Child welfare agencies need to present strong, compelling cases in court to ensure safety and permanence for children. Yet all too often, agency legal representation is not at the level it could be. This book helps child welfare agency attorney offices focus on necessary changes, such as hiring practices, evaluation processes, standards of practice, and efficient use of resources, to improve the level of representation and effective implementation of the federal Adoption and Safe Families Act. It highlights agency attorney offices around the country using creative and innovative methods to provide strong representation, and includes appendices containing such practical information as useful Web sites and forms.


In order to make the resistance underwater as small as possible, the shape of cavitator has been studied, and supercavitation resistance and drag reduction which related to the foreign experimental results is discussed. In this paper, first the super-cavity underwater body shape is optimized. we analyzed the super-cavity flow model and has gain cavity's radius function in the optimization, then use the path of least resistance, which result in Mathematical modeling with the largest cavity volume by the double goals of optimizing, and the constraints are given.


Human face detection and recognition are challenged questions in pattern recognition field. After the facial features such as eyes, nose and mouth are detected in an image which contains a face, the rectangle area surrounding facial features is obtained. The pixels number of the rectangle area is large and the intensity values of these pixels are often treated as a feature vector. It is very important to drop the dimension of the vector for an effective recognition. Three means for dimensional reduction in the feature extraction field are often used, including average values of weighted intensity, wavelet transform and principle component analysis. The compact face feature vector is the eigenvector to be recognized. A face recognition method using ART2 is proposed in the paper. Experiment results show that it is preferable in recognition as well as it could increase or decrease samples rapidly.


Recent studies have suggested that reproductive interference, a deleterious interspecific interaction in the mating process, plays an important role in biological invasions. In the system of plant species, however, the border with the pollen limitation has often been vague in past studies. This study, using field and laboratory experiments and field observations, examined the reproductive success of an endangered native herbaceous plant, Veronica polita lilacina, in the context of the reproductive interference by the alien congener, V. persica. The auto-pollination experiment confirmed that both species can usually produce seeds even without external conspecific pollens. Results of the artificial pollination experiment demonstrated that pollination with the heterospecific pollens significantly decreases the number of seeds in the native species, but not in the alien species. A transplant experiment revealed that the coexistence with the alien species reduced the fruiting success of the native species. Field observations have shown the interaction between two species in the native patch with only one intruding alien species. They demonstrated that native individuals placed closer to the alien individual suffered a greater decrease in fruiting success and the seed production and that the alien intruder produced no seed. These results demonstrate that species that could reproduce via the auto-pollination suffered the reproductive interference and that the native species also exert the resistive reproductive interference slightly. These interactions can explain the displacement pattern of the native species by the alien congener in Japan.


A neuron MOS (νMOS) vision chip was designed and fabricated for developing high-speed parallel image-processing systems based on cellular-automaton processing. The chip consists of cellular νMOS circuits that implement two fundamental functions in digital image processing: i) cleaning up noise in binary images and ii) detecting edges in the images, in addition to photosensing and image quantizing. Experimental results reveal that the fabricated chip successfully extracted edges from noisy inputs, which demonstrates the great potential of the νMOS vision chip in future image-processing applications.


Grasshoppers and locusts are well known crop and pasture pests throughout the world. Periodically they cause extensive damage to large areas of crops and grazing lands, which often exacerbate food shortage issues in many countries. In South Africa, acridid outbreaks rarely reach economic proportions, but in sugarcane plantations, localized outbreaks of native acridid species have been reported for the last eight years with increasing frequency and intensity in certain areas. This study was undertaken from May 2012 to May 2013 to identify the economically important acridid species in the sugarcane agroecosystem in these outbreak areas, to monitor seasonal activity patterns, to assess sampling methods, and to determine the pest status of the major species through damage ratings. Five acridid species of particular importance were identified: Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serville), Petamella prosternalis (Karny), Ornithacris cyanea (Stoll), Cataloipus zuluensis Sjötedt, and Cyrtacanthacris aeruginosa (Stoll). All species are univoltine. Petamella prosternalis was the most abundant species and exhibited a winter egg diapause, while N. septemfasciata, the second most abundant species, exhibited a winter reproductive diapause. Petamella prosternalis and N. septemfasciata were significantly correlated with the damage-rating index, suggesting that these two species were responsible for most of the feeding damage found on sugarcane. This study, for the first time, identified the acridid species complex causing damage to sugarcane in the Zululand area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and documented their population characteristics and related damage. These data are important information on which to base sound integrated pest management strategies.


In late 2006, New Zealand's Parliament inserted Section 68 into the nation's Evidence Act 2006, providing for the first time a testimonial privilege specifically protecting journalists from compelled disclosure of their confidential sources. The privilege, commonly referred to as a shield law, has been met with approval from politicians, media commentators, and journalists, both in New Zealand and beyond. While New Zealand's reporter shield law goes a long way toward extending press freedoms, it ultimately falls short of the country's historically robust commitment to the free flow of information. Section 68's most glaring shortcoming is the ease with which a judge can tear down its protections. A judicial determination that the public interest in the disclosure of the source outweighs the public interest in maintaining confidentiality will pierce the shield. Unfortunately, balancing tests such as the one codified in Section 68 have a track record of exploitation, often with fair trial concerns overriding free expression. In that light, Section 68 should be strengthened for three purposes: 1) to reflect the nation's longstanding commitment to a free and vibrant media, 2) to satisfy the requirements of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, and 3) to accord with effective models from other democratic governments. Two relevant sources the country could mine for guidance include United States federal law and the newly enacted shield law in Washington State. New Zealand would be well served by observing not only the protective innovations of the two models, but also their shortcomings. The federal status quo in the U.S., should serve as a cautionary tale, both from policy and legal standpoints. Washington State's statute on the other hand, strikes an appropriate balance between the public interest in disclosure and the public interest in protecting journalists' sources.


Aging has been broadly defined as a functional decline that progresses with time and leads to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death. Cellular senescence is one of the main factors involved in this age-related functional decline and it has been shown that the percentage of senescent cells in tissues increases with age in different organs and in age-related disorders. Therefore, cellular senescence has been characterized as one of the hallmarks of aging. Consistent with this, elimination of senescent cells could ameliorate the negative effects of ageing, as it has already been shown in mouse models. However, the currently available methods of targeting and eliminating senescent cells lack specificity and have off-target effects. The first barrier that slows the development of anti-senescent drugs is lack of specific markers for senescence. To overcome this issue, we validated VPS26A, EBP50 and PLD3, which were recently identified in a screen of proteins specifically upregulated in senescent cells. Moreover, we propose novel approaches to target and eliminate senescent cells. Our first approach is an Antibody Drug Conjugates that specifically identifies and directly eliminates senescent cells through a marker expressed in their plasma membrane. Second, we used senoblocking, a strategy that aims to block cellular senescence before it occurs. For that purpose, we treated a progeroid mouse model with Ibrutinib, a clinically available BTK inhibitor. It has been previously hown that BTK inhibition interrupts cellular senescence. The treatment resulted in an improvement of healthspan and protection of a decline in brain and skeletal muscle performance. The third approach tested relied on the combinations of BCL-XL inhibitors, A1331852 and 9-hydroxyellipiticine, that synergistically kill senescent cells. The results from our research introduce novel promising therapeutic interventions for the elimination of senescent cells which could find a translational application in the future.


This paper presents findings of research into teachers' vocational learning using professional development experiences in two schools in Darwin, Northern Territory. Part of the Northern Territory government's 'Building better schools' initiative is about establishing Communities of Practice they call 'Professional Learning Communities' (PLCs) to enable teachers to develop and share models of best practice through Territory-wide communities of practice. The paper explores teachers' perceptions of professional development (PD) in terms of what is effective for them. It attempts to determine whether these professional learning experiences include elements of professional learning communities. It therefore informs the discussion around the implementation of the 'Building better schools' initiative and for the theory and practice of the research about communities of practice by providing an indication of the breadth of PD experiences of staff and their likely acceptance of PLC models. For perhaps the first time ever, evidence is presented for the scope and nature of the characteristics that differentiate traditional models from PLC models, which may then be used as benchmarks for assessing the 'fit' of programs that may be recommended for funding. There are implications for the professional development of VET staff as well as for national and state policy bodies concerned with the effectiveness of PD in enabling change.


Inference of Markov networks from finite sets of sample strings is formulated using dynamic programming. Strings are installed in a network sequentially via optimal string-to-network alignments computed with a dynamic programming matrix, the cost function of which uses relative frequency estimates of transition probabilities to emphasize landmark substrings common to the sample set. Properties of an inferred network are described and the method is illustrated with artificial data and with data representing banded human chromosomes.


Objective. To determine whether musculoskeletal pain was associated with impaired sexual function in a population sample of middle-aged and older men. Methods. The European Male Ageing Study (EMAS), a multicenter population-based study of men aged 40–79 years, was used to investigate this hypothesis. A questionnaire asked about the presence and duration of musculoskeletal pain, allowing subjects to be classified into 1 of 3 groups: those reporting chronic widespread pain (CWP), those reporting pain but not CWP ("some pain"), and those with no pain. Subjects completed a sexual function questionnaire from which 3 domains were considered: overall sexual functioning (OSF), sexual functioning-related distress (SFD), and change in sexual functioning compared to 1 year ago (CSF). Results. A total of 3206 men [mean age 60 (SD 11) yrs] had complete data on pain status. Of these, 8.7% had CWP and 50.34% had "some pain." Pain was associated with lower OSF, and higher SFD and CSF scores. After adjustment for putative confounding factors, the associations became non-significant with OSF and CSF but persisted for SFD. Associations between pain status and some items within the sexual functioning domains, including frequency of sexual intercourse, frequency of morning erections, sexual desire, and orgasm were also significant, although these associations varied by pain status. Conclusion. Musculoskeletal pain is associated with several aspects of sexual functioning. These relationships differ depending on the extent of the pain (chronic or not) and are also largely confounded by other health-related factors, primarily depression.


Early Modern English is characterised by an extraordinary lexical growth motivated by two main linguistic processes, borrowing and word-formation (Nevalainen 1999: 332). Within affixation, prefixation grew more than suffixation in early Modern English, probably because prefixes have fewer word-class restrictions and do not change the word-class of the base (Nevalainen 1999: 335). Thus, native and non-native forms competed to achieve a position in the lexicon. This not only increased the English vocabulary, but also modified the traditional derivational system of the language by the introduction of foreign affixes. As far as we have investigated, the topic has been discussed in Present-Day English and in the history of English. However, the literature is still in need of quantitative and qualitative research in the field of early English medical writing. Therefore, the present paper pursues the following objectives: 1) to analyse the use of the native prefix UNand the non-native DIS-, INand NONin early English medical writing; 2) to assess the distribution of these prefixes across genres; 3) to calculate the morphological productivity of the negative prefixes under study; and 4) to evaluate the contribution of qualitative factors, i.e. the origin of the bases, the different word-classes, and the competion among the different negative prefixes. The data come from the Corpus of Early English Medical Writing.


The inaccuracy of the Black-Scholes formula arises from two aspects: the formula is for European options while most real option contracts are American; the formula is based on the assumption that underlying asset prices follow a lognormal distribution while in the real world asset prices cannot be described well by a lognormal distribution. We develop an American option pricing model that allows non-normality. The theoretical basis of the model is Gaussian quadrature and dynamic programming. The usual binomial and trinomial models are special cases. We use the Jarrow-Rudd formula and the relaxed binomial and trinomial tree models to imply the parameters related to the higher moments. The results demonstrate that using implied parameters related to the higher moments is more accurate than the restricted binomial and trinomial models that are commonly used.


Like many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Ghana, is undergoing a rapid pace of urbanization associated with socio-economic, environmental, and institutional challenges for urban residents and local government authorities. Under Ghana's laws, Metropolitan Assemblies (large city local governments) have overall responsibility for the development of their respective cities. This article explores the poor urban communities—municipal interface based on a study carried out in the largest (Accra) and third largest (Sekondi-Takoradi) cities. The study concludes that mechanisms for engaging poor urban communities are limited largely due to the absence of functional decentralized sub-district structures in these communities. In addition, the indirect attempt by the Metropolitan Assemblies to address infrastructure and service needs of poor urban communities through a public-private partnership centered on privatization (franchising and contracting) and community-based participation in the provision of social services has distanced the Assemblies from poor communities. This situation has reinforced the view that the Assemblies are unresponsive to community needs. The implications of limited community-municipal interface for poor urban communities and urban development in Ghana in general are also explored.


The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution and the multiscale transport patterns of PM2.5 in 2 large regions ("NORTH" and "SOUTH"), 7 small regions ("North," "Northeast," "East," "Center," "South," "Southwest," and "Northwest") and 31 provinces in China during January and July of 2015. The simulated PM2.5 concentrations were compared with the observed values to assess the accuracy of WRF-CMAQ. During January and July, local emissions contributed the majority of the PM2.5, with their percentage exceeding 60% in 7 of the regions. External transport was the dominant source of PM2.5 in some of the provinces, such as Shanghai and Qinghai, whereas local emission was the main contributor in others, such as Hebei and Xinjiang. We also identified the primary PM2.5 source in each region, the results of which indicated distinctly different regional transport patterns among the provinces and regions of China.


Dynamic multicore architectures, that fuse and split cores at run time, potentially offer a level of performance/energy agility that static multicore designs cannot achieve. Conventional ISAs, however, have scalability limits to fusion. EDGE-based designs offer greater scalability but to date have been performance limited by significant microarchitectural bottlenecks. This paper addresses these issues and makes three major contributions. First, it proposes Iterative Path Prediction to address low next block prediction accuracy and low speculation rates. It achieves close to taken/not-taken prediction accuracy for multi-exit instruction blocks while also speculating the predicated execution path within the block. Second, the paper proposes Exposed Operand Broadcasts to address the overhead of operand delivery for high fanout instructions by exposing a small number of broadcast operands in the ISA. Third, we present a scalable composable architecture called T3 that uses these mechanisms and show it can operate across a wide range of power and performance spectrum by increasing energy efficiency and performance significantly. Compared to previous EDGE designs, T3 improves energy efficiency by about 2x and performance by up to 50%.


Development organizations have used value chain analysis in defining interventions for the honey business in major exporting countries like Brazil. Yet, the impact of interventions has been unclear. This paper aims at evaluating strategies of three honey value chain streams in Brazil, selected for a multiple case study between the years 2007–2011.Using the value chain Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) framework, likely successful strategies are identified by comparing stream performances. Next, the outcomes of this comparison are validated through questionnaires with experts. Understanding current stream strategies and local structural conditions, and fostering well-aligned strategies are found to be key for successful donor interventions.


In this paper, the cutting seedlings of P. kangdingensis, which age of 300-500 years old and diameter at breast height (DBH) was greater than 1m were used as experimental materials, and the anatomical structure of the leaves and stems of seedlings were studied by the method of paraffin section. The pot experiment was conducted by way of weighing to control water content in soil, that was to weigh the pot in every afternoon and supplement the consumption of water to keep it about 60% of the maximum field water capacity, and the control was kept about 80% of that. The water control test lasted for about 3 months. The water control test lasted for about 3 months, and gas exchange parameters were measured. The results showed that under drought treatment, the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), water use efficiency (WUE) and stomatal limit (Ls) decreased significantly compared with the well-watered control, and there were significant differences in Pn, Gs, Tr and Ls. Observed reductions of Pn were mainly due to reductions in stomatal conductance, indicating that apart from stomatal closure, the photosynthetic apparatus was also partly inhibited.


It has been shown that many complex networks shared distinctive features, which differ in many ways from the random and the regular networks. Although these features capture important characteristics of complex networks, their applicability depends on the type of networks. To unravel ubiquitous characteristics that complex networks may have in common, we adopt the clustering coefficient as the probability measure, and present a systematic analysis of various types of complex networks from the perspective of statistical self-similarity. We find that the probability distribution of the clustering coefficient is best characterized by the multifractal; moreover, the support of the measure had a fractal dimension. These two features enable us to describe complex networks in a unified way; at the same time, offer unforeseen possibilities to comprehend complex networks. PACS numbers: 89.70.+c, 05.45.Df, 87.23.Ge ∗Electronic address: firstname.lastname@example.com


Retailers recently adopted dynamic currency conversion (DCC) techniques in which they offer their international clients the possibility to pay in their local currency. As retailers generally share in conversion revenues, it is relevant to gain insights in customers' attitudes towards different forms of presenting the conversion option. It is found that the likelihood of using DCC decreases with conversion margins, but increases once DCC is presented as a default option. The findings provide guidance to retailers when to deploy DCC efficiently.


The literature on learning styles suggests that although the behaviour of some students may appear different from what is defined as a `high-quality learning process', their conduct does not demonstrate an `inferior' approach to learning. Furthermore, existing and emerging academic literature that associates learning theories with the studies of cultural concerns suggests alternative interpretations that may help to develop a richer multicultural learning and teaching approach within Western higher education institutions (HE). This article brings together elements of the theory on learning styles and some elements of multicultural management theory to introduce interpretations that may apply to the emerging UK multicultural universities. It considers the importance of memorization as a tool for learning, and reveals how motivation, communication and collaborative patterns could work differently in different cultures. The comparison between best known Western learning theory and Confucian principles is expected to increase academics' awareness of international students' background. The discussion helps to understand some of the students' pragmatic reactions to the challenges prompted by their studies in foreign countries.


We present a spectrophotometric survey of 2522 extragalactic globular clusters (GCs) around 12 early-type galaxies, nine of which have not been published previously. Combining spacebased and multicolour wide-field ground-based imaging, with spectra from the Keck/DEep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph (DEIMOS) instrument, we obtain an average of 160 GC radial velocities per galaxy, with a high-velocity precision of ∼15 km s−1 per GC. After studying the photometric properties of the GC systems, such as their spatial and colour distributions, we focus on the kinematics of metal-poor (blue) and metal-rich (red) GC subpopulations to an average distance of ∼8 effective radii from the galaxy centre. Our results show that for some systems the bimodality in GC colour is also present in GC kinematics. The kinematics of the red GC subpopulations are strongly coupled with the host galaxy stellar kinematics. The blue GC subpopulations are more dominated by random motions, especially in the outer regions, and decoupled from the red GCs. Peculiar GC kinematic profiles are seen in some galaxies: the blue GCs in NGC 821 rotate along the galaxy minor axis, whereas the GC system of the lenticular galaxy NGC 7457 appears to be strongly rotation supported in the outer region. We supplement our galaxy sample with data from the literature and carry out a number of tests to study the kinematic differences between the two GC subpopulations. We confirm that the GC kinematics are coupled with the host galaxy properties and find that the velocity kurtosis and the slope of their velocity dispersion profiles are different between the two GC subpopulations in more massive galaxies.


Public infrastructure, particularly road infrastructure, has a strong linkage with the economic growth of a nation. Management of road infrastructure by the DG of Highways-Ministry for PW is currently implemented by using traditional methods of DBB contract system. Although DBB approach is considered more fair for the contractor, it may not be able to create more value for the Government. Long periods of procurement, often result in undesirable outcomes such as excessive cost, unsatisfactory quality and delays in implementation time. The DB project delivery system is expected to answer the above problem and therefore, there is a need to examine how to assess the feasibility of DB Contract implementation for road infrastructure projects under the authority of BBPJN V. This paper present the method assessment development


We are proposing a plasmonic-based optophoresis system that can trap and simultaneously sort and count metallic and dielectric micro- and nano-particles, in a simple microfluidic system. The operating principles of the proposed system are based on the particles intrinsic properties that modulate the induced optical force and the transmitted power. Particle manipulations, in this system, are based on the near-field optical forces exerted by leaky surface plasmons modes, excited on a gold stripe. Simulations show that the maximum potential depth sensitivity to the trapped PS/Au particles' radius is ~0.09/0.03 (kBT/nm). The maximum transmission sensitivity in response to a change in radii of trapped Au and PS spheres are both ~0.01% per nm. Moreover, it is also shown that a minute change of ±1% in a refractive index of a 250-nm trapped dielectric particle results in ±0.26 kB T and ∓0.13% variations in the potential depth and transmission, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed system that can be implemented simply and inexpensively, benefits from its small footprint for integration into lab-on-a-chip devices and low power consumption, with promising potentials for biological applications.


We recently demonstrated that the p53 oncosuppressor associates to centrosomes in mitosis and this association is disrupted by treatments with microtubule-depolymerizing agents. Here, we show that ATM, an upstream activator of p53 after DNA damage, is essential for p53 centrosomal localization and is required for the activation of the postmitotic checkpoint after spindle disruption. In mitosis, p53 failed to associate with centrosomes in two ATM-deficient, ataxiatelangiectasia-derived cell lines. Wild-type ATM gene transfer reestablished the centrosomal localization of p53 in these cells. Furthermore, wild-type p53 protein, but not the p53-S15A mutant, not phosphorylatable by ATM, localized at centrosomes when expressed in p53-null K562 cells. Finally, Ser15 phosphorylation of endogenous p53 was detected at centrosomes upon treatment with phosphatase inhibitors, suggesting that a p53 dephosphorylation step at centrosome contributes to sustain the cell cycle program in cells with normal mitotic spindles. When dissociated from centrosomes by treatments with spindle inhibitors, p53 remained phosphorylated at Ser15. AT cells, which are unable to phosphorylate p53, did not undergo postmitotic proliferation arrest after nocodazole block and release. These data demonstrate that ATM is required for p53 localization at centrosome and support the existence of a surveillance mechanism for inhibiting DNA reduplication downstream of the spindle assembly checkpoint


Children affect the after-birth labor force participation of women in two ways. Directly, the time spent in child-care reduces the labor market effort. The time spent out of the labor market while on maternity leave alters women's participation experience and, thus, indirectly affects subsequent participation behavior. This paper proposes a model that disentangles the direct and indirect effect of children on women's labor force participation, and evaluates their relative importance. Participation decisions on a three-state space - employed full-time, employed part-time, not employed - are represented by a multivariate probit model with a general correlation structure. The model allows for a high degree of flexibility in modeling the dependence of sequential decisions. The estimation is performed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. It is shown that the indirect effect, through time out of the labor market, is more important. The discrepancy is sharper for full-time employment and grows with the length of the interruption.


The 3-D polychromatic radiation field for an annular packed-bed photocatalytic reactor using alumina reticulated foams as a monolithic catalyst support was simulated using Monte Carlo methodology. Two distinct methods were used for simulating photon transport: (1) a spatial approach that tracks the flight of a photon in a predetermined reticulate structure; (2) a temporal approach that generates the random porous structure of the reticulate as the photon flies into it. The two approaches yield almost identical results, although the temporal approach that generates the random porous structure of the reticulate as the photon flies into it. The two approaches yield almost identical results, although the temporal approach is far more efficient computationally. Simulations for the integral axially-averaged radial ultraviolet (UV) light profiles agree closely with experimental measurements for titania-coated 10, 20 and 30 PPI alumina reticulates and near UV lamps. The simulations reveal that the local volumetric rate of energy absorption (LVREA) in the reticulate and the magnitude of the LVREA gradient both increase with decreasing reticulate pore size.


 Abstract —Online training is expected to increase retention of information and be less time-consuming. This leads to a motivation to identify a more effective content delivery for online training. Microlearning indicates that bite-sized content is delivered in short fragments that can fit into anyone's hectic schedule. However, the perspective of microlearning and its content design is still indefinite. It is challenging to design content for training that optimizes microlearning's characteristics. The purpose of this research is to identify the perspective towards microlearning and the significance of the design of micro-sized content for online training for employees. This study investigated two questions which are how to design an effective micro-sized content for enhancing employees learning opportunities and the type of topics which are relevant to learning. The study was carried out with employees from education industries and training service providers. Data was collected through a survey and focus group interview. The study recognised that employees are primarily familiar only with video-based microlearning content and they have inadequate knowledge on the application of other microlearning elements for content design. One of the most common microlearning elements – Video, that is between 5-7 minutes in length, is considered to be the most applicable element in microlearning. In conclusion, the perspectives concerning the challenges in designing microlearning content were discussed. The study also proposed 2 different architectures with different objectives for the overall microlearning content design based on the employee's experiences and


Continuous miniaturization of electronics devices as well as increasing complexity of soldering metallurgy introduce more and more challenges to the reliability of modern electronics products. Although loading condition plays an important role, the reliability of solder interconnections is ultimately controlled by microstructures' responses to loading. It is therefore of great importance to understand and control the microstructural evolutions of solder interconnections under different loading conditions. Since experimental investigation alone is inadequate for achieving such knowledge, the employment of different modeling tools is of great help. In this thesis, combined usage of thermal, thermodynamic and kinetic modelling was introduced and utilized in studying solidification and interfacial reactions in solder interconnections. In order to study the solidification of interconnections during reflow soldering, an oven-level thermal model was first constructed to simulate the flow field inside a typical reflow oven. With the oven information collected, the thermal models were established to simulate the solidification of lead-free solder interconnections. Thermodynamic calculations, which were integrated into the model, provided the thermal properties of the solder alloy used in the experiments. Further, thermodynamic calculations were combined with the nucleation kinetic analyses to evaluate the actual solidification temperatures of interconnections. The combined thermodynamic and kinetic approach was used also for studying the interfacial reactions between solder and component or board metallizations. For having better understanding of the effect of Ni in solder interconnections, the Sn-Cu-Ni system was assessed thermodynamically. Firstly, the effect of Cu-content on the formation of the primary interfacial intermetallic compounds between near-eutectic SnAgCu solder alloys and Ni-substrate was evaluated as a function of temperature. Secondly, it was analyzed how the Ni dissolved in Cu6Sn5 compound affects the driving forces for the diffusion fluxes and hence the growth kinetics of (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 and (Cu,Ni)3Sn reaction layers between near-eutectic SnAgCu solder and Cu(Ni) metallizations. With the preliminary kinetic considerations, the shrinkage of (Cu,Ni)3Sn as well as other related observations in the reaction zone were investigated. Finally, the interfacial reactions of near-eutectic Sn–Ag–Cu solder with Ni(P)/Au metal finishes were studied theoretically and experimentally.


Nitric oxide (NO) has been reported to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells by increasing the phosphorylation of the α-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2. However, the mechanism through which this increase occurs has not been characterized. In this report, we examined the effect of the diffusible gases nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) on the activation of the heme-regulated eIF2α kinase (HRI) in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Spectral analysis indicated that both NO and CO bind to the N-terminal heme-binding domain of HRI. Although NO was a very potent activator of HRI, CO markedly suppressed NO-induced HRI activation. The NO-induced activation of HRI was transduced through the interaction of NO with the N-terminal heme-binding domain of HRI and not throughS-nitrosylation of HRI. We postulate that the regulation of HRI activity by diffusible gases may be of wider physiological significance, as we further demonstrate that NO generators increase eIF2α phosphorylation levels in NT2 neuroepithelial and C2C12 myoblast cells and activate HRI immunoadsorbed from extracts of these non-erythroid cell lines.


Internet art that visualizes data has art historical precedents that invite its critical effect to be engaged with as rhetoric and not only an accurate representation of a specific state of affairs. Art that opens an engagement with a representation of data as an iteration of an underlying system invites an awareness of the contingency of that system. The nature of the internet makes it an effective site for this to occur. Internet art may allow an awareness of how a system might become more ethical in the future.


To improve the economic potential of Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) products, the low-cost separation of linear α-olefins is a flexible technology. However, the scarcity of thermodynamic data and high production cost were the key R&D issues essential to commercialization. In this article, the isobaric vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) data of five binary systems composed of 1-hexene, 2-hexene, 2-methylpentane, 1-octene, and 2-octene were measured and regressed by the activity coefficient models. With the binary interaction parameters regressed by experimental data, two separation processes for obtained α-olefins fraction products C6 (1-hexene) and C8 (1-octene) were simulated by comparing with a traditional sequence distillation route and a dividing wall column (DWC) route. A practical configuration of the heat-integrated distillation process was proposed to reduce the energy consumption for the separation of olefins and alkanes. The energy consumption and total annual costs (TACs) of the separation technology were es...


It was established in acute experiments on dogs and rabbits that craniocerebral trauma does not lead to the development of torpid shock. In combination of craniocerebral trauma with severe mechanical injury to the thigh or acute massive extracranial blood loss a typical torpid shock develops with death of the animals in the immediate hours. Infusion therapy relieves shock but fails to prevent the development of brain edema. Intravenous injections of procaine hydrochloride have a positive effect in craniocerebral trauma and shock. It is concluded that craniocerebral trauma does not disturb the mechanisms of shock formation and the process takes a course independently of the process of brain edema development.


Most sudden deaths in sport are caused by cardiovascular conditions. The cardiovascular benefits of exercise are well established, and epidemiology studies suggest that long term exercise programmes may reduce the risk of sudden death. Increasing leisure time and facilities promote sports participation at all ages. A few people are at risk of serious arrhythmia or sudden death with exercise. The cause of death varies with the age of participants; congenital structural abnormalities occur in younger age groups and coronary artery disease in older age groups. Identifying such abnormalities makes prevention possible.

Sudden death in sport is uncommon, with an incidence of 2 cases per 100 000 subject years. Five in 100 000 athletes have a condition that might predispose them to serious cardiac problems, and of those at risk 10% (1 in 200 000) may die suddenly or unexpectedly. Considerable controversy exists about the cost effectiveness of screening all young people by examination before participation. Alternative views suggest targeting people with a family history of sudden death or premature coronary artery disease and educating all participants to see their doctors about even minor warning symptoms.

Some of the cardiac causes of sudden death will be suggested by symptoms and signs on clinical examination. The importance of others may be established only by detailed cardiological investigations including electrocardiography, chest radiography, echocardiography, doppler cardiography, and, rarely, cardiac catheterisation. Exercise testing is of major value and 24-48 hour tape electrocardiographic recordings may be required. Potentially serious symptoms such as syncope, pre-syncope, palpitation, chest pain, and undue dyspnoea should stimulate taking a detailed clinical history, making a detailed examination, and referring for cardiological investigation if appropriate. A family history of cardiac abnormality would suggest a hereditary basis.

Cardiac causes of sudden death

Coronary artery disease

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Idiopathic concentric left ventricular hypertrophy

Congenital anomalies …


Summary Background: In patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) originating in salivary glands, because of the relative rarity of these tumors and the remarkable variability in their biological behavior, opinions differ about appropriate classification, grading, and treatment. Objective: We undertook this study to analyze clinical and histological prognostic factors in a series of patients with MEC using univariate and multivariate survival analyses. Methods: We reviewed 47 patients with MEC treated at our institution from 1985 to 2000. Clinical, epidemiological, treatment and follow-up data were obtained from medical records. All cases were histologically reviewed. The influence of prognostic factors on 5-and 10-year disease-specific survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier actuarial method and log-rank test. Cox regression tests were used to analyze the impact of the prognostic factors on survival. Results: Females represented 59.6 %. The major salivary glands were affected in 74.5 %. Overall survival at 5 and 10 years was 78.3 % and 69.3 %, respectively. Disease-free survival at 5 years was 73.9 % and at 10 years was 67.5 %. Multivariate survival analysis revealed that tumor size (T4) (p = 0.0008), regional metastasis (p = 0.000), high histological grade (p = 0.0002), perineural invasion (p = 0.000), positive margin (p = 0.000), necrosis (p = 0.005), and intracystic component <20 % (p = 0.0002) were correlated with a poor prognosis. Conclusion: Clinical stage and histological grade are the main prognostic factors in mucoepidermoid carcinoma, nevertheless, our univariate and multivariate analyses showed that other clinical and histological prognostic factors are independent significant indicators.


Faults and fault zones commonly represent key geological factors in determining migration fairways and assessing the retention and leakage history for hydrocarbons in the subsurface. Although formation pressure data are sparsely acquired from within fault zones themselves, hydrodynamic analysis of faulted aquifers can be used as an indirect indicator of the fault zone hydraulic properties. Case studies from the foothills of Western Canada and the North West Shelf of Australia are used to define a workflow for hydrodynamic analysis in faulted strata and to identify the manifestation of fault zone hydraulic properties on adjacent aquifer pressure systems for various tectonic settings. Faults with significant displacement can form hydraulic barriers. In this case, fluid flow in the aquifer next to the fault is predominantly parallel to the structural grain, and a discontinuity occurs in the potentiometric surface for the aquifer being crosscut. Localized hydraulic communication (leakage), either across a fault in an aquifer or vertically along a fault zone between aquifers, tends to occur (1) where the fault zone bends out of plane from the dominant stress field; (2) where the main structural grain is crosscut by steeply dipping high-angle faults; or (3) where deformation is transferred from one fault zone to another through a relay zone or transfer fault. These are manifest by chemical or thermal anomalies and potentiometric highs or lows closed against the fault trace. Although conditions of fault zone conductivity tend to be localized, they can limit the trapping potential of structural closures by allowing the leakage and further migration of hydrocarbons.


Objective To evaluate, through care indicators, the quality of services rendered to patients considered urgency and emergency cases at an advanced emergency care unit. Methods We analyzed data from managerial reports of 64,891 medical visits performed in the Emergency Care Unit of the Ibirapuera Unit at Care during the period from June 1st, 2012 through May 31st, 2013. The proposed indicators for the assessment of care were rate of death in the emergency care unit; average length of stay of patients in the unit; rate of unplanned return visits; admission rate for patients screened as level 1 according to the Emergency Severity Index; rate of non-finalized medical consultations; rate of complaints; and door-to-electrocardiogram time. Results The rate of death in the emergency care unit was zero. Five of the 22 patients classified as Emergency Severity Index 1 (22.7%) arrived presenting cardiac arrest. All were treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and reestablishment of vital functions. The average length of stay of patients in the unit was 3 hours, 33 minutes, and 7 seconds. The rate of unscheduled return visits at the emergency care unit of the Ibirapuera unit was 13.64%. Rate of complaints was 2.8/1,000 patients seen during the period Conclusion The model of urgency and emergency care in advanced units provides an efficient and efficaious service to patients. Both critically ill patients and those considered less complex can receive proper treatment for their needs.


Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cognitive games (games based on executive functioning) on the attention and response inhibition of students with dyscalculia. Method: This study used the pretest-posttest quasiexperimental design with a control group. In this study, 20 students with dyscalculia selected through purposive sampling were randomly divided into control and experimental groups (n=10 each). The experimental group participated in twelve 60minute sessions of cognitive games for six weeks. The omission error and commission error subscales of the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) were utilized to evaluate attention and response inhibition performance, respectively. Data were analyzed by MANCOVA. Results: The analysis of the data revealed a significant difference in results between the experimental group and the control group following intervention. Conclusion: Cognitive games improve the attention and response inhibition performance of students with dyscalculia.


In the UK and elsewhere, the idea of 'distributing leadership' in universities is becoming more popular. Yet, there is surprisingly little research on this topic. This paper reports on a funded study which explored how one institution had implemented a newly conceived 'distributed' leadership model, specifically to investigate the impact of the model on the academics who had taken on the new leadership positions within the university. The study adopted an exploratory, sequential mixed methods design with in-depth interviews (n=30) being undertaken first, followed by an online survey (n=177). The findings suggest that the challenge of 'distributed leadership' in universities is complex on a number of levels: the plurality of the institutional mission; the diversity of possible leadership/management roles; the challenge of effective communication; and the effects of traditional academic values and identities, which may support but may also be antithetical to the strategic direction of the institution.

Keywords: identity; university purpose; values; communication.


There are relatively few Federal environmental regulations that influence agricultural production in the United States. However, many local and state environmental rules may influence the management practices on U.S. farms, which might affect costs of production and adoption of best management practices. Detailed analysis of corn farms yields insight into these relationships and suggests that stringent environmental regulations could increase the likelihood of adoption of certain conservation practices, all else equal, but not costs per unit of production.


Meso-scale power systems (10 W to 1000 W) are needed to power untethered mobile robots and assisting devices such as powered exoskeletons. Air-breathing combustion driven actuators, used in a direct acting manner, can be used for such applications and take advantage of the high power density of fluidic actuators and the high energy density of chemical fuels. However, fuel-to-mechanical energy conversion efficiency is critical to make such chemical systems viable over electrical systems. This paper presents the efficiency-based design and experimental characterization of two combustion driven actuators intended to reach high specific power and specific energy. First, efficiency oriented design principles are derived from internal combustion engine theory: (1) an ideal-cycle thermodynamic model of a generic constant volume combustion system suggests that compression ratio and the expansion/compression ratio should both be maximized, and (2) the practical effects of heat, mass and friction losses as well as fuel choice in a small scale combustion chamber context are discussed. Second, two simplified prototypes are built and tested. The first prototype uses a rolling diaphragm seal to limit the effect of mass and friction losses. The second prototype consists of a standard air cylinder that minimizes heat losses by reducing the surface-to-volume ratio of the combustion chamber. Hydrogen is selected as fuel because it allows lean combustion which limits the effect of heat loss with low combustion temperatures. Compression ratio and equivalence ratio are varied experimentally to evaluate their effect on efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate an energy conversion efficiency of 15.3% at a compression ratio of 4.15 and a low equivalence ratio of 0.3. Ragone analysis of relevant meso-scale power systems for mobile robotic suggest that, with proper optimization and system integration, combustion driven power systems can become a viable solution for lightweight and long range meso-scale robotic applications.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


: The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) – a mega free trade agreement comprising 15 countries – the 10 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Member States and the dialogue partners (China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Australia, and New Zealand) was finalised in November 2020. This paper looks at the process of the RCEP negotiations as an example of an ASEAN exercising agency. This paper also argues that RCEP asserts the agency of smaller powers within the trade network – ASEAN and its member states – particularly the more active role of individual members, including Viet Nam and Singapore amongst the most diplomatically supportive of the deal. The circumstances under which RCEP came to life is not trivial. Under Viet Nam's ASEAN chair in 2020, and amidst the global pandemic, RCEP was finalised. RCEP's political and geo-economic significance arguably can overtake its economic role. In the time of great power competition where China becomes one of the key economic centres of the world, and the United States (US) competes with a vision of Indo-Pacific, the region's middle and smaller powers are anxious about becoming 'collateral damage', particularly in the process of US–China 'decoupling'. The ASEAN countries have emphasised the reluctance to 'choose a side'. RCEP shows that they can show agency in carrying out trade liberalisation at the time when the global leader of the US in this field is missing. A mega-trade deal can be successfully led by smaller, and even developing, economies.


I reply to each of the contributions in this issue. I agree with much that Hillel Steiner argues, especially his insistence that the associated ideas of impartiality and discontinuity are crucial to dealing satisfactorily with a diversity of competing claims. I am, however, less willing to conceive provision for that diversity as the role, rather than a role, that we should ascribe to rights. I question the success of David Miller's endeavour to provide a unified justification of human rights grounded in the concept of need. It is the notion of a minimally decent human life, rather than need itself, that does most of the justificatory work in Miller's argument and, arguably, that notion does not deliver a genuinely unitary account of human rights. I concede the case for state funding of opera and the arts more generally to John Horton's argument, but defend neutralism, and its associated distinction between the right and the good, as a strategy for dealing with diversity, including cultural diversity. I resist Richard Bellamy's attempt to ground all basic rights in democracy and suggest that his argument relies upon idealized assumptions about the functioning of democracy. I share much of his objection to substituting judicial for political decision-making but argue that a strong moral commitment to rights need not imply a shift in power from democratic processes to courts. I endorse Albert Weale's argument for favouring a beneficial design approach over a rights approach to healthcare and to many other social goods. Rights should not monopolize our moral and political thinking.


Cuba's history is told in eight chronological chapters, from its earliest days as a Spanish colony, through its wars for independence and the U.S. occupation in the 20th century, Cuba's various reform movements, Batista, the Cold War, and the so-called Special Period, when Cuba faced the crisis of the downfall of the Soviet Union. Also included are a timeline, biographies of key players, and a bibliographic essay. With special emphasis on the 20th century, the Castro era, and Cuban-U.S. relations, this is the most recent, accessible, and current history of Cuba available, making it the perfect starting point for anyone seeking a concise and readable history of Cuba. Cuba is much more than cigars, classic automobiles, and Castro. This remarkable nation has had a long history of relations with larger political powers that were drawn to the island because of its valuable resources and strategic location. Ties between Cuba and the United States have been strong since the mid-19th century, and the theme of U.S. dominance over the island and its people is a primary historical perspective.


The grazing and growth rates of the algivorous heterotrophic flagellate (HF) Diphylleia rotans were investigated on toxic (Microcystis aeruginosa NIER-10001, M. aeruginosa NIES-298, M. viridis NIES-102 and M. wesenbergii NIES-104) and non-toxic (M. aeruginosa NIES-101) Microcystis strains as well as other different algae such as the green alga Chlorella TM (Aquanet), and diatoms Cyclotella meneghiniana and Stephanodiscus hantzschii. The flagellate D. rotans showed active growth when fed M. aeruginosa and lower levels of growth when fed Chlorella TM , but no growth when fed C. meneghiniana and S. hantzschii. The flagellate grew actively at 25°C and at a pH range between 6 and 9. The highest maximum specific growth rate (1.88 d -1 ) and a high ingestion rate (27.0 prey HF -1 d -1 ) by D. rotans were observed when they were fed the most toxic of the 5 Micro- cystis strains, M. aeruginosa NIER-10001. These results suggest that D. rotans has a high tolerance to M. aeruginosa and may undergo microcystin-mediated growth.


A central feature of dynamic collective decision-making is that the rules that govern the procedures for future decision-making and the distribution of political power across players are determined by current decisions. For example, current constitutional change must take into account how the new constitution may pave the way for further changes in laws and regulations. We develop a general framework for the analysis of this class of dynamic problems. Under relatively natural acyclicity assumptions, we provide a complete characterization of dynamically stable states as functions of the initial state and determine conditions for their uniqueness. We show how this framework can be applied in political economy, coalition formation, and the analysis of the dynamics of clubs. The explicit characterization we provide highlights two intuitive features of dynamic collective decision-making: (1) a social arrangement is made stable by the instability of alternative arrangements that are preferred by sufficiently many members of the society; (2) efficiency-enhancing changes are often resisted because of further social changes that they will engender.


A central tenet of Gestalt psychology is that the visual scene can be separated into figure and ground. The two illusions we present demonstrate that Gestalt processes can group spatial contrast information that cuts across the figure/ground separation. This finding suggests that visual processes that organise the visual scene do not necessarily require structural segmentation as their primary input.


—A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. It is now a day a leading cause of death all over the world. Several risk factors believe to be related to the cause of stroke has been found by inspecting the affected individuals.Using these risk factors, a number of works have been carried out for predicting the stroke diseases. Most of the models are based on data mining and machine learning algorithms. In this work, we have used five machine learning algorithms to detect the stroke that can possibly occur or occurred form a person's physical state and medical report data. We have collected a good number of entries from the hospitals and use them to solve our problem. The classification result shows that the result is satisfactory and can be used in real time medical report. We believe that machine learning algorithms can help better understanding of diseases and can be a good healthcare companion.


Collaborating with investor networks generated in the course of equity-based crowdfunding campaigns can contribute to the success of startup firms. Through a qualitative study of 60 European startups, this article identifies the type of inputs provided by equity investors, how these inputs are related to startups' and founders' characteristics, and startups' later performance. Startups exploiting crowd network are more likely to be successful two years later compared with startups that do not exploit the crowd, or acquire from the crowd product, strategy, or market knowledge. The findings extend existing research on the relationships between open innovation and startups by identifying the inputs provided by the crowd and how the use of crowd equity investors in open innovation platforms is related to later success.


Precise time-series multi-color light curve data were acquired at Desert Blooms Observatory (DBO) from EI CMi (2018–2019), NSVS 3092802 (2018–2019), V958 Mon (2018), and V1309 Her (2018). Except for V958 Mon, only monochromatic CCD photometric data are available from automated surveys which employ sparse sampling strategies. Each target produced new times of minimum from data acquired at DBO which along with other eclipse timings from the literature and those extrapolated from various sources were used to generate new ephemerides. Secular analyses (eclipse timing differences vs. epoch) revealed changes in the orbital period of each system; related evidence suggests that V1309 Her may be a ternary system. Simultaneous modeling of multicolor light curve data from each target was accomplished using the Wilson-Devinney code. Each system exhibits a total eclipse, therefore a unique photometrically derived value for the mass ratio (qptm) could be determined which subsequently provided initial estimates for the physical and geometric elements of each variable system.


ABSTRACT Purpose Orbital veins such as the retinal veins and episcleral veins drain into the cavernous sinus, an intracranial venous structure. We studied the effects of acute intracranial pressure (ICP) elevation on episcleral venous pressure, intraocular pressure and retinal vein diameter in an established non-survival pig model. Methods In six adult female domestic pigs, we increased ICP in 5 mm Hg increments using saline infusion through a lumbar drain. We measured ICP (using parenchymal pressure monitor), intraocular pressure (using pneumatonometer), episcleral venous pressure (using venomanometer), retinal vein diameter (using OCT images) and arterial blood pressure at each stable ICP increment. The average baseline ICP was 5.4 mm Hg (range 1.5–9 mm Hg) and the maximum stable ICP ranged from 18 to 40 mm Hg. Linear mixed models with random intercepts were used to evaluate the effect of acute ICP increase on outcome variables. Results With acute ICP elevation, we found loss of retinal venous pulsation and increased episcleral venous pressure, intraocular pressure and retinal vein pressure in all animals. Specifically, acute ICP increase was significantly associated with episcleral venous pressure (β = 0.31; 95% CI 0.14–0.48, p < .001), intraocular pressure (β = 0.37, 95%CI 0.24–0.50; p < .001) and retinal vein diameter (β = 11.29, 95%CI 1.57–21.00; p = .03) after controlling for the effects of arterial blood pressure. Conclusion We believe that the ophthalmic effects of acute ICP elevation are mediated by increased intracranial venous pressure producing upstream pressure changes within the orbital and retinal veins. These results offer exciting possibilities for the development of non-invasive ophthalmic biomarkers to estimate acute ICP elevations following significant neuro-trauma.


ABSTRACT To understand the effects of vibration of cylinder liners on engine combustion performance, tribological behaviour and vibro-acoustic radiations, this study investigates the dynamic responses of cylinder liners by finite-element modelling and experimental validation. The finite-element model is established in this study to predict the dynamic responses of cylinder liners to two significant sources: combustion shock and piston side thrust. It takes into account both the characteristics of structural modes and nonlinearities of assembly constraints when selecting adequate elements for efficient computation of the responses under both the highly nonlinear combustion pressure excitations and subsequent piston slap impacts. The predictions are then evaluated against experimental results under different engine operating conditions. To suppressing noise in measured signals, continuous wavelet analysis is employed to process the complicated responses for characterizing key response events and their frequency ranges. The results show agreeable correspondences between the numerical predictions and measured vibration signals, paving the way for investigating its effect on the combustion and lubrication processes.


The non-linear ultrasonic spectroscopy provides new prospe cts in the non-destructive acoustic testing of material degradation. Detailed studies of dynamic non-linearities and h ysteresis in inhomogeneous media have shown that the occurrence of mesoscopic elements in the mate rial structure gives rise to strongly non-linear dynami c phenomena accompanying the elastic wave propagation. Thes e non-linear effects are observed in the course of the degradation process much sooner than any degradationinduced variations of linear parameters (propagation velocity, attenuation, elastic moduli, rigidity etc.). T hese non-linear wave methods thus open new horizons to t he acoustic non-destructive testing: they provide high sensiti vities, application speed and easy interpretation that have never been achieved before. Intensive research in the field of non-linear spectroscopy of elastic waves (NEWS) has proved recently that the methods, which ar e b sed on the occurrence of non-linear effects in the spectral response, can serve as a highly sensitive tool to detect material defects. The present paper deals wi th a study and a research of these novel methods from the view point of their applicability in the field of detecting reinforced concrete structure defects.


The author prefaces this treatise with the statements that liquid hydrogen will be used as an aviation fuel in the future, that much is to be gained if such development is immediate, and much is to be lost if it is not. The author writes with authority, having long been centrally involved with US studies of hydrogen in aviation and spaceflight. The book opens with a history of hydrogen in aeronautics, from Charles' balloon in 1783 through to a comprehensive treatment of recent designs including subsonic, supersonic, hypersonic and military aircraft. Much design detail is presented of fuel tanks, insulation, vents, pumps, pipelines, heat exchangers and aircraft weights, together with procedures for vapour recovery, fuel transfer and jettisoning, plus the overall economics. Later chapters cover airport requirements, safety, and the impact of implementation on the environment. For aircraft applications, hydrogen in the liquid phase (LH2) is preferable to pressurised gas or hydrogen in metallic alloys, although the slush form may suit hypersonic aircraft. LH2 is also superior to such other alternative fuels as liquid methane, methanol, ethanol and ammonia. Reassuringly, LH2 was found to be safer than any other candidate fuel. The aircraft design requirements centred mainly on 400 passengers and 5500 nmi range, with Mach numbers of either 0-85 or 2-7. In comparison with kerosine-fuelled counterparts, LH2 fuselages are longer, wingspans shorter and overall weights lower. The writing style is direct, the text containing many facts and numerical values, with copious tables and figures. Surprisingly, for an American fuel technologist, there is confusion between the two major aviation kerosines. Although basically similar, Jet A (freeze point 40 °C) is intended for internal use in the US where flight durations are insufficient to promote freezing problems, whereas Jet A-1 (freeze point 47 °C) serves for international long hauls. The statement on page 212, therefore, that "Jet A is currently used in commercial aircraft throughout the world" is wrong. Happily, the SI equivalents of the Imperial units used throughout appear in several of the tables. Overall, a valuable archive which, one hopes, will serve to launch further effort and so ensure that aviation continues to flourish when petroleum, in the alarmingly near future, becomes too expensive to burn. Dr E. M. GOODGER, CEng, MRAeS


This master thesis report contains the contribution to a beauty advisory mobile application design and development. The system was aimed to converge colour imaging science, new mobile technologies and a potential business within the cosmetics industry in order to provide recommendations on how to select the right cosmetic colour that matches best to one's specific face skin. This project has been planned as a full digital beauty consultancy. However the core and starting point was to provide suggestions on selecting foundations, products of different formats such as liquid-based cream, powder or mousse, manufactured in human skin colour range to cover facial flaws. In this study, following the agile development principles, we mapped the user's face skin colour to a series of foundation codes as the appropriate colour matches. The proposed method leading to these recommendations include performing colorimetric measurements on the foundations, employing a digital imaging system, colour image analysis, and colour difference calculations. User involvement as a key component throughout the design and development phase was fulfilled by surveying the users and integrating their feedbacks into the whole process. We were able to confirm that it is possible to use a foundation transparent bottle as a reference for colour calibration of the application pictures. Our experimental data resulted into promising recommendations while the system was tested under a controlled illumination and using a reasonably high quality camera. Whereas, in a more complex situation, under uncontrolled illumination using a mobile front-facing camera with low quality, having only one foundation bottle as colour reference; the helpfulness of the results dramatically decreased.


Experimental and theoretical works are performed on the mixed‐mode I/II brittle fracture of cement concrete tested by edge cracked semicircular bend specimens. Theoretical background of the traditional fracture criteria including strain energy density, maximum tangential stress, and maximum tangential strain (MTSN) are introduced. The ability of each fracture criterion in prediction of the fracture test data is investigated. The comparison between the evaluations by the traditional criteria and the experimental data shows that none of them are capable of successfully estimating the fracture resistance of cement concrete. An enhanced version of the MTSN criterion is then employed to predict the test data. It is demonstrated that the extended MTSN criterion can successfully predict the test data in a higher accuracy than traditional criteria.


Neither pure Mott insulators nor pure charge-transfer insulators have ever been considered as a possible candidate for nonlinear optical (NLO) materials since individually neither the strong correlation (U) nor the large charge transfer (Delta) is favorable to the NLO response. However, in their composites, charge-transfer-Mott insulators, jointly Delta and U can enhance the hyperpolarizability (gamma) by guiding the ground states into the antiferromagnetic phase and the excited states into the charge-transfer phase. These Delta and U that maximize gamma form a unique golden Delta-U line, on which the recently observed giant nonlinear optical effect is just a single point, whose physical origin is that the system is driven into a phase-separated region for the ground and excited states. This novel mechanism may suggest a conceptually new paradigm to explore an even larger optical nonlinearity.


The paper discusses the role of multimedia case studies in management education basing on direct experiences derived from an on going E.U. project. Literature has analysed in depth the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in education [Angehern, Thierry, 1996; Jonassen, 1993, Leidner, Jarvenpaa, 1995], mainly emphasising their positive or negative effects [Bowers, 1988, Van Baalen, 1999]. However few has been written about multimedia case studies and still few cases are on the market, because of both the development costs (in financial and time terms) and the immaturity of the demand. Sponsored by the European Commission, the consortium Busines-Linc has the development of 18 multimedia case studies as main objective. Pre-requisite for the case design and development was the analysis of literature about teaching and ICT in order to define a theoretical framework for multimedia case development. One key assumption leading the project is consistentwith the so called interpretive -hermeutic approach (Lee, 1994;Van Baalen, 1999) of ICT in education: technology per se is neither good nor bad in education; its use might produce positive or negative effects depending on the consistency with the learning and teaching objectives and on the interaction with the environment. After a short overview of contributions about learning processes in management education, the paper affords the relations between ICT and teaching approaches and it describes in more detail the role of case studies. Using the Sogema case experience, the authors will discuss similarities and differences in the deve lopment process of traditional and multimedia case studies and will present some first results from its use in MBA classes. Obviously generalisations are not possible given the limited research sample but some warnings and suggestions might be useful for all researchers working in this rapidly evolving field.


This narrative explores intersectionality and anti-essentialism in the context of the author's experience as an expert witness for Sprint in the first proceeding under NAFTA's labor side accord filed by a Mexican labor union against a US company. The narrative recounts how the author came to be an expert for Sprint, why he agreed to be an expert witness, the facts and law relating to La Conexion Familiar, a Sprint subsidiary employing a substantial complement of Latina workers and engaged in the sale of long distance services to Spanish speaking people in the US. The narrative concludes with the author's expression of regret over the testimony and an analysis about how easily mistakes regarding race and gender politics can be made without more reflective thinking about intersections of race and gender as well as reflection about how an absolute approach to anti-essentialism can lead to trouble. The narrative ends with a prescription about how people of color might think through the issues that arise in the context of serving as a corporate expert witness.


Bruno Alberti and Laurent Pradier have been collecting and writing about U S Marine Corps gear for more than a decade and, in that time, have contributed complete series of articles on the topic in the French Militaria Magazine. That sequence of articles is complete and the time has now come for a revised and expanded version of the results of their work as a single bound volume. The US Marine Corps has always enjoyed a special status among the American Armed Forces, as well as boasting distinctive uniforms and emblems. This new book presents the large variety of dress uniforms for both officers and enlisted men, as well as combat uniforms and specialty camouflage garments. Hundreds of items of clothing, equipment and insignia are illustrated by reenactment photos of the famous 'leathernecks' in the form of large format color plates. Many period photos found in official American archives are also reproduced and help place the reenactment shots in the correct historical context. This new volume maintains the usual exceptional quality standards of Histoire& Collections: carefully-researched historical background, hundreds of concisely captioned color photographs of authentic artifacts and reenactment photographs taken in studio conditions to allow the reader to see the uniforms and equipment in the greatest clarity.


Dopamine(DA) is a neurotransmitter, but it also serves as a neurotoxin under certain pathological conditions. Accumulating evidences indicate that DA plays an important role in ischemic cerebral damage. The mechanism by which DA exacerbates the neuronal damage remains unclear. Many mechanisms have been proposed to explain the DA neurotoxicity. One possibility is that DA leads to the formation of free radicals which are cytotoxic. Another possibility is that direct dopamine receptor stimulation may mediate dopaminergic neurotoxicity. It is also possible that DA modulates excitotoxicity of excitatory amino acid.


Abstract The evolution of entrepreneurship in the cultural and creative sectors leads to social innovation by creating new jobs intended for the creative class and by building a long-run smart, sustainable and inclusive local development. Innovation and sustainability are concepts that can be applied to many industries, and they can involve numerous improvements related but not limited to processes, products, services, logistics. This paper supports the idea that the creative and cultural sectors can develop through innovative entrepreneurship, by introducing new methods of production, optimizing existing processes, improving the delivery methods or by developing new products or services, while also relying on the help of the government and smart organizations such as clusters. Since innovation involves improving the way of doing business, this paper will focus on identifying the available innovative methods that can be applied to the businesses activating in the cultural and creative sectors of the economy in Romania, together with the main challenges and opportunities that might arise by applying them. The perspectives of intellectual capital, creative economy and knowledge-based society in relation to the impact of innovation and entrepreneurship towards the development of the cultural and creative sectors in Romania will also be considered. The paper will also tackle a series of best practice examples of innovative businesses in the creative sectors, as well as a comparative analysis of the successfully implemented innovative ideas in this field of activity and their impact on the customer satisfaction and on the development of the local economy.


—We investigated the spatial and temporal variation of the diet of the Brazilian whiptail Ameivula pyrrhogularis using lizards sampled in four Caatinga locations, during the rainy and dry seasons 2015–2016. We also evaluated the importance of diet in the transmission of helminths, considering that changes in the environment can influence the diet and can be one important factor in the transmission of parasites. The predominant food items consumed were insects of Isoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera. We observed only spatial diet variations what may be a reflection of changes in the foraging strategies of the lizard influenced by environmental pressures, whether due to local characteristics or human activities. As for parasitism, we found 43% overall prevalence of a helminth, distributed among Cestoda, Acanthocephala, and Nematoda. In the analysis of the association between diet and helminth fauna, there was a positive correlation of adult insects of Coleoptera with the abundance of the cestode Oochoristica travassosi. Although the biological cycle of O. travassosi is unknown, given this correlation, it is possible that these prey are intermediate hosts of this cestode. The present study can help to understand the relative importance of diet and foraging strategies of A. pyrrhogularis in Caatinga environments. In addition, the interaction of invertebrates and parasites is extremely relevant to comprehend the biological cycle of helminths with a heteroxenous cycle and their transmission mechanisms.


PURPOSE
In this work, the nucleus dose enhancement (nDEF) due to photoelectric interactions with cisplatin/oxaliplatin nanoparticles (CNPs/ONPs) is investigated in comparison to the nDEF due to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) during prostate brachytherapy. CNPs/ONPs are particularly attractive since they may provide a more cost-effective alternative to AuNPs, but could also provide additional chemotherapy effect for prostate tumors.

METHODS
As in previous studies, the dose enhancement to the PCa endothelial cells (EC) was determined using analytic microdosimetry calculations to determine the energy deposited in the EC nucleus due to radiation-induced photoelectrons emitted by the nanoparticles. Dividing the energy deposited by the mass of the nucleus yields the dose. The nDEF defined as the ratio of the overall dose to the nucleus with and without nanoparticles, was determined for a range of CNP and ONP concentrations up to the FDA approved limit, which is 1-34 mg/g and 1-50 mg/g for oxaliplatin and cisplatin, respectively.

RESULTS
For Pd-103, the calculated nDEF due to photoelectrons alone was up to 2.4, and 2.3 for oxaliplatin, and cisplatin respectively, compared to over 3 for comparable concentrations of AuNPs. For I-125, the calculated nDEF was up to 1.95, and 1.8 for oxaliplatin, and cisplatin, respectively in comparison to 2.5 for comparable concentrations of AuNP.

CONCLUSION
The results predict that major localized dose enhancement to PCa cells can be achieved using targeted CNPs/ONPs. A potential application strategy for this Result is to load routinely used brachytherapy spacers with such nanoparticles, which can then be sustainably released from within the tumor volume for photon-induced dose enhancement combined to the chemotherapy effect, with no increased toxicity to healthy tissue. Overall, the results motivate further work including: Monte Carlo work incorporating dose enhancement from Auger electrons, as well as corroborative experimental work towards development of this new application strategy.


Voltage-dependent ion channels control changes in ion permeability in response to membrane potential changes. The voltage sensor in channel proteins consists of the highly positively charged segment, S4, and the negatively charged segments, S2 and S3. The process involved in the integration of the protein into the membrane remains to be elucidated. In this study, we used in vitro translation and translocation experiments to evaluate interactions between residues in the voltage sensor of a hyperpolarization-activated potassium channel, KAT1, and their effect on the final topology in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. A D95V mutation in S2 showed less S3-S4 integration into the membrane, whereas a D105V mutation allowed S4 to be released into the ER lumen. These results indicate that Asp95 assists in the membrane insertion of S3-S4 and that Asp105 helps in preventing S4 from being releasing into the ER lumen. The charge reversal mutation, R171D, in S4 rescued the D105R mutation and prevented S4 release into the ER lumen. A series of constructs containing different C-terminal truncations of S4 showed that Arg174 was required for correct integration of S3 and S4 into the membrane. Interactions between Asp105 and Arg171 and between negative residues in S2 or S3 and Arg174 may be formed transiently during membrane integration. These data clarify the role of charged residues in S2, S3, and S4 and identify posttranslational electrostatic interactions between charged residues that are required to achieve the correct voltage sensor topology in the ER membrane.


A significant aspect of the Mezquital valley is that it receives approximately 50 m3/s of untreated wastewater from Mexico City. The sewage flows through drains such as the Gran Canal del Desague, Interceptor Poniente and the Emisor Central. This untreated wastewater is used for irrigation of approximately 45214 ha, and a portion infiltrates to the aquifer. 81% of the main channels and 52% of the lateral channels are unlined and therefore wastewater recharges directly the aquifer. Two previously undifferentiated aquifers were now detected by means of a hydrogeologic study in the Mezquital valley. Both, a shallow and a deep aquifers, may be interconnected in some points, and in others they may be isolated. As a result from the groundwater balance, it was determined that the main recharge to the Mezquital valley aquifer is the infiltration of untreated wastewater from Mexico City through channels and irrigation returns. Aquifer discharge occurs through springs that discharge into the Tula river. Another portion of the discharge is withdrawn by wells, and the remainder discharges to the north and northeast as surface water drained by the rio Salado, and as groundwater flow. During 2007 the static water level reached depths between 10 and 40 m with groundwater flow from south to north. A groundwater balance was performed obtaining 10.6 Mm3/yr as groundwater recharge, 165 Mm3/yr as vertical infiltration to the aquifer, 97.7 Mm3/yr withdrawn by pumping, 71.7 Mm3/yr as groundwater discharge, zero for change in storage and 6.1 Mm3/yr as evapotranspiration. In terms of water quality, most of the 65 chemically analyzed wells were found with sodium and total dissolved solids concentrations above the maximum permissible limit in water for human consumption. In some wells, arsenic, fluoride, and lead have concentrations that exceed the permissible limit. In thirty out of 75 bacteriologically analyzed drinking water wells, total coliforms were detected and several had fecal coliforms.


At first we take two definitions: for the asymmetric metric tensor and for the Christoffel symbols. In order to find the connection of Christoffel symbols with the asymmetric metric tensor we take the derivative from metric tensor with respect to coordinate. In the resulting equation we make the cyclic rearrangement of indexes two times and get two more equations. Then we rearrange the indexes of metric tensor in these three equations and get three more equations. After this we represent the metric tensor as the sum of symmetric and antisymmetric tensors. Also we represent the Christoffel symbols as the sum of symmetric and antisymmetric symbols. Resolving our 6 equations we get the formula for Christoffel symbols expressed through the symmetric and antisymmetric parts of metric tensor. In the item 4) there is the description of Parts : Part VI, Part VII, Part VIII, Part IX on the site www.telnin.narod.ru .


A new blue-green phosphor, Ca6BaP4O17:Ce3+, which can be prepared by conventional solid-state synthesis, is reported as a candidate phosphor for solid-state lighting with near-ultraviolet LEDs. Under excitation at around 400 nm, Ca6BaP4O17:Ce3+ shows strong blue-green emission with the peak position at 477 nm. Ce3+,Si4+ co-doping is found to enhance the luminous intensity, and the unique emission characteristics of this combination are studied and related to the crystal structure. Ca6BaP4O17 is an exceptional host material, which also accommodates Eu2+, emitting strong yellow light under 400 nm excitation. A fabricated white LED, combining Ca6BaP4O17:Ce3+,Si4+ with Ca6BaP4O17:Eu2+ and a red CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ phosphor, achieved a luminous efficacy of 45 lm W−1 with a color-rendering index of 93 around the correlated color temperature of 4500 K.


This paper describes the industry view of the final phase of a study that validates a group of generic attributes of graduates of Australian undergraduate degree programs with majors in Information Systems (IS). The study sponsored by the Australian Computer Society (ACS) used a three round Delphi questionnaire and involved 53 ACS members. The results of this study are compared with a previous study of generic attributes conducted by the authors in Queensland, Australia. Differences between academics and industry are identified. Major findings include the high ranking of the individual competencies of being willing to participate in continued learning and self-motivation being rated in the top three. Oral and written communications are significantly rated as more important than a comprehensive knowledge of IS. The interpersonal attributes of working as part of a team, interpersonal skills were not ranked highly This study has a very strong overall correlation with the previous Queensland study.


We have designed interferometers that sort Bose-Einstein condensates into their vortex components. The Bose-Einstein condensates in the two arms of the interferometer are rotated with respect to each other through fixed angles; different vortex components then exit the interferometer in different directions. The method we use to rotate the Bose-Einstein condensates involves asymmetric phase imprinting and is itself new. We have modeled rotation through fixed angles and sorting into vortex components with even and odd values of the topological charge of two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates in a number of states (pure or superposition vortex states for different values of the scattering length). Our scheme may have applications for quantum information processing.


Elementary particles are atomic or sub-atomic particles that make up all kinds of matter. They are classified into two main groups, namely: bosons and fermions. In other words, bosons and fermions are found in all states of matter, viz: solids, liquids and gases. Fermions are constituents of matter while bosons are force carriers. Bosons are particles that transmit interactions or the constituents of radiation. The main objective of this paper is to derive and integrate the intermolecular partition function into the general partition function of the elementary gases. The application of the partition function so formulated in the determination of the thermodynamic states of the elementary particles and its validity can eventually be addressed. The partition function of a system is the ratio of the total number of particles in the system to the number of particles in the lowest energy state of that system. Thus, it is dimensionless. Partition function is very important in the analyses of thermodynamic systems. Once an expression for the partition function of a system is known, then the thermodynamic functions appertaining to the system; entropy, specific heat capacity, Helmholtz free energy, internal energy, etc can be determined. Many have been neglecting the effects of intermolecular interactions while calculating the overall partition function of interacting systems. This article considered the common way of determining partition function, z without considering intermolecular interaction effects and compared it with z determined by taking cognizance of the effects of intermolecular interactions. A comparison of the two was made, and the result analyzed. An overview of the various z's in the old way was presented and a new one called inter-particle interaction partition function was derived using the Schrodinger equation. . To validate the work, the entropies and specific heats of hydrogen were compared with published data by two-way ANOVA.  It was determined that the values were significantly different as expected. This work has established that intermolecular interaction


Sukagalih Village is one of the Conservation Village Models in the Mount Halimun Salak National Park area, which is a form of community participation in culture-based tourism management. Its location in the Mount Halimun Salak National Park area makes this location a potential ecotourism village. The purpose of this study was to determine the governance of Ecotourism Development based on community participation in Sukagalih Village. The research method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The data collection technique used interviews and participant observation. Based on the research results, the management of Sukagalih Ecotourism uses the CBE (community-based ecotourism) approach. The community-based ecotourism pattern recognizes the rights of local communities in managing tourism activities in areas they traditionally own or as managers. Through local institutions, the community is very actively involved in ecotourism management, namely through the provision of homestays for every tourist, community involvement through the management of outbound and camping ground. However, there are still various obstacles, so it still requires local government intervention to develop this ecotourism.


Purpose: Bevacizumab (Avastin) is a humanized monoclonal antibody approved by the European Medicines Agency for the intravenous treatment of cancer. However, it is often used as an intravitreal injection for the treatment of macular degeneration or edema. For this purpose, bevacizumab is repackaged from glass vials into plastic syringes. The formation of particles during this compounding process as well as during storage is a source of concern. The aim of this study was to test the sub-visible particulate contamination in bevacizumab material, both in the glass vial and after repackaging into polycarbonate BD Luer-Lok™ syringes. Methods: Syringes with repackaged bevacizumab from 3 different compounding hospital pharmacies were tested for sub-visible particles at different time points during storage at 2-8°C. Results: The batches of bevacizumab starting product complied with the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) for small-volume parenterals. Repackaging into syringes led to an immediate increase in small particles. The number of particles ≥25 μm increased 1.3-fold, and the number of particles ≥10 μm increased 5-fold, respectively. Storage of up to 37 days did not lead to an additional increase in particle counts. All batches complied with the national criteria for particles in intravitreal solutions. Conclusions: Particle count increased due to the repackaging process, but no substantial increase was observed during storage. Formation of sub-visible particles does not impact the shelf-life of bevacizumab repackaged into BD Luer-Lok syringes.


The author of this book is professor emeritus at Lund University and has over thirty years' experience of his specialty. He has written not a textbook but a general survey of the scope, problems, and methods of forensic medicine primarily for the legal profession. Though a knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and pathology is necessary for a full understanding of the specialty, he presents it in a simple manner; and medical students who like to get a bird's-eye view of a subject before reading standard textbooks will find it invaluable. The book is distinguished by the author's high conception of forensic medicine in the service of justice, by his concentrating on the solution of problems by scientific methods, and by his freedom from the prudery and attitude of moral superiority occasionally seen in teachers of this subject. The topics discussed include professional secrecy, determination of the fact and time of death, identification, sudden death from natural causes and after treatment by quacks, the results of various forms of violence, death from physical agents, poisoning, sexual offences, abortion, and infanticide. There are no pictorial illustrations, but their absence is compensated for by numerous case-records, which are models of brevity and relevance. The author stresses the value of full collaboration between the medical expert and the police authorities, and draws attention to the importance of post-mortem examinations, since they often result in the exoneration of suspected persons. Considerations arising from this book are that medical students might well confine themselves to learning general principles, much of the detailed knowledge now required for examinations being left for postgraduate study; that teachers of law and forensic medicine should regularly collaborate in the teaching of both medical and law students; and that one function of full-time professors of this specialty should be scholarly criticism of the law. An English translation of the book adapted to English law would be valuable. R. WHITEHEAD.


The traditional high-voltage high-frequency transformer has a drawback of low power density due to the rigorous requirements of high voltage insulation. This paper proposes a new configuration for the magnetic core based on planar EE cores. The parallel connection of planar cores was adopted as a unit, and several units were cascaded to form the high-voltage transformer. The electrical potential distribution of the proposed transformer is more uniform than a traditional transformer, and enables a decrease in the insulation distances. The mechanical configuration of a laboratory prototype is discussed, as well as the electrical, parasitic, and thermal behaviors. A prototype transformer has been designed and built with the following characteristics: 30 kV output voltage, 30 kW output power, and 20 kHz inverting frequency. The transformer was tested and found to have an efficiency of better than 96%. Compared with traditional high-voltage transformers, this transformer has good thermal behavior, good line insulation properties and a high power density.


Using modified consumer spending model and data that span the period of 1981-2011, the study examines the effects of interest and inflation rates (proxy - consumer price index) on Consumer Spending. The study extended its investigation into the causal relationship between consumer spending (proxy; private consumption expenditure), interest and inflation rates using granger causality Wald test, so as to ascertain if consumer spending can be use to predict future interest and inflation rates in the economy. The findings suggest that all explanatory variables account for approximately 93.38 percent variation in consumer spending, indicating interest and inflation rates and other control variables such as per capita income (PCI), indirect tax (INDTAX) and savings (SAV) as important determinants of private consumption expenditure in Nigeria. The results on the granger causality indicated that future interest and inflation rates cannot be predicted using private consumption expenditure. Therefore, based on these findings, we recommend expansionary fiscal and monetary policies to influence the level of aggregate demand in the economy.


What can kinship tell us about the development and organization of one of the largest state petroleum companies in the world and its subsequent privatization? How can attention to kinship sentiments inform our understandings of the transnational movements of people, capital, and production that are at the core of contemporary globalization? Can an understanding of kinship and marriage help us comprehend the meanings and limits of nationality and citizenship or the expansion of one of the fastest-growing religions in the world? These are some of the many questions that were the subjects of vibrant discussions during the advanced seminar "The Difference Kinship Makes: Rethinking the Ideologies of Modernization."


The paper examines critical issues involved in the debate over the Regular Education Initiative (REI) to merge special and regular education, with emphasis on implications for school psychologists. The arguments of proponents and opponents of the REI are summarized and the lack of involvement by school psychologists is noted. The REI is seen to effect school psychologists by a possibly drastic reduction in the demand for professional psychological services in the schools, and by the denial of valuable and necessary psychological services to many special needs students. Specific issues that psychologists need to address are: (1) pupil identification and classification; (2) pupil placement; and (3) changing roles and responsibilities. School psychologists are urged to become more involved in the debate because their expertise is needed, because they have a professional responsibility to contribute, and because REI could have a direct impact on their future employment possibilities. They are urged to become involved at the professional/organizational level and at the local school level. Includes 33 references. (DB) **************************************** ******** *********************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *************** ****** **************************************************