The oldest and most extensive written language of Southeast Asia is Old Javanese, or Kawi. It is the oldest language in terms of written records, and the most extensive in the number and variety of its texts. Javanese literature has taken many forms. At various times, prose stories, sung poetry or other metrical types, chronicles, scientific, legal, and philosophical treatises, prayers, chants, songs, and folklore were all written down. Yet relatively few texts are available in English. The unstudied texts remaining are an unexplored record of Javanese culture as well as a language still alive as a literary medium in Bali. Introduction to Old Javanese Language and Literature represents a first step toward remedying the dearth of Old Javanese texts available to English-speaking students. The ideal teaching companion, this anthology offers transliterated original texts with facing-page English translations. Theanthology focuses on prose selections, since their straightforward style and syntax offer the beginning student the most rewarding experience. Four sections make up the collection. Part I offers several short readings as the most accessible entry point into Old Javanese. Part II contains two moralistic fables from an Old Javanese retelling of the Hindu Pancatantra cycle. Part III takes up the epic, providing excerpts from one of the books of the Old Javanese retelling of the Mahabharata. Part IV offers excerpts from two chronicles, the generic conventions of which challenge received notions of history writing because of their supernaturalism and folkloric elements. Includes introduction, glossary, and notes.


The remarkable growth of crowdfunding has sparked academic interest. By collecting small contributions from a large number of individuals, entrepreneurs, artists and other individuals and organizations can raise considerable amounts of money. Despite the increasing academic interest in this topic, there still appears to be a lack of understanding regarding the factors that determine individuals' intentions to contribute to projects. In this research-in-progress paper, we propose a research model that examines future funding intentions by using Expectation-Disconfirmation Theory (EDT). By applying our research model to reward-based crowdfunding, we intend to shed light on the ways in which previous funding experiences influence future funding intentions. Through the data collected by this study, our research will contribute to the body of literature on reward-based crowdfunding and EDT. It will also provide practical implications for crowdfunding platforms and project initiators, providing them indications for their management of expectations.


France Abstract CO 2 obtained by capture process is not 100% pure and may contain impurities such as O 2 , Ar, N 2 and water. The presence of such impurities in CO 2 stream can lead to challenging flow assurance and processing issues. The aim of this communication is to present experimental results on the phase behaviour and thermo-physical properties of carbon dioxide in the presence of O 2 , Ar, N 2 and water. The effect of these impurities on density and viscosity were experimentally and theoretically investigated over the range of temperature from 243.15 K to 423.15 K up to 150 MPa. A corresponding-state viscosity model was developed to predict the viscosity of the stream and a volume corrected equation of state approach was used to calculate densities. Saturation pressures and the hydrate stability (in water saturated and under-saturated conditions) of the CCS stream were also experimentally determined and modelled. It is demonstrated that the thermodynamic models and approaches were able to satisfactorily describe the thermophysical properties and phase behaviour of this CO 2 -rich


SUMMARY: The World Wide Web provides the opportunity for a radically changed and much more efficient communication process for scientific results. A survey in the closely related domains of construction information technology and construction management was conducted in February 2000, aimed at measuring to what extent these opportunities are already changing the scientific information exchange and how researchers feel about the changes. The paper presents the results based on 236 replies to an extensive Web based questionnaire. 65% of the respondents stated their primary research interest as IT in A/E/C and 20% as construction management and economics. The questions dealt with how researchers find, access and read different sources; how much and what publications they read; how often and to which conferences they travel; how much they publish, and what are the criteria for where they eventually decide to publish. Some of the questions confronted traditional and electronic publishing with one final section dedicated to opinions about electronic publishing. According to the survey researchers already download half of the material that they read digitally from the Web. The most popular method for retrieving an interesting publication is downloading it for free from the author's or publisher's website. Researchers are not particularly willing to pay for electronic scientific publications. There is much support for a scenario of electronic journals available totally freely on the Web, where the costs could be covered by for instance professional societies or the publishing university. The shift that the Web is causing seems to be towards the "just in time" reading of literature. Also, frequent users of the Web rely less on scientific publications and tend to read fewer articles. If available with little effort, papers published in traditional journals are preferred; if not, the papers should be on the Web. In these circumstances, the role of paper-based journals published by established publishers is shifting from the core "information exchange" to the building of authors' prestige. The respondents feel they should build up their reputations by publishing in journals and relevant conferences, but then make their work freely available on the Web.


One damaged specimen remains in the Lamarck Collection, Geneva, from the original type series of Rotalia trochidiformis (Lamarck) the remainder of which was included in the Defrance Collection in Caen, all of which was destroyed in World War II. Restudy of this sole remaining paralectotype, together with topotypes and other material held in the British Museum (Natural History) has revealed the morphological changes that occur with ontogeny in this species and has made an emended generic diagnosis necessary. In the adult, R. trochidiformis develops open septal canals with a tributary system of secondary and tertiary fissures by resorption and a dense mass of vertical pillars which effectively destroy the umbilical cover plate seen in the juvenile. The septal canals connect with the umbilical canal via supplementary apertures and with vertical canals between the umbilical pillars. They also connect with the foraminal passage via subsutural canals. The idea the Rotalia should be reassigned to the Discorbidae is rejected and the integrity of the Rotaliidae is affirmed.


This thesis explores a selection of the ways in which an era of high mineral commodity prices - commonly dubbed the 'super-cycle' of the 2000s - is reshaping the map of global commodity markets. It pursues this agenda through three research aims: (1) to recast the relationship between geophysical resource supply, prices, and markets; (2) to examine some of the institutions that channel and benefit from resource wealth; and (3) to 'open the black box' of the commodity price formation process. The thesis pursues this agenda through four substantive papers, each with its own set of research objectives and findings, and primarily uses the example of phosphate as a vehicle for discussion. The first half of the thesis focuses on the production side of commodity markets. It begins by exploring the multidimensional nature of the concept of resource scarcity, both in its geophysical and socioeconomic aspects, by interrogating a prominent inherited conception of natural resource scarcity: 'peak' natural resources, specifically peak phosphorus discourses (chapter 3). The thesis then carries on the research agenda suggested by this initial study by conducting a field research-based case study of the little-known Moroccan state-owned phosphate mining and fertilizer company, OCP Group (chapter 4). It explores the particular type of principal-agent problem in generating and distributing national resource wealth that national extractive companies (NECs) such as OCP face. The second substantive half of the thesis is concerned with global commodity trading and price formation. It constructs an 'anatomy' of global phosphate markets in order to shed light on the phosphate price formation process (chapter 5). Based on this investigation, the thesis argues that despite the opacity of the processes by which phosphate is priced, an apparent lack of a 'benchmark' or reference price is not necessarily as problematic as market theorists might assume. Finally, the thesis takes a macro-level perspective of the relationship between finance and physical commodity trade by examining the role of financial trading in the governance of commodity markets (chapter 6). Overall the thesis distils the following findings. To begin with, a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the concept of resource scarcity puts short-term price movements as indicators of resource availability into perspective while revealing an unforeseen degree of complexity, as well as certain 'blind spots', in the geopolitical and institutional aspects of resource supply and trading. Second, the power of two particular, less-researched types of institutions that channel and benefit from resource wealth - names, national extractive companies and financial investors - is both less great and different in nature than is commonly assumed. Third, for institutional as well as geographic reasons that are specific to different types of commodities, the commodity price formation process is even further from the joint ideals of market transparency and liquidity than is commonly assumed. Finally, insofar as commodity production and trade can be conceived as part of the 'real economy', it cannot succumb to what is widely feared as the hegemony of 'financial logic'.


This article posits that archivists are inspired by broad, grand, and even transcendent ideals that guide their work, but that those ideals are beyond their grasp. The inability to attain these ideals sets archivists up to experience frustration and disappointment. By developing a moderate disposition,1 archivists can productively cope with disappointment and still be guided by their ideals to create great value through their work. The article focuses on three concepts or virtues of self-examination—enlarged thought, gratitude, and reverence—that can help archivists cultivate a moderate disposition.


Device-dependent metrics attempt to predict image quality from an 'average signal', usually
embodied on test targets. Consequently, the metrics perform well on individual 'average looking'
scenes and test targets, but provide lower correlation with subjective assessments when working
with a variety of scenes with different than 'average signal' characteristics. This study considers
the issues of scene dependency on image quality. This study aims to quantify the change in
quality with scene contents, to research the problem of scene dependency in relation to devicedependent
image quality metrics and to provide a solution to it.
A novel subjective scaling method was developed in order to derive individual attribute scales,
using the results from the overall image quality assessments. This was an analytical top-down
approach, which does not require separate scaling of individual attributes and does not assume
that the attribute is not independent from other attributes. From the measurements, interval scales
were created and the effective scene dependency factor was calculated, for each attribute.
Two device-dependent image quality metrics, the Effective Pictorial Information Capacity (EPIC)
and the Perceived Information Capacity (PIC), were used to predict subjective image quality for a
test set that varied in sharpness and noisiness. These metrics were found to be reliable predictors
of image quality. However, they were not equally successful in predicting quality for different
images with varying scene content.
Objective scene classification was thus considered and employed in order to deal with the
problem of scene dependency in device-dependent metrics. It used objective scene descriptors,
which correlated with subjective criteria on scene susceptibility. This process resulted in the
development of a fully automatic classification of scenes into 'standard' and 'non-standard'
groups, and the result allows the calculation of calibrated metric values for each group. The
classification and metric calibration performance was quite encouraging, not only because it
improved mean image quality predictions from all scenes, but also because it catered for nonstandard
scenes, which originally produced low correlations. The findings indicate that the
proposed automatic scene classification method has great potential for tackling the problem of
scene dependency, when modelling device-dependent image quality. In addition, possible further
studies of objective scene classification are discussed.


There is increasing concern that long-term continuous conservation tillage may cause increased surface soil strength and compaction detrimental to root growth and crop yield. The objective of this study was to characterize distribution of cone index (CI) and vane shear strength (VS) values at three row positions: in row (R), non-wheeltrack interrow (NW), and wheeltrack interrow (WT), under four tillage systems: conventional moldboard plow (PL), chisel plow (CH), ridge-till-plant (RT), and no-till (NT), on three long-term tillage studies on silty soils in Indiana. The Mollisol and Alfisols studied had been under the continuous tillage treatments for 13, 8, and 4 yr, respectively. Maximum cone index (CIₘₐₓ) averaged over three row positions was in the order RT > CH, NT > PL. As less tillage was performed, the zone of maximum strength was closer to the soil surface. Depth of CIₘₐₓ was in the order PL > CH > NT, RT. On the two Alfisols, soil strength in the non-trafficked positions (NW and R) tended to be lower in no-till than in the other tillage treatments, especially in the lower portion (below 15 cm) of the formerly tilled zone. High-strength layers were recorded at 23 to 40 cm and 15 to 22 cm on the PL and CH treatments, respectively. Wheeltrack compaction was more severe under RT and NT than on PL and CH. Vane shear data generally verified the tillage and row position effects found with the cone penetrometer. Journal Paper no. 11 489 of the Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn., West Lafayette, IN.


Thermal sprayed WC-based coatings are widely used in modern industry, especially in excellent wear-resistant-demanding fields, due to their high hardness and superior mechanical properties. WC-Co is a typical representative of the coatings, usually used as the protective layers of shaft, pump sleeve intine, etc. WC-Co coatings were prepared on low carbon steel substrate using high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) technology, under different distance ranging from 160 to 240 mm. The influence of the spraying distance on coating hardness was investigated and discussed. The results reveal that, the cross-sectional hardness of the HVOF WC-Co coatings depend not only on the spraying distance, but also on the indentation position. The average microhardness for all the coatings was obviously enhanced. The highest one (1793.6 Hv) was produced with a distance of 240 mm. Due to the heat effect of the flame, the hardness for all coatings varies with the distance from indentation to coating/substrate interface.


The aim of this paper is to contribute to the on-going debate about self-redescription in the history of African philosophy using the method and theory of redescription. This method and theory of redescription has become the deep concern of not only Western philosophers but of many African philosophers which is markedly present in their agitated pursuits of wisdom. This self-redescription is always resiliently presented in the works of Kwasi Wiredu, Kwame Appiah, Gyekye Kwame, Olusegun Oladipo, Wole Soyinka, Sophie Oluwole, Jim Unah, Martin Heidegger and Maduabuchi Duko;r who is the most recent emergence of the problem of theory and method in African philosophy. So, the general purpose of this paperis to enact the intellectual concern of these self-redescription in the history of African philosophy while the specific purpose is to determine the adequacy of humanism and hermeneutics as concepts covering the self-image of African philosophy. This paper will further show the incoherence and incongruence of humanism and hermeneutics with the concrete self-image of African philosophy by redescribing them in the mould of emerging concepts such as the humanness of Orisa intellectual culture, in particular; and orunmineutics as a general philosophical theory.


We present an investigation of laser guiding through an axially nonuniform collisionless magnetoplasma channel formed by the ionizing laser prepulse. With the propagation of a guided laser beam through such a preformed plasma channel, a ponderomotive force on account of the nonuniform intensity distribution of the laser beam comes into play, which further enhances the plasma channel. Unbalanced diffraction and refraction phenomena through such an axially nonuniform collisionless magnetoplasma channel results in alternate convergence and divergence of the laser beam. Wave equations governing the propagation characteristics of the ionizing prepulse and delayed pulse through an axialy nonuniform collisionless magnetoplasma channel have been solved by the moment theory approach. The effect of the magnetic field and intensity of a guided beam has been seen on the propagation of the second guided beam in the plasma channel. It is observed that there is an increase in the propagation of a guided beam with the increase in the magnetic field and intensity of the guided beam. This observation is very useful for the fast-ignitor concept, where the guided laser pulse is propagated through the plasma region without any absorption up to several Rayleigh lengths.


Background: The initial doses of levothyroxine (LT4) replacement therapy in patients with hypothyroidism in clinical practice are usually empirical, perhaps because of the lack of data suggesting how much hormone is needed in each patient's situation. The aim of our study is to evaluate the daily dose of oral LT4 needed to achieve the TSH goals in patients with hypothyroidism caused by different etiologies. Methods: Patients were divided and analyzed according to the etiology of the hypothyroidism. We retrospectively evaluated data from 557 patients (501 women) with hypothyroidism who had normal serum TSH and free T4 (FT4) levels in at least two consecutive appointments in which they were using the same levothyroxine doses. Results: The mean dose of levothyroxine in the total sample was 91.3 ± 37.18 µg/day (1.39 ± 0.63 µg/kg/day). Stratifying by group: central hypothyroidism 53.94 ± 28.07 µg/day (0.82 ± 0.48 µg/kg/day); primary hypothyroidism (no intervention) 81.37 ± 29.84 µg/day (1.25 ± 0.53 µg/kg-day); post radioactive iodine (I 131 ) 97.42 ± 28.32 µ g/day (1.33 ± 0.55 µg/kg/day); post-thyroidectomy for benign causes 102.8 ± 36.96 µg/day (1.54 ± 0.59 µg/kg/day); post-thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer 138.5 ± 35.25 µg/day (2.17 ± 0.58 µg/kg/day). Conclusion: The dose of LT4 required to stabilize the patient varies according to different hypothyroidism etiologies. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jem165w


Improved nutrition is an important part of improved health, and therefore of target 16 of the 38 targets for health for all adopted by the Member States of the WHO European Region. During my travels in the Region, I often meet colleagues working in nutrition in the community. In my discussions with them, they often say that their job as nutrition educators, counsellors, planners and advocates is so enormous as almost to overwhelm them. It certainly is. Dealing with food and nutrition is a task that involves many sectors and actors, and concerns everyone.
In addition, my colleagues often feel that the pressures of their work, the expectations of the people they serve and the tasks they are given would be easier to handle if made part of an overall plan. This sparked the idea to invite people working in community nutrition to attend workshops at which they could study systematic management theory, relate it to their work and, not least, learn from one another.
Arne Oshaug, who has many years of experience as a nutrition teacher and who has worked in all parts of the food chain, conducted the three workshops held so far (in 1987, 1988 and 1990), and felt it important to share the experience of the course participants and the process of the workshops with a wide audience. He has built the course results into the basis for a manual from which all people working in community nutrition (whether experienced or not) can teach themselves to plan ahead in order to get a firmer grip on what they are doing.
This manual is intended to be used, written in, discussed and debated. If you, the user, can think of ways to improve it, please send you suggestions to the author or the Nutrition Unit at the WHO Regional Office for Europe.


Research background: Starting from the concept of "post-colonial cultural dependence" and its significance for the contemporary Ukrainian society, imaginary geography is analyzed by describing the representations of the characteristics of countries, regions, places, and people living in these territories. Imaginary geography as a cultural structure implies material consequences. In the context of this paper, it is necessary to provide representations of potential migrants about the characteristics of the host countries, including details about population and the real economic, social and political opportunities after migration. The association between imaginary geography and migration in the expectations of postcolonial cultural dependence has been  hardly analyzed before.
Purpose of the article: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of post-Soviet cultural dependence on migration expectations of the Ukrainian population from the postcolonial study perspective.
Methods: The methodology is composed by two elements: a synthesis of neo-institutionalism and social constructivism. The paper hypothesizes that macro and meso level discourses in the emigration environment might have an impact on aspirations through perceptions of ?migratory imaginations? and ?geographical imaginations?.
Findings & Value added: Findings are based on the cross-national study on external migration conducted within the EUmagine project. The findings show a strong correlation between migration expectations and perceptions of Ukrainians and post-Soviet cultural dependencies. In addition, the country represents a ?post-imperial borderland? that results in the political split of the Ukrainian society. Our results might contribute to the establishment of connections between the imaginary geography of the Central, Western, and Southeastern regions of Ukraine and their migration expectations and orientations.


During normal development of the nervous system, a major reduction occurs in the initially excessive number of neurons and synapses. This "pruning" process is heavily influenced by patterns of electrical activity in the synaptic circuits being pruned. Many of the cell biological and molecular mechanisms involved in this activity-dependent modification of nervous system structure and function have been explicated, and the area is one of intense study. Similarly, an explosive increase has occurred in knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). There are significant mechanistic commonalities between the normal neurodevelopmental process and development of AD. We hypothesize that abnormalities in neural activity patterns, or in the coupling between neural activity and maintenance of neurons and synaptic circuits, may be a key determinant in the pathogenesis of AD that is late in onset, sporadic in nature, and in which the genes for the presenilins and the beta amyloid precursor protein are normal. Behavioral data suggests that an active, socially engaged life-style may be associated with a reduced risk for AD. If so, mechanisms linking neural activity with synaptic circuit integrity are probably involved and provide a target for ameliorative pharmacological intervention.


Starting in the 1990s, an increasing number of studies and reports have focused on examining the nature and characteristics of spatial planning in Europe. The geographical coverage of these comparative analyses broadened over time, paralleling the progression of EU integration. However, the Western Balkan countries were only vaguely mentioned within such studies, mostly due to their fragmentation and geopolitical instability. This paper analyses and compares spatial planning systems in the Western Balkan Region since the 1990s. More specifically, it presents an overview of the geographical and socio-economic situation, explores administrative and legal frameworks for spatial planning, analyses spatial planning instruments produced at each territorial level, and addresses future challenges. Through so doing this paper exposes the complexity of the subject and sets a base for further research.


OBJECTIVE
Uterine sarcomas are rare mesodermal malignant tumors with an incidence between 0.5 and 3.3 cases per 100,000 females per year. Most sarcomas are aggressive tumors leading to poor overall survival rates and only limited therapeutic options. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for uterine sarcomas and carcinosarcomas, and to identify the factors influencing the survival rate.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
We conducted a retrospective study with twenty-nine patients who were diagnosed with uterine sarcoma and thirty-four patients with carcinosarcoma between the years 1990 and 2006 at the Oncogynecologic center at the University Hospital in Martin, Slovakia. We focused on the analysis of the risk factors and survival rate of early stages I and II.

RESULTS
We confirmed highly statistically significant values for the inverse correlation between survival and tumor size, positive lymph nodes, high mitotic activity, vascular invasion, positive peritoneal cytology, elevated CA-125, smoking and BMI in sarcoma and carcinosarcoma group (p<0.001 for all factors). The use of lymphadenectomy had no effect on survival of all patients.

DISCUSSION
Sarcomas and carcinosarcomas are aggressive tumors leading to poor overall survival rates and only limited therapeutic options. As there is no consensus on specific treatment, an individual approach based on evaluation of known risk factors is essential.


Railway structures and traction substations suffered much damage by the Large-Magnitude Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995. In electric railway substations, structures were cracked, also a number of pieces of equipment such as transformers and silicon rectifiers were damaged, insulation oil leaked, base anchorbolts were cut, and high-voltage equipment supports inclined, and insulators cracked because of crack in the ground and uneven subsidence. This report describes the survey results of damaged traction substations and explains an earthquake-proof design method for traction substation equipment. We surveyed natural frequencies of traction substations equipment below 170kV. This survey showed that natural frequencies of equipment below 170kV were in relatively high frequency area (about 10-20 Hz) than those of equipment above 170kV. As the real dominant frequency of earthquake is several Hz, these equipments rarely cause resonance due to earthquake move, and moving responses are weak also. From the analysis of the gliding phenomena of heavy equipment, it is found that the horizontal acceleration is in the range of 0.4 0.6G. So anchorbolts should be protected from large bending moment. Definite plans are using longer anchor-sockets, stuffing gaps between equipment and base and removing anti-vibration rubber plates.


This paper introduces a major new cross-disciplinary research project that looks at the UK health and social care system, as part of an ambitious, broader initiative to apply methods from complexity science to a range of key global challenges. This particular project aims to develop new, integrated models for the supply and demand of both health and social care, in the context of the societal change brought about by migration, mobility and the ageing population. We discuss the background to the work, and the broad way in which we intend to leverage complexity science. This is made more specific with a brief discussion on existing demographic models, and some examples of model-building in progress. We conclude with a glimpse into the subtly difficult problems of fostering such innovative interdisciplinarity.


Abstract : This bibliography contains citations of monographs and serial articles relating to the countries of the Indian Subcontinent: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The compilation is selective and is intended principally as a reference work for research on the foreign relations, government, and politics of the nations concerned. The bibliography covers works acquired, cataloged, published, or reported during the first 6 months of 1983. The user of previous bibliographies in this series may wish to note some changes in organization. This bibliography is divided into individual country sections plus an initial listing of South Asian material. Works relating to bilateral events or subjects are listed twice, once in each section of the country concerned. Works that are of multilateral or regional implication are listed once in the South Asia section. Each section, in turn, is subdivided into monographs and serials, with the view toward aiding the reader who wishes to identify quickly a longer treatment of a particular subject.


The native self-alignment of area-selective deposition (ASD) processes makes this technology a promising solution for precise pattern positioning in the EUV era. The key challenge for any ASD process is its defectivity associated with the deposition on the growth-inhibiting surface. Therefore, the ability to qualify an ASD process using the appropriate set of in-line metrology tools is crucial for up-scaling of the technology. In this work, we present a new concept of area-selective ALD TiO2 growth and use it as an example to show the potential of in-line OCD and XPS tools for evaluation of ASD processes. The proposed novel process is based on selective growth of TiO2 on top of SiO2/SiN in the presence of plasma halogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) acting as a growth-inhibiting layer. The exposure of a-C:H to CF4 or Cl2 plasma results in formation of a thin halogen-rich film suppressing nucleation of TiO2, while the latter is minimally affected on the plasma treated SiNx or SiO2 layers. The selectivity was assessed on both blanket films and 45 nm half-pitch a-C:H line patterns. The analysis of blanket a-C:H substrates showed that the plasma chlorination provides a substantially more efficient growth inhibition as compared to the fluorination. However, the ability of the CF4-plasma to etch the topmost surface of the a-C:H makes it more favorable for application on a-C:H patterns, surface of which is typically contaminated with residues from hard-mask or from the patterning plasma. Therefore, the pre-cleaning of the a-C:H line pattern surface with CF4-plasma is required to restore the growth blocking efficiency of the chlorinated a-C:H.


The human erythropoietin gene is expressed predominantly in the kidney and liver in response to hypoxia. Although the signaling cascade for hypoxia is present in many different cell types, the expression of erythropoietin is restricted to only a few tissues. The authors show that the promoter and 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the erythropoietin gene comprise a CpG island and that methylation of the CpG island correlates inversely with expression. Methylation represses the expression of the erythropoietin gene in 2 ways: high-density methylation of the 5'-UTR recruits a methyl-CpG binding protein to the promoter, and methylation of CpGs in the proximal promoter blocks the association of nuclear proteins. (Blood. 2000;95:111-119)


In Photoshop CS5 Essential Training, author Michael Ninness demonstrates how to produce the highest quality images with fantastic detail in the shortest amount of time, using a combination of Photoshop CS5, Adobe Bridge, and Camera Raw. This course shows the most efficient ways to perform common editing tasks, including noise reduction, shadow and highlight detail recovery, retouching, and combining multiple images. Along the way, Michael shares the secrets of non-destructive editing, utilizing and mastering Adobe Bridge, Camera Raw, layers, adjustment layers, blending modes, layer masks, and much more. Exercise files are included with the course. Macintosh Requirements OS 10.3.9 or higher DVD-ROM drive 1024x768 resolution 24-bit video support Quicktime 7 or higher Windows Requirements XP, Vista, Windows 7 DVD-ROM drive 1024x768 resolution 24-bit video support PC sound card/speakers Quicktime 7 or higher (included) .NET 2.0 or higher (included)


Logic and computer science communities have traditionally followed a dierent approach to the problem of representing and reasoning about time and states. Research in logic resulted in a family of (metric) tense logics that take time as a primitive notion and dene (timed) states as sets of atomic propositions which are true at given instants, while research in computer science concentrated on the so{called (real-time) temporal logics of programs that take state as a primitive notion, and dene time as an attribute of states. In this paper, we provide a unifying framework within which the two approaches can be reconciled. Our main tools are metric and layered temporal logics originally proposed to model time granularity in various contexts. In such a framework, states and timeinstants can be uniformly referred to as elements of a (decidable) theory of !-layered metric temporal structures. Furthermore, we show that the theory of timed state sequences, underlying real-time logics, is naturally recovered as an abstraction of such a theory. 1


INTRODUCTION
Edema is a significant cause of neuromorbidity in children and adults with brain tumors. Agents used to control this effect, such as corticosteroids, have their own associated morbidities. Sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) is a transmembrane protein that regulates the activity of ion channels in neurons, glia, and endothelial cells. SUR1 expression is upregulated in neuroinflammatory conditions. Inhibition of SUR1 with glyburide decreases edema and neuroinflammation by countering cytotoxic edema and apoptosis in rodent models of subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, trauma, and cerebral metastases. However, the expression of SUR1 in human brain tumors has not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine SUR1 expression and cellular colocalization in a variety of human brain tumor specimens.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Six glioblastoma, 12 cerebral metastases, 11 medulloblastoma, 9 supratentorial ependymoma, and 8 posterior fossa ependymoma specimens were analyzed using immunofluorescence. SUR1 expression and colocalization with blood vessels, neurons, and glial cells was analyzed and compared using ANOVA.

RESULTS
SUR1 expression was found in all specimens examined as a percentage of the total tissue area (mean ± SD): glioblastoma 3.9 ± 4, cerebral metastases 4.1 ± 3.1, medulloblastoma 8.2 ± 7.2, supratentorial ependymoma 9.1 ± 7, and posterior fossa ependymoma 8.1 ± 5.9. SUR1 expression was greater in supratentorial ependymoma compared to glioblastoma and metastases (p < 0.05) and greater in medulloblastoma compared to glioblastoma (p < 0.05). SUR1 colocalized most reliably with the neuronal marker, NeuN, in glioblastoma, metastases, and posterior fossa ependymoma samples (p < 0.05). SUR1 colocalized most reliably with the endothelial cell marker, CD31, in medulloblastoma samples (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION
SUR1 is a putative therapeutic target to reduce neuroinflammation in adult and pediatric brain tumors. Inhibition of SUR1 may result in neuronal stabilization in glioblastoma, cerebral metastases, and posterior fossa ependymoma and reduced edema in medulloblastoma.
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The pirarucu counting method is a simplified stock assessment that has been used as the main parameter for establishing the annual fishing quotas in the management system of the Mamiraua and Amana Reserves. In spite of the method's directness, considering the recent expansion of managed fisheries, we cannot confirm that the counters thoroughly obey the original methodology. There is a concern of a technical nature, as the results of the counts directly influence the fishing quotas, and the lack of technical supervision or the inadequate application of the method are factors that can compromise the management system as a whole. This study aims to assess the counts that took place in six fishing environments of the Jaraua Sector, Mamiraua Reserve, and in four fishing environments of the area of the Pantaleao Fishing Agreement Complex, Amana Reserve. We verified the consistency of the information resulting from the count, presented to the technical staff. To do this, we conducted recounts of juvenile and adult pirarucus in the same environments. In the Jaraua Sector we found significant differences in the counting results from Samaumerinha do Tucuxi and Curuca do Centro. In Comprido do Maciel we found differences regarding the number of counted areas. In the sampled environments from the Pantaleao region we did not find significant differences between the counts. The results highlight the importance of creating assessment mechanisms for the counts, for the purpose of preventing possible alterations in the results that might influence the fishing quotas without a biological reason for justifying such quotas.


Since 2000, the Zimbabwean government has expropriated a string of white-owned commercial lands. In March 2008, in a consolidated case (Mike Campbell (Pvt) Ltd and Others v. Zimbabwe), 79 applicants filed an application with the Southern African Development Community Tribunal (SADC Tribunal) to challenge the legality of the acquisition of certain agricultural lands by the Zimbabwean government. On 28 November 2008, the Tribunal ruled that the expropriations of agricultural lands by the Zimbabwean government were illegal because they were based on racial discrimination and did not compensate the applicants. This paper seeks to understand the contribution that the Campbell case brings to the law on foreign direct investment, especially the principle that expropriations must not be discriminatory. Investment law generally prohibits discriminatory expropriations or nationalizations on the basis of race, with the notable exception of post-colonial expropriations carried out to end the economic domination of the nationals of the former colonial power. By declaring that the expropriations of white-owned agricultural lands in Zimbabwe were illegal because they amounted to racial discrimination, the SADC Tribunal in Campbell appears to develop the investment law jurisprudence on expropriations by creating an exception to the exception. Accordingly, the question that this paper addresses centers on the extent to which a country can expropriate property as part of a general government program to correct present economic inequalities brought about by a colonial past. After an exposition of the applicable laws and an explanation of the contribution of Campbell, the paper discusses whether the SADC Tribunal rightly decided the Campbell case and, if not, how the case could and should have been decided.


We consider Bridgeland stability conditions for three-folds conjectured by
Bayer-Macr\`i-Toda in the case of Picard rank one. We study the differential
geometry of numerical walls, characterizing when they are bounded, discussing
possible intersections, and showing that they are essentially regular. Next, we
prove that walls within a certain region of the upper half plane that
parametrizes geometric stability conditions must always intersect the curve
given by the vanishing of the slope function and, for a fixed value of s, have
a maximum turning point there. We then use all of these facts to prove that
Gieseker semistability is equivalent to asymptotic semistability along a class
of paths in the upper half plane, and to show how to find large families of
walls. We illustrate how to compute all of the walls and describe the
Bridgeland moduli spaces for the Chern character (2,0,-1,0) on complex
projective 3-space in a suitable region of the upper half plane.


Background: Mesenchymal neoplasms of the male genital tract are rare, and most are located Para testicular and testicular adnexal. The sarcomas, the most frequent in the child with this location are the Para testicular embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Case report: Male 4 years old, without personal pathological history, complained of pain and increased left testicular volume of 2 months evolution. Upon physical examination, the left scrotal sac was enlarged, without change in coloration, indurated, not very painful. The right testicle showed no alterations. Conclusion: The RMS is the most frequent soft tissue tumor in childhood and the genitourinary location is the second most frequent after the head and neck region. Primary intratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma is uncommon.


Coarse-grained, medium- to thick-bedded turbidites in the Franciscan Complex contain carbonized plant debris concentrated in the upper parts of some of the beds. These concentrations typically occur at the top of a thick, graded to massive sand subdivision, and may be covered by a thin, parallel-laminated silt or silty sand subdivision. Plant fragments are usually angular, vary greatly in size and shape, and do not display obvious signs of current orientation. The largest fragments (> 1 cm in longest dimension) are here termed megaphytoclasts. Accumulations of plant debris in sandy turbidites suggest a complex interaction of water currents with heterogeneous sediment loads in high-concentration turbidity currents. Phytoclast lamina probably are formed by hydrofoil stripping, in which plant fragments are wafted out of sediment gravity flows by currents moving forward and upward through the head regions of the flows, followed immediately by settling of the fragments directly onto newly deposited carpets of turbidite sand. Phytoclast concentrations formed in this way may be buried by fine-grained sediment in the last stage of turbidite emplacement, or plant material may accumulate without further clastic deposition resulting in lamina of deepsea terrigenous coal.


"Robinson believed that, if he looked at it hard enough, he could cause the surface of the city to reveal to him the "molecular" basis of historical events, and in this way he hoped to see into the future." In his sequence of films, Patrick Keiller retraces the hidden story of the places where we live, the cities and landscapes of our everyday lives. Now, in this brilliant collection of essays, he offers a new perspective on how Britain works and sees itself. He discusses the background to his work and its development - from surrealism to post-2008 economic catastrophe - and expands on what the films reveal. Referencing writers including Benjamin and Lefebvre, the essays follow his career since the late 1970s, exploring themes including the surrealist perception of the city; the relationship of architecture and film; how cities change over time, and how films represent this; as well as accounts of cross-country journeys involving historical figures, unexpected ideas and an urgent portrait of post-crash Britain.


The Plan of 1758 for the reconstruction of Lisbon's Baixa Pombalina followed principles of unparalleled efficiency and regularity. The grid of rectangular urban blocks with pre-designed street facades had a lasting impact on urban identity. Today, the original features of the blocks of flats allow renovation strategies that address changes in domestic life and present-day comfort demands: making use of alcoves and the enfilade to address intimacy; turning kitchens into social areas; using multiple entrances for flat division; introducing lifts according to staircase design. Recent renovations show how the flats' original features contribute to unconventional flexible layouts adapted to contemporary living.


The preservation of historic buildings is important since they are social and cultural evidence of the past. In their lifetime, historic buildings may lose their function and become abandoned. Adaptive reuse is a way for a historic building to survive by changing the function according to the needs of its region. Museography is a field that fundamentally contributes to the collection, conservation and protection of a significant part of the movable cultural heritage. It comprises the methods and techniques related to the practical function of museums. In a museum the most important concern is the organization of displays, the use of light, circulation in the place and accessibility. If a museum is in an architectural heritage, this situation may create challenges both for designers and museographers since important concerns for conservation and museography should be taken into consideration together. Military establishments were mainly constructed for defence purpose including castles, military posts and towers; however, the reason of construction, forms similar characteristics among military buildings such as introverted organization and solid facades. The aim of the study is to question the success of the adaptive reuse projects in terms of appropriateness of the museum function in a military establishment both in a conservation approach and museography approach. The study is a comparative research. Two selected castles will be compared in terms of use of military establishments as museums. The castles are selected from two different countries: Sforzesco Castle in Milan, Italy and Kyrenia Castle in Kyrenia, Cyprus which was used as castles before and are now converted to museums. The buildings are evaluated in two parts with the defined criteria: firstly in terms of conservation principles and secondly in terms of museography. In order to


In many Western democracies, and particularly in the United States, foreign affairs are primarily an executive enterprise. The travel ban, the exit from the Iran nuclear deal, and the airstrikes against the Bashar al-Assad regime in Syria are just a few recent illustrations of unilateral assertions of presidential power. A large part of the justification for treating foreign affairs differently than other areas of public policy, in which political and judicial checks on the executive are more robust, is functional. Owing to the executive's relative institutional advantages over the legislature and the judiciary—in expertise, knowledge, speed, unitary structure, and democratic accountability—courts afford the President considerable deference in cases relating to foreign affairs. But there is something deeply flawed in the way judges apply functionalist reasoning in this context. Instead of using functionalism for what it is—a contextual and adaptable paradigm for ascertaining whether and how much deference is desired in order to make the challenged policy or act work best—judges frequently simply rely on the executive's special competence to apply a de facto presumption of near-total deference. I term this practice "totemic functionalism."

This Article traces the conceptual underpinnings of totemic functionalism and critically analyzes its pervasive effect in foreign affairs law. Using three case studies and other recent examples, it then shows how totemic functionalism undermines the system of checks and balances, first between the organs of government and then, indirectly, inside the executive branch. As a result, while judicial deference in foreign affairs is often excused with the assertion that other non-judicial checks provide adequate substitute, I show that the near-total deference arising from totemic functionalism insulates the President from any sort of accountability.


We propose and investigate a novel query type named trajectory search by regions of interest (TSR query). Given an argument set of trajectories, a TSR query takes a set of regions of interest as a parameter and returns the trajectory in the argument set with the highest spatial-density correlation to the query regions. This type of query is useful in applications such as trip planning and recommendation. To process the TSR query, a set of new metrics are defined to model spatial-density correlations. An efficient trajectory search algorithm is developed that exploits upper and lower bounds to prune the search space and that adopts a query-source selection strategy, as well as integrates a heuristic search strategy based on priority ranking to schedule multiple query sources. The performance of TSR query processing is studied in extensive experiments based on real and synthetic spatial data.


Asymmetry is considered one of the most relevant features in today's conflicts. In this article we address one particular type of asymmetry — structural asymmetry. After introducing the main characteristics and the different phases of these types of conflicts — i.e., conscientization, confrontation, negotiation, sustainable peace — we address the specificity of the Israeli-Palestinian case seen here as a typical case of a structurally asymmetric conflict. The aim is to explain why, despite the many negotiation phases this conflict has been through, none of them has ever led to a sustainable peace. On the contrary, each negotiation has brought on yet another confrontation phase, with a sort of never ending series of loops. The strong imbalance between the two sides, and the scarce reciprocal conflict awareness represent the two main reasons for explaining such a development.


Although certain replication errors occur at different frequencies on each of the complementary strands of DNA, it remains unclear whether this bias is prevalent enough during chromosome replication to affect sequence evolution. Here, nucleotide substitutions in enteric bacteria were examined, and no difference in mutation rates was detected between the leading and lagging strands, but in comparing the coding and noncoding strands, an excess of C→T changes was observed on the coding strand. This asymmetry is best explained by transcription-coupled repair on the noncoding strand. Although the vast majority of mutations are thought to arise from spontaneous errors during replication, this result implicates DNA damage as a substantial source of mutations in the wild.


Photodynamic treatment (PDT) has been proposed as a new approach for inactivation of biofilms associated with medical devices that are resistant to chemical additives or biocides. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of merocyanine 540 (MC 540), a photosensitizing dye that is used for purging malignant cells from autologous bone marrow grafts, against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Effect of the combined photodynamic action of MC 540 and 532 nm laser was investigated on the viability and structure of biofilms of two Staphylococcus epidermidis strains, RP62A and 1457. Significant inactivation of cells was observed when biofilms were exposed to MC 540 and laser simultaneously. The effect was found to be light dose-dependent but S. epidermidis 1457 biofilm proved to be slightly more susceptible than S. epidermidis RP62A biofilm. Furthermore, significant killing of both types of cells was attained even when a fixed light dose was delivered to the biofilms. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) analysis indicated damage to bacterial cell membranes in photodynamically treated biofilms, while disruption of PDT-treated biofilm was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). (Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 848–57)


Lagenaria siceraria is an important medicinal plant belonging to family Cucurbitaceae. Now a day its use in Juice form is very popular. In present article, quercetin has been isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of fruit extract and confirmed by Co-TLC, UV and FTIR analysis. In addition, a simple, rapid, precise, and accurate high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been established, validated for flavonoid quercetin. The linearity of the method was investigated in the range of 1-3.5 ng mL-1. Percentage recoveries for quercetin found to be 99.79%. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, specificity, and ruggedness. Densitometric quantification was performed at 575 nm after spraying with aluminum chloride reagent.


Necrotizing Fasciitis is a rapidly progressive, potentially fatal infection of superficial fasciae and subcutaneous tissue, usually resulting from an inciting trauma to the skin. Medical literature refers few cases of necrotizing fasciitis related to intra-articular infiltrations, that often lead to patients death. This report describes the clinical events on a 55 year-old diabetic patient who developed upper extremity Necrotizing Fasciitis, 18 days after shoulder mobilization and intra-articular infiltration, due to Staphylococcus epidermidis. An early surgical debridement was performed and antibiotherapy was established, resulting in a successful outcome, despite the functional disability. We point out, through this case, the possibility of intra-articular injections of drugs causing Necrotizing Fasciitis, especially in risk patients.


With the intention to control a true swapping between the efficiency and the privacy protection this paper introduces a scrambled randomized response (SRR) model to be alternative of Saha's scrambling mechanism. The basic initiative is to provide an assortment of the additive, the subtractive and the multiplicative models. The simulation and the empirical studies are provided for various sample sizes to compare the efficiency of the proposed model. The results obtained from simulation showed that the proposed model performs better than Pollock and Bek's additive model. Also, the proposed generalized estimator of mean has been studied using a new SRR model presented in this article and shown that the proposed estimator and its class of estimators are more efficient than existing estimators. It is also shown that gain in efficiency is more when the proposed SRR model is used. The efficiency of the proposed class of estimators over existing estimators using both models is also provided using real data and with a simulation study.


Scientific research into the occurrence and population density of the Harbour Seal ( Phoca vitulina L.) in the coastal regions of the Netherlands, necessary for any efficacious nature conservancy programme, was started in September 1953 by the author. A reliable calculation of the total number of Harbour Seals in the coastal regions of the Netherlands soon proved to be extremely difficult. Estimations of the number of Harbour Seals occurring in these regions had been made several times before. BROUWER (1927) took the total number of seals in the Netherlands part of the Waddenzee at 1500 and the total number of seals in the estuaries of the provinces of Zuid-Holland and Zeeland at 800. The first number had been arrived at by means of countings in the field, the latter had been computed from the number of dead animals brought in on account of a bounty system existing for more than twenty years. HAVINGA (1931, 1933) also based his most ingenious calculations on the number of animals killed for bounties. He found that, should the total number of seals stay at the same level, the total population should amount to at least 4000 animals, the bounty killings amounting to 1100 animals annually. At the moment HAVINGA published his report, there was no direct evidence of a decrease in the number of seals, but even so HAVINGA obviously felt a slight doubt in this respect. ERNA MOJHR (1952) compared HAVINGA'S calculations with Russian calculations concerning the Harp Seal (Phoca groentandica FABR.). Her conclusions are that only a total number of 8500 animals was sufficient to endure an annual killing of 1100 animals without decreasing. To my opinion ERNA MOHR was mistaken in using these calculations, concerning a species with quite another biology and a shorter span of life than the Harbour Seal. So, taking into account the Harbour Seal only, the various authors came to different estimations in the coastal regions of the Netherlands. Therefore it seemed worthwhile to attempt a more exact census of this species.


Several researchers have described voice control mechanisms for a power wheelchair, but voice control has yet to become a commercially viable control alternative. One problem with voice control is that the voice's limited bandwidth renders it impossible to make frequent small adjustments to the wheelchair's velocity. One possible solution is to utilize voice control in combination with the navigation assistance provided by "Smart wheelchairs," which use sensors to identify and avoid obstacles in the wheelchair's path. This paper describes an experiment that compares the performance of able-bodied subjects using voice control to operate a power wheelchair both with and without navigation assistance.


The purpose of this study was to explore the maternal risk profile and obstetric outcome in pregnancies affected by placenta previa. Retrospective case-control study involved all women (93 [0.37%] women with diagnosed placenta previa and 24,857 unaffected controls) who gave birth to singleton infants at Kuopio University Hospital between the years 1989 and 2000. Grand multiparity, infertility problems, and advanced maternal age were independent risk factors of placenta previa, with adjusted relative risks of 5.8, 3.7, and 2.4, respectively. Most women with placenta previa (88.2%) underwent cesarean delivery before term. They also more often had velamentous umbilical cord insertion (7.5%) and higher placental-to-birthweight ratios than the controls. Placenta previa was associated with risks of preterm delivery, low birthweight infants, and need for neonatal intensive care, at odds ratios of 27.7, 7.4, and 3.4, respectively. In conclusion, placenta previa is an infrequent pregnancy complication associated with multiparity, advanced maternal age, infertility problems, elevated placental ratio, and velamentous umbilical cord insertion.


In this study, we follow several purpose. In the first section, the game theory concept and the formation of its fundamental concepts is examined. After that, we investigate that how von Neumann-Morgenstern (1944) and john Nash (1950-1953) works, caused the formation of modern game theory. Then, we discussed that how game theory enter to macroeconomic modern space. The achievement of this area can be found in Kydland and Prescott (1977). On the other hand, we consider the importance of differential game. This theory plays an important role in the applicable of strategic interaction between fiscal and monetary policy. Hence by extend Tabellini model (1986) in stackellberg case by open loop and feedback information, the equilibrium model in Iranian economy is investigated. The results show that, converge speed in open loop case is higher than feedback case and also debt equilibrium in the feedback case is lower than open loop case. On the other hand, the result shows that in stackelberg game between government and central bank, the level of debt can be brought to the target level, and even with huge oil revenues, the government could impose policy to prevent the creation of much money by central bank.


Dr David Moor had many friends and patients to support him during his trial for murder for providing analgesia for a dying patient in 1997, and most people were relieved by his acquittal. Another general practitioner, however, has been less fortunate.

In 1995 a nurse reported Dr Ken Taylor to the police for refusing to continue to prescribe Fresubin, a nutritional supplement, to an 86 year old woman with terminal cerebrovascular disease, who was being cared for in a nursing home. She was unable to feed normally so the supplement was being squirted into her mouth with a syringe. Her family found this "horrifying to watch, agony really." They did not object to the feeds being discontinued and thought that Dr Taylor took good care of their mother, who died eight weeks later.

> The GMC seems to be in danger of becoming a kind of medical inquisition

The Crown Prosecution Service decided not to charge Dr Taylor, but referred him to the General Medical Council. As a …


Most cells in the body contain a cell autonomous molecular clock, but the requirement of peripheral clocks for circadian rhythmicity, and their effects on physiology, are not well understood. Here we show that deletion of core clock components REV-ERB alpha and β in adult mouse hepatocytes disrupted circadian rhythmicity of many liver genes, as expected, but also led to maintained and even gained rhythmicity of other genes without altering feeding behavior. The loss of REV-ERBs from hepatocytes led to an exaggerated circadian rhythm of de novo lipogenesis. Liver function is also influenced by non-hepatocytic cells, and remarkably the loss of REV-ERBs in hepatocytes remodeled the circadian transcriptomes and metabolomes of multiple cell types within the liver, indicating that hepatocytes communicated time signals to non-hepatocytic cells. Finally, alteration of food availability demonstrated strong interdependence of the cell-autonomous hepatocyte clock mechanism and non-cell-autonomous environmental change. Together these studies reveal previously unsuspected roles of the hepatocyte clock in the physiological coordination of nutritional signals and cell-cell communication controlling rhythmic metabolism. Disclosure D. Guan: None. M.A. Lazar: Board Member; Self; Pfizer Inc. Consultant; Self; Calico, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (F32DK116519)


The work is devoted to the mythological group of evidence about the Phrygian king Midas. The literary shaping of the story about his punishment by the gold food which doomed him to starvation was done by Ovid. The poet of the time of Augustus gave a final touch to the Alexandrine scholastic tradition. The "golden touch" of Midas was almost absent from the earlier pieces of written evidence.
The objects which the Phrygian king touches had a cosmogonic, as well as demiurgic meaning. He first reached for a green bush, a stone, a handful of soil, a wheat-ear and an apple, and then he touched the high gates of his palace, and failed to wash his hands with water. Finally he sat at the table full of meals and baked "fruits of Cerera" – they all turned into solid gold. The items mentioned by the poet characterize the Phrygian king's cosmogonic and socio-regulative functions. The opposition nature/culture requires demiurgic behaviour as well. The alimentary code is preferred in the mythological narrative to emphasize the ruption of all the functions of the ruler in an archaic non-literary society.
A comparison between Tantalos' nether-world torments and Midas' "gold table" is suggested. The analysis supports the assumption that the literary character of Midas could have been shaped after the model of some other, earlier initial sinners of "Phrygian origin" in Greek mythology. The cosmology where the fabulous gold or the gold object marked the confines of the oecumene, as well as the earliest Greek ideas about Asia, might have influenced Midas' image as well.
Although the character of king Midas, as rendered by Ovid, seems a complete literary work, it preserves references of earlier evidence when Midas was a sage and was entitled with Apollonine and Dionysian features at the same time. These could convey ritual practices seen by the Greeks in Thrace and in Phrygia.


The banana producing countries of the CARICOM region have been particularly challenged. The loss of preferential agreements in many major markets, exacerbated by the proliferation of pests and viruses that attack the banana plant, have led to significant losses in revenue over the past few years. With banana production being the key export in many of these countries, this has meant significant decreases in foreign exchange earnings and in general a blow to their national economies. Recognizing the significant investment in banana production infrastructure in these countries, efforts have been made to develop alternative markets based on the banana plant. It has been found that the fibre produced from the banana stalks has desirable material properties and can be used in paper production, craft creation and as an input for other bio-composite materials. Recent initiatives by some regional governments have begun to foster new markets for these fibres in the United States and Europe. Flowever, exploitation of these markets would require significant regional capacity development, primarily in the form of increased fibre production levels. One solution is to design and construct a machine that meets the needs of the stakeholders of the region and the international market. This paper would discuss the design, fabrication and testing of a prototype banana fibre machine. The design process is unique as it uses both the standard engineering design process and an energy/impact loading analysis for the machine's critical components, permitting overall improvement in energy consumption. Testing was performed on the machine and it has been shown to produce fibres from the banana stalk more effectively, with comparable quality and at a higher production capacity per unit of energy utilized, as compared to existing designs used in other regions. This machine addresses some of the current challenges and in so doing, provides a critical component to the proposed alternative regional banana value chain.


We construct full-diversity, arbitrary rate STBCs for specific number of transmit
antennas over an apriori specified signal set using twisted Laurent series rings. Constructing full-diversity space-time block codes from algebraic constructions like division algebras
has been done by Shashidhar et al. Constructing STBCs from crossed product algebras arises this question in mind that besides these constructions, which one of the well-known division algebras are appropriate for constructing space-time block codes.
This paper deals with twisted Laurent series rings and their subrings twisted function fields, to construct STBCs. First, we introduce twisted Laurent series rings over field extensions of $\mathbb{Q}$. Then, we generalize this construction to the case that coefficients come from a division algebra.
Finally, we use an algorithm to construct twisted function fields, which are noncrossed product division algebras, and we propose a method for constructing STBC from them.


Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years, and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources, many based on their use in traditional medicine. The use of herbal drugs is once more escalating in the form of complementary and alternative medicine. The past century, however, has seen an increasing role played by microorganisms in the production of the antibiotics and other drugs for the treatment of some serious diseases. With less than 1% of the microbial world currently known, advances in procedures for microbial cultivation and the extraction of nucleic acids from environmental samples from soil and marine habitats, and from symbiotic and endophytic microbes associated with terrestrial and marine macro-organisms, will provide access to a vast untapped reservoir of genetic and metabolic diversity. By use of combinatorial chemical and biosynthetic technology, novel natural product leads will be optimized on the basis of their biological activities to yield effective chemotherapeutic and other bioactive agents.


Abstract: The recovery and survival of the Macaronesian laurel forest depends on its regeneration strategies. After years of long-term monitoring, both sexual and asexual regeneration appear to be equally important. However, the mechanisms for each are just beginning to be understood. In order to contribute to the understanding of the laurel forest sexual regeneration, we analyzed the species composition of the seedling bank every two weeks over three years in the laurel forest of Anaga (Tenerife, Canary Islands). We compared the species compositions of the seedling bank with the canopy, and analyzed changes in their diversity over this period in different forest stands. We found that species diversity (evenness) is different among plots regardless of the stand. In some cases, plot diversity remained constant over time, while others showed some variations, which were little related to climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation). We also found no relationship between the seedling bank and canopy composition, with shade-intolerant species being more abundant in the former. Although climatic conditions remained constant during the period and other environmental conditions did not vary either, some changes were found in the seedling bank species composition. These were related to the increased degree of conservation of the laurel forest of Anaga (by closing unpaved roads, limiting access, and the abandonment of agriculture) that had negatively affected the density of shade-intolerant species. We suggest that such conservation measures should be maintained and extended to other areas where agriculture has been recently abandoned to allow the potential establishment of laurel forest and late successional species.


This article offers a critique of the adoption of incentivised recycling policies in the UK, through an exploration of Hegel's dialectic and concept of plasticity, as developed by French philosopher Catherine Malabou. With reference to Malabou's use of neuroscientific research, it argues that the brain can be viewed as a metaphor for the connections between people in the world, with neural pathways representing habits that can be formed and resist deformation. What plasticity captures is our propensity to procrastinate, both individually and socially. I argue that the plastic brain represents the connections between all entities, that is human beings and the environment. It is suggested that UK policies will only succeed in diverting waste from landfill by means of retraining our habitual behaviour away from throwing unwanted waster away and towards recycling. The article then considers how the work of Hegel and Malabou can be used to demonstrate that recycling is a matter of maintaining the connectivity of the whole plastic brain, whilst waste disposal disrupts this connectivity, like Alzheimers or some other degenerative condition, through being forgotten 6. Furthermore, because the environment is incorporated in the plastic brain through a post-humanist approach, it can be argued that discarding waste can also be taken as a metaphor for marginalising people in wasted lives, because they are no longer needed or don't meet requirements anymore. The plasticity of the dialectic shows that resistance or procrastination is an essential or natural element of recycling, which is therefore naturally going to take time.


The lipoxygenase mimic [Fe(III)(PY5)(OH)](CF3SO3)2 is synthesized from the reaction of [Fe(II)(PY5)(MeCN)](CF3SO3)2 with iodosobenzene, with low-temperature studies suggesting the possible intermediacy of an Fe(IV) oxo species. The Fe(III)-OH complex is isolated and identified by a combination of solution and solid-state methods, including EPR and IR spectroscopy. [Fe(III)(PY5)(OH)](2+) reacts with weak X-H bonds in a manner consistent with hydrogen-atom abstraction. The composition of this complex allows meaningful comparisons to be made with previously reported Mn(III)-OH and Fe(III)-OMe lipoxygenase mimics. The bond dissociation energy (BDE) of the O-H bond formed upon reduction to [Fe(II)(PY5)(H2O)]2+ is estimated to be 80 kcal mol(-1), 2 kcal mol(-1) lower than that in the structurally analogous [Mn(II)(PY5)(H2O)]2+ complex, supporting the generally accepted idea that Mn(III) is the thermodynamically superior oxidant at parity of coordination sphere. The identity of the metal has a large influence on the entropy of activation for the reaction with 9,10-dihydroanthracene; [Mn(III)(PY5)(OH)]2+ has a 10 eu more negative DeltaS++ value than either [Fe(III)(PY5)(OH)]2+ or [Fe(III)(PY5)(OMe)]2+, presumably because of the increased structural reorganization that occurs upon reduction to [Mn(II)(PY5)(H2O)]2+. The greater enthalpic driving force for the reduction of Mn(III) correlates with [Mn(III)(PY5)(OH)]2+ reacting more quickly than [Fe(III)(PY5)(OH)]2+. Curiously, [Fe(III)(PY5)(OMe)]2+ reacts with substrates only about twice as fast as [Fe(III)(PY5)(OH)]2+, despite a 4 kcal mol(-1) greater enthalpic driving force for the methoxide complex.


Electronic Business (e-Business) is recognised as being able to help organisations to achieve competitiveness benefits. In Libya, the uptake of e-business in the higher education sector has been relatively limited and ineffective. There is no guidance available to help Libyan universities to maximise their leverage by participating intelligently in e-business deployment. This research examines e-business deployment initiatives and provides insights and learning into how to successfully develop and implement these initiatives within universities in a developing country, specifically Libya. The aim of this research is to develop a robust framework to support an efficient e-business deployment focusing on the case of Libya. This is achieved by exploring selected completed and on-going successful initiatives and focusing on the barriers to, and the enablers of, these initiatives. As a result, the nature of successful e-business deployment is determined, and the e-business deployment requirements for universities in Libya are identified. A combination of research methodology approaches has been engaged in this research. Firstly, an extensive review of literature took place to summarise and create the arguments around the main e-business models and their related dimensions, contributing to the development of e-business deployment research. Secondly, a qualitative approach based on case studies, include an explanatory investigation in three cases, is selected as an appropriate methodology for this research. Questionnaires and semi-structured interviews are conducted to gather data from selected universities. The results show that Process, People and Technology barriers are the main barriers facing e-business deployment in Libyan universities. The collected data was analysed and problems were identified; as a result, the elements for a holistic approach to manage e-business deployment emerged. Based on the findings, an e-business deployment model is developed to provide a holistic approach for universities to plan, perform and review their e-business levels, as well as uncovering the main barriers preventing these universities from expanding e-business development. Also, a model of the implementation process of e-business deployment is proposed. From a practical point of view, this research provides realistic implications for decision makers and officials within Libyan universities involved in the process of planning, developing and implementing e-business initiatives.


Introduction: There have been incompatible evidences about the prognostic value of HbA1c on the adverse outcomes in acute coronary syndrome. Also, these data are so limited in nondiabetic patients with unstable angina. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, HbA1c level of 231 nondiabetic patients admitted with unstable angina, was measured using high performance liquid affinity chromatography (HPLC) at admission. Then transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed for evaluation of ejection fraction (EF) using Simpson method. Results: Our data revealed that HbA1c was significantly higher in patients with EF≤ 50% in comparison with EF>50% group (P value=0.01). Conclusions: HbA1c may be a helpful prognostic marker in nondiabetic patients admitted in emergency department with diagnosis of unstable angina. © 2016. International Journal of Cardiovascular Practice. Submited: 01.09.2015 Accepted: 20.09.2015


Aloe vera has a compete nutrition which has function as natural antioxidant. The objectives of this study are (1) to know the business prospect in market aspect and raw material supply, (2) to evaluate financial feasibility, (3) to evaluate business management in the management aspect and production technology, (4) to average business development strategy of PT. Libe Bumi Abadi. The method of analysis used were (1) descriptive method which was used in collecting data of raw material, market prospect, financial statement, selling volume, income and cost, and strategic competitor; (2) feasibility investment method; (3) analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) and Internal-External (IE) matrix. The result of the study showed that the business processing of Aloe vera needed investment cost Rp. 687.750.000 and average of operational cost Rp.1.997.400.000 per year. It was a proper business because it resulted Net Present Value (NPV) Rp.383.606.492, Internal Rate Return (IRR) 34.39%, Pay Back Period (PBP) during 3.6 years, Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.558 (> 1) and Break Event Point (BEP) 30,385.41 or 42.20% from used production capacities. The sensitivity analysis showed that the investment was susceptible with the decreasing of selling price 5% but it was still defend in the increasing of raw material 5%. Based on the SWOT analysis, some alternative strategies that are SO, ST, WO and WT. The strategy which recommended to PT. Libe Bumi Abadi is WO strategy; they are (1) minimal benefit and production, (2) finding the new partnership as a the fund resource. The result of the analysis IE matrix showed PT. Libe Bumi Abadi in quadrant V, which is growth. It showed that it passed through horizontal integration or consolidation by defending of selling level and profit


to go about and are never assaulted by men, because the father would kill him at once. Result-no illegitimate births, no courtship, no walking out. The father finds the husband for them. There is no adultery. Dancing takes place at the birth of a son (silence is considered befitting the birth of a daughter as in India). Everyone dances, the men by themselves in the street, the women by themselves in the house. These dancers are of another tribe and have a morality of their own. No man would be allowed to see a confinement. This would be considered most indecent, for " this is women's work and must be kept for them only." I enclose photograph (Fig. 1) of a girl in the confinement position sent by Dr. Stephens, of llorin, Nigeria. It will be'seen it is precisely the same as that depicted on an ancient Peruvian piece of pottery (Fig. 2) and the same as illustrated Plate Xi in my book, Safe Chzildbirthi-in fact the natural posture for childbirth as practised from prehistoric times.-I am, etc., London, N.W.11. KATHLEEN VAUGHAN.


Many proponents of traditional knowledge (TK) seek legal protection comparable to the bundle of exclusive rights afforded creators of knowledge goods in the conventional intellectual property (IP) system. This chapter argues that the nature of the harm caused by such misuse differs meaningfully from the interests with which standard intellectual property law is occupied. It maps how private law claims have been applied, notably in Australia, to address TK misuse and highlights formal adherence by courts to the boundaries of private law subjects. Important aspects of the problem, such as how TK misuse disables cultural mechanisms designed to foster the production of knowledge goods for sustainable growth in Indigenous communities, while also posing a risk to cross-border scientific research important for pressing public health and environmental challenges, however remain beyond private law's reach.The chapter identifies three types of harm that flow from the misuse of TK: relational harm, communal harm, and developmental harm. For such harms, individual private property—and common property for that matter—offers limited recourse. The chapter reflects on other private law tools that could extend to TK and that offer protection well beyond IP rights, but all are without the classic welfare limits attendant to knowledge goods under the IP system. The misalignment of harms, claims and remedies point to sui generis regimes as a more meaningful prospect for regulating TK.


DEVELOPING BIBLICAL COMMUNITY THROUGH SMALL GROUPS MINISTRY AT BEAVERCREEK BAPTIST CHURCH, BEAVERCREEK, OHIO John Alan Heading, D.Ed.Min. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2015 Faculty Supervisor: John David Trentham, Ph.D. This project examines the relationship between an individual's biblical understanding of community in small groups and their practice of biblical community in small groups. Chapter 1 defines the historical, contextual, and practical issues of community facing Beavercreek Baptist Church. Chapter 2 presents an exegesis of Old and New Testament passages the show the role of covenant relationship and the formation of biblical community in small groups. Chapter 3 reviews the history of community formation and the contemporary application of. Chapters 4 and 5 provide the results, analysis, and conclusions of this project. During this 16-week project participants studied biblical foundation and application of community in small groups. The goal was to experience an increase in understanding of community in small groups, measured by a survey before and after the treatment phase, and this increase in understanding was to produce an increase in participation in small groups.


Cholera in Zimbabwe remains uncontrolled, with cholera-associated deaths continuing to be reported in 9 of the nation's 10 provinces. In the 4 months since the outbreak began in August 2008, more than 35,000 suspected cases have been reported, including 1753 deaths. All provinces are affected but Harare sees almost one third of cases. It is possible that the cumulative numbers could double over the next few months, especially as January to March is a rainy season. The case fatality rate is a remarkably high 3% to 10%, reflecting the difficult circumstances faced by local healthcare providers and the increasingly involved external agencies.


Both economists and sociologists generally recognize the importance of reputation in coordinating economic transactions. In a perfectly competitive and anonymous market characterized by faceless buyers and sellers, the issue of reputation would be irrelevant and unnecessary. In reality, however, markets are often filled with varying degrees of information asymmetry, which can threaten the very existence of the market system itself. In critical reaction to the standard neoclassical model, some economists, on the one hand, argue that when there is an information problem, reputation serves as a valuable source of market signal of quality. Sociologists of economic life similarly contend that reputation, along with trust, is critical in lowering transaction costs and thereby facilitating various economic activities among individual actors. The purpose of this article is to apply this broad theoretical observation to a specific empirical phenomenon. It does so by highlighting the role of social networks that connect actors on both demand and supply sides of the market. Specifically, this study examines how interpersonal networks in the market for legal services affect the duration of ties between buyers and sellers. Quantitative analysis based on a random sample of Chicago lawyers, a project funded by the American Bar Foundation, reveals that "ceteris paribus" the lawyer-client relations are significantly driven by social network factors. Copyright © 2009 American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Inc..


After reviewing general methods available for determining seismic design forces for structures which can tolerate limited amounts of inelastic deformations, the reliability of two representative procedures is evaluated. In the methods evaluated, inelastic design response spectra are obtained by modifying a linear elastic design response spectrum in terms of a specified ductility factor as suggested by Newmark and Hall and the Applied Technology council. The effect of different accelerograms, as well as of different system damping and hysteretic characteristics, on the inelastic response of single degree-of-freedom systems designed using these methods is thoroughly investigated, considering maximum displacement ductilities, maximum and permanent drifts, number of yield events, and hysteretic energy dissipation. Application of these design methods to multistory buildings is also briefly considered. Results obtained for ideal inelastic systems indicate that these methods do not reliably limit displacement ductilities to specified values.


Algorithmic tools are often used to make decisions about people in high-stakes domains. In the presence of such automated decision making, there is incentive for strategic agents to modify their input to the algorithm in order to receive a more desirable outcome. While previous work on strategic classification attempts to capture this phenomenon, these models fail to take into account the multiple actions a decision maker usually has at their disposal, and the fact that they often have access only to bandit feedback . In contrast, we capture this setting as a contextual bandit problem, in which a decision maker must take actions based on a sequence of strategically modified contexts. We provide a low-strategic-regret algorithm for the two action setting, and prove that sublinear strategic regret is generally not possible for settings in which the number of actions is greater than two. Along the way, we obtain impossibility results for multi-class strategic classification which may be of independent interest.


The focus of this article is a speculative argument on the relation between photography and testimony as one that situates the viewer on a particularly powerless, but responsibility-laden position. Articulating Nilufer Demir's viral 2015 photograph of Aylan Kurdi, and Walter Kleinfeldt's 1918 photograph of an unknown fallen soldier, as images bearing the marks of shifts in biopolitics, the article takes up on Walter Benjamin, Michel Foucault, Georges Didi-Huberman and Giorgio Agamben, and reflects upon the possibility of addressing and responding to images beyond a moral level. As such, it inquires on the need to relate to images on a level that considers power relations. Ultimately showing that observers, or viewers, of photographs are necessarily tied to the unfolding of human history, no matter how distant they may be from its events, the article proposes a response to the need of assuming a political stance when facing images.


1 See Churchill Speech (2019), World Economic Forum Davos (2019) and Berlin Speech (2018). Whereas research has devoted considerable attention to the transposition and implementation of EU rules, literature on enforcement has been lacking. Even though studies have noted the multilevel dimension of enforcement, they have not yet arrived at a model for studying enforcement regimes in the EU's multilevel governance system. This article elaborates and tests a public administration approach to enforcement and aims to assess whether an over-arching and generalizable model of multilevel, subsidiarity-based and independent monitoring and enforcement in the EU can be formulated. As any governance system, the over-arching governance model for enforcement combines different governance tools: legislation, political mediation (persuasion) and management (capacity building). The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) is used to test the relevance of such a systematic approach to enforcement. The Eurocrisis and doubts over mutual trust in the Eurozone highlighted concerns over enforcement of the SGP. The interdisciplinary governance models offers a tool to diagnose these weaknesses of enforcement in the SGP. The EU has so far failed to produce an effective enforcement model, even in a vital sector such as economic governance.


In the production of nanoparticles, the bio-reduction properties of plant extracts are acknowledged worldwide to reduce the harmful effects of physical and chemical methods of synthesis of nano-scale metal particles. The present study states a green approach for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles employing aqueous extracts of leaf, stem, root and inflorescence of Tridax procumbens. Zinc nitrate hexahydrate was used as precursor. Various parameters such as temperature, volume of precursor and reducing agents were optimized for maximal synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles in aqueous solutions were further confirmed by characterizing the reaction mixtures using the UV– visible spectroscopy. Leaf, root and inflorescence reaction mixtures presented strong absorption peak at 302 nm and the stem reaction mixture resulted at 300 nm. The nanoparticles were observed to be stable after 2 months. The present study reports that the whole plant Tridax procumbens. could be used in the synthesis of potential ZnO nanoparticles.


Abstract. Significant rates of primary production occur in the oligotrophic ocean, without any measurable nutrients present in the mixed layer, fueling a scientific paradox that has lasted for decades. Here, we provide a new determination of the annual mean physical supply of nitrate to the euphotic zone in the western subtropical North Atlantic. We combine a 3-year time series of measurements of tritiugenic 3He from 2003 to 2006 in the surface ocean at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site with a sophisticated noble gas calibrated air–sea gas exchange model to constrain the 3He flux across the sea–air interface, which must closely mirror the upward 3He flux into the euphotic zone. The product of the 3He flux and the observed subsurface nitrate–3He relationship provides an estimate of the minimum rate of new production in the BATS region. We also apply the gas model to an earlier time series of 3He measurements at BATS in order to recalculate new production fluxes for the 1985 to 1988 time period. The observations, despite an almost 3-fold difference in the nitrate–3He relationship, yield a roughly consistent estimate of nitrate flux. In particular, the nitrate flux from 2003 to 2006 is estimated to be 0.65 ± 0.14 mol m−2 yr−1, which is ~40 % smaller than the calculated flux for the period from 1985 to 1988. The difference in nitrate flux between the time periods may be signifying a real difference in new production resulting from changes in subtropical mode water formation. Overall, the nitrate flux is larger than most estimates of export fluxes or net community production fluxes made locally for the BATS site, which is likely a reflection of the larger spatial scale covered by the 3He technique and potentially also by the decoupling of 3He and nitrate during the obduction of water masses from the main thermocline into the upper ocean. The upward nitrate flux is certainly large enough to support observed rates of primary production at BATS and more generally in the oligotrophic subtropical ocean.


With the purpose of developing biosensors, the reliable proof of the biological activity of two new sensor systems was obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in both the imaging and the single-molecule force spectroscopy modes. Antigens or antibodies of pharmacological interest were grafted onto self-assembled monolayers of thiols on gold, and AFM imaging demonstrated that the grafting process produced homogeneous submonolayers of isolated proteins. The analysis of the morphology of the surfaces at the different functionalization steps allowed evaluating the protein grafting density and showed that the recognition of complementary species present in the surrounding solution occurred. Single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments between the sensing surfaces and AFM probes, onto which the complementary species were grafted, enabled a direct and rapid test of the biological activity of the sensors by investigating the interaction occurring at the level of one single ligand-receptor bond. Ellipsometry and surface plasmon resonance allowed further characterization of the sensor surfaces and confirmed that the biological recognition took place.


Dialogue
(for Cello and Prosthetic Spine)
The piece is a dialogue for cello and Max/MSP, articulated by the cellist through the Spine interface. The Spine is a custom-made prosthetic instrument worn by the cellist and developed at McGill University's IDMIL lab. The Spine tracks and reports it's orientation and shape in real-time using inertial and magnetic-field sensing. Sensor-fusion algorithms run on-board the Spine instrument that interfaces with Max/MSP enabling the cellist real-time control and processing of variously sampled live cello. There are no pre-recorded sound files, so in essence Dialogue is a piece for solo cello. However the piece explores the dialogic relationship between the live and the digital both in terms of the physicality of performance, the structure and diffusion of the sound composition and between its embodied and disembodied elements. Dialogue, as a prose genre, was developed in Greece in the 4th century BCE, Socrates and Plato being its main exponents. Socrates famously said 'the unexamined life is not worth living' and it is with the same intention that we examine here multiple forms of interactivity – physical, analogue and digital - within the scope of the piece.


The press releases of property rights activists and the media's rapid embrace of their views have perpetuated several myths about the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Kelo v. New London. In the immediate aftermath of this myth making, the legislatures of several states have adopted restrictions on the use of eminent domain with uncharacteristic speed. Wisely, the New York State Legislature has been more cautious in its reaction. As it turns out, many of the eminent domain laws in other states have nothing to do with New London's program of area-wide redevelopment or the legal holding of the Kelo case. In fact some will have the unintended consequence of crippling state and municipal efforts to direct the redevelopment of inner-city neighborhoods, coastal areas subject to inundation due to climate change, and cities trying to rebuild after devastating natural disasters.


This guide focuses on research skills and resources you will use to complete the 3 articles required for your capstone project.


Before Writing is a fascinating book on the evolution of communication in the Near East between 8000-3000 B.C. Much more than that, it is a book on accounting history itself. It argues that, writing was not, as previously thought, a sudden and spontaneous invention; the alphabet was not of divine origin as was believed until 1700s; nor did scripts start with picture writing as was put forward during the enlightenment period. Rather, writing emerged from manipulation of counting symbols.Denise Schmandt-Besserat presents a unique hypothesis: Mesopottamian writing emerged from a counting device which existed at least two hundred years earlier than pictographics. She argues that tallies, tokens and pictographic tablets represent three distinct phases in the evolution of data processing [p. 166]. The emergence of tallies and plain and complex tokens reflects the needs of different societies and their specific lifestyles, economics and social organizations. The development of these societies and their economies and social needs influenced each phase of prehistoric counting and accounting devices or reckoning technology.The first chapter of the book introduces us to previous theories and arguments about the evolution of writing as well as introducing its argument on the subject. The following chapters introduce the token system chronologically and geographically, tracing its evolution in prehistory. Two of these chapters distinguish between plain and complex tokens and depict their evolution with beautifully photographed illustrations.The fourth and fifth chapters provide insight into the domestic and public uses of tokens, including their purpose and storage as related to the economic and social changes occurring in the particular society under examination. The analysis establishes that storage of tokens created a need for marking signs on clay envelopes, which was a new trend in communication and an immediate step preceding writing itself.While Chapter Six introduces us to the routine documentation of the impressed tablets (classifying and making available knowledge as a procedure), the strengths of the book are to be found in the remaining chapters. Those chapters introduce us to the author's revolutionary findings and, in particular, the fascinating interpretation of her findings on accounting.Chapter Seven presents the author's classification system of the tokens. In this chapter, the author shows that tokens were concept symbols and, as such, conveyed quantitative as well as qualitative information. There were various types of tokens each of which carried discrete meaning. For example, the cone represented a small measure of grain and the sphere represented a large measure of grain. On the other hand, the number of tokens represented quantitative information about the goods, like two spheres or three cones. However, they always represented economic data of some kind, whether agricultural or manufactured goods. Even the repertory of shapes was systematized. Always cones signified a particular measure of grain. …