Increasingly, alternative silvicultural methods have been considered to meet the demand for nontimber values such as visual quality and biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest. The successful implementation of these alternative silviculture treatments requires careful consideration of economics and operational efficiencies in timber harvesting. This study used detailed time study and shift-level data to assess the effect of alternative silvicultural treatments on the production and cost of cable harvesting in western Washington. Four silvicultural treatments were examined: clearcut, two-age, patch cut and thin, and group selection. Silvicultural treatments greatly affected the production and cost of timber harvesting, especially in felling and yarding processes. The average yarding cycle time (3.74 minutes/cycle) in the clearcut unit was shorter than those in other partial cutting treatment units because there were no residual trees to work around and higher harvest volumes per acre, compared with the partial cut units. The average tree size greatly affected yarding cost: the clearcut unit had the second-highest yarding cost ($52.38/thousand board feet [mbf]) because of the smallest piece size (69.6 board feet/piece). Stump-to-truck cost for this study ranged from $70.49/mbf for the patch cut and thin to $120.19/mbf for the group selection. Carriage types and yarding direction also had an impact on yarding productivity.


In healthy adult males, oral treatment with disulfiram exerted variable inhibitory effects on various metabolic parameters of the hepatic microsomal enzyme system: Two 10 mg/kg doses, given at an interval of 24 hr produced only a marginally significant prolongation of the plasma elimination half-life of antipyrine. This effect was not detectable when using as a criterion the formation of 4-OH-antipyrine (aromatic C-hydroxylation), as measured by its renal excretion. In contrast, a single dose of disulfiram (10 mg/kg) was followed by a significant decrease in the formation of D-glucaric acid, which was demonstrable for 6 days and was measured by the renal excretion of D-glucaric acid over 24-hr periods. The same single dose of disulfiram (10 mg/kg) did not affect the activity of the serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. However, a single dose as small as 5 mg/kg caused a temporary but significant reduction in the formation of 4-aminoantipyrine from aminophenazone (oxidative demethylation), where the renal excretion of 4-aminoantipyrine provided a measure of the decrease. During the subsequent phase of excretion, the deficit in 4-aminoantipyrine elimination was completely compensated for. It is concluded from the results that in man the impairment of oxidative N-demethylation constitutes the most sensitive criterion of a measurable inhibitory effect of disulfiram on the hepatic mixed-function oxygenase system.


Recent scholarship on family privacy suggests that family privacy is not a right belonging to family units per se but to each member of a family. This article, reexamining family privacy doctrine in light of recent controversial developments in the areas of grandparental visitation rights and the abortion rights of minors, among others, argues that the quality of family privacy bestowed on individuals depends in large measure on whether the choices made by those individuals promote the formation and longevity of nuclear families. This bias in favor of nuclear families is reflected not only in constitutional law jurisprudence, but, likewise, permeates even policy reform efforts seemingly aimed at safeguarding the rights of nontraditional families. To show this bias at the level of policy reform, this article analyzes recent reform efforts in the areas of inheritance, adoption, and move-away custody disputes and explains how in each of these contexts the substance of policy reform proposals perpetuates the law's bias in favor of nuclear families.


Academic studies of elections are not in the business of predicting outcomes. They are in the business of explaining them. The best studies treat voting data as raw material with which to explore socio-psychological processes such as individual decision-making and such sources of influence as issues, personality, media, socio-economic background, and party loyalty. The ebb and flow of ideologies and the comparative workings of different political systems are core topics on which election studies shed light. Looking back on more than fifty years of voting research, some of its major practitioners and critics reflect here on what has--and has not--been accomplished.


SUMMARY The oral administration of 7 , 12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) or benzo(a) pyrene(Bp) to Syrian hamsters induced dyskeratotic lesions and carcinoma of the forestomach and small intestine but only the DMBA induced dyskeratotic lesions of the esophagus. Painting the uterine cervix of Syrian hamsters with DMBA in duced perineal skin and vaginal carcinoma in 100% of the animals and cervical car cinoma in 22 % of the animals. In animals similarly treated with DMBA or Bp the addition of 0.5 % vitamin Apalmitate to the diet prevented the development of carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract ; adding the vitamin A-palmitate to the fluid used for painting the cervix pre vented the development of carcinoma of cervix and vagina but did not inhibit the development of carcinoma of the perineal skin. The implication of the inhibitory effect of Vitamin A on the induction of squamous cell carcinoma of the mucous meni branes in the hamster is considered.


Simulations of flow in a cerebral aneurysm are reported as part of the CFD Challenge Problem for the 2012 Summer Bio-engineering Meeting. Our group, a collaboration between the Marsden and Bazilevs labs at UCSD and Open Source Medical Software Corporation, used an in-house finite element solver. In addition, we report particle residence times obtained by solving an advection diffusion equation in a post-processing step.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


Abstract During IODP Expedition 310 (Tahiti Sea Level), drowned Pleistocene–Holocene barrier-reef terraces were drilled on the slope of the volcanic island. The deglacial reef succession typically consists of a coral framework encrusted by coralline algae and later by microbialites; the latter make up ≤80% of the rock volume. Lipid biomarkers were analyzed in order to identify organisms involved in reef-microbialite formation at Tahiti, as the genesis of deglacial microbialites and the conditions favoring their formation are not fully understood. Sterols plus saturated and monounsaturated short-chain fatty acids predominantly derived from both marine primary producers (algae) and bacteria comprise 44 wt% of all lipids on average, whereas long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols derived from higher land plants represent an average of only 24 wt%. Bacterially derived mono-O-alkyl glycerol ethers (MAGEs) and branched fatty acids (10-Me-C16:0; iso- and anteiso-C15:0 and -C17:0) are exceptionally abundant in the microbial carbonates (average, 19 wt%) and represent biomarkers of intermediate-to-high specificity for sulfate-reducing bacteria. Both are relatively enriched in 13C compared to eukaryotic lipids. No lipid biomarkers indicative of cyanobacteria were preserved in the microbialites. The abundances of Al, Si, Fe, Mn, Ba, pyroxene, plagioclase, and magnetite reflect strong terrigenous influx with Tahitian basalt as the major source. Chemical weathering of the basalt most likely elevated nutrient levels in the reefs and this fertilization led to an increase in primary production and organic matter formation, boosting heterotrophic sulfate reduction. Based on the observed biomarker patterns, sulfate-reducing bacteria were apparently involved in the formation of microbialites in the coral reefs off Tahiti during the last deglaciation.


The effect of the surface roughness of a substrate, in particular carbon fibre, on the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was investigated using floating-catalyst chemical vapour deposition. Carbon fibres (CFs) with four different surface roughness levels were prepared using thermal treatments under an argon and air environment, after which they were used as a substrate for CNT synthesis. The rough surface was observed to be more beneficial to cultivate uniform and long CNTs. By examining the morphologies and chemical components of both CF and CNT-grafted-CF surfaces using electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, and Fourier transform spectroscopy, it was revealed that the surface roughness of the substrate plays an important role in maintaining the activation of catalyst nanoparticles for growing CNTs.


1. A method is described for propagation of bacteria-free vaccinia virus in the rabbit fetus. 2. For the production of severe generalized infection, affording a high yield of virus, the following conditions were found to be favorable: the use of 24 day fetuses, a virus dosage of 10,000 adult rabbit skin units, injection into multiple sites, and an incubation period of 4 days in utero. 3. Under these conditions the virus was found to disseminate widely in the infected fetus, being recoverable particularly from liver, lungs, brain, skin, placenta, and kidney. 4. Under varied conditions of virus dosage, fetal age, and incubation period, all grades of reaction were observed in the fetus, ranging from the mildest infection, with only an occasional small lesion demonstrable, to generalized vaccinia with pocks in nearly every organ of the body, and often death. 5. It was shown that the virus could be carried in serial passage through fetuses. A series of 27 such passages was made by using fetal skin for subinoculation at each transfer. Similarly, two other strains of the virus were evolved in shorter series of transfers by using respectively fetal brain and fetal liver as the subinocula. 6. The passage strains maintained their identity and titer, as judged by the intradermal inoculation of adult rabbits. However, these strains underwent a significant reduction in their capacity to infect by the scarification method, and the lesions induced by intradermal inoculation were much milder than those produced by the parent strain. None of the passage strains manifested properties characteristic of the so called neurovaccine strain, despite the frequent use of intracerebral inoculation in the fetuses. 7. In explanation of the reduction of virulence of the passage strains, it is suggested that a given suspension of virus may be considered as consisting of particles of varying degrees of virulence, and that when cultivation is carried out in highly susceptible tissues a relative overgrowth of the less virulent elements is permitted, so that apparent attenuation results.


Three-Dimensional Printing (3DP) is widely used and continues to be rapidly developed and adopted, in several industries, including construction industry. Inkjet 3DP is the approach which offers the most promising and immediate opportunities for integrating the benefits of additive manufacturing technic into the construction field. The ability to readily modify the orientation angle that the printed material is deposited is one of the most advantageous features in a 3DP scaffold compared with conventional methods. The orientation angle has a significant effect on the mechanical behaviours of the printed specimens. Therefore, this paper focuses on printing in different orientations somehow to compare various mechanical properties and to characterise a selection of common construction materials including gypsum (ZP 151) and cement mortar (CP). The optimum strength for the gypsum specimens in compression and flexural strength was observed in the (0° and 90°) and (0°) in the X-Z plane, respectively. According to the experimental results, the compression and flexural strength for ZP 151 are recorded at (11.59±1.18 and 11.78±1.19) MPa and 15.57±0.71 MPa, respectively. Conversely, the highest strength in compression and flexural strength are observed in the (90°) and (0°) degrees in the X-Z plane for the cement mortar, respectively. Moreover, it has been discovered that the compression and flexural strengths for CP are recorded as 19.44±0.11 MPa and 4.06±0.08 MPa, respectively. In addition, the dimensional effect for various w/c ratio has been monitored and examined.


textabstractScheduling is essential when activities need to be allocated to scarce resources over time. Motivated by the problem of scheduling barges along container terminals in the Port of Rotterdam, this thesis designs and analyzes algorithms for various on-line and off-line scheduling problems with time lags. A time lag specifies a minimum time delay required between the execution of two consecutive operations of the same job. Time lags may be the result of transportation delays (like the time required for barges to sail from one terminal to the next), the duration of activities that do not require resources (like drying or cooling down), or intermediate processes on non-bottleneck machines between two bottleneck machines.
For the on-line flow shop, job shop and open shop problems of minimizing the makespan, we analyze the competitive ratio of a class of greedy algorithms. For the off-line parallel flow shop scheduling problem with time lags of minimizing the makespan, we design algorithms with fixed worst-case performance guarantees. For two special subsets of scheduling problems with time lags, we show that Polynomial-Time Approximation Schemes (PTAS) can be constructed under certain mild conditions. For the fixed interval scheduling problem, we show that the flow shop problem is solvable in polynomial time in the case of equal time lags but that it is NP-hard in the strong sense for general time lags. The fixed interval two-machine job shop and open shop problems are shown to be solvable in polynomial time if the time lags are smaller than the processing time of any operation.


Abstract. Lahore is an ancient, culturally rich city amidst which are embedded two world heritage sites. The state of historic preservation in the country is impoverished with a dearth of training and poor documentation skills, thus these monuments are decaying and in dire need of attention. The Aga Khan Cultural Service - Pakistan is one of the first working in heritage conservation in the country. AKCSP is currently subjecting the UNESCO World Heritage site of the Mughal era Lahore Fort to an intensive and multi-faceted architectural documentation process. This is presented here as a case study to chart the evolution of documentation techniques and enunciate the spectrum of challenges faced in the documentation of an intricate Mughal heritage site for conservation in the Pakistani context. 3D - laser scanning is used for the purpose of heritage conservation for the first time, and since has been utilised on heritage buildings and urban fabric in ongoing projects. These include Lahore Fort, Walled city of Lahore as well as the Baltit Fort, a project restored in the past, assisting in the maintenance of conserved buildings. The documentation team is currently discovering the full potential of this technology especially its use in heritage conservation simultaneously overcoming challenges faced. Moreover negotiating solutions to auto-generate 2D architectural drawings from the 3D pointcloud output. The historic architecture is juxtaposed with contemporary technology in a region where such a combination is rarely found. The goal is to continually develop the documentation methodologies whilst investigating other technologies in the future.


Purpose: To determine the accuracy of smart devices (iPods) to measure intermittent noise and integrate a noise dose in the workplace. Materials and Methods: In experiment 1, four iPods were each paired with a Larson Davis Spark dosimeter and exposed to randomly fluctuating pink noise in a reverberant sound chamber. Descriptive statistics and the mean difference between the iPod and its paired dosimeter were calculated for the 1-s data logged measurements. The calculated time weighted average (TWA) was also compared between the devices. In experiment 2, 15 maintenance workers and 14 office workers wore an iPod and dosimeter during their work-shift for a maximum of five workdays. A mixed effects linear regression model was used to control for repeated measures and to determine the effect of the device type on the projected 8-h TWA. Results: In experiment 1, a total of 315,306 1-s data logged measurements were made. The interquartile range of the mean difference fell within ±2.0 A-weighted decibels (dBA), which is the standard used by the American National Standards Institute to classify a type 2 sound level meter. The mean difference of the calculated TWA was within ±0.5 dBA except for one outlier. In experiment 2, the results of the mixed effects model found that, on average, iPods measured an 8-h TWA 1.7 dBA higher than their paired dosimeters. Conclusion: This study shows that iPods have the ability to make reasonably accurate noise measurements in the workplace, but they are not as accurate as traditional noise dosimeters.


TCR-α and -β chains are composed of somatically rearranged V, D, and J germline-encoded gene segments that confer Ag specificity. Recent crystallographic analyses revealed that TCR-α has more contacts with peptide than TCR-β, suggesting the possibility that peptide recognition predominantly relies on TCR-α. T cells specific for the self Ag Melan-A/MART-1 possess an exceptionally high precursor frequency in human histocompatibility leukocyte Ag-A2 individuals. This provided a unique situation for assessment of the structural relationship between TCR and peptide/MHC ligand at both the pre- and postimmune levels. Molecular and phenotypic analysis of many different Melan-A-specific T cell populations revealed that a structural constraint is imposed on the TCR for engagement with Melan-A peptides presented by HLA-A2, namely the highly preferential use of a particular TCRAV segment, AV2. Examination of CD8 single-positive thymocytes indicated that this preferential use in forming the Melan-A-specific TCR is mainly imposed by intrathymic positive selection. Our data demonstrate a dominant function of TCRAV2 segment in forming the TCR repertoire specific for the human self Ag Melan-A/MART-1 and support the view that Ag recognition is mediated predominantly by TCR-α.


Due to market forces and technological evolution, Big Data computing is developing at an increasing rate. A wide variety of novel approaches and tools have emerged to tackle the challenges of Big Data, creating both more opportunities and more challenges for students and professionals in the field of data computation and analysis. Presenting a mix of industry cases and theory, Big Data Computing discusses the technical and practical issues related to Big Data in intelligent information management. Emphasizing the adoption and diffusion of Big Data tools and technologies in industry, the book introduces a broad range of Big Data concepts, tools, and techniques. It covers a wide range of research, and provides comparisons between state-of-the-art approaches. Comprised of five sections, the book focuses on: What Big Data is and why it is important Semantic technologies Tools and methods Business and economic perspectives Big Data applications across industries


Objective There are currently no biomarkers in routine clinical use for determining prognosis in rectal cancer. In a preliminary proteomic study, variation in the levels of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in colorectal cancer samples was observed. The expression of HSP27 in a cohort of 404 patients with colorectal cancer with a predominantly poor prognosis was characterised and an investigation was undertaken of whether the differences were related to clinical outcome. HSP27 levels in diagnostic rectal biopsies were compared with matched surgical samples to determine whether changes in expression occurred in the time between biopsy and surgery and to investigate whether preoperative radiotherapy affected expression. Finally, the relationship between HSP27 expression and outcome was examined in an independent cohort of 315 patients with a predominantly good prognosis. Methods HSP27 levels were determined using combined two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry (12 cases) and by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays of colorectal cancers sampled at surgery and 80 diagnostic rectal biopsies. Results HSP27 overexpression was strongly associated with poor cancer-specific survival in rectal cancer (n=205, p=0.0063) but not colon cancer (n=199, p=0.7385) in the cohort with a poor prognosis. Multivariate Cox regression confirmed nodal metastases (p=0.0001) and HSP27 expression (p=0.0233) as independent markers of survival in rectal cancer. HSP27 levels remained unchanged in the majority of cases (65/80, 81%) between diagnostic biopsies and matched surgical samples, regardless of whether patients had undergone preoperative radiotherapy. In the cohort with a good prognosis the association between HSP27 and survival was not observed in patients with either rectal (n=115; p=0.308) or colon cancer (n=200; p=0.713). Conclusion In a large cohort of patients with a poor prognosis, HSP27 is an independent marker of poor outcome in rectal cancer; its expression is not altered by neoadjuvant radiotherapy. This finding requires validation in an independent similar cohort of patients with rectal cancer. HSP27 levels merit evaluation as a stratification factor for treatment of rectal cancer.


Methods of multigrid have been widely used in solving partial differential equations in physics and mathematics. With the ability of faster recovery of the low frequency components of the solution, they have been used in solving some problems in the exploration geophysics. Our previous studies showed that the standard method of multigrid is not viable to solve the Kirchhoff least squares prestack migration equation for two reasons. First, the kernel of the main problem is not a diagonally dominant matrix and solvable by the typical multigrid solvers, Jacobi and Guess Seidel. Second, kernel matrices are extremely large to work with. This study investigates the feasibility of using multigrid methods in solving a system of Gazdag least squares migration. It is shown by doing least squares migration for each temporal frequency at the time the kernel matrix become smaller, but it is a diagonally non-dominant matrix. By implementing least squares for each temporal and spatial frequency separately, the kernel matrix remains non-diagonal dominant. Best scenario is performing least squares migration for each temporal frequency and depth separately at a time. The kernel matrix reduces to a diagonal and easily invertible matrix.


We study goodness-of-fit of discrete distributions in the distributed setting, where samples are divided between multiple users who can only release a limited amount of information about their samples due to various information constraints. Recently, a subset of the authors showed that having access to a common random seed (i.e., shared randomness) leads to a significant reduction in the sample complexity of this problem. In this work, we provide a complete understanding of the interplay between the amount of shared randomness available, the stringency of information constraints, and the sample complexity of the testing problem by characterizing a tight trade-off between these three parameters. We provide a general distributed goodness-of-fit protocol that as a function of the amount of shared randomness interpolates smoothly between the private- and public-coin sample complexities. We complement our upper bound with a general framework to prove lower bounds on the sample complexity of this testing problems under limited shared randomness. Finally, we instantiate our bounds for the two archetypal information constraints of communication and local privacy, and show that our sample complexity bounds are optimal as a function of all the parameters of the problem, including the amount of shared randomness.
A key component of our upper bounds is a new primitive of domain compression, a tool that allows us to map distributions to a much smaller domain size while preserving their pairwise distances, using a limited amount of randomness.


We characterize the equity holding periods for all equity owners in a stock market over a 15 year period. The median holding period is 0.75 years. The hazard function for equity ownership is characterized by negative aging, an equity owner is less and less likely to realize a position as time passes. There are clear differences between owner types, where private individuals have the longest holding periods, and financial owners are the least patient. Wealthier households have shorter holding periods. Using turnover to estimate holding periods severely over-estimates actual holding periods.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the wear characteristics of yttria-stabilized zirconia coating as a function of effect on post-spray heat treatment. We concerned that the residual stress is due to during cooling from a high deposition temperature. We will focus on the tribological wear performance as a magnitude of residual stress. The effect of residual stress as post-spay heat treatment temperature will be discussed. The plasma-sprayed 8%Y2O3-Zirconia coating is studied to know the relationship between phase transformations and wear properties after post-spray heat treatment. Wear tests is carried out with ball on disk type on 50 N, 70 N, 90 N under room temperature. The transformation of phase and magnitude of residual stress are measured by x-ray diffraction method (XRD). Tribological characteristics and wear mechanism for post-spray heat treatment is observed by SEM.


One significant factor we expect the video representation learning to capture, especially in contrast with the image representation learning, is the object motion. However, we found that in the current mainstream video datasets, some action categories are highly related with the scene where the action happens, making the model tend to degrade to a solution where only the scene information is encoded. For example, a trained model may predict a video as playing football simply because it sees the field, neglecting that the subject is dancing as a cheerleader on the field. This is against our original intention towards the video representation learning and may bring scene bias on a different dataset that can not be ignored. In order to tackle this problem, we propose to decouple the scene and the motion (DSM) with two simple operations, so that the model attention towards the motion information is better paid. Specifically, we construct a positive clip and a negative clip for each video. Compared to the original video, the positive/negative is motion-untouched/broken but scene-broken/untouched by Spatial Local Disturbance and Temporal Local Disturbance. Our objective is to pull the positive closer while pushing the negative farther to the original clip in the latent space. In this way, the impact of the scene is weakened while the temporal sensitivity of the network is further enhanced. We conduct experiments on two tasks with various backbones and different pre-training datasets, and find that our method surpass the SOTA methods with a remarkable 8.1% and 8.8% improvement towards action recognition task on the UCF101 and HMDB51 datasets respectively using the same backbone.


s IPRED 2010 sl3 as we move forward in strengthening our response capabilities. These programs are sponsored by the HHS's Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), which provides Federal guidance and policy direction; the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), conducting research and evidence-based guidance for the US healthcare system; the leadership of the Office of the US Surgeon General (OSG) in supporting and encouraging volunteer medical and public health response teams to augment local healthcare; and US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) training for healthcare staff, leaders, and executives offered at its federal training facilities. This presentation also will summarize public health and medical preparedness synchronization in current and future Federal planning and funding initiatives. The most recent findings relating to integration of hospital and public health preparedness activities, in light of the recent H1N1 outbreak, also will be addressed. This critical update presents current efforts at the US national, state, and local level for hospital and healthcare preparedness activities and how these issues affect each healthcare leader.


Ground Zero Cafe Bandung is one of the cafes in Bandung that have a unique concept. Based on the results of initial observations of researchers, servicescape at Ground Zero Cafe Bandung get unfavorable response  from  consumers.  This  unfavorable  respons  impacts  mismatches  between  perceptions  and expectations received by consumers. It is important for the company to improve the quality of servicescape in order to create customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to determine how and how much the influence of servicescape on consumer satisfaction in Ground Zero Cafe Bandung. This study used a sample of 100 respondents. This type of research is descriptive analysis with quantitative approach, the analysis used is simple linear regression. The sampling technique used in this study is nonprobability sampling with incidental sampling method, using SPSS 22.00. The results of this study indicate that the servicescape variable earn a percentage of 69.4% in good categories, while customer satisfaction earn a percentage of 68.9% also in good categories. The influence of servicescape on customer satisfaction is 55.5%, while the remaining 44.5% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study. Servicescape variable significantly influence on consumer satisfaction variable by 55.5% K ey w ords : C usto m e r Satisfaction, Servicescape


Over 1 billion people live with mental disorders globally. Three out of four of these live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where mental disorders fail to attract enough resources to mitigate against the effects on opportunity, social inclusion and quality of life. In the context of increasing economic pressure brought by COVID-19 response and future recovery, external actors could unlock additional funds. This thesis therefore aims to identify who those external actors are in global mental health and to understand their roles so as to inform policy planning and sustainable financing. I use a multimethod research design. The first empirical chapter presents a new typology of external actors in global health, which is used to structure a systematic mapping of the evidence on external actors investing in mental health in LMICs. Findings reveal the existence of a large ecosystem of external organisations and individuals. Cognisant of the increased influence of philanthropy in global health, the second empirical chapter analyses trends in philanthropic development assistance for mental health (DAMH) in 156 countries between 2000 and 2015. Results suggest philanthropy plays a critical role, but my findings also highlight substantial inequalities. The third empirical chapter analyses factors at recipient country-level potentially associated with DAMH allocation, using a two-part regression model applied to a time series cross-sectional dataset for 142 LMICs between 2000 and 2015. The analyses show that external actors' disbursements are not well aligned with mental health needs of recipient countries, and contextual factors might be playing more prominent roles in resource allocation. Finally, the fourth empirical chapter uses 35 elite interviews and documentary analyses to explore how and why external organisations have invested in mental health in LMICs over the last three decades and changes over time. Findings uncover numerous activities supported by external organisations, and factors shaping their decisions at four levels (organisations, source and recipient countries, global landscape). Overall, this thesis underscores the important roles of external actors in sustainable mental health financing in LMICs.


Using light microscopy, time-lapse imaging, and digital image analysis, the effect of mitomycine C (10 μg/ml) on HeLa-M cells has been studied. It has been shown that, after a 2 h contact with mitomycine, the cells could be separated into 2 groups: M-1--the functional cells surviving after division but non-entering mitosis any more; M-II--the cells entering mitosis but incapable to finish it; they are lost. Mitomycine C is known to specifically block DNA replication being located in the DNA minor groove. It should inhibit PHK synthesis if one follows the standard hypothesis of a transcription bubble formation. However, increasing the cell and nucleolus area during the M-I cell growth suggests that RNA and protein synthesis is not blocked. The author concludes that the presented data confirm his hypothesis about RNA synthesis in the major DNA groove (Petrov, 2006).


Low birth weight, a form of fetal growth compromise, is a well-established risk factor for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD; Nigg, Nikolas, & Burt, 2010); however, it is unclear how birth weight moderates genetic risk for AD/HD. From a Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (Gluckman & Hanson, 2004) framework, this study investigated if fetal growth compromise moderated relationships between SNPs within angiogenic, dopaminergic and neurotrophic genes and AD/HD symptom severity. A total of 398 youth from two multi-site, family-based studies of AD/HD were included in the current analysis. Results demonstrated that fetal growth compromise moderated associations between SNPs within angiogenic (HIF1A and NRP1) and a neurotrophic gene (NTRK3), but not dopamine genes, and AD/HD symptom severity. The gene x environment interactions remained significant after controlling for SNPs associated with birth weight and adjusting for multiple testing. Taken together, findings may suggest that prenatal ischemia/hypoxia is an environmental pathogen for AD/HD which confers vulnerability for the disorder through regulating the expression of angiogenic and neurotrophic genes.


Research focus: The role of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the management of acute kidney injury (AKI) is not well defined, although it remains frequently used, especially in lowresource settings. A review was performed to ascertain its suitability as the "first choice" in AKI patient treatment and to compare PD with extracorporeal blood purification (EBP), such as hemodialysis (HD). Research methods used: Design, setting, participants, and measurements of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched. The review selected eligible adult population studies on PD in the setting of AKI. Results/findings of the research: This paper suggests that PD should be consid‐ ered as a valuable method for AKI since it offers several advantages over HD, such as technical simplicity, no extracorporeal circuit, and no bleeding risk. It offers good cardiovascular tolerance and less cardiovascular instability, thus reducing kidney aggression by ischemia and hydroelectrolytic imbalance. Main conclusions and recommendations: Finally, not only in developing countries but also in developed countries, PD is relatively simple and inexpensive and is more widely used. Various techniques of PD have been developed, and these have been adapted for use in AKI. There is currently no evidence to suggest significant differences in mortality between PD and HD in AKI. There is a need for further good-quality evidence in this impor‐ tant area.


Photonic Integrated Circuits are rapidly becoming more reconfigurable using tunable waveguide elements, coming closer to realizing 'general purpose' programmable waveguide meshes. To utilize the full potential of such circuits, special software routines need to be developed to determine the optical paths inside the mesh. Right now, current methods either scale exponentially in problem size or are severely lacking performance-wise, largely unable to find solutions, especially in recirculating waveguide meshes with square or hexagonal unit cells. We present an algorithm that computes an efficient configuration that correctly routes all given signals. Whereas similar papers look at meshes containing 7 to 20 hexagonal cells, in this article, meshes of up to hundreds of hexagonal cells are considered. We compare the results of our algorithm to an earlier proposed algorithm and to an optimal solution. Several parameters are introduced in the algorithm. These are studied and an optimizer is implemented to determine effective values for them.


Although several accounts on the results of exploratory power fishing in the Indian
coastal waters have been published (Hornell 1916, Sunder Raj 1931, Chidambaram 1953,
Gopinath 1954, Jayaraman et al. 1959) no detailed account of the biological aspects of th
species of prawns contributing to the fishery is available. Srivatsa (1953) has given a list
of Crustaceans caught by the Japanese trawlers in Saurashtra waters. Per Sandven (1959)
remarks "there is reason to believe that in the Arabian Sea outside the Malabar coast are
found some of the richest prawn grounds in the world." John and Kurian (1959) observed
concentrations of the penaeid prawn Penaeopsis philippii in deeper waters (100 to 150 fathoms)
off the coast of Kerala. Menon (1955 & 1957), Panikkar & Menon (1955), George (1959
& 1961) and Menon & Raman (1961) studied the bionomics of certain species of prawns
of the backwater and inshore fishery which is supported by the same species contributing
[O the off shore fishery of the area. Miyamoto et al. (1962) and Satyanarayana et al.
(1962) reported on the development of trawling for shrimps on the West coast of India along
with the influence of various types of trawls, boats and engines of different h. p. on the catches,
and the prawn trawling gear of Cochin respectively. Apart from these and the reports of
the Indo-Norwegian Project on their fishing results published from time to time there has
not been any account of the off-shore prawn fishery of this coast.


The dynamics on networks and the dynamics of networks are usually entangled with each other in many highly connected systems, where the former means the evolution of state and the latter means the adaptation of structure. In this thesis, we will study the coupled dynamics through analytical and computational approaches, where the adaptive networks are driven by learning of various complexities. Firstly, we investigate information diffusion on networks through an adaptive voter model, where two opinions are competing for the dominance. Two types of dynamics facilitate the agreement between neighbours: one is pairwise imitation and the other is link rewiring. As the rewiring strength increases, the network of voters will transform from consensus to fragmentation. By exploring various strategies for structure adaptation and state evolution, our results suggest that network configuration is highly influenced by range-based rewiring and biased imitation. In particular, some approximation techniques are proposed to capture the dynamics analytically through moment-closure differential equations. Secondly, we study an evolutionary model under the framework of natural selection. In a structured community made up of cooperators and cheaters (or defectors), a new-born player will adopt a strategy and reorganise its neighbourhood based on social inheritance. Starting from a cooperative population, an invading cheater may spread in the population occasionally leading to the collapse of cooperation. Such a collapse unfolds rapidly with the change of external conditions, bearing the traits of a critical transition. In order to detect the risk of invasions, some indicators based on population composition and network structure are proposed to signal the fragility of communities. Through the analyses of consistency and accuracy, our results suggest possible avenues for detecting the loss of cooperation in evolving networks. Lastly, we incorporate distributed learning into adaptive agents coordination, which emerges as a consequence of rational individual behaviours. A generic framework of work-learn-adapt (WLA) is proposed to foster the success of agents organisation. To gain higher organisation performance, the division of labour is achieved by a series of events of state evolution and structure adaptation. Importantly, agents are able to adjust their states and structures through quantitative information obtained from distributed learning. The adaptive networks driven by explicit learning pave the way for a better understanding of intelligent organisations in real world.


This paper explores the decomposition of linear, multi-degree-of-freedom, conservative gyroscopic dynamical systems into uncoupled subsystems through the use of real congruences. Two conditions, both of which are necessary and sufficient, are provided for the existence of a real linear coordinate transformation that uncouples the dynamical system into independent canonical subsystems, each subsystem having no more than two-degrees-of-freedom. New insights and conceptual simplifications of the behavior of such systems are provided when these conditions are satisfied, thereby improving our understanding of their complex dynamical behavior. Several analytical results useful in science and engineering are obtained as consequences of these twin conditions. Many of the analytical results are illustrated by several numerical examples to show their immediate applicability to naturally occurring and engineered systems.


An intensive sampling program of physical and chemical parameters at the mouth of Vassova lagoon (Northern Greece) during 4 separate tidal cycles is described. The study aims at understanding the tidal circulation and estimating the instantaneous and residual fluxes of water, salt and nutrients through the entrance canal of this micro-tidal lagoon. Results showed that tidal flood exceeded in duration tidal ebb, under spring and neap tidal conditions. Ebb tidal currents were recorded higher than flood currents, especially under neap tidal conditions. Unsteady flow characterized the temporal variation of longitudinal and lateral velocity, inducing a rightward deflection on flood or ebb flow. The intra-tidal variability of dissolved inorganic nitrogen showed seasonal dependence, with higher values during September, October and early March, and lower during the late March period. Residual current and flux analysis into a Eulerian and a mass transport Stokes drift mechanism illustrated that advective water and dissolved parameters (i.e., salt and nitrates, phosphates and chlorophyll-·) fluxes were an order of magnitude higher than tidal pumping effects. Water and dissolved constituents moved into the lagoon under neap tidal conditions and out of the lagoon during spring tidal conditions. Calculated flushing times ranged from 5 to 14 days, with neap tidal conditions and nearly zero freshwater discharge producing the longer flushing time. Lower water flushing effects were generated under spring tides and increased precipitation.


Abstract Leaders need to surround themselves with colleagues, mentors, and individuals who will support, challenge, and encourage development. Forming a network will aid a library leader in their individual growth as well as provide informal consultants who can see the broader pictures or tease out an issue that might not be evident to the leader. Colleagues who share the same vision or goals will encourage each other and provide support during personal and professional challenges. A library leader should be strategic about selecting and curating a network that will meet a variety of needs as well as being a resource. Doing so, a leader will have a sounding board to consider ideas and strategies while gaining different perspectives. The end result is that a library leader will build professional relationships that will enhance personal and professional success.


Many multimedia developers are exploring for adopting Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) techniques in their applications. They however often find such an adoption challenging. Existing DRL libraries provide poor support for prototyping DRL agents (i.e., models), customising the agents, and comparing the performance of DRL agents. As a result, the developers often report low efficiency in developing DRL agents. In this paper, we introduce RLzoo, a new DRL library that aims to make the development of DRL agents efficient. RLzoo provides developers with (i) high-level yet flexible APIs for prototyping DRL agents, and further customising the agents for best performance, (ii) a model zoo where users can import a wide range of DRL agents and easily compare their performance, and (iii) an algorithm that can automatically construct DRL agents with custom components (which are critical to improve agent's performance in custom applications). Evaluation results show that RLzoo can effectively reduce the development cost of DRL agents, while achieving comparable performance with existing DRL libraries.


(and particularly his relatives) to accept their social responsibilities should the request for such eyes be made-usually by the ward sister at the time of death. By all means let us encourage the establishment of these regional eye-banks. But let us accept that most of the existing " banks " are simply the refrigerators in those eye departments where the oculists happen to like grafting and have the initiative to tap their local institutions for donor material. Their siting is not the outcome of any ministerial planning, nor does their donor supply relate to any national propaganda. They stem from the enthusiasm of the individual eyesurgeon and his staff, and in the long run this is really the only thing that counts.I am, etc., PATRICK TREVOR-ROPER. London N.W. 1.


Many scholars have read DeLillo's fiction as an illustration of "how conflicting postmodern practices collide" (Parrish 697). In this essay, I proceed from the recognition that the nature-culture binary is more fluid than ever and situate DeLillo as a theorist not only of postmodern culture but also of postmodern nature. I examine DeLillo's most ambitious and complex novel, Underworld, through the lens of green cultural studies—a phrase I prefer to "ecocriticism" because it resonates with cultural studies' interdisciplinarity, ideology critique, and attention to power. Combining a cultural studies methodology with more traditional ecocritical strategies, green cultural studies confronts networks of power while exploring the socio-environmental dimensions of a given text. A green cultural studies approach is particularly well-suited to addressing the novel's compelling, often confounding, refractions of the postnatural condition. Using this critical framework, I suggest that this simultaneously nostalgic and ironic text, characterized by an alternately worshipful and irreverent treatment of nature, both maps and engenders a radicalized postmodern nostalgia—nostalgia with a critical edge. Unlike critics (such as Renato Rosaldo, William Cronon and others) who have theorized nostalgia's limitations, Underworld shows how nostalgia can be harnessed and utilized in the service of social and environmental critique.


OBJECTIVE
Self-compassion (SC) has been consistently linked to less psychopathology; however, the link between changes in client's SC levels and psychotherapy outcomes has yet to be explored.

METHOD
Clients at a university-based community clinic completed SC and outcome measures session by session (N = 112) as well as pre- to posttreatment (N = 70).

RESULTS
Increases in clients' SC levels across the entire therapeutic process were associated with improvement in all posttreatment outcomes. Additionally, session-to-session increases in SC levels predicted improved symptoms and functioning at the session level; these effects were significant above and beyond the effects of the therapeutic alliance.

CONCLUSION
The results of the current study highlight SC as a possible process variable in psychotherapy.


One of Hungary's geological and environmental treasures is nestled in the heart of the Great Hungarian Plain. The catchment basin of Lake Kolon was subjected to detailed environmental historical studies starting in 2005. Undisturbed cores taken along transects of the basin were subjected to detailed sedimentological, paleoecological, and geochemical studies. To establish a reliable timeframe of the lacustrine and marshland sedimentary sequence identified, 22 samples were analyzed by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) in the radiocarbon laboratories of Poznań and Tucson. With the new results in hand, we had the opportunity to elucidate the geological evolution of the area for the past 25,000 yr. This sequence is highly beneficial, as it is probably the most well-dated profile of the Quaternary from the area studied. The new absolute dates enabled the comparison of local geological evolution of the studied area with those of global climatic changes. As seen from our findings, the geological evolution of the catchment basin was congruent with major climatic events during the Pleistocene and the entire Holocene. However, a very peculiar trajectory was identified for the terminal part of the Pleistocene and the opening of the Holocene regarding the evolution of the landscape, the vegetation, and the fauna of this part of the Great Hungarian Plain.


It is approached as objective the Environmental Management of the Popular or community Council to impel the sustainable development, from the diagnosis socio demographic and environmental of the Popular Council of Naranjo town in the Sagua de Tanamo municipality, It was carried out the surveys and scientific interviews which allowed to go deep in the thematic, and to identify the existence of environmental problems, with what we proceeded to the realization of the program of Environmental Management of the Council and the routines of the social actors with the active participation of the same ones, it has implicit the Environmental Education of the population's different sectors and the solution of the detected problems which demand the population's participation. An essential element is the control of the Program that is carried out of internal form or self control and in an external way for the CITMA and Government of the Municipality and for the provincial CITMA. A new element, the


Background:The Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) is a study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected and uninfected patients seen in infectious disease and general medical clinics. VACS includes the earlier 3 and 5 site studies (VACS 3 and VACS 5) as well as the ongoing 8 site study. Objectives:We sought to provide background and context for analyses based upon VACS data, including study design and rationale as well as its basic protocol and the baseline characteristics of the enrolled sample. Research Design:We undertook a prospectively consented multisite observational study of veterans in care with and without HIV infection. Measures:Data were derived from patient and provider self report, telephone interviews, blood and DNA samples, focus groups, and full access to the national VA "paperless" electronic medical record system. Results:More than 7200 veterans have been enrolled in at least one of the studies. The 8 site study (VACS) has enrolled 2979 HIV-infected and 3019 HIV-uninfected age–race–site matched comparators and has achieved stratified enrollment targets for race/ethnicity and age and 99% of its total target enrollment as of October 30, 2005. Participants in VACS are similar to other veterans receiving care within the VA. VACS participants are older and more predominantly black than those reported by the Centers for Disease Control. Conclusions:VACS has assembled a rich, in-depth, and representative sample of veterans in care with and without HIV infection to conduct longitudinal analyses of questions concerning the association between alcohol use and related comorbid and AIDS-defining conditions.


Using ecological risk and resiliency theory, this exploratory study examined the relationship between parental support and parental monitoring on male and female adolescents' lifetime and recent use of alcohol, cigarettes and marijuana among a sample of 980 adolescents from Tijuana, Mexico. The participants' ages ranged from 15 to over 22 years. Approximately 25% of the participants indicated that their families were of low socioeconomic status (SES) and majority of participants' mothers (74.2%) and fathers (68.6%) had less than a high school education. The results of this study indicated that parental support and parental monitoring were significant predictors of lower lifetime and recent substance use for males and females. Parental support significantly predicted lower lifetime and recent cigarette use among males and lower recent marijuana use among females. Parental monitoring, however, was a stronger predictor of lower recent alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use among adolescent females in the study. Because substance use in Mexico tends to be higher in cities that border the United States, understanding protective factors against adolescent substance use is important in the development of culturally appropriate substance abuse prevention programmes in Mexico. Implications for research and practice are discussed.


The thesis focuses on the process of international openness of Transition Countries. This study provides a theoretical analysis based on reference literature, and an empirical analysis which is aimed at estimating some main effects of Foreign Direct Investment. Transition has represented a highly complex phenomenon, characterized by several aspects, whose interaction has shaped the developmental path of each country involved. Although the thesis focuses on economic issues it is outstanding to underline that Transition implies political, institutional, and even social deep changes, which must be taken into consideration in the general overview of the contex. The empirical part has been developed along two different ways: a country analysis and a firm analysis, thus allowing to widen the study and delve deeper into the use of econometric instruments. More specifically, in the first empirical stage both static (Fixed Effects) and dynamic (LSDV Corrected) methodologies have been implemented, whereas in the second stage the Cox Proportional Function has been chosen in order to handle with censored data.


Background: The periodontal disease is among the most popular medical situations which might affect humans. Periodontal pocket that is known as a pathologically extended gingival sulcus which is one of most essential clinical characteristics of the periodontal disease. The scaling, the root planning and the polishing are the golden ordinary procedures for the management. An adjunct to scaling and root planning has been introducing as curcumin. Curcumin possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties.

Aim/ Objectives: To estimate the effectiveness of sub gingival application of curcumin oral gel as adjuncts for the SRP in the management of (5–7 mm) periodontal pockets on clinical periodontal parameters. plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing pocket depth and relative attachment level.

Materials and Methods: 20 patients of both gender and aged from 21 to 45 years. The patients with periodontitis (stage II/III, grade A-C) and pockets depth 5-7mm bilateral of upper jaw only which randomly selected. Split mouth technique followed, one side consider as control group sites that receive SRP alone, the other side marked as test group side that receive twice application of curcumin oral gel as adjunct to SRP with one week interval. Plaque and gingival indices were recorded on three visits while bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and relative attachment level were measured for each patient at baseline, and 1-month interval.

Results: For intra group ,in the 3rd visit, means of PLI, GI, PPD, and RAL presented statistical significant decrease in test and control sites compared with baseline visit, but no statistical significant differences in these parameters in the 3rd visit between test and control sites (Inter group). Bleeding on probing in test sites group was significantly decreased in the 3rd visit compared with baseline visit, but in control sites group no statistical significant change in the 3rd visit compared with baseline visit.in inter group comparison a statistical significant differences in BOP between test and control sites.

Conclusion: Curcumin shows a potent effect in improving the outcomes of clinical parameters when compared with SRP. Curcumin can be a promising adjunctive therapeutic agent; it showed a good capability in influencing the gingival health by assessing the clinical parameters


The research goal is to study the function of kidneys and serum concentration of immunoregulatory cytokines (IL-1s, IL-6, IL-8, IL- 10) in conditions of thyroid hormone deficit. Methods - The character and severity of renal dysfunction were investigated in patients with primary hypothyroidism. The clinical examination included study of serum concentration of creatinine, urea level, potassium and natrium in blood serum, blood and urine analyses, total cholesterol, high and low density lipoproteins, daily microalbuminuria, the performing of Zimnitsky test, urinary excretion of chemokines MCP-1, RANTES, rate calculation of glomerular filtration, thyroid hormone state. Results - The renal function in clinical hypothyroidism without concomitant kidney disturbances was characterized by normal parameters of the concentrational kidney function, reduction of glomerular filtration rate, increased of serum creatinine, urea excretion level of chemokine MCP-1 and level of cytokines IL-6, IL-8 in patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism were revealed. Conclusion - It was revealed that autoimmune hypothyroidism effected balance disturbance of cytokine-producing activity of Th1 and Th2 type therefore developing autoimmune state and disease progression.


We consider the capacity of memoryless finite-state multiple access channels (FS-MACs) with causal asymmetric noisy state information available at both transmitters and complete state information available at the receiver. Single letter inner and outer bounds are provided for the capacity of such channels when the state process is independent and identically distributed. The outer bound is attained by observing that the proposed inner bound is tight for the sum-rate capacity.


Often the best way to begin to understand something is to consider what it is not. Socialism for the twenty-first century is not a society in which people sell their ability to work and are directed from above by others whose goal is profits rather than the satisfaction of human needs. It is not a society where the owners of the means of production benefit by dividing workers and communities in order to drive down wages and intensify work…. Nor is it a statist society where decisions are top-down and where all initiative is the property of state office-holders or cadres of self-reproducing vanguards.… Also, socialism for the twenty-first century is not populism.… Further, socialism for the twenty-first century is not totalitarianism.… [S]ocialism for the twenty-first century does not dictate personal belief…. Nor does socialism for the twenty-first century worship technology and productive forces…. Finally, contrary to its self-proclaimed inventor (Heinz Dieterich), socialism for the twenty-first century is not "essentially a problem of informatic complexity" that requires cybernetic calculation of quantities of concrete labor as the basis for an exchange of equivalents.h So, let us explain what socialism for the twenty-first century is. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


Through the Languages Services Strategy, the Victorian Office of Multicultural
Affairs (VOMA) is working to support strategic improvements to interpreting and
translating services in Victoria. In order for VOMA to be able to make decisions
about policy directions it requires more detailed information regarding the
numbers of speakers of African languages as the use of these languages is
emerging in Victorian communities.
Many countries in Africa are characterised by a high level of linguistic and
cultural diversity in their populations. The political and ethnic strife and conflict
in a number of these countries has led in recent years to a high proportion
(approximately 70%) of humanitarian and refugee immigrants to Victoria being
from African countries. Whilst information is available about the source
countries of these new arrivals, there are currently no accurate centrally
collected statistics (eg. from Australian Bureau of Statistics- Census) on the
language/s they speak and government databases are not currently designed to
cope very effectively with the large number of languages which are new to
Australia and, in many cases, spoken by comparatively small language
communities.


Subspace learning based face recognition methods have attracted considerable interests in recent years, including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), locality preserving projection (LPP), neighborhood preserving embedding (NPE) and marginal Fisher analysis (MFA). However, a disadvantage of all these approaches is that their computations involve eigen- decomposition of dense matrices which is expensive in both time and memory. In this paper, we propose a novel dimensionality reduction framework, called spectral regression (SR), for efficient regularized subspace learning. SR casts the problem of learning the projective functions into a regression framework, which avoids eigen-decomposition of dense matrices. Also, with the regression based framework, different kinds of regularizes can be naturally incorporated into our algorithm which makes it more flexible. Computational analysis shows that SR has only linear-time complexity which is a huge speed up comparing to the cubic-time complexity of the ordinary approaches. Experimental results on face recognition demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our method.


Power law cumulative number-size distributions are widely used to describe the scaling properties of data sets and to establish scale invariance. We derive the relationships between the scaling exponents of non-cumulative and cumulative number-size distributions for linearly binned and logarithmically binned data. Cumulative number-size distributions for data sets of many natural phenomena exhibit a "fall-off" from a power law at the largest object sizes. Previous work has often either ignored the fall-off region or described this region with a different function. We demonstrate that when a data set is abruptly truncated at large object size, fall-off from a power law is expected for the cumulative distribution. Functions to describe this fall-off are derived for both linearly and logarithmically binned data. These functions lead to a generalized function, the upper-truncated power law, that is independent of binning method. Fitting the upper-truncated power law to a cumulative number-size distribution determines the parameters of the power law, thus providing the scaling exponent of the data. Unlike previous approaches that employ alternate functions to describe the fall-off region, an upper-truncated power law describes the data set, including the fall-off, with a single function.


The several hundreds of species of bdelloid rotifers are notorious because they represent an ancient clade comprising only asexual lineages1. Moreover, most bdelloid species have the ability to withstand complete desiccation and high doses of ionizing radiation, being able to repair their DNA after massive genome breakage2. To better understand the impact of long-term asexuality and DNA breakage on genome evolution, a telomere-to-tolemere reference genome assembly of a bdelloid species is critical3, 4. Here we present the first, high quality chromosome-scale genome assembly for the bdelloid A. vaga validated using three complementary assembly procedures combined with chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data. The different assemblies reveal the same genome architecture and using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), we demonstrate that the A. vaga genome is composed of six pairs of homologous chromosomes, compatible with meiosis. Moreover, the synteny between homoeologous (or ohnologous) chromosomes is also preserved, confirming their paleotetraploidy. The diploid genome structure of A. vaga and the presence of very long homozygous tracts show that recombination between homologous chromosomes occurs in this ancient asexual scandal, either during DSB repair or during meiotic pairing. These homozygosity tracts are mainly observed towards the chromosome ends in the clonal A. vaga suggesting signatures of a parthenogenetic mode of reproduction equivalent to central fusion automixis, in which homologous chromosomes are not segregated during the meiotic division.


Thin film interference effects complicate the interpretation of reflection-mode infrared absorption spectra obtained in shock-compressed thin film materials and must be carefully accounted for in any analysis attempting to unravel shock-induced energy transfer or reactivity. We have calculated such effects for spectrally simple model systems and also, to the extent possible, for real systems such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and nitrocellulose (NC). We have utilized angle-dependent infrared (IR) reflectometry to obtain the ambient spectral complex index for PMMA and NC for use in the calculations and to interpret experiments. A number of counterintuitive spectral effects are observed versus film thickness and during uniaxial shock compression: absorption band shifts, changes of shape, and changes in both absolute and relative peak intensities. The film thickness effects can be predicted by thin film interference alone, while additional assumptions are required to predict the effects due to shock compression. Since it is very difficult to obtain the complex index in the shock state, we made very simple assumptions regarding the change in vibrational spectra upon shock loading. We illustrate general thin film interference effects that could be expected and compare them to experimental results for the antisymmetric NO2 stretch mode of NC.


Dysfunctional auditor behaviors (DABs), defined as all acts or omissions by auditors that negatively affect audit quality and reduce the reliability of audit-based opinions, have proven an endemic and persistent feature of the contemporary business environment. Although the dominant response to DABs has been to shape up jurisdiction level regulation and enforcement, relatively little attention has been paid to the specific governance challenges of the firms that provide audit services. This is a serious omission, not only because organizational factors of audit firms may be involved as deeper causes of DABs, but also because audit firm governance practices may be more effective remedies for DABs than external policy measures because of their proximity to the audit process. Proceeding from an agency theoretical lens, this study develops a theoretical model of the corporate governance challenges of audit firms, as well as the practices audit firms can implement to meet these challenges. Using survey methods and structural equations modeling on a sample of 112 Dutch audit firms, we provide evidence that organizational factors such as economic dependency, client commitment, and profit orientation aggravate DABs. Furthermore, governance practices like strict client retention policies and internal transparency practices mitigate the influence of these factors. These results provide insights that policy makers and professionals can use to secure the integrity and effectiveness of the audit industry.


The purpose of this study is to examine the existence of business fluctuations in an urban growth model of endogenous wealth and land value with residential distribution over a linear city by Zhang (2017). Zhang synthesised the Solow growth model and the Alonso model. This paper generalises Zhang's model by allowing all the timeindependent parameters to be time-dependent. It examines the relationship between growth, urban structure and land value with different time-dependent exogenous shocks. We simulate the model to demonstrate the existence of equilibrium points, motion of the dynamic system, and oscillations due to different exogenous shocks. The paper makes a unique contribution to the literature of spatial economic growth by identifying cycles in a spatial growth model built on microeconomic foundation.


Intensive care services are high-cost services. The functioning, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness assessments of the intensive care units (ICU) should be performed according to the severity of the disease of the treated patients. For this purpose, various disease severity scores have been developed to be used in ICU. Of these severity scores, APACHE II is mostly used. The mortality prediction rates of APACHE II are high, but not 100%. Various severity scores have been developed over time, but none of them has been completely accurate in predicting mortality. Today, there are numerous studies related to the mortality by Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW). In the studies conducted on a relationship between RDW and mortality in ICU patients with different diagnosis, its relationship with mortality is clear. In this study, we have examined the publications in which laboratory parameters of APACHE II have been extensively reviewed in the literature and compared with mortality one by one and the publications in which RDW has predicted mortality. We believe that the addition of RDW as a laboratory parameter to APACHE II will have high contributions in predicting mortality.


I will presume that the party on reaching Bridlington make their way to the North Cliff, and walk thence along the shore to the beginning of the Chalk-cliffs at Sewerby. They will notice that the sections under the town are now wholly hidden by sea-defences, the need for which is well brought out by the present contour of the coast-line, a definite projection now marking the protected portion, especially on the south side of the town. This projection will doubtless become in time more marked, as the sea gradually develops its flank attack.

The details of most of the sections now concealed have been recorded, with illustrations, in the past volumes of the Society, and may be consulted by any member requiring information regarding them. (See Vol. VII. (1881), p. 383; Vol. VIII. (1882), p. 27, and (1883), p. 240 (with map of neighbourhood); and Vol. XI (1889), p. 275).

One of the most interesting points thus hidden is the existence in the lowest (Basement) Boulder Clay of transported masses of shelly sand and clay, containing a rich molluscan fauna with well-marked Arctic characteristics. These masses constitute the deposit formerly known as the "Bridlington Crag." A fine collection of their contents has been made during favourable opportunities by Mr. W. B. Headley, of Bridlington Quay. A shred of similar composition, containing a few shells, may be seen in the drifts above the chalk-cliff at Flambro' South Landing, three miles distant, in a rather inaccessible position. My view of these shelly ...


The IP Flow Information eXport (IPFIX) protocol defines how IP Flow
information can be exported from routers, measurement probes or other
devices. This document provides guidelines for the implementation and
use of the IPFIX protocol. A set of these guidelines refers to the
implementation on middleboxes, such as firewalls, network address
translators, tunnel endpoints, packet classifiers, etc.


Introduction: Inhibitors of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family (BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and BRDT) are a promising new class of anticancer agents. Here, we assessed the activity and the mechanism of action of a novel molecule OTX015, a selective orally bioavailable BRD2/3/4 inhibitor, in a panel of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) cell lines. Material and Methods: Human cell lines derived from ALKpos ALCL (SUPM2/TS, SU-DHL-1, L82, JB-6, Karpas 299) were treated with increasing doses of OTX015 (OncoEthix SA, Swtizerland). Cell proliferation was evaluated by ATPlite and MTT methods over time. For cell cycle analysis cells were treated and stained with citrate buffer and PI and analyzed for DNA content using a FACScan flow cytometer. RNA was extracted by TRIzol and reverse-transcribed using the Superscript First-Strand Synthesis System kit according to the manufacturer9s instructions. RT-qPCR was performed using SYBR Green Master Mix on a Bio-RAD Real-Time PCR System. For WB analysis, cell lysates were fractionated by 8% polyacrilamide gels and membranes incubated with specific antibodies. Results: ALKpos ALCL cell lines (5) treated with different doses of OTX015 (ranging from 100nM to 1µM) underwent to a proliferation arrest as compare to 0.1% DMSO-treated cells. This was already detectable after 24h of treatment, and more pronounced at 48h and 72h. Cell cycle analysis showed a rapid G1 cell cycle arrest of all OTX015 treated ALCLpos cells as early as 24hrs. In 2 cell lines (SUPM2/TS, and JB-6) an increment in cell death rate was observed. Dose-curve studies and kinetics experiments demonstrated that a single exposure of 250nM of OTX015, without any subsequent refills, could sustain the OTX015 mediated changes (cell cycle arrest and c-MYC down-regulation) over time (up to 72-96 hrs). A time and dose dependent decreased of c-MYC m-RNA and protein levels was observed after OTX015 exposure in all ALCL cell lines, even after an exposure of 24h. Loss of c-MYC expression was associated with a concomitant down-regulation of known c-MYC regulated genes (CAD, NUC). The treatment with OTX015 (250nM) and suboptimal concentration of selective ALK inhibitor (5nM of CEP28122) led to a rapid and more significant down-regulation of c-MYC expression than those seen after each individual drug treatment. Once OTX015 was compared with OTX015 analog and a bona fine BET-inhibitor, JQ1, similar activity were observed. Conclusion: OTX015 is a new potent BRD-inhibitor with cytostatic anti-proliferative activity in several ALCL cell lines. The rapid down-regulation of c-MYC expression, which precedes the cell cycle G1 arrest, may provide a model of action in this experimental context. However, the identification of other biomarkers may be relevant in determining the appropriate drug dose and schedule and to predict clinical responses. The synergistic effects of OTX015 with anti-ALK inhibitors provide the rational for more efficacious and possibly less toxic protocols. This could represent a desirable strategy in patients partially responsive or refractory to ALK therapy. Overall, these findings demonstrated that BET bromodomains inhibitors represent promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of ALKpos ALCL patients. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):A219. Citation Format: Michela Boi, Maria Todaro, Valentina Vurchio, Esteban Cvitkovic, Eugenia Riveiro, Francesco Bertoni, Giorgio Inghirami. OTX015, a bromodomain and extraterminal inhibitor, represents a novel agent for ALK positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A219.


The primary aim of the present research was to explain the variability in findings across past studies regarding the effects postevent misinformation has on preschoolers' testimony and memory. It is argued that the appearance and disappearance of such effects is due to at least three limitations of past research. The first limitation concerns the failure to equate the degree to which original information is learned both across conditions within a study and across studies. The second concerns the failure to use analytical techniques that are sensitive to the different processes involved in retention (e.g, forgetting and reminiscence). The third limitation involves past failures to examine both the potential constructive and destructive effects that exposure to misinformation may have on testimony and memory. By addressing these limitations it was possible to determine whether exposure to postevent misinformation encourages preschoolers to report erroneous information, as well as whether, and how, misinformation affects memory for a witnessed event. It was also possible to examine the effects of providing consistent postevent information on preschoolers' testimony and memory. A recently developed model of long-term retention that eliminates the problems of differences in initial learning and analytical insensitivity is used to examine the effects of consistent and inconsistent information on testimony and memory. Preschoolers were presented with a slide sequence about a little girl anxious to attend a Halloween party. Half of the children received a single trial and the remaining half learned the material to criterion. Following acquisition, children received one of the following: (a) no postevent information; (b) correct information concerning peripheral event details three weeks after acquisition, presented in either narrative or questionnaire form; or (c) misleading information concerning peripheral event details three weeks after acquisition, presented in either questionnaire or narrative form. Four weeks following acquisition, all of the children received 4 test trials without further study opportunity. The results indicate the following: (a) exposure to misleading information encouraged preschoolers to report misinformation; (b) although the effects of misleading information on memory were rare, there were more story details unavailable for recall in one of the misled than nonmisled conditions; (c) the transient effects of misinformation on memory and testimony are likely influenced by the limitations of past studies mentioned above; (d) re-exposing preschoolers to story details that were embedded in a narrative increased recall; and (e) performance increased across test trials with the recall of original information, but it did not differ as a function of experimental manipulation. These results demonstrate that when initial learning is controlled and appropriate measurement techniques are used, the potential misinformation may have to impair memory could play a role in preschoolers' reporting of this information.


Recent works show that adversarial examples exist for random neural networks [Daniely and Schacham, 2020] and that these examples can be found using a single step of gradient ascent [Bubeck et al., 2021]. In this work, we extend this line of work to"lazy training"of neural networks -- a dominant model in deep learning theory in which neural networks are provably efficiently learnable. We show that over-parametrized neural networks that are guaranteed to generalize well and enjoy strong computational guarantees remain vulnerable to attacks generated using a single step of gradient ascent.


Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay is a simple, rapid and specific detection method and has been used for detection and identification of different Campylobacter species. In this study, we develop a LAMP assay specific for detection of a particular clone (clone SA) of Campylobacter jejuni, associated with the vast majority of recent sheep abortions in the U.S. Using a set of specific primers for C. jejuni IA3902 (a clone SA isolate) and genomic DNA or boiled cell extract as template, the target DNA was amplified at 63 °C for 50 min in a water bath. A positive reaction was identified visually as white precipitate or fluorescence under UV, and confirmed by gel electrophoresis. Detection limit of the assay was comparable to that of conventional PCR. The LAMP was shown to be specific for detection of clone SA when tested on a number of C. jejuni strains of different genetic backgrounds. Applicability of the LAMP assay for specific detection of clone SA was demonstrated in animal tissues experimentally infected with IA3902 or genetically diverse C. jejuni strains. Since clone SA is the predominant cause of sheep abortions in the U.S. and is a zoonotic pathogen, the LAMP assay may be a valuable detection tool in future epidemiological studies.


To better observe the ongoing changes in the polar climate- and ice-associated ecosystem, the Alfred-Wegener-Institute is developing new technologies for ice-tethered observations in the framework of the Helmholtz initiative "FRontiers in Arctic marine Monitoring (FRAM)". This includes the development and regular deployment of a new versatile remotely operated vehicle (ROV) for interdisciplinary observations under sea ice as well as the development of autonomous drifting observatories enabling the continuous monitoring of various physical and biogeochemical parameters in the sea ice and upper ocean.
Here we introduce the concept and design and first results of the new ROV system, which combines a comprehensive, multidisciplinary sensor suite into a lightweight system that can be operated by two persons from the ice. We highlight results from the first Arctic deployment in autumn 2016, including data from standard oceanographic instrumentation, fluorometers, hyperspectral radiometers, nitrate, pH, diverse still and video cameras as well as various acoustic sensors including upward looking bathymetric multibeam sonar mapping of the under-ice topography. The vehicles further potential for added scientific payload and manipulation capabilities is currently developed for the next mission.
While the ROV system explores spatial variability of the sea ice system, autonomous drifting buoys are able to monitor the seasonal evolution of the ice pack over several months/years. We complement the ROV data with first results from an ice-tethered ocean profiling system equipped with bio-optical sensors that retrieved the first full-year autonomous timeseries in the transpolar drift, and a newly developed thermistor-string IMB upgraded with a solar radiation package, webcam, as well as a triplet fluorometer, and oxygen optode to chart the ice-associated biological activity that is missed by the ocean profiler.
The results indicate that all platforms recorded traces of a widespread autumn under-ice bloom in the transpolar drift, likely caused by the low sea ice concentration in summer 2016.


Electron transfer, under conditions of weak interaction and a medium acting as a passive thermal bath, is very well understood. When electron transfer is accompanied by transient chemical bonding, such as in interfacial coordination electrochemical mechanisms, strong interaction and molecular selectivity are involved. These mechanisms, which take advantage of "passive self-organization," cannot yet be properly described theoretically, but they show substantial experimental promise for energy conversion and catalysis. The biggest challenge for the future, however, may be dynamic, self-organized electron transfer. As with other energy fluxes, a suitable positive feedback mechanism, through an active molecular environment, can lead to a (transient) decrease of entropy equivalent to an increase of molecular electronic order for the activated complex. A resulting substantial increase in the rate of electron transfer and the possibility of cooperative transfer of several electrons (without intermediates) can be deduced from phenomenological theory. The need to extend our present knowledge may be derived from the observation that chemical syntheses and fuel utilization in industry typically require high temperatures (where catalysis is less relevant), whereas corresponding processes in biological systems are catalyzed at environmental conditions. This article therefore focuses on interfacial or membrane-bound electron transfer and investigates an aspect that nature has developed to a high degree of perfection: self-organization.


Objective To investigate whether backpack weight is associated with back pain and back pathology in school children. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Schools in Northern Galicia, Spain. Patients All children aged 12–17. Interventions Backpack weight along with body mass index, age and gender. Main outcome measures Back pain and back pathology. Results 1403 school children were analysed. Of these, 61.4% had backpacks exceeding 10% of their body weight. Those carrying the heaviest backpacks had a 50% higher risk of back pain (OR 1.50 CI 95% 1.06 to 2.12) and a 42% higher risk of back pathology, although this last result was not statistically significant (OR 1.42 CI 95% 0.86 to 2.32). Girls presented a higher risk of back pain compared with boys. Conclusions Carrying backpacks increases the risk of back pain and possibly the risk of back pathology. The prevalence of school children carrying heavy backpacks is extremely high. Preventive and educational activities should be implemented in this age group.


The present study analyzes the repair process of autogenous bone graft in a block fixed with ethyl cyanoacrylate and 2-octyl cyanoacrylate adhesives in rat calvaria. Forty-eight rats, divided into 3 groups, received round osteotomies at the right parietal bone for the attainment of autogenous bone graft fragment, which was fixed at the opposite side to the donor site with ethyl cyanoacrylate (ethyl group) and 2-octyl cyanoacrylate (octyl group) adhesives. In the control group, bone fragment was only juxtaposed at the parietal bone surface without any fixation material. The animals were euthanized after 10 and 60 postoperative days. The calvariae were processed in a laboratory for the attainment of slides stained through the hematoxylin and eosin technique for histological and histometric analysis. The qualitative analysis showed a discrete inflammatory infiltrate in the control group and moderate inflammatory infiltrate in the ethyl and octyl groups at the 10-day period, which remained at the 60-day period, mainly in the octyl group. The bone fragment remained bonded to the recipient site through the adhesive, but graft incorporation was not observed in any of the specimens. Resorption was higher in the octyl group followed by the ethyl and control groups, both at the 10- and 60-day periods, but with no statistical significance (P < .05). Although promoting graft fixation and its maintenance at the recipient site, both studied adhesives did not allow the graft incorporation, producing a localized and discrete inflammatory reaction, which persisted at 60 days, being more intense in the octyl cyanoacrylate group.


In most patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the electrocardiogram is abnormal (left ventricular hypertrophy, abnormal Q waves, giant T waves, ST segment elevation). Occasionally, the localization of ventricular hypertrophy may be suggested by the electrocardiogram. Holter monitoring should always be performed in these patients as it permits to assess one of the leading prognostic factors, i.e. nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Head-up tilt test may point to the mechanism of syncope, and thus be helpful in patients with this symptom. In patients with poor acoustic window, magnetic resonance imaging and perfusion single-photon emission tomography may give useful additional morphological information. Recent studies indicate that patients with perfusion defects have poorer prognosis, but this suggestion should be validated in wider series. Finally, radionuclide ventriculography is the most reproducible technique for the follow up of ventricular systolic and diastolic function and response to therapy.


Porous carbon nanofibers were prepared by the electrospinning of a bicomponent polymer solution, followed by thermal treatments under different atmospheres. The surface morphology, thermal properties, and crystalline features of these nanofibers were characterized using various analytic techniques, and it was found that they were formed with turbostratically disordered graphene sheets and had small pores and large surface areas. The unique structure of these porous carbon nanofibers resulted in good electrochemical performance such as high reversible capacity and good cycle stability when they were used as anodes for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.


The European Strategic Program for Research in Information Technologies (Esprit) was created back in 1983 as a defensive response to the US and Japanese lead in Information Technologies (IT). Esprit was driven by the belief that intra-EU collaboration is an effective means to enhance the competitiveness of the European IT industry. Esprit has undergone a number of changes to facilitate collaboration and innovation. Yet, only after eighteen years of Esprit did the European Commission appreciate the need to encourage worldwide co-operation within its Fifth Framework Information Society Technologies (IST) Program. In the emerging information society and economy it is conceded that new ideas are as likely to be found outside Europe as within. This paper aims to investigate the personal networks of UK main contractors in Esprit and IST programs with regard to national boundaries and external linkages. It argues that the world of IT innovation is borderless and that Commission policies to impose boundaries to collaboration are unlikely to contribute to successful innovation in the IT industry throughout Europe.


An historically large (> 50 km2) submersed plant bed in upper Chesapeake Bay virtually disappeared in 1972, following Tropical Storm Agnes. The bed experienced little regrowth until the early 2000s, when plant abundance rapidly increased. Here, we analyze a suite of recent (1984–2010) and historical (1958–1983) time series datasets to assess alternative explanations for the submersed plant resurgence. Change‐point analysis showed that spring nitrogen (N) loading increased from 1945 to 1988 and decreased from 1988 to 2010. Analysis of variance on recent time series showed a significant difference in submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) abundance percent change during wet years (−7 ± 11%) and dry years (53 ± 20%), indicating that floods and droughts likely contributed to SAV loss and growth, respectively. In the historic dataset, however, increasingly poor water quality led to SAV loss despite an extended drought period, indicating that underlying water quality trends were also important in driving change in SAV abundance. Several water quality variables, including N concentration and turbidity, were lower inside the SAV bed than outside the SAV bed, implying the presence of feedback processes whereby the bed improves its own growing conditions by enhancing biophysical processes such as sediment deposition and nutrient cycling. Together, these analyses suggest that stochastic extremes in river discharge and long‐term water quality trends synergistically facilitated sudden shifts in SAV abundance and that feedback processes likely reinforced the state of the bed before and after the shifts. Management efforts should consider these dynamic interactions and minimize chronic underlying stressors, which are often anthropogenic in origin.


BACKGROUND
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention enhanced national surveillance for influenza-associated deaths among children because of early reports of pediatric deaths during the 2003-2004 influenza season.

METHODS
We studied lung and upper airway specimens from 47 case patients who died who had at least 1 positive result for influenza virus tests using hematoxylin and eosin, special stains for bacteria and fungi, and immunohistochemical (IHC) assays for influenza A and B viruses and other potential viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens.

RESULTS
Nineteen (40%) of the 47 patients were <or=2 years old, and 26 (55%) were female. Influenza IHC testing identified type A antigens in 26 patients and type B antigens in 1 patient. Influenza antigens were observed focally in bronchoepithelial cells and mucous glands of trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioli, showing submucosal mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates. IHC assays were the only confirmatory diagnostic test for 5 patients (11%). Significant life-threatening pathological conditions that could be considered the cause of death were present in 36 patients (77%) and included diffuse alveolar damage (12 cases), extensive secondary pneumonia (11 cases), extensive intraalveolar hemorrhage (10 cases), viral pneumonitis (10 cases), myocarditis (6 cases), and meningoencephalitis (1 case). For 9 patients with bronchopneumonia, a bacterial or fungal etiology was determined with IHC assay (3 Staphylococcus infections, 3 group A streptococci infections, 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, 1 Bordetella pertussis infection, and 1 Aspergillus infection).

CONCLUSIONS
IHC assays are useful for the diagnosis of influenza and bacterial pneumonia. This study underscores the importance of performing autopsies to identify the causes of death in patients with influenza infection.


The increasing need to limit the harmonic pollution of electricity transmission networks, require the use of the harmonic impedance, as a primary tool of analysis. Using the general relations for calculating the harmonic impedance seen along an AC power line deducted under its modeling through a chain of two symmetric passive quadripols built with linear equivalent parameters, uniformly distributed, the article presents the results obtained in a case study that considers an overhead line of 400 kV rated voltage, operating in no load conditions. Sections of the line and respectively the frequencies at which the risk of parallel resonance is maxim are identified. The values obtained with the mathematical model used in Mathcad are confirmed by modeling in Matlab Simulink. The main conclusion drawn from the calculation results is the need to avoid no load operating conditions or operating conditions with very low load of the electricity transmission lines within harmonic polluted power systems.


Schadwill, H., Doring, J., Wolter, M., Borg, H.: Examination of the annual mean air temperatures for Halle (Saale) from 1851 to 2015 for homogeneity. - Hercynia N. F. 50/2: 115-133 Sound statements about past and future developments of our climate require long data records. In long records it is not uncommon that the data are distorted by factors such as relocation of the measurement site, changes in the instrumentation, or urbanisation. This must be examined to preclude wrong interpretations of the data. To recognize inhomogeneities in a record the data of interest must be compared to data from other sites which are not too far away and free of the aforementioned distortions. In this study the record of the annual mean temperatures for Halle (Saale) which dates back to 1851 was examined. Since then the measurement site was relocated twice (at the end of 1900 and 1953) and the instrumentation was changed several times. Two weather stations were selected for comparison: The one in Potsdam which was never moved since data collection began in 1893, and the one in Lindenberg which was moved twice, but only by a few metres, and whose record commenced in 1907. The record for these two stations is much shorter than for Halle. To be able to go back until 1851 the data series for Berlin which starts 1851, too, was utilized as well. However, the recording site in Berlin was moved in March 1908 and thrice thereafter. Berlin is therefore not a good choice as a reference for the years from 1908 onwards and is only fully considered here for the period from 1851 to 1907. To examine the data for Halle the differences in the annual mean temperatures between Halle and the reference stations Berlin, Potsdam und Lindenberg were computed. There was no hint that the relocation of the station in Halle at the end of 1900 had any effect on the data. This would have been visible in the comparison of the Halle data to those from Berlin or Potsdam. In contrast, with respect to all three reference stations there was a sudden drop in the temperature differences from 1953 to 1954. This occurred due to the relocation of the station in Halle from the city to Krollwitz, a moderately built-up suburb with lots of green areas, and the continued registration of the measured temperatures without taking the different surroundings of the new location into account. Before and after this drop the data record for Halle is alright. To get a consistent data record the annual mean air temperatures for Halle prior until 1954 were adjusted based on the data for Potsdam. First, a representative mean of the temperature differences between Halle and Potsdam for the periods 1893 to 1953 and 1954 to 2015 was calculated. Then, the difference between these two means was determined (0.4 K) and subtracted from the data measured in Halle from 1851 to 1953. This eliminated the aforementioned inhomogeneity. The resulting annual mean air temperatures for Halle prior to 1954 are now 0.4 K lower than before. Due to this adjustment a consistent data record is now available for Halle from 1851 to 2015. According to the original data four of the ten warmest years occurred since 1990, and six before 1954 with 1934 as the warmest year overall. In the corrected data eight of the ten warmest years appear since 1990, and 1934 is now only the second-warmest year, together with the year 2000. This demonstrates that it is absolutely necessary to examine data records for homogeneity and correct them if necessary to avoid a misinterpretation of the climatic development. Key words: temperature records, data adjustment, climate change


This print hung in Alfred Deakin's study in 'Llanarth', South Yarra. It is a print of Raphael's original cartoon for the Sistine Chapel tapestries, drawn by him and his workshop in 1515. The original cartoona are in the Victoria and Albert Museum.