The conduct of military forces is not limited to their territory. They are typically sent on missions that potentially affect civilians beyond the borders of the sending State. Under the European Convention, the linking factor bringing its protection into play is that of jurisdiction under Article 1 ECHR. What is the reach of the European Convention in the context of participation by Contracting Parties in military operations abroad? The interpretation of the concept of jurisdiction has evolved from its territorial beginnings. After a detailed analysis of the case-law on the interpretation of jurisdiction, including the latest landmark cases of Al-Jedda and Al-Skeini, I conclude that the current case-law lacks coherence. The search for a more coherent approach to determining questions of jurisdiction, in situations involving military conduct abroad has steered this thesis into considering the unsatisfactory interplay between humanitarian law and human rights law and the way in which the two systems apply to civilians caught in military operations. An analysis of the case-law under the European Convention in situations where Contracting Parties send troops as part of multi-national forces has indicated the benefits of considering dual or multiple attribution rather than a separation of jurisdiction. I propose a more coherent approach to jurisdiction replacing the present uncertainty in the context of applicability of the European Convention to military operations abroad. I argue, in all situations, for a test requiring a direct and immediate link between the conduct of Contracting Parties and the violation of Convention rights as offering better protection of human rights for individuals trapped in conflicts. In this way the supervisory effect of the European Convention is enhanced.


A navigating animal's sensory experience is shaped not just by its surroundings, but by its movements within them, which in turn are influenced by its past experiences. Studying the intertwined roles of sensation, experience and directed action in navigation has been made easier by the development of virtual reality (VR) environments for head-fixed animals, which allow for quantitative measurements of behavior in well-controlled sensory conditions. VR has long featured in studies of Drosophila melanogaster, but these experiments have typically relied on one-dimensional (1D) VR, effectively allowing the fly to change only its heading in a visual scene, and not its position. Here we explore how flies navigate in a two-dimensional (2D) visual VR environment that more closely resembles their experience during free behavior. We show that flies' interaction with landmarks in 2D environments cannot be automatically derived from their behavior in simpler 1D environments. Using a novel paradigm, we then demonstrate that flies in 2D VR adapt their behavior in a visual environment in response to optogenetically delivered appetitive and aversive stimuli. Much like free-walking flies after encounters with food, head-fixed flies respond to optogenetic activation of sugar-sensing neurons by initiating a local search behavior. Finally, by pairing optogenetic activation of heat-sensing cells to the flies' presence near visual landmarks of specific shapes, we elicit selective learned avoidance of landmarks associated with aversive "virtual heat". These head-fixed paradigms set the stage for an interrogation of fly brain circuitry underlying flexible navigation in complex visual environments.


When linear sonar arrays are operated well beyond their design frequency, spatial resolution is reduced at low frequencies and grating lobes appear at higher frequencies based on the second‐order spectrum. Because the higher‐order spectrum provides more flexibility in choosing the frequency response at the output of a beamformer, the deliterious effects of wide bandwidths can be reduced. This will be demonstrated with active sonar waveforms returned from spherical targets.


We construct a multi-country employer-employee data to examine the consequences of employment protection. We identify the effects by comparing worker exit rates between units of the same firm that operate in two countries that have different seniority rules. The results show that last-in-first-out rules reduce dismissals of older, more senior workers, especially in shrinking multinational firms, and increase their bargaining power, resulting in a steeper seniority-wage profile.


Sheetfloods are typically invoked as the mechanism responsible for the kilometre-scale transport of sand-sized sediment grains in shallow-gradient fluvial systems. This concept is based on the lateral extent of ancient thin, sheet sandstone deposits rather than on fluid dynamics, which has resulted in a loosely constrained model for sheetfloods. This study tested the conceptual mechanism by developing a depth-averaged, 2D computational fluid dynamics model. The model results compare well against observations from modern deposits at Lake Eyre to provide a quantitative, physically sound basis for sheetfloods that can be applied in ancient and modern settings to constrain otherwise qualitative interpretations.


The year 2007 was the sixtieth anniversary of the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, in which the victorious Allies prosecuted high officials in the Nazi regime for what were labeled "crimes against humanity." Discussing the contemporary significance of the trials, Bradley F. Smith writes in Reaching Judgment at Nuremberg, "Only now are historians gradually coming to realize ... that Nuremberg was not only a source of historical material but was a vital and absorbing aspect of contemporary history. A moment's reflection suggests that many of the significant forces that shaped the European and American transition from war to peace and then to cold war appeared in microcosm during the trial. The changes that World War II and its aftermath produced in American values and policy show up in striking clarity at Nuremberg.... The trial deserves our attention even more because it was a crucial episode in modern man's effort to grapple with the responsibility of leaders for unleashing war and causing mass atrocities" (xvi). The concluding of this anniversary is a good time to reassess the best-known American film about the trials-Judgment at Nuremberg, directed by Stanley Kramer, which appeared in theaters in 1961. Rather than depicting the most prominent of these trials, which prosecuted such high-level members of Hitler's inner circle as Hermann Goring, the film focuses on a later trial-transpiring after these more sensational prosecutions were over-which indicted German judges because their courtroom verdicts furthered the Third Reich's aims by upholding Nazi law. Such a focus is a mixed blessing. On the one hand, the film misses a chance to explore the guilt of those most directly responsible for the creation and implementation of the Holocaust. But, on the other hand, it succeeds in dramatizing how responsibility for the Shoah and other Nazi atrocities extends far beyond the Fuhrer's chief advisors into the social institutions, civil as well as military, which composed the fabric of German society under Hitler. Judgment at Nuremberg was not American pop culture's first attempt to address the trials. That honor belonged to a 1959 television program of the same name broadcast on the distinguished dramatic series Playhouse 90. Based on a script by Abby Mann (who had also composed the film's screenplay), it featured a stellar cast for television including Claude Rains, Paul Lukas, and the German actor Maximilian Schell (the only cast member who also appeared in the film, playing the same role of the young German defense lawyer, for which he received a Best Supporting Actor Oscar). The television program was produced by Herbert Brodkin, who would later be the producer of the influential 1970s TV miniseries, Holocaust: The Story of the Family Weiss. The program covered much the same ground as the movie would, including identical judges, prosecutors, defendants, and witnesses, but at roughly one-third the length of the cinematic version. As a result, Gavin Lambert writes in a contemporary review in Film Quarterly, "Not surprisingly, in a program of less than ninety minutes, some of the characterizations seemed a bit thin; but for much of the time the show worked as dramatic journalism" (52). Whether due to these characterization problems, or because the program appeared on the small screen at a time when television was still in its infancy, the show, despite its strengths, had nowhere near the influence of Kramer's film. By the time he turned to Judgment at Nuremberg, the maverick director Stanley Kramer already had a reputation in Hollywood as "king of the message movie." His previous films-The Defiant Ones (1958), touching on racial intolerance through the story of two escaped convicts, On the Beach (1959), imagining a post-nuclearholocaust world, and Inhent the Wind (1960), dramatizing the 1925 Scopes "Monkey" Trial over the teaching of evolution in public schools-had all tackled controversial social and political topics in a way that exhibited a willingness to challenge the ingrained timidity of the major studios when it came to dramatizing contentious subject matter. …


Abstract This research explores the development of local community-based 'makerspaces' as potential scalable forms of redistributed manufacturing (RDM). Makerspaces are rapidly emerging in post-industrial economies and have been identified as a catalyst of local regeneration in urban areas. However, their role in local production systems is limited. There is a gap in the literature, with respect to the evolution of makerspaces and their productive contribution. The purpose of this paper therefore is to identify, classify and examine the different types of makerspaces. Our focus is on the implementation characteristics that enable industrial production activity to take place. First, we used Leximancer (to identify from the literature) three types of makerspace. Second, we then identify five RDM implementation characteristics. The characteristics were integrated together to form the RDM-makerspace implementation model. Third, case studies were purposively selected to test and advance this model. They were subsequently classified as a Type 1 (educational), Type 2 (design) or Type 3 (production) makerspace. Only one of the case studies was classified as a fully evolved Type 3 production space. The findings concur with the literature that makerspaces tend to be primarily Type 1 or Type 2. Finally, the contribution to local production theory is emphasized.


2-Nitroimidazole is radiosensitizer and serves as imaging contrast agent by 19Fand 31P MR methods. Despite the success of mesonidazole and SR-4554 compounds, very little is known of its hepato-cytotoxicity if it can be potential hypoxia imaging marker and non-toxic drug. Authors established the low oxygen, low energy metabolic ratio and gluconeogenesis in nitroimidazole induced hepatocytes and Kupffer cells leading to apoptosis. Several new nanoparticles of nitroimidazole have emerged: nitroimidazole CI-1010, alginate-, silvernanobullets as nanoparticles in imaging applications. Emerging 18F/19F double labeling techniques further give hope of MRI/PET imaging by using 18F/19FFETNIM (erythronitroimidazole). Present art exists: 1. 18F/19F -1[2 fluoro-ethoxy-methylor -1[2 fluorohydroxymethyl-ethoxy-methyl-2nitroimidazole can be choice of hypoxia MRI/PET imaging contrast agents; 2. availability of Hyoxyprobe and KU2285 has enhanced the sensitivity of hypoxia quantitation; 3. copper labeled diacetyl-bis(N4methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ATSM) selectively bind to hypoxic tumor cells. Cu-ATSM PET can be modality to image tumor hypoxia and contribute to the PET signal; 4. Improved compartment modeling analysis separates tumor tissue time-activity of nanoparticle signal into intravascular and extravascular components; 5. the dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) and FLOOD T2* imaging, and the measurement of lactate by MR methods serve as hypoxia surrogates and provide the pO2 status of the tumor. The fusion of NMR and PET images generates stereotactic marker template of tissue. In conclusion, nanoparticle enhanced multimodal MRI/PET diagnostic sensitivity serves hypoxia events better.


Aims: Hypoglycaemia unawareness is a common condition associated with increased risk of severe hypoglycaemia. The purpose of our study was to develop a simple to use, home-based and non-invasive hypoglycaemia warning system based on electroencephalography (EEG), and to demonstrate its use in a single-case feasibility study. Methods: A participant with type 1 diabetes forms a single-person case study where blood sugar levels and EEG were recorded. EEG was recorded using skin surface electrodes placed behind the ear located within the T3 region by the participant in the home. EEG was analysed retrospectively to develop an algorithm which would trigger a warning if EEG changes associated with hypoglycaemia onset were detected. Results: All hypoglycaemia events were detected by the EEG hypoglycaemia warning algorithm. Warnings were triggered with blood glucose concentration levels at or below 4.2 mmol/l in this participant and no warnings were issued when in euglycaemia. Conclusion: The feasibility of a non-invasive EEG-based hypoglycaemia warning system for personal monitoring in the home has been demonstrated in a single case study. The results suggest that further studies are warranted to evaluate the system prospectively in a larger group of participants.


This paper is concerned with the design of an autonomous hybrid alternating current/direct current (AC/DC) microgrid for a community system, located on an island without the possibility of grid connection. It is comprised of photovoltaic (PV) arrays and a diesel generator, AC loads, and battery energy storage devices for ensuring uninterruptible power supply during prolonged periods of low sunshine. A multi-objective, non-derivative optimisation is considered in this residential application; the primary objective is the system cost minimisation, while it is also required that no load shedding is allowed. Additionally, the CO2 emissions are calculated to demonstrate the environmental benefit the proposed system offers. The commercial software, HOMER Pro, is utilised to identify the least-cost design among hundreds of options and simultaneously satisfy the secondary objective. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to evaluate design robustness against the uncertainty pertaining to fuel prices and PV generation. Finally, an assessment of the capabilities of the utilised optimisation platform is conducted, and a theoretical discussion sheds some light on the proposal for an enhanced design tool addressing the identified issues.


Background: Time at home before death is an emerging patient-centered metric of quality end-of-life care. It is unknown if immigrants who die from cancer in Ontario spend less time at home near the end of life. Objective: Compare the number of days at home (DAH) in the last six months of life for immigrants and long-term residents (LTRs) who die from cancer. Methods: Population-based cohort study (January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2013) using administrative databases. Participants were adults (≥18 years) who died from cancer in Ontario. Immigrants were defined as those who immigrated from 1985 onward. The outcome was DAH in the last six months of life. Analysis included univariate and multivariable regression, adjusting for patient and disease characteristics. Subgroup analyses assessed DAH by immigration class, time since immigration, and region of birth. Sensitivity analyses excluded patients with breast and prostate cancer to examine for sex differences. Results: Seventy-two thousand nine hundred eighty-eight individuals (3988 immigrants) were identified. Immigrants spent fewer DAH in the last six months (unadjusted 162 days vs. 164 days, p < 0.001). This remained statistically significant after adjusting (p = 0.0087). DAH varied by immigration class and region of birth. Sensitivity analyses suggest a sex difference in end-of-life time spent at home. Conclusions: Immigrants who die from cancer in Ontario spend fewer DAH before death than LTRs. This may be due to patient preferences, inequitable access to services, or availability of local relatives for support. Further research is needed to understand the causes of this association.


Plant roots have been recognized to play an important adaptive role in drought prone environments. There have been many efforts to improve root traits in order to develop drought tolerant cereal crops including maize but significant progress has not yet to be made. Twelve maize hybrids and their corresponding 12 female inbred par- ents were evaluated for genetic variation in deep root mass and other root traits in PVC tubes. The hybrids were selected based on their grain yield performance under water-stressed conditions in the field. Plants were grown in three different growing media, and a mixture of sand, vermiculite, perlite and soil was found to be the best growing medium to study root growth. Significant phenotypic variation was observed among inbred lines and among hy- brids for deep root mass (DRDW) and other related root traits under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. Based on individual hybrid comparisons and correlation analysis, deep root mass estimated in well-watered and water-stressed conditions in the greenhouse was found to be associated with grain yield under water-stressed conditions in the field. Hybrids with higher grain yield under water-stress showed considerable higher DRDW than the hybrids with lower grain yield. A conservation of the trait DRDW was observed between inbreds and hybrids as both groups exhibited similar patterns of variation. The current screening system for root traits is simple and in- expensive, making it useful for evaluating large number of inbred lines or hybrids for root traits under well-watered or water-stressed conditions for drought tolerance.


Computer simulation of electric motor operation is particularly useful for gaining an insight into their dynamic behaviour and electro-mechanical interaction. A suitable model enables motor faults to be simulated and the change in corresponding parameters to be predicted without physical experimentation. This paper presents both a theoretical and experimental analysis of asymmetric stator and rotor faults in induction machines. A three-phase induction motor was simulated and operated under normal healthy operation, with one broken rotor bar and with voltage imbalances on one phase of supply. The results illustrate good agreement between both simulated and experimental results.


The green rice leafhopper (GRH), Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler, is a serious insect pest of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in temperate East Asia. Six GRH-resistance genes (Grh1, Grh2, Grh3, Grh4, Grh5, and Grh6) and one quantitative trait locus (QTL; qGRH4) have been identified. We selected near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying Grh1, Grh2, Grh4, Grh5, Grh6, and qGRH4 with the japonica genetic background (Taichung 65 cultivar) by means of marker-assisted selection using new simple sequence repeat markers flanking the GRH-resistance genes and QTL. We also developed three pyramided lines (PYLs; Grh2/Grh6-PYL, Grh4/Grh6-PYL, and Grh5/qGRH4-PYL) using each NIL that carried a GRH-resistance gene or QTL. The NILs, PYLs, and donor parents were evaluated by using an antibiosis test. The resistance of Grh1-NIL and Grh5-NIL did not differ significantly from those of the donor parents, whereas the resistances of Grh2-NIL and Grh6-NIL were significantly lower than those of the donor parents. Grh4-NIL and qGRH4-NIL were highly susceptible. The resistance levels of the pyramided lines for Grh2 and Grh6, Grh4 and Grh6, and Grh5 and qGRH4 demonstrated a gene pyramiding effect that significantly increased their resistance. The developed NILs and PYLs should be useful genetic resources for rice improvement and deployment of the resistance genes.


Patterns in polychaete abundance, body size and diversity were investigated at 12 sites between 4300 and 5000 m in the central Pacific and the north-east Atlantic. In the central Pacific, three of the sites (EqPac 0N, 2N and 5N) were observed to lie under high surface productivity
regimes, and they were known to receive significant accumulations of food-rich phytodetrital
material. The EqPac 9N, HOT 23N, DOMES A, ECHO 1 and PRA sites, which did not
receive phytodetritus, were used as control sites with which to investigate the effect of this
phytodetrital input. In the north Atlantic, one of the sites (PAP) was known to receive
phytodetrital input, and one of the sites (MAP) had been subjected to a large-scale natural
disturbance in the form of a turbidite emplacement. All specimens were identified to species level. Two families, the Pilargidae and Cirratulidae
were selected for a more detailed alpha taxonomy assessment. New characters were developed
for the identification of cirratulid thoracic fragments. Benthic polychaete abundance was correlated with surface productivity in both the Pacific and
Atlantic Oceans. There was some evidence to suggest that there was a stronger benthic-pelagic
link in the Pacific Ocean, where small changes in surface productivity generated larger changes
in abundance than in the Atlantic Ocean. When data from previous studies are included, it is
suggested that at levels of surface productivity above 200 gCm'2yr4, there is an upper limit to
benthic polychaete abundance. Significant differences in body size between sites were found at species level, family level and
for the entire polychaete taxon. At a species level, several abundant cosmopolitan deposit
feeding species showed reduced body size in the food-rich phytodetrital sites. The only species
to show increased body size in the food-rich sites were two predatory species. Polychaetes in
the Atlantic Ocean responded more strongly in terms of body size reduction in phytodetrital
sites than they did in the EqPac sites. Three hypotheses were put forward to explain these
patterns: increased metabolic efficiency of large organisms in food-poor regions, seasonal
recruitment pulses at phytodetrital sites and increased competition at phytodetrital sites. The
former was favoured as the most likely explanation. Species diversity was shown to be highest in the phytodetrital sites in the central Pacific. It
was hypothesised that this was the result of increased productivity, increased spatio-temporal
heterogeneity and increased sediment heterogeneity at these sites. An increase in species
diversity at phytodetrital Atlantic sites was not observed. The differences between north
Atlantic and central Pacific sites were attributed to regional enrichment of local diversity in the
Pacific. At the MAP turbidite site, alpha diversity was significantly lower than at other sites, and
dominance was high, indicating the potential for large-scale natural disturbance in the abyss. A
new spatio-temporal scale of disturbance was highlighted that may have evolutionary as well as
ecological significance. Although levels of alpha diversity were generally shown to be high in the abyss compared to
shallow water, the evidence did not suggest in favour of high beta diversity on scales of 1000 to
3000 km in either the central Pacific or north Atlantic. The low levels of beta diversity observed
suggest that total species richness in the deep sea may not be as high as previously
hypothesised, and that regional processes are likely to significantly impact local ecology in the
deep-sea.


Pathogenic species of Leptospira cause leptospirosis, a global
 zoonotic disease. Leptospirosis continues to have major impacts on
 people of developing countries with inestimable morbidity and mortality.
 Leptospira outer membrane proteins (OMPs) may elicit tubular injury and
 inflammation through Toll-like receptor dependent pathway followed by
 activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kB) and mitogenactivated
 protein kinases (MAPK) and a differential induction of
 chemokines and cytokines relevant to tubular inflammation. The drugs
 available for this disease have shown no successful result, so in this work
 we aim at discovering natural and synthetic products as new leads in
 pharmaceutical development using many commercial softwares such as
 Accelrys Discovery Studio 3.5, Biosolve-IT and GOLD 5.1 suite for the
 molecular docking studies. For this, 50 natural and 50 synthetic
 compounds having anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial
 activity were derived from research articles and databases. Then by the
 docking results, comparative analyses between the natural and synthetic
 compounds were made to find the best compound among them. By the
 study, the natural compounds Sodium curcuminate and curcumin which
 belongs to same family of curcuma longa as well as Gemichalcone_B are
 the probable compounds for leptospirosis.


Data is a valuable currency that our modern world thrives upon. Security and privacy for data are becoming critical concerns, especially in healthcare where sensitive information is exchanged amongst the healthcare stakeholders. The protection of medical data is considerably more apparent and significant with guidelines such as HIPAA and FDA regulations in place. In this paper, we propose a methodology to ensure data security throughout the medical device life cycle, ranging from data initiation to data processing and data transmission. The goal is to facilitate communication between patients and doctors in a fast and secure manner. We propose an Adaptive Mode Selection (AMS) scheme to investigate security threats amongst system functions. A Priority-Queue Based (PQB) process is established to improve data management and data isolation within medical devices. Further, we propose an Adaptive Protocol Selection (APS) to enhance data transmission over the most appropriate communication protocol based on risk values identified by AMS. The combination of AMS, PQB and APS contributes towards delivering health services with continual secured data feeds and reduction in time of medical intervention.


Often, organisms who are larger stay warm longer than organisms who are smaller. It is questionable whether or not this has a direct relation to surface area to volume ratio. The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the biological explanation of the effect of surface area to volume ratio on metabolic rate and heat transfer. To collect our data we made 3 clay models, and cooled them in a container of ice. We then took the models out of the ice baths and measured the rate at which each shape increased in temperature. The temperature was recorded every 30 seconds for 5 minutes. Our hypothesis was unsupported by our data due to flaws in our accuracy of measuring the temperature in our models.


Nowadays, there are hundreds of underway worldwide projects to redesign both com- munication protocols and architecture of the Internet. These initiatives are collectively called "future Internet" research. Most of these initiatives rely on existing distributed systems, which often limit or even prevent the development of "clean slate" solutions. The main reason is that the great majority of distributed systems are tightly-linked with the TCP/IP protocol stack. In this article, we provide a first glance discussion on the relationships between future Internet and distributed systems research, focusing on dependencies and similar requirements among these areas. From this analysis, it beco- mes evident that many of the future Internet requirements (and open challenges) are repeated in the distributed systems landscape. Although there are many studies on both research fronts individually, the study of the key challenges of future Internet when addressing distributed systems requirements is a topic yet not explored in our contemporary research. This paper aims at determining the gaps and requirements future Internet must fulfill in order to support future distributed systems. To support this objective, a set of design metrics are identified and a convergent design space is proposed.


The Austroads Guide to Traffic Management consists of 13 parts and provides a comprehensive coverage of traffic management guidance for practitioners involved in traffic engineering, road design and road safety. Part 5: Road Management is concerned with traffic management on sections of road between major intersections. It focuses on traffic management issues and treatments related to various situations, but does not provide dimensions or other details for the design of treatments as these are provided in Austroads Guide to Road Design. Guidance on traffic management at intersections is provided in Austroads Guide to Traffic Management Part 6 - Intersections, Interchanges and Crossings. Part 5 presents detailed information and guidelines relating to the factors that need to be considered in applying traffic management techniques and treatments to road types that include, Freeways/Motorways/Expressways, Urban arterial roads, Urban local roads, Rural highways and Rural local roads. It considers the needs of all road users including pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, heavy vehicles and public transport. Part 5 provides the guidance under the four key areas of Access management, Road space allocation, Lane management and Speed limits. This second edition updates previous Austroads guidance on road management by amending the latest practices and guidelines for a broad range of road management topics. Section 3 Road Space Allocation is updated by amending the latest practices and guidelines for on-road public transport (ORPT), high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, cycling aspects, pedestrian crossing facilities and parking facilities. Section 4 Lane Management is updated by adding current practices, relevant technologies and latest references of managed motorways initiatives. Section 5 Speed Limits is updated by accommodating the concept of Safe System and Safe Speeds, and best practice for variable speed limits.


[1] We have analyzed a spectrally anomalous dark intracrater deposit and an adjacent lighter-toned fan-shaped deposit in the dissected Noachian terrain of Mars using a combination of high spatial and spectral resolution remote sensing data sets. The spatial proximity of these two deposits and their dust-free spectral character make these prime targets for (1) determining whether the dark-toned deposit is derived from the fan-shaped deposit and (2) constraining the nature and mineralogy of the fan-shaped deposit. Stereo observations and derived digital elevation models of the of the fan-shaped deposit show a set of three flows lobes. Calculations of the yield strength, based on morphometry of the lobes, indicate yield strengths consistent with those of other volcanic flows on Mars, although an aqueous origin cannot be discounted. The dark deposit consists of a mantle that forms dunes at its thickest portions and extends as a thinner veneer. We find no obvious morphologic association between the dark deposit and adjacent fan. Multispectral imaging from the THEMIS VIS and IR instruments show that the two deposits have different spectral characteristics, probably caused by differences in their mineralogy rather than their physical properties. Finally, modeling of MGS/TES spectra of the combined deposits indicates a feldspar-rich composition that is possibly complemented by smaller quantities of alteration products such as carbonates, and possibly sulfates and clays. These results indicate that (1) there is no association between these deposits and (2) the combined deposits have a primarily igneous mineralogy, although some aqueous alteration may have occurred.


ABSTRACT The future status of the surface ocean around New Zealand was projected using two Earth System Models and four emission scenarios. By 2100 mean changes are largest under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5), with a +2.5°C increase in sea surface temperature, and decreases in surface mixed layer depth (15%), macronutrients (7.5–20%), primary production (4.5%) and particle flux (12%). Largest macronutrient declines occur in the eastern Chatham Rise and subantarctic waters to the south, whereas dissolved iron increases in subtropical waters. Surface pH projections, validated against subantarctic time-series data, indicate a 0.335 decline to ∼7.77 by 2100. However, projected pH is sensitive to future CO2 emissions, remaining within the current range under RCP2.6, but decreasing below it by 2040 with all other scenarios. Sub-regions vulnerable to climate change include the Chatham Rise, polar waters south of 50°S, and subtropical waters north of New Zealand, whereas the central Tasman Sea is least affected.


The adsorption of CH3, CH2, and CH is studied on Rh(111) and Ni(111) with the atom superposition and electron delocalization (ASED) and EHMO methods. Results are analyzed by calcg. the local d. of states (LDOS) and bond order overlap populations. On Rh(111), CH is adsorbed on threefold sites, CH2 on twofold sites and CH3 on onefold sites in order to restore missing C-H bonds. The height of CHx to the metal surface decreases with decreasing hydrogen content x, while the adsorption energy increases. Adsorption of CH3 on Rh(111) is studied in detail. CH3 bonds on the metal surface mainly via s type interactions of the n CH3 orbital with surface metal atoms of the same symmetry. In case of the onefold adsorption, the HOMO (n CH3) has a large interaction with metal s, pz, and dz2 orbitals. For twofold adsorption it interacts mainly with the sym., s, pz, and dxz metal group orbitals. Interactions of surface metal orbitals with the p and p* orbitals are weak. Preliminary results are presented for the coupling reaction of coadsorbed CH2 and CH3. A strong repulsion due to steric interaction of the hydrogen atoms is found when the carbon-carbon distance is decreased. As a result the direct coupling reaction of CH3 and CH2 does not seem to be a suitable reaction path for the C-C coupling reaction. CH3 adsorption on Ni(111) was also analyzed. With parameters implying a large spatial extension of the d orbitals, CH3 was found to adsorb on onefold sites. Decreasing the spatial extension of the Ni d orbitals causes a shift to multiply bonding adsorption sites. This illustrates the subtle balance between the interaction with the s valence electrons that favor high coordination sites and the interaction with the d valence electrons favoring low coordination sites.


Eighteen male patients with operable esophagus carcinoma received parenteral nutrition during 4 preoperative and 14 postoperative days in three different infusion regimens. It was possible to demonstrate that a preoperative positive N-balance can be achieved in all patients of each group in comparison to 2 of the 3 groups postoperatively. Side effects were not observed in the course of this study.


BACKGROUND
Despite recommendation and confirmed physical activity benefits, participation in active transportation to school (ATS) has continued to decline. This study's purpose was to create and test a model of ATS that is directly explained by the constructs of parent attitude, the physical environment, and social capital controlling for age and gender.

METHODS
Participants were parents (N = 248) of children at 6 elementary and 2 middle schools in 1 district in the Southwestern United States. The survey included previously validated behavior, environmental, attitude, and social items (eg, Safe Routes to School Parent Survey/U.S. General Social Survey). Structural equation modeling was used to test the fit of the model and whether parent attitude, the physical environment, and social capital were associated with active transportation.

RESULTS
An adjusted measurement model was a good fit for the data. The physical environment (β = 0.391; P < .01) as well as parent attitude (β = 0.535; P < .001) were positively associated with ATS.

CONCLUSION
This study supports a model of ATS, affirming that parent attitude, the physical environment, and social capital are effective constructs from which to conceptualize associations with walking and biking to school.


The specific inhibitor of cAMP phosphodiesterase theophylline has been shown to evoke in L929 cells 2.3-fold induction of 2-5A-synthetase activity and 3.5-fold superinduction of the same enzyme activity while acting in combination with actinomycin D. It has been shown also that temporal coincidence of 2-5A-synthetase induction with the active period of interferon production resulted in 8-16 times decrease in the level of interferon production. The result was supported by the experiments of superinduced cells (containing the high stable level of 2-5A-synthetase) fusion with monolayer of poly(I).poly(C)-induced L929 cells (taken at the start of interferon production). In this case the production of interferon was dramatically decreased in comparison with the control. Possible role of 2-5A-synthetase in regulation of interferon production is discussed.


Handling out-of-distribution (OOD) samples has become a major stake in the real-world deployment of machine learning systems. This work explores the use of self-supervised contrastive learning to the simultaneous detection of two types of OOD samples: unseen classes and adversarial perturbations. First, we pair self-supervised contrastive learning with the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) two-sample test. This approach enables us to robustly test whether two independent sets of samples originate from the same distribution, and we demonstrate its effectiveness by discriminating between CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-10.1 with higher confidence than previous work. Motivated by this success, we introduce CADet (Contrastive Anomaly Detection), a novel method for OOD detection of single samples. CADet draws inspiration from MMD, but leverages the similarity between contrastive transformations of a same sample. CADet outperforms existing adversarial detection methods in identifying adversarially perturbed samples on ImageNet and achieves comparable performance to unseen label detection methods on two challenging benchmarks: ImageNet-O and iNaturalist. Significantly, CADet is fully self-supervised and requires neither labels for in-distribution samples nor access to OOD examples.


Archaeal diversity and evolution Archaea are prokaryotes that make up a third branch of the tree of life. Knowledge of archaeal biological diversity and their role in evolution has rapidly expanded in the past decade. Despite the discovery of previously unknown groups and lineages, few lineages have been well studied. Spang et al. review the diversity of Archaea and their genomes, metabolomes, and history, which clarifies the biology and placement of recently discovered archaeal lineages. Science, this issue p. eaaf3883 BACKGROUND Archaea have been recognized as a major domain of life besides Bacteria and Eukarya for about 40 years. Much of the pioneering research on archaeal organisms was dedicated to studying cellular machineries governing basal cellular processes such as transcription and translation and on elucidating physiological characteristics of the few archaeal strains that could be cultured. Although environmental surveys had started to reveal a plethora of uncultured archaeal lineages during the 1990s, in-depth knowledge about their diversity, ecology, and evolution remained limited. Recent developments in the field of metagenomics and single-cell genomics, however, have allowed the reconstruction of archaeal genomes directly from environmental samples without prior cultivation. Altogether, the use of these cultivation-independent approaches has led to the discovery of a multitude of previously unidentified archaeal lineages, some of which represent completely new branches in the archaeal tree. In this Review, we provide an overview of the currently recognized archaeal diversity, summarize new findings on the metabolic potential of recently described archaeal lineages, and discuss these data in light of archaeal evolution. ADVANCES Up until about a decade ago, all archaea were assigned to one of two major clades: the Crenarchaeota, which mostly comprise extreme thermophiles, or the Euryarchaeota, which mainly included methanogens and halophiles. Since then, our knowledge on archaeal diversity has increased rapidly. Now, Archaea include at least four major supergroups, the Euryarchaeota and the TACK, Asgard, and DPANN archaea, all of which comprise several different, potentially phylum-rank clades (see the figure). The lineages of these groups are not restricted to extreme habitats, as was once thought common for archaeal species; rather, archaea are widespread and occur in all thinkable environments on Earth, where they can make up substantial portions of the microbial biomass. In line with their vast diversity, comparative genomics analyses reveal that Archaea are metabolically versatile and are characterized by different lifestyles. Recently discovered archaeal lineages include mesophiles and (hyper-)thermophiles, anaerobes and aerobes, autotrophs and heterotrophs, a large diversity of putative archaeal symbionts, as well as previously unknown acetogens and different groups of methanogens (see the figure). In fact, both the genetic potential to use the ancient Wood-Ljungdahl carbon fixation pathway and indications for methanogenic traits as well as the ability to anaerobically oxidize methane and other short hydrocarbons have now been found in various lineages outside the Euryarchaeota—the phylum comprising traditional methanogens and methane oxidizers. So far, little is known about the actual physiology of these archaea in their environmental niches or about their potential syntrophic relationships with other organisms, but recent findings highlight the importance and wide occurrence of these metabolic regimes in a wide diversity of archaea from anaerobic environments. Furthermore, these findings support hypotheses that suggest that all extant archaea evolved from an anaerobic autotrophic ancestor that used the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and may have been able to obtain energy through methanogenesis. Last, the investigation of informational processing and cellular machineries have revealed that genomes of Asgard archaea, which affiliate with eukaryotes in the tree of life (see the figure), encode proteins that they only share with eukaryotes. Excitingly, these proteins are functionally enriched for membrane bending, vesicular biogenesis, and trafficking activities, suggesting that eukaryotes evolved from an archaeal host that contained some key components that governed the emergence of eukaryotic cellular complexity after endosymbiosis. It will be exciting to determine the function of these proteins, which may be involved in species-species interactions in extant members of the Asgard archaea. OUTLOOK The wealth of novel archaeal genomic data represents a treasure trove for generating testable hypotheses on the metabolic and cellular features of these archaea and will thus help to unveil their thus far poorly characterized biology. Recent findings emphasize the importance of investigating members of the archaeal domain of life in order to obtain a more comprehensive view of microbial ecology, symbiosis, and metabolic interdependencies involving archaeal partners, and of evolution of life on Earth in regard to the deep roots of archaea as well as our microbial ancestry. The archaeal tree of life. Schematic phylogenetic tree including major archaeal groups for which genomic data are currently available. The currently recognized groups include the Euryarchaeota (green branches) and the TACK, Asgard, and DPANN archaea (tan, yellow, and pink branches, respectively). Eukaryotes (gray branch) are suggested to have emerged from the Asgard archaea upon endosymbiosis with an alphaproteobacterial partner (the mitochondrial endosymbiont). For each archaeal lineage, key characteristics regarding metabolism and lifestyle are depicted. About 40 years ago, Archaea were recognized as a major prokaryotic domain of life besides Bacteria. Recently, cultivation-independent sequencing methods have produced a wealth of genomic data for previously unidentified archaeal lineages, several of which appear to represent newly revealed branches in the tree of life. Analyses of some recently obtained genomes have uncovered previously unknown metabolic traits and provided insights into the evolution of archaea and their relationship to eukaryotes. On the basis of our current understanding, much archaeal diversity still defies genomic exploration. Efforts to obtain and study genomes and enrichment cultures of uncultivated microbial lineages will likely further expand our knowledge about archaeal phylogenetic and metabolic diversity and their cell biology and ecological function.


Impulse buying is seen as unplanned and unintended in-store behaviour. The study attempted to contribute to the understanding of consumer impulse buying behaviour by examining how the use of, in-house promotions, personal selling techniques, displays and branding do influence impulse buying in supermarkets in Nairobi and to what extent. The findings and the recommendations of this research were aimed at providing information to the policy makers and the retail stakeholders on the use of impulse buying in the supermarkets in Nairobi and thus guide them in making more informed decisions. The study specifically aimed at evaluating the effects of in house sales promotion, the extent to which personal selling techniques influences impulse buying, Find how display influences impulse buying and to establish the extent to which branding influence impulse buying. The research adopted a descriptive design. A sample size of . 50 Nakumatt smart card holders was selected for the study from the Nakumatt C.B.D outlets, using quota sampling method. This study used primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire while secondary data was collected from books and news letters. The Data was analyzed using computer software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 18 and presented using mean, standard deviation, frequencies, and percentages. Inferential statistics was also used to make meaning of the analysis. The data was then presented in tables and graph. The study found that in house sale promotion such gift, coupons and free samples, persona ~ selling, attractive in store display and product branding greatly influence impulse buying. The study recommended the use of efficient communication strategies that make promotional information readily accessible, timely and easy to understand so as to facilitate shoppers to make informed consumer buying decisions. Further study need to be done on the contnbutior. of impulse buying c-i sales revenue and how psychological factors influence impulse buying. The study concluded that, in-house promotions, personal selling techniques, . displays and branding do significantly influence impulse buying.


Abstract Background: Since 2019, a novel coronavirus named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has emerged worldwide. Apart from fever and respiratory complications, acute kidney injury has been observed in a few patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Furthermore, according to recent findings, the virus has been detected in urine. Angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) has been proposed to serve as the receptor for the entry of 2019-nCoV, which is the same as that for the severe acute respiratory syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the possible cause of kidney damage and the potential route of 2019-nCoV infection in the urinary system. Methods: We used both published kidney and bladder cell atlas data and new independent kidney single-cell RNA sequencing data generated in-house to evaluate ACE2 gene expression in all cell types in healthy kidneys and bladders. The Pearson correlation coefficients between ACE2 and all other genes were first generated. Then, genes with r values larger than 0.1 and P values smaller than 0.01 were deemed significant co-expression genes with ACE2. Results: Our results showed the enriched expression of ACE2 in all subtypes of proximal tubule (PT) cells of the kidney. ACE2 expression was found in 5.12%, 5.80%, and 14.38% of the proximal convoluted tubule cells, PT cells, and proximal straight tubule cells, respectively, in three published kidney cell atlas datasets. In addition, ACE2 expression was also confirmed in 12.05%, 6.80%, and 10.20% of cells of the proximal convoluted tubule, PT, and proximal straight tubule, respectively, in our own two healthy kidney samples. For the analysis of public data from three bladder samples, ACE2 expression was low but detectable in bladder epithelial cells. Only 0.25% and 1.28% of intermediate cells and umbrella cells, respectively, had ACE2 expression. Conclusion: This study has provided bioinformatics evidence of the potential route of 2019-nCoV infection in the urinary system.


In current forensic practice it is regularly needed to determine whether some set of files have been present on a storage medium or not. File carving techniques are readily used as a tool in such examinations. However, if all clusters holding the files searched for have been overwritten, remains of the previous files only resides in the cluster slack. In this work we elaborate on the factors that influence how many such cluster slack "micro-fragments" that can be expected to be detected. We identify a set of factors that influence the micro-fragment retention characteristics. One such characteristic is the file size distribution of the files overwriting the original files. We derive analytical expressions for three different file size distributions, which allows us to examine the retention characteristics even if the overwriting files come from different sources.


Superior vena cava syndrome is a medical emergency. The morbidity and mortality of superior vena cava syndrome can be decreased by early recognition, early establishment of primary cause, early supportive and definitive treatment. We illustrate a case of 53-year-old male with underlying advanced Parkinsonism and ischemic stroke who presented with superior vena cava syndrome over 4 days period. Diagnostic challenge in this patient lies in the fact that patient had aphasia and his daily living activity was dependent. Most of the information was based on caretaker's observations. A strong clinical suspicion based on clinical history is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment of superior vena cava syndrome.


The void between adjoining ceramic tiles has been successfully sealed by means of a high power diode laser (HPDL) and a specially developed grout material. A single-stage process has been developed which uses a crushed ceramic tile mix to act as a tough, inexpensive bulk substrate and a glazed enamel surface to provide an impervious surface glaze. The single-stage ceramic tile grout sealing process was carried out in normal atmospheric conditions. Tiles were successfully sealed with power densities as low as 1.25 kW/cm2 and at rates of up to 600 mm/min, with the resultant glazes displaying no discernible cracks or porosities. Bonding of the enamel to the crushed ceramic tile mix was identified as being primarily due to van der Waals forces and, on a very small scale, some of the crushed ceramic tile mix material dissolving into the glaze. In terms of mechanical, physical and chemical characteristics, the single-stage ceramic tile grout was found to be far superior to the conventional epoxy tile grout and, in many instances, matched and occasionally surpassed that of the ceramic tiles themselves. What is more, the development of a hand-held HPDL beam delivery unit and the related procedures necessary to lead to the commercialisation of the single-stage ceramic tile grout sealing process are presented. Further, an appraisal of the potential hazards associated with the use of the HPDL in an industrial environment and the solutions implemented to ensure that the system complies with the relevant safety standards are given.


We consider multiuser MIMO systems with some of the users having target-rate requirements while the other users are working on best-effort data transmission. Both multiple-access channels (MAC) and broadcast channels (BC) are considered. We show that the best-effort users can achieve higher rates when the data streams of any user are not restricted to be decoded consecutively and when time-sharing between different decoding orders is allowed. For MIMO-MAC, we show that the problem can be formulated as a convex optimization problem, and hence efficient algorithms can be used to obtain the globally optimal solution. We also show that in some cases it is possible to reduce the transmission power of some users without affecting the optimal solution, and we show that the power minimization problem is convex. We also exploit the MAC-BC duality in order to solve the same problem for the MIMO-BC channel.


Streptomyces sp was conducted from December 2010 - June 2011 at the Laboratory of Microbiology, Biology Department, Math and Science Faculty, Udayana University Bukit Jimbaran-Bali. Implementation stages of the research consisted of isolation and testing of the antibiotic activity Streptomyces sp to inhibit growth bacterial pathogens Erwinia sp as a cause of disease in plants fallen foul (Soft rot) of Aloe barbadensis Mill.The results of this study have eight isolates of Streptomyces sp with macroscopic and microscopic characters are varied. Furthermore, all isolates were obtained and then tested against antibiotic activity to inhibit growth the bacteria Erwinia sp. Test results obtained by Streptomyces sp that has the most effective in inhibiting the ability of the bacteria Erwinia sp isolates are Streptomyces sp2 for (45%).


Objective To explore the decisions of people with advanced cancer, and their caregivers, to seek emergency department (ED) care, and understand the issues that influence the decision-making process. Design Qualitative study incorporating semi-structured patient and caregiver interviews, plus research field notes. Methods Between December 2014 and July 2015, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 people with advanced cancer, all of whom had recently attended the ED of a large university teaching hospital located in south-east London; and six of their caregivers. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a constant comparative approach. Padgett and Brodsky's modified version of the "Model of Health Services Use" was used as a framework for the study.1 Results Issues influencing the decision-making process included: i) Anxiety relating to having a diagnosis of cancer – those with greater anxiety interpreted symptoms as more severe and/or requiring immediate attention; ii) Prior patterns of health-seeking behaviour – at times of crisis participants defaulted to previously used services; iii) Feelings of safety and familiarity with the hospital setting – many felt reassured by the presence of healthcare professionals and monitoring of their condition; and, iv) Difficulties accessing community healthcare services – especially urgently and/or out-of-hours. Conclusion These data provide healthcare professionals and policymakers with a greater understanding of how systems of care may be developed to help reduce end-of-life ED visits. In particular, our findings suggest that greater support and education regarding end-of-life symptoms, earlier collaboration between oncology and palliative care and increased access to community healthcare services may help reduce the number of end-of-life ED visits made by people with advanced cancer. Reference Padgett DK, Brodsky B.Psychosocial factors influencing nonurgent use of the emergency room – a review of the literature and recommendations for research and improved service delivery. Soc Sci Med 1992;35(9):1189–1197


Sodium, potassium and magnesium chloride, at 1.25, 2.50 and 5.00%, were studied using differential scanning calorimetry. Increasing NaCl resulted in decrease in myosin transition temperature (T1, first transition) and enthalpy (H1); both showed significant (P<0.05) linear response. The sarcoplasmic proteins and collagen denaturation temperature (T2, second transition) increased significantly over the control when 1.25% NaCl was added, but were the same as control when 2.5% and 5.0% were used. Actin denaturation temperature (T3, third transition) tended to increase when NaCl was added, but enthalpy decreased. Potassium chloride showed similar effects to NaCl on T1, T2, H1 and H3. Increasing magnesium chloride had much more pronounced effect on decreasing second enthalpy compared to the monovalent salts. At 5% MgCl2 T1 increased significantly.


This article explores estimates for a sustainable withdrawal rate (SWR) for a typical retiree and examines two important factors that challenge sustainability: sequence of returns and volatility of returns. Using historical analysis, the article explores the implications of sequence of returns risk and suggests strategies for countering it, including annuitization and adaptive withdrawal strategies. The article also explores volatility risk, separated as much as possible from sequence risk, and finds that the relationship between volatility, return, and SWR is not linear. In fact, for a given horizon and degree of confidence, the relationship between the Sharp ratio and the rate of return displays an inflection point, where the level of return required per unit of risk reaches a minimum.


This thesis documents the development of a web-application attacking the problem of visualization of co-authorship networks. The visualization encompasses several views. Each of them shows different aspects of the data which is loaded from Academic Archive Online (DiVa), a library system which holds all publications released in the Linnaeus University. To detect relationships among authors, a new interactive layout for Node-Link Diagrams was developed which shows publications, authors and correspondening organizations (faculties, departments) in a radial manner. This Network-View is connected to another view showing the attributes (year, type) of the publications. In development, particular emphasis was placed on a rich support of user interaction in order to equip the user with a tool that allows graphical and explorative analysis of the underlying data.


According to statistics, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, are the countries with low prevalence of HIV (<0.3%). Yet the dramatic almost nine fold increases in registered HIV cases in the region between 2000 and 2008 (from 574 to 5323) remain a cause for serious concern. This report summarizes and compares the latest data on the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Southern Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. It also provides a comparison with HIV/AIDS situation in Eastern Europe. The work is mainly based on the review of UNAIDS 2010 country progress reports and end-year reports of HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Europe. Tables and graphs have been created to summarize the obtained information and to improve the analysis. Trends in HIV/AIDS spread in Southern Caucasus are similar to trends in Eastern Europe: the number of HIV and AIDS cases continues to increase. The vast majority of people living with HIV/AIDS were aged 25-49-years at the time of diagnosis. The official information confirms that the epidemic in Southern Caucasus remains located among males (with 83.8% in Azerbaijan, 75% in Georgia, and 73% in Armenia) and most-at-risk populations. In Georgia and Azerbaijan, as in Eastern Europe, the predominant mode of transmission is through injecting drug use (58.8% and 64.2%, respectively), while in Armenia over the last several years the transmission has shifted from injecting drug use to heterosexual spread (50.2%). The second reported mode of transmission in Georgia and Azerbaijan is unprotected heterosexual activity (34.9% and 23.4%, respectively). Medical transmission, mother to child transmission, and transmission among men who have sex with men are rare, typically comprising less than 3% of total registered transmission in each country of the region. As UNAIDS contends the prevalence values are underestimated, and the registered numbers of HIV/AIDS cases in the region do not reflect the actual spread of the infection. There is also a substantial discrepancy between the cumulative number of HIV/AIDS cases reported in the national case reporting systems and the HIV prevalence reported in surveys (high prevalence observed in IDUs in Armenia and Azerbaijan, and in MSM in Georgia). In the context of such underreporting, population-based and community-based HIV surveys have far better public health utility in estimating burden of HIV/AIDS than the case reporting system.


Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is an infrequent disorder characterised by abnormalities in the levels and/or function of complement C1 esterase inhibitor (C1 INH). Clinical manifestations of HAE are due to recurrent episodic swelling of the subcutaneous or submucosal tissue. When swelling involves the gastrointestinal mucosa, patients may present with nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and severe abdominal pain. However, HAE is almost never suspected as a potential cause of acute abdomen. We describe a typical case of hereditary C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency in a 37-year-old woman presenting with recurrent acute abdomen and who had undergone negative surgical interventions before diagnosis was eventually established. Both the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to this rare condition is discussed in this report.


Homo oeconomicus, as the subject of economics, should be abandoned in favor of homo symbolicus. More precisely, homo oeconomicus can stay on the scene as long as human choices are simple. However, when choices have to deal with incomparability of the alternatives, indivisibility of the goods, an intrinsically relational situation, and passions that overwhelm her/him, then homo symbolicus, defined as a social actor shaped by the culture of which s/he is surrounded, occupies the center of the stage.


Evolution is not a continuous process, it is composed of long stabilization periods and intensive changes which result in adaptation to the new niche and speciation. During the stabilization  periods, most activity which causes structural changes in the genome negatively affects the survivability of specimens and of the whole population. However, in presence of environmental stress caused for example by climate change, or by colonization of new environmental niches, introduction of new sources of variability may be beneficial.  Mobile genetic elements (transposons) are DNA segments capable of changing their genomic localization. Such activity is potentially dangerous for host organism, therefore during the stability periods, there are several mechanisms controlling   the transposition, such as RNA interference, DNA methylation, histone modification. Here, as in previous paper, we try to show, that the appearance of stress results in suppression or elimination of these mechanisms, what enables the explosion of transposition activity resulting in structural changes in genomes. Such changes are undirected and increase, in average, the distance from the current phenotypic optimum. However, in the situation of changing environment they could promote the beneficial genetic innovation on the scale of whole population. Here, we present a stochastic computational model including spatial effects of transposon proliferation in asexual populations. The model is a spatial extension of work previously presented in the paper "Genomic parasites or symbionts? Modeling the effects of environmental pressure on transposon activity in asexual populations" (Theoretical Population Biology). The model uses a Fisher geometric phenotypic landscape with standard Gaussian selection. Mutations are Gaussian as well, but they are affected by transposon activity in order to enable us to study, the interplay between transposition rate and environmental stress. Several scenarios are studied, among them a geographical spread of population to new environments, a colonization of new subniche by an already established species and evolutions of conditions of gradually changing environment. The strength of this model lies in the fact that, unlike in previous transposition-selection equilibrium-based models, there is no direct relation between the transposon count and the organism's fitness function (the only link is the transposons' influence on the mutation rate). We shall present how the environmental stress and spatial effects stimulate transposon activity. In particular, we will present how our model predicts several real-world phenomena, such as increased transposon counts in species colonizing new environments as well as increased transposon counts on the frontline of colonization wave.


The ongoing transition towards a networked society requires reliable and secure network infrastructure and services. As networks evolve from simple point to point systems towards complex, software-defined, ultra-high capacity and reach, and distributed cloud environments, new security challenges emerge. The EU-funded RECODIS project aims at coordinating and fostering research collaboration in Europe on disaster resiliency in communication networks. One of the disaster types, considered by RECODIS Working Group (WG) 4, are deliberate human-made attacks aimed at gaining unauthorized access to the network or disrupting the service. In order to develop methods for increasing network security in the presence of attacks, it is crucial to first identify the security vulnerabilities and attack methods that exploit them, as well as the capabilities and shortcomings of existing security schemes. To this end, the members of RECODIS WG4 performed a comprehensive overview of attack methods and security approaches from the literature. This overview covers the security vulnerabilities inherent to the underlying physical layer, the implications of software-defined networking to security, and security challenges in cloud networks spanning geographically distributed data centers.


Traditional supply chain management models typically require complete model information, including structural relationships (e.g., how pricing decisions affect customer demand), probabilistic distributions, and parameters. However, in practice, the model information may be uncertain. My dissertation research seeks to address model uncertainty in supply chain management problems using data-driven and robust methods. Incomplete information typically comes in two forms, namely, historical data and partial information. When historical data are available, data-driven methods can be used to obtain decisions directly from data, instead of estimating the model information and then using these estimates to find the optimal solution. When partial information is available, robust methods consider all possible scenarios and make decisions to hedge against the worst-case scenario effectively, instead of making simplified assumptions that could lead to significant loss.Chapter 1 provides an overview of model uncertainty in supply chain management, and discusses the limitations of the traditional methods. The main part of the dissertation is on the application of data-driven and robust methods to three widely-studied supply chain management problems with model uncertainty.Chapter 2 studies the reliable facility location problem where the joint-distribution of facility disruptions is uncertain. For this problem, usually, only partial information in the form of marginal facility disruption probabilities is available. Most existing models require the assumption that the disruptions at different locations are independent of each other. However, in practice, correlated disruptions are widely observed. We present a model that allows disruptions to be correlated with an uncertain joint distribution, and apply distributionally-robust optimization to minimize the expected cost under the worst-case distribution with the given marginal disruption probabilities. The worst-case distribution has a practical interpretation, and its sparse structure allows us to solve the problem efficiently. We find that ignoring disruption correlation could lead to significant loss. The robust method can significantly reduce the regret from model misspecification. It outperforms the traditional approach even under very mild correlation. Most of the benefit of the robust model can be captured at a relatively small cost, which makes it easy to implement in practice.Chapter 3 studies the pricing newsvendor problem where the structural relationship between pricing decisions and customer demand is unknown. Traditional methods for this problem require the selection of a parametric demand model and fitting the model using historical data, while model selection is usually a hard problem in itself. Furthermore, most of the existing literature on pricing requires certain conditions on the demand model, which may not be satisfied by the estimates from data. We present a data-driven approach based only on the historical observations and the basic domain knowledge. The conditional demand distribution is estimated using non-parametric quantile regression with shape constraints. The optimal pricing and inventory decisions are determined numerically using the estimated quantiles. Smoothing and kernelization methods are used to achieve regularization and enhance the performance of the approach. Additional domain knowledge, such as concavity of demand with respect to price, can also be easily incorporated into the approach. Numerical results show that the data-driven approach is able to find close-to-optimal solutions. Smoothing, kernelization, and the incorporation of additional domain knowledge can significantly improve the performance of the approach.Chapter 4 studies inventory management for perishable products where a parameter of the demand distribution is unknown. The traditional separated estimation-optimization approach for this problem has been shown to be suboptimal. To address this issue, an integrated approach called operational statistics has been proposed. We study several important properties of operational statistics. We find that the operational statistics approach is consistent and guaranteed to outperform the traditional approach. We also show that the benefit of using operational statistics is larger when the demand variability is higher. We then generalize the operational statistics approach to the risk-averse newsvendor problem under the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) criterion. Previous results in operational statistics can be generalized to maximize the expectation of conditional CVaR. In order to model risk-aversion to both the uncertainty in demand sampling and the uncertainty in future demand, we introduce a new criterion called the total CVaR, and find the optimal operational statistic for this new criterion.


In this paper we describe the general methodology used to build a sub-national version of the GTAP model for Italy. However, the methodology can be applied to other countries according to the data availability at the sub-country level. In this first version, we work with 10 sectors and 3 Italian macro-regions (North, Center, South). As a next step, the model will be extended to all 20 Italian regions and 57 GTAP sectors. At this stage, the aim is not to have a realistic picture of the policy effects but rather to understand how the model works and its potential contribution. The motivations for such a work are important. First, few global CGE models exist at the sub-national level due to the difficulty to create mutually consistent social accounting matrixes for a large number of sub-national regions. Nevertheless, the trade/environmental policy at the world level may raise significant effects also at sub-country level, highlighting distributional issues that require consistent and differentiated policy actions.
Second, concerning issues such as climate change, a more detailed geographical localization represents an important tool to assess more properly the economic consequences of physical impacts. For example, given a physical impact at the local level, the economic effects are likely to be stronger in a specific sub-national region but it could also be interesting to analyse to what extent they interact with the other economies within the country and in the world. The potential to impose differentiated shocks within a country is one of the main strengths in this type of model.
In order to regionalize GTAP at sub-country level, the methodological approach implies two main tasks to be developed/accomplished. The first one is the database development and second one the model improvement.
Regarding the first task, the major effort in building a sub-national CGE database consists in estimating the trade flows across sub-national regions. Due to the lac...


Transformers have been proven a successful model for a variety of tasks in sequence modeling. However, computing the attention matrix, which is their key component, has quadratic complexity with respect to the sequence length, thus making them prohibitively expensive for large sequences. To address this, we propose clustered attention, which instead of computing the attention for every query, groups queries into clusters and computes attention just for the centroids. To further improve this approximation, we use the computed clusters to identify the keys with the highest attention per query and compute the exact key/query dot products. This results in a model with linear complexity with respect to the sequence length for a fixed number of clusters. We evaluate our approach on two automatic speech recognition datasets and show that our model consistently outperforms vanilla transformers for a given computational budget. Finally, we demonstrate that our model can approximate arbitrarily complex attention distributions with a minimal number of clusters by approximating a pretrained BERT model on GLUE and SQuAD benchmarks with only 25 clusters and no loss in performance.


Explanations are an integral part of human behavior: people provide explanations to justify choices and actions, and seek explanations to understand the world around them. The need for explanations extends to technology, as semi-automated and fully-automated systems support crucial activities and increasingly important societal functions. The interpretability of these systems and the ability to explain their decision processes are crucial in developing trust in the systems' function. Further, explanations provide opportunities for systems to interact with human users and obtain feedback, improving their operation. Finally, explanations allow domain experts and system developers to debug erroneous system decisions, diagnose unexpected outcomes, and improve system function. In this paper, we study and review existing data integration systems with respect to their ability to derive explanations. We present a new classification of data integration systems by their explainability and discuss the characteristics of systems within these classes. We review the types of explanations derived by the various data integration systems within each explainability class. Finally, we present a vision of the desired properties of future data integration systems with respect to explanations and discuss the challenges in pursuing this goal.


Single-cell RNAseq defines macrophage phenotypes in fibrotic biomaterial environments (see the related Focus by Perciani and MacParland). Sequencing in the matrix Biological scaffolds that mimic tissue microenvironments can be used to model wound healing. Using two distinct biomaterial environments, one that promotes regeneration and another that promotes fibrosis in conjunction with single-cell RNA sequencing, Sommerfeld et al. have characterized macrophages involved in both fibrosis and regeneration. They have defined populations of macrophages that are involved in both processes, and they have identified a subset of CD9+ interleukin-36γ (IL-36γ)–producing macrophages that participate in IL-17–driven fibrosis. By evaluating wound healing in IL-17–deficient mice, they report IL-17 to be essential for the generation of CD9+ IL-36γ–producing macrophages during fibrosis. Further studies are needed to understand the functional relationship between IL-17– and IL-36γ–producing cells in fibrosis and in other settings. Biomaterials induce an immune response and mobilization of macrophages, yet identification and phenotypic characterization of functional macrophage subsets in vivo remain limited. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis on macrophages sorted from either a biologic matrix [urinary bladder matrix (UBM)] or synthetic biomaterial [polycaprolactone (PCL)]. Implantation of UBM promotes tissue repair through generation of a tissue environment characterized by a T helper 2 (TH2)/interleukin (IL)–4 immune profile, whereas PCL induces a standard foreign body response characterized by TH17/IL-17 and fibrosis. Unbiased clustering and pseudotime analysis revealed distinct macrophage subsets responsible for antigen presentation, chemoattraction, and phagocytosis, as well as a small population with expression profiles of both dendritic cells and skeletal muscle after UBM implantation. In the PCL tissue environment, we identified a CD9hi+IL-36γ+ macrophage subset that expressed TH17-associated molecules. These macrophages were virtually absent in mice lacking the IL-17 receptor, suggesting that they might be involved in IL-17–dependent immune and autoimmune responses. Identification and comparison of the unique phenotypical and functional macrophage subsets in mouse and human tissue samples suggest broad relevance of the new classification. These distinct macrophage subsets demonstrate previously unrecognized myeloid phenotypes involved in different tissue responses and provide targets for potential therapeutic modulation in tissue repair and pathology.


Each optic nerve contains several bundles of axons. The axons have their surface membranes directly apposed and the bundles lie in troughs of the elongated Schwann cells. The axons have pronounced varicosities along their length. The axons enter the optic lobe and run between the granule cells to synapse in theplexiform zone. The granule cells are small neurons. Their cytoplasmic organelles include endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, agranular reticulum and of special interest, oval or spherical bodies with a lamellated cortex and granular medulla. The elongated varicose presynaptic bags of the optic axons contain mitochondria in the proximal region, numerous synaptic vesicles and, sometimes, neurofilaments. Below the mitochondrial zone, synaptic contacts are made with small spines invaginated into the bags. The spines probably originate from the trunks of the granule cells. Tunnel fibres that are probably trunks of the outer granule cells, run through channels in the synaptic bags.


OBJECTIVE
Using benzodiazepines and opioids together substantially increases the risk of fatal overdose. Yet, concurrent benzodiazepine and opioid prescribing rates continue to increase amid the opioid overdose epidemic. Therefore, this study sought to identify patterns and predictors associated with self-reported concurrent benzodiazepine and opioid use among community-dwelling adults.

METHODS
This retrospective, cross-sectional study used Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data from 2011, 2013, and 2015. The study population included adults (age ≥18) who did not die during the calendar year. The dependent variable was concurrent benzodiazepine and opioid use, which was identified with Multum Lexicon therapeutic class codes. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association of various individual-level factors with concurrent benzodiazepine and opioid use.

RESULTS
The final study sample consisted of 44,808 individuals (unweighted), of which 680 (1.6%) (weighted frequency=7,806,636) reported concurrent benzodiazepine and opioid use. Several individual-level factors were significantly associated with reporting use of this combination. For example, individuals with anxiety were more likely to report using both benzodiazepines and opioids (odds ratio [OR]=9.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]=7.37-12.5), and those with extreme pain levels were more likely to report concurrent use (OR=5.11, 95% CI=2.98-8.78). Other predictors of reporting concurrent benzodiazepine and opioid use were depression, arthritis, region, race-ethnicity, insurance, activities disability, general and mental health status, and smoking status.

CONCLUSIONS
Several individual-level factors were associated with reporting concurrent benzodiazepine and opioid use. Therefore, enhanced educational interventions targeting both clinicians and community-dwelling adults are warranted to minimize use of this high-risk medication combination.


The model of emotional support to students in Higher Education for over 40 years has been one of 'person-centred therapy'. Factors now challenge the supremacy of this approach, including its delivery format in an environment of extra-curricular demands, academic timetabling, students' financial restrictions (often requiring them to take paid work alongside their studies), and the requirement for them to build an undergraduate portfolio of employability to supplement their degree attainment. Other influential factors include staff accountability to the institution clashing with professional protocols, and duty of care dilemmas for support staff. In 2003, an action research project exploring the quality of its student counselling resulted in a Scottish Ancient university1 replacing traditional student counselling with a mental wellbeing service for students, which came to be known as 'Support Advising'. This revised approach brought together professional staff from diverse disciplines providing short-term, focused individual and group work; student-led and with shared information databases. This paper examines the project's success, with regard to it representing a paradigm shift. Thus we address the central concepts of institutional purpose and responsibility boundaries, renegotiate the interpretation of 'professional confidentiality', and look to the future evolution of a mental wellbeing service in the context of student support.


INTRODUCTION
The diagnosis of food bolus impaction in the esophagus is based on the data obtained from the patient, clinical examination, radiographic diagnosis, and endoscopy. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of possible factors causing oesophageal impaction of food boluses in elderly people.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
This retrospective study included six male and eight female patients treated at the Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat Disease in Novi Sad.

RESULTS
Post-corrosive oesophageal stricture was diagnosed in 28.57% of patients and non-corrosive stricture was found in 21.43%. Total tooth loss was recorded in 64.29% of patients and 14.29% of patients had partial tooth loss. An impacted food bolus was located at a distance of 15-25 cm or 30-40 cm distance from the upper incisors in 42.86% of the study sample.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The impaction of food boluses in the esophagus is significantly higher in women, usually after 76 years of age. There is a positive correlation between the presence of oesophageal stricture and recurrence of food bolus impaction. Partial and total tooth loss is present in a high percentage but there is no correlation with the food bolus impaction. Impaction of food bolus was equally found in the upper and lower third of the oesophagus and it was usually meat. Radiographic diagnosis should precede each esophagoscopy. Esophagoscopy with rigid oesophagoscope is a reliable method for the extraction of a bolus of food from the oesophagus in elderly patients.


It is important to make an assessment of quality for the best use of water resources distribution and utilization. It becomes necessary to have an idea of the present and future demand of water for various use e.g. irrigation, industries, public health and river conservation. In the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate water quality of Cauvery River around Krishna Raja Sagar (KRS) Dam for a period of one year. In order to evaluate the quality of Cauvery River, water samples were collected from different locations in various seasons during 2011 -12. Analysis of sediment reveals that the Cauvery River water is contaminated by certain Heavy metals with organic load. Concentrations of all metals increase in the downstream. Concentration of Heavy metals in sediments was in the order of Fe>Ni>Zn>Pb>Cu>Cr. Cr concentration exceeded the upper limit of standards. Increase of metal concentration indicate an increase in the pollution load due to application of fertilizers in the agricultural fields, ashes generated by the agricultural land and industries, industrial effluents and anthropogenic activities and discharge of wastes to the River. It was observed that the impact of human activity was severe on most of the parameters. It was observed that the main cause of deterioration in water quality was due to the lack of proper sanitation, unprotected river sites and high anthropogenic activities.
Keyword: Cauvery River; KRS


The monetary policy of the Central Bank is in the sphere of interests of economists of various specializations. Determining the value of money in the economy, the money supply, and ensuring the effective functioning of the national payment system, the regulator has a significant impact on the state of the economy and determines the prospects for its development. One of the most important monetary policy instruments is the key rate. However, the efficiency of its application in different economies at different historical periods is different. At the same time, commercial banks, being the core of the credit system, are extremely dependent on the volume and quality characteristics of accumulated deposits. Private clients' deposits are an important resource for both short-term and long-term operations of credit organizations. In Russia, banks play a leading role in the financial market. In this regard, the evaluation of the impact of a key rate as an important monetary policy instrument on the banks' deposit policy is of particular relevance in the current state of the Russian economy. Therefore, determining as an aim of the research the evaluation of the current impact of the Bank of Russia key rate on the Russian credit organizations' deposit policy, the authors sorted out the necessary relevant data on interest rates and deposit volumes in Russian commercial banks in 2014–2018, assessed the strength of the relationship between the Bank of Russia key rate and banks' deposit rates and the volume of deposits in the country, identified the problems of implementing monetary policy in Russia and evaluated the effectiveness of the key rate as the monetary policy tool.


This research is about the insight that some of the same dynamics may cause war and crime. Because this is not well understood, national peace agreements sometimes fail to resolve root causes; violent death is sometimes higher after the peace than during the war. The second ambition is a macrosociological imagination that opens a new way of seeing global patterns of crime-war. A third explores what to do about it. Five starting hypotheses toward a theory of crime-war are advanced: Violence cascades when Those displaced by violence displace others from spaces to which refugees flee. Refugee camps become recruiting centres for those who cause violence to cascade. Hot spots destabilized by successive waves of violence become anomic Hobbesian vacuums that attract violent tyrannies. Violent crime is highly concentrated at hot spots; twenty-first century warfare is concentrated at local hot spots. Peace is accomplished hot spot by hot spot more than nation by nation. Political settlements and a politics of reconciliation are needed to resolve contemporary violence that are less national, more oriented to a local politics of place. One control policy is a responsive enforcement pyramid that gives violent groups in control of hot spots an opportunity to negotiate a truce at the base of the pyramid. When they do, reintegration of perpetrators and shaming of their crimes can occur. When the opportunity to renounce violence is spurned, firm resolve to escalate to arrest backed by military capability in the case of armed resistance to arrest is necessary. Where this resolve is absent, violent hot spots proliferate. Negotiations that persuade violent groups to relinquish control of local hot spots of criminal opportunity under threat of prosecution will prevent violence more permanently when accompanied by reconciliation that is followed by reintegration into legitimate opportunity structures.


Our previous studies demonstrated that precoating of filter fibers with biologically active tea tree oil (TTO) enhances physical collection efficiency of conventional heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters, and provides cost effective and rapid inactivation of captured bacterial and fungal particles on the filter surface. The main aim of this study was to investigate the antiviral activity of two natural disinfectants, i.e., TTO and eucalyptus oil (EUO), against the influenza virus captured onto the filter surface. It was found that both tested oils possess strong antiviral properties when used as fiber coating materials, capable of inactivating captured microorganisms within 5–10 min of contact on the fiber surface. The antiviral activity of TTO was also successfully challenged in aerosol form by mixing viable airborne viral particles with oil droplets in the rotational aerosol chamber. The results look very promising for further development of virus inactivating procedures and technologies for air quality applications. Copyright 2012 American Association for Aerosol Research


Objective: To explore the perceptions of undergraduate medical students, about mentoring from their senior peers.
Study Design: Qualitative study.
Place and Duration of Study: Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, from Jun to Dec 2016.
Methodology: Fifty medical students, from all 5 academic years were selected through purposive sampling for Focus Group Discussion. The discussions were audio recorded, transcribed and analyzed for pattern generation, through primary coding, with the help of Nvivo software.
Results: Common words, phrases or sentences, used by the participants and depicting concepts, were identified and abbreviated. Based on the comments used by the participants, a total of 17 first cycle codes, 6 categories 2 themes were identified; using QRS Nvivo. Participants were unanimous in highlighting the stressful nature of medical education, expressing the need of formal student support programs at the college to mitigate the stress and to improve their academic performance. Military training and lack of proper guidance, and at times misguidance, were considered to be the major contributors in perpetuating the multipronged stress, although most of the participants favored continuation of military training.
Conclusion: Stress was pervasive in the students, especially in their initial weeks and month, the perception of its severity being dependent on host of factors. To produce a relaxed, empathetic, competent and confident doctor the institute needs to provide congenial educational environment during their undergraduate training. Certain administrative measures can be beneficial for improving peer support to help junior peers in their professional development.


We screened ATM gene mutations in 104 Italian Ataxia‐Telangiectasia patients from 91 unrelated families (detection rate 90%) and found 21 recurrent mutations in 63 families. The majority (67%) of patients were compound heterozygotes, while 33% were homozygotes. To determine the existence of common haplotypes and potential founder effects, we analyzed five microsatellite markers within and flanking the ATM gene. Haplotype analysis was carried out in 48/63 families harbouring 16 of the 21 recurrent mutations. Forty different haplotypes were detected in the 48 A‐T families studied. We found that the majority of patients with the same recurrent mutation originated from the same geographical area. All but one recurrent mutation analyzed displayed a common haplotype suggesting a single origin that then spread to different geographical areas. The high number of different haplotypes does not allow the screening of ATM mutations by haplotype analysis alone in the Italian population. The finding of recurrent public mutations without founder effect suggests the existence of 'mild' hot spots of mutation located along the sequence of the ATM gene.


This paper studies strongly symmetric equilibria (SSE) in continuous-time games of strategic experimentation with Poisson bandits. SSE payoffs can be studied via two functional equations similar to the HJB equation used for Markov equilibria. This is valuable for three reasons. First, these equations retain the tractability of Markov equilibrium, while allowing for punishments and rewards: the best and worst equilibrium payoff are explicitly solved for. Second, they capture behavior of the discrete-time game: as the period length goes to zero in the discretized game, the SSE payoff set converges to their solution. Third, they encompass a large payoff set: there is no perfect Bayesian equilibrium in the discrete-time game with frequent interactions with higher asymptotic efficiency.


Most work on temporal action detection is formulated as an offline problem, in which the start and end times of actions are determined after the entire video is fully observed. However, important real-time applications including surveillance and driver assistance systems require identifying actions as soon as each video frame arrives, based only on current and historical observations. In this paper, we propose a novel framework, the Temporal Recurrent Network (TRN), to model greater temporal context of each frame by simultaneously performing online action detection and anticipation of the immediate future. At each moment in time, our approach makes use of both accumulated historical evidence and predicted future information to better recognize the action that is currently occurring, and integrates both of these into a unified end-to-end architecture. We evaluate our approach on two popular online action detection datasets, HDD and TVSeries, as well as another widely used dataset, THUMOS'14. The results show that TRN significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art.


BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Subject self-reports are the primary source of research and clinical data on drinking behavior. In this report, we review and summarize the current literature on the reliability and accuracy of alcohol abusers' self-reports of alcohol consumption and related behaviors in relation to similar reports provided by collateral informants.

CONCLUSIONS
Recent research supports the assertion that subjects provide accurate reports about their drinking and associated consequences. When discrepancies have been observed between reports provided by subjects and collaterals, the subjects' data in almost all cases have painted a picture of poorer functioning. The greatest degree of agreement between subjects and collaterals is likely when collaterals are in frequent contact with the subject, are spouse/partners and are confident about the reports they are providing.


Abstract In this study, we suggest a novel approach for the retrieval of regional moment tensors for earthquakes with small to moderate magnitudes. The first modification is the combined inversion of broadband and short‐period waveform data. The broadband waveforms are inverted in a frequency range suitable for surface waves, whereas for the short‐period data a frequency range suitable for body waves is applied. The second modification is the use of first‐motion body‐wave polarities to select the most probable solution out of all solutions from inversion. To combine three different criteria for selecting the most probable solution (i.e., residual from inversion, double‐couple content of solution, number of nonmatching first‐motion body‐wave polarities), the L2 norm is applied to the normalized parameters. We chose five earthquakes within the Alborz mountains, Iran, as a case study (3.1≤ M w ≤4.1). In this area, several factors exacerbate the difficulty of performing inversion for moment tensors, for example, a heterogeneous station network and large azimuthal gaps. We have demonstrated that our approach supplies reliable moment tensors when inversion from broadband data alone fails. In one case, we successfully retrieved a stable solution from short‐period waveform data alone. Thus, our approach enables successful determination of seismic moment tensors wherever a sparse network of broadband stations has thus far prevented it.