle reserve are well characterised. However, our knowledge of the full extent of damage to the rest of the female reproductive tract, in particular the uterus, is limited.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE
Improving our understanding of the off-target effects of cancer therapies on the entire female reproductive tract is a critical step towards developing truly effective strategies to protect the fertility of cancer survivors. The objective of this narrative review was to critically evaluate the available literature regarding the capacity for the uterus to sustain a healthy pregnancy following exposure to radiotherapy or chemotherapy.

SEARCH METHODS
The authors performed PubMed (Medline) searches using the following key words: uterus, cancer survivors, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, pregnancy outcome, fertility preservation, infertility. There were no limits placed on time of publication.

OUTCOMES
Overall, there were major limitations to the current available literature, meaning that interpretations should be taken with caution. Despite these drawbacks, data suggest that the uterus may sustain off-target damage, with the extent of damage dependent on the type of cancer treatment and patient age. Specifically, uterine growth is stunted and resistant to hormone replacement therapy in prepubertal girls receiving abdominal, pelvic or whole-body radiotherapy. In contrast, females treated with radiotherapy post-puberty can benefit from hormone replacement therapy, as demonstrated by increased uterine volume and function. No live births have been reported in women previously exposed to radiotherapy after transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue, even when menstruation returns. However, this technique has proven to be a successful fertility preservation method for women previously treated with chemotherapy. Obstetricians commonly report that women who maintain sufficient ovarian function can achieve pregnancy naturally following radiotherapy, but they have thin and/or fibrotic myometrium at delivery, compromising safe delivery and subsequent pregnancy. Furthermore, women exposed to either radiotherapy or chemotherapy have a higher prevalence of preterm birth and low birth weight infants, even in those with normal ovarian function or when oocyte donation is utilised. The mechanisms of potential uterine damage are poorly understood. While the myometrium, vasculature and endometrial progenitor cells are possibly targets, further studies are clearly required and well-controlled animal models could provide the best avenue for these types of future investigations.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS
Female cancer survivors experience greater rates of early pregnancy loss and complications, suggesting that cancer therapy-induced damage to the uterus contributes to infertility. Despite clinical reports dating back to 1989, we highlight a surprising lack of detail in the literature regarding the precise nature and extent of off-target damage inflicted to the uterus in response to cancer therapies. Young women requiring cancer treatment, and the clinicians treating them, must be equipped with accurate information to aid informed decision-making regarding cancer treatment regimens as well as the development and use of effective fertility preservation measures. As the current literature on the impacts of cancer treatments is limited, we hope that our narrative review on this subject will stimulate more research in this important field.


In order to find suitable vegetation types for wider earthquake-triggered landslide rehabilitation in the eastern Longmenshan, we chose six vegetation types, which included three artificial restoration vegetation types (shrub Paeonia decomposita, deciduous tree Betula albo-sinensis, and evergreen tree Cryptomeria fortunei), two natural restoration vegetation types (middle and high coverage of grasses), and one residual vegetation. Soil quality, runoff, and soil loss were evaluated for the six vegetation types. We found that high coverage of grass prevented surface runoff and soil erosion more effectively than other vegetation types, and the deciduous tree and shrub were more suitable for soil quality recovery than the evergreen tree after the landslide. Among the three artificially planted vegetation types, the roots of the deciduous tree had stronger expansion ability than those of the shrub and evergreen tree. Our results indicated that high coverage of grass and deciduous trees could complement each other to achieve a good restoring effect, which would not only help reduce surface runoff and soil erosion but also facilitate the formation of fertile islands and enhance the stability of subsurface soils. Therefore, the two vegetation types could be used to form an effective vegetation restoration pattern for wider earthquake-triggered landslide rehabilitation in this region.


In this review, the equations of hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, and radiation hydrodynamics are presented, together with their corresponding nonideal source terms. I overview the current landscape of modern grid-based numerical techniques with an emphasis on numerical diffusion, which plays a fundamental role in stabilizing the solution but is also the main source of errors associated with these numerical techniques. I discuss in great detail the inclusion of additional important source terms, such as cooling and gravity. I also show how to modify classic operator-splitting techniques to avoid undesirable numerical errors associated with these additional source terms, in particular in the presence of highly supersonic flows. I finally present various mesh adaptation strategies that can be used to minimize these numerical errors. To conclude, I review existing astrophysical software that is publicly available to perform simulations for such astrophysical fluids.


This paper investigates whether Italian households' actual expenditure and willingness to buy durables (cars) are related to their inflation expectations. In a high-inflation regime, as in the early 1990s, consumers with higher inflation expectations tend to have higher current than future expenditure, suggesting that an inter-temporal substitution mechanism is at work. Conversely, in a low-inflation environment, such as the one after the global financial crisis, higher expected inflation lowers households' purchasing power and, thereby, spending (income effect). We also find that the composition of household balance sheets matters for explaining how inflation expectations shape spending behaviour.


This last volume in the biography of the Prophet studies his life in Madinah, highlighting the nature and characteristics of the society and state he was able to establish. It contains a description of the events that took place in Madinah during the last ten years of the Prophet's mission.


The present anatomical atlas concentrates on the early weeks of prenatal development of the human embryo. It comprises more than 800 scanning electron-microscopic pictures of specimens of exclusively human embryos. The three-dimensional appearing illustrations show the development of the external form of the face, neck, trunk and limbs. Besides, the brain and the viscera of the head, neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis - all dissected into layers - are represented in their position and spatial form. The juxtaposition of pictures of temporally close developmental stages reveals the changes in the form of the organs. Photographs of the same organic system are usually shown at the same magnification and clearly demonstrate the growth process. Simple outline drawings provided with the principal nomenclature facilitate the orientation within the specimens. A brief introduction to each chapter explains the most significant developmental steps depicted. This atlas is of great interest not only to anatomists, embryologists, histologists and developmental biologists, but also to biologists, biochemists and geneticists. Moreover, it serves as a valuable reference book for clinicians such as gynecologists, obstetricians, pediatric surgeons and pediatric cardiologists.


Earlier Arnold, Zeldovich, Ruzmaikin and Sokoloff [\textbf{JETP (1982)}] have computed the eigenvalue of a uniform stretching torus transformation which result on the first Riemann metric solution of the dynamo action problem. Recently some other attempts to obtain Riemann metrics representing dynamo action through conformal maps have been undertaken [{\textbf{Phys. Plasmas 14 (2007)}]. Earlier, Gilbert [\textbf{Proc. Roy. Soc. London A(2003)}] has investigated a more realistic dynamo map solution than the one presented by Arnold et al by producing a shearing of the Arnold's cat map, by eigenvalue problem of a dynamo operator. In this paper, the eigenvalue of the Riemann twisted torus dynamo flow metric is obtained as the ratio between the poloidal and toroidal components of the flow. This result is obtained from the Euler equation. In the twisted torus, the eigenvalue of the Riemann metric is ${m}_{\pm}=\frac{1\pm{\sqrt{5}}}{2}$, which is quite close to the value obtained by Arnold. In the case the viscosity Reynolds number $Re\to{\infty}$, the torus flow is unstable as one approaches the torus axis. In Arnold's dynamo metric the eigenvalues are ${\chi}_{\pm}=\frac{3\pm{\sqrt{5}}}{2}$ which are very close to the above value. Eigenvalues determine the growth rates of the velocity ratio between poloidal and toroidal components of the flow. The curved flow in torus follow previous work by Chen et al [\textbf{Phys Fluids (2006)}]. The ${\alpha}$-effect dynamo is shown to be a second-order effect in the torus curvature and velocity flow. Loop dynamo flows and maps are also discussed.


The aim of this ethnographic study is to explore the confluence of social factors and the social context underpinning the pervasive practice of breast ironing in Cameroon. An analysis of qualitative data revealed that the social phenomenon of breast ironing is a disciplinary technique meant to conserve the social body politic and to ensure the wellbeing of the girl child. In the wake of the moral paranoia caused by the exponential increase in the infection rate of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, high rates of under-aged pregnancy and school dropouts, the traditional mechanism of breast massage has been reinterpreted as a governmental rationale. The study recommends women's empowerment through the provision of health enhancement interventions, holistic needsbased approach to women's human rights including unfettered right to education, the provision of a youth friendly contraceptive service, as well as the integration of comprehensive sex education at various levels of the secondary school curriculum.


It is postulated that a major source of scattering in liver is the collagen rich structure of the vessels that comprise the hepatic vasculature system. This collagen rich hepatic vessel structure manifests itself as the branching pattern of the vessels in three dimensions. Past study of these branching patterns in other organs such as the lung has resulted in data and models which have ascribed a fractal description to their organization. A computer based model has been developed of the portal vasculature system of the human liver based on anatomical, physiological data and precepts as well as a fractal methodology. A thin, planar slice of the model is used to represent sites of ultrasound scattering. A simple model is utilized to calculate the ultrasound scattering from the cross sections of the thin‐shelled cylinders used to represent the collagen component of the vascular walls. Simulation of the radio frequency scattered waves is carried out along with envelope detection to allow analysis of the first...


Analysis tool commonly used is ratio analysis. This study uses three ratio analysis, the liquidity ratio is represented by the Current Ratio (CR), solvability ratio represented by the Debt Equity Ratio (DER), and profitability ratios are represented by the Return On Assets (ROA). This study aims to determine & analysis the significant influence of financial performance in the liquidity, solvability and profitability ( CR, DER, and ROA) to the stock price index of LQ45. The sample used as many as nineteen companies who always entered the elections LQ45 period 2006-2009. This study uses the method of hypothesis testing and processed through single linear regression method. The results showed that , solvability and profitability ( DER & ROA) significantly influence stock prices. The higher influence to stock price is ROA as indicator of profitability with R square 40,2%.


ABSTRACT Sustainable management of plant diversity in a forest requires adequate information that is often derived from samples. With limited resources, the plot design has to be efficient. Most studies focused on evaluating effects of plot designs on sample estimates of species richness at landscape scale. This study aims at filling a knowledge gap by investigating how plot size and shape affect sample estimates of species composition at a local scale. Two census datasets with distinct forest ecosystems were used. Fifteen combinations of plot size and shape were simulated. Species compositional similarity between two combinations of plot design at a sample point was estimated by Jaccard and Sørensen indices, and their abundance-adjusted counterparts. Similarity in species composition decreased with increasing difference between two plot sizes. Plots with varying shapes were found to have different local species composition but could be similar in the number of observed species, which has not been explicitly reported elsewhere. For less species-rich forests, a 0.025–0.05 ha circular plot is recommended. For species-rich forests, a 0.05–0.1 ha rectangular plot with aspect ratio of at least 1:20 is recommended. The results should be of interest to stakeholders managing small area forests for conservation of plant diversity.


We study the entanglement dynamics of quantum many-body systems at long times and prove the following: (I) For any geometrically local Hamiltonian on a lattice, starting from a random product state the entanglement entropy almost never approaches the Page curve. (II) In a spin-glass model with random all-to-all interactions, starting from any product state the average entanglement entropy does not approach the Page curve. We also extend these results to any unitary evolution with charge conservation and to the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model. Our results highlight the difference between the entanglement generated by (chaotic) Hamiltonian dynamics and that of random states.