Global trends in foreign direct investment and trade have seen the Irish economy move from a high-tech manufacturing to a high-tech service driven foreign direct investment (FDI) model over recent decades. The nature of this investment has inevitably led to greater concentration of Industrial Development Authority (IDA) supported employment in a smaller number of urban cores. In this paper, we estimate the causal impact of local employment growth in IDA supported firms on local employment in firms in other sectors. To do so, we use a well-established instrumental variables method. In line with similar studies elsewhere this paper finds that the multiplier is significant. The results suggest that there are around three additional jobs created in a county for each job created in an IDA supported business in the same county. This suggests ongoing concentration of IDA supported employment will have significant implications for regional development.


The aim of this study was to fill in gaps in knowledge regarding the interaction among shading systems, stages of development and cultivars on the initial growth of coffee plantlets, with due attention to adequate mathematical models, and to allow interpretations in light of currently emerging knowledge on this theme. The cultivars Catuai (IAC 144), Catucai 2SL, and Acaua were subjected to levels of light restriction of 30%, 50%, and 70%, and to full sunlight. The experiment was conducted from January to June 2007 in the experimental field at the Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia – UESB, Vitoria da Conquista, the state of Bahia, Brazil. In each trial defined by level of light restriction, a randomized block experimental design was used with five replicates, and the treatments were arranged in a split-plot design in which the main plot consisted of cultivars and the assessment times constituted the split-plots. Each experimental unit consisted of 12 plants. Vegetative development assessments began 30 days after emergence and were conducted at 15-day intervals until 90 days. The light restriction levels and assessment periods, as well as the interaction between those factors, affected all the growth characteristics evaluated. With the exception of stem diameter, all other growth parameters had similar behavior in relation to the number of days after emergence and levels of light restriction. In general, the morphological changes in the initial growth of the coffee plantlet were more intense under light restriction values from 30% to 50%, and Catucai 2SL presented greater development in comparison to Catuai (IAC 144) and Acaua.


Abstract : The Directorate of Personnel Management at the office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel (DCSPER) establishes the Army's future personnel needs and sets the Department of the Army (DA) accession mission for the United States Army Recruiting command (USAREC). Recently, DCSPER accession planners have had difficulty in assigning the appropriate accession mission due to the large number of losses during the first term. The first term begins when a soldier enters his basic military training and continues until his initial contract period is completed. Attempts to explain these attrition rates have focused around USAREC's Delayed Entry Program (DEP) management. The DEP serves a variety of roles for USAREC and is used as an inventory system of recruits which acts to smooth out the seasonal fluctuations in demand for lET soldiers. This study investigates the relationship between the time an individual spends in the DEP and the risk of becoming a loss during the initial entry training (lET). Furthermore, it explores other factors related to IET attrition.


The issue of stability in economy is essential, both in theoretical as well as in practical discussion. It is especially important in an environment of economic transformation. The aim of the article is to assess the economic stability during the transformation of the south-east region of Europe over a period of 19 years (1996 – 2014), and the mutual relation between the economic stability and the transformation process, including the transformation of banking sectors. The countries selected to the research were Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania and Serbia.
The study shows the strong correlation between transformation process of economy and banking sectors and not more than moderate relationship between transformation and stability, in some of the studied countries. The methods used include a literature review of the theory on the transformation process with special focus on the Balkan region, as well as a comparative analysis of data, which addresses the progress of the economic and banking sector's transformation and measures the macroeconomic stability in this region and Pearson correlation for assessing mutual impacts of the variables.


Recently, microservices evolved as a new software architecture paradigm allowing to build independently deployable software systems. In the context of Business Process Management microservices could be used to automate the execution of highly distributed business process models as required within the digital transformation. This paper sketches a microservices-based business process model execution and discusses challenges.


Transgenic tobacco deficient in the H2O2-removing enzyme catalase (Cat1AS) was used as an inducible and noninvasive system to study the role of H2O2 as an activator of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in plants. Excess H2O2 in Cat1AS plants was generated by simply increasing light intensities. Sustained exposure of Cat1AS plants to excess H2O2 provoked tissue damage, stimulated salicylic acid and ethylene production, and induced the expression of acidic and basic PR proteins with a timing and magnitude similar to the hypersensitive response against pathogens. Salicylic acid production was biphasic, and the first peak of salicylic acid as well as the peak of ethylene occurred within the first hours of high light, which is long before the development of tissue necrosis. Under these conditions, accumulation of acidic PR proteins was also seen in upper leaves that were not exposed to high light, indicating systemic induction of expression. Short exposure of Cat1AS plants to excess H2O2 did not cause damage, induced local expression of acidic and basic PR proteins, and enhanced pathogen tolerance. However, the timing and magnitude of PR protein induction was in this case more similar to that in upper uninfected leaves than to that in hypersensitive-response leaves of pathogen-infected plants. Together, these data demonstrate that sublethal levels of H2O2 activate expression of acidic and basic PR proteins and lead to enhanced pathogen tolerance. However, rapid and strong activation of PR protein expression, as seen during the hypersensitive response, occurs only when excess H2O2 is accompanied by leaf necrosis.


Wood of Suren ( Toona sureni ) has a good reputation for wood quality for various uses including building materials, plywood, container and furniture. Therefore this species is preferred for plantation development. Seed is important on planting material for establish forest plantation. The characteristics of seeds are hygroscopic and depending on the factors of relative air humidity and the temperature of environment where the seeds are stored. This research was aimed to evaluate the effect of storage temperature on seed quality of suren which was stored on seed (after extraction) and on fruit (before extraction). The study was arranged in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design with pattern of 3 factors and 3 replications. The first factor is room storage at room temperature and Dry Cold Storage (DCS), the second factor of packaging materials were paper, cloth, aluminum foil, and plastic. The third factor was the storage period of 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Each treatment consisted of three replications, as many as 50 seeds of each. The parameters used were water content (%) and germination (%). The result were observed showed that aluminum foil packaging at room temperature until 4 weeks was able to store seeds of suren properly and efficiently in which the water content was stable from 6.11% to 10.82% with 71% germination rate. Keywords: Suren, room storage, storage period, packaging material, germination


Abstract Maternal depression has been associated with adverse child growth and development; less is known about its relation to children's diet. In a cross‐sectional study embedded at endline of a longitudinal community development intervention, mothers of 629 children (age 23–66 months) in rural Nepal responded to household and children's diet questionnaires and were screened for depression. Child anthropometry and development (Ages and Stages Questionnaire) were assessed. Regression models examined children's diet, growth and development, adjusting for household, child and maternal characteristics. The prevalence of maternal depression was 21%. Maternal depression was associated with 11% lower likelihood that the child consumed one additional food group [Poisson regression, adjusted relative risk (aRR) 0.89, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI 0.81, 0.99), p = 0.024] and 13% lower likelihood that the child consumed one additional animal source food (ASF) [aRR 0.87, (95% CI 0.76, 1.01), p = 0.061] compared with children of nondepressed mothers. However, maternal depression was not associated with either child anthropometry or development: these outcomes were strongly associated with better home child‐rearing quality. Stunting also related to child age and intervention group; child development related to mother's education and household wealth. This study suggests a correlation between maternal depression and child dietary diversity. This association could be due to unmeasured confounders, and therefore, further research is warranted. Understanding the relationship of depression to child outcomes—and the role of other potentially compensatory household factors—could help address some of the earliest, modifiable influences in a child's life and contribute to innovative approaches to improve child well‐being.


We trace the meeting and misalignment of competing moral economies in South Wales during the depression of the 1930s. Our case study is the Save the Children Fund's campaign to open emergency open-air nurseries in distressed communities and we analyse the contested meanings of work, voluntarism and cooperation that arose between charitable enterprises and local political organisers in the area. We also inquire into the attempt of a new generation of female political activists to shape a socialist moral economy of the family in South Wales in a period of widening democracy and the growth of class politics and, in doing so, consider the place of gender in defining these social and political values.


This paper focuses on supplier-related decisions in a newsvendor setting. We build upon the current literature by analysing the newsvendor problem with multiple unreliable and non-identical suppliers. We also incorporate both fixed ordering costs and capacity limits for supplier selection. We develop an exact algorithm to solve the problem optimally and a heuristic algorithm to solve the problem efficiently. Through structural properties of the optimal solution and a numerical study, we provide useful managerial implications regarding optimal sourcing strategies in complex supply chains. Previous literature concludes that with multiple unreliable (independent) suppliers, cost is the order qualifier and reliability is the order winner. We found that when fixed ordering costs and supply capacities exist, this insight no longer holds. We also examine the sensitivity of the sourcing decisions to supplier capacity levels, demand uncertainty, salvage value and shortage cost. Our results show that high levels of demand uncertainty lead firms to turn to a single-sourcing strategy whereas high salvage values and high shortage cost suggest multi-sourcing strategy.


Soil respiration is an indicator of biological activity of soil life. This activity is important to the soil system as healthy lungs are to use. A field experiment was conducted in Tenggaroh Forest Reserve, Johor to compare soil respiration and carbon dynamic of natural forest reserve under different density of Shorea peltata. The objectives of this study were: to investigate soil respiration under different site characteristics of Shorea peltata, to understand the factors that influence the occurrence of soil respiration in relation to vegetation association and to determine the relationship between soil respiration and soil physical properties under different density of Shorea peltata. Twenty observational plots 50 x 50 m with different density of Shorea peltata namely, rare (E1), low (E2), moderate (E3) and high (E4) were established in compartments 135 and 136. Each plot was divided into 25 subplots, and five subplots were selected at random for soil sampling. Soil samples consisting of topsoil 0 – 10 cm and 10 – 30 cm were taken to determine the physical and chemical properties. Environmental factors such as light intensity, wind speed, relative humidity, and air temperature were recorded in the study site using environmental meter. For the lab analysis, the soil physical and chemical properties such as soil moisture content, soil texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity, pH, soil organic matter, total carbon, total nitrogen, and available of sulphur were analyzed. Soil respiration characteristics were also recorded at all sites of the study area with used LCpro+ instrument at 0 to 6 cm depth.
Results show that there are three layers of Shorea peltata species namely (1) dominant, (2) understorey and (3) shrubs. It was also observed that in certain localities, the abundance of this species were not very high. The results of soil respiration and carbon dynamic under different sites showed significant differences at P<0.05 among groups. Analysis for the relationship between soil respiration and environmental variables (correlation) showed that the light intensity, air temperature, soil moisture content, pH, texture, C, N, and sulphur were the important factors in the distribution of vegetation in Tenggaroh Forest Reserve. This implies that the site preferences and density of Shorea peltata were also influenced by these factors. The results of soil analysis showed that the soil physical properties were significantly different at (P<0.05) among groups. Certain physical properties such as moisture content and soil texture were significantly influenced the distribution of Shorea peltata. The environmental factors also showed a strong relationship with the distribution of Shorea peltata. Soil chemical properties were not significantly different among groups at (P<0.05). The degrees of acidity were extremely high in the study area. The overall status of the entire soil samples were relatively lower which showed that plants in the present study seem to be adapted to a relatively poor supply of N, S and acidic soil pH


Existing methods for retrieving k-nearest neighbours suffer from the curse of dimensionality. We argue this is caused in part by inherent deficiencies of space partitioning, which is the underlying strategy used by most existing methods. We devise a new strategy that avoids partitioning the vector space and present a novel randomized algorithm that runs in time linear in dimensionality of the space and sub-linear in the intrinsic dimensionality and the size of the dataset and takes space constant in dimensionality of the space and linear in the size of the dataset. The proposed algorithm allows fine-grained control over accuracy and speed on a per-query basis, automatically adapts to variations in data density, supports dynamic updates to the dataset and is easy-to-implement. We show appealing theoretical properties and demonstrate empirically that the proposed algorithm outperforms locality-sensitivity hashing (LSH) in terms of approximation quality, speed and space efficiency.


Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) is cardiac dysfunction in patients with end‐stage liver disease in the absence of prior heart disease. First defined in 2005 during the World Congress of Gastroenterology, CCM criteria consisted of echocardiographic parameters to identify subclinical cardiac dysfunction in the absence of overt structural abnormalities. Significant advancements in cardiovascular imaging over the past 14 years, including the integration of myocardial deformation imaging into routine clinical practice to identify subclinical cardiovascular dysfunction, have rendered the 2005 CCM criteria obsolete. Therefore, new criteria based on contemporary cardiovascular imaging parameters are needed. In this guidance document, assembled by a group of multidisciplinary experts in the field, new core criteria based on contemporary cardiovascular imaging parameters are proposed for the assessment of CCM. This document provides a critical assessment of the diagnosis of CCM and ongoing assessment aimed at improving clinical outcomes, particularly surrounding liver transplantation. Key points and practice‐based recommendations for the diagnosis of CCM are provided to offer guidance for clinicians and identify gaps in knowledge for future investigations.


Super-quantum discord (SQD) with weak measurement is regarded as a kind of quantum correlation in quantum information processing. We compare and analyze the dynamical evolutions of SQD, quantum discord (QD), and quantum entanglement (QE) between two qubits in the correlated dephasing environmental model. The results indicate that (i) owing to the much smaller influence of weak measurement on the coherence of the system than that of von Neumann projection measurement, SQD with weak measurement is larger than QD, and (ii) dynamical evolution of QD or QE monotonically goes to zero with time, while SQD monotonically tends to a stable value and a freezing phenomenon occurs. The stable value after freezing mainly depends on the measurement strength and the purity of the initial quantum state.


Context. The X-ray emission from late-type stars in open clusters exhibits two kinds of dependences on stellar rotation. While fast rotators have a relatively constant X-ray emission level, slower rotators show a decline of their X-ray emission with decreasing rotation rate. The physical significance of the transition between these two X-ray emission regimes is a matter of debate. During the ∼500 Myr period of stellar evolution that separates the Pleiades from the Hyades, late-type stars such as those present in the M 34 open cluster undergo significant changes in their rotation rates. These could affect the dynamo processes in their interiors, possibly altering their surface magnetic fluxes. Aims. The purpose of the present study is to look for the X-ray signatures of such possible modifications, to search for correlations with rotation and stellar parameters, and to propose a parameterization of the X-ray activity evolution on the main sequence. The aim is to provide observational constraints on the time evolution of dynamo processes in the interiors of late-type stars. Methods. The distributions of stellar X-ray luminosities vs. rotation periods and Rossby numbers of a sample of M 34 late-type stars are compared with rotation-activity relationships established in a large sample of cluster members and field stars. A model of X-ray activity evolution is developed by combining an X-ray activity-rotation relationship with a recent model of stellar rotation evolution on the main sequence. The distribution of stellar X-ray luminosities in M 34 is compared with this model. Results. A correlation is observed between the saturated and non-saturated regime of X-ray emission and the C- and I-rotational sequences that have been observed in M 34 from extensive rotational periods surveys. M 34 sample stars show a steep transition in X-ray to bolometric luminosity ratio between the C-sequence and gap stars that emit close to the 10 −3 saturation level, and the I-sequence stars, whose LX/Lbol ratio is significantly lower for similar values of the Rossby number. A comparison between X-ray emission vs. mass distribution in M 34 and the X-ray luminosity evolution model suggests that the transition between the saturated and non-saturated regime of X-ray emission occurs in M 34 cluster members depending on their convective turnover time and period of rotation. Conclusions. I argue that the drop of (LX/Lbol) by one order of magnitude observed in M 34 around a Rossby number of 0.3 is indicative of a change in dynamo efficiency. I conclude that the transition from the saturated to the non-saturated regime of X-ray emission among main-sequence stars is the result of a dynamo regime transition, possibly between a turbulent dynamo and an interface-type dynamo.


Detection of hematopoietic activity in horses is a challenge due to the lack of cells carrying reticulocyte markers such as RNA remnants or CD71 in the circulation. In this study, we fractionated equine red cells according to their density and analyzed the cells forming low (L), medium (M), and high (H) density fractions for markers of aging such as membrane loss, oxidation, and alterations in the intracellular free Ca2+ levels. Cells forming L and M fraction were highly heterogeneous in projected areas and shapes, and had higher propensity to swell in response to hypo-osmotic challenge than the cells from the H fraction. The densest cells were deprived of band 3 protein compared to the cells within L or M fraction. Furthermore, the equine red cells from the H fraction were hyper-oxidized compared to the cells within M and L fractions as follows from an increase in autofluorescence characteristic for oxidized damaged hemoglobin and from thiol oxidation as detected using monobromobimane. The lightest cells showed lower free thiol content compared to the red blood cells from the M fraction, but did not contain oxidized hemoglobin. Finally, the majority of red blood cells forming L, M, and H fraction prominently differed from each other in intracellular free Ca2+ levels and its distribution within the cells. Based on the obtained findings, we suggest that intraerythrocytic Ca2+ levels and its subcellular distribution, eosin-5-maleimide binding test for band 3 abundance, and autofluorescence of cells along with the changes in red blood cell indices, distribution width and creatine levels may become potential markers of regenerative erythropoiesis in horses. Validation of the power of these potential markers of red cell aging is pending.


Principal Component (PC) compression is the method of choice to achieve band-width reduction for dissemination of hyper spectral (HS) satellite measurements and will become increasingly important with the advent of future HS missions (such as IASI-NG and MTG-IRS) with ever higher data-rates. It is a linear transformation defined by a truncated set of the leading eigenvectors of the covariance of the measurements as well as the mean of the measurements. We discuss the strategy for generation of the eigenvectors, based on the operational experience made with IASI. To compute the covariance and mean, a so-called training set of measurements is needed, which ideally should include all relevant spectral features. For the dissemination of IASI PC scores a global static training set consisting of a large sample of measured spectra covering all seasons and all regions is used. This training set was updated once after the start of the dissemination of IASI PC scores in April 2010 by adding spectra from the 2010 Russian wildfires, in which spectral features not captured by the previous training set were identified. An alternative approach, which has sometimes been proposed, is to compute the eigenvectors on the fly from a local training set, for example consisting of all measurements in the current processing granule. It might naively be thought that this local approach would improve the compression rate by reducing the number of PC scores needed to represent the measurements within each granule. This false belief is apparently confirmed, if the reconstruction scores (root mean square of the reconstruction residuals) is used as the sole criteria for choosing the number of PC scores to retain, which would overlook the fact that the decrease in reconstruction score (for the same number of PCs) is achieved only by the retention of an increased amount of random noise. We demonstrate that the local eigenvectors retain a higher amount of noise and a lower amount of atmospheric signal than global eigenvectors. Local eigenvectors do not increase the compression rate, but increase the amount of atmospheric loss and should be avoided. Only extremely rare situations, resulting in spectra with features which have not been observed previously, can lead to problems for the global approach. To cope with such situations we investigate a hybrid approach, which first apply the global eigenvectors and then apply local compression to the residuals in order to identify and disseminate in addition any directions in the local signal, which are orthogonal to the subspace spanned by the global eigenvectors.


Genomic testing allows us to screen multiple genes simultaneously via diagnostic panels, exome and genome sequencing. This broad approach has many benefits; however the downside to this approach is the discovery of variants of uncertain significance (VUS). VUS are changes in genes which we are currently unable to classify as likely disease causing or benign. Approximately 36% of variants returned from the 100,000 genomes project are classified as VUS. National guidelines provide a framework to assist in genomic data interpretation. The cornerstone of this guidance is that 'the genetic change must fit the clinical phenotype'. Additionally, the specificityof the phenotype also adds weight to the interpretation. Clinical-laboratory collaboration is key to accurate reporting and underpins the basis of genomic multidisciplinary meetings (MDMs). Here we discuss cases from the 100,000 genomes project where clinical input has impacted data interpretation and reporting. Case 1: In a child with delay, hearing impairment and seizures, 2 variants in ACY1(autosomal recessive aminoacylase 1 deficiency) were identified. One variant was clearly pathogenic, the other a VUS. MDM review confirmed the phenotype to be compatible. Subsequent urine organic acid analysis enabled the second variant to be upgraded establishing a genetic diagnosis. Case 2: A PROM1splice variant, predicted to cause premature truncation of the protein, was detected in a patient with a clinical diagnosis of macular dystrophy. MDM review revealed that the variant and clinical presentation were not consistent with a dominant inheritance pattern. The variant was hence downgraded preventing a potential misdiagnosis. As genomic testing is embedded in the NHS, it is important for clinicians to understand their crucial role in genomic data interpretation. Understanding when clinical evidence may support or refute a genetic diagnosis is an integral part of care for patients with rare disease.


This paper reports on an exploratory, qualitative content analysis of the portrayal of the risk of sexually transmitted infections or diseases (STIs or STDs) and sexuality in the United States (US) versions of the most popular women's magazines in the world, the English language magazines for young women Cosmopolitan (Cosmo) and Glamour from 2000–2007. The data studied here demonstrate contradictory messages. On the one hand, there is a frequent and powerful portrayal of STIs and STDs as ubiquitous, dangerous, and disgusting, and on the other, there are numerous stories promoting casual sex for women's pleasure. Biomedicine is positioned as the most appropriate system of knowledge for understanding and explaining sexuality and STIs/STDs. The substantive, theoretical, and practical consequences of this paradoxical and contradictory social construction of sexuality and the risk of STIs or STDs are discussed as the major contributions of this paper.


John Hughes explores Hardy's claim that his art sought to intensify the expression of things through three main sections on music, the body, and voice. These offer intersecting and mutually informing discussions of the central drama of inexpression and expressivity in Hardy's work, as it affects the various personae of the text, including the reader. Throughout, the book draws on themes in the work of Gilles Deleuze and Stanley Cavell to reveal how Hardy's fiction and poetry express and represent the affective and physical conditions of mind, and their conflicts with social fictions of identity. The first main section on music incorporates three chapters that examine how Hardy's writing stages musical experience as an expression of human desire and individuality at odds with the constraints of rationality, Victorian fiction form, and social convention. Intricate and extensive readings are linked also to larger contextual and theoretical issues in order to show how music as a theme and motif highlights the kinds of creativity and ethical cruxes that characterise Hardy's work throughout his career. The second section on embodiment and sensation shows how close attention to Hardy's writing on the topics of facial and bodily expression (and affectivity) reveal much about the sources of his inspiration, and its philosophical conditions and implications. The third section on voice offers three chapters, each of which centrally employs a close metrical reading of an important Hardy poem within its larger biographical and inter-textual contexts. These readings demonstrate how fundamental were Hardy's innovations in meter to the power and originality of his work, and to its expressive treatment of his abiding preoccupations with love, grief, childhood, and the loss of faith.


The combined optical and magnetic properties of magnetic-plasmonic core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) makes them ideal candidates for many applications in biomedical fields. Plasmonic properties of the shell gives rise to Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) that can be utilized for sensitive detections, while magnetic properties are useful for magnetic separation and magnetic guided delivery. The plasmonic properties of the shell depends on both the size and shape of the core and shell, and this property, in principle, can be calculated using the Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) method. However, since the DDA is an approximation method, its accuracy to calculate the plasmonic properties of the shell, especially the near-field enhancement relevant to SERS, has not been examined carefully. We present a systematic test on the accuracy of the DDA to calculate the plasmonic properties in terms of both the extinction spectra and the near-field enhancement of the magnetic-plasmonic core-shell NPs. Accuracy of the DDA method was first investigated in comparison to Mie theory results for spherical core-shell NPs, since Mie theory gives the exact solution to spherical shaped particles. DDA calculations were further extended to core-shell nanoparticles with octahedral cores. We elucidate convergence of the DDA results by considering the effects of dipole distance and shell thickness in regard to the NP spectral properties. This work validates application of the DDA methods for calculating electrodynamic properties of core-shell NPs and highlights plasmonic properties of core-shell with non-spherical cores.


Surgical results of Fontan operation has been improved over the decades due to the introduction of the staged operations and some modifications of Fontan route from the classical atrio-pulmonary connection to total cavo-pulmonary connection. However, issues remain because of the single ventricular physiology of Fontan circulation. This article explains about the preoperative checklist for Fontan operation and tips on the postoperative management including an early extubation, use of inhaled nitric oxide after extubation, anticoagulation therapy, and efficacy of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, supported by the cutting-edge evidence. Some patients who underwent Fontan operation, however, suffer from protein-losing enteropathy, heart failure, and thus are classified as failing Fontan. Treatment for these patients with failed Fontan is an unsolved problem in the state where heart transplantation is inadequately available in Japan.


Cognitive impairment has been observed in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, it remains unclear whether the deficits in specific cognitive domains are present in first-episode, drug-naïve patients or medicated patients. In the present study, using the CogState battery (CSB) Chinese language version, we evaluated the visual, working, and verbal memory in first-episode drug-naive patients and medicated patients with MDD in a Chinese population. We measured the cognitive function in first-episode drug-naïve patients (n = 36), medicated MDD patients (n = 71), and age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects (n = 59) in a Chinese population. The CSB composite scores in both first-episode drug-naive patients and medicated patients were significantly poorer than those in the healthy control subjects. The CSB sub-scores, including visual, working, and verbal memory were also significantly poorer in both patient groups than those in the healthy control subjects. In contrast, processing speed, attention/vigilance, executive function, spatial working memory, and social cognition were no different from healthy controls, whereas the executive function was significantly better in the medicated patients than in the healthy control subjects and first-episode drug-naïve patients. These findings suggest an impairment in the visual, working, and verbal memory in first-episode, drug-naive MDD patients in a Chinese population.


Viral infections may be vertically transmitted from mother to child at different times, ranging from in utero transmission, which occurs during pregnancy, perinatal transmission, which takes place during delivery and postnatal transmission, which is usually the consequence of breastfeeding. Mother-to-child transmission, which may occur after primary, recurrent or chronic maternal infection, is potentially harmful to the fetus or the newborn since it may result in miscarriage, fetal death, congenital anomalies, intrauterine growth restriction, or severe neonatal disease. Some risk factors are thought to affect the rate of mother-to-child transmission, such as the presence of other viral infections, maternal viral load, type of infection (primary versus recurrent), obstetrical procedures (prolonged rupture of membranes, mode of delivery), social-economical conditions and breastfeeding. For some of the vertically transmitted viruses, interventions are nowadays available to prevent mother-to-child transmission, such as vaccines, passive immunization, antiviral drugs. Moreover, perinatal and postnatal infections may be prevented by the use of elective caesarean delivery and avoidance of breastfeeding.


Although i7 Carinae has been known as a remarkable variable for many years, the actual complexities of this bizarre object have become appreciated very recently. Although some of its present spectroscopic characteristics resemble those exhibited at moderately advanced phases in conventional slow novae,' the object is certainly not a nova. In a large telescope X Carinae appears as an intensely red star like condensation of somewhat more than a second of arc in diameter, surrounded by an elliptical nebulosity of much lower surface brightness about 10 see in diameter. Surrounding all this is an extended diffuse nebula in which numerous stars are involved in dust and gas. At the present epoch, the spectrum consists of: (a) an underlying continuum whose energy distribution has recently been measured over the visible and infrared by Searle and Rodgers ;2 (b) numerous emission lines of which the strongest are those of hydrogen and ionized iron; the profile of a typical strong line consists of a broad dome-shaped structure (presumably widened by an expansion velocity of the order of 400 km/sec) on which is superposed a relatively narrow emission line; and (c) absorption lines, displaced to the violet, and sometimes of complex structure, which are associated with the emission lines. Although spectroscopic observations have been secured by a number of observers and a very complete discussion has been given by Thackeray,3 quantitative line intensity data were lacking. Accordingly, as soon as the object was available in the morning skies late in 1960, D. J. Faulkner and I undertook measurements with the Michigan photoelectric scanner which has been designed and built by Liller.4 The observing procedure is very similar to that employed in measurements of other stars5 except that we used medium and low scanning speeds. We employed an exit slot giving a resolution of 9 A and an entrance diaphragm as small as seeing and guiding conditions would permit. Observations of standard stars of known energy distribution supplied the necessary information on the combined effects of response characteristics of the equipment, transmission of the optics, and atmospheric transparency.


Background and aims: Working Memory focused, computerised, Cognitive Remediation has been found to be effective in improving cognitive deficits in a number of patient populations, such as schizophrenia and ADHD; particularly in relation to memory and attention. These deficits are also found in people with dyslexia, and as such it is possible that the same working memory programme might improve these deficits in the dyslexic population. The aim of this study is to see if that is the case, and if it also leads to improvements in reading skills.

Methods: 16 participants with dyslexia underwent a controlled experimental study. Neuropsychological testing was conducted on all participants both before and after the intervention, which lasted a period of 5 weeks. During this time the intervention group underwent computerised, working memory training (half an hour a day, 5 days a week), and the control group went about their lives as normal.

Analysis: A mixed covariance of analysis (ANCOVA) was used to compare the results between control and experimental group. The results were found to be non-significant.

Implications: If successful, this programme can be utilised by individuals with dyslexia to improve their cognitive deficits and reading skills. The computerised nature of the programme enables it to be used independently, at home or in school environments.


This is a report summarising results from studies of true subglottal pressure, supraglottal pressure and speech wave data. We have derived co-variation patterns, which allow a prediction of intensity from subglottal pressure and F0, and conversely a prediction of a subglottal pressure contour from F0 and intensity. Of special interest is the significance of a mid-point in a speakers' available F0 range at which the relations change. In the lower F0 range subglottal pressure and intensity rise with F0, whilst in the upper part they tend to saturate. In connected speech we find a build-up of subglottal pressure well in advance of a stressed word, and a decay of subglottal pressure in the final part of a phrase starting already in the falling branch of an F0 peak.


Abstract Ab initio, molecular orbital calculations were carried out to study the energetic stability and NMR characteristics of "triclusters" of composition [T(XO)(OH)2]O[Al(OH)3][T(OH)3] (X = no atom, H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, or Ca2+; T = Si4+ or Al3+). These triclusters consist of a central oxygen atom in trigonal coordination (IIIO) surrounded by three tetrahedrally coordinated, network-forming cations (Al and Si). All tricluster configurations modeled are predicted to be dynamically stable except for one containing three Al3+ cations. Tricluster viability was further tested by computing energetic stabilities relative to Al(OH)3 and dimers with non-bridging oxygen atoms (NBO). With these species as reactants and T = Si4+, calculated reaction energies vary from -87 kJ/mol with X = H+, to -253 kJ/mol with X = Mg2+. For the case of X = Ca2+, where structures with 1 Si and 2 Al were also modeled, the reaction energy was found to be over 50 kJ/mol more negative in the latter case (- 278 kJ/mol compared to -222 kJ/mol). However, when the energy of the triclusters [Si(Na+O)(OH)2]O [Al(OH)3][Si(OH)3] and [Al(Ca2+O)(OH)2]O[Al(OH)3][Si(OH)3] was calculated relative to isochemical chains of three tetrahedra without NBO or IIIO, the triclusters were predicted to be +124 and +142 kJ/mol less stable than the corresponding trimer chains. Although these latter computed energy changes do not preclude formation of triclusters, they imply that such species should occur only in minor concentrations. To help identify IIIO within aluminosilicate glasses, predictions of 17O NMR chemical shifts (⃞17O), quadrupolar coupling constants (QCCs), and asymmetry parameters (⃞) are also presented. When compared with predictions of 17O NMR parameters in a number of molecules representing Si and Albearing Q4 species, it is found that the calculated parameters for IIIO are generally within the range of normal bridging oxygen atoms (BO). Thus, if IIIO are a minor percentage of oxygen atoms within a glass, we conclude that their identification may be difficult using NMR spectroscopy.


Small companies dominate the landscape of systems and software development companies. With a few exceptions, very few studies have investigated the development and managerial processes and practices of these companies, their customer relationship, and their overall position and role in the software supplier and procurer relationships. A recent in-depth study reveals a number of challenges facing a small shop software development company -e.g. owner and employees having insufficient formal training in software engineering and information systems development, lack of consistent and systematic practices, little time to reflect upon practices and learn new technologies and techniques, barriers for access to the (end)users, a need for short cycle development in order to mantain a steady income, and a sometimes fragile or problematic relationship with customers and clients who are often much bigger and stronger than the small development shop. Several of these problems have been shown to be persistent in Software Engineering and Information Systems Development across time as well as types of companies and settings. We do, however, believe that there is a need to investigate how these problems play out in the context of small shop development. The study will build on the action research of which focused on introducing a learning and reflection model into a small development shop. In the present study, we will analyze that case further.


Engineering workflow management has to cope with a great variety of processes. Well structured and a priori defined activities are mixed with creative, less structured, and continuously evolving process steps. The classical coordination support provided by workflow management systems has to be enhanced to cope with dynamic, product centered, and cooperative processes. We concentrate on cooperation support within workflow management on both document level and workflow level. First, we propose an integrated and flexible approach to process and document management which is based on an object oriented modeling framework. We outline how different kinds of processes can be supported on this basis. Finally, we introduce an approach for flexible control and data flow modeling which supports cooperation on the workflow level and takes versioning and different forms of data interchange between activities into account.


National court litigation in Greece and Italy prompted Germany to bring suit before the international Court of Justice ('ICJ'), resulting in the Jurisdictional Immunities of the State judgment. The history of that litigation, as well as the ICJ's judgment itself, raise two questions about the relationship between executive branches and courts. First, if national court decisions conflict with the views of the forum state's executive branch, which controls for the purpose of determining state practice in customary international law? Secondly, are national courts more likely to produce 'outlier' decisions that challenge or undermine existing international law when the forum state's executive branch fails to take a position in the litigation? This commentary explores these two questions and explains their significance in light of current developments in immunity and universal jurisdiction cases.


Serine proteases inhibitor with pl-7.3, isolated from potatoe tubers by isoelectric focusing procedure as described previously (V.V. Mosolov et al., Bioorganic Chem., 1, 1449, 1975), was homogeneous under ultracentrifugation, having sedimentation coefficient S20,w 2.8S. Its molecular weight, investigated by sedimentation equilibrium and gel filtration through Sephadex G-100, was found to be 32500 and 31500 respectively. The Stokes radius R and frictional ratio f/fo were found to be 24 A and 1.14. The molecular weight of the inhibitor as determined by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis was twice as low as determined in ultracentrifuge and by gel filtration procedure. It is suggested that the inhibitor is dimer and consists of two protomers of equal molecular weight.


For almost two decades, Virginia has used risk assessment to justify "alternative" nonprison sentences for eligible drug and property offenders. In Study 1, we examined how frequently alternative sentences actually were imposed. We found that alternative sentences were given to only 42% of low-risk offenders. In Study 2, we tested the hypothesis that a lack of treatment resources explains why many judges fail to offer alternative sentences. We focused on the availability of mental health and substance abuse treatment resources across judicial circuits. Our findings support the "treatment resource hypothesis" as one explanation for variation among courts and judges in the extent to which alternative sentences are offered to low-risk offenders. To the extent that treatment resources available in a jurisdiction lead to increased judicial use of risk assessment to sentence low-risk offenders to nonjail alternatives, providing these resources will be crucial in reducing mass incarceration.


Hydroquinone (HQ) is the most important hydroxy aromatic compound which is produced on a large scale. Understanding its fate in the environment is therefore of primary importance to prevent its migration in the soil and/or the contamination of the aquatic ecosystems. Here we present a column based method to investigate the physicochemical processes controlling the removal from the aqueous phase and the adsorption onto natural quartz sand (NQS), of organic pollutant such as HQ molecules. We will focus on the interactions that occur between the organic pollutant and the NQS substrate. Thus, column reactors filled with NQS were used to investigate the influence of physicochemical parameters such as the ionic strength, the pH, the flow rate, and the nature of the electrolyte cation, on the HQ adsorption from water onto NQS substrate. The data indicate that, when divalent instead of monovalent cations, are present in the effluent water injection phase, and/or when the ionic strength of the effluent increases, the adsorbed HQ amount decreases. Similar decrease of the adsorbed HQ amount was also observed, at constant ionic strength, by increasing either, the pH from 3 to 9, the flow rate Q from 1 to 3 ml·mn-1, or by decreasing the HQ initial concentration, C0 from 30 to 6 mg·L-1. Further, large amount of the organic pollutant (up to 93 wt% of HQ molecules) was removed from the effluent water phase by using NQS column. The overall data seem to indicate that the adsorption of HQ molecules on the NQS surface is mainly controlled by electrostatic interaction forces occurring between the organic molecule polar groups and the inorganic matrix silanol groups.


Background Skilled attendance at birth is only 42% in Bangladesh. 19000 midwives required to attend 3.3 million births each year. Hence as first time private sector initiative BRAC University (BRACU) started 3 year Diploma in Midwifery to develop 410 competent midwives in hard to reach areas following hub and spoke model. Objectives To explore factors associated with deployment of midwives in the community as a new cadre as well as professionalization of midwifery Methods Focus group discussion conducted among prospective midwives to explore their views, perception on prospects and challenges regarding deployment of midwives and professionalization of midwifery. Result Students of Diploma in Midwifery opined that after completing Diploma and getting license they can deliver service in the community independently through establishing birthing hut or being involved with service delivery organization. Existing unskilled providers as well as community people may show unfavorable attitude towards delivery of MNCH service by the newly graduate midwives. If local level community leaders, stakeholders and BRACU representative introduce midwives with the community people then enabling environment will be created for midwives to become recognized in the community for serving pregnant mother and newborn. Technical support from relevant experts, BRACU will be needed for the midwives when they will start to deliver services in the community. When midwives will get job or deliver services in the community independently then beyond their job or private practice they will provide service to pregnant mother and newborn of poor family with less or no service fee. Common and standard service delivery fee are to be set for private practice of midwives in the community. Conclusion Based on FGD findings necessary advocacy and communications are planned to generate demand for midwives in the community and to establish midwifery as a profession in the country.


Open repositories holding scholarly documents are increasingly used for dissemination. These repositories commonly comply with the OAI-PMH standard, making it possible to automatically harvest the repositories, and build discovery services on top of scholarly repositories throughout the world. This is what Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE) has done. In BASE, any record is easily searched and discovered, irrespective of how small or remotely located the repository is where the document is archived. High North Research Documents (HNRD) is an overlay service of BASE. The entire set of more than 100 million metadata records in BASE is subject to a filtering process, returning more than 700 000 records with relevance to the polar regions. We have analyzed the sources harvested by BASE, and the sources present in our HNRD service. This shows us from where the polar related scholarly outputs originates. Our analysis also reveals institution and regions that are more poorly represented in HNRD, compared to what should be expected. We believe there are several very interesting sources not following OAI-PMH and thus not present in BASE nor in HNRD. We invite PLC members to join us in an international cooperation to identify sources that are still not harvestable and thus not part of the global OA network. The next move would be to guide these sources and their mother institutions to migrate their sources to OAI-PMH enabled platforms. We further call on PLC members to cooperate in improving the dissemination, accessibility and discovery of polar related information through repositories.


The critique of bourgeois theory found in the work of the Marxist philosopher Georg Lukacs is predicated on his argument that no part of capitalist society is free from the effects of a generalized reification, and primarily intellectual activity is very much included in the accusation. In these circumstances, if philosophical and scientific theories are blind to what lies beneath or beyond them, it is because their historically transcendent constructions reflect and reinforce the commodification that is constitutive of all of bourgeois society – economic, political, social and cultural. This article seeks to bring out the detail of these associations as they affect different types of theoretical writing at different times, from Cartesian and Kantian views through positivist science to a good deal of Marxist theory itself.


Biot's two-phase theory for fluid-saturated porous media was applied in a study carried out to investigate the influence of water saturation on propagation of elastic wave in transversely isotropic nearly saturated soil. The characteristic equations for wave propagation were derived and solved analytically. The results showed that there are four waves: the first and second quasi-longitudinal waves (QP1 and QP2), the quasi-transverse wave (QSV) and the anti-plane transverse wave (SH). Numerical results are given to illustrate the influence of saturation on the velocity, dispersion and attenuation of the four body waves. Some typical numerical results are discussed and plotted. The results can be meaningful for soil dynamics and earthquake engineering.


A new horizon in chemoprevention research is the recent discovery of molecular links between inflammation and cancer. The implication of inflammatory tissue damage in pathophysiology of human maligancy is under intense investigation both at the research level and in clinical practice. Numerous studies have been reported with the global 'omics' profiling technologies, such as DNA microarray, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, etc., to identify and characterize a series of critical molecules/changes in the inflammatory signaling. It is by gaining this type of mechanistic understanding of a disease that researchers will unlock the keys to discovering new diagnostics and therapeutic strategies for the management of inflammation-associated cancer. Aberrant upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in the arachidonic acid cascade, has been frequently observed in various precancerous and malignant tissues. Therefore, the normalization of inappropriately overamplified signaling cascades implicated in chronic inflammation-associated carcinogenesis by use of COX-2 specific inhibitors has been recognized as a rational and pragmatic strategy in molecular target-based chemoprevention. Proinflammatory stimuli trigger the activation of intracellular signal transduction network comprising proline-directed serine/threonine kinases, and their downstream transcription factors, such as NF-κB, resulting in an overexpression of COX-2. Cyclopentenone prostaglandins of J series as products of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated arachidonic acid cascades have been reported to possess multifaceted cellular functions, including antiinflammatory and cytoprotective effects. A typical example is 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14 -prostaglandin J 2 (15d-PGJ2), an endogenous ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), that modulates the activities of various intracellular signaling molecules. Because of the electrophilic α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety present in its cyclopentenone ring structure, 15d-PGJ2 acts as a Michael addition acceptor and can readily interact with critical cellular nucleophiles, such as cysteine thiol groups of proteins. Many of the biological effects induced by 15d-PGJ2 are mediated by targeting redox-sensitive transcription factors and their regulators, including IκB kinase-NF-κB, AP-1, Nrf2-Keap1, HIF-1α, STAT3and p53 tumor suppressor. The regulation of the aforementioned signaling molecules by 15d-PGJ2 is not likely to be dependent on PPARγ activation, but rather involves direct modification or oxidation of their critical cysteine residues acting as a redox-sensor. Though 15d-PGJ2 exerts cytoprotective effects in normal cells, elevated production of this cyclopentenone prostaglandin has been implicated in tumorigenesis through induction of angiogenesis and metastasis. As one of the terminal products of COX-2-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism, 15d-PGJ2 upregulates the expression of COX-2 in the human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line by activation of Akt and subsequently AP-1. Some malignant cells might exploit this visious cycle of COX-2 up-expression for maintaining invasiveness and taking survival advantage. Cysteine thiols present in various transcription factors and their regulators function as redox sensors in fine-tuning of transcriptional regulation. Thus, oxidation or covalent modification of thiol groups present in the redox-sensitive transcription factors and their regulating molecules can provide a unique strategy for molecular target-based chemoprevention. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):CN07-01.


Different sonographic criteria have been developed to estimate canine fetal age, including fetal mensuration and assessment of fetal organ development. This retrospective study assessed the accuracy of gestational age and litter size predictions in 76 bitches using one of two techniques. The first method used the differential features of fetal organ development that occur in early and mid pregnancy, based on published tables for beagles. The second method used biparietal head and trunk diameters to predict gestational age based on tables published for late gestational Labrador Retrievers. The accuracy of the two methods was compared and the effect of maternal body weight and litter size evaluated. Litter size and maternal body weight did not affect the accuracy of gestational age prediction. Using a combination of both methods, the overall accuracy of predicting parturition date within 65 +/- 1 day and +/- 2 days was 70.8% and 86.1%, respectively. The correct litter size was predicted in 65% of cases, and in 89.5% of cases for +/- 1 pup. Pearson's correlation between actual litter size and predicted litter size was high (R = 0.957, P < 0.001). The organ development method of predicting gestational age was more accurate than late gestational fetal mensuration (P = 0.019). The optimum time for sonographic estimation of fetal age and litter size is early and mid pregnancy.


The paper starts with brief biographical details of John Rawls's life, and indications regarding the significance of his proposal. The most relevant part of the article is dedicated to the discussion of the concept of democracy as it is included in Rawls s theory of justice. Rawls tries to find a solution to the incompatibility of two different motivations for democracy: the instrumental and the intrinsic defence. It follows from Rawls s sproposal that the two defences need not necessarily to be incompatible. Participation in public decision procedures helps citizens to improve their capacities. According to the author of the paper, the main criticisms of Rawls come not so much from doubts about the validity of these arguments, but from questioning the realism of his proposals.


Acid-sable alpha-amylase of Asp. niger and acid-unstable, alpha-amylase of Asp. oryzae were studied. It was demonstrated, that beside being a more acid-stable properties, alpha-amylase Asp. niger has increased thermal stability as compared to alpha-amylase Asp. oryzae. The molecular weights of acid-stable alpha-amylase and acid-unstable alpha-amylase are 58 000 and 51 000, respectively. The amino acid composition, and the C- and N-terminal amino acids of both forms of alpha-amylases were determined. It was demonstrated, that the enzymes under study contain one sylfhydryl group per mole of enzyme, which in the Ca2+-bound form plays an important role in the maintenance of the catalytically active enzyme conformation.


Background Quality indicators (QIs) are measures of health care quality in order to achieve the planned results in a Quality Management System. Purpose To evaluate the results of some QIs in a Unitary Dose Drug Dispensation System (UDDDS) in a Hospital Pharmacy Deparment (HPD). Material and methods Prospective observational 3-weeks study (September '14) performed in a second level hospital (411 beds, 52.8% of them with UDDDS and manual transcription by nurses and validation by pharmacists). QIs and standars to achieve maximum quality were established by a working group. QI1: %Filling errors = [errors/number of dispensed drugs (noDD)]*100; SV QI2: %Transcription errors = [errors/number of prescription lines (noPL)]*100; SV QI3: %Validation errors (by a second pharmacist) = [errors/noPL]*100; SV QI4: %Returns = [returned drugs/noDD]*100; SV Three days a week a "pilot cart" (PC) was selected by a random method (extraction balls) and checked by a pharmacist. Data were recorded and analysed using a form designed for that purpose, Farmatools-Dominion ® programme and Microsoft Office Excel®. Results 9 PC were checked (474 PL, 1736 DD, 207 patients). QIs real values were: QI1 (5.9%); QI2 (8.2%); QI3 (1.4%); QI4 (7.8%). Major error types during filling UDDDS-carts and transcription were treatment omission (44 vs. 11, respectively). Another common errors: a) filling: different amount (26) and commission (16) – drug should be discontinued but remained in patient´s treatment; b) transcription: different dose/dosage regimen (14). The mean causes of returns were: not administered drug (88), transfer/discharge (30) and finished treatment after cart distribution (16). Conclusion Even though UDDDS may reduce medication errors, the QIs analysed were superior to SV previously defined. The measurement of QIs showed non-compliance and required corrective actions to resolve mistakes in order to improve patient security: regular training sessions for HPD staff, instructive note for nursing, technical instructions for nursing assistant and design of a specific form for returned drugs. References and/or acknowledgements No. No conflict of interest.


Background: Headache calendars are part of good clinical practice in headache clinics. However, patients' compliance is rather variable. We aim to identify factors associated with poor compliance. Methods: Consecutive patients observed in follow-up visits of a tertiary headache center were divided into two groups; with a fullfilled calendar (Calendar compliers, CC) and without calendar (Calendar noncompliers, CNC). Incomplete / forgotten records were excluded. Demographic and clinical variables were compared, and CNC were asked the reasons for not filling the calendar. Results: From 93 patients (45.6±13.3 years, on average; 83 females), the majority with migraine (96.8%), 61.3% were CC. CNC were more likely to have medication overuse (34.5% vs. 12.3%, p=0.01) and had a tendency to be paid workers (79.3% vs. 52.6%, p=0.05) compared to CC. Most CC considered calendars useful to improve doctors and patients knowledge about headaches.Conclusions: Although these results need to be evaluated in other contexts, they suggest that patients with medication overuse have a more denial attitute towards headache records and may need additional reinforcement.


analogue being given the prothrombin activity was then found to be over 50%. The two cases alluded to would appear to have reacted in a similar way. On the other hand, when patients on dicoumarol are found to have a prothrombin activity in the region of 10%, although no haemorrhage has occurred, I have found vitamin-K analogues of value. The dicoumarol is withheld and a small dose of one of these analogues given intravenously. This has always prevented a further fall in prothrombin activity, and in fact an increase to a level of about 20-30% is found next day. The dicoumarol treatment is then continued with carefully graded maintenance doses. I am afraid the advantages predicted for vitamin Ki, alas, can be evaluated only when a case on dicoumarin drug therapy, complicated by a severe haemorrhage, is treated with this new antidote.-I am, etc.,


We develop a new formalism to study nonlinear evolution in the growth of large-scale structure, by following the dynamics of gravitational clustering as it builds up in time. This approach is conveniently represented by Feynman diagrams constructed in terms of three objects: the initial conditions (e.g. perturbation spectrum), the vertex (describing nonlinearities) and the propagator (describing linear evolution). We show that loop corrections to the linear power spectrum organize themselves into two classes of diagrams: one corresponding to mode-coupling effects, the other to a renormalization of the propagator. Resummation of the latter gives rise to a quantity that measures the memory of perturbations to initial conditions as a function of scale. As a result of this, we show that a well-defined (renormalized) perturbation theory follows, in the sense that each term in the remaining mode-coupling series dominates at some characteristic scale and is subdominant otherwise. This is unlike standard perturbation theory, where different loop corrections can become of the same magnitude in the nonlinear regime. In companion papers we compare the resummation of the propagator with numerical simulations, and apply these results to the calculation of the nonlinear power spectrum. Remarkably, the expressions in renormalized perturbation theory can be written in a way that closely resembles the halo model.


In a number of studies of the determinants of infant and child health maternal education emerges as perhaps the strongest socioeconomic predictor of infant and child health (Cochrane et al. 1980; Cleland and van Ginnekin 1988; United Nations 1985; Hobcraft et al. 1985). However efforts to explain why more educated mothers have healthier children have been largely inconclusive. If maternal education alters infant and child health risks it must affect factors directly related to health such as nutrient intake exposure to pathogens susceptibility to pathogens and management of illness. This paper analyzes the relationship between maternal education and two dimensions of behavior that potentially affect infant and child health and survival: knowledge and use of health services and characteristics of the home environment that might affect the transmission of diseases. The results demonstrate a strong relationship between maternal education and a number of health-related factors: the absence of trash and waste in the vicinity of the home adequate ventilation drinking and bath water sources inside the home electrification ability to identify specific health providers early use of prenatal care and use of biomedically-trained providers for prenatal care and delivery assistance. The relationships are robust to controls for household economic status childhood residence and even to very rigorous controls for residence. (authors)


Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis is a newly recognized entity of unknown etiology, characterized by diffuse superior palpebral conjunctivitis, localized superior bulbar conjunctivitis, superior limbic changes, punctate staining of the involved superior bulbar conjunctiva with fluorescein and rose bengal, and, in many instances, upper corneal filaments. Cultures are essentially negative. Scrapings of the involved superior bulbar conjunctiva are valuable diagnostically, showing marked keratinization of the epithelial cells and polymorphs; scrapings of the palpebral conjunctiva reveal normal epithelium and a polymorphonuclear exudate. Biopsy specimens of the superior bulbar conjunctiva confirm findings on scrapings, showing prominent keratinization of the epithelium with acanthosis, dyskeratosis, cellular infiltration, and in some areas, balloon degeneration of the nuclei. Biopsy of the palpebral conjunctiva reveals infiltration with polymorphs, lymphocytes and plasma cells, and normal epithelium.


Published: Pat Newcombe, Review of Joel Richard Paul, Without Precedent: Chief Justice John Marshall and His Times, 111 LAW LIB. J. 605 (2019).This Article reviews Joel Richard Paul's book, Without Precedent: Chief Justice John Marshall and His Times. The Author found this scholarly work to be very readable. Paul relies on ample and deep primary sources, yet manages to present John Marshall in a very human and accessible way. This narrative would be an excellent selection for any academic or public library, especially those that collect in the American history area, and it is highly recommended.


When introduced in 1959, amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmBD) was clearly a life-saving drug. Randomized studies demonstrating its efficacy were not thought to be necessary, and it was granted indications for many invasive fungal infections. Despite its formidable toxicities, AmBD is thus often used as the primary comparator in studies of invasive fungal infections. Safer lipid-based versions of amphotericin B (AmB) have been introduced, but difficulties with studying these agents generally led to licensure for salvage therapy, not primary therapy. However, the cumulative clinical experience to date with the lipid-based preparations is now adequate to demonstrate that these agents are no less active than AmBD, and, for some infections, it can now be stated that specific lipid-based preparations of AmB are superior to AmBD. Given their superior safety profiles, these preparations can now be considered suitable replacements for AmBD for primary therapy for many invasive fungal infections in clinical practice and research.


Biodiversity at many scales (functional group, species, genetic) can result in emergent ecological patterns. Here we explore the influence of tree genotypic variation and diversity on in-stream ecosystem processes and aquatic communities. We test whether genetically diverse inputs of leaf litter interact with a keystone organism, anadromous salmon, to influence in-stream ecosystem function. We used reach-level manipulation of salmon carcasses and leaf litter bags to examine how nutrient inputs interact with genetic variation in leaf litter decomposition. Genotypic variation in black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa) significantly influenced leaf litter chemistry, litter mass loss, and fungal biomass, but these variables were only weakly influenced by salmon carcass presence or a genotype × salmon (G × E) interaction. Mixtures of genotypes tended to demonstrate antagonistic effects (slower than expected decomposition) in the absence of salmon, but synergistic effects (faster than expected d...


This study aims to design the form of teaching reading at the level of Junior High School, especially in grade VII. The sample was taken at K.S. Junior High School of Denpasar. The analysis is limited to the type of reading, assignment given, and the micro and macro reading skills that need to be taught in Indonesian subjects. The data were analysed and presented qualitatively according to the Assessing Reading theory (Brown, 2004). The results of this study show that teaching reading in Junior High School begin with the type of interactive and extensive reading. Interactive reading assignments applied are trough Editing (longer tasks), Scanning, and Ordering Tasks. While the extensive reading assignments are Skimming Tasks and Summarizing. Micro skills that need to be taught are mastering pieces of language with different lengths in short-term memory, reading at an efficient speed according to purpose, recognizing the word core and interpreting patterns or word order and its meaning systematically, recognizing the grammatical word class, cohesive device in discourse and its role in signifying the relationship between and among clauses. While the macro skills that need to be taught include recognizing the rhetorical form of written discourse and its significance for interpretation, the communicative function of the text, the unexplained context, summing up the relationship among events, causality, distinguishing literal and implicit meanings, developing and using reading strategies such as scanning and skimming, guessing the meaning of words from the context and interpreting the text.


The concept of sustainable development has heightened awareness across a range of industries including solid waste management (SWM) of the need to integrate social and environmental costs into the accounting management system. Full Cost Accounting (FCA) is an approach for including social and environmental costs in decisions. Several studies have confirmed the effectiveness of this approach, yet very few studies have analysed the applicability of FCA in SWM in newly industrialised countries. This paper provides a review and critique of the existing literature relating to SWM, FCA and newly industrialised countries. It contributes to the general lack of clarity in the literature of the factors that facilitate and hinder the adoption of FCA. The paper concludes that there is a need for research capable of providing evidence of FCA as a tool for measuring the social and environmental costs of SWM in newly industrialised countries.


Soil biological quality has a primary role in many soil functions related to productivity and environmental resilience. Arbuscular mycorrhizal and cellulolytic fungi are two beneficial microorganisms colonizing plant roots and have a potential role in plant productivity. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of native species of the mycorrhizal (Acaulospora tuberculata and Gigaspora cf. gigantea) and cellulolytic (Talaromyces pinophilus strain MR107 and T. pinophilus isolate OK3SP103P) fungi from the dry land of Aceh on soil biological quality under water deficit. Dual inoculation of both native species significantly improved soil biological quality by increasing mycorrhizal colonization, the fungal population, and soil respiration activity at 45 and 90 days after sowing (DAS), and soil phosphatase activity at 45 DAS. Acaulospora tuberculata was more suitable to T. pinophilus strain MR107 while Gi. cf. gigantea well combined to either T. pinophilus strain MR107 or T. pinophilus isolate OK3SP103P. Gigaspora cf. gigantea and T. pinophilus strain MR107 was the superior native mycorrhizal and cellulolytic fungi respectively in promoting soil biological quality under drought. This study could provide more insight into the sustainability of soil biological quality under drought by native mycorrhizal and cellulolytic fungi.


Communal farmers are the major owners of livestock in Zimbabwe. In 1988 they owned 68% of all cattle, 99% of all goats, 84% of all sheep, and 60% of all pigs. Moreover, this dominance of national livestock holdings is growing notably in the beef sector where communal farmers,have increased their share of the national beef herd from 55% in 1980 to 68% in 1988 '(CSO, 1989) .
These trends in ownership have two major implications: for
 agricultural policy. The immediate effect is a growing shortage of beef for domestic consumption, due to the much lower off-take rates in the
communal sector (1%-3%) as opposed to the commercial sector (18%- 23%). Prime determinants of this low off-take rate include an average herd size of 7.1 cattle (MLARR), and the fact that Communal farmers value cattle for their contribution to crop production (through draft and manure); rather than as a direct source of cash income (Cousins, 1989). This later conflict
between household needs for food /security and national requirements for meat production poses a major dilemma for policy-makers.


Abstract Across the southeastern United States, pyridine carboxylic acid herbicides are widely used for broadleaf weed control in permanent grass pastures. This family of herbicides has proved very successful for controlling most broadleaf weeds commonly present in southeastern pastures and hayfields. In the southern United States, producers have expressed concern when overseeding legume species into warm-season perennial sods following application of commonly used pyridine carboxylic acid herbicides, as legumes are generally highly sensitive to this herbicide family. Field experiments were established to evaluate two herbicide treatment programs (residual vs nonresidual) on crimson clover overseeded into bermudagrass sod. The residual herbicide program included aminopyralid plus 2,4-D (0.09 + 0.7 kg ae ha-1), and the nonresidual program included triclopyr plus fluroxypyr (0.63 + 0.21 kg ae ha-1) plus 2,4-D (1.12 kg ae ha-1). Herbicide programs were applied at two key timings: in spring (May) and early summer (June). Spring applications were also evaluated when used in single vs repeated annual application. Our results did not indicate soil residual herbicide issues for crimson clover planted in the fall following spring or early-summer application of aminopyralid + 2,4-D at either location. Additionally, there were no cumulative negative impacts on crimson clover following 2 yr of spring herbicide application. Crimson clover cover, however, strongly decreased as grass and weed cover increased—an event that may be related to greater interspecific competition at higher levels of grass and weed cover. Soil fertility, weather, and competition from resident annual grasses and weeds strongly influenced productivity, suggesting that changes in pasture dynamics had a greater influence on clover productivity than did herbicide treatment or timing of application. Nomenclature: Aminopyralid; fluroxypyr; triclopyr; 2,4-D; bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (Pers.) L.; crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L


This study aimed to assess the paths through which save metrics (on CiteULike, Mendeley, and Figshare) and discussion metrics (on Twitter, Facebook, and Wikipedia) influence citation. This descriptive-correlation study investigates the relationships between different variables based on its proposed conceptual model. Systematic and stratified sampling was employed and, using the Cochrane formula, the sample size was determined to be 1892 articles. Data were collected using the PLOS altmetrics, and path analysis was administered to test the conceptual model by using AMOS software. The results convey that Mendeley was the most effective path resulting to citation. Mendeley has a positive and significant relationship with citation via save as an intermediator. Twitter also had a negative and significant relationship with citation via discussion as an intermediating factor. Yet, neither save metrics on CiteULike and Figshare nor discussion on Facebook and Wikipedia does create a path of influence on citation. Identifying the effective paths through which social networks affect citation via altmetrics and presenting a final model of those paths could enrich and expand the theoretical foundations in the field of altmetrics. Besides identifying the most effective social networks and paths for online scientific interactions that lead to citation, the implications of this research can provide deeper insights for policy makers, editors and scholars.


This article discusses motherhood and mothering as portrayed in two auto/biographies of Krisdayanti, a prominent Indonesian female celebrity. Written at two different times and contexts, the first one largely focuses on portraying Krisdayanti in her persona as an Indonesian glamorous celebrity at her peak as it is faithfully observed in her likewise glamorous auto/biography. The other one, presented in a much simpler book design and more straightforward narration, depicts her more as an ordinary person in her varied roles as a celebrity, a wife, a mother, a daughter, and a sister. The article takes note of the important dynamics and complexity of Krisdayanti's relationship with her mother and the significant roles that her mother plays that have shaped not only Krisdayanti's personal life but also her career. The two auto/biographies have shown how feminist mothering foster the formation of feminine/feminist agency and subjectivity that are constantly and continuously shifting and traversing. More specifically, this article suggests that the auto/biographies have enabled a space to reveal the empowering experience of motherhood and mothering which have contributed to the construction of a particular form of femininity within celebrity culture.


ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to reconsider the doctrine of Socialist Realism against the backdrop of the tradition of modern realism as an aesthetic form of instructing the modern subject through sentimental political education. Socialist Realism is here considered as a school for instructing the reader to an understanding of historical and social reality that is based on an idea of a transference between reality and literature proper to modern realism. I look in particular at Fedor Gladkov's rewritings of Cement to examine how reality and literature fuse in a narrative describing the genesis of an oeuvre. I argue that what is characteristic for Gladkov is that he as a writer was willing to learn how to write in the image of Gor′kij because he considered literature as a school of learning how to write and at the same time how to acquire the correct awareness and knowledge of historical reality. This was also what guided him in the editions. The reason for doing so was that he was set on reality, and not on the technique of writing.


For some years, contemporary microfinance schemes worldwide have been persuaded to aim at achieving both, and simultaneously, financial sustainability and poverty reduction. In group-based microfinance, success in attaining these goals is crucially dependent on the sustainability of groups as organisations. This paper argues that as mounting tensions arise between financial sustainability and organisational sustainability, this produces fundamental instability within groups and a tendency for the system to collapse. What is more, tensions tend to lead to the fracturing of groups and greater exclusion of the poor, creating negative impacts on wellbeing.

Based on original data collected during fieldwork in the rural communities of Cusco and semi-urban shantytowns of Lima, Peru, during 2000-2001, the study comprises a total sample of 480 individuals randomly selected from a Communal Banking programme called La Chanchita. Methods for collecting information included quantitative and qualitative tools such as surveys, in-depth interviews, focus groups and participatory observation, in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the internal dynamics of groups and to crosscheck information. Results and analysis were compared and contrasted with other similar organisations in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Some key questions are addressed in order to attempt to find alternatives for improvement:

• How can tensions between financial and organisational sustainability be minimised?
• What types of incentive structures can be put in place to strengthen groups?
• How can different financial and non-financial services be combined to help attain the dual purpose of financial sustainability and poverty reduction?


The large-scale epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom (UK) created significant fears of a possible threat to public health. This threat was realized in 1996 when variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) was first recognized in the UK and was attributed to the oral transmission of BSE to humans. Although the incidence of vCJD is declining the extremely long incubation periods for which genetic effects are clearly important and the unknown prevalence of pre- or sub-clinically infected individuals remain matters of ongoing concern. Such healthy carriers pose a threat of iatrogenic transmission to others during medical and surgical procedures and there have been four cases of transmission of vCJD via blood transfusion.
Before vCJD appeared, kuru and iatrogenic CJD provided our experience of acquired prion diseases caused by human-to-human transmission. Kuru reached epidemic proportions amongst the Fore and surrounding linguistic groups in Papua New Guinea, and was transmitted during endocannibalism (transumption) of dead family members at mortuary feasts, a practice that ended in the late 1950s. Study of kuru therefore became of renewed interest with the arrival of vCJD as it comprises not only the largest example of an epidemic human prion disease, but one that is nearly complete, offering a number of insights into key parameters of potential relevance to public health in the UK and elsewhere.
The aim of this study is to explain the historical spread and the changing epidemiological patterns of kuru by analyzing factors that affect the transmission of kuru. Although other possible factors are considered, the analysis principally involves the dominant factors of mortuary practices and human genetics. The main thrust of the thesis is on the ethnographic study of mortuary practices, firstly for its primary data, and secondly for its relevance to the transmission of kuru.
Though the genetic results of these studies have proven to be of exceptional interest in understanding genetic susceptibility to and selection pressure imposed by the kuru epidemic and have provided new insights into human history and evolution, they do not explain the spatiotemporal epidemiological changes. The mortuary rites and related behaviours constitute the principal outcomes of this thesis and can now satisfactorily explain the spread and changing epidemiological patterns of kuru.


Traditionally, ATPS have been used as a liquid-liquid extraction technique for the primary recovery and purification of biological samples. The enormous potential of their usage comes with great economical and technical advantages mainly due to the mild physicochemical environment. Nowadays, the use of ATPS as a bioengineering technique is approaching an era where new possibilities are being explored to maximize their use and implementation in the development of novel practical applications and tools. In this context, "intelligent" polymers are being used as phase forming chemicals in ATPS in route to process integration. Extractive fermentation in ATPS is being re-evaluated with the aim of effectively growing microorganisms while recovering their fermentation products in different phases. ATPS are also being used as a tool for refolding of proteins. There are also several innovative efforts being made towards implementing this bioengineering tool as a continuous process moving away from traditional batch operations. In general, the possibilities of implementing ATPS in different bioprocessing aspects are growing considerably and gain importance. This review aims to present the novel trends in the use and development of ATPS strategies as complete bioengineering tools and to provide a full perspective of their possibilities in the near future.


Nanoscale sorption is a promising strategy for catalyst and purification system design. In this paper, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were densely attached with aldehyde functional groups on the surface via a mild periodate oxidation process, and then applied as mesoporous sorbents to remove Cu(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. In the studied concentration range (0.6–1.0 mmol L−1), a removal capacity of 0.75 mmol g−1 for Pb(II) and 0.58 mmol g−1 for Cu(II) was obtained. It is higher than most reported results over a much broader concentration range. Furthermore, the physical chemistry of the sorption process was studied in terms of sorption kinetics, sorption isotherm study and thermodynamic study. The results showed that the sorption process is under the combined influences of reaction kinetics, film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion, and follows the Langmuir model of monolayer adsorption. The sorption is spontaneous and endothermic. This development demonstrates an ecofriendly and cost-effective method with high level effectiveness of metal ion removal.


The stratigraphic units, structural elements and metamorphic mineral assemblages of a regional metamorphic culmination in the 1.9 Ga Wopmay Orogen are exposed over greater than 30 km of composite structural depth, in a series of oblique sections produced by cross folding. Regional metamorphism developed continuously in three sequential, rapidly changing thermo-tectonic régimes within an evolving continental magmatic arc. At ca. 1900 Ma, stretching of intra-arc crust resulted in the accumulation of clastic sediment and bimodal volcanic rift-fill deposits. The onset (first stage) of regional metamorphism is marked by high-T low P mineral assemblages, condensed metamorphic zonal sequences and extensive areas of high-grade gneisses devoid of associated plutons. These features are interpreted in terms of a high thermal gradient related to stretching and thinning of the continental lithosphere. Five to ten million years after stretching, following deposition of a west-facing sedimentary prism, a suite of 1896—1878 Ma plutons was emplaced into the rift and margin deposits as they underwent subhorizontal shortening and deformation during the Calderian Orogeny. Thrusted and folded syn-orogenic foredeep deposits are also intruded by the syn-tectonic plutons. At high and intermediate structural levels, syn-tectonic metamorphic mineral growth and metamorphic zonal sequences which are spatially related to the plutons, document heat advection into the deforming marginal prism and mark a second stage of regional metamorphism related to the emplacement of the plutonic bodies. Inverted mineral isograds in autochthonous Proterozoic units beneath a basal décollement record downward thermal relaxation of isotherms following east-directed Calderian transport of the deformed, thickened, and still hot marginal prism over a relatively cold basement. Derivation of multi-point P-T trajectories from post-tectonic, poikiloblastic garnets charts metamorphic mineral growth during uplift and erosion of the internal zone, documenting the third (final) stage of regional metamorphism in Wopmay Orogen. The short erosional time interval (less than 11 Ma) between tectonic thickening and the end of uplift constrains the heat required for this last metamorphic stage to be inherited from the two preceding thermo-tectonic régimes: epicontinental stretching and the emplacement of the syn-tectonic plutonic suite.


This contribution is aimed at offering a disciplinary viewpoint on the "rules without words" for the purpose of investigating "non-linguistic" normativity from the Communication Design perspective. The intention is therefore to examine how Communication Design shapes social reality through the creation or strengthening of social, normative and tacit rules. The focus of the observation are the non-linguistic expressions, rules, that contribute to the development or maintenance of gender-based social inequalities. Specifically, the observation concerns the forms of schematic representation which permeate everyday life and have an informative and prescriptive function, characterized by a high degree of objectivity and addressed to the whole community - both men and women. The contribution inserts itself within an international framework in which the importance of gender equality is central and reaffirmed by the ONU Agenda 2030 and the Resolution of the European Parliament 2018 (2017/2210(INI)).


This paper employs extensive information on bank deposit rates and county migration patterns to test for pricing relationships implied by the existence of switching costs. While these relationships are derived formally, the intuition for them can be readily stated. Because some areas experience more in-migration than others, banks, in addressing the trade-off between attracting new customers and exploiting old ones, offer higher deposit rates in areas (and at times) experiencing more in-migration. Further, because out-migration implies that on average a locked-in customer will not be with the bank as many periods, greater out-migration should change the bank's assessment of this trade-off such that the bank will offer lower deposit rates in areas (and during periods) exhibiting greater out-migration, all else equal. Also, because this effect of out-migration logically depends on the existence and extent of in-migration, an interaction effect is implied. Evidence strongly supporting these implied relationships is reported. Other tests of the implications of switching costs in the banking industry are also conducted.


Cilia are one of the oldest and most well conserved cellular organelles. Cilia provide an essential role in cellular locomotion, fluid regulation, and are a site for signal transduction pathways involved in sensation. A new study suggests that XAP5 is a transcription factor in a unicellular organism, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which regulates gene expression needed for proper cilium assembly. Our study investigates the conservation of the role of XAP5 in a multicellular system, Caenorhabditis elegans. Alignments between protein, coding region, and promoter sequences for XAP5 orthologs from related species show a good conservation in DNA and protein sequences. As part of the million-mutation project, we obtained a strain, VC40591, which carries a mutation in a gene corresponding to xap-5 (CExap5). To remove unwanted mutations we "backcrossed" our strains twice to replace mutant chromosomes with wild type chromosomes. Backcrossed strains containing CExap5(gk709587) showed chemosensory and dwelling defective patterns, similar to C. elegans with known ciliary deficiencies. Furthermore, a dye-filling assay showed an irregular pattern of dye filling in the tail and sometimes in both the head and tail, at multiple stages of development. However, CExap5 mutant worms typically showed dye filling in the adult stage. Difference at multiple life stages suggest a developmental problem that must be further studied. Overall, our results indicate that CE-XAP5 confers a lossof-function phenotype consistent with a cilia deficiency, which might suggest a conservation in function with its orthologous protein.


OBJECTIVES
To determine population-based estimates of medical costs attributable to venous thromboembolism (VTE) among patients currently or recently hospitalized for acute medical illness.

STUDY DESIGN
Population-based cohort study conducted in Olmsted County, Minnesota.

METHODS
Using Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) resources, we identified all Olmsted County residents with objectively diagnosed incident VTE during or within 92 days of hospitalization for acute medical illness over the 18-year period of 1988 to 2005 (n=286). One Olmsted County resident hospitalized for medical illness without VTE was matched to each case for event date (±1 year), duration of prior medical history, and active cancer status. Subjects were followed forward in REP provider-linked billing data for standardized, inflation-adjusted direct medical costs (excluding outpatient pharmaceutical costs) from 1 year before their respective event or index date to the earliest of death, emigration from Olmsted County, or December 31, 2011 (study end date). We censored follow-up such that each case and matched control had similar periods of observation. We used generalized linear modeling (controlling for age, sex, preexisting conditions, and costs 1 year before index) to predict costs for cases and controls.

RESULTS
Adjusted mean predicted costs were 2.5-fold higher for cases ($62,838) than for controls ($24,464) (P<.001) from index to up to 5 years post index. Cost differences between cases and controls were greatest within the first 3 months after the event date (mean difference=$16,897) but costs remained significantly higher for cases compared with controls for up to 3 years.

CONCLUSIONS
VTE during or after recent hospitalization for medical illness contributes a substantial economic burden.


We investigate bank lending patterns and their determinants in Europe and the United States over 2008-2014. Specifically, we relate bank characteristics prior to the financial crisis to their lending behaviour during and after the crisis period. Our analysis confirms the existence of a bank lending channel. This channel seems stronger in Europe than in the United States, especially if we look at corporate loans rather than at the whole loan portfolio.


Consumers have numerous options to select and buy various kinds of products. A retail outlet offers branded and me too (unbranded) items to the customers to buy from. The consumption pattern of both forms of products has which sort of variations, requires an accurate estimation and findings. For the outlined stated manifesto, personal survey technique was employed for grabbing the first hand data. Co- integration was used to understand and judge the co-variation between branded and me too (unbranded) products. Exclusive insights were revealed between the two different classes of product that an increase in consumer's income level urges consumers to increase their consumption of branded products. Similarly, consumers opt to purchase branded product as there is a strong perception that branded items have good quality. While, it is also found that if there is an increase in the prices of branded and unbranded products than none of the products clearly win the battle and they have the same pattern for being consumed which is the co-movement of their consumption patterns.


The Independent Living Movement represents a direct challenge to current notions of rehabilitation (see the article by Gerben DeJong in this issue). It is a unique challenge, spearheaded not by new technical advances but by a new social awareness, and not from within by medical personnel but from without by lay groups. In another sense, however, it is but the latest evolution of an old theme in American life--the notion of self-help. This paper traces the history of self-help, to illuminate the problems and prospects of the Independent Living Movement.


This book describes how policy workers and administrators of local councils and non-profit organisations can contribute to a social domain in which the people's strengths are better utilized within the framework of the Social Support Act (Wmo). The book is built up around the three assignments a government sees itself faced with: - The transformation from less of a system world to more of a lifeworld. - The transformation from 'steering' in a less top-down to a more bottom-up way. - The transformation from less deductive to more inductive learning and development. In this book they describe how representatives of steering force can contribute to this transformation. In their conclusion, the authors state these representatives cannot ultimately fulfill the role of director in the transformation of the social domain geared to the strengths in the lifeworld. They can help to make the transformation less dependent on 'higher powers'. The authors end their book with recommendations and suggestions for further research on the topic of WMO. This book is a translated version of "Outreachend besturen in tijden van transitie", published by Movisie.