In the past decade, research into High Entropy alloys (HEAs) have gained significant attention due to their outstanding properties and approach to design alloys for high temperature applications. Strengthening of face centered cubic (FCC) based HEAs, by addition of intermetallic phase or precipitate forming elements is a very captivating direction of alloy designing for high temperature structural applications. However, the knowledge regarding the influence of intermetallic phases on the properties of FCC HEAs is rare. The current study focuses on annealing effects on the microstructure of Cr20Co20Fe25Ni25V5Mo5 (at. %) alloy, this alloy was synthesized using induction melting, and was homogenized at 1200 °C for 12h. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the principle phase was (FCC) identified. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) together with Energy Dispersion X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) showed that there is an additional phases that is Mo-rich. In order to understand the effect of the high temperature annealing on phase stability, the homogenized samples were annealed at 700 °C, 800 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C each for 6h and quenched. The annealing treatments had considerable effect on the crystal structure and the elemental distribution. The Mo-rich phase is precipitated at the grain boundaries at all temperatures. Additionally, at 1000 °C annealing temperature Mo-rich phase had precipitated inside the grains. The lower annealing temperatures inhibited diffusion of Mo, which restricted the Mo-rich phase formation. Additionally, the hardness is increased to 195 HV at 1000 °C due precipitation hardening. At other annealing temperatures the hardness is reduced to 145 – 158 HV.


The bacterial chromosome seems to be organized in such a way as to allow the formation of tandem gene duplications, which appear under conditions of positive selection for a high level of gene expression. Multiple gene duplications permit the excision of a gene from the chromosome by a Campbell recombinational event and the subsequent transfer of the gene to a resident plasmid. The latter derives an advantage from carrying a gene providing positive selection. Thus, tandem gene duplications could initiate horizontal gene transfer in bacteria.


Woodland vegetation in the Tafileh highlands of southern Jordan was investigated and
quantitatively surveyed to determine the patterns of vegetation dynamics associated with altitude and
topography. Three tree species (Juniperus phoenicea L. (evergreen needle-leaved woodland resistant to
cold), Pistacia atlantica Desf. and Quercus aegilps L. (cold-deciduos broad-leaved woodland) and
five shrubs (Colutea istria Miller, Gomphocarpus sinaicus R. Br., Thymelaea hirsute (L.) Endl.,

Crataegus aronia (L.) Bosc.ex DC and Daphne linearifolia Hart.) dominate the woody vegetation in
the investigated area. Lower altitudes of southwest facing slopes demonstrate generally the higher
plant densities than the higher altitudes of northeast facing slopes. Species segregation occurs on the
basis of community ecological importance value depending on altitudes, slopes and human impact
factor through grazing activities, wood gathering especially on plateau sites. Regeneration
consequently negatively affected due to continuous reduction in species diversity and tree size
distribution.


Oil contents of canola are largely influenced by temperature fluctuations. Longer reproductive phase and cooler temperature at the time of seed development stage of crop is favorable for good quality oil. Three field experiments were conducted one each at the University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi (UAAR), Groundnut Research Station (GRS), Attock and Barani Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Chakwal, to ascertain the effects of environmental variation on oil content and fatty acid of Canola cultivars. Eight canola cultivars were sown in a randomized complete block design in a net plot size of 5 x 2.7 m. At maturity two central rows were harvested to obtain seeds for chemical analysis. Seeds were analyzed for oil contents (%), fatty acid profile and glucosinolate content (µg g -1 ) by NMR and colorimetric methods. Results revealed significant differences amongst cultivars, locations and their interaction for oil content and fatty acid profile. The seeds produced at Attock accumulated the maximum oil content (42.15%), oleic acid (59.76%) and least of erucic acid (32.65%). Among cultivars, Shiralee accumulated the maximum oil content (41.81%) and Zafar-2000 the minimum (38.86%), however, Zafar-2000 accumulated the highest percentage of Oleic acid (63.77) and the lowest of erucic acid (21.78).


Vaginal acid phosphatase has been preserved with a protective broth containing, per liter, 50 of bovine albumin, 0.2 g of sodium azide, 10 mmol of phosphate (pH 7.4), and 9.0 g of NaCl. Samples may be maintained at ambient temperature for one month without loss of activity. Several other commonly used preservative methods are compared and are shown to be inadequate. With a constant 2.5 ml volume of the support medium, and use of a sodium thymolphthalein monophosphate method (Worthington Diagnostics), vaginal acid phosphatase activity in non-coital women is less than 10 U/liter of broth, and in recently post-coital women is more than 50 U/liter (242 +/- 104 U/liter). In vivo degradation of vaginal activity follows a nearly logarithmic course until four days after intercourse, when it reaches nearly normal values.


The age of past lava flows is crucial information for evaluating the hazards and risks posed by effusive volcanoes, but traditional dating methods are expensive and time‐consuming. This study proposes an alternative statistical dating method based on remote sensing observations of tropical volcanoes by exploiting the relationship between lava flow age and vegetation cover. First, the factors controlling vegetation density on lava flows, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), were investigated. These factors were then integrated into pixel‐based multi‐variable regression models of lava flow age to derive lava flow age maps. The method was tested at a pixel scale on three tropical African volcanoes with considerable recent effusive activity: Nyamuragira (Democratic Republic of Congo), Mt Cameroon (Cameroon) and Karthala (the Comoros). Due to different climatic and topographic conditions, the parameters of the spatial modeling are volcano‐specific. Validation suggests that the obtained statistical models are robust and can thus be applied for estimating the age of unmodified undated lava flow surfaces for these volcanoes. When the models are applied to fully vegetated lava flows, the results should be interpreted with caution due to the saturation of NDVI. In order to improve the accuracy of the models, when available, spatial data on temperature and precipitation should be included to directly represent climatic variation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The use of robotic devices to provide active motor support and sensory feedback of ongoing motor intention, by means of a Brain Computer Interface (BCI), has received growing support by recent literature, with particular focus on neurorehabilitation therapies. At the same time, performance in the use of the BCI has become a more critical factor, since it directly influences congruency and consistency of the provided sensory feedback. As motor imagery is the mental simulation of a given movement without depending on residual function, training of patients in the use of motor imagery BCI can be extended beyond each rehabilitation session, and practiced by using simpler devices than rehabilitation robots available in the hospital. In this work, we investigated the use of haptic stimulation provided by vibrating electromagnetic motors to enhance BCI system training. The BCI is based on motor imagery of hand grasping and designed to operate a hand exoskeleton. We investigated whether haptic stimulation at fingerpads proves to be more effective than stimulation at wrist, already experimented in literature, due to the higher density of mechano-receptors. Our results did not show significant differences between the two body locations in BCI performance, yet a wider and more stable event-relateddesynchronization appeared for the finger-located stimulation. Future investigations will put in relation training with haptic feedback at fingerpads with BCI performance using the handexoskeleton, in grasping tasks that naturally involve haptic feedback at fingerpads.


To United Minds, large-scale surveys are an important offering to clients, not least the public opinion poll Valjarbarometern. A risk associated with surveys is satisficing – sub-optimal response behaviour impairing the possibility of correctly describing the sampled population through its results. The purpose of this study is to – through the use of multivariate outlier detection methods - identify those observations assumed to be non-representative of the population. The possibility of categorizing responses generated through satisficing as outliers is investigated. With regards to the character of the Valjarbarometern dataset, three existing algorithms are adapted to detect these outliers. Also, a number of randomly generated observations are added to the data, by all algorithms correctly labelled as outliers. The resulting anomaly scores generated by each algorithm are compared, concluding the Otey algorithm as the most effective for the purpose, above all since it takes into account correlation between variables. A plausible cut-off value for outliers and separation between non-representative and representative outliers are discussed. The resulting recommendation is to handle observations labelled as outliers through respondent follow-up or if not possible, through downweighting, inversely proportional to the anomaly scores.


Summary
Transgenerational effects are often assumed to have adaptive value as a driver of variation in offspring and parental fitness. Studies of transgenerational effects often focus on single environmental variables. However, in nature, it is unlikely for one factor to vary independently from others and there are likely to be trade-offs between different stressors.
We altered the nutritional environment of both parents and offspring to examine how nutritional stress influences transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) with a sublethal challenge by the bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni.
Transgenerational immune priming was adaptive when offspring encountered the same pathogen experienced by their parents, such that offspring resistance to B. thuringiensis increased 1·5-fold and antibacterial activity in the haemolymph increased by as much as 4-fold. However, this was not a general increase in pathogen resistance as susceptibility to a second pathogen, the baculovirus, TnSNPV remained the same. Interestingly, nutritional stress in the parents both enhanced nutritional stress tolerance of offspring and heightened resistance to both B. thuringiensis and TnSNPV. Elevated pathogen resistance was linked to increased egg size.
There was a significant trade-off between TGIP and the transfer of nutritional stress tolerance when parents encountered both stressors simultaneously, such that parents transferred resistance to pathogens but not nutritional stress tolerance.
These results highlight the trade-offs that can modulate the occurrence and magnitude of transgenerational effects and illustrate the importance of assessing interactions between multiple environmental variables. At high population densities, disease risk increases and resour-ces become depleted. Thus, our findings could have significant implications for population dynamics.


Recommendation based systems can be used for recommending different web page, books, restaurants, tv shows, movies etc. The aim of movie recommendation system is to recommend movies to different users based on their interests. This helps the user to save time browsing the internet looking for movies from the thousand already existing ones. Content-based recommendation system describes the items that may be recommended to the user. Based on a data set, it predicts what movies a user will like considering the attributes present in the previously liked movies. Recommendation systems can recommend movies based on one or a combination of two or more attributes. While designing a movie recommendation system various factors are considered such as the genre of the movie, the director or the actors present in it. In this paper, the recommendation system has been built on cast, keywords, crew, and genres. A single column is created which will be the sum of all the 4 attributes, and it acts as a dominant factor for this movie recommender system.


After the terrorist attacks on September 11th, Congress greatly enhanced federal law enforcement powers through enactment of the U.S.A. Patriot Act. The Supreme Court also has provided more leeway to federal officers in the past few decades, for example by limiting the scope of the exclusionary rule. At the same time, many states have interpreted their constitutions to provide greater individual protections to their citizens than provided by the federal constitution. This phenomenon has sometimes created a wide disparity between the investigatory techniques available to federal versus state law enforcement officers. As a result, state courts sometimes must decide whether to suppress evidence obtained legally by federal law enforcement officers but in violation of state law. In deciding these cases the states usually rely on a state evidentiary basis ignoring federalism concerns. This article proposes a framework by which state courts may suppress this evidence while recognizing notions of federalism.


This study characterized exposure for dust-producing construction tasks. Eight common construction tasks were evaluated for quartz and respirable dust exposure by collecting 113 personal task period samples for cleanup; demolition with handheld tools; concrete cutting; concrete mixing; tuck-point grinding; surface grinding; sacking and patching concrete; and concrete floor sanding using both time-integrating filter samples and direct-reading respirable dust monitors. The geometric mean quartz concentration was 0.10 mg/m(3) (geometric standard deviation [GSD]=4.88) for all run time samples, with 71% exceeding the threshold limit value. Activities with the highest exposures were surface grinding, tuck-point grinding, and concrete demolition (GM[GSD] of 0.63[4.12], 0.22[1.94], and 0.10[2.60], respectively). Factors recorded each minute were task, tool, work area, respiratory protection and controls used, estimated cross draft, and whether anyone nearby was making dust. Factors important to exposure included tool used, work area configuration, controls employed, cross draft, and in some cases nearby dust. More protective respirators were employed as quartz concentration increased, although respiratory protection was found to be inadequate for 42% of exposures. Controls were employed for only 12% of samples. Exposures were reduced with three controls: box fan for surface grinding and floor sanding, and vacuum/shroud for surface grinding, with reductions of 57, 50, and 71%, respectively. Exposures were higher for sweeping compound, box fan for cleanup, ducted fan dilution, and wetted substrate. Construction masons and laborers are frequently overexposed to silica. The usual protection method, respirators, was not always adequate, and engineering control use was infrequent and often ineffective.


For density–independent populations, the sensitivity of population growth rate to changes in individual vital rates indicates the strength of selection on different parts of the life history. Here I show how this approach may be extended to any density–dependent and/or stochastic population model, including those that show cyclic, quasi–periodic and chaotic dynamics. One calculates the influence of individual vital rates on the outcome of competition between two almost identical life histories. The outcome of this competition is determined by the invasion exponent ϑ introduced by Rand. This is the Lyapunov exponent of the linearized system describing the invasion of a population with one life history by a variant type with another. Demographic sensitivities are given by the partial derivatives of ϑ with respect to the individual vital rates of the invading type. The density–independent analysis is a special case of this general framework. Sensitivities can often be obtained analytically when the population has a stable equilibrium point, and can be calculated by numerical differentiation in other cases. One can also use the methodology to examine selection pressures on the parameters describing density dependence and, if there are trade–offs between vital rates, it can be used to determine optimal life histories. A two age–class example shows that the occurrence of nonlinear dynamics can markedly alter selection pressures on a life history from those which operate when the population has a stable equilibrium point.


This paper addresses the problem of dense estimation of disparities between omnidirectional images, in a spherical framework. Omnidirectional imaging certainly represents important advantages for the representation and processing of the plenoptic function in 3D scenes for applications in localization, or depth estimation for example. In this context, we propose to perform disparity estimation directly in a spherical framework, in order to avoid discrepancies due to inexact projections of omnidirectional images onto planes. We first perform rectification of the omnidirectional images in the spherical domain. Then we develop a global energy minimization algorithm based on the graph-cut algorithm, in order to perform disparity estimation on the sphere. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms typical methods as the ones based on block matching, for both a simple synthetic scene, and complex natural scenes. The proposed method shows promising performances for dense disparity estimation and can be extended efficiently to networks of several camera sensors.


It has long been known that the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum initiates and controls its developmental processes by the creation and transmission of the purinergic molecule; cyclic AMP. It is also known that it possesses P2X receptors which are localised on the inside of the cell. Despite the lack of cell surface ATP receptors, previous studies have indicated the existence of Dictyostelium ecto-ATPases and calcium responses to the addition of exogenous ATP.
In these experiments it was found, using the luciferase assay, that the cells condition their media with ATP during axenic growth and development. Treatment of cells with apyrase, a potato enzyme known to degrade ATP, did not affect the rate of growth, but led to a delay in the appearance of streams during development. This delay corresponded with the formation of "clumps" of cells, but no evidence could be found that the cells had increased expression of adhesion molecules.
Apyrase also caused developing cells to form fewer fruiting bodies, despite the fact that there was no difference in the number of aggregates formed, implying that the apyrase was interfering in the transition between these stages. The apyrase fruiting bodies also contained fewer viable cells, though whether it was fewer cells in general or less healthy ones could not be confirmed.
The malachite green assay was used to measure the rate of activity of the cell surface ecto-ATPases and the results suggested that the common ecto-ATPase inhibitor suramin would affect them. Cells allowed to develop in the presence of suramin showed no abnormal timing in the stages of development or in number of fruiting bodies, but did contain significantly more viable cells.
Altogether these results are consistent with the hypothesis that ATP, ATP receptors and ATPases play a role in the regulation and co-ordination of development in Dictyostelium discoideum, despite the fact that it possesses no known cell surface P2X receptors.


Traditionally the teaching of history or theory on art and design courses often takes place in a lecture theatre. Space and place theory is integral to informing the practice led and practice-based experiences in architecture, interior and the built environment. The research team has investigated how digital modeling, fabrication and population tools can enhance the understanding of current theoretical debates surrounding space and place. The aim is to integrate inter-disciplinary practice allowing us to address key research questions relating to the emergence of digital fabrication and its potential impact upon art and design education.

The purpose is to provide an engaging and informative situated display, offering an experiential and intuitive frame of reference for constructing and placing objects, activities or events into their spatial context. The research has potential to act as an integrative experiential framework through which we can learn more about different contexts or connections between themes or theories which provides a deeper understanding of space or place.
In this new work with Taylor, Benincasa, and Unver evolve their practice through translating 3D research data for a series of new digital and physical experiments intended for enhancing or informing teaching and learning in art, design & architecture. The researchers experimented with a range of 3D software and the functionality of different tool parameters. Fabrication apps and 3D crowd simulation animation tools were used for the first time in this research to explore digital fabrication using cardboard in order to compose and construct 2D and 3D physical simulations of this well-known built environment in the landscape. The fabricated physical cardboard models we produced were located in studio spaces and 3D visual projection live drawing experiences were tested with students and staff working together. The 2D and 3D simulations that the team envisioned are both digital and real; and when installed facilitate a more kinesthetic experience of learning as students are able to create together, and interact with fabricated structures. This evolving research demonstrates how these 3D models, animations and fabrications have the potential to be used together as a catalyst to explore multiple projections of space, place identities, historical and cultural built environment concepts for art, design and architecture students at undergraduate and postgraduate level.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the clinical presentation, treatment, and treatment outcomes for companion rats (Rattus norvegicus) diagnosed with lymphoma.

ANIMALS
All rats that presented to the exotics service and underwent postmortem examination during the time period of 2008 through 2020 were evaluated.

PROCEDURES
The medical records of 35 rats were evaluated for an ante- or postmortem diagnosis of lymphoma. Cases with a diagnosis of lymphoma were further reviewed for signalment, presenting complaint, clinical signs observed on physical exam, diagnostic testing performed, and treatments administered. Postmortem gross and histologic findings were reviewed.

RESULTS
7 out of 35 rats were diagnosed with lymphoma, either ante-mortem or postmortem. The most common presenting complaint that was present in all rats with lymphoma was respiratory abnormalities. Five out of 7 rats had radiographs performed, all of which had abnormalities noted in the thoracic cavity including pulmonary nodules, cranial mediastinal widening, or alteration to the cardiac silhouette. Diagnosis via cytologic aspirates was performed in 2 cases and each was diagnostic for lymphoma; however, even with treatment, survival time following initiation of chemotherapy was short (less than or equal to 24 days). The definitive diagnosis in the remainder of the cases was via necropsy.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggest that lymphoma is a common neoplastic disease in rats and a thorough diagnostic work-up is indicated in any rat that presents for general malaise or respiratory signs.


L-cysteine is an essential amino acid that helps in improving the overall health status of humans. The objective of the study was to determine the impact on the physicochemical and thermal properties of L-cysteine after the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment using modern analytical techniques. The control sample was kept without any treatment, while the Biofield Treatment was given to the treated sample remotely by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Gopal Nayak. The particle size values were significantly reduced by 11.96%(d10), 9.01%(d50), 4.92%(d90), and 7.66% [D (4, 3)], thus, the specific surface area was significantly increased by 14.28% of the treated L-cysteine compared to the control sample. The peak intensities and crystallite sizes were altered ranging from -86.73% to 456.65% and -4.91% to 451.22% respectively, however, the average crystallite size was significantly increased by 87.58% in the treated sample compared to the control sample. The latent heat of decomposition for the 1st and 2nd peak of the treated sample was increased by 12.77% and 5.42% respectively, compared with the control sample. The weight loss was increased by 9.35%; however, the residual weight was significantly reduced by 85.32% in the treated sample compared to the control sample. The maximum thermal degradation temperature of the treated sample was increased by 2.87% compared to the control sample. Hence, the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine might show better solubility, dissolution, bioavailability, and be more thermal stability in the pharmaceutical formulations, which would be more efficacious in the treatment of diabetes, cancer, psychosis, and seizures compared to the control sample.


Developments towards an understanding of the nature of conductance at the interface between two different metallic layers – ferromagnetic and non magnetic – as well as the discovery of giant magnetoresistance have stirred attention from both the scientific community as well as the electronics industry, with the prospect of using the spin of electrons in fast, nano-sized electronic devices. The spin polarization obtained by driving a current through a magnetic nanostructure is referred to as "spin accumulation". In this thesis work, we use 59Co zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) under an additional current in order to probe spin accumulation. To the best of our knowledge, no local measurement of spin accumulation has yet been reported. NMR was chosen as the most appropriate technique for this study, as it is a local probe of the electronic structure and its dynamics. In the first part of this thesis, we present the main characteristics of NMR in ferromagnets. We also discuss the effect expected in the NMR due to spin accumulation. In the second part, we describe and characterize the different samples that we investigated during this study: granular samples, multilayered nanowires and micro-pillars. The third part is devoted to the description of 59Co NMR lineshapes obtained for different samples. In addition, we measured the spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation times in the Co/Cu granular samples. This study is of tremendous importance to choosing the best candidate sample for NMR experiments under additional current. Finally, we used a method of electrically excited and electrically detected ferromagnetic nuclear resonance (EDFNR) developed during the course of this work. This technique presents several advantages over standard FNR: neither coil nor resonant circuit is needed and, overall, EDFNR opens the possibility of studying samples with much fewer nuclei than is achievable with standard nuclear resonance methods. This could provide an important development to decrease the current needed for the same current density in the samples, which is of great interest due to the smaller magnetic field created by the reduced current. EDFNR was applied to measure the nuclear resonance in the samples under an additional applied current. The current densities achieved were high enough to induce measurable effects in the EDFNR spectra, which are interpreted in the final part.


In all conditions altering wall stress and mechanical stretching, LV performance becomes insufficient at the distance, due to a number of structural and functional alterations ultimately impairing pump function, but not invariably due to reduced inotropic state. Among them, structural alteration of the normal myocardial architectures might play a key role to explain the early events of cardiac dysfunction. Abnormalities of the collagen scaffold facilitate alteration of the physiological orientation of muscular fibers and consequent impaired transmission of the contraction force through the myocardial wall toward the endocardium. Further adaptations are promoted by neurohormonal activation eventually yielding abnormal gene expression of contractile proteins. In the alterations of normal myocardial architecture, the turnover of ECM and the architecture of the scaffold is possibly as important as the organization of the cardiomyocyte layers which contributes with their normal orientation to the developed strength at the chamber level.


This thesis attempted to reconstruct the evolutionary history of part of New Zealand's hepialid fauna. Phylogenetic analysis was used to test the monophyly of the informal 'Oxycanus' Cladoxycanus and 'Oxycanus' s. str. lineages. Data were morphological characters and molecular characters from the mtDNA COI & II and nrDNA ITS2 regions. Morphological and COI & II phylogenies indicated that the 'Oxycanus' Cladoxycanus and 'Oxycanus' s. str. lineages were monophyletic clades. Addition of Australian hepialid exemplars to the morphological data set indicated that Oxycanus and Jeana taxa were sister group to the monophyletic New Zealand 'Oxycanus' lineage s. str., while addition to the COI & II data set indicated that 'Oxycanus' Cladoxycanus was sister group to the 'Oxycanus' lineage s. str.

The morphology and COI & II phylogenies were mostly congruent, with both recovering clades that corresponded to the informal Aenetus, Aoraia, 'Oxycanus' Cladoxycanus and 'Oxycanus' s. str. lineages. The morphological and COI & II phylogenies were not congruent with respect to the placement of the Dumbletonius taxa. The morphological data set recovered Dumbletonius characterifer in a clade with D. unimaculatus, while the COI & II data set recovered D. characterifer as the basal taxon in the 'Oxycanus' lineage s. str. and D. unimaculatus in a clade with Wiseana taxa. Tracing the evolution of morphological characters that supported the monophyly of the genus Dumbletonius on to the independently derived COI & II phylogeny indicated that all characters were plesiomorphic. Spectral analysis gave higher support to the (D. unimaculatus, Wiseana) clade compared with the (D. characterifer, D. unimaculatus) clade.

Morphological characters were mapped on to the COI & II phylogeny. Aenetus and Aoraia taxa were hypothesised to exhibit ancestral character states, male genitalic characters were less homoplasious compared with other data partitions and the morphological synapomorphies supporting the 'Oxycanus' lineages and the 'Oxycanus' s. str. lineage alone, were homologous.

The combined morphology, COI & II and ITS2 data set did not support the monophyly of the 'Oxycanus' lineages. Dumbletonius unimaculatus, D. characterifer, Cladoxycanus, Heloxycanus and Dioxycanus taxa were recovered in a clade together. This topology was not recovered from any other data sets. Saturation of nucleotide sites in more divergent taxa and inconsistency in the parsimony method may have contributed to this result. The combined morphology and COI & II data set recovered a phylogeny congruent with that from the morphology alone.

A combined morphology, COI & II, ITS2 and allozyme data set with Dumbletonius unimaculatus as outgroup, recovered the most resolved phylogeny for the genus Wiseana. The two clades recovered were: (((Wiseana cervinata 'southern', Wiseana cervinata 'northern'), W. jocosa), (W. copularis 'southern', W. copularis 'northern'), (W. fuliginea, W. mimic)) and CCW. signata 'southern', W. signata 'northern'), W. umbraculata). A diagnostic test was…


A total of 146 patients were investigated for the presence of osseous metastases with 99mTc polyphosphate or 99mTc pyrophosphate bone scans. Results of bone imaging were retrospectively compared to roentgenographic results surveying similar anatomic areas in 128 patients. This comparison revealed that roentgenographic interpretations were in error in 19% of the cases. Thirty-three patients had bone scans and roentgenograms that were in agreement and considered abnormal, but in more than one third of these cases the patients had multiple abnormalities that were shown by the bone scan but were not recognized roentgenographically. In consideration of the low toxicity, ready availability, economy, shortened procedure time, and low radiation dose associated with the use of these new bone-seeking agents, it is concluded that they are superior to roentgenograms and previously utilized radionuclides for early detection of osseous metastases.


Energy production and economic potential have been intertwined for centuries. Is nuclear energy a failed experiment, or the future of European energy? Nuclear energy has been scrutinized heavily for decades, especially in light of incidents such as Chernobyl and Fukushima. Issues of safe operation, radioactive waste storage, and threats to human health plague this energy source. However, Central-Eastern Europe's nuclear energy production has been increasing in terms of both production and investment, especially in the Visegrad Four states. The European Union's stance on nuclear energy is not black and white. While Western European member countries like Germany and France are moving away from this energy source, Eastern member states are expanding their nuclear production and consump-tion. As the European Union sets strict guidelines for nuclear operations while promoting a renewable energy agenda, it allocates substantial funding to nuclear energy projects in Central-Eastern European member and non-member states, in the name of regionalizing approaches to energy production. What is causing increased nuclear energy production in Europe, and how can the European Union rectify renewable energy agendas with regional-ized energy funding? How will nuclear energy continue to affect Central-Eastern Europe in global energy relations? This paper focuses on Hungary and Ukraine's nuclear energy capa-bilities in particular, as they are both former communist states intending to modernize and build economic independence. Hungary and Ukraine's nuclear energy will be compared in terms of economic capability, social support, and influence of the European Union and Russia.


An integral equation relating the lateral absorbed dose profile of a photon beam to the resultant absorbed dose distribution during single-turn rotating-beam therapy has been set up and solved for the case of a cylindrical phantom with the axis of rotation coinciding with the axis of symmetry of the cylinder. In the first approximation the results obtained are also valid when the axis of rotation is somewhat off-centred, even in a phantom that deviates from circular symmetry, provided the rotation is performed in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. The calculated dose profiles indicate that improved dose uniformity can be achieved using a new type of non-linear wedge-shaped filter, which can easily be designed using the derived general analytic solution to the integral equation.


This paper applies an economic model of climate change that is based on endogenous substitution of energy resources to determine the effect of advances in renewable technology on aggregate and sectoral fossil fuel use and energy prices. It uses a Nordhaus type partial equilibrium model of the energy sector with four demand sectors - electricity, transportation, residential and industrial energy and three of the commercially most important exhaustible resources - oil, coal and natural gas. The findings suggest that among the major commercial fuels, oil and natural gas use are not very sensitive to changes in the cost of solar energy, while coal use is expected to reduce drastically as solar becomes more economical. These results suggest that research and development in renewable energy may play only a limited role in the short run, while creating the basis for a transition to a sustainable energy economy over the longer time horizon.


The eParenting: High-Tech Kids program addresses the positive role technology can play in parenting 9- to 14-year-olds. Delivered via middle schools' parent email lists, the program comprises 56 "posts" (articles) related to positive uses of digital media/technology in parenting preteens and teens. In 2016 alone, nearly 35,000 Wisconsin families, representing 24 counties and 77 schools, were reached. Self-report parent feedback, collected over 3 years, indicated increased understanding of how to use digital media as a parenting tool, more positive views on using digital media in parenting, and increased conversations with children about digital media. Schools also valued the resulting improved connection with parents


Investigating the evolution of complex phenotypes and the underlying molecular bases of their variation is critical to understand how organisms adapt to the environment. We used leaf growth as a model trait as it is highly integrative of internal and external cues and relies on functions at different levels of the plant organization. Applying classical quantitative genetics on a recombinant inbred line population derived from a Can-0 x Col-0 cross, we identified the MADS-box transcription factor FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM) as a player of the phenotypic variation for leaf growth and colour. Interestingly, we showed that allelic variation at FLM modulates plant growth strategy along the leaf economics spectrum, a trade-off between resource acquisition and resource conservation observable across thousands of plant species. We demonstrated that the functional differences at FLM relies on a single intronic substitution, disturbing transcript splicing and leading to a low expression of the active FLM transcript. Using phenotypic and climatic data across Arabidopsis natural populations, our work shows how noncoding genetic variation of a single gene may be adaptive through synergistic pleiotropy.


To reveal the mechanical property on the interface between the surrounding rock and the supporting structure, inducting the definition of the interface, based on ABAQUS software, two finite element models were established to compare and analysis the interaction through the aspects of stress, deformation and plastic region of surrounding rocks and the resistance of supporting structure. At last, compare the simulative and the metrical results. The result shows that the ideal full-constraint between the surrounding rock and the supporting structure isn't possibility. It becomes more reasonable to define an interface during the numerical analysis and design calculations, the selection of the constitutive relation of the interface is directly related to the accuracy of the numerical calculation results.


Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is an uncommon, but devastating, disease with a significant morbidity and mortality, unchanged in the last several decades. This case report is the first successful management of a patient with NF secondary to discoid lupus erythematosus. A review of the literature describes current concepts of etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of NF. This case report represents a growing class of patients at increased risk of NF due to iatrogenic immune compromise.


The goal of this paper is to study a new approach to text dependent speaker identiflcation using spectrograms. This, mainly, revolves around trapping the complex patterns of variation in frequency and amplitude with time while an individual utters a given word through spectrogram segmentation. These segmented spectrograms are used as a database to successfully identify the unknown individual from his/her voice. This is a notable drift from the usual Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) and the Vector Quantization (VQ) techniques for text-dependent speaker identiflcation/veriflcation. The features used for identifying, rely on optimal spectrogram segmentation and the euclidean distance of the distributional features of the spectrograms of the unknown voice with that of a given known speaker in the database. Performance of this novel approach on a sample collected from 40 speakers show that this methodology can be efiectively used to produce a desirable success rate.


Haptic feedback can be used to sense a physical environment at a remote site in order to overcome spatial or scale barriers in telemanipulation. The aim of this paper is to develop a haptic interaction method for a deformable object manipulation system by means of image processing and physically based modeling techniques. The interaction forces between the instrument driven by a haptic device and a deformable object are inferred in real time based on the visual information from a slave environment without force sensor. A physically based model of the deformable object is constructed by integrating the geometric information from vision, a priori knowledge of the object mechanical properties, and a predefined coordinate system of the slave environment. The forces are then derived from the model, while a boundary condition is updated based on the images (a tool-tip position tracking). In order to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, macro- and microscale experimental systems were built and equipped with a telemanipulation system and a commercial haptic display. The proposed method was verified using silicone (macroscale) and zebrafish embryos (microscale).


Nearly thirty years in the making, The Library of America's eleven-volume edition of the complete fiction of Henry James now culminates with this authoritative volume collecting his final three finished works. Considered by James to be his most finely constructed novel, "The Ambassadors" (1903) recounts the attempts of a conscientious American to convince the son of a friend to return home from Paris-and in doing so plays the charm of the Old World against the provincialism of the New. In "The Golden Bowl" (1904), an American woman marries an Italian prince while her father unknowingly marries the prince's former mistress; James underscores both the fragility and strength of human ties and further develops what he once called the "complex fate, being an American." Originally written for the stage but never produced, James reworked "The Outcry" (1911) into a highly successful comic novel of social manners that also deals with the ethics of art collecting. Included as an appendix is "The Married Son," the chapter James contributed to "The Whole Family" (1908), a multi-author novel conceived by William Dean Howells and portraying a dysfunctional family whose struggles mirror the frustrated collaborative efforts of the book's twelve contributors.


Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) has a known increased incidence of diabetes mellitus and hepatic involvement. We investigated glucose tolerance and glucoregulatory hormone alterations in seven patients with PCT and correlated these results with hepatic histology by percutaneous liver biopsy. Abnormal glucose tolerance was observed in six of the seven patients (87%). Fasting serum insulin levels were normal, but an exaggerated insulin response following the glucose load occurred in all the patients. Serum growth hormone responses following glucose were within the normal range, and normal glucose and growth hormone responses to standard, exogenous intravenous insulin were observed. Fasting serum glucagon and urine free cortisol levels were normal in those patients in whom they were measured. While varying degrees of abnormalities were found on histopathologic exam of the liver biopsies, no patient met the criteria for cirrhosis, and none of the patients demonstrated abnormal levels of insulin counterregulatory hormones commonly seen in cirrhosis. Thus, liver disease may not be the sole cause of the observed glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia in PCT patients.


This thesis presents research work on an ultrasound assisted stream (UAS) device, commercially known as the "Starstream device". The UAS device combines ultrasonic energy with a stream of flowing liquid, which could be directed onto target surfaces for contaminant removal. At the start of this project, the focus was towards understanding the response of the device and to improve its performance. Research work thus included studies into acoustic cavitation, capillary instability, electrochemistry & microbubble generation, and transducer design. The required control over flow rate, liquid temperature, and speed of sound was achieved by modifying and upgrading the existing experimental setup.
During the experiments, the adverse influence of unwanted microbubbles was successfully reduced by employing an ultrasonic standing wave cylindrical column (called the outgasser). The performance of the outgasser was quantified using acoustic and photographic observations, and its use demonstrated an increase in the pressure output of the device. The non-linear response of the device was quantified and was correlated to the non-linear response of the piezoelectric transducer. The non-linear response was classified into linear, transition, and non-linear regimes.
The linear regime of the UAS device was investigated experimentally at resonance at off-resonance frequencies of the transducer, under different loading conditions (air, water, bubble-free liquid, bubbly-liquid). Bubbly-liquid was electrolysed in the liquid stream and the microbubbles generated were optically measured. Discussions of the experimental results were supported by the investigations on the electrical impedance of the transducer by employing lumped-parameter modelling (under different loading conditions).
The operation of the device in its non-linear regime was found to be characterized by a novel capillary instability formation of the cylindrical stream. The capillary instabilities were simultaneously investigated using high-speed optical and acoustical techniques at different liquid flow rates, surface tension values, and viscosity conditions. An external technique to control them was successfully implemented. Finally, a combination of experimental kits and techniques reported in the thesis was shown to improve the performance of the existing UAS device.


There is a paucity of research investigating Machiavellianism and its influence on female behaviour, and specifically, female behaviour with same-sex friends. Furthermore, there is a lack of research investigating the subtle (manipulative) behaviour that may be associated with Machiavellianism. The current set of studies investigated Machiavellianism and behaviour in women's dyadic friendships and girl's peer relations. Study 1a and 1b used online self-report questionnaires and demonstrated women higher on Machiavellianism reported using emotional manipulation towards one specific close friend and reported to do that frequently. These women also perceived that their friend employed emotional manipulation towards them. The second study used observation methodology to record behaviour that women with higher Machiavellianism scores may engage in with a same-sex friend. This second study revealed that women with higher Machiavellianism scores asked their friend more elaboration questions whilst their partner looked at the environment more. This may suggest women higher in Machiavellianism seek information whilst their friend appears to show withdrawal from the interaction. The relationships between Machiavellianism and friendship functions were also investigated in those two studies. Women higher on Machiavellianism in study 1a and 1b reported their friendships to be lower in companionship, help, intimacy, and emotional security. Study 2 demonstrated differences with Machiavellianism and friendship functions with regards to the length of the friendship. Women with higher Machiavellianism scores who had been in the friendship for 12 months or less reported the friend to provide less companionship and emotional security. These two functions of friendship may be particularly salient in new friendships, especially recently established friendships in the new university environment. Study 3 also used observation methodology and investigated two components of Machiavellianism (Lack of Faith and Distrust) and girls' behaviour with same-sex peers on their school playground. This study showed that girls with higher Distrust scores engaged in less social exclusion behaviour and girls with higher Lack of Faith scores or higher Distrust scores spent less time rejecting other children's bids to join their social group. Finally, an additional study is presented in this thesis which investigated the Big-Five (measured by the ten-item Big-Five TIPI) and Machiavellianism in women. Regression analyses were conducted with the Big-Five traits to explore how much variance (influence) the Big-Five accounted for in Machiavellianism. The three traits of Openness, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness accounted for variance in Machiavellianism, although this variance was minimal. Strong conclusions could not be drawn from this study given the TIPI's poor reliability and inability to distinguish between further facets of the Big-Five. The first three studies in this thesis suggest females engage in subtle manipulation strategies directed towards same-sex friends. The two observation studies suggest a potential developmental pathway for females with higher Machiavellianism scores which includes avoiding detection from same-sex friends. These observation studies also indicated that these girls and women demonstrated behaviour that their friend or peers did not accept, although this specific behaviour requires further investigation. The studies presented in this thesis suggest further dyadic and longitudinal research is needed to (1) explore Machiavellianism and behaviour in female friendships and (2) investigate role of the Big-Five in the development of Machiavellianism.


Of the various materials used, it would appear that the best substitute for fresh autogenous-bone grafts (if mechanical factors are not a consideration) is the organic matrix of bone devoid of its inorganic salt. This conclusion, incidentally, is not new. Nicholas Senn came to the same conclusion in 1889 on the basis of a series of experiments in which filled bone defects with heterogenous bone previously treated with dilute hydrochloric acid. To quote Senn : "Antiseptic decalcified bone is the best substitute for living bone grafts and the restoration of loss of substance in bone . . . [such a] packing furnished the best medium for the growth and development of the tissue resulting from the regenerative process initiated by the trauma." Miller, in a clinical report in 1890, stated that pieces of ox ribs, decalcified with dilute hydrochloric acid and sterilized by soaking in dilute carbolic acid, appeared to be superior to fresh bone in obtaining repair of a tibial defect.
Apparently successful replacement of an implant depends on the readiness with which it can be invaded by vascular elements. The presence of inorganic salts in the implant would appear to impede rather than accelerate the process of replacement. In this connection Cohen, Maletskos, Marshall, and Williams reported that a study of the fate of bone grafts by means of radioactive tracers revealed that all of the calcium incorporated into the callus came by way of the circulating blood from skeletal sources situated throughout the body rather than through diffusion from the graft. Whether any antigenic factors are present in decalcified matrix implants or whether the organic matrix can be further fractionated has not yet been determined.


A quantitative genetic analysis is reported for traits on the head and thorax of adult fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster. Females are larger than males, and the magnitude of sexual dimorphism is similar for traits derived from the same imaginal disc, but the level of sexual dimorphism varies widely across discs. The greatest difference between males and females occurs for the dimensions of the sclerotized mouthparts of the proboscis. Most of the traits studied are highly heritable with heritabilities ranging from 0.26 to 0.84 for males and 0.27 to 0.81 for females. In general, heritabilities are slightly higher for males, possibly reflecting the effect of dosage compensation on X-linked variance. The X chromosome contributes substantially to variance for many of these traits, and including results reported elsewhere, the variance for over two-thirds of the traits studied includes X-linked variance. The genetic correlations between sexes for the same trait are generally high and close to unity. Coupled with the small differences in the traits between sexes for heritabilities and phenotypic variances, these results suggest that selection would be very slow to change the level of sexual dimorphism in size of various body parts.


Abstract Image segmentation is the process of partitioning an image into a set of meaningful regions according to some criteria. Hierarchical segmentation has emerged as a major trend in this regard as it favors the emergence of important regions at different scales. On the other hand, many methods allow us to have prior information on the position of structures of interest in the images. In this paper, we present a versatile hierarchical segmentation method that takes into account any prior spatial information and outputs a hierarchical segmentation that emphasizes the contours or regions of interest while preserving the important structures in the image. Several applications are presented that illustrate the method versatility and efficiency.


Future wireless embedded devices will be increasingly powerful, supporting many more applications, including one of the most crucial, which is security. Although many embedded devices offer more resistance to bus probing attacks due to their compact size, susceptibility to power or electromagnetic analysis attacks must be analyzed. This paper presents a table masking countermeasure to resist differential power analysis (DPA) and differential electromagnetic analysis (DEMA). Real power and EM measurements are used to verify the countermeasure using second- and third-order DPA and DEMA attacks on a popular low-energy embedded ARM processor. Results show that the new table masking countermeasure provides increased security without large overheads of energy dissipation compared with previous countermeasures. With the emergence of security applications personal digital assistants, cellphones, and other embedded devices, low-energy countermeasures for resistance to DPA/DEMA are crucial for supporting future wireless embedded systems


A retrospective histologic and analytic study of 355 corneal ulcer specimens obtained from therapeutic keratoplasties indicated that, during active corneal dissolution, the polymorphonuclear white cells predominated at the site of stromal degradation. The presence of PMN cells in corneal tissue was harmful by releasing degradative lysosomal enzymes, thus playing an important role in the development of the corneal ulceration.


Trafficking in drugs and other related crimes generates huge illicit funds which are used to support other criminal activity, corruption, illicit arms trading, the smuggling of goods and currency, and other economic offences. The traditional enforcement techniques aimed only at carriers and confiscation of the seized contraband no longer provide a sufficient deterrent. The problem is international in scope and requires close cooperation of all the agencies concerned. In 1976, India enacted specific legislation providing for the forfeiture of the property and assets of smugglers, including traffickers and foreign-exchange manipulators. This legislation, known as the "Smugglers and Foreign-Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act, 1976", enables the enforcement authorities to confiscate all property, both movable and immovable, illegally acquired or accumulated, or for which investment is made from unlawful earnings resulting from smuggling and foreign exchange racketeering. It covers all such property held, not only in the names of smugglers and traffickers themselves, but their relatives and associates as well. The Act provides for principles of natural justice to be followed for all forfeiture proceedings and for appeals to a high tribunal. The legislation has enabled forfeiture action in 2,297 cases, covering properties valued at $US 40 million, during the last six years.


s | 35 Abstract Due to familial factors, younger siblings of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are at an increased risk for developing the disorder1,2. Although behavioral symptoms of ASD typically emerge during a child's second year,3 recent work on younger siblings demonstrates that prodromal features of ASD are present already within the first months of life. These features include atypical attention toward stimuli relevant to social engagement, such as faces and speech sounds.4,5 Similar deficits were observed in clinic-referred toddlers suggesting continuity of social attention impairments in ASD from prodromal to early syndromal stages.6,7 This presentation will review: (1) the methodological underpinnings of prospective high-risk sibling studies and findings on patterns of autism onset in infancy, and (2) experimental studies on endoand exogenous attention to multimodal social stimuli conducted during prodromal and early syndromal stages of the disorder.Due to familial factors, younger siblings of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are at an increased risk for developing the disorder1,2. Although behavioral symptoms of ASD typically emerge during a child's second year,3 recent work on younger siblings demonstrates that prodromal features of ASD are present already within the first months of life. These features include atypical attention toward stimuli relevant to social engagement, such as faces and speech sounds.4,5 Similar deficits were observed in clinic-referred toddlers suggesting continuity of social attention impairments in ASD from prodromal to early syndromal stages.6,7 This presentation will review: (1) the methodological underpinnings of prospective high-risk sibling studies and findings on patterns of autism onset in infancy, and (2) experimental studies on endoand exogenous attention to multimodal social stimuli conducted during prodromal and early syndromal stages of the disorder.


The composition of the hydrodistilled volatile oil from the aerial parts (before flowering stage) of Anethum graveolens L. family Apiaceae was investigated by GC/MS. Twenty eight components representing 99.76% of the total chemical composition of the oil were identified. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were found predominating in the studied oil amounting (80.81%) where - phellandrene (63 %) constituted the major compound. Meanwhile, oxygenated compounds reached up to (8.26%) with dill-ether (6.20%) which was the major compound. The unsaponifiable matter and fatty acids methyl esters of the aerial parts were identified and estimated by GLC analysis. - Sitosterol (3.92%) was the major sterol, followed by campesterol (2.50%) and stigmasterol (2.01%) and n-dotriacontane (58.40%) represented the major hydrocarbon in the unsaponifiable fraction. Linoleic acid (20.51%) was the major fatty acid present followed by Nonadecanoic acid (9.95%). The aqueous infusion of the herb being the mode of administration in pharmaceutical formula in the market was studied. The n-hexane extract of the aqueous infusion showed spots similar to essential oil spots when compared by TLC. Also the ethyl acetate extract of the aqueous infusion showed spots of furanocoumarines which are characteristic to the family. The essential oil exhibited significant antibacterial activity against gram positive as well as gram negative bacteria and showed moderate antifungal effect. The petroleum ether extract showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity and antifungal effect but was being less active than essential oil. Meanwhile the aqueous extract had no antimicrobial and antifungal at the concentration used in the experiment (4 mg / disc). The essential oil showed high antimycobacterial effect at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 3 to 50 µl/ml. The LD50 for essential oil and aqueous extract was determined. The volatile oil as well as aqueous extract of the aerial parts exhibited a significant diuretic effect, anti-inflammatory effect and cytotoxic activity against three cell lines. The antispasmodic effect of aqueous infusion was also studied and showed to be significant.
 Egyptian Journal of Biomedical Sciences Vol. 23 (1) 2007: pp. 73-90


This chapter explores the impact that schooled literacies have on teenagers' online communication, and shows that their online writing is sensitive to their school learning processes and identities. This study consists of an analysis of the Facebook profiles and blogs of four boys who were leaders of a school clique in an urban secondary school in Barcelona (Spain). The analysis focuses on a set of 40 screen-shots captured from their online activity, wherein school social life and learning were central themes to their exchanges. The analysis draws on the concept of "dominant" and "vernacular" literacies (Barton and Hamilton, 1998) to look at spontaneous "third spaces" (Gutiérrez et al., 1999; Moje et al., 2004) that connect the core curriculum with the students' online peer-writing. It focuses on how students make sense of disciplined academic learning across time and space boundaries. It includes, therefore, a questioning of the widespread social and academic prejudice according to which school and online literacies compete in the lives of students.


This paper explores whether the EU's Everything But Arms (EBA) scheme, under which exports from 50 least developed countries (LDCs) are admitted duty-free to the EU market, influenced the trajectory or pace of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform. It finds no evidence that it played a role except in the case of two products, sugar and rice. The overall volume of exports, or potential exports, from LDCs in CAP products is just too small to create market management difficulties outside of these two products. It could play an indirect role in reform in the future in the context of the Economic Partnership Agreement negotiations between the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries under the Cotonou Agreement. ACP countries could use EBA as a benchmark and demand equivalent treatment for their exports in these negotiations in return for liberalising their markets towards EU exports. Any move to extend more generous preferential access to non-LDC ACP countries for CAP-supported products would have much greater implications for the CAP simply because of their greater supply capacity.


This paper develops theoretical results regarding noisy 1-bit compressed sensing and sparse binomial regression. We demonstrate that a single convex program gives an accurate estimate of the signal, or coefficient vector, for both of these models. We show that an -sparse signal in can be accurately estimated from m = O(s log(n/s)) single-bit measurements using a simple convex program. This remains true even if each measurement bit is flipped with probability nearly 1/2. Worst-case (adversarial) noise can also be accounted for, and uniform results that hold for all sparse inputs are derived as well. In the terminology of sparse logistic regression, we show that O (s log (2n/s)) Bernoulli trials are sufficient to estimate a coefficient vector in which is approximately -sparse. Moreover, the same convex program works for virtually all generalized linear models, in which the link function may be unknown. To our knowledge, these are the first results that tie together the theory of sparse logistic regression to 1-bit compressed sensing. Our results apply to general signal structures aside from sparsity; one only needs to know the size of the set where signals reside. The size is given by the mean width of K, a computable quantity whose square serves as a robust extension of the dimension.


Goals: To investigate the effect of implementing full-spectrum endoscopy (Fuse) on adenoma detection rate (ADR) at an ambulatory surgical center (ASC). Background: Traditional forward viewing (TFV) endoscopes have 1 camera and provide an angle of view of 140 to 170 degrees, whereas Fuse provides a 330 degrees view through the addition of 2 side cameras. Although randomized studies have shown that Fuse decreases adenoma miss rates, its impact on ADR in a screening population is currently unknown. Study: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from average risk screening colonoscopies at a 5-room ASC. This ASC transitioned from TFV to Fuse in April 2014. The primary outcome was ADR defined as the percentage of patients who underwent screening colonoscopy and were found to have at least 1 adenomatous polyp. Results: A total of 1696 screening colonoscopies were performed with TFV and 2302 with Fuse. Overall ADR was 23.7% with TFV and 29.0% with Fuse (P<0.01), an absolute increase of 5.3%. ADR for the proximal colon increased from 13.0% with TFV to 16.7% with Fuse (3.8% increase, P<0.01). ADR for advanced adenomas improved from 3.8% with TFV to 6.0% with Fuse (2.2% increase; P<0.01). The mean number of adenomas detected per colonoscopy increased from 0.32 to 0.41 (P<0.01). In multivariate analysis, the adjusted odds ratio for detecting an adenoma with Fuse versus TFV was 1.30 (P<0.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.51). Conclusions: ADR significantly increased after adopting Fuse endoscopes at an ASC. Further studies are warranted to further understand the effects of Fuse on ADR in real-world settings.


Press pack insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules connected in series for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) converter applications are designed such that when a failure occurs, it occurs in a safe manner by the formation of a stable short circuit, while redundant modules take up the voltage blocking function of the failed module. One such design using individual pressure contacts is described and the events occurring from the initiation of the short circuit to its final failure due to open circuit are reported from an electronics packaging materials design point of view. Experiments to hasten the failure under accelerated test conditions on modules were performed and interrupted at various stages of operation under a short circuit condition. The formation and subsequent aging of the metallurgical alloy under short circuit conditions was investigated by analyzing cross sections of the alloy forming the short circuit. Liquid metal corrosion along with the formation of intermetallics with poor conductivities lead to the final failure by open circuit


We discuss large-eddy simulations (LES) of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for Taylor-Couette flow. The ratio of the two co-axial cylinder diameters is η = ri/ro = 0.909 with ri the inner cylinder radius and ro the outer radius. The outer cylinder is stationary while the inner cylinder rotates with constant angular velocity ωi. Subgrid stresses are represented using the stretched-vortex model (SVM) where the subgrid motion is modeled by subgrid vortices undergoing stretching by the local resolvedscale velocitygradient field. We report wall-resolved LES at Rei = driωi/ν up to Rei = 106 with ν the kinematic viscosity of the Newtonian fluid and d = ro− ri the cylinder gap. The present study focuses on the wall-turbulence behavior at relatively high Rei. Comparisons are made with direct numerical simulations (DNS) and with experimental results.


Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have received a lot of attention because of their diverse structures, tunable properties and multiple applications such as gas storage, catalysis and magnetism. Recently, there has been a rapidly growing interest in developing MOF-based materials for electrochemical energy storage. MOFs have proved to be particularly suitable for electrochemical applications because of their tunable chemical composition that can be designed at the molecular level and their highly porous framework in which fast mass transportation of the related species is favorable. In this review, the recent progress in fabricating MOFs and MOF-derived nanostructures for electrochemical applications is presented. The review starts with an introduction of the principles and strategies for designing targeted MOFs followed by a discussion of some novel MOF-derived structures and their potential applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Finally, major challenges in electrochemical energy storage are highlighted and prospective solutions from current progress in MOF-based nanostructure research are given.


Notonectids are widely distributed in freshwaters and can prey on zooplankton in temperate lakes. However, its role in structuring the zooplankton community is unknown in tropical lakes. Thus, our objective was to study the notonectid Martarega uruguayensis in a Brazilian tropical shallow lake to evaluate its potential as a zooplankton predator. Its horizontal distribution was analized in the lake throughout one year in fortnightly samplings. Backswimmers were more abundant (mean density 162.9 ± 25.8 ind.m-2) in the cool-dry season, with a strong preference by the littoral zone (mean density 139.9 ± 17.5 ind.m-2). Laboratory experiments were undertaken with young and adult notonectid and the two most abundant cladocerans, Daphnia gessneri and Ceriodaphnia richardi, as prey. Predation by backswimmers in the laboratory showed that only juveniles fed on microcrustaceans (mean ingestion rate of 1.2 ± 0.2 Daphnia and 1.0 ± 0.2 Ceriodaphnia per predator per hour), without size selectivity. Adult insects probably have difficulties in detecting and manipulating small planktonic organisms. On the other hand, young instars might influence zooplankton community, especially in the littoral zone of the lake. This study does contribute to a better understanding of trophic interactions in tropical shallow lakes and is the first to investigate the predation of a notonectid on microcrustaceans from Lake Monte Alegre.


The wide variations in plant productivity found in growth regulation field experiments and observations in growers' fields strongly suggested the need to evaluate seed size as a factor affecting productivity. In greenhouse and field experiments small and large soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds were planted in a systematic arrangement and also in a random distribution after being remixed with the residual intermediate size seeds (bulk) and the difference in their competitive capacities was assessed at different populations. The effects of interplant competition were great as the result of variation in initial seed size. Plants from large and small seeds appeared to be affected differently. The grain yields from large-seeded plants increased, while those from small-seeded plants decreased when grown interspersed. Varying the proportion of large to small seeds planted variously affected the grain yield per plant, stem diameter, and number of barren plants. When grown in a bulk population, large-seeded plants had greater grain yield, more pods and branches per plant, and a smaller number of barren plants than small-seeded plants. The number of pods per plant was by far the most important yield component influenced by seed size. Varieties 'Amsoy' and 'Wayne' performed similarly in relation to all characteristics studied except the weight per seed and number of branches per plant. Lodging and number of barren plants increased with population, while grain yield per plant, number of branches and pods per plant, and seed per pod varied inversely to population. This suggests that plant uniformity, obtained by uniform seed size, may be basic in achieving higher yield levels.


Sexual revictimization is heightened among military service members and veterans and is associated with greater posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and severity. The heightened distress following revictimization may be due to posttraumatic cognitions (PTC), which include negative beliefs about the self and world, and self-blame. Moreover, it is unclear whether men and women experience different levels of PTC. The current study tested PTC (overall and subdomains) as a possible mediator between sexual revictimization and PTSS severity, and gender as a possible moderator of these associations. Revictimization was defined across time periods (military sexual assault [MSA] only vs. premilitary sexual trauma + MSA) and in military rape frequency (0, 1, 2+). Participants were 400 (n = 200 [50%] male) service members/veterans with a history of MSA and completed online, anonymous, self-report questionnaires. PTC mediated the association between revictimization and PTSS severity. A significant interaction of gender suggested that men reported high overall PTC and PTC about the self regardless of revictimization; by contrast, overall PTC and PTC about the self were lower for women in response to MSA only and increased with revictimization. Results also showed men were more sensitive to PTC about self-blame as it pertains to more severe PTSS compared to women. There were no unique gender interactions when assessing revictimization by rape frequency, although PTC (overall, all subdomains) significantly mediated the association between rape frequency and PTSS severity. PTC may be a beneficial target when treating PTSS in men, and may be especially heightened in women who have experienced revictimization.


Externalizations and boundary objects are crucial for effectively communicating between stakeholders in multidisciplinary design teams. Especially when discussing ideas for new interactions, practitioners are increasingly finding themselves in need of new tools that allow them to rapidly, easily and more explicitly describe the dynamically changing aspects of their designs. For this purpose, we are investigating, in collaboration with the design departments of three industrial companies, the development and evaluation of a platform to support co-located (interaction) design activities. Previous research has already resulted in innovations in both hardware and software infrastructure, and in this workshop paper we therefore mostly report on some recent and planned activities towards a more coherent vision for an environment that we have named idShare. This is an interactive space that consists of two areas, an area for individual work and an area for the coordination of collaborative activities. In this paper we describe the aim and motivation of our research, the current stage of the development of the tools, and the design process and evaluations that are conducted in collaboration with the industrial partners.


There is an increased use of public e-services integrating citizens into public administration through electronic interfaces. On-line interaction among public organizations and citizens is one core relation in e-government that hereby becomes embedded into daily practices. A safe entry into e-governmental systems is essential for security and trust in the e-governmental systems and schools as well as public services in general. This paper addresses how electronic identification has been used for access to public e-services in schools in a Swedish municipality. This paper draws on a case study of use of ICT platforms in education administration in order to study the implementation of secure login process and factors that may have implications upon trust in-and legitimacy of public e-services at local e-government level. Besides describing the implementation process and analyzing security and organizational arrangements connected to the use of the platform, the paper address the argument that secure identification tools are essential for increased use of e-services and lead to greater legitimacy of the public (e)services. The analysis focuses on information security, organization set-up and potential development of the platforms, contributing with empirical findings and conceptual applications. A key finding was that the organization of identification and access to public e-services seemed highly dependent of the organizational structure of the public schools. The more general implication of the findings was that safe and well organized identification systems that were considered as trustworthy and useful among citizens were essential for increased use of the services and legitimate public e-services in general.


This paper investigates the impact of the mandatory IFRS adoption on the value relevance of earnings on the Bucharest Stock Exchange, at a time when the EU did not have an official position regarding IFRS. Findings suggest that the implementation of IFRS has increased the contemporaneous association between market returns and earnings. Additional analyses reveal that this result is mainly driven by small firms and that the accounting reforms have increased the timeliness of earnings. In the light of the expansion of IFRS worldwide, this paper examines the mandatory IFRS adoption in an institutional setting where accounting reforms were accompanied by economic reforms in preparation for Romania's accession to the EU. Such a single-country case study may help researchers better understand the impact of accounting regulations and institutional factors on the properties of accounting earnings.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to explore the anthropometric status of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, as well as two controversial adipokines, namely nesfatin-1 and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), to reveal the possible relationships between them and RA.

METHODS
This study included RA patients who fulfilled the American college of rheumatology classification criteria. Anthropometric parameters including height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Disease activity was assessed by 28 joints disease activity score (DAS28). Fasting plasma samples were collected and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), nesfatin-1 and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) were determined using commercial kits. Statistical analyses were done using the BMI SPSS Statistics.

RESULTS
A total of 77 patients including 63 females, with an average age of 48.45±11.26 and disease duration of 9.99±5.80 years participated the study, 62% of whom were overweight or obese. Disease activity was significantly higher in obese patients. In addition, BMI and WC were correlated with CRP and ESR, indicating higher level of inflammation in obese patients. DAS28 was also found to be correlated with CRP, ESR and ADMA (r=0.38, 0.61, 0.21 respectively). Higher protein intake was accompanied with higher CRP and ESR and higher carbohydrate intake was related to higher CRP and lower nesfatin-1.

CONCLUSIONS
Weight, BMI, and WC were correlated with the activity of RA and the concentrations of CRP and ESR went up in tandem with BMI. In addition, ADMA, but not nesfatin-1, was associated with BMI and disease activity in RA patients.


Changes in political and economic power can affect channel structures and decisions. Western channel models may not be useful for understanding the process of change in Central and East European transforming economies. This discussion suggests that channels in transforming economies may be controlled by groups or networks of people with mutual interests, a phenomenon the authors call interest domination. The article examines interest domination by managers, Communist cadres, and other party elite in two transforming economies and describes how structural and behavioral components of command economies might be conducive to interest domination of marketing channels. Propositions for explaining the political, social, and economic factors that sustain interest domination and contribute to change in interest-dominated channels are offered. Examples from Hungary and Tajikistan are used to provide context for the discussion.


With the launch of 'Make in India' in Sept. 2014, the government aimed to uplift the manufacturing sector, creating more job opportunities and increasing the confidence of domestic and foreign investors. Several steps initiated by the government of India have led the country to jump to 63rd position out of 190 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index 2020. However, India still lags behind its competitors in several factors and it has a long way to go before it can earn the title of a manufacturing hub. The present paper tries to understand the hits and misses of the campaign and how the government can facilitate import substitution through this initiative.


When considering a charitable act, consumers must often decide on how to allocate their resources across a multitude of possible causes. This article assesses how the relative "urgency" of the causes under consideration (i.e., how critical to human survival the causes are) shapes preferences for specific causes among higher and lower social class consumers. Across a series of studies in a highly unequal socioeconomic environment (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), we demonstrate that lower-class consumers prefer to donate to urgent causes (e.g., alleviating hunger) compared to non-urgent causes (e.g., encouraging cultural activities), whereas the effect reverses among higher-class consumers. Contrasting experiences with scarcity across social classes vary the consumers' intrinsic sympathy toward people's unmet basic needs, which in turn shapes donation allocation preferences. Consistent with this theoretical rationale, class differences in charitable allocations decrease when (a) vivid contextual cues induce sympathy among both higher- and lower-class consumers or (b) the experience with scarcity is similar across social classes. Thus, although class differences in preferences for specific causes can be shifted with relative ease, our findings suggest that those who have the most to give do not spontaneously prioritize what is most urgently needed in society.


The autoradiographic distribution of M1 and M2 muscarinic cholinergic binding sites was studied in the striatum of the cat, monkey, and human, and concurrent binding assays were carried out on striatal tissue sections from the cat. M1 sites were directly labeled with 3H- pirenzepine; M2 sites were labeled as a consequence of binding competition between pirenzepine and 3H-N-methylscopolamine. Serial section analysis with autoradiograms and stained tissue sections allowed for comparisons among M1 and M2 binding distributions and AChE staining patterns. The 2 subtypes of binding sites demonstrated distinct striatal distributions. M2 sites were virtually homogeneous except in the ventral striatum, where zones of sparse and especially dense binding were observed. Striatal M1 sites were generally more abundant than M2 sites and showed similar heterogeneity in the ventral striatum. Dorsally, however, patches of dense M1 binding were found, and proved to correspond with AChE-poor striosomes, hallmarks of striatal compartmentalization. The finding of differing distributions for the 2 subtypes of muscarinic cholinergic binding sites suggests a mechanism for the intrinsic spatial segregation of striatal cholinergic function. Further, the striosomal patterning of M1 binding indicates that certain aspects of cholinergic function in the striatum may be constrained and thus regulated by the compartmental ordering characteristic of this region of the basal ganglia.


Eleven normal women, between the ages of 19 and 28, were examined at the same time of day, every day of a complete menstrual cycle. Measurements of intraocular pressure, anterior chamber depth, corneal thickness, and tear production were obtained. Tonographic values were obtained on eight days during the cycle. The results for ten of the women who were shown to have ovulated during the study, were then correlated with daily blood levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone, as measured by techniques of radioimmunoassay. No statistically valid correlations could be made when the various studies were analyzed and correlated.


In the impregnating stage of silver staining, there are essentially two different reactions taking place between the silver ions and the sections of fixed tissue. A substantial part of the silver is combined with the tissue in the unreduced form, and a smaller part is reduced to produce silver nuclei which form centres on which the developing agents can deposit additional silver derived from the combined (reducible) silver fraction. A study of the effect of pH and time of impregnation, as well as of the specific blocking of chemically active protein end-groups upon the reducible silver fraction, suggests that this is chiefly combined with histidine and that it is not limited to the sites of the final differential staining. Except for the cell nuclei, the reducible silver shows a uniform distribution throughout the section; the amount taken up is in equilibrium with the silver ion concentration in the impregnating bath. Th e fraction present as silver nuclei increases progressively with time, with increasing pH , and with the temperature of the impregnating bath. Silver ions appear to be converted to silver nuclei by a process of physical reduction, and once formed, the nuclei are quite stable. Deposition of silver nuclei, necessary for differentiation of the stain, only occurs after impregnation between pH 7-5 and 9-0. In addition, it is only within this range that a sufficient amount of reducible silver is taken up to produce deep staining after development.


We study whether cross-country differences in regulations have affected international bank flows. We find strong evidence that banks have transferred funds to markets with fewer regulations. This form of regulatory arbitrage suggests there may be a destructive "race to the bottom" in global regulations which restricts domestic regulators' ability to limit bank risk-taking. However, we also find that the links between regulation differences and bank flows are significantly stronger if the recipient country is a developed country with strong property rights and creditor rights. This suggests that while differences in regulations have important influences, that without a strong institutional environment, lax regulations are not enough to encourage massive capital flows.


Stanley A. Rock completed his B.A. and M.A. degrees at the University of Michigan. Stan had no prior connection to the Reformed Church in America but was recruited by Harold Englund, newly appointed president of Western Seminary, to enroll as a student. Stan received the M.Div. degree from Western Seminary in 1966. After graduation, and prior to his appointment to Western Seminary's faculty, he worked as a campus staff member and later as assistant director for Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship in New England. Following a year and a half of service assistant secretary for translations of the American Bible Society, he served pastorates at the Reformed Church in Blawenburg, New Jersey, and the Collegiate Church (RCA) related to Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa. He received the Ed.D degree from Drake University in 1975 and joined Western's faculty in 1976.


PURPOSE
Ocular immune deviation studies have relied on intraocular injections of antigen to induce altered immune responses. Contributions of the injection process itself have complicated study of the mechanisms and interpretations of biological significance. In the current study, transgenic mice were used to determine the presence of immune deviation or other evidence of immunoregulation, elicited by endogenous Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) expressed through a retinal arrestin promoter.

METHODS
Mice that express beta-gal in the retina and various control mice were immunized with beta-gal and tested for immune responsiveness by the ear-swelling test for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), in vitro proliferation assays, and cytokine assays. Spleen cells from transgenic mice were also transferred to normal recipients to test for transfer of immune deviation.

RESULTS
Endogenous retinal beta-gal expression depressed the DTH response and proliferation assays after beta-gal immunization. The ability to depress DTH was transferred by naïve spleen cells from transgenic mice to nontransgenic mice. Use of an immunization protocol that included high-dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M tb) H37Ra adjuvant and concurrent administration of pertussis toxin reversed the inhibition of DTH.

CONCLUSIONS
An endogenous neo self-retinal antigen alters subsequent immune responses without intraocular injection, suggesting that normal retinal proteins in quiet eyes induce immunoregulatory responses. Based on cytokine assays, there were similarities to the immune deviation induced by intraocular inoculation in the IL-4 response, but the IL-10, IFN-gamma, and TGF-beta1 results were not similar, indicating that the mechanisms differ. The ability of supplemented adjuvant to overcome endogenous tolerance may be related to the requirement for supplemented adjuvants in the induction of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis.


This article presents an innovative high spectral resolution waveguide spectrometer, from the concept to the prototype demonstration and the test results. The main goal is to build the smallest possible Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) with state of the art technology. This waveguide FTS takes advantage of a customized pattern of nano-samplers fabricated on the surface of a planar waveguide that allows the increase of the measurement points necessary for increasing the spectral bandwidth of the FTS in a fully static way. The use of a planar waveguide on the other hand allows enhancing the throughput in a waveguide spectrometer compared to the conventional devices made of single-mode waveguides. A prototype is made in silicon oxynitride/silicon dioxide technology and characterized in the visible range. This waveguide spectrometer shows a nominal bandwidth of 256~nm at a central wavelength of 633~nm thanks to a custom pattern of nanodisks providing a μm sampling interval. The implementation of this innovative waveguide FTS for a real-case scenario is explored and further development of such device for the imaging FTS application is discussed.


We demonstrate a 120 Gb/s coherent polarization-multiplexed quadrature-phase-shift-keyed transceiver with soft-decision forward-error-correction (SD-FEC) coding based on Turbo Product Code. This industry-first transceiver module utilizes a 40 nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) application-specific integrated circuit with integrated analog-to-digital conversion, digital signal processing and SD-FEC, and is packaged according to a multi-source agreement from the Optical Internetworking Forum. Through several long-haul and ultra-long-haul system experiments (over 1000 km to 3760 km), we validate the robustness of the transceiver and demonstrate its high tolerance to various system impairments, including fiber nonlinearity, chromatic dispersion up to 60,000 ps/nm, polarization mode dispersion, polarization-dependent loss, polarization transients and multiple-path interference.


The precision forming technology developed rapidly during passing two decades, however technologies of precision plastic forming the parts with deeper hole are far behind developed countries. The warm backward extrusion-ironing forming technology was presented for precision forming of non-circular hole joint in this paper. The forming process and parameter variable trend were simulated by finite element method, which the software MSC.Marc was applied. The forming die was designed and the forming experiment was finished. The products were deserved with good quality and performance. The feasibility of the forming technology is proved by experimental results and numerical simulation.


Despite bipartisan interest in advancing American energy policy, comprehensive energy and climate legislation fell short in the Senate last year after passing in the House of Representatives in 2009. The difficulty of coming to broad agreement highlights the need for a more targeted and incremental approach. One promising intermediate step would be a technology-neutral national clean energy standard that applies to the U.S. power sector. This paper proposes a standard that would lower carbon dioxide emissions by as much as 60 percent relative to 2005 levels over twenty years, streamline the fragmented regulatory system that is currently in place, generate fiscal benefits, and help fund energy innovation. Through a simple design and transparent implementation, the National Clean Energy Standard would provide certainty about the economic returns to clean energy that would facilitate investment in new energy projects and lower the emission intensity of the power sector. It would also serve as an ambitious bridge to economy-wide energy and climate policy.


The authors of this work hypothesise that the semantic relationship between modules' functional descriptions is correlated with the functional interaction between the modules. A deeper comprehension of the functional interactions between modules enables designers to integrate complex systems during the early stages of the product design process. Existing approaches that measure functional interactions between modules rely on the manual provision of designers' expert analyses, which may be time consuming and costly. The increased quantity and complexity of products in the twenty-first century further exacerbates these challenges. This work proposes an approach to automatically quantify the functional interactions between modules, based on their textual technical descriptions. Compared with manual analyses by design experts who use traditional design structure matrix approaches, the text-mining-driven methodology discovers similar functional interactions, while maintaining comparable accuracies. The case study presented in this work analyses an automotive climate control system and compares the functional interaction solutions achieved by a traditional design team with those achieved following the methodology outlined in this paper. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 15 March 2014 Accepted 12 August 2015


Abstract. – The allergy symptoms could arise from variable organ systems and have fluctuating nature in severity as well as symptoms. Moreover, these symptoms could be related to multiple pathological states like common cold, chronic obstipation, diarrhea, etc. On the other hand, food allergy diagnosis that usually spread by IgE-mediated inhalant also poses a great challenge in front of the scientific fraternity. So far, many advances in the field of allergy diagnosis, as well as therapeutics, have been made. These advances include skin prick testing (SPT), serum specific IgE (sIgE) level test, component resolved diagnosis (CRD) test, etc. The present review article would be focused on important pathological states associated with allergy observed commonly in children. Moreover, tjelatest developments about timely management and accurate diagnosis are also discussed.


Along with the United Nations Security Council Resolutions on women, peace and security, women's participation in peace processes has become an increasingly popular research topic in the 2000s. However, while several authors have written on the topic, there seems to be a lack of empirical data to support the argumentation regarding women's participation in peace negotiations and its impact on agreements and post-conflict societies. Therefore, the objective of this study is to carry out an analysis on the recent research processes that concern women's participation in formal peace negotiations and its impact, and assess this research in terms of its validity.As the primary data used for this study consisted of scientific publications, content analysis and discourse analysis proved to be appropriate methods to collect and categorise the data. After this process the data were analysed with the help of an analytical framework based on the criteria for validity in scientific research, which was composed of four different elements credibility, transferability, reliability and verifiability.The findings regarding the validity of the research processes concerning women's participation in peace negotiations and its impact indicated that the research lacks validity to a great extent in all four areas depicted in the analytical framework. The main issues with the past research arose within the connections made between the methods, sources and findings. In addition, it was concluded that there are indications that the scientific discourse on women's participation is heavily influenced by the UNSC resolutions on women, peace and security, creating more advocacy research with political agenda rather than scientific studies aiming at objectivity. In other words, there are great opportunities to be taken in different areas of research to create more validity on the argumentation and thus, to generate data to support relevant mechanisms for more sustainable peace-building in regards of women's participation in peace negotiations.


ABSTRACT Trade system without documents (scriptless trading) constitutes a new trade system applied in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Trade without documents is done by computerization. This system not only deals with trade but also with the resolution of the trade itself. In this system, the stocks are changed to electronic data which are saved in computer. Scriptless trading or trade without documents is a trade system which has the mechanism of resolution and storage of stocks electronically. The problems which arise in the implementation of using scriptless trading in the Indonesia Stock Exchange is how about the validity of the transaction of stocks without any documents (scriptless trading) in the Indonesia Stock Exchange and how about the legal protection for investors in scriptless trading in the Indonesian Capital Market . Keywords: Legal Protection, Investors, Scriptless Trading