OASIS3-MCT_2.0, the new version of the OASIS coupler interfaced with MCT (Model Coupling Toolkit) released in May 2013, offers today a fully parallel implementation of coupling field regridding and exchange. In spite of the significant changes in underlying implementation, usage of OASIS3-MCT in the component code has largely remained unchanged with respect to the previous version of the coupler. This means that the migration to the new OASIS3-MCT coupler should be almost transparent for the ~35 climate modelling groups using OASIS around the world. The scalability tests done with OASIS3-MCT_2.0 at high number of cores and the fact that it supports unstructured grids allow us to conclude that this coupler offers today a fully parallel and efficient coupling solution answering the short and mid term (~5 years, next IPCC report) needs of the European climate modelling community.


Supporters of collective employment regulation in New Zealand would have celebrated a centenary of arbitration a full decade before Australia, in 1994. Yet fate intervened and New Zealand's arbitration system formally collapsed in 1991 following the introduction of the Employment Contracts Act. Despite a series of challenges during different periods, the Australian arbitration system has survived, if badly scathed, to see its 100- year anniversary. The present paper traces the historical similarities and differences in the advent, development and decline of the Australian and New Zealand systems of compulsory arbitration. Given the many structural similarities between the two systems, the paper explores important differences in the economic and political interests that both underlay the introduction and development of the two systems, and contributed to the earlier demise of the New Zealand system. The experience of the more extensive labour market reform in New Zealand provides some salutary lessons for those seeking further changes to weaken the Australian arbitration system.


With this set of three interlinked papers, we wish to push for a more integrated ethnographic approach to decision-making. Each of the three contributions explicitly explores the cultural embedding of interactions and processes leading up to decisions. The introductory paper by Boholm, Henning and Krzyworzeka calls for a critical re-examination of a plethora of phenomena relating to choice and decision-making, occasionally addressed by anthropologists, but more regularly studied by economists, political scientists, psychologists, and organization scholars. The empirical foci of the following two articles by Krzyworzeka and by Sjolander-Lindquist and Sinque are on decision-making among farmers in Poland and among wild life inspectors in Sweden, respectively. As indicated by the subjects of these case studies, we aim particularly to engage in discussions about decision-making with strong societal relevance.


The administration of cyclophosphamide to nonobese diabetic (NOD) male mice produces a rapid progression to overt diabetes (greater than 70%) with severe insulitis in 2-3 wk, whereas none of the untreated control NOD male mice became diabetic. When the thin sections of islets from the NOD male mice, which received silica for the preservation of islets and subsequently cyclophosphamide, were examined under the electron microscope, clusters of endogenous retrovirus-like particles (type A) were frequently found in the beta-cells. In contrast, retrovirus-like particles were rarely found in the beta-cells from NOD male mice that received only silica. Other endocrine cells, including alpha-, delta-, pancreatic polypeptide-producing, and exocrine acinar cells, did not contain such viruslike particles. These viruslike particles were also not found in spleen, liver, or kidney in either cyclophosphamide-treated or untreated NOD male mice. There was a clear correlation between the presence of retrovirus-like particles in the beta-cells and insulitis lesions in the cyclophosphamide-treated mice. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that the beta-cell-specific expression of endogenous retrovirus (like particles) is associated with the development of insulitis and diabetes in NOD mice.


Background: Emergency contraception refers to methods of contraception that can be used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse. About thirty percent of all pregnancies, and 61% of all unintended pregnancies, ended in an induced abortion in Nigeria, and many women with unwanted pregnancies decide to end them by abortion. Healthcare providers' knowledge and attitude towards emergency contraception is very important for dissemination of awareness, consumer acceptance and use of contraceptives, as health care workers interact with large numbers of women and are reliable sources of information. This study aimed to assess healthcare workers' emergency contraception knowledge, attitude and prescription practice. Materials and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study. Healthcare workers providing services in Primary Health care facilities of Sokoto metropolis were studied. Using formula for sample size estimation for crosssectional study, a total of 419 respondents were recruited into the study using systematic sampling technique. The instrument of data collection was a structured interviewer administered questionnaire and data was collected by means of Open Data Kit for android App and analysed using IBM SPSS statistical software package version 23. Univariate and bivariate analysis were conducted; level of significance was set at 5%. Results: Few (39.9%) respondents knew that Intra uterine contraceptive devices can be used for emergency contraception, only 15.4% knew how emergency contraceptives work. Most (75.4%) believed that emergency contraceptives should be available only on prescription; and 30.5% felt that emergency contraceptive pills promote irresponsible behaviour. More than half of the respondents (56.5%) had prescribed within the last one month, 48.7% of them prescribed less than 5 times within the month. Only 27(8.0%) have ever prescribed emergency contraceptive pills in advance of need. Conclusion: The study respondents had good knowledge of emergency contraceptives, albeit, with some misconceptions, they also demonstrated good attitude, however, the prescription practice was fair.


MOTOR COMPENSATION DURING LOWER LIMB PEDALING AFTER STROKE Brice T. Cleland, B.S., M.S. Marquette University, 2018 Long-term motor dysfunction in the lower limb is common after stroke. One potential contributor is motor compensation, a behavior in which functions originally performed by the paretic limb are performed by the non-paretic limb. Compensation in chronic stroke may contribute to long-term motor dysfunction by limiting functional ability, impairing future recovery, and eliciting maladaptive neuroplasticity. The purpose of this dissertation was to describe the impact of compensation on motor function and brain activation during lower limb pedaling and identify elements that produce this behavior. To achieve this purpose, we evaluated muscle activation and motor performance when compensation was prevented. During unilateral pedaling, paretic muscle activation increased but motor performance deteriorated. During bilateral uncoupled pedaling, paretic muscle activation further increased. However, subjects were unable to coordinate movements of the legs, and motor performance further deteriorated. These results suggest that compensation improves motor performance but limits paretic motor output. Because motor performance was worse during bilateral uncoupled than unilateral pedaling, impaired interlimb coordination may be a primary factor leading to compensation. As a follow-up, we determined whether altered interlimb spinal reflex pathways contribute to impaired interlimb coordination after stroke. Interlimb cutaneous reflexes were elicited during pedaling, and we assessed whether the amplitude was altered. Interlimb reflex was altered, particularly in bifunctional muscles and at pedaling transitions. Reflex alterations were correlated with impairments in interlimb coordination and compensation. These data suggest that stroke-related changes in interlimb reflex pathways undermine interlimb coordination. Finally, we assessed whether altered motor commands and performance, such as seen with compensation, are related to decreased pedaling-related brain activation after stroke. Brain activation was measured during volitional pedaling and during passive pedaling, when between-group differences were minimized. Between-group differences in brain activation persisted during passive pedaling, suggesting that altered motor commands and pedaling performance do not account for reduced brain activation after stroke. Overall, these studies provide insight into rehabilitative interventions that may decrease long-term motor dysfunction in the lower limb after stroke. One potential strategy is to enhance paretic muscle activity by preventing compensation while simultaneously employing efforts to improve interlimb coordination, possibly by manipulating interlimb reflex pathways.


Abstract Before any significant progress can be made in altering textural characteristics of a meat product, the basic profile of the meat and the possible alterations in that profile due to processing procedures must be known. A number of papers have been published addressing ways to optimize the textural characteristics of broiler breast meat. Changes in broiler processing procedures and processing time lines have been adopted by processors because of the results of these studies. While the number of breeder hens processed annually is much lower than the number of broilers, adding value to the end product could result in new innovative product forms for this niche market meat. The traditional goal for heavy fowl processors has been to remove the muscles, dice or grind the meat and sell it as an ingredient in other products. In an effort to expand the product forms of breeder hen meat, which is usually assumed to be tough and chewy, this study was designed to profile the texture of the meat based on four postchill (PC) deboning times. Instrumental and sensory profiles of the breast meat from hens were determined. There were significant texture differences in the cooked fillets due to deboning time. Cooked yield for the fillets deboned 24 h PC was lower than for fillets deboned 2 or 8 h PC.


Monsoons, the most energetic tropical climate system, exert a great social and economic impact upon billions of people around the world. The global monsoon precipitation had an increasing trend over the past three decades. Whether or not this increasing trend will continue in the 21st century is investigated, based on simulations of three high‐resolution atmospheric general circulation models that were forced by different future sea surface temperature (SST) warming patterns. The results show that the global monsoon area, precipitation and intensity all increase consistently among the model projections. This indicates that the strengthened global monsoon is a robust signal across the models and SST patterns explored here. The increase of the global monsoon precipitation is attributed to the increases of moisture convergence and surface evaporation. The former is caused by the increase of atmospheric water vapor and the latter is due to the increase of SST. The effect of the moisture and evaporation increase is offset to a certain extent by the weakening of the monsoon circulation.


The idea of cultural resistance has been taken up in combative analysis of metropolitan racist situations. It is a legacy from analyses by combatants in anti-colonial struggles. Fanon's were among the most searching of such analyses. His writings indicate an unusual concept of culture and of a people. The concept is at the same time of a political subject and of a the formation and direction of psychic energies. What he wrote on violence and counter-violence should not be abstracted from his concepts of culture and its colonial situation. That situation as it is described in Fanon's writings and then the concept of culture and people are elaborated and then extended so that their application to metropolitan racism can be tried.


Background:Over the last three years uranium prices have soard from US $14 per pound (lb) to the current price of US $120/lb and this rapid incline of the commodity have created a boom within the uranium prospecting and min-ing industry. There are currently 435 nuclear reactors all over the world and these reactors demand 180 millions of pounds of uranium each year to run at full production. Currently the uranium mining industry only sup-plies 110 million pounds of the demanded quantity. The remaining 70 mil-lion pounds are coming from secondary sources such as decommissioned nuclear warheads and other sources. Market estimations say that the sec-ondary sources will only cover the shortage up until around 2012 then primary sources have to supply almost the whole quantity demanded. These factors imply that some sort of analysis model for uranium mining companies would be needed.Purpose:The purpose of this report is to valuate three companies within the ura-nium industry and to establish if the current market value is coherent with the fundamental value of these companies. The authors will propose a valuation model that could be used when valuating companies within the uranium industry.Method:A qualitative method has been used in order to value three companies within the uranium mining business that are fairly large players on the market. The valuation of these companies is based upon a discounted cash flow analysis, a relative PV valuation and relative valuation. The compa-nies included in the report are corporations that are quoted at Toronto Stock Exchange and they have started mining uranium. Data have been collected through annual reports and the companies Internet pages. Other secondary information such as valuation theories has been collected from academic search engines and books on the subjects.Conclusions:The current market values of uranium mining companies are not coherent with the actual fundamental values according to the authors. Both funda-mental and a comparative approach could be used when valuing these companies and the most important part in the valuation is to try and fore-cast the commodity price and then to estimate the companies possible mining reserve/extractable resources.


The present paper deals with the kinetics and mechanism of homogeneously Ir(III) chloride catalyzed oxidation of D-mannitol by chloramine-T [CAT] in perchloric acid medium in the temperature range of 30 to 45 0C. The reaction is carried out in the presence of mercuric acetate as a scavenger for chloride ion. The experimental results show first order kinetics with respect to the oxidant [CAT] and catalyst [Ir(III)] while zero order with respect to substrate, i.e., D-Mannitol was observed. The reaction shows negligible effect of [Hg(OAc)2], [H+] and ionic strength of the medium. Chloride ion positively influence the rate of reaction. The reaction between chloramine-T and D-Mannitol in acid medium shows 2:1 stoichiometry. To calculate activation parameters, the reactions have been studied at four different temperatures between 30 to 45oC. A mechanism involving the complex formation between catalyst and oxidant has been proposed. Mannonic acid has been identified chromatographically and spectroscopically as the final product of oxidation of D-Mannitol. Based on the kinetic data, reaction stoichiometry and product analysis, a reaction mechanism has been proposed and rate law has been derived.


This study sets out to demonstrate how in classical and traditional Afrikan thought one's afterlife on physical and spiritual planes is thought of as being commensurate with one's adherence to MꜣꜤt 'Maat' in terms of lived practice rather than simply as an abstract ideal. As such, we will interrogate textual examples from classical Kmt 'The Black Nation/Land of the Blacks' and attested lived examples from contemporary Afrika among the Kasena-Nankana with brief references to other cultural-linguistic groups. We demonstrate there is a shared understanding from the classical to the contemporary in terms of how one's body is treated and how one's experience in the afterlife is conceptualized. We find that conceptions of the afterlife have influenced how Afrikans engage MꜣꜤt 'Maat' as praxis.


Background. Opioid analgesics are included in treatment guidelines for the symptomatic management of osteoarthritis (OA). Starting with a low dose of opioid and slowly titrating to a higher dose may help avoid intolerable side effects. Methods. Subjects aged ≥40 years, with moderate to severe pain induced by OA of the hip or knee not adequately controlled by previous non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or paracetamol treatment, were enrolled. Subjects received OROS hydromorphone 4 mg or placebo once-daily. The dose was titrated every 3-4 days in case of unsatisfactory pain control during the 4-week titration phase. A 12 week maintenance phase followed. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change in "pain on average" measured on the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) scale from baseline to the end of the maintenance phase. Results. 139 subjects received OROS hydromorphone and 149 subjects received placebo. All efficacy endpoints showed similar improvements from baseline to end of study in the 2 groups. The safety results were consistent with the safety profile of OROS hydromorphone. Conclusion.The study did not meet the primary endpoint; although many subjects' pain was not adequately controlled at inclusion, their pain may have improved with continued paracetamol or NSAID treatment.


1. The rate of weight regulation in diluted sea water of Nereis diversicolor from Brittany (Roscoff) is much greater than that of the same species from the Menai Straits (Wales) or Plymouth. This difference is believed to be racial and not due to environmental factors. 2. Weight regulation in diluted sea water is inhibited by the absence of any one of the chief cations found in normal sea water. 3. Water is reabsorbed by N. diversicolor if, after weight regulation, the worms are transferred to water of the same osmotic pressure but containing no calcium. No reabsorption of water occurs in solutions lacking sodium, potassium, or magnesium. 4. The uptake of water from diluted sea water is accompanied by a loss of salts from the worm : this loss is not affected by the presence or absence of calcium. The subsequent water loss in diluted sea water is not accompanied by an uptake of salts from the water. Only a very small loss of salts occurs when weight-regulated worms absorb water from calcium-free solutions. 5. If a "regulated" worm be transferred from dilute sea water back to 100 per cent sea water, there is a water loss and a salt intake. As a result of the water loss the weight of the worm is now only 80 per cent of the initial weight in 100 per cent sea water. By repeated transferences from 100 to 20 per cent sea water, and back again, the weight in 100 per cent sea water can be reduced to half the initial weight. 6. It is concluded that weight regulation is not accompanied by osmotic regulation.


On-farm monitoring of animal welfare is an important, present-day objective in animal welfare science. Scientists tend to focus exclusively on animal-based parameters, possibly because using environment-based parameters could be begging the question why welfare has been affected and because animal-based parameters would be better indicators of welfare. However, selection of even the best animal-based parameters that have conventionally been used in experiments could have unacceptable consequences. Systems that are generally considered to be poor welfare systems may generate unacceptably high welfare scores. The monitoring systems could fail to match basic intuitions in society and the scientific community. In order to avoid this problem, available knowledge, eg about animal motivation derived from consumer demand studies and knowledge about the natural behaviour of the animals, should be used explicitly in welfare assessment. This requires making welfare inferences from knowledge about the relationships between environment-based and animal-based parameters using standard operating procedures. The on-farm measurement of animal-based parameters may be regarded as the measurement of critical control points, which must be compared and reconciled with predictions based on available scientific knowledge. For this purpose the formalisation of welfare assessment should be developed further.


To evaluate their aptitude to be used as functional ingredients, twenty one varieties of yam starches of Cote d'Ivoire were submitted to different technological stress such as high temperature treatment, long term freezing and refrigeration, high speed shearing and acidic treatment, in comparison with commercial modified starches. The gel of "kangba" starch (D. Cayenensis-rotundata) is the most stable during thermal processing. The cultivar "Daminangba" (D. alata) which present the clearest gel (63 % of clarity) is also the most stable during refrigeration with a low syneresis (26%) at 4°C.The "Esculenta 7" cultivar (D. esculenta) shows the weakest value of syneresis at -20°C. The gel of D. dumetorum species is the strongest under acidic condition with 8% of viscosity decrease from pH 7 to pH 3, whereas the "Bodo" cultivar (D. alata) gel shows good resistance to shearing with 31% fall of viscosity from 160 rpm to 900 rpm on the RVA. The "Sopere", "Lopka" and Kponan cultivars (D. Cayenensis‐ rotundata) present the strongest viscosities in all the technological treatments.


This investigation involved two AISI 304L acid storage tanks and one AISI 304L spent solvent tank from a sewage treatment facility. After installation, these tanks were hydrostatically tested using sewage effluent. No leaks were found and after a year or two, the tanks were drained and filled with nitric acid in preparation for service. Three weeks later the two acid tanks were found to be leaking from the bottom. Samples from the spent solvent tank revealed that pitting was located in a depressed area near a suction hole, beneath a black residue. It was concluded that the acid tanks failed by chloride-induced pitting initiated by microbial activity. Further, the spent solvent tank failed by a similar, but anaerobic mechanism. The use of the effluent for the hydrostatic test and the failure to remove it and clean and dry the tanks was the primary cause of failure. Localized carbide segregation in the original plate served as preferential corrosion sites. Had the tanks been hydrostatically tested in a proper manner, the pitting may not have occurred.


Frogeye leaf spot (FLS), caused by Cercospora sojina Hara, has become a more frequent disease in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., across the USA. The Rcs3 gene provides resistance to all known races of C. sojina. To provide resources for efficient marker-assisted selection (MAS) of Rcs3, we developed and evaluated several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and insertions or deletions (InDels) markers linked to Rcs3. We surveyed 13 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) end sequences that were anchored with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers Satt244 and Satt547 along with the two SSRs containing clones in six soybean cultivars (Davis, Cook, and Young that have the Rcs3 allele and Blackhawk, Bragg, and Lee that have the rcs3 allele) for SNPs. A total of 19 SNPs/ InDels were identified and validated, but only 11 mapped near Rcs3 in a F 2 population of Davis × Blackhawk. The Rcs3 gene was positioned near Satt244 and 0.50 cM from SNPs AZ573TA150 and AZ573CA393. None of the SNPs or InDels identified appeared to contribute directly to the Rcs3 phenotype, but 11 mapped within a 3-cM interval surrounding Rcs3. These 11 markers were further validated for association with Rcs3 and for their potential in MAS in 64 lines and cultivars. Our results suggest that the two markers AZ573TA150 and AZ573CA393 could be used in MAS for Rcs3. Allele specific oligonucleotide probes specific for MAS were developed for a direct hybridization assay on a Luminex 100 flow cytometry platform.


The habenular nuclei are diencephalic structures present in Vertebrates and they form, with the
associated fiber systems, a part of the system that connects the telencephalon to the ventral
mesencephalon (Concha M. L. and Wilson S. W., 2001). In representative species of almost all classes
of Vertebrates the habenular nuclei are asymmetric, both in terms of size and of neuronal and
neurochemical organization, although different types of asymmetry follow different evolutionary
courses. Previous studies have analyzed the spread and diversity of the asymmetry in species for which
data are not clear (Kemali M. et al., 1980). Notwithstanding that, it's still not totally understood the
evolution of the phenomenon, and the ontogenetic mechanisms that have led to the habenular
asymmetry development are not clear (Smeets W.J. et al., 1983).
For the present study 14 species of Elasmobranchs and 15 species of Teleostean have been used.
Brains removed from the animals have been fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffer;
brains have been analyzed with different tecniques, and I used histological, immunohistochemical and
ultrastructural analysis to describe this asymmetry.
My results confirm data previously obtained studying other Elasmobranchs species, in which the left
habenula is larger than the right one; the Teleostean show some slightly differences regarding the size
of the habenular ganglia, in some species, in which the left habenular nucleus is larger than the right.
In the course of studies, a correlation between the habits of life and the diencephalic asymmetry seems
to emerge: among the Teleostean analyzed, the species with benthic life (like Lepidorhombus boscii,
Platichthys flesus, Solea vulgaris) seem to possess a slight asymmetry, analogous to the one of the
Elasmobranchs, while in the other species (like Liza aurata, Anguilla anguilla, Trisopterus minutus)
the habenulae are symmetrical. However, various aspects of the neuroanatomical asymmetries of the
epithalamus have not been deepened in order to obtain a complete picture of the evolution of this
phenomenon, and new searches are needed to examine the species without clear asymmetry, in order to
understand the spread and the diversity of the asymmetry among the habenulae between the
Vertebrates.


With the national power grid under tremendous pressure, there are enormous pressure exerted on residential electricity consumers to cut-back on electricity consumption to ensure a reliable supply. This has led to residential electricity users wanting to generate their own electricity through solar and wind systems, more formally known as distribution energy resources (DERs). The possibility of DERs currently exists within the centralized power grid, but is currently not well supported by Eskom and local municipalities. There are currently very little widely implemented policies regarding net-metering and feed-in tariff structures amongst Eskom and municipalities. Thus, excess generated energy fed into the grid is used elsewhere without any benefit going to the owner of the DER. By implementing an active energy management system (EMS) alongside the grid integrated system, electricity generated by the DER can be consumed locally by the residential loads. The EMS achieves an electricity consumption reduction of 23.4 % compared to a system with no EMS. Further results show that the EMS compensated system shows a cost saving of R19.17 per day which translates to a reduction of 51.4 % compared to a system with no EMS.


The Roman Navy, although somewhat overshadowed by the legions, played an important role for the Roman Empire. For the Army to conquer and rule its vast territories, control of the sea lanes was essential. The navy fleets needed to be structured and powerful in order to dominate the trade routes, transport legions and defend and attack against pirates and other enemies. Under Augustus in 31BC, the navy consisted of 800 warships with many being sent to Ravenna and Misenus in Italy, and smaller squadrons to the external coasts and to the major rivers to support land operations. This book provides a detailed re-evaluation of the vital contribution made by the Roman navy to Roman imperial power, covering the organisation of the fleets and the everyday life of the soldiers. Previously unpublished research is complemented by superb colour reconstructions of the uniforms and equipment, making this a central resource on a neglected piece of ancient history.


Biogas is one of the most attractive renewable resources due to its ability to convert waste into energy. Biogas is produced during an anaerobic digestion process from different organic waste resources with a combination of mainly CH4 (~50 mol/mol), CO2 (~15 mol/mol), and some trace gasses. The percentage of these trace gases is related to operating conditions and feedstocks. Due to the impurities of the trace gases, raw biogas has to be cleaned before use for many applications. Therefore, the cleaning, upgrading, and utilization of biogas has become an important topic that has been widely studied in recent years. In this review, raw biogas components are investigated in relation to feedstock resources. Then, using recent developments, it describes the cleaning methods that have been used to eliminate unwanted components in biogas. Additionally, the upgrading processes are systematically reviewed according to their technology, recovery range, and state of the art methods in this area, regarding obtaining biomethane from biogas. Furthermore, these upgrading methods have been comprehensively reviewed and compared with each other in terms of electricity consumption and methane losses. This comparison revealed that amine scrubbing is one the most promising methods in terms of methane losses and the energy demand of the system. In the section on biogas utilization, raw biogas and biomethane have been assessed with recently available data from the literature according to their usage areas and methods. It seems that biogas can be used as a biofuel to produce energy via CHP and fuel cells with high efficiency. Moreover, it is able to be utilized in an internal combustion engine which reduces exhaust emissions by using biofuels. Lastly, chemical production such as biomethanol, bioethanol, and higher alcohols are in the development stage for utilization of biogas and are discussed in depth. This review reveals that most biogas utilization approaches are in their early stages. The gaps that require further investigations in the field have been identified and highlighted for future research.


The problem of vibration suppression in large flexible space structures (LFSSs) is investigated in this paper. Based on the structure property of LFSSs, an active damping strategy is proposed to attenuate the critical vibrations of the structure subject to modeling uncertainty and external disturbance. Control algorithms are derived with the aim of suppressing both the vibrating magnitude and vibrating rate to an acceptable level. It is shown that the strategy exhibits robust and adaptive properties and is truly model-independent. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the fact that it is fairly easy to set up the strategy and the overall computation involved is much less than any other strategies available to date. A two bay truss is used to verify the validity of the proposed approach.


A fast charging/discharging capability in electrode materials is one of the essential properties of Li-ion batteries. A well-known approach for improving the kinetics of electrode materials is minimization of the particle size to the nanoscale, especially for phase separating materials such as LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12. Here, we report on ultrafast kinetics in a phase separating material with submicron particles enabled by the formation of an intermediate phase during discharge even without minimizing the particle size. The intermediate phase during (dis)charging acts as a structural buffer between the Li-rich and Li-poor phases, leading to reduced mechanical stress/strain on the interface in a particle, which can suppress structural defects, and a substantial reduction in the phase transformation barrier, which can make the electrochemical reaction of particles in the electrode homogenous. As a result, the resulting phase separating material can deliver ∼70 mA h g−1 at a 200C discharge rate (18 s for full discharge) with a 1C charge rate, and prolonged cycling stability for 1000 cycles even though it has a wide particle size distribution from 50 nm to 600 nm with an average of ∼300 nm. This finding will provide a new avenue for achieving fast electrochemical kinetics with a high volumetric energy density in electrode materials for high performance Li-ion batteries.


An antifungal substance active against Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk & Mont) Arx was isolated from the methanol extracts of Asarum sieboldii (Miq) Maek rhizomes. High-resolution MS, NMR and UV spectral data confirmed that the antifungal substance is kakuol, 2-hydroxy-4,5-methylenedioxypropiophenone. Colletotrichum orbiculare was most sensitive to kakuol, with MIC of 10 microg ml(-1). Kakuol also completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr and Cladosporium cucumerinum Ellis & Arthur at 50 microg ml(-1) and 30 microg ml(-1), respectively. However, no antimicrobial activity was found against yeast and bacteria even at 100 microg ml(-1). Kakuol exhibited a protective activity against the development of anthracnose disease on cucumber plants. The control efficacy of kakuol against the anthracnose disease was in general somewhat less than that of the commercial fungicide chlorothalonil. This is the first report to demonstrate in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of kakuol against C. orbiculare infection.


Old-age hippocampal sclerosis (HS), characterised by severe neuron loss in hippocampal CA1, is a poorly understood cause of dementia. At present no objective pathological HS criteria exist. In life HS is commonly diagnosed as Alzheimer's disease. HS aetiology is unclear, although it has been associated with both ischaemia and TAR-DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43)-related neurodegeneration. Variations in genes GRN, TMEM106B and ABCC9 are proposed as HS risk factors. The aim of this thesis was to investigate epidemiological, clinical, pathological and genetic characteristics of HS in older European populations. 976 brains donated for the Cambridge City over-75s Cohort, the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study and the Finnish Vantaa 85+ study were available for evaluation -including bilateral hippocampi from 302 individuals. A protocol capturing the extent and severity of hippocampal neuron loss was developed, establishing objective HS diagnosis criteria and allowing observation of distinct neuron loss patterns associated with ischaemia and neurodegeneration. 71 HS cases (overall prevalence: 7.3%) were identified. HS was significantly associated with an advanced age at death as well as dementia at the end of life. Neuropsychological and cardiovascular characteristics were similar between HS and AD, except for a longer duration of dementia and more disability in HS. HS was not associated with neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, or vascular pathologies, but all HS cases evaluated for TDP-43 showed neuronal inclusions in the hippocampal dentate and a high frequency of other glial, neuronal and neurite TDP-43 pathologies. GRN and TMEM106B but not ABCC9 variations were linked to HS. A moderating effect of TDP-43 on this association was detected. HS presented pathologically similarly to frontotemporal dementia cases with TDP-43 (FTLD-TDP) caused by mutations in GRN, but differed from other FTLD-TDP subtypes. Results of this thesis reveal the importance of HS in the oldest old in the population, the key role of TDP43, as well as providing robust methods to capture HS characteristics for an area that has been underresearched but is clearly vital to understanding dementia in the oldest old.


Viruses are a primary influence on microbial mortality in the global ocean. The impacts of viruses on their microbial hosts in low-energy environments are poorly explored and are the focus of this study. To investigate the role of viruses in mediating mortality in low-energy environments where contacts between viruses and microbes are infrequent, we conducted a set of in situ time series incubations in the outlet and channel sediments of two cold, hypersaline springs of the Canadian High Arctic. We found microbial and viral populations in dynamic equilibrium, indicating approximately equal birth and death rates for each population. In situ rates of microbial growth were low (0.5–50 × 103 cells cm-3 h-1) as were rates of viral decay (0.09–170 × 104 virions cm-3 h-1). A large fraction of the springs' viral communities (49–100%) were refractory to decay over the timescales of our experiments. Microcosms amended with lactate or acetate exhibited increased microbial growth rates (up to three-fold) indicating organic carbon as one limiting resource for the microbial communities in these environments. A substantial fraction (15–71%) of the microbial populations contained inducible proviruses that were released- occasionally in multiple pulses- over the eight monitored days following chemical induction. Our findings indicate that viruses in low-energy systems maintain low rates of production and activity, have a small but notable impact on microbial mortality (8–29% attenuation of growth) and that successful viral replication may primarily proceed by non-lethal strategies. In cold, low biomass marine systems of similar character (e.g., subsurface sediments), viruses may be a relatively minor driver of community mortality compared to less energy-limited environments such as the marine water column or surface sediments.


In the war against terrorism a democracy needs to to find the just balance between defending effectively the right of its citizens to survive and have a normal life and the preservation of its basic values and human rights. Finding this balance is not an easy task. Difficult legal questions are accompanied by a number of moral dilemmas. This article is not concerned with finding the proper fundamental balance between the interest of national security on one hand and the entire range of individual liberties and rights on the other; rather, it is concerned with identifying the balance between national security and a human being's fundamental right to privacy. What, therefore, is the proper rational balance which must be drawn between protection of the privacy of the citizens of a state on one hand and the security interest in invading the public's privacy on the other, which would allow the security authorities to identify those few who would exploit the right to privacy in order to plan and execute acts of terror? This article explores the legal formula by which a democracy should execute its duties in combating terrorism and still preserving our right of privacy.


Individuals working in health research want to be able to use their findings to influence health policy. However, frequently, research evidence remains detached from practice, and there is a divide between research and policy. Research for Health Policy is an introduction to the emerging genre of applied research for policy decision-making, offering new research methods that go beyond the traditional classical experimental techniques and standard qualitative methods. This practical and practice-based book is relevant to researchers in different disciplines and countries, and will equip the reader with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to deliver policy-relevant research in the government, not-for-profit, and private sectors. As a book that helps its reader to develop the blend of strategic people skills, methodological inventiveness, research entrepreneurship, creative design, and policy writing know-how that is critical to delivering useful research evidence for policy, Research for Health Policy is essential reading for anyone doing, studying, or teaching health policy advocacy and research. It also has much to offer postgraduate and professional development students and their educators, who want to move beyond the common undergraduate focus on policy content areas and policy theory/process, to learn more advanced practical research skills for policy-making.


We present the design, fabrication technique, and performance of a circular-to-rectangular waveguide transformer integrated into a 1.9 THz Pickett–Potter feedhorn detector block. This design is applicable for instruments where circularly symmetric feedhorns are required to mate with rectangular waveguide-fed receiver devices that house the detector chip. The transformer was fabricated by direct metal micromachining, which offers significant advantages in reducing the complexity, timescale, and cost of manufacturing over competing techniques, such as transformer segments machined into separate blocks or machined into split-block segments. We simulate the tradeoff between the fabrication technique and the cost of rounding the edges of the rear rectangular waveguide. Simulations of the transformer circuitry using multiple electromagnetic software packages were used to finalize the dimensions of the optimized transformer. A single pixel feedhorn-transf ormer module was manufactured on a three-axis milling machine to test the feasibility of the design and manufacturing technique. We tested the performance of the integrated feedhorn-transformer modules using waveguide-fed hot electron bolometer mixers designed and fabricated at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Radiation patterns of the Pickett–Potter modules were measured using a high-power 1.9 THz multiplication chain as the source. We find good agreement between the simulated and measured beam pattern.


Purpose
The reconstruction of road infrastructure in the post-disaster context require different approach when compared with road projects in the normal development context. Disaster recovery projects are seen as having their own unique identity, particularly due to stakeholder issues, resource challenges, capability issues, and even long-term reliability concerns. This paper invites a discussion regarding the challenges and obstacles identified in the reconstruction of road infrastructure in a post-disaster reconstruction setting, and focuses the discussion on the pre-construction phase.
Design/ Methodology/ Approach
The challenges and obstacles presented in this paper are based on the literature and the empirical evidence collected from the research in three case study districts in Aceh, Indonesia. Twenty-eight face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders of road infrastructure at the local, provincial and national level, and represented by respondents from the public works, planning agency, disaster management agency, consultant, contractors, and donor agencies. The findings were triangulated with the literature and consulted with five experts in the road infrastructure and disaster reconstruction area.
Findings
The identified challenges and obstacles are divided into three groups of discussion; planning and programming, road design, and procurement. Whilst some of these challenges are not unique to post-disaster context, the scale of the risks had been undermined.
Originality/ value
This paper identifies the challenges and obstacles of a road project in the post-disaster setting from the pre-construction perspective. Identification of these challenges and obstacles may help improve the implementation of post-disaster road infrastructure reconstruction projects in future recovery projects, particularly in the developing world.


Titanium dioxide is currently the focus of intensive research because of their interesting chemical, electrical and optical properties. In this work, TiO2 thin films were prepared by sol gel method, and have been deposited by spin coating technique onto glass substrates (3–TiO2/ glass). In this work, we report the effect of the spin speed (2900, 3200 and 4900 rpm) on different optical properties of the films. The samples were characterized
by means of Raman spectroscopy, hall measurement and UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The transmission spectra of titanium dioxide thin films indicate that there are two parts, the first is transparent in the visible wavelength spectrum region and the second is opaque in the UV ranges. We found that the transmission curves and the calculated optical band gap increase when thespin speed increases. The Raman spectra have shown the Anatase phase.


Researchers have used the number of mutations in DNA like a molecular clock to date key events in human evolution. Now it seems that the molecular clock ticks more slowly than anyone had thought, and many dates may need to be adjusted. Over the past 3 years, researchers have used new methods to sequence whole human genomes, allowing them to measure directly, for the first time, the average rate at which new mutations arise in a newborn baby. Most of these studies conclude that the mutation rate in humans today is roughly half the rate that has been used in many evolutionary studies since 2000, which would make genetic estimates of dates older than previously believed. The question now is how much older?


Algorithms for discrete and continuous quantum systems Soumyodipto Mukherjee This thesis is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter we outline a simple and numerically inexpensive approach to describe the spectral features of the singleimpurity Anderson model. The method combines aspects of the density matrix embedding theory (DMET) approach with a spectral broadening approach inspired by those used in numerical renormalization group (NRG) methods. At zero temperature for a wide range of U , the spectral function produced by this approach is found to be in good agreement with general expectations as well as more advanced and complex numerical methods such as DMRG-based schemes. The theory developed here is simply transferable to more complex impurity problems The second chapter outlines the density matrix embedding methodology in the context of electronic structure applications. We formulate analytical gradients for energies obtained from DMET focusing on two scenarios: RHF-in-RHF embedding and FCI-in-RHF embedding. The former involves solving the small embedded system at Restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) level of theory. This serves to check the validity of the formulas by reproducing the RHF results on the full system for energies and gradients. The latter scenario employs full configuration interaction (FCI) as a high level solver for the small embedded system. Our results show that only HellmannFeynman terms, which involve derivatives of oneand two-electron terms in the atomic orbital basis, are required to calculate energy gradients in both cases. We applied our methodology to the problem of H10 ring dissociation where the analytical gradients matched those obtained numerically. The gradient formulation is applicable to geometry optimization of strongly correlated molecules and solids. It can also be used in ab initio molecular dynamics where forces on nuclei are obtained from DMET energy gradients. In the final chapter we focus on the study of finite-temperature equilibrium properties of quantum systems in continuous space. We formulate an expansion of the partition function in continuous-time and use Monte Carlo to sample terms in the resulting infinite series. Such a strategy has been highly successful in quantum lattice models but has found scant application in off-lattice systems. The Monte Carlo estimate of the average energy of quantum particles in continuous space subject to simple model potentials is found to converge with low statistical error to the exact solutions even when very high perturbation order is required. We outline two ways in which the algorithm can be applied to more complex problems. First, by drawing an analogy between the formulation in continuous-time with the discretized, Trotter factorized version of standard path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC). This allows one to use the suite of standard PIMC moves to carry out the position sampling required to obtain the weight of each time configuration. Finally, we propose an alternate route by fitting the many-particle potential with multidimensional Gaussians which provides an analytical form for the position integrals.


In this paper, a proof of concept for a snapshot CMOS image sensor with extended dynamic range is presented. A prototype of 32 times 32 pixels has been fabricated using the 1-poly 4-metal CMOS 0.35 mum process available through MOSIS and was successfully tested. The measurements from the test chip showed that the fabricated imager allows wide dynamic range (WDR) operation in a snapshot readout mode. This DR extension has become possible due to a unique in-pixel architecture allowing automatic adaptation of each pixel in the array to its illumination level. To reduce the pixel power dissipation various low-power design techniques have been utilized in the pixel design. A single pixel occupies 18 * 18(mum)2 and dissipates 23 nW with 8 bit DR expansion at room light level, and 29 nW at high illumination level, equivalent to clear sky at video rate. The power dissipation of the whole sensor (including the supporting circuitry) is 450 muW at video rate. Sensor design is described, design considerations are shown and measurements from the test chip are presented.


The present work studies optimal taxation of labour income when taxpayers are allowed to evade taxes. The analysis is conducted within a general non-linear tax framework, providing a characterisation of the solution for risk-neutral and risk-averse agents. For risk-neutral agents the optimal government choice is to enforce no evasion and to apply the original Mirrlees' rule for the optimal tax schedule. The no evasion condition is precisely determined by a combination of a sufficiently large penalty and a constant auditing probability. Similar results hold for risk-averse agents. Our findings imply that a government aiming at maximizing social welfare should always enforce no evasion and provide simple rules to pursue this objective.


Tubular transport abnormalities have recently been characterized in a rabbit model of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). These studies demonstrated severe observable morphologic and functional changes in the proximal nephron together with functional changes in the distal nephron. Tubular debris was often produced by perfusion of proximal nephron segments. In the present study, agents used to prevent ARF were tested in this rabbit model of ARF. Rabbits were infused with either 5% body wt 5% manitol or 20 micrograms . kg-1 . min-1 furosemide in 5% body wt normal saline for the 60 min preceding 60 min of total renal ischemia. Mannitol 1) prevented the development of ARF, 2) maintained fluid reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (0.59 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.52 +/- 0.1 nl . mm-1 . min-1) and proximal straight tubule (PST) (0.34 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.39 +/- 0.07 nl . mm-1 . min-1), 3) depressed NaCl reabsorption in the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH), and 4) did not prevent a decrease in ADH-mediated osmotic water flow in the cortical collecting tubule (CCT). Furosemide 1) partially preserved renal function, 2) partially protected the PCT (0.63 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.38 +/- 0.04 nl . mm-1 . min-1) and PST (0.32 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.22 +/- 0.02 nl . mm-1 . min-1), and 3) did not change the transport capacity of the TALH or the ADH response of the CCT. Preservation of proximal nephron integrity was also reflected by the absence of debris formation. There is a direct relation between an agent's ability to protect the functional integrity of the cells of the proximal nephron and its ability to preserve renal function.


In the Peninsula Campaign of spring 1862, Union general George B. McClellan failed in his plan to capture the Confederate capital and bring a quick end to the conflict. But the campaign saw something new in the war--the participation of African Americans in ways that were critical to the Union offensive. Ultimately, that participation influenced Lincoln's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation at the end of that year. Glenn David Brasher's unique narrative history delves into African American involvement in this pivotal military event, demonstrating that blacks contributed essential manpower and provided intelligence that shaped the campaign's military tactics and strategy and that their activities helped to convince many Northerners that emancipation was a military necessity.Drawing on the voices of Northern soldiers, civilians, politicians, and abolitionists as well as Southern soldiers, slaveholders, and the enslaved, Brasher focuses on the slaves themselves, whose actions showed that they understood from the outset that the war was about their freedom. As Brasher convincingly shows, the Peninsula Campaign was more important in affecting the decision for emancipation than the Battle of Antietam.


Rindera umbellata (Waldst. & Kit.) Bunge is a rare, critically endangered and horticulturally appealing plant with unexplored pharmaceutical potential. Its distribu- tion is restricted to sandy habitats, whereas propagation in nature is limited by fungal infections of the seeds. To initiate its ex situ conservation and provide material for metabolomic studies, we have introduced R. umbellata into in vitro culture using immature embryos as primary explants. A 72% of the embryos germinated on growth regulator-free medium. The optimization of growth conditions was based on varying carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) in the medium. In vitro growth and de- velopment of R. umbellata plants were significantly affected by both the type and con- centration of the applied sugars. For most recorded parameters, including leaf elongation, biomass production, rooting percentage, and the number and length of roots, 0.1 M sucrose was optimal. The highest percentage of explants with developed buds was achieved on 0.06 M sucrose (38.77%) or 0.3 M glucose (27.43%). The plantlets obtained on 0.1 M sucrose were successfully acclimatized to greenhouse and field conditions with survival rates of 71.43% and 42.86%, respectively. To our best knowledge, this is the first publication dedicated to this species.


Background: Synthetic elastomers such as polyvinyl siloxane and polyether are the most commonly used impression materials. The accuracy and dimensional stability of these materials are influenced by the temperature, humidity, and storage time. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of storage time and temperature on the dimensional stability of polyvinyl siloxane and polyether impression materials. Materials and Methods: A stainless steel die was used to prepare the molds from three brands of polyvinyl siloxane (Elite HD, Express STD, Aquasil) and one brand of polyether (Impregnum F) impression materials. The samples were stored at five different temperatures (10°C, 180°C, 280°C, 350°C, and 450°C) for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. The linear change in the dimension of the materials were recorded and analyzed. Results: When stored at 280°C and 450°C, polyvinyl siloxane did not show any significant dimensional change in 24, 48, and 72 h when compared to control samples. At 10°C, significant dimensional change was noted in 24 h (P = 0.00) and at 180°C, significant change in the dimension was noted in 24 and 48 h (P = 0.01,P= 0.00, respectively). At 350°C, polyvinyl siloxane showed expansion in 24 and 48 h (P = 0.00,P= 0.04, respectively) whereas no further change occurred in 72 h. Significant changes in the dimensional stability were noted for polyether at all the five storage temperatures (10°C, 180°C, 280°C, 350°C, and 450°C) when compared to control samples. Conclusion: All the three brands of polyvinyl siloxane and the one brand of polyether tested showed statistically significant dimensional changes in 10°C, 180°C, 350°C, and 450°C, whereas at 280°C, all the tested materials showed no significant changes. Most of these changes occurred within 24 h, with very little changes occurring in 48 and 72 h.


Transport phenomena are the processes and rules by which heat, mass, and momentum move through and between materials and systems. Along with thermodynamics, mechanics, and electromagnetism, this body of knowledge and theory forms the core principals of all physical systems and is essential to all engineering disciplines. This new edition of a classic work on how transport phenomena behave in materials and materials systems will provide expanded coverage and up-to-date theory and knowledge from today's research on heat transfer and fluid behavior, with ample examples of practical applications to materials processing and engineering. Professional engineers and students alike will find one of the clearest and most accessible approaches to an often difficult and challenging subject. Logical pedagogy, with clear applications to real materials engineering problems will make more vivid the abstract body of knowledge that comprises today's understanding of transport phenomena. Readers will find: a new chapter on boiling and condensation; revised chapters on heat transport, mass transport in solid state and mass transport in fluids; revised and expanded end-of-chapter problems and exercises S.I. Units throughout; extensive Appendices of standard materials properties; and, for classroom use, a Solutions Manual is available.


The pain relieving properties of imipramine (100 mg orally), tramadol (150 mg orally), and anpirtoline (60 mg orally) were compared in 16 healthy subjects in a cross-over, double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled study. Anpirtoline exhibits analgesia which is possibly mediated via serotoninergic pathways, whereas tramadol exerts its effects at opioid receptors. The pain-relieving effect of the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine may involve both serotoninergic and opioid mechanisms. Chemo-somatosensory event-related potentials (CSSERP) were recorded after painful stimulation of the nasal mucosa with carbon dioxide. Subjects rated the perceived intensity of the stimuli by means of a visual analogue scale. In addition, acoustically evoked responses were recorded, the spontaneous EEG was analyzed in the frequency domain, the subjects' vigilance was assessed in a tracking task, and side effects of the drugs were monitored. Anpirtoline and tramadol produced a decrease of both CSSERP amplitudes and subjective estimates of pain, the effects of the former compound being greater. In contrast, after administration of imipramine no change of CSSERP amplitudes could be detected, whereas the subjective estimate of pain intensity decreased significantly. This was accompanied by a significant decrease of arousal indicating that pain relief produced by acute administration of imipramine was primarily related to its sedation action. The analgesic properties of anpirtoline were demonstrated in man. Tramadol was characterized as a week opioid analgesic. In contrast, imipramine appeared to produce its pain-relieving effects predominantly by non-specific actions. It is hypothesized that different analgesics may change ERP sources in a drug-specific manner.


A correlation-based double-directional stochastic channel model for indoor multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) ultra-wideband (UWB) propagation channels is proposed. The proposed model extends the IEEE 802.15.3a standard model to spatially correlated MIMO channels. Both angular and temporal statistics are taken into account in the modelling procedure. Spatial correlation is introduced into the multipath amplitude and time-of-arrival (ToA) matrices of the channel model. Each amplitude matrix consists of entries of correlated lognormal random variables, whereas each ToA matrix is obtained as the sum of a reference matrix and a difference matrix. The frequency-dependent spatial correlation function is derived to give an insight of model properties. Model parameters are determined based on well-known measurement campaigns. In addition, simulation-based analysis indicates that this model has desirable spatial correlation properties in both the time and frequency domains. The ToA correlation matrix was also found to have dominant effects on the correlation characteristics. This suggests that future research into spatial correlation properties of MIMO-UWB channels should focus on ToA correlation characteristics, rather than amplitude correlation characteristics, which are the current focus of narrowband and wideband MIMO channel research.


We propose a novel algorithm for sensor self-localization in cooperative wireless networks where observations of relative sensor distances are available. The variational message passing (VMP) algorithm is used to implement a mean field solution to the estimation of the posterior probabilities of the sensor positions in an ∝2 scenario. Extension to ∝3 is straight-forward. Compared to non-parametric methods based on belief propagation, the VMP algorithm features significantly lower communication overhead between sensors. This is supported by performance simulations which show that the estimated mean localization error of the algorithm stabilizes after approximately 30 iterations.


The effects of reaction conditions including Fe2+, H2O2, oxalic acid, and humic acid dosages were discussed on the Fenton degradation of rhodamine B (RB). The optimal reaction conditions of Fenton reaction were 0.15 mM Fe2+, 5 mM H2O2, and pH 3.0, and the decolorization rate RB (10 mg/L) reached 97.8% after 30min catalytic degradation. The changes of Fe2+ concentrations in Fenton system has been focused on in this work. A relatively low concentration of Fe2+ was maintained during reaction process when Fe2+ and H2O2 were added with high concentration, and thus RB was degraded quickly. The results implicated that Fe2+dosage played a very important role in the degradation of RB, and H2O2 dosage didn't have an apparent influence on the degradation of RB in general. The Fenton degradation of RB could be inhibited in the presence of oxalic acid and humic acid, especially at a high concentration of oxalic acid and humic acid.


Human tonsil B cells include a subpopulation (30 per cent) of cells which lack LFA-1 antigen. Activation of tonsil B cells by culture with anti-IgM and interleukin-4 led to an increase in staining intensities and in the proportion of cells staining, until by 48 h the majority of B cells were positive. Culture of activated cells with low-molecular weight B cell growth factor, which induces a proportion of cells to proliferate, led to a minor further increase in expression of the LFA-1 antigen. Inclusion of a monoclonal antibody against the LFA-1 beta chain in culture did not affect either proliferation or immunoglobulin secretion. The expression of LFA-1 by B cells thus changes as B cells are activated, perhaps reflecting the changing requirements of B cells for interaction with other cells and tissue components. On the other hand, our results did not provide any support for the idea that the LFA-1 antigen is directly involved in the interaction of B cells with lymphokines which control proliferation and differentiation.


The emission spectrum of air that is excited by an ArF laser has been investigated experimentally and theoretically to determine the conditions under which fluorescence from O2 can be used for the measurement of temperature in aerodynamic flows. In addition to the expected fluorescence from O2, the spectrum from excitation with an intense laser beam is shown to contain significant contributions from the near-resonant Raman fundamental and overtone bands, the four-photon fluorescence excitation of C produced from ambient CO2, and possibly the three-photon excitation of O2+. The nature of the radiative interactions contributing to these additional features is described.


In this exhibition artist Sean Cummins explored a found image, depicting a control room of an experimental nuclear reactor from 1963. Cummins used this image as a catalyst for an exhibition of paintings. The exhibition title refers to both Van Gogh's early masterpiece The Potato Eaters and the notion of cold fusion, a hypothetical type of nuclear reaction that occurs at room temperature. This series of paintings makes an unusual connection between early modernist painting and the utopian aspirations of the creators of nuclear technology. There is a humorous juxtaposition between the agrarians depicted in The Potato Eaters and scientists operating the nuclear power station. A depiction of subsistence and the fiction of cold fusion and its limitless supply of energy. Cummins knowingly played on paintings' history and processes, as his images aspired to a collapse of space and time [Bonington Gallery website].


We demonstrate how privacy law interacts with competition and trade policy in the context of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). We follow more than 110,000 websites for 18 months to show that websites reduced their connections to web technology providers after GDPR became effective, especially regarding requests involving personal data. This also holds for websites catering to non-EU audiences and therefore not bound by GDPR. We further document an increase in market concentration in web technology services after the introduction of GDPR. While most firms lose market share, the leading firm, Google, significantly increases market share.


Human development has resulted in significant loss of forested areas and associated biodiversity. Preserving and restoring woodland habitats is critical for recovering this biodiversity and the ecosystem services it provides. While forest restoration projects typically focus on improving degraded woodlands, fewer studies have investigated the conversion of suburban, lawn-dominated landscapes back into healthy forest ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated different strategies for establishing a forest ecosystem on land that for over 20 years had been maintained as turf grass. Five native, herbaceous woodland plants (Arisaema triphyllum, Carex pensylvanica, Diarrhena americana, Geranium maculatum, and Podophyllum peltatum) were planted around five nurse trees (Acer rubrum, Amelanchier arborea, Cercis canadensis, Tsuga canadensis, and Viburnum opulus var. americanum) in four soil treatments: bare soil; 5 cm of leaf mulch; rototilling and 5 cm of leaf mulch; and 10 cm of leaf mulch. We assessed the prevalence of weeds in each soil treatment two years after planting. We also analyzed survivorship and performance data seven years after planting to evaluate how nurse tree species and soil treatment affect herbaceous species. We found that mulching decreased the prevalence of weedy species and did not affect survivorship or performance of herbaceous transplants. Overall survivorship varied significantly, with P. peltatum having the highest survivorship and C. pensylvanica the lowest. Survivorship was influenced by nurse tree species, and was lowest around T. canadensis. Similar restoration projects should consider using species that were successful in this project, avoid planting near T. canadensis, and consider leaf mulch for weed control.


The United Kingdom's response to the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic, which cost £1.2bn (€1.5bn; $1.8bn), was highly satisfactory and good value for money, concludes an independent review. But any purchasing for future pandemics should allow greater flexibility, it adds.

The review, by Deirdrie Hine, a former chief medical officer for Wales, says that preparations, including stockpiling drugs and plans to buy up to 132 million doses of vaccine, were "soundly based in terms of value for money, reflecting the inherently low cost of vaccination in relation to the value of lives saved."

Around £1bn was spent on pharmaceuticals, including antivirals, antibiotics, and vaccines. More than 30 million doses of vaccine are believed to be left over, as the swine flu pandemic virus proved far milder in its effects than expected.

Dame Deirdrie said that lessons needed to be learnt …


I argue that many of the pragmatic notions that are commonly attributed to
1-1. P. Grice, or are reported to be inspired by his work on pragmatics, such as assertion, conventional implicature, cooperation, common ground, common knowledge, presuppositions and conversational strategies, have their origins in C. S. Peirce's theory of signs and his pragmatic logic and philosophy. Both Grice and Peirce rooted their theories in normative rationality, anti-psychologism and the relevance of assertions. With respect to the post-Gricean era of pragmatics, theories of relevance may be seen to have been geared, albeit unconsciously, upon Peirce's pragmatic agenda.


This paper argues that the scale of the contemporary housing affordability crisis in Australia is at least partly attributable to the influence of neoliberal ideas over the past three decades. After providing an overview of the nature and scope of the crisis, the process by which housing as a policy problem has been reconceptualised by policy makers and others since the 1970s is examined. This is followed by analysis of the ways in which a number of commonwealth government policies which are ideationally underpinned by neoliberalism have amplified and perpetuated the problem of housing affordability in Australia and, ipso facto, prevented the issue from being addressed. The paper concludes by suggesting that policies which are ostensibly intended to improve housing affordability will continue to founder until the ideational obstacles which are the focus of this paper are recognised, and housing policy is reconceptualised along lines more conducive to the amelioration of the housing affordability problem. The paper seeks to extend the existing literature on housing affordability by explicitly identifying the linkages between neoliberal ideas, commonwealth public policy, and the extant problem of housing affordability in Australia.


The primary progressive aphasias (PPA) are a diverse group of neurodegenerative disorders that selectively target brain networks mediating language. The pathophysiology of PPA remains poorly understood, but emerging evidence suggests that deficits in auditory processing accompany and may precede language symptoms in these patients. In four studies, I have probed the pathophysiology of auditory signal decoding in patient cohorts representing all major PPA syndromes – nonfluent variant PPA (nfvPPA), semantic variant PPA (svPPA), and logopenic variant PPA (lvPPA) – in relation to healthy age-matched controls. In my first experiment, I presented sequences of spoken syllables manipulated for temporal regularity, spectrotemporal structure and entropy. I used voxel-based morphometry to define critical brain substrates for the processing of these attributes, identifying correlates of behavioural performance within a cortico-subcortical network extending beyond canonical language areas. In my second experiment, I used activation functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with the same stimuli. I identified network signatures of particular signal attributes: nfvPPA was associated with reduced activity in anterior cingulate for processing temporal irregularity; lvPPA with reduced activation of posterior superior temporal cortex for processing spectrotemporal structure; and svPPA with reduced activation of caudate and anterior cingulate for processing signal entropy. In my third experiment, I manipulated the auditory feedback via which participants heard their own voices during speech production. Healthy control participants spoke significantly less fluently under delayed auditory feedback, but patients with nfvPPA and lvPPA were affected significantly less. In my final experiment, I probed residual capacity for dynamic auditory signal processing and perceptual learning in PPA, using sinewave speech. Patients with nfvPPA and lvPPA showed severely attenuated learning to the degraded stimuli, while patients with svPPA showed intact early perceptual processing, but deficient integration of semantic knowledge. Together, these experiments represent the most concerted and comprehensive attempt to date to define the pathophysiology of auditory signal decoding in PPA.


The authors proposed an electromagnetic harmonic movable tooth drive system which is an electromechanical coupled system where the coupled dynamics controls its overall operating behavior. However, the coupled dynamics of such a system was not found in the literature. In this paper, an electromechanical coupled dynamics equation of the flexible ring subjected to electromagnetic force is presented. Using the equation, the natural frequencies and vibration modes of the flexible ring are investigated. The results show that the natural frequency of the drive system is affected by mechanical and electric parameters among which, the coil current, the average static displacement of the flexible ring and the air gap has more obvious influence on the natural frequencies. The results are useful for the design and further study of the dynamics performance for the drive system.


Dioramas and panoramas, freaks and magicians, waxworks and menageries, obscure relics and stuffed animals--a dazzling assortment of curiosities attracted the gaze of the nineteenth-century spectator at the dime museum. This distinctly American phenomenon was unprecedented in both the diversity of its amusements and in its democratic appeal, with audiences traversing the boundaries of ethnicity, gender, and class. Andrea Stulman Dennett's Weird and Wonderful: The Dime Museum in America recaptures this ephemeral and scarcely documented institution of American culture from the margins of history. Weird and Wonderful chronicles the evolution of the dime museum from its eighteenth-century inception as a "cabinet of curiosities" to its death at the hands of new amusement technologies in the early twentieth century. From big theaters which accommodated audiences of three thousand to meager converted storefronts exhibiting petrified wood and living anomalies, this study vividly reanimates the array of museums, exhibits, and performances that make up this entertainment institution. Tracing the scattered legacy of the dime museum from vaudeville theater to Ripley's museum to the talk show spectacles of today, Dennett makes a significant contribution to the history of American popular entertainment.


Abstract It is well-known that health-care systems all over the world try to improve efficiency and effectiveness due to high pressure to pursue rational performance. Many of the health-care reforms in different countries are conducted with the objectives to rationalise costs, to make health services more available, and to increase, or at least not to reduce, the quality of health services. Adequate efficient metrics used in assessing health-care services are critical for the quality of decision-making. The subject of this research is efficiency measurement in the institutes of public health in Croatia oriented to preventive activities, i.e. monitoring, analysis, and evaluation of the health of the population. Diversity of the programmes and temporal variability are the characteristics of public health services, and it is therefore harder to measure the effects in the long run. This research aims to analyse and propose a new approach to the measurement system using two methods: the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the Balanced Score Card (BSC), combined into the DEABSC integrative model, which can be an efficient method for the decision-making process. The starting point of this research is the analysis of the measurement system in public-health services in Croatia. The results confirm a weak and inadequate efficiency measurement system and very low effectiveness measurement. To enhance the efficiency measurement, we have developed the conceptual integrative DEABSC model which has been tested at the Teaching Institute of Public Health – the Department of Health Ecology. Using DEA for 2017, we have identified relatively efficient units that helped establish future goals set in the BSC strategic map. The combination of DEA and BSC allows identifying options for improving the effectiveness of public-health service programmes. The study confirms that it is possible to determine the relative efficiency of different DMUs within the Department of Health Ecology and use best practice for each perspective in the BSC Cause & Effect conceptual model. This paper also provides recommendations for an easier establishment of performance measurement in order to achieve the mission of public health institutions, but also indicates some limitations in the application of the methods.


This article analyses the sustainability movement that opposed the construction of the Las Cruces hydroelectric project in the San Pedro River watershed in Nayarit, Mexico. It focuses on the movement's theoretical framework and general orientation in order to show how the various and distinct frameworks that emerged throughout the evolution of the movement were selected, adjusted and creatively reworked within the movement. This allowed these frameworks to adapt to changing local social, cultural, and environ- mental conditions through a process that also enriched them and imbued them with new meanings through contact with the perspectives of coastal agricultural and fishing communities, as well as with indigenous Naayeri communities in the mountains.


The rationale for implantation of autologous human Schwann cells (SCs) in persons with subacute spinal cord injury (SCI) is based on evidence that transplanted SCs are neuroprotective, support local axonal plasticity, and are capable of myelinating axons. A Phase I clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the safety of autologous human SC transplantation into the injury epicenter of six subjects with subacute SCI. The trial was an open-label, unblinded, non-randomized, non-placebo controlled study with a dose escalation design and standard medical rehabilitation. Participants were paraplegics with neurologically complete, trauma-induced spinal lesions. Autologous SCs were cultured in vitro from a sural nerve harvested from each participant and injected into the epicenter of the spinal lesion. Outcome measures for safety were protocol compliance, feasibility, adverse events, stability of neurological level, absence of detectable mass lesion, and the emergence of clinically significant neuropathic pain or muscle spasticity no greater than expected for a natural course cohort. One year post-transplantation, there were no surgical, medical, or neurological complications to indicate that the timing or procedure for the cell transplantation was unsafe. There were no adverse events or serious adverse events related to the cell therapy. There was no evidence of additional spinal cord damage, mass lesion, or syrinx formation. We conclude that it is feasible to identify eligible candidates, appropriately obtain informed consent, perform a peripheral nerve harvest to obtain SCs within 5-30 days of injury, and perform an intra-spinal transplantation of highly purified autologous SCs within 4-7 weeks of injury.


For quantum integrable systems the currents averaged with respect to a generalized Gibbs ensemble are revisited. An exact formula is known, which we call "collision rate ansatz". While there is considerable work to confirm this ansatz in various models, our approach uses the symmetry of the current-charge susceptibility matrix, which holds in great generality. Besides some technical assumptions, the main input is the availability of a self-conserved current, i.e. some current which is itself conserved. The collision rate ansatz is then derived. The argument is carried out in detail for the Lieb-Liniger model and the Heisenberg XXZ chain. The Fermi-Hubbard model is not covered, since no self-conserved current seems to exist. It is also explained how from the existence of a boost operator a self-conserved current can be deduced.


Hybrids between Medicago sativa subsp. falcata and M. sativa subsp. sativa can result in high levels of heterosis for alfalfa forage production. However, commercially viable alfalfa cultivars also must have acceptable performance for other agronomic traits, including regrowth following harvest and appropriate autumn dormancy. In this study, we characterized an F1 population derived from the cross of the two subspecies for the genetics of forage production, forage height, and forage regrowth at three harvests in two Iowa locations for 1 yr. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling these traits were mapped on a genetic linkage map developed from this population. Broad-sense heritabilities and genetic correlations among the traits were high. Marker alleles associated with QTLs for these traits were contributed by each parental genome, suggesting that both subspecies of cultivated alfalfa may contribute to the improvement of these traits. Multiple regression models accounted for between 11 and 44% of the trait variation. The most marker–trait associations were detected during the first harvest. Marker effects were generally similar across harvests. Markers associated with autumn regrowth tended to be different from those associated with regrowth earlier in the season, suggestive of the identification of autumn dormancy effects. The winter hardiness gene MsaciB is a candidate locus for yield and regrowth, being associated with yield across three harvests and with autumn regrowth. A subset of alleles was associated with more than one of the traits. Major alleles for the three traits appear to reside primarily on linkage groups (LGs) 3, 4, 5, and 7.


The second phase of the Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey (SMASSII) produced an internally consistent set of visible-wavelength charge-coupled device (CCD) spectra for 1447 asteroids (Bus and Binzel 2002, Icarus, ). These data provide a basis for developing a new asteroid taxonomy that utilizes more of the information contained in CCD spectra. Here we construct a classification system that builds on the robust framework provided by existing asteroid taxonomies. In particular, we define three major groupings (the S-, C-, and X-complexes) that adhere to the classical definitions of the S-, C-, and X-type asteroids. A total of 26 classes are defined, based on the presence or absence of specific spectral features. Definitions and boundary parameters are provided for each class, allowing new spectral observations to be placed in this system. Of these 26 classes, 12 bear familiar single-letter designations that follow previous conventions: A, B, C, D, K, O, Q, R, S, T, V, and X. A new L-class is introduced to describe 35 objects with spectra having a steep UV slope shortward of 0.75 μm, but which are relatively flat longward of 0.75 μm. Asteroids with intermediate spectral characteristics are assigned multiletter designations: Cb, Cg, Cgh, Ch, Ld, Sa, Sk, Sl, Sq, Sr, Xc, Xe, and Xk. Members of the Cgh- and Ch-classes have spectra containing a 0.7-μm feature that is generally attributed to hydration. Although previously considered featureless, CCD observations reveal distinct features of varying strengths in the spectra of asteroids in the X-complex, thus allowing the Xc-, Xe-, and Xk-classes to be established. Most notably, the spectra of Xe-type asteroids contain an absorption feature centered near 0.49 μm that may be associated with troilite. Several new members are identified for previously unique or sparsely populated classes: 12 A-types, 3 O-types, and 3 R-types. Q-types are common within the near-Earth asteroid population but remain unobserved in the main belt. More than 30 new V-types are found in the vicinity of Vesta. The heliocentric distribution of the SMASSII taxonomic classes is similar to that determined from previous studies, though additional structure is revealed as a result of the larger sample size.


BACKGROUND
Increasing age and chronic cigarette smoking are independently associated with adverse effects on multiple aspects of neurocognition in those seeking treatment for alcohol use disorders. However, the potential interactive effects of age and cigarette smoking on neurocognition in early abstinent alcohol-dependent individuals (ALC) have not investigated.

METHODS
Cross-sectional performances of never-smoking healthy comparison participants (nvsCOM; n = 39) and 1-month-abstinent, treatment-seeking, never-smoking (nvsALC; n = 30), former-smoking (fsALC; n = 21), and actively smoking (asALC; n = 68) ALC were compared on a comprehensive neurocognitive battery. Domains of functioning evaluated were cognitive efficiency, executive functions, fine motor skills, general intelligence, learning and memory, processing speed, visuospatial functions and working memory. Participants were between 26 and 71 years of age at the time of assessment.

RESULTS
asALC showed steeper age-related effects than nvsCOM on the domains of visuospatial learning, auditory-verbal memory, cognitive efficiency, executive functions, processing speed, and fine motor skills. In pairwise comparisons, fsALC and asALC performed more poorly than both nvsCOM and nvsALC on multiple domains; nvsCOM and nvsALC showed no significant differences. Domain scores for the ALC groups generally fell in the low-to-high-average range of functioning. A clinically significant level of impairment was apparent in only 25% of ALC participants on visuospatial learning, visuospatial memory, and fine motor skills domains. Measures of alcohol use or consumption were not significantly related to neurocognition in the ALC cohorts.

CONCLUSIONS
The age-related findings suggest that the combination of active chronic smoking and alcohol dependence in this 1-month-abstinent ALC cohort was associated with greater than normal age-related effects in multiple domains. In general, a low level of clinically significant impairment was observed in the alcohol-dependent participants. The findings from this study, in conjunction with previous research, strongly support smoking cessation interventions for those seeking treatment for alcohol and substance use disorders.


Profit and loss sharing system applied in the Islamic bank as an alternative substitute for the application of the interest system is deemed to successfully avoid the negative impacts of the interest application. It is also considered to be able to allocate resources and fund sources efficiently. The solution is briefly mentioned by holding the financing transactions based on three models, namely mudlarabah, musharakah dan murabahah. In this study, there are several methods used to collect the data. It includes methods of observation, interviews and documentation. The data is then analyzed using descriptive analysis and qualitative approach. The research findings figure out that the realization of profit and loss sharing system based on mudlarabah financing applied in the Branch Office of Syariah Mandiri Bank in Lumajang, in terms of Islamic Law, is valid since it already fulfills the validity requisites of mudlarabah. There is only such dilemmatic consideration relates to the issue of assurance because of the difference opinion among Islamic scholars (Ulama) about the license of assurance itself aside of the emergency or in case that the suspicion toward mudlarib emerged. The financing of mudlarabah in Syariah Banking, particularly in terms of the application of financing calculation in the Branch Office of Syariah Mandiri Bank in Lumajang is completely appropriate since it already fulfills the requisites obtained in all Syariah Bankings and the Fatwa of National Syariah Council. The application of profit and loss sharing calculation in the Branch Office of Syariah Mandiri Bank in Lumajang is valid and appropriate since its realization is in accordance with Islamic and Banking Law. The profit-sharing ratio provided by the bank are 95.10%: 4.9%, 90, 69%: 9.31% and 87.10%: 12.9%. And this bank do not share the ratio of 100: 0 to their customers. Keywords: Profit and Loss Sharing, Mudlarabah financing, Islamic Perspective


Mathematics skill deficiencies for entrants into degrees are welldocumented. Quizzes at the first month of semester and mid-term test confirmed that incoming students to the Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University lacked basic mathematical skills. In 2011 visual learning resources were created using smart board, an interactive whiteboard, to helpstudents fill the gap between high school and university mathematics. They were also used to support student learning in subjects. The visual resources demonstrated and discussed how to start and complete mathematics problems. They enabled students to develop their conceptual understanding of mathematics at their own pace, in their own time and with feedback. The visual resources enabled weaker students to catch up and additional resources were subsequently developed to sustain improvements in new topics. This paper discusses the production process of the visual resourcesand provides an overview of their impact.


Ever since Traube established the close relationship between chronic nephritis and cardiac hypertrophy and the recognition of arterial hypertension as the cause of the latter, there has been an increasing tendency to see in a left ventricular hypertrophy presumptive evidence of an underlying chronic nephritis, in the absence of some other cause to explain it. Whether we follow the school of Romberg, which makes arterial hypertension the consequence of a glomerular lesion, or adhere to the opinion of Jores, 1 that high pressure results from a fibrosis of the smaller vessels, including those of the kidney, it seems agreed that the occurrence of high blood-pressure and its corollary, cardiac hypertrophy, point to a lesion in the vascular component of the kidney. It is, however, not only in the outspoken cases of nephritis that we expect to find cardiovascular changes. Even in those not uncommon cases of nephritis in


The present study introduces a methodology for mapping the thermodynamic losses of vapor compression refrigeration systems which consists of a theoretical model that splits the coefficient of performance into four terms: (i) the coefficient of performance of an ideal cycle (Carnot), (ii) the efficiency of a real cycle running with an ideal compressor, (iii) the compression efficiency of a real compressor, and (iv) the cycling efficiency. In addition, measurements of the relevant variables at several positions along the refrigeration loop are also required, generating performance data not only for the whole unit but also for each one of the components. The methodology proposed herein points out the thermodynamic losses of the refrigeration system, identifying opportunities for energy performance improvement. In addition, the methodology allows the comparison between different refrigeration systems with respect to the same thermodynamic baseline. Albeit the methodology was originally developed for household refrigerators, it can be easily extended to any kind of vapor-compression refrigeration systems.


Freshwater farming of barramundi Lates calcarifer in Thailand is a growing sector in aquaculture, but mortalities due to infectious diseases are still a major threat to this industry. In 2018, an episode of severe mortality in juvenile barramundi was noted in a freshwater earth pond site. Fish presented with severe gill necrosis, as well as severe cutaneous hemorrhages, scale loss, and discoloration at the base of dorsal fin (saddleback lesions). Histopathology revealed extensive necrosis of skeletal muscle and gill filaments, as well as basophilic inclusion bodies and megalocytosis in muscle, gill, liver, and kidney. Scale drop disease virus (SDDV) infection was subsequently confirmed by virus-specific semi-nested PCR. Further, DNA sequences of the viral major capsid protein (MCP) and ATPase genes had a respective homology of 99.85 and 99.92% with sequences of SDDV infecting barramundi in saltwater culture. Gill necrosis and saddleback lesions are not typical lesions associated with scale drop syndrome. Their presence was explained by Flavobacterium columnare isolation from the gill, followed by positive F. columnare-specific PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SDDV-associated mortality in freshwater-farmed barramundi. Furthermore, this mortality presented as a concurrent infection with SDDV and F. columnare, with typical lesions of both infections.


OBJECTIVES
To provide Canadian physicians with a standard definition of hypertension in pregnancy, recommendations for laboratory investigations and tests for the assessment and management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, and a classification of such disorders.

OPTIONS
To improve or not improve Canadian uniformity and standardization in the investigation and classification of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.

OUTCOMES
1) Accuracy, reliability and practicality of diagnostic clinical criteria for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. 2) Laboratory tests useful to determine severity and prognosis of disorders as measured by maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes. 3) A classification of disorders for use by Canadian physicians to facilitate uniformity and diffusion of research through a common language.

EVIDENCE
Articles on hypertensive disorders in pregnancy published from 1966 to 1996, retrieved through MEDLINE search, related to definitions, tests, diagnostic criteria and classification, as well as documents on diagnosis and classification from authorities in the United States, Europe and Australia and from special interest groups.

VALUES
High priority was given to the principle of preventing adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes through the provision of diagnostic criteria for severity and prognosis and through dissemination of reliable and pertinent information and research results using a common language. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COST: Higher degree of vigilance in diagnosing hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, allowing for earlier assessment and intervention, and more efficient dissemination of comparative information through common language. No harm or added cost is perceived at this time.

RECOMMENDATIONS
(1) A diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or more should be the criterion for a diagnosis of hypertension in pregnancy and should trigger investigation and management. Except for very high diastolic readings (110 mm Hg or more), all diastolic readings of 90 mm Hg or more should be confirmed after 4 hours. (2) A regularly calibrated mercury sphygmomanometer, with an appropriate-sized cuff, is the instrument of choice. A rest period of 10 minutes should be allowed before taking the blood pressure. The woman should be sitting upright and the cuff positioned at the level of the heart. (3) Both Korotkoff phase IV and V sounds should be recorded, but the phase IV sound should be used for initiating clinical investigation and management. (4) A urine protein level of more than 0.3 g/d should be the criterion for a diagnosis of proteinuria; 24-hour urine collection should be the standard method for determining proteinuria. (5) Edema and weight gain should not be used as diagnostic criteria. (6) Hypertensive disorders diagnosed during pregnancy should be classified as pre-existing hypertension; gestational hypertension with or without proteinuria; pre-existing hypertension with superimposed gestational hypertension with proteinuria; and unclassifiable antenatally but final classification 42 days after delivery.

VALIDATION
Except for expert opinions and reviews solicited for this project, these recommendations need to be field tested and validated in Canada. Guidelines endorsed by the Canadian Hypertension Society and the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada.


Parmigiano Reggiano cheese is the oldest italian Protected Designation of Origin product, in accordance with Regulation (EU) No. 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 November 2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs. It is produced in a strictly delimited territory, which includes the provinces of Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Mantua to the right of the River Po and Bologna to the left of the River Reno; also the milk must come exclusively from this strictly delimited territory. It is a hard-textured, semi-fat cheese cooked and matured slowly. Additives are not allowed. The cheese must be matured for a minimum of 12 months, with significant variations between the fresh product and the aged one, especially in terms of protein digestibility. Cheese proteins essentially consist of casein, with traces of lactoglobulin and lactalbumin: the protein intake is approx. 33.0%, and the biological value of this nutritious substance is high. Parmigiano Reggiano is a semi-fat cheese with a fat content (29.7%), lower than the protein content. Conjugated isomers of linoleic acid are found in Parmigiano Reggiano cheese in quantities of approx. 3 mg/g of lipids. The amount of vitamins present in Parmigiano Reggiano cheese, while varying in relation to aging, is sufficient to cover a high percentage of the daily vitamin requirement in children and adults. A 100 g serving of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese covers also the entire daily requirement of calcium and phosphorus for an adult person with an extremely favourable calcium/phosphorus ratio. Lactose content ranges from below limit of detection to 0.39 mg/100 gr of cheese, thus allowing to classify Parmigiano Reggiano cheese among the "lactose-free" cheeses, according to the European Commission for the formulation of infant milk criteria. The absence of lactose means that it can be administered to patients with lactase deficiency. The energy value is, in any case, high (402 kcal per 100 g), so Parmigiano Reggiano cheese  has not to be considered as a supplement to a normal meal, but a food in its own right. Thanks to its composition and its richness in protein substrates, in calcium, in trace nutrients and bioactive peptides, together with its excellent lipid profile, Parmigiano Reggiano cheese can be considered a "naturally" functional food, ideal for use in every age of life and in several disorders such as diabetes, ostheoporosis and dyslipidaemias.