The phosphatases in the cytoplasm and nuclei of Drosophila salivary glands are better preserved by fixation in absolute acetone than in 85 per cent, alcohol. In whole glands there is relatively little extraction of the enzyme during assay. Phosphatase activity is more resistant to incubation at neutrality than at pH 8.6, but in this material there is sufficient residual enzymatic activity to permit redetermination of alkaline, neutral, or acid phosphatase activity by staining methods after an initial quantitative determination. The state of the membranes of the gland affects the penetration of the substrate sufficiently to limit the activities obtained.


The referring diagnoses in seven women with posterior scleritis included intraocular neoplasm, retrobulbar tumor, choroiditis, and idiopathic central serous choroidopathy. In all cases, a localized area of intense posterior scleritis was responsible for the misdiagnosed ocular findings. Features that helped to correctly identify posterior scleritis were as follows: female sex; a history of anterior scleritis; a fundus mass the same color as normal adjacent pigment epithelium; choroidal folds; serous retinal detachment with cloudy fluid; early pinpoint leaking spots from fluorescein angiography; and thickening of the posterior coats of the eye, retrobulbar edema, and high internal reflectivity on ultrasonography. Corticosteroids given for retrobulbar or systemic effect provided effective treatment.


Eubacterium spp. and Streptococcus spp. are virulent, commonly identified microorganisms in endodontic infections. The purpose of this study was to use molecular methods to identify these organisms in 22 infected root canals that include eight cases with preoperative clinical symptoms and five cases with a history of diabetes mellitus. The presence of Streptococcus spp. and Eubacterium spp. was examined using two sets of PCR primers specific with multiple species within the respective genera. Positive specimens had their PCR products sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed to identify the specific species. Sixteen specimens (73%) contained Eubacterium spp. and nine (41%) were positive for Streptococcus spp. Eubacterium infirmum was the most prevalent Eubacterium sp. This organism was significantly associated with a history of diabetes (OR = 9.6; P = 0.04). Streptococcus anginosus was the most common Streptococcus sp., but neither it nor any of the other streptococci were significantly associated with the clinical parameters evaluated.


The aim of this paper is to propose a novel control architecture for autonomous mobile robots, based on the explicit representation of robot intentions and persuasions. The proposal relies on two basic assumptions: i) robot mental states (namely intentions and persuasions) are modeled as active autonomous entities; ii) the robot control architecture is conceived as a multi-agent system, where mental entities communicate, cooperate and conflict, giving rise, through their interactions, to a globally intelligent behavior. The paper discusses first the basic motivations for the proposal, introducing the concept of active mental entity and characterizing intentions and persuasions. Then a detailed description of the organization of the control architecture is provided, together with an outline of its operation. The potential of the proposed architecture is finally demonstrated through an application example concerning a department mail-delivery robot.


The consequences of lawsuits brought by patients to obtain insurance coverage for autologous bone marrow treatment for breast cancer illustrate the problems that arise when health plans seek to exclude "experimental" treatments.


A method is presented for determining the single scattering albedo of clouds at selected wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared wavelength regions. The procedure compares measurements of the ratio of the zenith to nadir propagating intensities deep within a cloud layer with radiative transfer computations of the same. Analytic formulas are derived which explicitly show the dependence of the internal intensity ratio on ground albedo, optical depth, single scattering albedo and cloud asymmetry factor. The single scattering albedo and cloud asymmetry factor enter the solution in such a way that a similarity relationship exists between these two parameters. As a result, the accuracy with which the single scattering albedo can be determined is dictated by the accuracy with which the asymmetry factor can be estimated. A method of observation is described whereby aircraft measurements of the zenith and nadir propagating intensities can be used to determine the similarity parameter as a function of wavelength. Since the fractional absorption of a cloud depends on the similarity parameter and not on the single scattering albedo and asymmetry factor separately, this poses no severe limitation to the method. An accurate knowledge of the ground albedo and total optical thickness of a cloud are unnecessary for a solution, provided one associates the wavelength for which the intensity ratio is a maximum with conservative scattering. Under this internal calibration approach, uncertainties in the ground atbedo are very nearly compensated by uncertainties in the cloud optical thickness.


The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of non‐compartmental analysis and compartmental mixed effects modelling (MEM) to determine the existence and magnitude of exposure differences (i.e. exposure ratio estimates) between subsets of animals during destructive toxicokinetic studies. Data from five toxicokinetic studies of an experimental compound were analysed using a linear trapezoidal calculation of the area under the curve (non‐compartmental analysis) or modelled using MEM. With the non‐compartmental method the Bailer–Satterthwaite approximation was used to construct confidence intervals around the exposure estimates of each subset of animals and these were used to determine if exposure differed between the subsets. The MEM analyses were performed on the full datasets and on datasets with arbitrary reductions in the number of animal replicates. With MEM, additional model parameters were used to differentiate between subsets of animals, and were incorporated only if they were justified statistically. Estimates of the existence and magnitude of exposure differences between animal subsets were similar with the two techniques. The MEM analyses were influenced only marginally by substantial reductions in the number of animals studied and were less compromised by extremely limited or unbalanced data. These analyses show that MEM and non‐compartmental methods are similarly effective at detecting exposure differences between animal subsets in toxicokinetic studies. Estimates provided by both methods were influenced by the degree of variance in the data. These results support the proposition that it may be possible to reduce the number of animals employed in toxicokinetic studies if MEM is used. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Introduces Strings, a high-performance distributed shared memory system designed for clusters of symmetrical multiprocessors (SMPs). The distinguishing feature of this system is the use of a fully multithreaded runtime system, written using POSIX threads. Strings also allows multiple application threads to be run on each node in a cluster. Since most modern UNIX systems can multiplex these threads on kernel-level lightweight processes, applications written using Strings can use all the processors in a SMP machine. This paper describes some of the architectural details of the system and analyzes the performance improvements with two example programs and a few benchmark programs from the SPLASH-2 suite.


Hydrogenated and carboxylated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers (HNBR and XNBR, respectively) were blended in various ratios by reactive mixing and then the compositions were subjected to selective dynamic curing with use of MgO and subsequent static curing of the whole system with dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The effects of XNBR content in the blend, curing agents added and dispergation time on the properties of vulcanizates obtained were investigated. It was found that during the dynamic curing of XNBR in the blend with HNBR the change in morphology occurred: with two co-continuous phases to mixed partially lamellar, rod-like and droplet ones (Fig. 1). Curing degree of the composition, calculated on the basis of equilibrium swelling (V r ) measurements and elasticity constants 2C 1 , increase with increasing XNBR content in the system (Fig. 2, 3). Tensile strength (TS b ) and elongation at break (Eb) depend on the components' dispergation time and process conditions (Fig. 5-10).


In this work the strange behavior of an impact oscillator with a one-sided elastic constraint discovered experimentally is compared with the predictions obtained using its mathematical model. Extensive experimental investigations undertaken on the rig developed at the Aberdeen University reveal different bifurcation scenarios under varying excitation frequency near grazing which were recorded for a number of values of the excitation amplitude. In the paper, particular attention is paid to the chaotic oscillations recorded near grazing frequency when a nonimpacting orbit becomes an impacting one under increasing excitation frequency. It was found that the evolution of the attractor is governed by a complex interplay between smooth and nonsmooth bifurcations, and the interactions between a number of coexisting orbits. The occurrence of coexisting attractors is manifested in the experimental results through discontinuous transitions from one orbit to another via boundary crisis. In some cases, the basins of attraction have a fractal structure. Detailed numerical exploration also revealed coexisting unstable periodic orbits. These stable and unstable coexisting orbits are often born far from the parameter values at which they influence the system dynamics. The very rich dynamics of the bilinear oscillator close to grazing is demonstrated and typical mechanisms of the attractors' appearance and disappearance are explained using stability analysis.


Fever is a common complaint in paediatric care and is mainly due to infectious causes. Depending on the age of the patient, clinical presentation will differ and the origins of the fever vary ; a good awareness of the age-related specificities is essential for early detection of invasive and potentially fatal infections. Fever may also be due to inflammatory diseases. A good knowledge of these aetiologies is essential to avoid unnecessary repeated antibiotic treatments and a lengthy misdiagnosis.


Background Oncoplastic surgery for breast cancer in patients with macromastia is a new concept that has evolved to associate breast conserving surgery with techniques of breast reshaping. This study aims to compare the outcomes of therapeutic reduction mammoplasty in medium-sized to large-breasted females with breast cancer using superior pedicle versus the inferior pedicle mammoplasty for early stages of breast cancer. Patients and methods From January 2013 to January 2017, 50 females patients with medium-sized to large-sized breasts diagnosed with early breast cancer and suitable for breast conservation underwent reduction mammoplasty depending on either inferior pedicle (group 1) or superior pedicle (group 2). Patients with central breast cancer and inability to obtain free resection margin after excision were excluded from the study. Surgical outcomes, oncologic safety, and cosmetic result were assessed and compared between both techniques. Results There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding age and weight of the patients (median: 42 vs 40 years) (P>0.05). Most cases had a mass in the upper outer quadrant of the breast (60%). On follow-up, wound dehiscence occurred more frequent in the inferior pedicle group, which occurred in four (16%) cases, than in the superior pedicle group, which occurred in two (8%) cases. The cosmetic outcomes were assessed in inferior pedicle versus superior pedicle mammoplasty groups, showing excellent results in 15 (60%) cases versus 16 (64%) patients, respectively. In a median follow-up of 24 months, no cases showed local recurrence. Conclusion Therapeutic reduction mammoplasty using inferior and superior pedicles was shown to be oncologically safer than traditional conservative surgery with more satisfactory esthetic outcome. Moreover, the superior pedicle mammoplasty yields a lower morbidity with better cosmetic outcome than inferior pedicle mammoplasty in large-breasted women with breast cancer.


Obtaining informed consent from individuals to participate in voluntary research studies is widely considered to be an ethical research practice. However, there is considerable debate over how consent should be obtained from subjects. Many researchers argue that active (opt-in) consent is the only type of consent that accurately reflects the true wishes of the subject and is closer to the informed consent ideal than passive (opt-out) consent procedures. Opponents of active consent procedures argue that such procedures harm study participation rates and increase the risk of self-selection bias to a greater extent than passive consent procedures. Empirical evaluations of these claims are rare, given the lack of studies that experimentally assign subjects to different consent procedures and utilize a control group (in which no consent is sought) to facilitate comparison. We report on an experiment that overcomes these issues in an study of consent to transfer contact data from a federal register to a third-party data collector for purposes of carrying out a telephone survey. Specifically, we evaluate the impact of requiring consent on survey participation rates, self-selection bias, and the resulting survey estimates. We find that the passive consent procedure does a better job of minimizing self-selection bias and maximizing the validity of the survey estimates (relative to the control group) compared with the active consent procedure. However, neither procedure is ideal: Both consent procedures increase the total self-selection bias and reduce the sample size. We conclude with a general discussion of the main findings and their practical implications.


Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that has developed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and is more difficult to treat with standard types of antibiotics and thus more virulent. The epidemiology of MRSA may be changing, as the isolation of MRSA is no longer limited to hospitalized patients and can cause serious infections in otherwise healthy persons with no links to healthcare systems. Case report: An 11 year old school boy presented with right thigh swelling and fever for six days with a history of cough & haemoptysis. Initially he was managed as deep vein thrombosis with pulmonary embolism which was ruled out after further investigations. Large thigh abscess was drained and treated for severe sepsis at the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) for 21 days with six antibiotics. Subsequently he underwent drainage of pus from different parts of his all four limbs in eight times under general anaesthesia within two weeks. During this period his oxygen saturation continued to drop and was diagnosed to have disseminated sepsis due to community-acquired MRSA with necrotizing pneumonia and multiple soft tissue abscesses (pyomyositis). Features of sepsis gradually subsided only after 18 days and he was discharged after 35 days on oral antibiotics which continued for 42 days. Subsequent screening for immune-deficiency was negative. Discussion: MRSA should attract the attention of the medical community with high degree of suspicion, illustrating the urgency to develop better ways for early diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics as severe infections can be a great burden to health care system requiring expensive antibiotics and ICU care.


Kay Davies is the Dr Lee's Professor of Anatomy in the Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, and Director of the MRC Functional Genomics Unit at the University of Oxford, UK. Her research interests lie in the molecular analysis and development of treatment for human genetic disease, particularly, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and the application of genomics for the analysis of neurological disorders and gene–environment interactions. She is co-founder of a company, Summit Therapeutics, which aims to deliver utrophin modulation to the clinic for the therapy of DMD, which currently has a drug in Phase 1 trials. She has published more than 400 papers and won numerous awards for her work. She is a founding fellow of the UK Academy of Medical Sciences and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2003. She has been a Governor of the Wellcome Trust since 2008 and became Deputy Chairman in October, 2013. She was made Dame Commander of the British Empire for services to science in 2008.


An adaptive approach to Iterative Learning Control (ILC) based on a Kalman lter and an optimization of a quadratic criterion is presented. By estimating one of the design parameters in the Kalman lter an adaptive gain in the ILC updating formula is created. The proposed ILC design is compared with two other ILC schemes and they are all implemented on an industrial robot. The results show that the proposed adaptive ILC scheme is fast, and also robust since the gain is reduced as the error is decreased.


This paper analyzes the reasons for the global popularity of the Korean boy band BTS that has been at the center of the growing popularity of Korean pop music or K-pop. To address this issue more comprehensively, this paper utilizes a framework derived from a business approach which has been so far little attempted. In contrast from existing studies that focus on fandom and its activities, this paper argues that instead of egocentric strategies, sophisticated consumer-oriented strategies by utilizing internationalization and digitization are the key to its global popularity, which have helped BTS and their managing company Big Hit Entertainment to overcome all the disadvantages they faced before while reinforcing exiting advantages and creating new ones. By doing so, BTS has gained their global success and become Korea's top boy band.


In 1936, Goebbels stated that 'a government that controls art will remain forever', and the German film industry became inextricably linked with National Socialist propaganda. This book is an historical evaluation of the role and image of women in the feature films of the Third Reich. The author challenges current perceptions of the National Socialist position with regards to women and examines the creation of a female film culture, as well as the 'blurring' of gender distinctions as a result of the war.Goebbels and his wife personally selected young movie actresses at their home to portray mothers, vamps, girls-next-door and exotic love interests. His interest in film opens up an array of important issues central to this book: Were women compliant with Nazism or were they the victims of a regime imposing policies ultimately detrimental to their condition? Is it true that the war helped to emancipate women who were not only romantic and patriotic heroines on screen but employed as drivers, technicians and even managers of government affiliated film departments? Did all films produced under the auspices of the Third Reich serve as propaganda and if so, how successful were they? And finally, what can the study of cinema contribute to the historical debate surrounding National Socialism? This book fills a considerable gap in the research of the Nazi star system and makes a crucial contribution not only to cinema history, but also to our view of the perceived role of women in the Third Reich.'This book will change the way that we look at Nazi Germany.'Richard Taylor, University of Swansea


Background and aim: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) are found in half the population of the world. Its prevalence is highly variable in relation to geography, ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic factors-high in developing countries and lower in the developed world. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among patients in Duhok, and to identify factors associated with of Helicobacter pylori among patients in Duhok. Materials and method: A cross-sectional study was carried out throughout the present study among patients who attending to Duhok gastroenterology and hepatology center. The study included (80) samples of nurses for the period from 10 th January  to 5 th December 2015.The study revealed that there were significant statistical results related to income, residency, water source and blood group to be considered as a risk factor of H. pylori infection. Results: The study revealed that there were no significant statistical results related to age to be considered as a risk factor at (p<0.05). Among the 80 patients who completed data, the highest positive result was found in the age group of 20-30 years (68.18.7%) while the highest negative result was found in the age group of 50-60yr (42.86%). Conclusion: There were significant difference between H. pylori infection and some variables like (age, sex, married status, level of education and smoking and coffee consumption and years of experience).


The effect of melamine content in melamine modified urea formaldehyde (MUF) resin on durable properties of plywood was investigated using ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) with different melamine/urea (M/U) ratios. The plywood specimens were exposed to laboratory accelerated aging and/or cyclic soak-dry (SD). The experiment results indicated that the melamine contents in MUF resin showed an unobservable effect on the durable properties of MUF resin bonded plywood. The mechanical properties of plywood decreased more severely after accelerated aging test in acidic condition. However, the influence of different curing catalyst contents on mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of UF resin can be minimized by adding melamine to the resin.


Adolescents with T1D often experience stress leading to poor DSM and suboptimal glycemic control. Mindfulness, as a trait or learned skill, is a protective factor against stress and is associated with positive wellbeing. Yet, little is known about mindfulness in adolescents with T1D. This study describes self-reported mindfulness practices and compares mindfulness on DSM and A1c in adolescents with T1D. Adolescents (12-18 yrs) completed questions on mindfulness practices [having mindfulness experience (yes vs. no), types, and duration] and a valid measure of DSM (Self-care Inventory) during routine diabetes clinic. A1c was obtained from medical record. Data were analyzed using descriptive analyses and group comparative analyses were used to examine the association between mindfulness experiences, type and duration on DSM and A1c. Adolescents (n=128) were 59% male, 88% white, on average 15±2 yrs of age, mean diabetes duration of 7±4 yrs, mean moderate level of DSM of 57±8 (range:15-75), and A1c of 8.3±1.6%. About one third (30%; n=38) reported having mindfulness experience with 23 (61%) being formal (e.g., breathing, body scan, mindful meditation, mindful yoga); 19 (50%) being non formal (e.g., mindful walking); and 4 (11%) being religious. Almost half (45%, n=17) reported practicing mindfulness for 1 yr. Several participants (n=8, 21%) reported using mindfulness mobile apps (e.g., Headspace, Calm, Pokemon Go) or YouTube. Adolescents with more than one type of mindfulness practice (e.g., formal with non formal or religious) and those with religious experience reported better DSM than those with one type of mindfulness practice [F(3, 34)= 5.2, p=0.005]. About a third adolescents have been exposed to some mindfulness practices. DSM was better among participants who reported practicing more than one type of mindfulness. Introducing mindfulness training tailored to adolescents with T1D could be beneficial. Disclosure H. Abujaradeh: None. D. Charron-Prochownik: None. B. Galla: None. S.M. Sereika: None. M. DiNardo: None. C.A. Feeley: None. P. Viswanathan: None. Funding National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners; Sigma Eta Chapter; University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing


Background Current end of life initiatives emphasise the importance of achieving the preferred place of care for patients approaching end of life. National survey data suggest 50–60% patients would prefer a home death but data for South Tees indicates that only 22% of patients achieve this (2007–2009). A new service was therefore developed to offer consultation and support to effect a safe, coordinated and patient-focused discharge to every patient on the end of life care pathway (EOLCP) whose preferred place of care was not JCUH. Aims To increase the awareness, expertise and confidence of the host clinical teams in discharging these complex patients. Methods Funding was secured from Macmillan Cancer Support to employ a Discharge Sister with administrative support. During a 3-month development phase, project promotion and stakeholder liaison (within and beyond the acute hospital) was prioritised. Thereafter every ward was contacted every day to offer the service to patients on the EOLCP. Discharge packs comprising discharge prescription, medication administration charts, patient/carer information and discharge checklist were designed for every community care location served by JCUH as a tertiary centre. Results In the first 12 months, 111 dying patients were discharged home via the project. Awareness and confidence of the discharge logistics process continue to increase among ward staff but negotiating the plan seems to require the greater experience of the Macmillan discharge sister and specialist palliative care team (SPCT) colleagues. Conclusion A bespoke discharge pathway and experienced facilitation secures rapid discharge of a complex vulnerable patient group. Although there are no previous data for comparison the 'clinical memory' of the SPCT (who previously supported these discharges in an ad hoc fashion) suggests significantly increased activity. The authors conclude that more patients are achieving their preferred place of death. The work continues and is subject to independent evaluation.


Since the discovery of the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole in 1985 there has been increasing scientific interest in the halocarbon species that can cause ozone destruction. Although an important region for halocarbons in terms of atmospheric circulation, the tropics are underrepresented in terms of halocarbon measurements, especially those biogenic short-lived halocarbon compounds. A fringing coral reef flat at Cape Rachado, west coast Peninsular Malaysia was selected for a study on the emissions of halocarbons by seaweeds. A portable, automated gas chromatograph with electron capture detector was used to measure a suite of halocarbon species trimonthly over a 15-month period at the study site. The measurements of the halocarbon atmospheric mixing ratios were then correlated to the seaweed standing biomass to investigate its influence on the halocarbon mixing ratios at the survey site. Although it was found that the atmospheric mixing ratio for the biogenic halocarbon compounds were poorly correlated (ρ < 0.5) to
some of the important seaweed species at the sampling site, there was no significant correlation between the total seaweed standing biomass with the atmospheric concentration
of biogenic halocarbon compounds. This may be due to many contributing factors such as localized emissions, wind direction and speed that might influence the halocarbon contents in the atmosphere. To better understand the halocarbon emissions by the seaweeds, a laboratory-based
incubation study was conducted to observe if the halocarbon emissions by the seaweeds varied with irradiance. Three selected seaweed species, Sargassum binderi Sonder ex J.
P a g e | i v Agardh, Padina australis Hauck, and Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kutzing were
collected from the sampling site and exposed to a range of irradiance in the laboratory. The halocarbon contents in the seawater were then analyzed using a purge-and-trap system attached to a gas chromatograph with mass selective detector. Release of halocarbons especially dibromochloromethane, CHBr2Cl (r= 0.79; p< 0.01) was found to be influenced by irradiance. Correlations were also observed between emission of certain halocarbons
with photosynthetic activity, especially bromoiodomethane, CH2BrI (r = 0.85; p< 0.01) and bromoform, CHBr3 (r = 0.79; p< 0.01) suggesting that environmental factors such as light
can affect the release of these volatile halogenated compounds by the seaweeds into the atmosphere. From this study, it was also found that upon comparison with temperate and polar brown seaweeds, tropical species, such as Turbinaria conoides, may emit higher levels of bromoform, CHBr3 and other halocarbons. It is therefore important to investigate the contribution of tropical seaweeds towards the local atmospheric composition of
halocarbons.


An ab initio interaction potential available in literature is scaled via an empirical procedure and used in an extensive computer simulation study to investigate the thermodynamic properties and self-diffusion coefficient of krypton over a wide range of densities and temperatures. The thermodynamic properties of the fluid phase equilibriums are computed utilizing the Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulation technique. The equation of state and the pair correlation function are obtained using the NVT-Monte Carlo simulation method. The time-correlation function formalism of Green-Kubo is applied in molecular dynamics simulations to calculate the self-diffusion coefficient. Furthermore, the modified Cohen-Turnbull theory is employed to determine the self-diffusion coefficient and the mean free volume needed for this purpose is provided via the generic van der Waals theory. The virial minimization method is used to compute the effective diameter and the results are applied within the generic van der Waals theory as the repulsion-attraction splitting distance of the interaction potential. A remarkable agreement is observed between the computed and empirical results for the orthobaric densities, the vapor pressure, the critical point, and the equation of state. A detailed analysis is presented for the calculated self-diffusion coefficient.


BACKGROUND There are no randomized split‐face model studies investigating treatments for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) in dark skin. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy, safety, and effect on quality of life of salicylic acid peels for PIH in dark skin. METHODS Ten subjects with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes IV to VI were randomized to receive two 20% salicylic acid peels followed by three 30% salicylic acid peels to half of the face. The contralateral half remained untreated. Response was evaluated by photography reviewed by three blinded dermatologists. The Visual Analog Scale, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and treatment quality questionnaire were administered. RESULTS Improvement of PIH on the treatment side according to each rater (p=.81, p=.81, p=.42) and according to the raters combined (p=.11) approached but did not reach statistical significance. Subjects' Visual Analog Scale scores indicated significantly greater improvement of PIH on the treatment side than in the control (p=.004). Quality of life measured according to the DLQI improved after treatment but not statistically significantly so (p=.13). Treatment had no significant adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Salicylic acid peels are safe in this population. Although patients rated them as clinically effective, blinded raters found a brief series of peels to have less efficacy. Measured quality of life improved nominally. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.


Through the theoretical frameworks of the media system dependency model and uses and gratifications theory, this study examined the uses of social media by Syrian refugees in Jordan and Turkey. A mixed-methods approach was used to increase the credibility and validity of the study's findings by combining a qualitative method with quantitative data. The findings show that there were some factors that affected the Syrian refugees' use of social media before seeking refuge in Jordan and Turkey, which were mainly its ban due to the regime's censorship and a bad Internet connection due to the bad infrastructure. The absence of these two factors led to an increase in their social media dependency after seeking refuge. There are variances in which social media sites Syrian refugees use the most and why. The majority relied on Facebook for various reasons, and this dependency had varying repercussions on individuals. Furthermore, many immigrants were acquainted with new platforms, implying that refugees became social-media-literate and participated in the updates of the new platforms, even if such sites were not well known to the general public. The Syrian refugees' dependency on social media varies from person to person due to differences in personal goals, social status, locations, living characteristics, and easy access to the Internet. Furthermore, this dependency on social media has different effects on them according to the media system dependency model. The refugees become increasingly dependent on social media to satisfy their needs and, because of that, social media dependency will become more important in their lives and will increase its influence and effects on them. Furthermore, the study found that the Syrian refugees depended on social media for various gratifications, such as educational, work, and business; information access; cultural and social aspects; connecting with networks and families; establishing friendships; learning new skills; self-expression; making business; and finding work, in addition to reaching routes and contacting smugglers to help them leave the country.


During 2000-2004 a project was undertaken to create a comprehensive and informative inventory of South African public and community libraries, the Public and Community Libraries Inventory of South Africa (PaCLISA). The project was executed in two phases, initially under the guidance of the Libraries Working Group of the Print Industries Cluster Council (PICC). Phase 1 was carried out during 2000-2001 and funded by The Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Foundation for Library and Information Service Development (FLISD), through the National Library of South Africa. The Centre for Geo-Information Science of the University of Pretoria was contracted to carry out the project. In light of the response to Phase 1, a consultative process was followed to redesign the inventory questionnaire, after which Phase 2 was carried out during 2003-2004 as a project of the Department of Information Science and the Centre for Geo-Information Science of the University of Pretoria. Although the project was not an unqualified success, it was a valuable learning experience. The article provides an overview of the project with special emphasis on the lessons that have been learned and what these imply for future efforts to inventorise South Africa's public libraries.


Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype affects outcomes of Alzheimer's disease and other conditions of brain damage. Using APOE knock‐in mice, we have previously shown that APOE‐ε4 Targeted Replacement (TR) mice have fewer dendritic spines and reduced branching in cortical neurons. As dendritic spines are post‐synaptic sites of excitatory neurotransmission, we used APOE TR mice to examine whether APOE genotype affected the various elements of the glutamate–glutamine cycle. We found that levels of glutamine synthetase and glutamate uptake transporters were unchanged among the APOE genotypes. However, compared with APOE‐ε3 TR mice, APOE‐ε4 TR mice had decreased glutaminase levels (18%, p < 0.05), suggesting decreased conversion of glutamine to glutamate. APOE‐ε4 TR mice also had increased levels of the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (20%, p < 0.05), suggesting that APOE genotype affects pre‐synaptic terminal composition. To address whether these changes affected normal neurotransmission, we examined the production and metabolism of glutamate and glutamine at 4–5 months and 1 year. Using high‐frequency 13C/1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we found that APOE‐ε4 TR mice have decreased production of glutamate and increased levels of glutamine. These factors may contribute to the increased risk of neurodegeneration associated with APOE‐ε4, and also act as surrogate markers for Alzheimer's disease risk.


The virulence and drug susceptibility of a clinical isolate of Mycobacterium celatum which showed smooth transparent (ST) and smooth opaque (SO) colonies were studied. While ST cells multiplied intracellularly and maintained their coccobacillary form in a human macrophage model of infection, SO cells formed long filaments and completely destroyed the phagocytes. In BALB/c mice, the ST variant, but not the SO variant, grew efficiently in the spleen, liver and lung. The ST variant was usually more resistant in vitro than the SO variant to drugs, with MIC values for clarithromycin (CLA), azithromycin (AZI), ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, amikacin, clofazimine, ethambutol and isoniazid being higher than those of the SO variant. In beige mice infected with the more highly virulent variant ST, CLA and AZI were the most active drugs in terms of viable count reduction in organs and mutant selection. Together, these observations indicate that the ST variant of M. celatum is a virulent form that can be efficiently inhibited in vivo by CLA and AZI.


Many studies have shown an inverse relationship between axon length (or height) and nerve conduction velocity. A linear relationship was assumed, but there is no physiologic indication the relationship is linear. Furthermore, a linear relationship between height and velocity leads to implausibly low velocities for very long nerves. We propose that power regression analysis would produce more accurate results, in line with physiology. In a power regression the goal is to determine exponent x that best fits the curve V= kL x where k is a constant and L is nerve length. In a previous study, the authors established that the product of conduction time T and energy E or TE=kL 3 . Mathematical derivation from this relationship yields V 2 /V 1 = (L 2 / L ) -0.5 , or, velocity V is inversely proportional to the square root of length. Data from 22 normal Ulnar Motor Nerve Conductions showed a very high correlation with this formula (exponent x=-0.529 SE = 0.21, theoretical value ―0.5). Data from other researchers also supports this relationship. Overall, Ulnar Motor Nerve Motor Conduction Velocity appears to be inversely proportional to the square root of height. We believe this relationship holds for all long nerves.


The effects of stress at work are estimated to cost Canadian employers more than 20 billion dollars annually through absenteeism, sick leave and decreased productivity. Over the past two decades, Canadians have reported higher stress levels, increased work hours and more work performed outside of normal business hours. This work-life imbalance has far-reaching repercussions–affecting an employee's performance as well as their health. Chronic exposure to these high levels of stress can also lead to burnout. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude in which burnout symptoms influence the relationship between work-life balance and self-rated health. The secondary purpose of this study was to determine if gender and age interactions exist in the relationship between burnout, work-life balance, and self-rated health. This cross-sectional study involved secondary analysis of 220 managers, workers and human service professionals who completed an Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers' Mental Injury Toolkit (MIT) survey for the launch of the MIT. The MIT survey is a modified form of the short version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire and includes expanded questioning around burnout, stress, sleep troubles, cognitive, and somatic symptoms. There were no significant differences in self-rated health based on a respondent's gender or age, indicating that no interaction of gender and age would be required. Respondents with low self-rated health reported significantly higher burnout and work-life imbalance compared to those with high self-rated health. The regression analysis demonstrated that the magnitude in which burnout mediates the relationship between work-life balance and self-rated health was 96%. These findings support previous studies that associate high levels of work-life imbalance or burnout with poor self-rated health or health outcomes. In this study, the shared variance between worklife balance and burnout also supports recent efforts to redefine the context and causes of burnout to include non-work factors. Based on our findings, the potential exists for the development of workplace health promotion strategies that address maintaining a balance between work and home as they may improve employee health and reduce burnout. II


We present RALF, a framework for end-to-end evaluation of register allocators. Built on top of gcc, RALF enables evaluation and comparison of register allocators in the setting of an industrialstrength compiler. RALF supports modular plug-and-play of register allocators without modifying the compiler implementation at all. RALF provides any plugged-in register allocator with an intermediate program representation that is independent of the data structures of the framework. In return, the register allocator provides RALF with a set of register allocation directives. The contract between RALF and a register allocator is given by requirements on the intermediate program representation and the register allocation directives. RALF checks that the produced directives satisfy the requirements, thereby helping with finding bugs in a register allocator. We demonstrate the versatility of RALF by presenting our experiments with six different register allocators.


Four Neurospora crassa genomic clones have been selected as hybridizing much more strongly to labeled mRNA isolated from acetate‐grown mycelium than to mRNA from sucrose‐grown mycelium. Hybridization of restriction fragments with acetate‐specific mRNA or cDNA has been used to delimit the transcribed region(s) of each clone. The transcription of all four clones is strongly induced by transfer of growing mycelium from sucrose to acetate as sole carbon source. In wild‐type mycelium, mRNAs corresponding to the four clones reach maximum levels after four hours of induction. They accumulate more rapidly and reach higher levels in an acetate non‐utilizing mutant, acu‐7, which has been found to overproduce enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle and to have a partial block in the TCA cycle. Molecular transformation of a Neurosporaacu‐5 mutant and of an Aspergillus nidulans acuE mutant by DNA of clone 2 and clone 1, respectively, strongly suggests that clone 2 codes for acetyl‐coenzyme A synthetase and that clone 1 codes for malate synthase. The transcribed segments of clones 1 and 2each hybridize to corresponding clones from Aspergillusnidulans (R. A. Sandeman and M. J. Hynes, personal communication).


The present study investigates the relative merits of different methods to assess the use of vocabulary learning strategies (VLS) in the Libyan learning context. The main method of assessment is stimulated recall methodology which will provide and explain insights and comments of Libyan learners learning English as a foreign language with a special focus on vocabulary learning. This research will offer information which will help the learners and teachers to gain a clear picture of what Libyan university learners are doing while they are learning vocabulary.
This thesis consists of ten chapters. The first four chapters provide the theoretical framework where this research study investigates vocabulary learning strategies used by foreign language learners in general. Different definitions, characteristics, taxonomies and studies of VLS are discussed in chapter 2 and 3. Further, it aims to discuss the effect of certain individual, situational and social factors on the use of VLS. Chapter four provides an overview of the research methods used in the remaining sections of the thesis.
The last five chapters provide the practical part of this research. A number of methods is used to survey the use of VLS used within the Libyan university classroom. The main aims of this part are to identify and investigate the VLS of the Libyan undergraduate students majoring in learning English as a foreign language use; assess the value of stimulated recall methodology (SRM) as an investigatory method or tool in this area of research; and compare (a) the outcomes of the analysis of VLS using a variety of assessment methods such as questionnaires, interviews and diaries with (b) the outcomes of the analysis using SRM.
In order to identify Libyan university students' use of VLS using both quantitative and qualitative methods, multiple data collection methods were used in the present study: (1) the initial background questionnaire gives the general background information on the participants, and which vocabulary learning strategies they use; (2) the vocabulary level test has been used in order to assess the proficiency level of Libyan students in vocabulary; (3) the teachers' interview and questionnaire have suggested that the English teachers studied were aware of a range of vocabulary learning strategies; (4) the teachers' and learners' diaries show the interaction between the teachers, the learners and the learning context. The diaries are used in research because they can provide more detailed data of language learning in process. And 5) The classroom observation and stimulated recall interview (both stimulated recall methodology (SRM)) are addressed in chapter 8 in order to provide a complete detailed insight into what it is happening into foreign language classrooms. SRM can provide in-depth data about classroom process events, activities, instructions, and techniques that occurred in learning a foreign language. First, the subjects are observed and videotaped to record what the participants actually do in order to learn vocabulary. Then the researcher plays back the tape for them to provide feedback on their learning in the classroom. In chapter 9 the results of this method are analysed and then are compared with the results obtained from other methods in order to show the significance of this research method (SRM) in assessing VLS used in Libyan classrooms.
Finally, at the end of this thesis, the conclusion and recommendations will represent the theoretical considerations of the research study and summarize their results. The discussion of the results suggests several important recommendations for the learning and teaching of vocabulary learning strategies for the Libyan university students and other similar contexts.


The growth performance of coral reef fish juveniles collected in different habitats is often used as a proxy for habitat quality for juveniles. However, back-calculated growth trajectories of juve- niles may be age-structured, for instance, because of potential differences in initial offspring size and/or quality or size-selective mortality. A novel approach is proposed to isolate growth performance of coral reef fish juveniles from potential age-based factors. Juveniles of Chromis viridis (Pomacentri- dae), Lethrinus genivittatus (Lethrinidae) and Siganus fuscescens (Siganidae) were collected from waters around inshore and offshore islets in a coral reef lagoon. Individual growth trajectories were back-calculated from otolith increments and compared with repeated-measures generalised linear models (RM-GLMs). Settlement marks in otoliths were used to differentiate larval and juvenile growth trajectories for each individual. For the 3 species, fish from around the offshore islet presented signifi- cantly larger size-at-age during their larval stage than those from from around the inshore islet. Juve- niles of L. genivittatus and S. fuscescens from around the offshore islet remained larger than inshore juveniles at the same age, while growth curves of C. viridis from the 2 islets crossed at settlement so that inshore fish were larger as juveniles than offshore individuals. RM-GLMs revealed that the growth trajectory was significantly age-structured for C. viridis only. These results suggest that post-settlement age may be used as a covariate in comparative analyses of larval growth in order to isolate growth per- formance from potential age-based factors.


1024x768 Titles are most important in terms of information they carry about the text, the film, radio programme, etc. Translation of titles is a challenging task that is fulfilled by employing specific translation methods. The aim of the theoretical part of this article is to present the problem of title translation into the target language, to give an overview of major translation theories and methods used in the translation of film titles and titles in general. The practical analysis in the article is based on Vinay and Darbelnet's model of translation procedures. The model was applied for the contrastive analysis of the translation of comedy and thriller titles into Lithuanian and Russian in order: a) to compare the translation methods used to translate the same film title into the two languages, b) to identify the most commonly used translation methods for both genres and both target languages, and c) to determine whether or not the genre has any influence on the selection of the translation method. The research has shown that literal translation is the most frequently used translation procedure in the translation of comedy titles into Lithuanian and in the translation of thriller titles into Lithuanian and Russian and is the first procedure by frequency of usage overall. The statistical data allows to state that in the translation of film titles transcreation is much more frequent in the Russian translation, as compared to the Lithuanian translation. When compared by genre, the distribution of the statistical data varied, thereby allowing to state that the genre may have a specific influence on the choice of translation procedures.  Normal 0 19 false false false


A Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) is capable of agile motion in 3D making it an ideal platform for developments of planning and control algorithms. For fully autonomous MAV systems, it is essential to plan motions that are both dynamically feasible and collision-free in cluttered environments. Recent work demonstrates precise control of MAVs using time-parameterized trajectories that satisfy feasibility and safety requirements. However, planning such trajectories is non-trivial, especially when considering constraints, such as optimality and completeness. For navigating in unknown environments, the capability for fast re-planning is also critical. Considering all of these requirements, motion planning for MAVs is a challenging problem. In this thesis, we examine trajectory planning algorithms for MAVs and present methodologies that solve a wide range of planning problems. We first introduce path planning and geometric control methods, which produce spatial paths that are inadequate for high speed flight, but can be used to guide trajectory optimization. We then describe optimization-based trajectory planning and demonstrate this method for solving navigation problems in complex 3D environments. When the initial state is not fixed, an optimization-based method is prone to generate sub-optimal trajectories. To address this challenge, we propose a search-based approach using motion primitives to plan resolution complete and sub-optimal trajectories. This algorithm can also be used to solve planning problems with constraints such as motion uncertainty, limited field-of-view and moving obstacles. The proposed methods can run in real time and are applicable for real-world autonomous navigation, even with limited on-board computational resources. This thesis includes a carefully analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of our planning paradigm and algorithms, and demonstration of their performance through simulation and experiments. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics First Advisor Vijay Kumar


In this study, the use of low irradiation ultrasonic microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) on lipases mixed with anhydrous milk fat (AMF) or anhydrous buffalo milk fat (ABF), with the aim of hydrolyzing triacylglycerols (TAGs), especially those containing short chain fatty acids, is reported. Lipozyme-435, Novozyme-435 and Thermomyces lanuginosus were mixed with phosphate buffer and either AMF or ABF in a jacketed flask. The reaction mixtures were exposed to low irradiation UMAE under temperature control (50 °C ± 2 °C) for 45 minutes. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Qu-ToF-MS) was used to analyze TAG in AMF and ABF after lipolysis. The re-distribution was evidenced by the presence of a higher percentage of TAGs with at least two medium-chain fatty acids and one long-chain fatty acid, and a high percentage of TAGs with long-chain fatty acids as a consequence of a decreased percentage of TAGs with short-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, the melting and crystallization profiles were modified in both AMF and ABF treated with lipases in comparison to just AMF or ABF.


Using a moveable loudspeaker and an implanted microphone, we studied the sound pressure transformation of the external ears of 47 species of bats from 13 families. We compared pinna gain, directionality of hearing and interaural intensity differences (IID) in echolocating and non-echolocating bats, in species using different echolocation strategies and in species that depend upon prey-generated sounds to locate their targets. In the Pteropodidae, two echolocating species had slightly higher directionality than a non-echolocating species. The ears of phyllostomid and vespertilionid species showed moderate directionality. In the Mormoopidae, the ear directionality of Pteronotus parnellii clearly matched the dominant spectral component of its echolocation calls, unlike the situation in three other species. Species in the Emballonuridae, Molossidae, Rhinopomatidae and two vespertilionids that use narrow-band search-phase echolocation calls showed increasingly sharp tuning of the pinna to the main frequency of their signals. Similar tuning was most evident in Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae, species specialized for flutter detection via Doppler-shifted echoes of high-duty-cycle narrow-band signals. The large pinnae of bats that use prey-generated sounds to find their targets supply high sound pressure gain at lower frequencies. Increasing domination of a narrow spectral band in echolocation is reflected in the passive acoustic properties of the external ears (sharper directionality). The importance of IIDs for lateralization and horizontal localization is discussed by comparing the behavioural directional performance of bats with their bioacoustical features.


In battery-powered portable devices, the most important design goal is maximizing the battery lifetime. This paper proposes a battery-aware task scheduling algorithm with dynamic priority assignment (DPA) to extend battery lifetime. Experiments show that compared with traditional task scheduling algorithms with static priority assignment (SPA), the proposed algorithm efficiently reduces battery cost (by up to 20.23%) and extends battery lifetime. Also, the proposed algorithm reduces complexity by average 37.45% and 4.6% compared with the most classical two SPA-based algorithms.


Millions of infants are born prematurely every year worldwide. Prematurity, particularly at lower gestational ages, is associated with high mortality and morbidity and is a significant global health burden. Pregnancy complications and preterm birth syndrome strongly impact neonatal clinical phenotypes and outcomes. The vascular endothelium is a pivotal regulator of fetal growth and development. In recent years, the key role of uteroplacental pathologies impairing endothelial homeostasis is emerging. Conditions leading to very and extremely preterm birth can be classified into two main pathophysiological patterns or endotypes: infection/inflammation and dysfunctional placentation. The first is frequently related to chorioamnionitis, whereas the second is commonly associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and fetal growth restriction. The nature, timing, and extent of prenatal noxa may alter fetal and neonatal endothelial phenotype and functions. Changes in the luminal surface, oxidative stress, growth factors imbalance, and dysregulation of permeability and vascular tone are the leading causes of endothelial dysfunction in preterm infants. However, the available evidence regarding endothelial physiology and damage is limited in neonates compared to adults. Herein, we discuss the current knowledge on endothelial dysfunction in the infectious/inflammatory and dysfunctional placentation endotypes of prematurity, summarizing their molecular features, available biomarkers, and clinical impact. Furthermore, knowledge gaps, shadows, and future research perspectives are highlighted.


In this article, the development of high-order semi-implicit interpolation schemes for convection terms on unstructured grids is presented. It is based on weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) reconstructions which can be applied to the evaluation of any field in finite volumes using its known cell-averaged values. Here, the algorithm handles convex cells in arbitrary three-dimensional meshes. The implementation is parallelized using the Message Passing Interface. All schemes are embedded in the code structure of OpenFOAM® resulting in the access to a huge open-source community and the applicability to high-level programming. Several verification cases and applications of the scalar advection equation and the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations show the improved accuracy of the WENO approach due to a mapping of the stencil to a reference space without scaling effects. An efficiency analysis indicates an increased computational effort of high-order schemes in comparison to available high-resolution methods. However, the reconstruction time can be efficiently decreased when more processors are used.


Background.
 Small conductance Ca
 2+
 -activated K
 +
 (SK) channels play significant roles in regulating the excitability of cardiomyocytes (CMs). SK channels are unique in that they are gated solely by intracellular Ca
 2+
 and hence, function to integrate intracellular Ca
 2+
 and membrane potentials on a beat-to-beat basis in the heart. Our previous studies revealed that cardiac SK2 channels coupled with L-type Ca
 2+
 channels (LTCCs) through a physical bridge, α-actinin2, suggesting that LTCCs may be functionally coupled with SK2 channels by providing local Ca
 2+
 domain to activate the SK channels. However, a recent study suggested that sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca
 2+
 release is necessary and sufficient for the activation of cardiac SK channels. The objective of the study is to examine the mechanisms of SK channel activation in native CMs.

 Methods and Results.
 By using a voltage-clamp protocol in rabbit CMs to activate LTCCs followed immediately by a test voltage to monitor the SK currents, we recorded apamin-sensitive SK currents in response to the Ca
 2+
 influx. By altering the duration of activation of LTCCs, the activation of SK currents as a function of the increasing Ca
 2+
 influx was quantified. EGTA or BAPTA were then used to test the intracellular Ca
 2+
 domain necessary for SK channel activation. BAPTA but not EGTA completely disengaged the coupling between LTCCs and SK channels. SK currents coupled with Ca
 2+
 influx
 via
 LTCCs continued to be elicited after application of caffeine, ryanodine or thapsigargin to deplete SR Ca
 2+
 store, suggesting that LTCCs provide the immediate Ca
 2+
 microdomain for the activation of SK channels in CMs. Super-resolution imaging of SK2, Ca
 v
 1.2, and ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) using stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy was performed to directly quantify the distance among SK, LTCC and RyR2 in CMs.

 Conclusion.
 Ca
 2+
 influx through LTCCs provides the immediate and efficient Ca
 2+
 microdomain for the activation of SK channels. Furthermore, changes in SK channel activation kinetics following SR Ca
 2+
 depletion suggest both LTCC-mediated Ca
 2+
 influx and SR Ca
 2+
 release are necessary for the activation of cardiac SK channels.

 Funded by NIH (R01 HL085727 and R01 HL085844 to NC), VA (I01 BX000576 to NC) and AHA (14BGIA18870087 to XZ).


It is commonly accepted – not only in the philosophical literature but also in daily life – that ignorance is a failure of some sort. As a result, a desideratum of any ontological account of ignorance is that it must be able to explain why there is something wrong with being ignorant of a true proposition. This article shows two things. First, two influential accounts of ignorance – the Knowledge Account and the True Belief Account – do not satisfy this requirement. They fail to provide a satisfying normative account of the badness of ignorance. Second, this article suggests an alternative explanation of what makes ignorance a bad cognitive state. In a nutshell, ignorance is bad because it is the manifestation of a vice, namely, of what Cassam calls "epistemic insouciance".


The paper seeks to examine the complexity of organisational learning, in particular, what is the relationship between collective learning and the development of work practices. The paper suggests that, through the use and development of artefacts, one can mediate this activity, which is a key for understanding learning and work practices. Artefacts reveal the dynamic nature of learning by providing explanations as to why learning is a political and social process. The contention of this paper is that artefacts are deeply embedded in social interactions and, as such the authors set out to explore their role within learning processes.


Abstract The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List considers Batagur baska regionally extinct in Myanmar owing to the paucity of recent records. We conducted field surveys in coastal regions of Myanmar during 2004 and verified the occurrence of small populations of B. baska at scattered localities in Mon State, and Tanintharyi and Ayeyarwady Divisions. We attribute the continued persistence of these populations to a combination of local religious beliefs that discourage the capture of turtles and areas of armed conflict between government forces and Mon insurgents where fishermen can venture only at great personal risk.


Purpose: In the present study we analysed the effect of comprehensive nursing intervention for patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage treated by minimally invasive surgery.
Method: We collected and analysed the clinical data of 2600 patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage, who were received by hospitals from June 2013 to January 2016. These patients were randomly divided into two groups with equal number of patients, and both groups of patients were treated with minimally invasive surgery. After surgery, the two groups were applied with different nursing methods and named as comprehensive nursing group and control group, respectively. There are 1300 patients in each group. We compared two groups in terms of SAS and SDS scores, Fugl-Meyer score, and Barthel index before and after nursing treatment.
Results: It was evident after nursing therapy, there are significant improvements for both groups in terms of SAS and SDS scores, Fugl-Meyer score, and Barthel index, wherein the comprehensive nursing group enjoys a higher degree of improvement. These parameters before and after nursing treatment are of statistical significance (P<0.05). Both groups of patients are subjected to different degrees of urinary infection and pulmonary infection during treatment, and the comparison between control group and comprehensive nursing group is of significant difference, P<0.05.
Conclusion: After performing minimally invasive surgery for patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage, it is necessary to adopt comprehensive nursing intervention, which can significantly improve the psychological status and movement function of the patients. Therefore it should strengthen the application of comprehensive nursing intervention in clinical practice.


The change-point problem originates from the applied research area of industry. Many approaches have been proposed in literature to solve the change point problems, such as likelihood method, Bayesian method, nonparametric method, information criterion method, and etc. However, these existing approaches mostly have to know the distribution or the number of the change point of observations in a process previously. And they also need a certain amount of historical data. However, data from most practical processes contain information both in time domain and frequency domain. The distributions of the data or the number of the change point the data have are always unknown. In this case, the wavelet theory is more capable of solving the change point problem then other existing approaches. In this paper, we present an approach for how to use the wavelet theory to find out change points in a time series, including the probability analysis, the identification of a change point, the method of choosing types of wavelet, and a general frame work of this approach. A case study is carried out to show that the wavelet method suggested in this paper has good properties.


Riddle's Court, a former merchant's house situated off the Royal Mile, Lawnmarket, Edinburgh, underwent major refurbishment and transformation into the Patrick Geddes Centre for Learning from 2015 to 2017. The results from historical research, building survey and architectural watching briefs are as yet unparalleled, as no other building on the Royal Mile has received the level of historical and archaeological research carried out at Riddle's Court.
In the late 16th century much of the Royal Mile was a plethora of mainly stone and timber-framed houses. However, Riddle's Court was an amalgam of predominantly ashlar and rubble construction with tall thatched roofs with dormer windows. Slate was a later addition in the early 18th century. The interior of the complex was furnished with several turnpike staircases of which only one now survives. During the 17th and 18th centuries Riddle's Court was bedecked with all the fine trappings of a country mansion house and was occupied by major and minor aristocracy until the late 18th century. The status of the building was further elevated by its earlier royal connections that led to its partial remodelling for ceremonial purposes. A legacy of a lavish royal banquet in honour of King James VI of Scotland (James I of England) and his bride Queen Anne of Denmark was a painted ceiling in the so-called 'King's Chamber' which commemorated their royal union. This ornate and historically significant painted beam and board ceiling was discovered in the 1960s during a period of building renovation by Edinburgh City Council. The ceiling was restored and is a focal point among a large collection of ornate plaster and painted ceilings. Subsequent removal of more modern lined ceilings during the present refurbishment led to the discovery of three more painted beam and board ceilings, and a concealed fireplace and bread oven that are rare survivors within not only the Royal Mile but elsewhere in Scotland. The presence of so much hitherto unrecorded artwork has significantly raised the importance of the Court's North Block.


Abstract We examined mitochondrial DNA (COI) variability and distribution of Stereotydeus spp. in Victoria Land and the Transantarctic Mountains, and constructed Neighbour Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic trees using all publicly available COI sequences for the three Stereotydeus species present (S. belli, S. mollis and S. shoupi). We also included new COI sequences from Miers, Marshall and Garwood valleys in southern Victoria Land (78°S), as well as from the Darwin (79°S) and Beardmore Glacier (83°S) regions. Both NJ and ML methods produced trees which were similar in topology differing only in the placement of the single available S. belli sequence from Cape Hallett (72°S) and a S. mollis haplotype from Miers Valley. Pairwise sequence divergences among species ranged from 9.5–18.1%. NJ and ML grouped S. shoupi from the Beardmore Glacier region as sister to those from the Darwin with pairwise divergences of 8%. These individuals formed a monophyletic clade with high bootstrap support basal to S. mollis and S. belli. Based on these new data, we suggest that the distributional range of S. shoupi extends northward to Darwin Glacier and that a barrier to dispersal for Stereotydeus, and possibly other arthropods, exists immediately to the north of this area.


Up-conversion luminescence (UCL) from rare-earth doped oxide (RE) films has great potential for application in fields such as solar cells, bioanalysis, or display technologies. However, the relatively high phonon energy of oxide matrices usually facilitates nonradiative relaxation leading to low UCL efficiency. Herein, we report a three-layer hierarchical structure of Ag/ZnO nanowires (nw-ZnO)/RE composite films, which enhances the UCL of rare-earth doped oxide films. An optimization of the geometric structure of the composite films demonstrated an increase of UCL by up to almost two orders of magnitude in Er3+ and Tm3+ doped YbMoO4 films. This UCL enhancement is attributed to the formation of a very strong electric field in the tips of the nw-ZnO creating a highly effective electric field at the composite films, combined with reflection at the silver layer. Furthermore, we use the UCL properties of these novel Ag/nw-ZnO/RE composite films to demonstrate their possible use in ZnO-based photocatalytic processes to enhance the utilization of near-infrared sunlight in these devices.

publisher-specific, author manuscript: http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use


In recent years the geographic state of Tennessee in the United States has acquired a national notoriety and shameful reputation as a toxic place on issues of sex and gender (Mehra 2011; Mehra and Braquet, in press; Mehra and Braquet, 2011; Mehra and Braquet, 2007a, 2007b; Mehra and Braquet, 2006), especially owing to the infamous "Don't Say Gay" bill that thankfully died a second death when lawmakers failed to pass the measure banning elementary and middle-school teachers from discussing sexual activity that is not "related to natural human reproduction" (Ford, 2013; McDonough, 2013; Staff Reports, 2013). In the light of such failed, yet repressive and homophobic efforts, how are the state's school, public, and academic libraries representing the needs and concerns of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people in providing web access and coverage of information related to this marginalized population in a region that proudly identifies itself as the buckle of the conservative Bible-belt in the United States. This paper highlights findings from an exploratory website study to identify key trends, best practices, and case representations across different types of library environments of LGBTQ information resources, collections, programs, and services. It shows how library agencies around the state have the potential to serve as virtual spaces of resistance and protectors of human rights of LGBTQ people against the dictates of hegemonic, prejudiced, and hateful regime representatives and unjust laws.


Summary
Modern agricultural landscapes are dynamic systems with interannually changing proportions of different crop types. However, the effects of spatiotemporal changes in crop area on crop yields and crop–herbivore–antagonist interactions have been rarely considered, in contrast to documented beneficial effects of semi-natural habitats on biological pest control at local and landscape scales. In this study, we examined how the proportion of oilseed rape (OSR) fields in a landscape and the annual increase or decrease in OSR cover due to crop rotation affect OSR herbivores, their natural enemies and crop yield.
During two study years, we examined the abundance of adult and larval pollen beetles, parasitism of pollen beetle larvae by a parasitic ichneumonid and crop yields (seed weight per plant) in the edge and centre of 36 OSR fields. The fields differed in the proportion of OSR in the surrounding landscape at 1-km radius and in the interannual change in the proportion of OSR from the previous year to the respective study year.
Adult pollen beetle abundance decreased in one study year and larval pollen beetle abundance and parasitism rates decreased in both study years with spatially increasing OSR proportion in the landscape, indicating dilution effects on both trophic levels. Crop yield was positively affected by spatially increasing proportions of OSR. An interannual increase in the proportion of OSR led to the dilution of pest species, but had no significant effect on yield or parasitism rate.
Synthesis and applications. The negative effects of pollen beetles on yields despite regular insecticide applications underpin the need for improved techniques for controlling this pest. Our results emphasize the potential to enhance crop yields by the management of spatiotemporal crop cover dynamics within landscapes. We recommend that future management schemes should coordinate the spatial aggregation and annual dynamics of oilseed rape (OSR) cover in a landscape as a potential way to reduce pest impacts in intensively managed OSR fields.


A novel bulk click polymerization (BCP) approach was determined to prepare alternative multiblock copolymers (AMCs). Poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were first modified into azide and alkyne terminated macromonomers by esterification, respectively. Subsequent azide–alkyne click polymerization of the two macromonomers in bulk without any solvents using CuBr/N,N,N′,N′′,N′′-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) as a catalyst system afforded AMCs with higher degrees of polymerization (DPs) than those obtained via solution polymerization (SP) in the control experiments. Through this approach, within 1 h (normally 5 min), AMCs were obtained with high DPs of up to 16, as revealed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Studies on the thermal properties of the AMCs showed that the alternating structure confined the crystallizations of the PCL and PEG blocks. The solution self-assembly behavior of the amphiphilic AMCs was investigated for the first time, and interesting structures such as globules, fibers, and worms were observed by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Additionally, hyperbranched AMCs were also prepared via an A2 + B3 strategy.


AIMS
To test the effect of education and support by a nurse on self-care and resource utilization in patients with heart failure.

METHODS
A total of 179 patients (mean age 73, 58% male, NYHA III-IV) hospitalized with heart failure were evaluated prospectively. Patients were randomized to the study intervention or to 'care as usual'. The supportive educative intervention consisted of intensive, systematic and planned education by a study nurse about the consequences of heart failure in daily life, using a standard nursing care plan developed by the researchers for older patients with heart failure. Education and support took place during the hospital stay and at a home visit within a week of discharge. Data were collected on self-care abilities, self-care behaviour, readmissions, visits to the emergency heart centre and use of other health care resources.

RESULTS
Education and support from a nurse in a hospital setting and at home significantly increases self-care behaviour in patients with heart failure. Patients from both the intervention and the control group increased their self-care behaviour within 1 month of discharge, but the increase in the intervention group was significantly more after 1 month. Although self-care behaviour in both groups decreased during the following 8 months, the increase from baseline remained statistically significant in the intervention group, but not in the control group. No significant effects on resource utilization were found.

CONCLUSIONS
Intensive, systematic, tailored and planned education and support by a nurse results in an increase in patients' self-care behaviour. No significant effects were found on use of health care resources. Additional organisational changes, such as longer follow-up and the availability of a heart failure specialist would probably enhance the effects of education and support.


Cardiac arrhythmias in children are often caused by the presence of an anatomical connection between the atria and ventricles known as accessory pathways. When these pathways conduct impulses antegradely, they manifest themselves as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) but some only conduct retrogradely, in which case the ECG is normal when in sinus rhythm, although they still carry the potential for a re-entrant circuit manifesting in tachycardia. Accessory pathways occur in around 1-5 per thousand population and two thirds are symptomatic. Apart from accessory pathways, there are other forms of re-entrant tachycardias involving the atrioventricular node or the ventricles. In addition, some patients have tachyarrhythmias as a result of an irritable focus either in the atria or ventricles. These mechanisms, once identified and located, can be removed and the risk of tachycardia abolished. Presentation can be in fetal life, at birth, later on in childhood, or adulthood. Some lose the potential to develop arrhythmias as they grow older but may recur later. Less than 3% of arrhythmias in children are fatal or accompanied by major complications, unless associated with congenital or structural heart defects or after cardiac surgery. They are, however, disturbing to the patients and their unpredictability undermines patient and family confidence. Individual attacks may respond to vagal manoeuvres but sustained or recurrent tachycardias require treatment with prophylactic antiarrhythmic drugs with the occasional need for intravenous treatment or direct current (DC) cardioversion for an acute episode. Patents and children find antiarrhythmic drug treatment undesirable and procedures to cure arrhythmias, especially in children are, therefore, very welcome.


Abstract A climatological study of snowfall in the snowbelts of Michigan shows that decade-average amounts varied by a factor of 2 during the period from 1909/10 through 1980/81. The effect of Lake Michigan on total winter snowfall along its shores has been estimated. A long-term average effect of ∼ +10% is found for the Wisconsin shore south of Sheboygan, and an average of ∼ +60% for the Michigan shore, south of Hart, with a minimum effect in the 1930s and a maximum in the 1960s.


: Performance of high strength concrete and ordinary concrete under alternating action of mixed erosion and freeze-thaw cycling were compared. The erosion solution was mixed by weight of 3% sodium chloride and 5% sodium sulfate. Results showed that, after 200 freeze-thaw cycles, the effect of surface scaling of ordinary concrete was more significant than that of high strength concrete, and the mass loss rate of ordinary concrete was much higher; The relative dynamic modulus of elasticity of high strength concrete slightly increased by 2.99%, while that of ordinary concrete decreased more than 13%. Compressive strength and elastic modulus of high strength and ordinary concrete behaved almost in the same way in the first 50 freeze-thaw cycles, with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles in the following test, the compressive strength and elastic modulus of ordinary concrete showed larger reductions than these of high strength concrete. As the freeze-thaw cycles increased, the corresponding strain to the peak stress of high strength concrete decreased, but it increased for ordinary concrete.


Lightweight, autonomous drones are soon expected to be used in a wide variety of tasks such as aerial surveillance, delivery, or monitoring of existing architectures. A large body of literature in robotic perception and control exists. Existing methods are mature, but not robust, therefore hindering drones' deployment in natural environments, like a city or a forest. Indeed, in unstructured and dynamic scenarios, drones face numerous challenges to navigate autonomously in a feasible and safe way. A recent line of research has exploited the "perception-awareness" of deep learning techniques to unlock autonomous flight in uncontrolled environments. This is motivated by the insight that traditional methods relying on global state estimates in the form of robot poses are doomed to fail because of the inherent difficulties of pose estimation at high speed along with their inability to adequately cope with dynamic environments. In this paper, we survey existing learning-based methods for drone navigation and identify open areas of research for future work.


In this study, a new Phase Shifted Full Bridge (PSFB) Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) isolated dc-dc converter is proposed. In the proposed converter, resonant inductor is replaced with Linear Variable Inductor (LVI) that is controlled by output current. The soft switching operation range is increased and the dependency of ZVS operation on the load current is decreased. The required energy for ZVS operation at low current levels is obtained by means of the high value of the LVI. The value of LVI decreases approximately linearly with increasing current. At high current levels parasitic resonance and duty cycle loss are decreased. By selecting the range of the LVI properly, the necessity of the dead time control between gate drive signals of the IGBTs in the lagging leg is eliminated. A prototype of single phase IGBT-based inverter arc welding machine is implemented by using the proposed converter which operates at 75 kHz switching frequency and 5 kW output power. The experimental results taken from the converter show the feasibility of the proposed method.


This study optimised the hydrolysis process of chicken plasma protein and explored the in vivo antioxidant activity of its hydrolysates. The results showed that alkaline protease provided the highest degree of hydrolysis (19.30%), the best antioxidant effect in vitro. The optimal hydrolysis process of alkaline protease was: temperature 50 °C, time 8 h, [E]/[S] 7000 U g−1, pH 7.5. Antioxidant studies in vivo showed that the low, medium, and high dose groups significantly reduced the serum MDA and protein carbonyl content (P < 0.05) and significantly increased the serum SOD and GSH contents (P < 0.05). The results of HE staining of the liver showed that the liver cells in the model group were severely damaged, but the chicken plasma protein hydrolysates could alleviate this pathological damage. Chicken plasma protein hydrolysis products had certain antioxidant activity.


The geographical names are important units, representing the connection with the cultural and historical traditions and national-specific context of a specific time period; due to the inherent cumulative functions they fix and retain the essential features of a variety of information: linguistic, cultural, social, historical, psychological, ethnographic. The article deals with the toponyms, spread on the territory of the Smolensk-Vitebsk borderzone and recorded in modern lexicographical sources (toponymic and dialect dictionaries). The card index of geographical names collected by the author includes 1196 units, 604 of which are registered in the Smolensk border-zone and 592 in the Vitebsk border-zone. The conducted analysis allowed us to identify nine groups of the studied units, depending on the semantics of motivating word. Special attention is paid to the toponyms formed from appellatives associated with industrial activity, which was widely spread on the territory of Smolensk region in different historical periods. These units reflect the linguistic, historical, cultural and economic specifics of Smolensk-Vitebsk border-zone. The toponyms which present the development of mining, brick production, the manufacture of household utensils (glass and clay) are the most frequent. The author reveals that the dialectal units and borrowed words confirming the close language contact among the frontier inhabitants, as well as Slavic vocabulary, were used as appellatives that served as the basis for toponyms. The results of the linguistic and culturological analysis allowed to conclude that the fragment of toponymic system, based on the craft activity of Smolensk-Vitebsk border-zone residents, testified to the community and the interaction between cultures and languages of closely related peoples Russians and Belarusians.


PURPOSE
To investigate the feasibility of volumetric modulated arc therapy with Smart Arc (VMAT-S) for endometrial cancer to achieve equivalent plan quality with higher delivery efficiency, against intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and helical tomotherapy (HT).

METHODS
Nine patients with endometrial cancer were retrospectively studied. Three plans were generated with VMAT-S, IMRT and HT for each patient. The dose distribution of planning target volume (PTV), organs at risk (OARs) and normal tissue were compared. The monitor units (MUs) and treatment delivery time were also evaluated.

RESULTS
The average homogeneity index was 1.06, 1.10 and 1.07 for VMAT-S, IMRT and HT plans. The V40 of rectum, bladder and pelvis bone decreased 9.0%, 3.0%, and 3.0% in VMAT-S compared with IMRT, respectively. The target coverage and OARs sparing were comparable between VMAT-S and HT. The average MU was 823, 1105 and 8403 for VMAT-S, IMRT and HT. The average delivery time was 2.6 minutes, 8.6 minutes, and 9.5 minutes.

CONCLUSION
VMAT-S provided comparable plan quality with significantly shorter delivery time and less MUs compared with IMRT and HT for endometrial cancer. In addition, more homogeneous PTV coverage and superior OARs sparing in the medium to high dose region were observed in VMAT-S over IMRT. Ruijie Yang was funded by the grant project: National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81071237). Junjie Wang, Shouping Xu and Hua Li have no competing interest.


This publication can be the vehicle by which facts, opinions and other higher units of knowledge are represented and conveyed. Through this publication IUCN Nepal would like to facilitate people in improving their knowledge and build common understanding about climate change and to enlighten them about the issues. This resource has deemed to be pertinent as a reference material to help develop common understanding on the various terms that has been introduced in the subject of climate change.


The marketing of milk and milk products by dairy plants of co-operative and private sectors in Tamil Nadu has been compared. The study is based on the data collected for toned milk, standardized milk, full cream milk, flavoured milk, butter and ghee from the selected co-operative and private dairy plants of the Coimbatore district for the financial year 2001-2002. It has been found that the marketing cost for toned milk is same in both the dairy plants , whereas it is higher for standardized milk, full cream milk and flavoured milk in the co-operative dairy plant. The marketing cost has been found less in the cooperative plant for products like butter and ghee . All the dairy products earn more marketing margins in the private than co-operative dairy plant, except for toned milk .The marketing efficiency of cooperative dairy plant for all dairy products has been observed relatively less than that of private dairy plant, except toned milk .The study has suggested the development of co-operative dairy industry in a sustainable manner, the co-operative dairy plants should formulate long-term vision and strategy. The study has observed that value addition in dairy products should be done without compromising the quality and consumer-oriented market research and development should be accorded greater attention .


Background: Maternal mortality ratio of Nepal is one of the highest (380/100000 live births) among the South East Asian countries, where majority of the births take place at home without the assistance of skilled attendant. Latest estimates revealed that only 36.0% births were attended by skilled attendants in Nepal. Objective: To examine the pattern of institutional deliveries among the mothers in Dadeldhura District of Nepal. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted in Dadeldhura district during October 2012 to March 2013 among 516 mothers who delivered within last 1 year. In addition, 3 years records of District Health Office, Dadeldhura were reviewed. Data were collected by trained enumerators through face to face interview using structured interview schedule. Data were analyzed by SPSS (17.0 versions). Percentage, mean, median, standard deviation, and range were calculated. Results: Mean age of the participants was 24.76 ± 3.77 years. The combined proportion of Dalit and Chhetri was 82.8%. About 17.6% participants were illiterates and 81.6% agriculture workers. About 95% had done one time antenatal care (ANC) visit, while only 64.8% had four time ANC visits during index pregnancy. Majority (82.2%) had received ANC services from primary level health facilities. Almost 77.3% had institutional delivery; among them 59.6% delivered at primary level health facilities. About two-third went to facility on foot, where 45.4% accessed delivery care from a health facility with an approximate distance of >5 km. Almost 55.0% had knowledge of at least one complication occurring during delivery and 74.0% were known about the safe delivery incentive program. Conclusions: Institutional delivery rate was good (77.3%) as against national average (37.0%). Majority (59.6%) had delivery at primary level health facilities. Three quarters were known about Safe Delivery Incentive Programme. Strengthening the capacity of primary level health care facilities in terms of skilled attendants and materials to cater the growing acceptance of local level health facility is recommended to scale up safe delivery practices.


This study was conducted to determine the physical properties of turpentine and gum rosin derived from oleoresin tapped with borehole method. The research material is derived oleoresin from Aceh provenance pine and Jember landrace. The test results of the physical properties of turpentine are as follows; color: clear, specific gravity 0.84-0.85, refraction index 1.46, negative fatty oil, flash point 34-35.5°C, residual evaporation 1.2-1.6%,  and optical round + 32.2-32.4 o . Result of test of physical properties of gum rosin: color X (main), softening point 76.0-76.5°C, impurity 0.0014-0.0051%, acid value 179.5-188.5, saponification value 188.7-194.3, iodine number 9.6-9.8, ash content 0.001-0.005% and volatile turpentine content 2.1-2.4%. Keywords: Aceh provenance pine, borehole method, gum rosin, turpentine.


Previous studies reported that diabetes alters the activities of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, which, in turn, affects the disposition of some drugs. We herein examined and compared the effects of the combination of dapagliflozin with a low insulin dose, a full dose of insulin alone, and dapagliflozin alone for 3 and 8 weeks on CYP activities in a diabetes type 1 rat model. We induced type 1 diabetes in rats using a single intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). Daily treatment with the full dose of insulin alone, dapagliflozin alone, or dapagliflozin in combination with a low dose of insulin was then initiated. STZ-induced rats developed marked hyperglycemia and altered CYP2E activities. Dapagliflozin in combination with a low dose of insulin stabilized hyperglycemia and CYP1A, 2D, 2E and 3A activities. However, dapagliflozin alone did not improve blood glucose levels or CYP activities. These results suggest that the effects of dapagliflozin in combination with a low dose of insulin are similar to those of a full dose of insulin, and stabilize CYP activities in type 1 diabetes.


Abstract
Objective - Over the last decade, many academic libraries have hired data professionals to offer research data services. As these positions often require different types of experience than traditional librarian positions, there is an increased interest in hiring professionals from outside the typical library and information science (LIS) pipeline. More broadly, there has also been an increased interest in academic libraries and higher education to incorporate the principles and practices of diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEI&A) into their work. These phenomena allow an opportunity to examine the growing area of data professionals and library hiring practices through the lens of DEI&A. Data was collected from 180 data professional job positions, including education, experiences, and skills, to better understand the evolving and complex landscape of data professionals and to provide evidence based recommendations regarding how the profession can enact meaningful and lasting change in the areas of DEI&A.
Methods - The qualifications and responsibilities listed in data professional job postings from 2013 to 2018 were examined. Prior to analyzing the job postings, a codebook of 43 variables was developed. The 177 data professional job postings (corresponding to 180 positions) were independently analyzed, noting the presence of each variable, including the locations and the degrees of complexity sought. After coding, discrepancies were mutually resolved. Overall, the coding process had 94% intercoder agreement, which indicates a high level of agreement.
Results - Over one-third of postings (n = 63, 35%) did not use the word "librarian" in the job title. Eighty-eight percent (n = 159) required a Master's in LIS degree, but 67% (n = 119) also accepted an equivalent degree. Over half of the positions (n = 108, 60%) were also looking for an additional degree, most frequently a graduate degree. The median salary of the positions listing a quantitative value was $57,000; however, this value may not be accurate because only 26% of job positions (n = 47) gave a quantitative salary. From the research data management skills mentioned, general data management (n = 155, 86%), data repositories (n = 122, 68%), and data curation (n = 101, 56%) appeared most frequently. Libraries were also looking for traditional LIS skills and experiences, including instruction (n = 138, 77%), consultation (n = 121, 67%), and a public services perspective (n = 69, 38%).
Conclusion - The results show that academic libraries are trying to recruit candidates from outside the traditional academic library pipeline. Research data activities (a non-traditional area for LIS) and traditional LIS areas were both frequently mentioned. Overall, these job positions should be written through a more intentional lens of DEI&A. This would help to make data professional positions more diverse and inclusive, while also helping academic libraries to reach their goal of recruiting outside of LIS. A set of concrete DEI&A recommendations are provided that are applicable for writing all library positions, so that readers can put these results into action and enact meaningful change within the profession.


We perform a sensitivity study on the ventilation effect of large hydrometeors, namely, raindrops, snow aggregates, and hail in a cloud-resolving model. The ventilation effect could accelerate the heat and mass transfer rates between vapor and falling hydrometeors. It causes the falling hydrometeors to grow (in a supersaturated environment) and dissipate (in a subsaturated environment) faster than the stationary ones. The parameterizations of the ventilation effect on hydrometeors in a cloud model is critical as it could dramatically alter the structure and the lifespan of the simulated storm. Enhancing the ventilation coefficients of falling hydrometeors leads to a longer-lived storm featured by apparent storm splitting. The temporal evolution of hail density fluctuates greater than the default case (the control case) indicating both stronger deposition and sublimation in hail microphysical processes. However, both rainfall and hailfall become less intense than the control run. In contrast, reducing the ventilation effect causes moderate evaporation of raindrops as they fall through subsaturated air. Consequently, the concentration and precipitation rate of raindrops increase near the surface. Strong downdraft accompanying the heavy rainfall cuts off the low-level inflow of unstable moist air into the storm and results in early dissipation of the storm.