The conventional fuels that are used in the field of transportation are primarily composed of two or more components. Each component evaporates, mixes with hot oxidant gases, ignites, and burns. Since evaporation is the precursor of the sequence of events leading to combustion, the evaporation studies on the multi-component drops are essential for determining the governing parameters of spray evaporation. While single-component drop studies have been carried out extensively in the past, very limited literature exists on the multicomponent array evaporation. The present paper deals with the evaporation of multicomponent fuel droplets in an array using the recently developed p oint s ource m ethod (PSM). First, the quasi-steady (QS) evaporation of an isolated, multicomponent droplet is briefly analyzed. The resultant governing equations, along with Raoult's law and the Cox-Antoine relation, constitute the set of equations needed to arrive at the solutions for: (1) the droplet surface temperature, (2) the evaporation rate of each species, and (3) the vapor mass fraction of each species at the droplet surface. The PSM, which treats the droplet as a point mass source and heat sink, is then adopted to obtain an analytic expression for the evaporation rate of a multicomponent droplet in an array of liquid droplets. Defining the correction factor (η) as a ratio of the evaporation of a drop in an array to the evaporation rate of a similar isolated multi-component drop, an expression for the correction factor is obtained. The results of the point source method (PSM) are then compared with those obtained elsewhere for a three-drop array that uses the m ethod o f i mages (MOI). Excellent agreement is obtained. The treatment is then extended to a binary drop array to study the effect of interdrop spacing on vaporization. When the drops are close to each other, the evaporation rate of the droplet in the array containing the larger percentage of volatiles is higher than the rate under isolated conditions (η>1). The results qualitatively confirm the experimental data reported elsewhere. Parametric results were obtained for the effect of changing the composition on the correction factor and finally critical drop compositions in the binary array are given for which η>1. Even though the results for the average correction factor of the whole array of 2 to 9 drops obtained using PSM are almost the same as the results from MOI, the correction factor of the center drop under severe interaction may deviate from those results obtained with MOI.


The cowshed environment has significant impacts on the yield, diseases and behaviors of dairy cows. Heat stress, in particular, has a great impact on yield. The cowshed environment monitoring system based on wireless sensor network can accurately sense the temperature and other environmental parameters in real time and provide basis for manual environmental intervention and control. Energy constraint is one of the important problems that affect the long-term stable monitoring by the dairy cow wireless sensor network. So, the weighted Markov chain method is used to predict the time series of cowshed temperature. Replacing the actual values with the predicted values at the cluster head can effectively reduce data traffic in the cluster, thereby reducing network power consumption. Test data show that, the average variance of the cowshed environment temperature predicted by the method proposed in this paper is 0.185, and the average power consumption is reduced by about 40% when the compression ratio is 0.3, which effectively prolongs the network lifetime. In addition to that, the cowshed environment prediction can also help make pre-judgments for environmental control, reduce or avoid the heat stress of dairy cows after the environmental parameters exceed the thresholds and provide the basis for the multi-source data fusion for dairy cow.


Abstract Comprehensive environmental studies taking under consideration the structure of the radiation balance during the vegetation growing seasons of 2001 and 2002 were carried out on the open sandy surface of the area called the Błędów 'desert' located on Silesian Upland. The research in each site covered the composition of plant species, their age and height, the condition of the substratum, the composition and structure of the soil and the meteorological conditions with elements of the radiation balance. The article presents some part of the research on meteorological elements and their impact on ecosystem. Special attention was devoted to radiation conditions on the open sandy surface in the context of the formation of BSC (biological soil crust). Having presumed that the values obtained on the grassy surface constituted 100%, the values of radiation reflection measured on the open sandy surface were 185% higher and the values of net longwave radiation were 105% higher in day time and 137% in night time. Values of net radiation of about 63% lower were observed on the sandy surface during a typical sunny summer day. It was found that a strong irradiation of the sandy surface (26 MJ·m–2d–1) creates extremely difficult conditions for the initiation of the process of ecosystem formation (including BSC or plant succession). The elements of the radiation balance, net radiation, albedo and temperature of the open sandy surface were represented quantitatively. The test surfaces were classified based on the value of the albedo: group I with low albedo values, up to 0.15 (spore-bearing plants on a dark surface), including BSC; group II with mean values of the albedo from 0.16 to 0.24 (spore-bearing plants and seed on a dark grey surface); and group III with high albedo values, above 0.25 (plants growing on bare or loose sands).


In this paper, the graded index (GI) multimode rare-earth metal (RE-M) doped polymer optical waveguide amplifier has been prepared and tested optically. A 10-cm Europium Aluminum Benzyl Methacrylate ( was fabricated via a unique technique known as the "Mosquito Method" which utilizes a micro-dispenser machine. Optical gain from 75 to 150 µm circular core diameter waveguide of 13 wt.% concentration has been demonstrated and measured under forward pumping condition. The cladding monomer deployed in this research is Acrylate resin XCL01, which is a modified photocurable acrylate material. Fundamentally, -30 decibel (dBm) red light signal input and 23 dBm pump power of 532 nm green laser wavelength is implemented within the range of 580 to 640 nm optical amplification wavelength. A maximum gain of 12.96 dB at 617 nm wavelength has been obtained for a 100 µm core diameter of Eu-Al polymer optical waveguide. The effect of different coupler diameter for pumping and the comparison of insertion loss before and after amplification against the performance of the Eu-Al polymer waveguide amplifier are also studied. There exists an optimum core diameter of which the amplifier gain enhancement is at maximum value.


The following tables are presented as an early draft indicating what Michigan Dairy Farmers in the Telfarm accounting system achieved in terms of financial returns during 1998. Page 6 is for doing comparative business analysis on a cost per unit basis. These tables were developed using the Finansum software from the University of Minnesota. The format is nearly identical to that used for individual farms using Finpack's Finan to do their 1998 year end business analysis. A farm was included if 50 % or more of gross sales came from milk plus dairy livestock. The 47 farms averaged together in this report came from the following Michigan counties. Barry 2; Branch, 5; Calhoun 4; Eaton, 2; Hillsdale, 7; Jackson, 2; Kalamazoo, 2; Allegan, 5; Mason, 3; Mecosta, 3; Newaygo, 2; Osceola, 2; Ottawa, 2; and one each in Gladwin, Ingham, Ionia, Montcalm, Muskegon, and St. Joseph. These locations favor the South and West of Michigan. My thanks for early analyses submitted by Roger Betz and Vincent Greiner plus the MSUE agents who worked with them. These farms were not randomly selected. The are among the larger and better managed dairy farms in Michigan. A later paper will present dairy averages from nearly three times as many farms and they will come from more counties throughout the state.


Materials have always had a large impact on society over the different ages. Piezoelectric materials are the often ?invisible? materials which find widespread use, unknown to the general public by large. Mobile electronics, automotive systems, medical and industrial systems are few of the key areas where ?piezoelectricity? is indispensable. The parking sensor of our car uses the effect and even the echo to image an unborn baby in a womb requires the exploitation of the piezoelectric effect.The work presented in this thesis investigates the piezoelectric effect in semiconductors, namely in III V, III N and II VI materials to have a better understanding and design potential applications in light emitting diodes (LEDs) and other electronic devices. The current work focuses on the non-linear behaviour in the strain of the piezo effect, which is manifested by the generation of electric field under crystal deformation. Previous works have already confirmed the reports of the existence of non-linear piezoelectric effects in zincblende III V semiconductors. Here, the same semiempirical approach using Density Functional Theory has been utilized to investigate the strain dependent elastic and dielectric properties of wurtzite III N materials. While we report the strong non-linear strain induced piezoelectric behaviour with second order coefficients, all spontaneous polarization terms are substantially smaller than the previously proposed values. We show that, unlike existing models, our calculated piezoelectric coefficients and nonlinear model provide a close match to the internal piezoelectric fields of quantum well and superlattice structures. Also, pressure dependence of the piezoelectric field in InGaN based LEDs predicts a significant improvement of the spontaneous emission rate can be achieved as a result of a reduction of the internal field. The LED devices using the proposed structures including a metamorphic layer under the active region of the device are expected to increase their light output power by up to 10%. We also explored the impact of the non-linear piezo effect in nanowires and present a further theoretical computational study of single photon sources optimization in InGaN based wurtzite single quantum dots. We observed the light emission can be made by those single photon sources covering the entire visible spectrum through suitable change in the alloy composition.


Background We aimed to study the pathogenic roles of High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) / Receptor-for-Advanced-Glycation-End-products (RAGE) signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Methods A prospective study was conducted among non-HIV adults newly-diagnosed with active PTB at two acute-care hospitals (n = 80); age-and-sex matched asymptomatic individuals (tested for latent TB) were used for comparison (n = 45). Plasma concentrations of 8 cytokines/chemokines, HMGB1, soluble-RAGE, and transmembrane-RAGE expressed on monocytes/dendritic cells, were measured. Gene expression (mRNA) of HMGB1, RAGE, and inflammasome-NALP3 was quantified. Patients' PBMCs were stimulated with recombinant-HMGB1 and MTB-antigen (lipoarabinomannan) for cytokine induction ex vivo. Results In active PTB, plasma IL-8/CXCL8 [median(IQR), 6.0(3.6–15.1) vs 3.6(3.6–3.6) pg/ml, P<0.001] and IL-6 were elevated, which significantly correlated with mycobacterial load, extent of lung consolidation (rs +0.509, P<0.001), severity-score (rs +0.317, P = 0.004), and fever and hospitalization durations (rs +0.407, P<0.001). IL-18 and sTNFR1 also increased. Plasma IL-8/CXCL8 (adjusted OR 1.12, 95%CI 1.02–1.23 per unit increase, P = 0.021) and HMGB1 (adjusted OR 1.42 per unit increase, 95%CI 1.08–1.87, P = 0.012) concentrations were independent predictors for respiratory failure, as well as for ICU admission/death. Gene expression of HMGB1, RAGE, and inflammasome-NALP3 were upregulated (1.2−2.8 fold). Transmembrane-RAGE was increased, whereas the decoy soluble-RAGE was significantly depleted. RAGE and HMGB1 gene expressions positively correlated with cytokine levels (IL-8/CXCL8, IL-6, sTNFR1) and clinico-/radiographical severity (e.g. extent of consolidation rs +0.240, P = 0.034). Ex vivo, recombinant-HMGB1 potentiated cytokine release (e.g. TNF-α) when combined with lipoarabinomannan. Conclusion In patients with active PTB, HMGB1/RAGE signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokines may play important roles in pathogenesis and disease manifestations. Our clinico-immunological data can provide basis for the development of new strategies for disease monitoring, management and control.


Fluorescence spectra of protoporphyrin bound to its most affinitive site on human serum albumin, bound to human haemopexin and dissolved in human plasma reveal that, when present in plasma, at least 90% of this porphyrin is bound to albumin. Human serum albumin binds protoporphyrin with an affinity KA = 3 X 10(9)M-1 in phosphate-buffered saline. The affinity of haemopexin for protoporphyrin is 4 times smaller. From these data it is concluded that less than 1% of plasma protoporphyrin is bound to haemopexin. Implications of the data for protoporphyrin transport and clearance are discussed.


An instance of the rare occurrence of neonatal hepatitis and extrahepatic biliary atresia in the same sibship is reported. The older brother with neonatal hepatitis developed jaundice at the age of 4 days and had clay-colored stools from early infancy. Cholangiography by exploratory laparotomy at the age of 3 months showed a normal bile duct pattern. After laparotomy, jaundice rapidly disappeared, and stools became yellow. His liver function has been normal since age 6 months to the present (6 years old). The younger brother developed jaundice and clay-colored stools at the age of 1 month. The diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary atresia was made at laparotomy at the age of 4 1/2 months. Hepatojejunostomy was performed with successful bile drainage, although he had frequent attacks of ascending cholangitis since operation. These cases support a recent hypothesis that neonatal hepatitis and extrahepatic biliary atresia may be produced by the same disease process.


In preparation for an archaeological map of the region of ancient Sybaris, the author of this small work has catalogued all the finds made there in recent times. He follows this aim with what seems excessive diffidence, cautiously refusing to commit himself to any historical discussion or speculation. Discoveries are recorded in chronological order, with a brief indication of their nature. The most useful element is the critical exploitation of some remote and inaccessible local literature. Otherwise, sketchy description sometimes obscures the significance of the author's material; he hardly does justice to the rectangularly-planned buildings seen by Lenormant and others at Favella (p. 31), or the objects from San Lorenzo now in the Reggio Museum (p. 50). We need a mention of the aqueduct of Not. Scav. 1932,132—where was it going ? A full map of the area, when it appears, will undoubtedly be of great service to seekers after ancient Sybaris, which still eludes the excavator's pick. Meanwhile, however, they will find that Zanotti Bianco has considered the historical topography with more sympathy, and Kahrstedt has displayed the archaeological finds with greater relevance and fewer words.


Michael ARTIN participated in the "Artin Approximation and Infinite dimensional Geometry" event organized at CIRM in March 2015, which was part of the Jean-Morlet semester held by Herwig Hauser. Michael Artin is an American mathematician and a professor emeritus in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology mathematics department, known for his contributions to algebraic geometry and also generally recognized as one of the outstanding professors in his field. Artin was born in Hamburg, Germany, and brought up in Indiana. His parents were Natalia Jasny (Natascha) and Emil Artin, a preeminent algebraist of the 20th century. In 2002, Artin won the American Mathematical Society's annual Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement. In 2005, he was awarded the Harvard Centennial Medal. He won the Wolf Prize in Mathematics. He is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, and the American Mathematical Society.


Twenty-one cases of laryngeal tuberculosis were found while surveying 1,383 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, giving an incidence of 1.5 per cent. All had abnormal chest films and tubercle bacilli in their sputum. Symptoms were variable. Patients with pain were relieved within seven days of triple therapy. All but one patient's laryngeal appearance was normal after two months' therapy.


The authors present a technique for assessing the diagnostic power of an existing detection-oriented test pattern by means of diagnostic fault simulation and a procedure to improve it. The procedure successfully exploits enhanced symbolic finite state machine (FSM) equivalence proof algorithms. In order to resort to product machine traversal only when needed, special checks are performed to verify combinational identity and identity on reachable states. As all faults are attributed to their equivalence class, this method may be used to build a complete and exact diagnostic tree. Experimental results support the claim that the diagnosis of real-world synchronous sequential circuits has become feasible for the first time.<<ETX>>


INTRODUCTION This study aims to answer the question of whether surgeons have different personalities to non‐surgeons. METHODS Members of the Royal College of Surgeons of England were sent an email survey containing 50 standard questions from the Five Factor personality assessment, which scores each respondent in five key personality traits (conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extroversion). Results were analysed and compared with a population‐level data set from a survey conducted by the BBC. RESULTS Five hundred and ninety‐nine surgeons completed the survey. Analysis showed that surgeons scored significantly higher for conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness and neuroticism than non‐surgeons (P < 0.05). Further analysis showed that female surgeons scored higher in openness and extroversion relative to the population average and that surgeons become more prone to neuroticism than non‐surgeons as they age. CONCLUSIONS The results support the notion of a surgical personality, as well as indicating that female surgeons have significantly different personality profiles from male surgeons, and that age affects surgeons' personalities in different ways to non‐surgeons.


Purpose
This study aims to report on experimental asset markets designed to examine the impact of a levy on trade, as well as the taxation authority's ability to raise tax revenue when markets are subject to mispricing. Some have suggested that a transaction tax will discourage irrational speculation and lead to more efficient markets, but others argue that a higher cost of trading will prove to be an impediment to trade with no useful outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors' goal is to provide insight on the impact of a transaction tax in a very specific asset market. The authors chose this design because the robustness of the bubble and crash pattern points to an environment that is particularly appropriate for the study of the effectiveness of a transaction tax in promoting efficient pricing. Furthermore, in a laboratory, the authors can control for extraneous factors that are problematic in the study of naturally occurring environments.

Findings
The authors examine whether a securities transaction tax promotes efficiency in markets that are prone to mispricing and find little evidence that a tax on trade will reduce speculation.

Research limitations/implications
This study's experimental environment is, of course, an abstraction of naturally occurring markets and it may be that the model excludes important aspects.

Social implications
The authors find that a tax on financial transactions allows the taxation authority to raise significant revenue with little impact on pricing or trading volume.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first systematic examination of a transaction tax on outcomes in a market that is prone to mispricing.


To scientists, scientific literacy involves possessing a scientific vocabulary, understanding the processes by which scientific enquiry takes place, and having a grasp of the discipline's basic concepts and principles. For practising and practical teachers, scientific literacy is often about getting students to read, understand and view critically something written about science. It may also involve writing about science, equipped with suitable knowledge of scientific vocabulary, processes and concepts. There are a lot of literacies, and most of them come back to being able to think critically in an informed way.


The article considers the issues of clinical school created in the first half of XX century by D.D. Pletniyev, one of the founders of therapy in the USSR. The article for the first time presents the scientific biography and complicated course of life of B.A. Yegorov, one of the leading representatives of this school.


Crustaceans are vital components of the freshwater zooplankton that link various trophic levels. Because crustaceans, particularly cladocerans of the Daphnia genus, are sensitive to environmental changes, they can serve as indicators of environmental fluctuations. Therefore, it is highly desirable to have a fast and reliable method for the identification of individual Daphnia species. In this study, we demonstrated the ability of protein profiling to distinguish between freshwater zooplankton species. Individual specimens were morphologically identified before being analyzed by proteomic fingerprinting using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS). The obtained mass spectra were used to create a reference library. Subsequently, the individual species were successfully identified using Biotyper software. The variability between the spectra of individual Daphnia species was verified by principal component analysis (PCA). Our results suggest that the combination of proteome fingerprinting using MALDI‐TOF MS and PCA has considerable potential as a rapid tool for the unambiguous identification of individual species of freshwater zooplankton without the need for expert morphological analysis.


We investigate the relationship between interstate highways and highway vehicle-kilometers travelled (vkt) in us cities. We find that vkt increases proportionately to highways and identify three important sources for this extra vkt: an increase in driving by current residents; an inflow of new residents; and an increase in transportation intensive production activity. The provision of public transportation has no impact on vkt. We also estimate the aggregate city level demand for vkt and find it to be very elastic. We conclude that an increased provision of roads or public transit is unlikely to relieve congestion and that the current provision of roads exceeds the optimum given the absence of congestion pricing.


The carbohydrate moieties of glycosphingolipids from eggs of the human parasite, Schistosoma mansoni, were enzymatically released, labelled with 2-aminopyridine (PA), fractionated and analysed by linkage analysis, partial hydrolysis, enzymatic cleavage, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Apart from large, highly fucosylated structures with five to seven HexNAc residues, we found short, oligofucosylated species containing three to four HexNAc residues. Their structures have been determined as Fuc(alpha1-3)GalNAc(beta1-4)[ +/- Fuc (alpha1-3)]GlcNAc(beta1-3)GalNAc(beta1-4)Glc-PA, GalNAc(beta1-4)[Fuc(alpha1-3)]GlcNAc(beta1-3)GlcNAc(beta1-3)GalNAc(beta1-4) Glc-PA, Fuc(alpha1-3)GalNAc(beta1-4)[Fuc(alpha1-3)]GlcNAc(beta1-4) GlcNAc(beta1-3)GalNAc(beta1-4)Glc-PA, and Fuc(alpha1-3) GalNAc(beta1-4)[ +/- Fuc(alpha1-2) +/- Fuc(alpha1-2)Fuc(alpha1-3)]Glc NAc(beta1-3)GlcNAc(beta1-3)GalNAc(beta1-4)Glc-PA. The last structure exhibits a trifucosyl sidechain previously identified on the cercarial glycocalyx. These structures stress the importance of 3-fucosylated GalNAc as a terminal epitope in schistosome glycoconjugates. To what degree these glycans contribute to the pronounced antigenicity of S. mansoni egg glycolipids remains to be determined. In addition, we have identified the compounds GlcNAc(beta1-3)GalNAc(beta1-4)Glc-PA, Gal(beta1-4)[Fuc(alpha1-3)]GlcNAc(beta1-3) GalNAc (beta1-4)Glc-PA, the latter of which is a Lewis X-pentasaccharide identical to that present on cercarial glycolipids, as well as Gal(beta1-3)GalNAc(1-4)Gal(1-4)Glc-PA, which corresponds to asialogangliotetraosylceramide and is most probably derived from the mammalian host.


Introduction: Human gut microbiota is believed to be directly or indirectly involved in cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. However, the identification and functional status of the hypertension-related gut microbe(s) have not yet been surveyed in a comprehensive manner. Methods: Here we characterized the gut microbiome in hypertension status by comparing fecal samples of 60 patients with primary hypertension and 60 gender-, age-, and body weight-matched healthy controls based on whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing. Results: Hypertension implicated a remarkable gut dysbiosis with significant reduction in within-sample diversity and shift in microbial composition. Metagenome-wide association study (MGWAS) revealed 53,953 microbial genes that differ in distribution between the patients and healthy controls (false discovery rate, 0.05) and can be grouped into 68 clusters representing bacterial species. Opportunistic pathogenic taxa, such as, Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., and Parabacteroides merdae were frequently distributed in hypertensive gut microbiome, whereas the short-chain fatty acid producer, such as, Roseburia spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, were higher in controls. The number of hypertension-associated species also showed stronger correlation to the severity of disease. Functionally, the hypertensive gut microbiome exhibited higher membrane transport, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and steroid degradation, while in controls the metabolism of amino acid, cofactors and vitamins was found to be higher. We further provided the microbial markers for disease discrimination and achieved an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.78, demonstrating the potential of gut microbiota in prediction of hypertension. Conclusion: These findings represent specific alterations in microbial diversity, genes, species and functions of the hypertensive gut microbiome. Further studies on the causality relationship between hypertension and gut microbiota will offer new prospects for treating and preventing the hypertension and its associated diseases.


Abstract Polycystic liver diseases (PLDs) include a heterogeneous group of congenital disorders inherited as dominant or recessive genetic traits; they are manifested alone or in association with polycystic kidney disease. Ductal plate malformation during embryogenesis and the loss of heterozygosity linked to second-hit mutations may promote the dilatation and/or development of a large number (> 20) of biliary cysts, which are the main cause of morbidity in these patients. Surgical procedures aimed to eliminate symptomatic cysts show short-term beneficial effects, but are not able to block the disease progression. Therefore, liver transplantation is the only curative option. Intense studies on the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of PLDs have resulted in different clinical trials, some of them with promising outcomes. Here the authors summarize the key aspects of PLD etiology, pathogenesis, and therapy, highlighting the most recent advances and future research directions.


On behalf of the journal, AGU, and the scientific community, the editors would like to sincerely thank those who reviewed the manuscripts for Geophysical Research Letters in 2019. The hours reading and commenting on manuscripts not only improve the manuscripts but also increase the scientific rigor of future research in the field. We particularly appreciate the timely reviews in light of the demands imposed by the rapid review process at Geophysical Research Letters. With the revival of the "major revisions" decisions, we appreciate the reviewers' efforts on multiple versions of some manuscripts. With the advent of AGU's data policy, many reviewers have helped immensely to evaluate the accessibility and availability of data associated with the papers they have reviewed, and many have provided insightful comments that helped to improve the data presentation and quality. We greatly appreciate the assistance of the reviewers in advancing open science, which is a key objective of AGU's data policy. Many of those listed below went beyond and reviewed three or more manuscripts for our journal, and those are indicated in italics.


Summary The development of selective anticancer vaccines that provide enhanced protection against tumor recurrence and metastasis has been the subject of intense research in the scientific community. The tumor-associated glycoprotein MUC1 represents a well-established target for cancer immunotherapy and has been used for the construction of various synthetic vaccine candidates. However, many of these vaccine prototypes suffer from an inherent low immunogenicity and are susceptible to rapid in vivo degradation. To overcome these drawbacks, novel fluorinated MUC1 glycopeptide-BSA/TTox conjugate vaccines have been prepared. Immunization of mice with the 4'F-TF-MUC1-TTox conjugate resulted in strong immune responses overriding the natural tolerance against MUC1 and producing selective IgG antibodies that are cross-reactive with native MUC1 epitopes on MCF-7 human cancer cells.


[1] The Nano Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (NAMS) was deployed to the California Nexus Los Angeles ground site in Pasadena, California during May–June 2010 to study nanoparticles in the 20–25 nm size range. NAMS gives a quantitative measure of the elemental composition of individual particles, and molecular apportionment of the elemental data allows the O/C mole ratio of carbonaceous matter in each particle to be determined. Abrupt increases in nanoparticle number concentration were observed in the afternoon on sunny days, and coincided with a shift in the wind direction from the southeast to the southwest. Nanoparticles analyzed during these time periods were found to contain enhanced levels of sulfur and silicon relative to particles analyzed earlier in the day, and the O/C ratios of carbonaceous matter changed from a distribution dominated by primary motor vehicle emissions (O/C ratio < 0.25) to one dominated by "fresh" secondary organic aerosol (O/C ratio between 0.25 and 0.65). The wind direction and chemical composition dependencies suggest that the afternoon increase in number concentration originated from motor vehicle emissions in the downtown Los Angeles area that were photochemically processed during transport to the measurement site. It is likely that photochemical processing led to both a change in the composition of preexisting particles and to the formation of new particles.


Selecting the correct diversification strategy is one of the key decisions that today's health administrator wil make, for at no time have more options been available. These strategies must, however, be good uses of the hospital's resources. In this article, the author discusses three strategies appropriate for the mid-size hospital, employee drug testing, workmen's compensation and fitness. Each targets the key employer market segment. The author includes how these can be fitted into the overall program of the hospital.


Electrons and their dynamics are involved in bond breaking and formation; thus, the idea to steer chemical reactions by localization of electronic wavepackets seems natural. The formation of a localized electronic wavepacket requires the superposition of two or more appropriate electronic states through, e.g., an external electric field. The guiding of such an electronic wavepacket is only possible within the coherence time of the system. In theoretical studies, we elucidate the role of electron wavepacket motion for the control of molecular processes. We analyze three examples of electron wavepacket-driven processes with direct connection to already performed or ongoing experiments. From these examples, we extract the system requirements defining the time window for intramolecular electronic coherence and efficient control. With this knowledge, we derived an appropriate molecular configuration in a photoreaction of a polyatomic molecule where a control by guiding electronic wavepackets is possible. For such a photoreaction, we designed a new control scheme with the carrier envelope phase as a control parameter that works at high efficiency.


Cities are rapidly expanding world-wide and there is an increasing urgency to protect urban biodiversity, principally through the provision of suitable habitat, most of which is in urban green spaces. Despite this, clear guidelines of how to reverse biodiversity loss or increase it within a given urban green space is lacking. We examined the taxa- and species-specific responses of five taxonomically and functionally diverse animal groups to three key attributes of urban green space vegetation that drive habitat quality and can be manipulated over time: the density of large native trees, volume of understorey vegetation and percentage of native vegetation. Using multi-species occupancy-detection models, we found marked differences in the effect of these vegetation attributes on bats, birds, bees, beetles and bugs. At the taxa-level, increasing the volume of understorey vegetation and percentage of native vegetation had uniformly positive effects. We found 30-120% higher occupancy for bats, native birds, beetles and bugs with an increase in understorey volume from 10% to 30%, and 10-140% higher occupancy across all native taxa with an increase in the proportion of native vegetation from 10% to 30%. However, increasing the density of large native trees had a mostly neutral effect. At the species-specific level, the majority of native species responded strongly and positively to increasing understorey volume and native vegetation, whereas exotic bird species had a neutral response. Synthesis and applications. We found the probability of occupancy of most species examined was substantially reduced in urban green spaces with sparse understorey vegetation and few native plants. Our findings provide evidence that increasing understorey cover and native plantings in urban green spaces can improve biodiversity outcomes. Redressing the dominance of simplified and exotic vegetation present in urban landscapes with an increase in understorey vegetation volume and percentage of n


Developing beginning-teacher knowledge in a school-university partnership is both complex and messy. This arises from the debates about (1) what beginning teachers should know and relates to the balance between theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge and (2) where that knowledge should be developed. In considering what type of knowledge beginning teachers should acquire and by reviewing partnership discourse particularly from a sociocultural perspective, suggestions are made for supporting effective beginning-teacher learning.


BackgroundCurrently children's COVID-19 case numbers are gradually increased in various countries, and many parents fear for their children' safety after schools reopen. The aim of this research was to investigate Chinese parents' awareness of pediatric COVID-19 in relation to protecting their children. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Fujian and Jiangsu provinces in China using a web-based research questionnaire to investigate parents with children aged 6 to 16 years old. ResultsResearch samples included 1222 participants. 99.2% of participants were aware of respiratory transmission of COVID-19, and 75.6% also believed fecal-oral transmission to be possible. Although 98.3% of participants reported knowing how to properly wear and remove masks, most parents were unaware of good handwashing technique and answered incorrectly regarding cough etiquette. Research participants seemed uncertain of children's symptoms. Awareness scores of participants significantly differed across parental role, educational attainment levels, and social-economic levels (P<0.005), with fathers, the better educated, and those of higher income showing higher levels of awareness. ConclusionResearch results suggest an urgent need for parental education regarding COVID-19 in children, especially regarding handwashing techniques and cough etiquette; educational facilities and outreach to parents and schoolchildren are particularly important.


A naive way to solve the model-checking problem of the mu-calculus uses fixpoint iteration. Traditionally however mu-calculus model-checking is solved by a reduction in linear time to a parity game, which is then solved using one of the many algorithms for parity games. We now consider a method of solving parity games by means of a naive fixpoint iteration. Several fixpoint algorithms for parity games have been proposed in the literature. In this work, we introduce an algorithm that relies on the notion of a distraction. The idea is that this offers a novel perspective for understanding parity games. We then show that this algorithm is in fact identical to two earlier published fixpoint algorithms for parity games and thus that these earlier algorithms are the same. Furthermore, we modify our algorithm to only partially recompute deeper fixpoints after updating a higher set and show that this modification enables a simple method to obtain winning strategies. We show that the resulting algorithm is simple to implement and offers good performance on practical parity games. We empirically demonstrate this using games derived from model-checking, equivalence checking and reactive synthesis and show that our fixpoint algorithm is the fastest solution for model-checking games.


A mangled extremity is defined as a limb with injury to three of four systems in the extremity. The decision to salvage or amputate the injured limb has generated much controversy in the literature, with studies to support advantages of each approach. Various scoring systems have proved unreliable in predicting the need for amputation or salvage; however, a recurring theme in the literature is that the key to limb viability seems to be the severity of the soft-tissue injury. Factors such as associated injuries, patient age, and comorbidities (such as diabetes) also should be considered. Attempted limb salvage should be considered only if a patient is hemodynamically stable enough to tolerate the necessary surgical procedures and blood loss associated with limb salvage. For persistently hemodynamically unstable patients and those in extremis, life comes before limb. Recently, the Lower Extremity Assessment Project study attempted to answer the question of whether amputation or limb salvage achieves a better outcome. The study also evaluated other factors, including return-to-work status, impact of the level of and bilaterality of the amputation, and economic cost. There appears to be no significant difference in return to work, functional outcomes, or the cost of treatment (including the prosthesis) between the two groups. A team approach with different specialties, including orthopaedics, plastic surgery, vascular surgery and trauma general surgery, is recommended for treating patients with a mangled extremity.


Notes to Contributors. Preface. Part I: Attacks on Religious Belief:. 1. Is Evil Evidence against Belief in God?. Evil Is Evidence against Theistic Belief: William L. Rowe (Purdue University). Evil Does Not Make Atheism More Reasonable than Theism: Daniel Howard--Snyder (Western Washington University) and Michael Bergmann (Purdue University). Reply to Howard--Snyder and Bergmann. Reply to Rowe. 2. Does Divine Hiddenness Justify Atheism?. Divine Hiddenness Justifies Atheism: J. L. Schellenberg (Mount Saint Vincent University). Divine Hiddenness Does Not Justify Atheism: Paul K. Moser (Loyola University, Chicago). Reply to Moser. Reply to Schellenberg. 3. Does Science Discredit Religion?. Science Discredits Religion: John Worrall (London School of Economics). The Demise of Religion: Greatly Exaggerated Reports from the Science/Religion Wars: Del Ratzsch (Calvin College). Reply to Ratzsch. Replay to Worrall. Part II: Arguments for Religious Belief:. 4. Is God's Existence the Best Explanation of the Universe?. Explanation and the Cosmological Argument: Bruce R. Reichenbach (Augsburg College). Why Traditional Cosmological Arguments Don't Work, and a Sketch of a New One that Does: Richard Gale (University of Pittsburgh). Reply to Gale. Reply to Reichenbach. 5. Does Religious Experience Justify Religious Belief?. Religious Experience Justifies Religious Belief: William P. Alston (Syracuse University). Do Mystics See God?: Evan Fales (University of Iowa). Reply to Fales. Reply to Alston. 6. Is It Rational for Christians to Believe in the Resurrection?. It Is Rational to Believe in the Resurrection: Stephen T. Davis (Claremont McKenna College). It Is Not Rational to Believer in the Resurrection: Michael Martin (Boston University). Reply to Martin. Reply to Davis. Part III: Issues within Religion:. 7. Can Only One Religion Be True?. How to Sink in Cognitive Quicksand: Nuancing Religious Pluralism: Keith E. Yandell (University of Wisconsin). It Is Not Reasonable to Believer that Only One Religion is True: Peter Byrne (King's College, University of London). Reply to Byrne. Reply to Yandell. 8. Does God Take Risks in Governing the World?. God Takes Risks: William Hasker (Huntington College). God Does Not Take Risks: Paul Helm (Regent College). Reply to Helm. Reply to Hasker. 9. Does God Respond to Petitionary Prayer?. God Responds to Prayer: Michael J. Murray (Franklin and Marshall College). God Does Not Necessarily Respond to Prayer: David Basinger (Roberts Wesleyan College). Reply to Basinger. Reply to Murray. 10. Is Eternal Damnation Compatible with the Christian Concept of God?. Eternal Hell and the Christian Concept of God: Jerry Walls (Asbury Theological Seminary). No Hell: Thomas Talbott (Willamette University). Reply to Talbott. Reply to Walls. 11. Is Morality Based on God's Commands?. Divine Commands Are the Foundation of Morality: Janine Marie Idziak (Loras College). Ethics Is Based on Natural Law: Craig A. Boyd (Greenville College) and Raymond J. VanArragon (Asbury College). Reply to Boyd and VanArragon. Reply to Idziak. 12. Should a Christian Be a Mind--Body Dualist?. Christians Should Affirm Mind--Body Dualism: Dean W. Zimmerman (Rutgers University). Christians Should Reject Mind--Body Dualism: Lynne Rudder Baker (University of Massachusetts). Reply to Baker. Reply to Zimmerman. Index


In the Welfare Quality® assessment protocol for broilers, the touch test is included to assess the human-animal relationship in the flock. The test is designed to measure the animals' fear of humans, assuming that broilers will withdraw from the observer if they are fearful. However, many broilers close to slaughter age have impaired walking ability, and the results from the touch test may thus be biased by lameness and poor leg health. As the touch test is currently being used in several countries to assess human-animal relationship in broilers, there is an urgent need to examine this potential relationship for a further validation of the test. In the present study, fear of humans was assessed in 50 randomly selected Norwegian broiler flocks, using the touch test as described in the Welfare Quality® protocol for ty broilers. Leg health was assessed by examining the gait of 150 random birds in each of the flocks, using a six-point gait score scale from 0 to 5. The coefficient for the relationship between touch test score and gait score was 0.034 (P<0.001), indicating that the animals express less fear as assessed by the touch test when the gait scores increase. This implies that the touch test may be confounded by impaired walking ability and therefore might be a suboptimal method of assessing fear of humans and human-animal relationship in broilers. In conclusion, the results from this study suggests that the touch test must be further validated in broilers and perhaps be replaced with a fear test that doesn't rely on walking ability.


Constructing collective identity is one of the most crucial challenge for political power which seek legitimization. Pursuing such aim political actors choose different tools due to theirs ideological affiliation and political roots. One may observe in local Poland that depoliticization process play its role. This have a great impact on local communities. That is why local political elites make barriers for disputing history by using two techniques: presentism (is the view that neither the future nor the past exist – past times must meet present political requirements) and recentivism (only present time exist). Such practice of political power makes barriers for consolidation of democracy.


The challenge of advancing policy goals and public administration is compounded when legal compliance rests on data and complex analysis. This is true of disparity studies that support local government-sponsored minority contracting programs. How can local governments prepare to work with such programs in this complex environment? The authors analyze several court cases challenging minority contracting programs and illustrate the difficulty of administering public programs at the juncture of public policy goals, subtle changes in law, and demands for quality statistical analysis. Many public agencies, especially at the local level, are not prepared to address the data requirements demanded by these programs. To help with this challenge, the authors develop a set of guiding principles to help practitioners satisfy the legal requirements and meet the policy goals of minority contracting and similar programs. This includes a new emphasis on continuous gathering of valid, local-level data.


The description of genetic alterations in tumours is of increasing importance. In human genetics, and in pathology reports, sequence alterations are given using the human genome variation society (HGVS) guidelines for the description of such variants. However, there is less adherence to these guidelines for sequence variations in histone genes. Due to early cleavage of the N‐terminal methionine in most histones, the description of histone sequence alterations follows their own nomenclature and differs from the HGVS‐compliant numbering by omitting this first amino acid. Next generation sequencing reports, however, follow the HGVS guidelines and as a result, an unambiguous description of sequence variants in histones cannot be provided. The coexistence of these two nomenclatures leads to confusions for pathologists, oncologists, and researchers. This review provides an overview of tumour entities with sequence alterations of the H3‐3A gene (HGNC ID = HGNC:4764), highlights the problems associated with the coexistence of these two nomenclatures, and proposes a standard for the reporting of histone sequence variants that allows an unambiguous description of these variants according to HGVS principles. We hope that scientific journals will adopt the new notation, and that both geneticists and pathologists will include it in their reports. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.


Background: Unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolases (UGL) from GH88 are bacterial enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans and are virulence factors. Results: Mechanistic data inconsistent with the currently accepted mechanism of UGL are presented. Conclusion: A revised mechanism is proposed to explain all mechanistic data published to date. Significance: Understanding of the mechanism of UGL may allow design of bacteriostatic agents. Experiments were carried out to probe the details of the hydration-initiated hydrolysis catalyzed by the Clostridium perfringens unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase of glycoside hydrolase family 88 in the CAZy classification system. Direct 1H NMR monitoring of the enzymatic reaction detected no accumulated reaction intermediates in solution, suggesting that rearrangement of the initial hydration product occurs on-enzyme. An attempt at mechanism-based trapping of on-enzyme intermediates using a 1,1-difluoro-substrate was unsuccessful because the probe was too deactivated to be turned over by the enzyme. Kinetic isotope effects arising from deuterium-for-hydrogen substitution at carbons 1 and 4 provide evidence for separate first-irreversible and overall rate-determining steps in the hydration reaction, with two potential mechanisms proposed to explain these results. Based on the positioning of catalytic residues in the enzyme active site, the lack of efficient turnover of a 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-substrate, and several unsuccessful attempts at confirmation of a simpler mechanism involving a covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate, the most plausible mechanism is one involving an intermediate bearing an epoxide on carbons 1 and 2.


OBJECTIVE
Hyperferritinemia is frequently seen in critically ill patients. A rather rare though life-threatening condition related to severely elevated ferritin is hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. We analyze ferritin levels to differentiate hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis from other causes of hyperferritinemia in a mixed cohort of critically ill patients.

DESIGN
Retrospective observational study.

SETTING
Adult surgical, anesthesiologic, and medical ICUs of a university hospital.

PATIENTS
Critical care patients (≥ 18 yr old) admitted to any of the adult ICUs at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin between January 2006 and August 2018 with at least one ferritin value and hyperferritinemia (≥ 500 µg/L).

INTERVENTIONS
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Patients were categorized into hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, sepsis, septic shock, and other diagnoses. These were further categorized into 17 subgroups. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis diagnosis was based on Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis-2004 criteria and the HScore. Of 2,623 patients with hyperferritinemia, 40 were considered to have hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (1.52%). Maximum ferritin levels were highest in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis patients compared with all other disease groups (each p < 0.001). Sepsis and septic shock patients had higher maximum ferritin levels than patients with other diagnoses (each p < 0.001). A maximum ferritin value of 9,083 µg/L was at 92.5% sensitivity and 91.9% specificity for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (area under the curve, 0.963; 95% CI, 0.949-0.978). Of all subgroups with other diagnoses, maximum ferritin levels were highest in patients with varicella-zoster virus, hepatitis, or malaria (median, 1,935, 1,928, and 1,587 µg/L, respectively). Maximum ferritin levels were associated with increased in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.518 per log µg/L [95% CI, 1.384-1.665 per log µg/L]; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
This is the largest study of patients with ferritin available in a mixed ICU cohort. Ferritin levels in patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, sepsis, septic shock, and other conditions were distinctly different, with the highest ferritin levels observed in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis patients. Maximum ferritin of 9,083 µg/L showed high sensitivity and specificity and, therefore, may contribute to improved diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in ICU. The inclusion of ferritin into the sepsis laboratory panel is warranted.


Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) were used as a fire retardant. In common with other halogenated hydrocarbons, PBBs are lipophilic and resistant to chemical and metabolic degradation. Cattle on about 25 Michigan farms were exposed to as much as 250 g per head of PBB when it was accidentally mixed in cattle feed in 1973 to 1974. Livestock exposures several orders of magnitude lower occurred on several hundred other farms because of carryover and equipment contamination in feed mills. Approximately 85% of the Michigan population received some exposure to PBB because dairy product marketing involves mixing milk from many farms. A few cases of high human exposure, which may have been as great as 10 g, occurred when residents of the more highly exposed farms consumed their own products. Although numerous clinical signs and pathological changes were reported in exposed cattle, only anorexia, lacrimation, emaciation, hyperkeratosis, and kidney damage were confirmed in controlled studies. The acute toxicity of PBB in laboratory animals is low, but a variety of subacute effects have been reported. Induction of microsomal enzymes, enlargement and histopathological changes of the liver, fetotoxicity, and immunosuppression are among the more significant. Epidemiological studies of exposed humans have revealed no pattern of clinical signs or symptoms that were related to PBB exposure. A complete evaluation of the human consequences of exposure to PBB await the conclusion of long-term epidemiological studies.


Application of GPS technology in elite level soccer is a growing area of research. This thesis
comprises an examination of current practice in elite youth level soccer, and a critical
examination of the potential applications in the PlayerLoadTM measure to quantify the
biomechanical demands of match play. The thesis comprises four experimental studies that
consider the development of monitoring biomechanical intensity in training and/or
competitive matches.
The first experimental study provides a critical examination of the biomechanical specificity
of training drills relative to competitive match play. This study utilised the performance
metrics as collated on a daily basis by the football club. Specifically, in relation to tri-axial
accelerometry the measurement of PlayerLoad was restricted to total accumulated loading.
Additional parameters related to distance and velocity parameters were also examined.
'Small-Sided Games' generated similar values to 90-min matches for PlayerLoad
(standardised for duration) and total distance covered. However, these drills failed to provide
a valid demand in terms of high-intensity running, which was most valid in 'Movement
Pattern' drills. Drills described as 'Possession' and 'Game-Related' failed to match the
mechanical demands of match play. The implications of these findings relate directly to the
micro-design of the training week, and the monitoring of player performance. The correlation
between PlayerLoad and distance covered was stronger in small-sided games (r=0.92) than in
regulation 11 vs 11 match play (r=0.37), highlighting mechanical issues in the calculation of
PlayerLoad. The smaller pitch size is likely to promote a greater frequency of speed and or
directional change, and as such the summation principle applied to generate a "total" or 3-
dimensional loading value is limited.
6
In the second experimental study the analysis of tri-axial accelerometry was extended to
provide a uni-axial consideration of PlayerLoad. Biomechanically, this is analogous to
analysing each force vector rather than the development of a "total" kinetic parameter based
on a summation principle. This uni-axial analysis of mechanical loading was first applied to
the influence of playing age via a comparison of the U16, U18 and U21 squads within the
same club. The U16s performed the greatest total distance, primarily in the lower speed zones.
Correlation between PlayerLoad and total distance ranged from r=0.26-0.56, for the three age
groups, with evidence of higher coefficients in the U16 group. The U18s exhibited the greatest
PlayerLoad, evident in each movement plane. Uni-axial analysis highlighted a higher
contribution from medio-lateral loading in the U18s, indicative of greater lateral movement.
This finding might also relate to the higher injury incidence observed in this U18 age group.
The practical applications of this study relate to the transition of players through the academy
structure and into senior football. The unique movement patterns identified by a uni-axial
analysis of PlayerLoad highlights potential in the greater analysis of movement.
This uni-axial analysis was extended in the third experimental study to further examine issues
in the movement profile with a consideration of the influence of playing position on
mechanical loading. Whilst not generalisable beyond this team and playing strategy, attackers
covered the greatest (total and high speed) distance, whilst midfielders exhibited the greatest
load across all movement planes. Correlation between PlayerLoad and total distance was
position specific, forwards and midfielders recorded values of r=0.74 and r=0.16 respectively.
Playing position categorising defenders, midfielders and attackers failed to identify the impact
of positional width on the biomechanical demands of match play. The traditional grouping of
playing units might therefore be considered in terms of individualising training programmes.
The distinction between distance covered and PlayerLoad is consistent throughout the first
three experimental studies, with a low correlation in part explained by the calculation used to
7
quantify PlayerLoad. In the final experimental study the PlayerLoad calculation is critically
examined beyond the uni-axial nature of acceleration. Having previously examined the
summation principle, the failure of the PlayerLoad calculation to consider magnitude of
acceleration is examined. The instantaneous change in acceleration is not influenced by the
magnitude of acceleration, and in the final study a novel iLoad parameter is introduced which
is analogous to the iEMG parameter utilised widely in electromyography. This parameter
considers the integral of the acceleration-time curve. Further, the sign principle is critically
examined, with the PlayerLoad calculation negating all negative values and thus making all
movements forward, to the right, and upward. By considering both positive and negative
values the tri-axial accelerometer has the capacity to differentiate between medial and lateral
movement for example, with clear implications for the monitoring of performance and injury
risk. This novel biomechanical analysis was applied to an examination of fatigue during match
play, which has implications for both performance and injury. Over 15min segments of match
play, fatigue did not influence the anterio-posterior or medio-lateral loading but there was a
significant decrease in vertical load. There was also evidence of movement asymmetry in
each plane, favouring movements forward and to the left. Correlation between iLoad and total
distance was r=0.19.
In conclusion, the thesis evaluated PlayerLoad and critically discussed the mechanical
specificity of training activities. Furthermore, use of uni-axial load highlighted differences in
positional demands and the influence of age group on GPS variables. Critical evaluation of
PlayerLoad calculation aimed to highlight the deficiency of tri-axial acceleration of the
formula. Thus, iLoad further developed calculation to refine movement quality data to
examine fatigue. By adopting principles analogous to kinetic analyses in force platform and
electromyography, additional analysis parameters may be defined which provide greater depth
8
of information in movement quality. The implications in movement asymmetry also have
implications for the monitoring of injury risk.


In this paper Finite Element Methods (FEM) were used to simulate the ultrasonic vibration Orthogonal cutting of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. Machining conditions were similar to those used for manufacture. Material constitutive applied Johnson-Cook model combining elastic and plastic deformation, the material hardening for extreme shear strain and strain rate, material softening for adiabatic shear of chip flow-zone. Chip separated criteria adopted arbitrary Lagrangian Euler algorithm (ALE). Heat sources included the rake face chip flow under conditions of seizure and chip/tool friction, clearance face tool/workpiece friction. Thus, the orthogonal ultrasonic vibration machining of Ti6Al4V FEM models were established. The simulation results included the chip formation, the cutting force/stress and temperature distributions through the primary shear zone and the chip/tool contact region. The cutting force, cutting temperature of the ultrasonically and conventionally machining were compared. The reasons of the decrease of chip deformation coefficients, cutting force and temperature and the increase of shear angle in ultrasonic machining were discussed.


Few studies have addressed action control training. In the current study, participants were trained over 19 days in an adaptive training task that demanded constant switching, maintenance and updating of novel action rules. Participants completed an executive functions battery before and after training that estimated processing speed, working memory updating, set-shifting, response inhibition and fluid intelligence. Participants in the training group showed greater improvement than a no-contact control group in processing speed, indicated by reduced reaction times in speeded classification tasks. No other systematic group differences were found across the different pre-post measurements. Ex-Gaussian fitting of the reaction-time distribution revealed that the reaction time reduction observed among trained participants was restricted to the right tail of the distribution, previously shown to be related to working memory. Furthermore, training effects were only found in classification tasks that required participants to maintain novel stimulus-response rules in mind, supporting the notion that the training improved working memory abilities. Training benefits were maintained in a 10-month follow-up, indicating relatively long-lasting effects. The authors conclude that training improved action-related working memory abilities.


Measures to decrease contact between persons during an influenza pandemic have been included in pandemic response plans. We used stochastic simulation models to explore the effects of school closings, voluntary confinements of ill persons and their household contacts, and reductions in contacts among long-term care facility (LTCF) residents on pandemic-related illness and deaths. Our findings suggest that school closings would not have a substantial effect on pandemic-related outcomes in the absence of measures to reduce out-of-school contacts. However, if persons with influenzalike symptoms and their household contacts were encouraged to stay home, then rates of illness and death might be reduced by ≈50%. By preventing ill LTCF residents from making contact with other residents, illness and deaths in this vulnerable population might be reduced by ≈60%. Restricting the activities of infected persons early in a pandemic could decrease negative health impact.


The complex relationship between phonological processes and the morphological domains in which they apply has been of persistent interest to linguists (e.g. Kiparsky 1985 2010; McCarthy & Prince 1995; Inkelas & Zoll 2007; Inkelas 2014). The present study addresses one pertinent issue related to morphophonology by examining nominal inflection in the Safané Dialect of Dafing (an East Manding language of Burkina Faso). The existence of overlong vowels and a derived ternary vowel length distinction are central to the inflectional paradigm. They are described and quantified in an elicitation. The inflectional paradigm is also compared to that of other Manding languages, with attention paid to how related languages conform to putative constraints on syllable structure. Of theoretical interest is how morphological categories, even internal to a given inflectional paradigm, engender different phonological operations and restrictions on syllable content. Morphologically dependent phonological processes exist in a diverse set of languages and domains (e.g. Inkelas & Zoll 2007), but the role that markedness plays, and the representation of morphologically dependent phonology within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993) remain a topic of debate, with the two leading approaches being the indexed constraint approach (e.g. McCarthy & Prince 1995; Pater 2000) and the cophonological approach (e.g. Orgun 2000; Anttila 200


To determine pain in lower back and calf muscles among females due to high heels shoe wear. Methodology: A sample size of 87 females working women and students were recruited on the basis of the purposive sampling technique. Participants were requested to wear 5 cm stiletto high heels and they were asked to walk on treadmill at the pace of 4km/hr for 20 minutes. Modified McGill Questionnaire for pain measurement was used as a tool before and after test data collection. Results: In this study observation of muscular pain was significant in lower limb and lower back muscles due to high heels i.e. 29.6% and 24.7% respectively. Conclusion: Back and lower limbs musculature pain contribute only 8.6% whereas, only back pain had been observed in 9.9%. Paired sample t-test was used to determine pain before and after test was significant with p-value 0.000.


The urban development process intends to enhance urban equipment, infrastructure and services to improve urban conditions and reduce inequalities. While planning activities usually demand a sizeable amount of data to assess these conditions, it is hard to find a straightforward procedure to translate these data into a comprehensive and balanced set of projects and programs. Most urban projects have a strong sectorial character and it is difficult to compare parks with roads or sanitation with schools. Development projects are normally justified in their own terms, yet rarely are sectorial demands equably met by the proposed projects. The following model intends to facilitate this task, providing a simple yet efficient means to assess urban conditions, evaluate and compare the sectorial demands and assemble a balanced set of development goals that can be used to estimate the overall investment needed. The proposed system assesses urban conditions through a set of selected indicators, derived from a compact data base. These indicators represent the performance of the basic urban sectors at each urban zone, thus providing the necessary spatial component to the system. The indicators are normalised to allow comparison of conditions between different sectors. The values of the normalised indicators are then used to evaluate the relative quality of services at each urban zone. By displaying the normalised indicators as bar charts, it is easier to visualise sectorial demands and spatial imbalances. The model is built on a spreadsheet, making fairly easy to verify how much improvement in the sector is needed to attain the desired performance level in each zone. New values can be entered interactively until a preferred urban conditions pattern is attained. The information produced by the model can be used as the basic guideline to dimension sectorial projects and compose a comprehensive development program. Besides describing and discussing all the procedures adopted, a simple yet complete example illustrates the use of the model.


While facing the many challenges coming up from a modernized context of work and society, and particularly from the changing interaction between working relations and society, it is of a major importance to investigate divergencies in supports and contributions that may arise from public bodies compared to private bodies: these both can play an administrative role in coordinating the different (and mixed) relationships as involved.It is acquired that the globalized scenario poses unprecedent issues that cannot be solved by looking for an anwer simply within the legal system as apparently involved, and often private and public matters are mixed and pose complex issues of administration; in general, globalization rises a matter of interrelation amongst different legal systems.At a level of legal theory, schoolars are exploring revolutionary approaches for a new conception of the normative process, that would be capable to overcome the statutory paradigm as just based on a private/public ownership as well as on a possessive individual will that is all centered on the single person (physic human being); I am here referring to the studies by Gunter Teubner, from the Frankfurt School, and by Antonio Negri from the Italian experience of the workerist movement [1] ,  who both consider the social/civil progress as something to be captured from the interrelation of different normative systems, wherin not only the legal/statutory one assumes a relative meaning as a parameter, rather, its constituent categories too can turn to be the object of a critical approach, in a perspective that is called new "societal constitutionalism".The societal constitutionalism would have the ambition of posing overtures toward a dynamich substantial justice, other from the rigidities of traditional state-centered formal-gerarchical systems, and stressing the need to rebalance the distances between private and public sectors by also using hybrid categories, which can better contain traditional features and new needs according to a given space and time. This post-systematic approach is searching for efficient solutions by not limiting the normative context to legal institutions, (national or globalized), rather it looks for giving a normative value to also the spontaneous processes that rise across the civil society. Essentially, this means to normatively remark the value of actions/lack of actions, by collocating them in a broader communicative context being explanative or meaningfull to the search of solutions, not excluding the claiming before judicial authorities: whenever a potential conflict amongst legal system emerges, the main question to be highlighted is where the dynamic of actions/lack of actions as concerned might actually lead, else from into an unfruitfull or consuming-only fight.From a legal theory point of view, this means to accept that any relevant fact that matters in the dispute, both for the purpose of its qualification into a given definitional category or for the  purpose of its being recepient of a given normative effect, be it from an ex ante perspective or an ex post one, should be better considered in its dynamic dimention, wherin the norm is not just an abstraction, it rather becomes part of a normative process wherin the subject, in his or her action,  is partecipating to the definition of the normative category itself


While the concept of open innovation has attracted significant industry and research interest in the past five years, there remains a paucity of research on the application of the concept in noncommercial settings. This paper presents an exploration of a network of Swedish municipal authorities. Within this network, we have observed a move from isolated innovation to the purposive leveraging of knowledge inflows and outflows in a manner characteristic of the open innovation paradigm. This paper presents a characterization of these knowledge exchanges using an existing framework of open innovation archetypes, as well as a description of the business model impacts of these innovation approaches for the participant municipalities. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for future research.


Purpose: The purpose of the research is to gain knowledge regarding what creates value in different types of buildings and how these identified value-creating elements can be linked to the development (design) and planning in order to increase the value creation of the project. Design/method/approach: The paper is a result of three separate studies on value creation in hospitals, university campuses, and office buildings by using mix qualitative methods involving the study of cases through literature studies, document studies, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Findings: Results indicate the differences in value propositions of different types of building and how it is directly related to the owner's and user's value proposition. The results also indicate that value creation in the operation stage is basically built upon life-cycle thinking and characteristics such as satisfying a function, creating a positive emotion, achievement of the owner's intentions and moving it forward by innovation. Originality/value: The research relates findings from the literature and three extensive studies to explore the similarities and differences in what creates value in different types of building to provide a new understanding of what contributes to creating value in projects. This new understanding can contribute to better decision-making processes in the planning and design phase of the projects.


The pyrite smelting slag as industry waste residue was always fully studied in the present research. Due to the complexity of the property of the waste residue,which the environmental hazards of has been discussed in the experiment. Firstly, the complex composition of the waste residue and the primary contamination of heavy metals which included the Copper, Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic usually were determined by XRF scanning. the result of XRF scanning also showed the value for reuse of the waste residue.Secondly,the test investigated the leaching toxicity of the waste residue,the results indicated that the heavy metal of the residue was in low concentration ,in the other words,the slag lixivium was in the range of the required standard, the pyrite smelting slag does not belong to hazardous wastes. The Copper, Zinc and Nickel had not exceeded the standard limit,however, the waste residue could contaminate the surrounding environment if it didn't been disposed with proper methods.based on the further study, the residue belongs to Class Ⅱ General Industrial Solid Waste and the main phase present in pyrite smelting slag were silicon oxide. Thirdly, through XRD spectra analysis,it can be indicated that waste oxides and sulfate facies were the major phases of heavy metals. So,in order to prevent these potential risks,some effective protection measures should be taken.


Plugs are rapidly replacing fresh-dug bare-root and cold-stored frigo plants as transplants for strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) production worldwide. Plugs have many advantages over these other types of propagules. They are grown in controlled environments (greenhouses, tunnels) in less time than field produced bare-root transplants, and are not exposed to soilborne pathogens. Plugs afford greater grower control of transplanting dates, provide mechanical transplanting opportunities and allow improved water management for transplant establishment relative to fresh bare-root plants. New uses for plugs have been identified in recent years; for example, photoperiod and temperature conditioned plugs flower and fruit earlier than traditional transplants and plugs have been used for programmed greenhouse production. Tray plants have superior cold storage characteristics relative to bareroot, waiting-bed transplants. Both fresh and frozen plugs are used in a number of indoor and outdoor growing conditions and cultural systems.


Abstract. Bacterial pathogens in surface waters may threaten human
health, especially in developing countries, where untreated surface water is
often used for domestic needs. The objective of the long-term multiscale
monitoring of Escherichia coli ([E. coli]) concentration in stream water, and that of associated
variables (temperature (T), electrical conductance (EC), dissolved oxygen
concentration ([DO]) and saturation (DO%), pH (pH), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), turbidity (Turb),
and total suspended sediment concentration ([TSS])), was to identify the drivers of
bacterial dissemination across tropical catchments. This data description
paper presents three datasets (see "Data availability" section) collected at
31 sampling stations located within the Mekong River and its tributaries in
Lao PDR (0.6–25 946 km2) from 2011 to 2021. The 1602
records have been used to describe the hydrological processes driving
in-stream E. coli concentration during flood events, to understand the land-use impact
on bacterial dissemination on small and large catchment scales, to relate
stream water quality and diarrhea outbreaks, and to build numerical models.
The database may be further used, e.g., to interpret new variables measured in
the monitored catchments, or to map the health risk posed by fecal
pathogens.


Previous research has indicated that lake-migrating sockeye salmon fry have compass directional preferences, cued in part by magnetic fields. This paper reports the results of experiments designed to compare the magnetosensory system of salmon with those of other organisms. Unlike birds, the fry did not reverse their compass orientation 180" when the magnetic field's vertical component was inverted, but rather displayed northerly (31") orientation similar to that of fry in two different control conditions (325" and 22"). These results agreed with the 349" bearing displayed in 1979. Magnetized material (implicated as possible transducers in the magnetosensory systems of bacteria, honeybees, and homing pigeons) was not found (< 2 x e.m.u.) in 26 out of 30 fry examined. The material in the other 4 was probably environmental contamination, and not part of a sensory system. The mechanism of magnetic detection in salmon remains unknown, but consideration of the evolution and life history of the fish provides some clues as to the possible nature


Even though radicalisation of inmates in prisons belongs to one of the crucial issues when it comes to dealing with extremism and radicalisation processes, for the Czech prisons this is new challenge that prison staff is facing to. Extremism and terrorism belong among one of the security threats for the Czech Republic, on the other hand in comparison with West European countries is this threat less immediate. Level of extremism in the Czech society is rather low, revealed cases of radicalized individuals willing to commit politically or religiously motivated criminal acts e.g. foreign fighters, are rather exceptional. But on the background of the current situation in Europe Czech inmates are getting radicalised or are imprisoned already being radicalised and contrary to the social situation it is not exceptional. The contribution reflects current situations in Czech prisons in context of political or religious radicalisation and discusses the attempts of the Czech prison service in order to empower prison staff, i.e. pilot projects in education of prison staff, so the prevention and intervention will be as much effective and successful as possible.


This publication is a data set of various activities related to this sector that includes land transportation, sea transportation, air transportation and communication. Data on land transportation includes number of motor vehicles, length of road and railways. For sea transportation includes data on cargo loading and unloading, ship calls, debarkation and embarkation of passengers. Further, data on air transportation covers flight service, passengers, cargo and mail by port of origin and destination, and production of state and private airline companies. Meanwhile data on communication covers post office performance, employees, post production, and telephone pulse, telegram and telex production.


An old problem in military affairs is approached here in a new way. Many soldiers and students have wondered wich are the essentials of warfare. For this they have paid attention to history. The most famous of them is Clausewitz. He has however restricted his attention to land warfare and mainly to the wars of Frederic the Great and Napoleon. In this book warfare has been studied as far as known till the Second World War. In contrast to other works is our study not confined to the war on land, at sea or in the air. The military activity in all these spheres are compared. For this a new instrument has been made, 'the axial model', derived from an analysis of an encounter.
When one tries to eliminate one's opponent it is firstly necessary to know where he is. So it needs to observe him or the place where he hides. Therefore 'observation' is the first basic element in an encounter. Next, one must be in the right distance and in a good position to take aim at him. This means often moving in his direction. Doing so there is a risk to be seen and hit by the adversary. So it is important to be mobile. Consequently 'movement' is the second element. To eliminate the opposition it is necessary to destruct the opponent's cover, his tools and mostly himself. Thus 'destruction' is the third element. In an encounter both parties score and have to take hits. The victor is not only the party who hits hart, but who is also able to take hits without qualing. In that way 'taking' is the fourth element. Not only movement but also the other three elements take place by an imaginary line and in a certain direction. These lines and directions are interpreted as an axis of movement, an axis of observation, an axis of destruction and an axis of taking. So in a phalanx with spears and shields all the four elements are coaxial. On the contrary the axis of destruction of a line of 18th century sailing ships has its line of destruction perpendicular to its axis of movement. The axis of destruction of a fighter plane is again coaxial with his axis of movement and so on.
The military events are not described individually but arranged conform their structures of relationships. By this structural approach a concise survey of a great part of military history is possible. The attention is besides focussed on tactical systems. That is to say on the standardized set of procedures prescribed for engagements. The innovations in the development of tactics are dependent of the level of technology. By means of the structural approach, of the axial model and of the development of technology, resemblances and differences, trends and change of trends in military history are to explain. Moreover the insight of the reader in warfare is improved.


Neurogenic inflammation is elicited by activation of unmyelinated sensory neurons through noxious stimuli and subsequent release of neuropeptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from peripheral nerve endings. The nerve-mediated inflammatory responses in the tissue consist of hyperaemia and oedema which under some circumstances may be accompanied by pain. Neurogenic inflammation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various human diseases with uncertain etiology. Signs of inflammation and hyperalgesia associated with chronic pain syndromes such as migraine, arthritis and complex regional pain syndrome resemble the characteristics of neurogenic inflammation. By extrapolation of convincing evidence obtained in rodent models, neurogenic inflammation is assumed to contribute to diseases of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, and skin in humans. Since, however, highly selective substance P receptor antagonists, found to be effective against inflammation in rodents, failed to inhibit inflammatory processes in clinical trials, the hypothesis of an involvement of neurogenic inflammation in human diseases is discussed critically in this review. Beyond its primarily inflammatory character neurogenic inflammation can be regarded as a mechanism that activates protective responses, thus bringing about a first line of defence to maintain the integrity of the tissue and to contribute to tissue repair.


We present an effective system for simulating dust continuum observations by radiative transfer simulations. By using workflow management system RENKEI-WFT, we utilized distributed computing resources and automated a sequence of computational tasks required for radiative transfer modeling, namely, main radiative transfer simulations, pre-/post-processes, and data transfer between computing resources. Our system simultaneously executes a lot of radiative transfer simulations with different input parameters on distributed computing resources. This capability of our system enables us to conduct effective research by radiative transfer simulation. As a demonstration of our system, we simulated dust continuum observations of protoplanetary disk. We performed hydrodynamic simulation modeling photoevaporating protoplanetary disk irradiated by ultra violet radiation from nearby massive stars. Results of this hydrodynamic simulation were used as input data for radiative transfer simulations. Expected spectral energy distributions and intensity maps were obtained by our system.


In the last few years, unpaired image-to-image translation has witnessed Remarkable progress. Although the latest methods are able to generate realistic images, they crucially rely on a large number of labeled images. Recently, some methods have tackled the challenging setting of few-shot image-to-image ranslation, reducing the labeled data requirements for the target domain during inference. In this work, we go one step further and reduce the amount of required labeled data also from the source domain during training. To do so, we propose applying semi-supervised learning via a noise-tolerant pseudo-labeling procedure. We also apply a cycle consistency constraint to further exploit the information from unlabeled images, either from the same dataset or external. Additionally, we propose several structural modifications to facilitate the image translation task under these circumstances. Our semi-supervised method for few-shot image translation, called \emph{SEMIT}, achieves excellent results on four different datasets using as little as 10\% of the source labels, and matches the performance of the main fully-supervised competitor using only 20\% labeled data. Our code and models are made public at: \url{https://github.com/yaxingwang/SEMIT}.


Flooding is the most common natural hazard in Europe. Cities cannot rely only on underground solutions which are expensive and inflexible. In order to reduce the negative impacts of flood, open and surface solutions play a key role in the efficiency of urban drainage systems. Utilizing the earth's surface as part of sustainable water infrastructure, also as powerful element for creating the space, adds multiple values to our urban environments. This article suggests a framework to increase the likelihood of turning the idea of flood resilient city to a best practice. The paper is clarifying the design principles. The target is turning a space to a functional place by applying drainage techniques in urban design, which requires robust local integration between the urban space and technical solutions. The study of storm water management in the Swedish and Dutch contexts was an important base for this formulation. Considering the important share of urban design in urban transition success, the paper is focusing on categorizing the required steps of flood resilient urban design. (Less)


A Markov model is developed for a message processing node with batch arrivals and various flow control schemes. In particular, a credit allocation pacing control mechanism, previously modeled only by simulation, is represented analytically. The primary application is the network-independent flow control of messages between networks which may have quite different characteristics, via a gateway, but the approach is sufficiently general for modeling many servers or whole subnetworks in any queueing system. A closed form solution to the model's balance equations cannot be found, and direct solution is impracticable due to their number. However, by identifying invariants and making physically realistic approximations, the size of the state space is reduced to such an extent that direct numerical solution does become viable. In particular, the credit allocation scheme is shown to be equivalent to the node's operation in different modes, each with its own buffer capacity, so that credit control need not be modeled explicitly, and no approximation is incurred. Accuracy is assessed by comparison with the results of explicit simulations of a selection of nodes of this type with various parameterizations. Finally, we suggest applications for the model in the assessment and comparison of performance under various congestion control schemes and propose some new stabilizing mechanisms.


The epizootological and epidemiological situation in Grozny and in the Urus-Martan region of the Chechen Republic has been analyzed. The settlements most threatened with this disease have been determined. Unfavorable epizootic and epidemiological situation in the republic in the near future is predicted.


One of the proposed benefits of third-party involvement that has been offered to justify its use is that it helps reduce the severity of conflict. Existing work finding that peacekeeping operations reduce battle-related fatalities considers peacekeeping in isolation from other forms of third-party diplomatic involvement, such as mediation. We argue that mediation has its own effect on patterns of violence. Moreover, we argue that peacekeeping and mediation can have an interactive effect, in which each enhance the violence-reducing potential of the other. Using monthly data on battle-related deaths in African intrastate conflicts, we find that mediation is associated with reduced bloodshed. We also find, consistent with existing work, that a greater number of peacekeepers leads to a reduction in violence. In addition, we find that mediation and peacekeeping efforts reinforce one another, although each type of involvement is able to reduce battlefield fatalities independently.


Introduction: Burnout is a syndrome conceptualized as result of the chronic stress at the work place which was not successfully managed. The possible negative effects on the medical staff, the patients and the health institutions have generated interest and motivated the research to understand the possible causes, these effects also influence the burnout predictors. The medical services suppliers within the emergency department have had one of the greatest exhaution occurences even before the pandemic. Being in the first line in contact with the suspected patients or confirmed with COVID-19 infection intensifies this fact. Both the working factors (working hours, years of practice, number of treated patients, professional development activities) and the socio- demographic factors (age, sex, civil status, income, education) are associated with the exhaustion at the work place. Material and methods: I have studied a total of 120 participants, receiving 115 valid questionnaires, the answering ratio being 95,83%. This was a descriptive, multicentre, transversal study of the medical and the auxiliary staff within the department UPU-SMURD of the County Clinic Emergency Hospital "Sf. Ap. Andrei" Galați. The staff gave their consent and attended a combined interview which consisted of a pilot questionnaire and a demographic questionnaire. Results and discussions: The average score of exhaustion at the staff level was 3.25, a great percentage of the doctors within the ED (45.8%), (n=24) indicates an increased level of exhaustion, only 26.8% (n=80) of nurses show an increased level of exhaustion. The average score of the stress level shown by the staff is 3.1, 66.6% (n=24) among which the doctors with an increased stress level 9.1% (n=9) auxiliary staff, 23.8% (n=80) of nurses. Conclusions: The results show us a high exhaustion, stress and depression ratio at the emergency doctors in comparison with the other professional categories within the ED. A high level of professional satisfaction is accompanied by an increased level of stress and of self-esteem.


Current notions of sustainability within the field of product manufacturing largely depend on business strategies that are predominantly 'top-down' approaches. However, it is theoretically and practically naive and also unworkable for conventionally structured large manufacturing businesses to simply put on the vestments of sustainability. Many of the structures, philosophies and raisons d'etre are inherently and systemically in conflict with an holistic understanding of sustainability. In order to positively and significantly affect and contribute to the three main principles of sustainability (ecology, economy and ethics) a fundamental rethinking and restructuring must be considered. New companies, products and processes born out of a sustainable ethos, such the e.Volution car, can contribute to the three E's of sustainability through a 'distributed' structure that enables and encourages involvement and commitment at the local level. This contrasts starkly with the more traditional globalized manufacturing that is also 'distributed' – but not in ways needed for sustainability. Sustainably oriented manufacturing initiatives that embrace the concept of 'localization' have great potential to create environmentally, socially and economically sustainable business structures. This has important implications for product design in terms of: product diversification for local needs; effective design feedback from users; product repair, re-use and recycling; and developing more creative, ethically responsible and locally appropriate ways for end-of-life solutions. Thus, we need to reframe our perspectives to form meaningful links among the various priorities so that solutions are consistent with sustainability principles. This paper offers an approach to design for sustainability that brings together the development of design theory with design exploration. The process of 'designing' is seen as a key ingredient of the methodology. Furthermore, the 'integrated approach' to design for sustainability is posited as a starting point for design exploration. Biographical Statements


There is a great need today to acquire, utilise and share knowledge. Today economies have evolved into knowledge economies.Today majority of Fortune 500 companies have knowledge management program in one or another form. Indian business organisations are also feeling need of new business paradigms. Many organisations in India have started knowledge management initiatives. This paper is a part of larger study of Knowledge Management Practices Survey in India. Based on the learning of this study this paper presents Knowledge Management Implementation Framework . Many of the past frameworks are mainly on the process of creation, manifestation use and transfer of knowledge. These frameworks do not take in to account importance of human aspects in knowledge management. This proposed new framework puts proper emphasis on providing training to the employees, providing incentives and rewards to share their tacit knowledge and importance of information technology. Framework is from twoperspective: one organisational and second individual. The major constituents of the framework are : Rewards, Technology, Culture ,Training , Learning ,Strategy, Structure, System, Leadership, Personality, Attitude. Here Rewards, Technology, Culture, Training, Learning are common influencer on organisational and individual knowledge management. Strategy, Structure, System and Leadership are specifically influencing organisational knowledge management. Personality and attitude are more influencing on individual knowledge management.


The tax structure capable of achieving an energy transition in the power sector was analyzed by applying the Pigouvian tax on generation fuels. Under the 2018 Tax Act Amendment, the tax rate criteria for the excise tax on power generation fuels changed from the calorific value to environmental externalities of the fuel. However, to reverse the merit order of bituminous coal generation with liquefied natural gas (LNG) generation, reflecting only some external costs of the environment as a tax is not enough. In this paper, we established four tax reform scenarios for bituminous coal and LNG considering environmental externalities, and we analyzed the reversal of dispatch priority using the electricity system unit commitment and M-Core economic dispatch model. According to the analysis results, the share of bituminous coal generation will be reduced to 10–20% depending on the scenario, reflecting the relative tax rate equalizing the fuel costs of bituminous coal and LNG power. To achieve an energy transition by reversing the merit order of bituminous coal and LNG generation, the tax rate of bituminous coal must be more than twice that of LNG. Moreover, to achieve an eco-friendly generation mix through tax reform, the external costs of the environment by fuel source should be accurately estimated and efficient taxation that can adequately reflect these external costs of the environment while considering tax fairness, neutrality and simplicity should be established.


In today's age, there are huge amounts of data being generated every second of every day. Through data visualization, humans can explore, analyse and present it. Choosing a suitable visualization for data is a difficult task, especially for non-experts. Current data visualization recommender systems exist to aid in choosing a visualization, yet suffer from issues such as low accessibility and indecisiveness. The aim of this study is to create a model for a data visualization recommender system for non-experts that resolves these issues. Based on existing work and a survey among data scientists, requirements for a new model were identified and implemented. The result is a question-based model that uses a decision tree and a data visualization classification hierarchy in order to recommend a visualization. Furthermore, it incorporates both task-driven and data characteristics-driven perspectives, whereas existing solutions seem to either convolute these or focus on one of the two exclusively. Based on testing against existing solutions, it is shown that the new model reaches similar results while being simpler, clearer, more versatile, extendable and transparent. The presented model can be applied in the development of new data visualization software or as part of a