Objective; To determine frequency of raised LDL levels in ischemic stroke and its association with various risk factors causing cerebral ischemia in stroke patients. Background; Cerebrovascular accident(CVA) is a health concern worldwide. It causes enormous disabilities in adult age group, and is 2 nd commonest cause of deaths throughout the world. It has been established that approximately 15 million people succumb to stroke each year worldwide, out of this 5 million don't survive and another 5 million become permanently handicapped and thus put significant burden on catering families. This study was conducted to identify contribution of different risk factors in causing ischemic stroke in our population. Study Design: Descriptive, case series study. Setting: Department of Medicine, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Sahiwal. Duration of study; One Year tenure spread between May 2017 to May 2018. Material and Methods: 205 cases between 40-70 years of age including both male and female patients with ischemic stroke, irrespective of disease duration were included in study. History of raised BP, previous stroke, history of stroke in family, diabetes and smoking was recorded on pre-designed questionnaire. Body mass index was calculated after noting weight and height of the patient. Venous blood (5 ml) sample was drawn and sent to the pathology laboratory Hospital for estimation of serum LDL level and blood glucose level. Results; Of these 205 study cases, 92 (44.9%) patients were male while 113 (55.1%) patients were female. Mean age of patients in our setting was noted to 51.58 ± 8.05 years. In our study, 50 (24.4%) patients were smokers and 40 (19.5%) had history of hypertension. In our setting, family history of stroke was present in 39 (19%) and previous history of stroke was found in 31 (15.1%). Mean body mass index of our patients was calculated to be 23.17± 2.85 kg/m 2 and 30(14.6%) cases were obese in our study. Mean fasting blood glucose level was 118.32 ± 23.21 mg/dl(48 (23.4%) had diabetes). Mean low density lipoprotein level (LDL) noted in our study was 109.59 ± 49.15 mg/dl and raised level of LDL was seen in 88 (42.9%) of our study cases. Conclusion; By identifying the share of various risk factors contributing in ischemic stroke, we can target population at risk of ischemic stroke and strict control and regulation of modifiable risk factors we can prevent this ominous condition to occur. Our study results point towards early diagnosis which will ultimately lead to proper management to improve clinical outcome in such patients. Raised levels of LDL were significantly associated with gender, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, family history and previous history of stroke. Keywords; Ischemic stroke, low density lipoprotein, frequency.


The name Vibrio vulnificus (Reichelt et al.) Farmer was validly published as a new combination in The Lancet, October, 1979. However, the editors of the Bacteriological Code did not include a mechanism to validate those names validly published in the literature outside the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology during October, November, or December, 1979. Thus, all these new names and combinations lost standing because they could not be included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. V. vulnificus comb. nov. is hereby proposed as a revived name so it can again have standing in nomenclature.


Studies on historical contingency in community assembly frequently report the presence of alternative stable states as the result of different assembly sequences. If we can observe multiple assembly sequences and resulting community structure, these observations collectively inform the constraints on community assembly dynamics that emerge from various ecological processes. These observations would be a basis for predicting the outcome of assembly processes and understanding the mechanisms that shape species assemblage. However, empirical approaches such as invasion/removal experiments require enormous time and effort and are impossible in some cases. Here, we show that data on multispecies occurrences analyzed using a pairwise maximum entropy model and energy landscape analysis are capable of providing insights into the constraints on community assembly dynamics. This approach is a minimal theoretical framework to systematically and mechanistically study community assembly dynamics. Community assembly has a prominent role in shaping real world ecosystem organization. Our approach provides a new systemic paradigm for developing a predictive theory of community ecology and can have broad impact on ecological studies and its applications including regime shifts and ecosystem management.


In patients with sickle cell disease or beta-thalassemia receiving RBC transfusions for a long period, a precise knowledge of the liver iron concentration (LIC) is essential for treatment. Patients underwent LIC and liver pathology assessment by duplicate biopsies in 2 passes from the same local liver site. Fresh tissue cores in trace element-free containers and tissues from dissolved paraffin-embedded cores were analyzed. LIC measurements in each of 2 paraffin-embedded cores did not differ significantly (median, 12,455 vs 12,153 microg/g dry weight; n = 29). A significant difference was observed when 1 fresh tissue sample and 1 paraffin-embedded core were analyzed (median, 11,716 vs 12,864 microg/g dry weight; n = 16; P < .001) with a median disagreement between LIC measurements of 23.0%. We found high agreement in LICs between liver biopsy specimens processed by the paraffin-embedding technique but overestimation of LICs in comparison with desiccated fresh tissue samples.


Background People with advanced cancer frequently use the GP out-of-hours (GPOOH) service. Considerable amounts of routine GPOOH data are uncoded. Therefore, these data are omitted from existing healthcare datasets. Aim To conduct a free-text analysis of a GPOOH dataset, to identify reasons for attendance and care delivered through GPOOH to people with advanced cancer. Design and setting An analysis of a GPOOH healthcare dataset was undertaken. It contained all coded and free- text information for 5749 attendances from a cohort of 2443 people who died from cancer in Tayside, Scotland, from 2013–2015. Method Random sampling methods selected 575 consultations for free-text analysis. Each consultation was analysed by two independent reviewers to determine the following: assigned presenting complaints; key and additional palliative care symptoms recorded in free text; evidence of anticipatory care planning; and free-text recording of dispensed medications. Inter-rater reliability concordance was established through Kappa testing. Results More than half of all coded reasons for attendance (n = 293; 51.0%) were 'other' or 'missing'. Free-text analysis demonstrated that nearly half (n = 284; 49.4%) of GPOOH attendances by people with advanced cancer were for pain or palliative care. More than half of GPOOH attendances (n = 325; 56.5%) recorded at least one key or additional palliative care symptom in free text, with the commonest being breathlessness, vomiting, cough, and nausea. Anticipatory care planning was poorly recorded in both coded and uncoded records. Uncoded medications were dispensed in more than one- quarter of GPOOH consultations. Conclusion GPOOH delivers a substantial amount of pain management and palliative care, much of which is uncoded. Therefore, it is unrecognised and under-reported in existing large healthcare data analyses.


The epizootic of rabies in raccoons entered Maryland in 1981 and systematically moved through the state affecting raccoons in all counties except those of the lower Eastern Shore. A precoded surveillance form was provided to all county and city health departments and data were requested for each animal head submitted for testing for the year 1985. The disease persisted and, in 1987, all counties previously reporting rabies in raccoons also had documented cases in other species. The incidence of rabies in raccoons increased in late winter and peaked in March. Most human exposures occurred during daylight hours and in private yards. Agricultural areas were similarly affected by rabid animals. Analysis of vaccination status of animals exposed to rabid animals gave estimations of statewide vaccination rates for dogs (70%) and cats (28%). The danger of rabies in cats was emphasized by the large number of animals exposed by each rabid cat. The spillover of rabies in raccoons to other species persisted in all jurisdiction through 1992, with periodic upsurges of disease at 3- to 4-year intervals as the raccoon population is replenished. Rabies was not diagnosed in any human beings.


This autoethnography provides a description and thematic illustration of the student experience of a community-based research (CBR) course and partnership. Through evaluating personal experiences with CBR, the author identified three qualities of meaningful CBR experiences: trust, indeterminacy, and emotion. These qualities are explored, and comparisons are made between the outcomes experienced and those established in the literature of student learning in CBR. These findings enrich discourse of student experiences in CBR and corroborate literature on student learning in CBR through illuminating the experience by which that learning occurs.


The "groove pancreatitis" is a special form of segmental chronic pancreatitis affecting the "groove" between pancreatic head, duodenum and common bile duct. This type of chronic pancreatitis was first described in 1973 and only few cases have been reported in literature. Unlike other forms of chronic pancreatitis, this is often preceded by peptic ulcers, gastric resections or biliary tract diseases; it could be associated with cysts of the duodenal wall and pancreatic cysts. Abdominal pain, vomiting due to duodenal stenosis, obstructive jaundice and weight loss are the most common presenting symptoms. The radiological features show a pancreatic mass similar to a pancreatic head carcinoma and the discrimination of groove pancreatitis from pancreatic carcinoma is often difficult or even impossible in some patients. We describe a case of groove pancreatitis treated with pancreatoduodenectomy, reviewing the clinical and radiological features. We remark that the groove pancreatitis is a disease that must be known and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma.


Purpose

To improve the quality of the additive manufacturing (AM) products, it is necessary to estimate surface roughness distribution in advance. Although surface roughness estimation has been previously studied, factors leading to the creation of a rough surface and a comprehensive test for model validation have not been adequately investigated. Therefore, this paper aims to establish a robust model using empirical data based on optimized artificial neural networks (ANNs) to estimate the surface roughness distribution in fused deposition modelling parts. Accordingly, process parameters such as time, cost and quality should be optimized in the process planning stage.

Design/methodology/approach

Process parameters were selected via a literature review of surface roughness estimation modelling by analytical and empirical methods, and then a specific test part was fabricated to provide a complete evaluation of the proposed model. The ANN structure was optimized by trial and error method and evolutionary algorithms. A novel methodology based on the combination of the intelligent algorithms including the ANN, linked to the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), was developed. The PSOICA algorithm was implemented to increase the capability of the ANN to perform much faster and converge more precisely to favorable results. The performances of the ANN models were compared to the most well-known analytical models at build angle intervals of equal size. The most effective process variable was found by sensitivity analysis. The validity of proposed model was studied comprehensively where different truncheon parts and medical case studies including molar tooth, skull, femur and a custom-made hip stem were built.

Findings

This paper presents several improvements in surface roughness distribution modelling including a more suitable method for process parameter selection according to the design criteria and improvements in the overall surface roughness of parts as compared to analytical methods. The optimized ANN based on the proposed advanced algorithm (PSOICA) represents precise estimation and faster convergence. The validity assessment confirms that the proposed methodology performs better in varied conditions and complex shapes.

Originality/value

This research fills an important gap in surface roughness distribution estimation modelling by using a test part designed for that purpose and optimized ANN models which uses purely empirical data. The novel PSOICA combination enhances the ability of the ANN to perform more accurately and quickly. The advantage in using actual surface roughness values is that all factors resulting in the creation of a rough surface are included, which is impossible if other methods are used.


Nanotechnology has been extensively explored and exploited for developing functional and smart coating systems with significant performance enhancement. In this context, a development of novel characterisation methodology for surface quality evaluation of diverse coating systems at nano and micro scales has great importance and significance. In this study, nano particles were introduced into conventional gelcoat system in an attempt to achieve improved coating quality and enhanced anti-blistering performance. Accelerated gelcoat ageing in a marine environment was carried out by maintaining constant contact with water using a purpose built jig at 65 degrees C. The progressive ageing of samples has been monitored and evaluated by visual observation, nano-indention test, surface roughness and profile measurement. It was observed that the addition of nano-clays led to an increase in hardness. Although the ageing of various coating systems resulted in a reduction in hardness, the degree of hardness change due to ageing for all nano-coating was significantly less than for coating system without nano-clays. The coating degradations were further characterised by reduced surface homogeneity in terms of standard deviations of hardness. The accelerated ageing induced coating degradations were also quantified by surface profile and roughness measurement in which a stylus profilometer was employed to scan different locations of the coatings. It showed significant differences in surface roughness of different coatings systems and incremental degradations as a function of ageing durations. It has demonstrated that anti-blistering gelcoat systems can be developed by introducing chemically modified nano-clays into conventional gelcoat systems for marine applications.


With the ending of global strategic confrontation between superpowers, those in the Middle East must adjust to a new reality: to accept final responsibility for their own affairs, to make and recognize their mistakes, and to accept the consequences. In The End of Modern History in the Middle East, Bernard Lewis discusses the future of the region in this new, postimperialist era. For each and every country and for the region as a whole, he explains, there is a range of alternative futures: at one end, cooperation and progress; at the other, a vicious circle of poverty and ignorance. The author examines in detail the issues most critical to the region's future. He describes oil as the current, most important export to the outside world from the Middle East but warns that technology will eventually make it obsolete, leaving those who depend solely on oil revenues with a bleak future. The three factors that could most help transform the Middle East, according to Lewis, are Turkey, Israel, and women. He also argues that there is enough in the traditional culture of Islam on the one hand and the modern experience of the Muslim peoples on the other to provide the basis for an advance toward freedom in the true sense of that word and to achieve the social, cultural, and scientific changes necessary to bring the Middle East into line with the developed countries of both West and East.


This study sought to examine the relationships between right ventricular (RV) function and geometry, morbid obesity with and without the metabolic syndrome, and the effect of long-term weight loss. Obese (n = 153, BMI 41.2 ± 8.7 kg/m(2)) and healthy non-obese control subjects (n = 38, BMI 25.5 ± 3.3 kg/m(2)) of similar age and gender distribution were prospectively studied during the course of a 1-year weight reduction program with echocardiography at baseline and after one year of follow up. Function and geometry of the right heart were evaluated by tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), tricuspid annular systolic velocity (TDI S'), RV myocardial performance index (TEI), RV end-diastolic (RVEDD) and end-systolic diameter (RVESD), area of the right atrium (RAA), and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). Whereas parameters of systolic and diastolic LV function were significantly worse in the obese subjects than those in the non-obese subjects (EF 66 ± 6 versus 69 ± 6%, P = 0.004; E/E' 7.4 ± 2.5 versus 6.3 ± 2.6, P = 0.010), parameters of RV function (TAPSE 25.6 ± 4.5 versus 25.1 ± 3.5 mm, P = 0.528; TDI S' 13.5 ± 2.9 versus 13.8 ± 2.9 mm/second, P = 0.553; TEI 0.25 ± 0.13 versus 0.28 ± 0.09, P = 0.283) as well as geometry measurements were comparable between the obese and non-obese participants and also in obese subjects with full blown metabolic syndrome. Additionally, successful weight reduction did not alter the RV parameters. Nevertheless, in the few obese subjects with RV dysfunction (n = 7), metabolic syndrome parameters were more pronounced than in obese with normal RV function.Morbid obesity with and without the metabolic syndrome is accompanied by an impaired LV systolic and diastolic function. In contrast, RV function appears to be less affected by obesity independent of the presence of the metabolic syndrome.


ABSTRACT The need for new antibiotics that address serious Gram-negative infections is well recognized. Our efforts with a series of novel bacterial type II topoisomerase inhibitors (NBTIs) led to the discovery of NBTI 5463, an agent with improved activity over other NBTIs against Gram-negative bacteria, in particular against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (F. Reck, D. E. Ehmann, T. J. Dougherty, J. V. Newman, S. Hopkins, G. Stone, N. Agrawal, P. Ciaccio, J. McNulty, H. Barthlow, J. O'Donnell, K. Goteti, J. Breen, J. Comita-Prevoir, M. Cornebise, M. Cronin, C. J. Eyermann, B. Geng, G. R. Carr, L. Pandarinathan, X. Tang, A. Cottone, L. Zhao, N. Bezdenejnih-Snyder, submitted for publication). In the present work, NBTI 5463 demonstrated promising activity against a broad range of Gram-negative pathogens. In contrast to fluoroquinolones, the compound did not form a double-strand DNA cleavable complex with Escherichia coli DNA gyrase and DNA, but it was a potent inhibitor of both DNA gyrase and E. coli topoisomerase IV catalytic activities. In studies with P. aeruginosa, NBTI 5463 was bactericidal. Resistant mutants arose at a low rate, and the mutations were found exclusively in the nfxB gene, a regulator of the MexCD-OprJ efflux system. Levofloxacin-selected resistance mutations in GyrA did not result in decreased susceptibility to NBTI 5463. Animal infection studies demonstrated that NBTI 5463 was efficacious in mouse models of lung, thigh, and ascending urinary tract infections.


The Sen and Dreze omnibus comprises three outstanding works by two of the world's finest economists. The volume is a trilogy on the causes of hunger, the role public action can play in its alleviation and the Indian experience in this context. Together the three works provide a comprehensive theoretical and empirical analysis of relevant developmental issues.


: The effect of temperature (range of 4-44 degrees C) upon induced aggregation of platelets from normal subjects was studied. It was shown that temperature dependences of aggregation degree and rate have maxima. A relationship between aggregation agonist kind and some features of the temperature dependence curve of the aggregation parameters is established. It was shown that the limitation of platelet membrane lipids mobility by means of lipids peroxidation leads to the shift of maxima of the temperature dependence curve of platelet aggregation degree and rate. It was concluded that character of aggregation temperature dependence was governed by phase transition in platelet membrane lipids at room temperature.


Thank you for reading the metropolitan museum of art favorite paintings. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search hundreds times for their favorite readings like this the metropolitan museum of art favorite paintings, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious bugs inside their desktop computer.


Bioactive ceramics such as hydroxypatite (HA) promote and enhance biological fixation. There is still a discussion on the desired longevity of the coating. Stable coatings require an optimum between resorption rate, flexural strength and adhesive strength of the coating. Ceramic coatings containing fluorapatite (FA, Ca5(PO4)3F) and calcium zirconium phosphate (CZP, CaZr4(PO4)6) promise lower resorption rates than conventional HA coatings in the biological milieu. It is hoped that they can improve the long-term stability of implants by eliminating the detrimental resorption of coating material. For the in vivo studies plasma sprayed coatings were generated. The materials were implanted into the distal femur epiphysis of rabbits and investigated after 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 weeks postoperatively. Histological analysis was preformed on the areas surrounding the implant. The amount of osseointegration was determined by using the automatically image analysis. The bonding strengths were compared with HA coating and uncoated titanium alloy. According to available data, there is inhibition of mineralization of bone at the interface of calcium zirconium phosphate ceramics of the described composition.


Carbon supported Pd catalyst was prepared with microwave-assisted polyol method (M-Pd@C) and investigated sensing activity for non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Moreover, M-Pd@C and Pd@C catalyst which synthesized via polyol method (P-Pd@C) were compared to each other in terms of electrocatalytic activity. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate structural and morphological properties of these catalysts. Furthermore, electrochemical measurements were performed via cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) techniques. CV results exhibited that M-Pd/C catalyst showed perfect electrocatalytic activity in terms of reduction of H2O2. M-Pd/C catalyst showed a fast response of less than 7 s with a linear range of 5.0×10 −3 -11.0 mM and a relatively low detection limit of 1.2 μM amperometric response. M-Pd/C catalyst exhibited great selectivity for detecting H2O2 in the existence of several hindering species such as uric acid and ascorbic acid.


Dual oxidases (DUOX) 1 and 2 are components of the thyroid H2O2‐generating system. H2O2 is used by thyroperoxidase to oxidize iodide for thyroid hormonogenesis. Mutations in the DUOX2 gene have been described in transient and permanent congenital thyroid dyshormonogenesis. We report here a novel genetic defect causing congenital hypothyroidism in a French‐Canadian patient. At neonatal screening, the patient had high TSH and low total T4 levels. 99mTc scan showed a normally shaped orthotopic but mildly enlarged thyroid gland, suggesting dyshormonogenesis. Thyroxine treatment was given from 1 month to 17 years, after which it was stopped for re‐evaluation and the patient remained euthyroid. The transient congenital hypothyroidism phenotype prompted us to screen for mutations in DUOX2 and DUOXA2 genes using the PCR‐amplified direct sequencing method. We found complete inactivation of DUOX2 caused by a partial genomic deletion of one allele inherited from the mother associated with a paternally inherited missense mutation (c.4552G>A, p.Gly1518Ser). The deleted fragment encompasses the entire COOH‐terminal end which is responsible for the NADPH‐oxidase activity. The Gly1518Ser DUOX2 protein is expressed at the cell surface of transfected cells albeit at low level, but it is non‐functional. This study provides further evidence that the permanent or transient nature of congenital hypothyroidism is not directly related to the number of inactivated DUOX2 alleles, suggesting the existence of other pathophysiological factors. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


To the Editor:— Intestinal intubation is frequently employed in the management of small-bowel obstruction, a procedure from which complications have not been reported. 1 We recently encountered an intubation complication in a patient who had had a gastroenterostomy. The diagnosis was made from plain abdominal x-ray films and confirmed at surgery. The purposes of this report are to describe the roentgenographic findings and to propose a method of avoiding the complication. Report of a Case:— A 25-year-old woman had had a gastrojejunostomy two years previously at another hospital for peptic ulcer. The patient was admitted to our hospital in December 1967 with a perforated gastric ulcer just distal to the gastrojejunostomy site. Surgical closure was performed without gastric resection, and the patient was soon discharged on a strict ulcer regimen. Three days later, she was readmitted with intractable periumbilical and epigastric pain. Definitive resectional surgery was planned after several days of


We consider the steady levitation of a rigid plate on a thin air cushion with prescribed injection velocity. This injection velocity is assumed to be much larger than that in a conventional Prandtl boundary layer, so that inertial effects dominate. After applying the classical 'blowhard' theory of Cole & Aroesty (1968) to the two-dimensional version of the problem, it is shown that in three dimensions the flow may be foliated into streamline surfaces using Lagrangian variables. An example is given of how this may be exploited to solve the three-dimensional problem when the injection pressure distribution is known.


As a stress response, senescence is a dynamic process involving multiple effector mechanisms whose combination determines the phenotypic quality. Here we identify autophagy as a new effector mechanism of senescence. Autophagy is activated during senescence and its activation is correlated with negative feedback in the PI3K-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. A subset of autophagy-related genes are up-regulated during senescence: Overexpression of one of those genes, ULK3, induces autophagy and senescence. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy delays the senescence phenotype, including senescence-associated secretion. Our data suggest that autophagy, and its consequent protein turnover, mediate the acquisition of the senescence phenotype.


Introduction: Child health plays an essential role in shaping the future of a community. For this reason, governments worldwide have made child health care a priority. Studying the trends of utilization and benefits of child health care schemes is therefore, imperative to assess its impact on the community.
Aim: This study was undertaken to assess the knowledge, utilization and benefits of a child health care scheme (BalSanjeevani Program-BSP) in a Government District Hospital.
Materials and Methods: Hundred children belonging to Below Poverty Line (BPL) families, between 0 to 6 years of age admitted for tertiary care were divided equally into cases and controls. The children who availed the BSP were enlisted as the case, whereas those who did not avail the benefits of the BSP were enrolled as the control. The study was conducted in March and April 2016. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection, after approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee. Data analysis was done using SPSS 16.0. Descriptive statistics as well as the Chi-Square test were used for analysis.
Results: Of the respondents, 61(61%) had heard of the BSP, of which 11(22%) chose not to register for the scheme. Of those not availing the scheme, 39(78%) stated lack of awareness as the main reason for non-utilization. The mean expenditure of those not utilizing the scheme was 12.87 times more than that of the mean expenditure of those utilizing the scheme.
Conclusion: This program significantly alleviates the financial burden on families with children admitted in tertiary care centers. Increasing the awareness regarding the BSP and identifying eligible children at the Primary Health Care (PHC) level would enhance optimum utilization of this scheme.


Purpose. This paper provides an overview of the evidence for the principal approaches taken to the rehabilitation of patients with fibromyalgia (FM): exercise, psychologically-based approaches, multimodal approaches, self-management approaches, and complementary and alternative therapies. Method. A review of current published evidence. Results. Owing to factors such as methodological shortcomings of existing studies, and the lack of evidence on individual modalities, it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions as to which is the most appropriate rehabilitation approach in FM. However, there is growing evidence for the role of exercise training, and clear indications that if appropriately prescribed, this can be undertaken without adverse effects. Similarly, psychologically-based interventions such as cognitive-behavioural therapy have received some support from the literature. Evidence for other interventions is more equivocal. Conclusions. It appears that a combination of interventions, in a multimodal approach (e.g., exercises combined with education and psychologically-based interventions) is the most promising means of managing patients with FM.


This study considers the implications of luminary technology used by artists Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Otto Piene, and Olafur Eliasson, whose immersive installations of light in the 20th and 21st centuries are anchored by visible and familiar apparatuses. The deployment of the apparatus in these works forges ideological and/or social connections with actively engaged viewers, hindering the destruction of the aura by technology as theorized by Walter Benjamin. Analyzing the implications of the technological apparatus through the lens of a contemporary theory leads to the conclusion that while the physical, technological apparatus will necessarily obsolesce and tend toward the status of an artifact, it is the presence and critical engagement of the viewer with that apparatus upon which the aura of the work hinges. Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, in the construction of "Lichtrequisit einer elektrischen Buhne" (1930) sought to broaden the human sensorium and facilitate social change in a manner similar to that of his contemporary, Bertolt Brecht, who theorized productivity as the goal of the nascent radio. In the development of his "Lichtballette," Otto Piene shifted his positioning of the viewer from passive to active in relation to the apparatus: an evolution that resonates with the theories of Jean-Louis Baudry and Jean-Louis Comolli concerning the ideological and social power of the apparatus. In his intentional creation of larger dispositifs – as outlined by Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, and Gilles Deleuze – Olafur Eliasson uses the physical technological apparatus as both a tangible connection to this larger system of relations, and as a facilitating aspect of the technological sublime as defined by David Nye. With an analysis of the physical technological apparatus which ideologically represents the artist and mediates the viewer's experience, this study answers the call for a multi-valent approach to light-based installation works.


Several effectors from phytopathogens usually target various cell organelles to interfere with plant defenses, and they generally contain sequences that direct their translocation into organelles, such as chloroplasts. In this study, we characterized a different mechanism for effectors to attack chloroplasts in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Two effectors from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), Pst_4, and Pst_5, inhibit Bax-mediated cell death and plant immune responses, such as callose deposition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Gene silencing of the two effectors induced significant resistance to Pst, demonstrating that both effectors function as virulence factors of Pst. Although these two effectors have low sequence similarities and lack chloroplast transit peptides, they both interact with TaISP (wheat cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur subunit, a chloroplast protein encoded by nuclear gene) in the cytoplasm. Silencing of TaISP impaired wheat resistance to avirulent Pst and resulted in less accumulation of ROS. Heterogeneous expression of TaISP enhanced chloroplast-derived ROS accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana. Co-localization in N. benthamiana and western blot assay of TaISP content in wheat chloroplasts show that both effectors suppressed TaISP from entering chloroplasts. We conclude that these biotrophic fungal effectors suppress plant defenses by disrupting the sorting of chloroplast protein, thereby limiting host ROS accumulation and promoting fungal pathogenicity.


Dr David Campbell Watt, for 24 years medical director of St John's Hospital, Stone in Buckinghamshire, died on 30 December 2010 aged 90.

David was born in south London, but aged 10 moved to Oban when his mother died. Educated at Oban Grammar School, David qualified BSc, MB ChB from Glasgow University in 1943. After a spell in general practice in Oban he began his psychiatric career in 1946 in Shenley Hospital in Hertfordshire, then open for only 12 years, which was designed and run on progressive principles. In the same year he and Helen Short from Glasgow, the daughter of a missionary in China, were married. In 1949 the couple moved to London, where he was appointed registrar at the Maudsley Hospital under the fearsome regime of Aubrey Lewis.

Here was forming a cohort of young psychiatrists whose influence in British and international psychiatry can hardly be exaggerated, and which lasts to this day. The climate was then one of rigorous, detailed clinical assessment and scientific knowledge (embracing epidemiology, sociology, genetics, and neurochemistry) in an atmosphere of severe intellectual criticism and challenge, sometimes taking extreme forms. Lewis was, as Mapother was before him, bringing science to British psychiatry; asylum psychiatry. This was what it needed, and David was to carry its intellectual inheritance well into his own retirement.

It was at the Maudsley that David completed his MD in 1951 with a thesis entitled "The contra-indications to modified convulsion therapy." It was also here that he met Michael Shepherd, Lewis's admirer and protege, who became David's close and perhaps closest friend. They published their first paper together in the same year as he arrived.

While Michael Shepherd was completing his national service in the Royal Air Force at Halton near Aylesbury, he noted the extensive medical records kept at …


The purpose of this study has been to examine what assistance potential mothers' of the next generation suggest for girls, in order for all to be able to complete primary education. This has been investigated through asking 36 women age 18-25, what obstacles they see for socio- economically constrained girls. They have also been asked about how they think these obstacles can be altered for the next generation. The study method has been focus group interviews. When analysing the interview material Empowerment theory and the Salutogenic theory have been applied. The main solutions presented by the respondents is support in income generating activities for the poorest mothers and advocacy for girls' education. The best way of supporting mothers would according to the respondents be for the Ethiopian Government to assist the poorest mothers to start and run businesses. Religious leaders are perceived to be the possible assistance provider in position to affect the public opinion making the whole society more willing to invest in girls' educational chances.


It is widely accepted that dietary sugars promote adverse metabolic outcomes via weight-gain through their contribution to energy intake. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary sugars are associated with adverse metabolic outcomes including increased blood pressure and serum lipids, independently of energy intake and body-weight1. However, dietary sugars are a complex component of the diet and their effects on health outcomes are likely to differ depending on the properties of the consumed sugars. Therefore, associations between dietary sugars and metabolic and inflammatory markers may vary according to whether sugars are from beverage or food sources and, extrinsic or intrinsic. The aim of this study was to examine the association between intakes of dietary sugars from different sources and metabolic and inflammatory markers using a population-based cross-sectional study of adults in the East of England. Sugar intakes from beverages (liquids), foods (solids), extrinsic (free sugars) or intrinsic (non-free sugars) were estimated using food frequency questionnaires. Glycated haemoglobin, glucose, insulin, and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) were measured in fasting blood samples and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and a continuous metabolic risk z-score were derived. The contributions to total energy intake (TEI) of sugars from liquids, solids, free sugars and non-free sugars contributed 2.9%, 20.0%, 12.0% and 11.6% respectively. In multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, socio-economic status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, clinical history, BMI, TEI, dietary quality, fat intake and sugars from other sources, and corrected for multiple testing, sugars from liquids (per 10%TEI) were positively associated with ln-CRP [β-coefficient(95%CI), 0.14(0.05,0.22)] and the metabolic risk z-score [0.13(0.07,0.18)]. Free sugars were positively associated with ln-HOMA-IR [0.05(0.03,0.08)] and the metabolic risk z-score [0.09(0.06,0.12)]. Sugars from solids were not associated with any outcome. Among major food and beverage contributors to intake, sugars (per 10%TEI) in fruit, vegetables, dairy products/egg dishes, cakes/biscuits/confectionary and fruit squash/juice drinks were not associated, but sugar added to tea, coffee, cereal was significantly positively associated with all outcomes. Sugars in 100% fruit juice [0.16(0.06,0.25)] and other non-alcoholic beverages [0.13(0.03,0.23)] and metabolic risk z-score were positively associated. In conclusion, higher intakes of sugars from non-alcoholic beverages and sugar added to tea, coffee, cereal were associated with glycaemia and inflammatory markers. Sugars from solids were not associated, irrespective of whether they were intrinsic or extrinsic. The positive associations of free sugars were largely explained by the contribution of beverages to intake. Adverse metabolic consequences of sugar intake, independent of contribution to caloric intake, may be attributable to sugar intake from beverages. The Fenland Study is funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council. Support from Medical Research Council programmes MC_UU_12015/1 and MC_UU_12015/5 is acknowledged. 1. Te Morenga L, Mallard S Mann J (2013) BMJ 346, e7492


Abstract: Wood fibres are the most abundantly used cellulose fibre. They have been extensively used in the modern composite industry due to their specific characteristics. This chapter systematically describes the structure, properties, processing and applications of wood fibres as reinforcements in natural fibre composites: first, the nature and behaviour of wood fibres and the developed technologies for the modification of wood fibres to enhance physical and mechanical properties (e.g. surface functionality and tensile strength) are investigated; the matrices and processing techniques for the development of wood fibre composites are then discussed; and finally, the properties and applications of wood fibre composites in industrial sectors are presented.


: Cemento-ossifying fibroma presents with ophthalmic symptoms and signs rarely. We report the clinical and pathological findings in a case of cemento-ossifying fibroma of the right maxilla with extension into the orbital floor causing intermittent vertical diplopia, proptosis, and upward displacement of the globe. Compression of the nasolacrimal duct produced epiphora early in the course of the disease. Fibrous dysplasia has often been diagnosed in other cases of benign monostotic fibro-osseous conditions. Ossifying fibroma is easily confused with fibrous dysplasia. The histopathological difference between the two lesions is described.


The antitumor effect of 22-oxa-calcitriol (OCT), a newly developed noncalcemic analogue of calcitriol, was examined /'/; vivo in athymic mice implanted with human breast carcinoma with or without estrogen recep tor (ER). In ER-positive MCF-7 tumor, the growth of which was depen dent on exogenous estrogen, administration p.o. of OCT as well as the antiestrogen tamoxifen five times a week for 4 weeks suppressed tumor growth in a dose-related fashion. The antitumor effect of 1.0 ug/kg body weight (BW) OCT (mean ±SEM of tumor weight in 6 mice: 28 ±4% of vehicle-treated group) was comparable to that of 2.0 mg/kg BW tamoxifen (25 ±6% of control group). In addition, a synergistic antitumor effect of submaximal doses of OCT and tamoxifen was observed in MCF-7 tumor in vivo as well as in ER-positive breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and ZR-75-1) in vitro. Administration of OCT p.o. three times a week for 4 weeks also suppressed the growth of ER-negative MX-1 tumor in a dosedependent manner without raising serum calcium concentrations. The antitumor effect of 1.0 ug/kg BVVOCT (mean ±SEM of tumor weight in 10 mice: 44 ±6% of vehicle-treated group) was greater than that of 500 ug/kg BW Adriamycin (71 ±6% of control group). These results indicate that OCT suppresses the growth of ER-negative as well as ER-positive breast carcinoma in vivo without causing hypercalcemia and that the antitumor effect of OCT can be enhanced by tamoxifen in an ER-positive tumor. It is suggested that OCT may provide a new strategy, either alone or in combination with other anticancer drugs, for systemic adjuvant therapy of breast carcinoma regardless of ER status.


ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the difficulties that diasporas face in relation to mobilising around helping the homeland at a time of crisis, using qualitative research on the Greek and Palestinian diasporas. Rather than assume that long-distance nationalism, emotional attachment to the homeland and diasporic obligation will galvanise diasporic populations into assisting, and mobilising around, the homeland, the paper argues that those in diasporas do not necessarily help their homelands in times of crisis, even if they have strong socio-cultural connections to it. At times of crisis these feelings are heightened but not do not always translate into direct action; this may especially be the case at times of prolonged crisis when past efforts to help do not seem to have worked. This paper argues that it is often hard for those in diaspora to find meaningful ways to help at a time of crisis and many question the effectiveness of their actions if they do not see positive outcomes over time. The paper demonstrates that trying to help the homeland can therefore be a frustrating process and can make those in diaspora feel distanced and isolated from the homeland due to their inability to find concrete ways to help.


The purpose of this thesis is to describe and evaluate the unique vocation and selfunderstanding
of the priest in secular work in the Church of England. At present, it is
not well understood as a particular form of priestly ministry which can contribute to
theology and models of priesthood in the Church.
Phenomenological research was undertaken with 28 priests in secular work, including
myself, through a co-operative inquiry group, and through in-depth interviews. The
ensuing data was interrogated against a background of appropriate theological
literature.
The data was analysed using the double hermeneutic of Interpretative
Phenomenological Analysis, enabling me to describe certain key features, such as our
sense of identity as priests, and our commitment to our secular work. This is
exemplified through discussion of four key questions:
• What does it mean to be a priest in the secular?
• Does it make any difference to how we do our jobs?
• How does this proclaim Christ to the world?
• What is the role of the priest in secular work in the life of the church?
The contribution to knowledge is the assessment of the priest in secular work as a
particular vocation through which God works in the secular world. The priest in secular
work contributes to the missio Dei through their witness to God's presence and to
God's affirmation of that world, and through their sacramental embodiment of that
presence and affirmation.


Social media is a potential tool to promote the active engagement of elderly individuals in online communities. Technological advancement in developed countries has spurred interest to improve the quality of life of individuals as they age. This cannot be said in the developing countries like the Philippines, where the digital divide is apparent. This work investigates how technology use, particularly social media, can promote active ageing among Filipino elderly. The paper presents the results of a study conducted among 168 elderly volunteers living in an urban area located in a country experiencing first-level digital divide. Using the lens of social cognitive theory, this quantitative study is directed to examine the personal, environmental and behavioral factors influencing the continued use and non-use of social media among the elderly. Results show that majority of the elderly in the urban area in the country are experiencing first-level digital divide. However, the paper also discovered that some elderly social media users actively participate in photo and video sharing, social networks, internet forums, and product reviews and ratings. The findings suggest that the obvious predictors of active use/behavior of elderly on social media are influenced by age, highest educational attainment, and capacity to own and access technology. These facilitate social bonding with their strong-tie relationships. To narrow the elderly's digital gap, a proactive stance needs to be taken to prepare technological and social structures to allow the next generation of the elderly to practice active ageing.


Location based services(LBS) are becoming increasingly important to the success and attractiveness of next generation wireless systems. However, a natural tension arises between the need for user privacy and the flexible use of location information. In this paper we present a framework to support privacy enhanced location based services. We classify the services according to several basic criteria and we propose a hierarchical key distribution method to support these services. The key idea behind the system is to hierarchically encrypt location information under different keys, and distribute the appropriate keys only to group members with the necessary permission. Four methods are proposed to deliver hierarchical location information while maintaining privacy. We propose a key tree rebalancing algorithm to maintain the re-keying performance of the group key management. Furthermore, we present a practical LBS system implementation. Hierarchical location information coding offers flexible location information access which enables a rich set of location based services. Our load tests show such a system is highly practical with good efficiency and scalability.


Organizations are increasingly implementing process-improvement techniques like Six Sigma, total quality management, lean, and business process re-engineering to improve organizational performance. These techniques are part of a process management system that includes the organizational infrastructure to support the improvement techniques. The knowledge-based view of a firm argues that organizational knowledge is the source of competitive advantage. To the extent that the process management system enables knowledge creation it should be a source of competitive advantage. This study investigates the underlying framework and factors of a process management system that lead to organizational knowledge creation. Prior studies have considered knowledge creation in process improvement, but none have considered the role of the process management system. Specifically, the study uses the case study method to investigate multiple levels (organization level and project level) of two firms using Six Sigma as their chosen process management system. Analysis of the cases reveals that the leadership creates a supportive infrastructure enabling process-improvement techniques to effectively create organizational knowledge. Interestingly, focusing on decision-making tools and methods may not be effective without developing a supportive infrastructure. The proposed framework provides a basis for organizational leaders to think about how to design and implement a process management system to better enable knowledge creation in organizations. Subject Areas: Case study, Knowledge creation, Process Management System, and Six Sigma.


The paper examines the nexus between corruption, insurgency and Nigeria's developmental challenges using descriptive research method. There is no gainsaying the fact that Nigeria since 2009 recorded unprecedented scale of killings, destruction of public and private property, incessant kidnapping and abduction of people, increase in internally displaced persons and acquisition of territories due to Boko Haram insurgency. Unfortunately government's efforts directed at fighting the scourge remained a failure. The paper, however, argues that corruption is the main factor responsible for the prevalence of insurgency in Nigeria as well as preventing its total obliteration. However, both corruption and insurgency have had grave consequences on Nigeria's socio-economic and political development. The paper submits that the twin evils have contributed to poor economic growth and development, political instability, increased level of insecurity in the country, and underdevelopment, among others. In the light of the foregoing, strengthening of existing anti-corruption agencies, effective delivery of good governance and dividends of democracy to the people, effective mechanism for poverty reduction, provision of employment opportunities, infrastructural development and basic human needs, and establishment of special anti-corruption courts, among others, are suggested towards curbing corruption as measure of finding lasting solution to insurgency in Nigeria.


Mutations in the genes LMNA and BANF1 can lead to accelerated aging syndromes called progeria. The protein products of these genes, A-type lamins and BAF, respectively, are nuclear envelope (NE) proteins that interact and participate in various cellular processes, including nuclear envelope rupture and repair. BAF localizes to sites of nuclear rupture and recruits NE-repair machinery, including the LEM-domain proteins, ESCRT-III complex, A-type lamins, and membranes. Here, we show that it is a mobile, nucleoplasmic population of A-type lamins that is rapidly recruited to ruptures in a BAF-dependent manner via BAF's association with the Ig-like β fold domain of A-type lamins. These initially mobile lamins become progressively stabilized at the site of rupture. Farnesylated prelamin A and lamin B1 fail to localize to nuclear ruptures, unless that farnesylation is inhibited. Progeria-associated LMNA mutations inhibit the recruitment affected A-type lamin to nuclear ruptures, due to either permanent farnesylation or inhibition of BAF binding. A progeria-associated BAF mutant targets to nuclear ruptures but is unable to recruit A-type lamins. Together, these data reveal the mechanisms that determine how lamins respond to nuclear ruptures and how progeric mutations of LMNA and BANF1 impair recruitment of A-type lamins to nuclear ruptures.


Pituitaries of Gobium niger are previously cultured separately for periods of time varying from 6 to 20 days. Therafter, their gonadotropic potency is tested by associating them during three days with explants of glandular tissue from testis as effectors: in each case, a new fish gives a controll pituitary and three testicular explants. The latter are distributed into (1) controll explant, (2) explant associated with controll pituitary, (3) explant associated with a previously cultured pituitary. The results indicate that a gonadotropic potency subsists in the pituitary even after 20 days of isolated culture.


Historical data show that like the North Anatolian fault zone, which was delineated by a series of earthquakes during this century from east to west, so was the conjugate Eastern Anatolian fault zone delineated from the northeast to the southwest by a succession of large earthquakes in earlier times, with a major event at its junction with the Dead Sea fault system. This event was associated with surface faulting and occurred in a region seismically quiescent for nearly two centuries.


Despite the valuable results achieved in identification of genes and genetic changes associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), lack of consistency and reproducibility of these results in different populations is one of the challenges lie ahead in introduction of T2D candidate genes. Therefore, the present review article aimed to provide an overview of the most important genes and genetic variations associated with development of T2D based on a systematic search in well-known genetic databases. For this purpose, the National Center for Biotechnology Information, Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (NCBI dbGaP) and Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENet) database were searched to find the most important genes associated with T2D. In addition, a gray literature search was conducted to collect any available information released by laboratories offering genetic tests such as deCODE genetics and 23andMe. Candidate genes were selected among the results of all databases based on the highest level of similarity. Subsequently, without any time restriction, PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar databases were searched using relevant Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms to access related articles. The relevant arti-cles were screened to make a conclusion about the genes and genetic variations associated with T2D. The results revealed that four selected candidate genes, in order of importance, were TCF7L2, CDKAL1, KCNJ11, and FTO. The most significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with T2D in the TCF7L2 gene was rs7903146; however, the results showed a wide range of variation from slight association in the Amish (P= 5.0×10 -2 ) to strong association in European descent populations (P= 2.0×10 -51 ). Then, rs10440833 mapping to the intronic region of the CDKAL1 gene showed significant association with T2D (P= 2.0×10 -22 ). In the KCNJ11 gene, a missense variation (rs5215) in exon one was found to have the highest association with T2D compared with other SNPs discovered in this gene (P= 5.0×10 -11 ). Finally, rs8050136 located in the first intron of the FTO gene had the strongest association with T2D (P= 2.0×10 -17 ). On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that the current study can be introduced as a model for achiev-ing well-documented results among spectrum of information available in genetic databases based on a systematic search strategy. The candidate genes and genetic variations presented in this review article might be applied for early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of T2D. Abstract


Recent empirical work suggests that (i) incomes are converging through time, and (ii) income and pollution levels are linked. This paper weds these two literatures by examining the spatial and temporal distribution of pollution. After establishing that theoretical predictions about whether pollution will converge are critically linked to certain structural parameters, we explore pollution convergence using state-level data on two important pollutants-nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides-from 1929 to 1999. We find stronger evidence of converging emission rates during the federal pollution control years (1970-1999) than during the local control years (1929-1969). These results suggest that income convergence alone may not be sufficient to induce convergence of pollutant emissions.


Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants with substantially increased Rubisco content were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with the rice rbcS sense gene under the control of the rice rbcS promoter. The primary transformants were screened for the ratio of Rubisco to leaf-N content, and the transformants with >120% wild-type levels of Rubisco were selected. In the progeny of the selected lines of the transformants, the mRNA levels of one member of the rbcS gene family were increased from 3.9- to 6.2-fold, whereas those of other members of the rbcS gene family were unchanged. The total levels of rbcS mRNA were increased from 2.1- to 2.8-fold. The levels of rbcL mRNA were increased from 1.2- to 1.9-fold. Rubisco protein content was significantly increased by 30% on a leaf area basis. The ratio of Rubisco-N to leaf-N was also increased by 10-20%, irrespective of N treatment. The specific activity of Rubisco per unit of enzyme protein was not different. However, light-saturated photosynthesis was not enhanced even when the rate was measured at low [CO2] where Rubisco becomes limiting for photosynthesis. Some lines showed lower photosynthesis at high [CO2] (>60 Pa). We conclude that introduction of additional sense rbcS leads to overexpression of rbcS and that this overexpression slightly up-regulates the gene expression of rbcL at the transcript level and enhances the amount of Rubisco holoenzyme. However, overproduction of Rubisco protein does not improve photosynthesis.


Abstract. The emergence of two-stream convolutional networks has boosted the performance of action recognition by concurrently extracting appearance and motion features from videos. However, most existing approaches simply combine the features by averaging the prediction scores from each recognition stream without realizing that some classes favor greater weight for appearance than motion. We propose a fusion method of two-stream convolutional networks for action recognition by introducing objective functions of weights with two assumptions: (1) the scores from streams do not weigh the same and (2) the weights vary across different classes. We evaluate our method by extensive experiments on UCF101, HMDB51, and Hollywood2 datasets in the context of action recognition. The results show that the proposed approach outperforms the standard two-stream convolutional networks by a large margin (5.7%, 4.8%, and 3.6%) on UCF101, HMDB51, and Hollywood2 datasets, respectively.


The purpose of this research study was to investigate the role of integrated change control in project success within the telecommunication industry in Uganda. Integrated change control allows for documentation of all the requested, approved or rejected changes to the project with an aim of reducing project risks, cost and time without having to consider the overall project objective plans. The target population for this study was the technical staff within IT department, change management team involved in implementing and configuring changes and the management team involved in approving or rejecting changes in Airtel Networks LTD Uganda. The study concluded that, change readiness, communication change plans, change management execution, trainings and change documentation availability and feedback elicitation from all relevant stakeholders play a bigger role in the level of project change success. It was noted further that it is necessary to have a unified change management process that incorporates an integrated change control section comprised of Change board that sits down to review, analyze, approve, reject or return change requests raised by different stakeholders of the organization at any point in time. The study recommended that Airtel Networks LTD Uganda continuously engages in the Change management process with emphasis on integrated change control to exploit fully its internal resources in the strategy implementation process while remaining relevant not only to its own operations but also to the ever-changing environmental dynamics in the telecommunication industry.


Despite recent improvements in online accessibility, the Internet remains an inhospitable place for users with photosensitive epilepsy, a chronic condition in which certain light stimuli can trigger seizures and even lead to death in extreme cases. In this paper, we explore how current risk detection systems have allowed attackers to take advantage of design oversights and target vulnerable users with photosensitivity on popular social media platforms. Through interviews with photosensitive individuals and a critical review of existing systems, we constructed design requirements for consumer-driven protective systems and developed a prototype browser extension for actively detecting and disarming potentially seizure-inducing GIFs and videos. We validate our system with a comprehensive dataset of simulated GIFs and GIFs collected from social media. Finally, we conduct a novel quantitative analysis of the prevalence of seizure-inducing GIFs across popular social media platforms and contribute recommendations for improving online accessibility for individuals with photosensitivity. All study materials are available at https://osf.io/5a3dy/.


Control of acute murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection is dependent upon both innate and adaptive immune responses, relying primarily upon natural killer (NK) and T-cell responses for control. Although CD28/B7 plays a clear role in T-cell responses in many antigen systems including some viral infections, the importance of co-stimulation during MCMV infection is unconfirmed. In addition, recent data suggest that CD28/B7 co-stimulation might also be important to Ly49H+ NK-cell expansion. We therefore hypothesized that CD28/B7 co-stimulation is critical to viral control after MCMV infection, and further that CD28/B7 co-stimulation plays a role in MCMV-specific T- and NK-cell responses. To test these hypotheses, we utilized C57BL/6 mice lacking the co-stimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 or CD28. After primary infection with MCMV, viral titers are significantly elevated in mice lacking CD28 or B7 compared with wild-type mice. Impaired viral control is associated with significant defects in peripheral T-cell responses to MCMV, which appear to be dependent upon CD28/B7 co-stimulation. Abnormal hepatic T-cell responses in CD28(-/-) mice are preceded by impaired MCMV-specific Ly49H+ NK-cell responses. Cytokine evaluations confirm that CD28/B7 co-stimulation is not required for non-specific antiviral responses. We conclude that CD28-mediated co-stimulation is critical for early viral control during acute MCMV infection.


Nowhere else in the United States are tribal connections and reliance on federal public lands as deep and geographically broad-based as in what is now Alaska.  The number of Tribes—229 federally recognized tribes—and the scope of the public land resource—nearly 223 million acres—are simply unparalleled.  Across that massive landscape, federal public lands and the subsistence uses they provide remain, as they have been since time immemorial, "essential to Native physical, economic, traditional, and cultural existence."[1]  Alas, the institutions, systems, and processes responsible for managing those lands, protecting those uses, and honoring those connections are failing Alaska Native Tribes.
The cases referenced in this article share a common theme: federal land officials underutilize their existing legal authorities to engage tribes in the management of federal public lands, or treat them like pro-forma "check-the-box" exercises that must be done but have no real substantive impact on decisions that are likely already made.  In case after case, Alaska Native Tribes are forced to defensively react to federal land use programs, plans, and projects they had no role in substantively shaping.  Though traditional methods of tribal consultation and engagement are used by federal land agencies, they are viewed for the most part as procedural hurdles that are divorced from their core missions and mandates.


This study traces the influence of scientific management on the development of
modem management methods in Britain from the end of the 19th century to the
outbreak of the second world war. It is concerned with both the organisation of
work and the management of the worker, with employers' labour strategies and
worker and trade union responses. The Introduction discusses key concepts like
Taylorism, Fordism and mass production; chapter one identifies technical and
managerial changes taking place at the turn of the century and the reception
Taylorism received in Britain; chapter 2 is mainly concerned with premium bonus
schemes and the impact of the first world war; chapter 3 analyses the growth of
new management functions and roles, particularly production engineering between
the wars; chapter 4 discusses the impact of mechanisation and deskilling on
workers in the engineering industry; chapter 5 traces the growth of piecework
schemes and time study, the significance of the Bedaux system, and the impact of
worker resistance. A postscript and a conclusion relate these themes to the post
second world war history of work study and to contemporary debates about
flexible specialisation and post-Fordism.
Three key issues are addressed the meaning of scientific management, the extent
to which employers adopted scientific management practices, its impact on
workers and the effect of worker resistance.
It is argued that, if scientific management is located historically, it is seen to be
concerned with the management of production as well as the management of the
worker; with production engineering, progress and planning departments, as well
as time and motion study and incentive payment schemes. As such it is not
reducible to any particular form of Taylorist practice.
Employers were slow to develop the new management methods. Slow adaptation
to change was part of the more general problem of relative economic decline. But
both were uneven. British employers were reluctant to abandon tools and
techniques which still made money but some did, and more followed. Taylorism
was more positively received in Britain than has been suggested and was widely
accepted by the end of the first world war. Its impact on managerial practice can be
traced in the inter-war period in the development of production engineering and
more rigorous payment systems, including those inspired by Bedaux.
A 'deskilling dynamic', centred on a new split between mental and manual labour,
was fatally undermining both craftsman and foreman in the engineering industry,
though it owed more to the jig and tool designer, and more broadly, the
management of mechanisation than the efficiency engineer. But changes in the
labour process also affected women and semi and unskilled men and they were
centrally involved in shop floor resistance to 'speed-up'. Resistance modified but
could not prevent the restructuring of the labour process consequent upon
scientific management.


This thesis presents a new lamina material model that addresses shortfalls identified in advanced material models for use in composite impact predictions. The new model combines the ease of use of the Matzenmiller-Lubliner-Taylor model with the robustness of the Baz̆ant crack band method. A material model interpolation scheme is also presented to allow for the simulation of high strain rate loading events with the new lamina material model. The proposed lamina model is implemented in a commercial Finite Element Method (FEM) code and used in combination with a stack shell approach using cohesive zone elements to predict delamination damage. The proposed material model and chosen discretization enable for the prediction of high velocity through thickness impacts, which lead to the perforation of the targets. To validate the newmaterial model, experimental tests are performed on three woven composite materials. These tests consist in perpendicular impacts on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) panels using an elongated aluminium impactor. The elongated projectile is required to record the projectiles' deceleration histories during the impact event. Postmortem inspections of the panels are also undertaken to quantify the damage sustained by the CFRP targets. Projected delamination areas are quantified through C-Scan inspection of the targets, followed by visual inspection of the impact sites' cross sections. Numerical simulations are next carried out using different in-plane and outof-plane discretization approaches. Three material formulations are also investigated: brittle, the proposed model and the proposed model with high strain rate parameters. The results of these simulations are compared to the results obtained experimentally. The new model is found to predict reasonably well the damage encountered in the experimental test and to greatly diminish the mesh size sensitivity of the FEM approach. Areas requiring further attention are identified to further move composite material failure prediction from laboratory to industrial applications.


Comparative empirical studies of the link between economic growth, carbon emissions and ecological footprints (Koch and Fritz 2014; Fritz and Koch 2016) suggest that current Western production and consumption patterns and welfare standards are incompatible with environmental limits and IPCC climate targets. In the absence of evidence for absolute decoupling of economic growth, material resource input and carbon emissions – and allowing for 'catch-up' development in poor countries – rich countries would need to review established development pathways and associated welfare standards to bring these in line with ecological thresholds and to reach UN climate targets. The paper discusses the provision of welfare in such a transition process with emphasis on the role of welfare and social policy. First, it introduces the concept of 'sustainable welfare' that integrates the two previously separate disciplines of welfare and sustainability research (Koch and Mont 2016). Distributive principles underlying existing welfare systems in the rich countries would need to be extended to include 'non-citizens': those affected in other countries and in the future. Sustainable welfare is oriented towards the satisfaction of human needs within ecological limits, from the intergenerational and global perspective. Second, the paper applies this concept to interpret ongoing comparative work on the environmental performance of real-world welfare states and the creation of synergy across economic, social and environmental policies. Finally, the paper discusses potential 'eco-social' policies such as wealth sharing, minimum and maximum incomes as well as carbon rationing that have the potential of moving existing (welfare) states closer to environmental sustainability. (Less)


This Qualitative abstract representation of time series is a precondition of pattern discovery. A novel method for time series symbolization based on singular event features clustering is proposed in this paper. The first step of it is to extract singular event features based on multi-scale wavelet which can divide time series into event sequences with independent trend. Secondly, cluster the events that represented by transform parameters through the novel fuzzy immune genetic algorithm to implement symbolization. Each event is identified by the cluster it belongs to. The proposed method is applied to unstable financial time series symbolization. The proposed method can be used to discover significant similar patterns, classification and associated patterns from time series.


As planners and their environments become increasingly complex, planner behavior becomes increasingly difficult to understand. We often do not understand what causes them to fail, so that we can debug their failures, and we may not understand what allows them to succeed, so that we can design the next generation. This paper describes a partially automated methodology for understanding planner behavior over long periods of time. The methodology, calkd Dependency Interpretation, uses statistical dependency detection to identify interesting patterns of behavior in execution traces and interprets the patterns using a weak model of the planner's interaction with its environment to explain how the patterns might be caused by the planner. Dependency Interpretation has been applied to identify possible causes of plan failures in the Phoenix planner. By analyzing four sets of execution traces gathered from about 400 runs of the Phoenix planner, we showed that the statistical dependencies describe patterns of behavior that are sensitive to the version of the planner and to increasing temporal separation between events, and that dependency detection degrades predictably as the number of available execution traces decreases and as noise is introduced in the execution traces. Dependency Interpretation is appropriate when a complete and correct model of the planner and environment is not available, but execution traces are available.


that focused on the MIF tautomerase site has led to the discovery of not only small-molecule MIF antagonists, Background —Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) exerts a protective effect on ischemic myocardium by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Small molecules that increase the affinity of MIF for its receptor have been recently designed, and we hypothesized that such agonists may enhance AMPK activation and limit ischemic tissue injury. Methods and Results —Treatment of cardiomyocytes with the candidate MIF agonist, MIF20, augmented AMPK phosphorylation, increased by 50% the surface localization of glucose transporter, and enhanced by 25% cellular glucose uptake in comparison with MIF alone. In mouse hearts perfused with MIF20 before no-flow ischemia and reperfusion, postischemic left ventricular function improved commensurately with an increase in cardiac MIF-AMPK activation and an augmentation in myocardial glucose uptake. By contrast, small-molecule MIF agonism was not effective in cells or tissues genetically deficient in MIF or the MIF receptor, verifying the specificity of MIF20 for MIF-dependent AMPK signaling. The protective effect of MIF20 also was evident in an in vivo regional ischemia model. Mice treated with MIF20 followed by left coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion showed a significant reduction in infarcted myocardium. Conclusions —These data support the pharmacological utility of small-molecule MIF agonists in enhancing AMPK activation and reducing cardiac ischemic injury. ( Circulation . 2013;128:225-236.) containing 7 mmol/L 1% bovine serum albumin, and 0.4 mmol/L oleate. For the ex vivo ischemic model, the buffer flow was cut off for 25 minutes, and the were reperfused with the same rate of buffer flow during reperfusion. For MIF agonism studies, mouse hearts were stabilized for 15 minutes and then treated with 8 nmol/L MIF20 for 15 minutes before ischemia induction. The LabChart6 software (AD Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO) was used to monitor the heart rate and left ventricle pressure. After 30 minutes of reperfusion, the heart tissues were freeze clamped for further immunoblotting analysis. For glucose uptake measurement, the rate of cardiac glucose transport was measured by the amount of tritiated water generated from [2- 3 H] glucose and released into the coronary effluent.


Available evidence from lake sediment core records and short-term sediment flux sampling programs has suggested increased fine sediment deposition and suspended sediment transfers to Bassenthwaite Lake, Cumbria, U.K over recent decades. This increase in sedimentation has been associated with a decline in water quality in the lake which is thought to have had serious consequences for the population of the vendace (Coregonu albula), which also declined markedly during the 1990ร and into the 21 St Century. Recent studies of sediment delivery risk in the catchment have suggested that there are potentially large sediment sources in the lowland river network, especially the River Derwent between Derwent Water and Bassenthwaite Lake. The aim of this research is to describe the characteristics of fluvial suspended sediment transfers to Bassenthwaite Lake through direct monitoring of the River Dement and Newlands Beck (at the head of Bassenthwaite Lake) in order to assess the potential contribution of river bank erosion on the lowland River Derwent to fine sediment delivery. Three suspended sediment monitoring stations at Portinscale and Low Stock Bndge on the River Derwent and at Newlands Beck Bridge are used to assess changes in sediment transport along these important river reaches. The potential contribution of river bank erosion to fluvial sediment delivery was assessed by river bank mapping and surveying of erosion features on the 5.7km reach of the River Derwent between Derwent Water and Bassenthwaite Lake, along with a detailed study of morphological change on three river banks near Low Stock Bridge using a terrestrial laser scanner. The main findings of this project suggest that the River Derwent dominates suspended sediment transfers to Bassenthwaite Lake. The fine sediment load transported on the Derwent is over five times greater than that of Newlands Beck and the mean suspended sediment concentration on the lower Derwent is 56% higher than that on Newlands Beck. Specific catchment sediment yields for the River Derwent and Newlands Beck, based on effective drainage area, are 50.871 km(^2) a(^-1) and 35.721 km2 a(^-1) respectively. A high proportion of all suspended sediment transfers in the lowland Bassenthwaite Lake catchment were observed to occur in high-magnitude, low-frequency flow events, with approximately two- thirds of total suspended sediment transport occurring in just over 10% of the time. There is also direct evidence for increased fine sediment supply on the lowland River Derwent, as an estimated 1,158 ta(^-1) increase in the overall sediment load was observed on the 3.7 km reach of the Derwent between Portinscale and Low stock Bridge. Hysteresis analysis and analysis of suspended sediment transfers during high flow events on the Derwent support this hypothesis. Overall, 21.1% of all river banks on the River Derwent were assessed as eroded, with 9.4% of banks undergoing active river bank erosion. Therefore, it is suggested that river bank erosion is a significant fine sediment source in the lowland Bassenthwaite catchment, and that it is responsible for a large proportion of sediment inputs on the lowland River Derwent (c. 18.9%), and ultimately to Bassenthwaite Lake.


Social psychology offers important insights into the complexity and the barriers surrounding people's attitudes towards restorative justice. We review some important group-based and cultural influences on people's willingness to support restorative versus retributive justice. We then consider evidence of ways that people selectively may seek or expect restorative justice in relation to different types of social group. In particular, people advocate the basic right to equality differently for different social groups (women, disabled people, people aged over 70, Black, Muslim and gay people). By extension, support for restorative justice is also likely to depend on whether those receiving or demanding such justice are members of stigmatised social groups. We also consider the social psychological influences, including psychological representations of the 'other' on whether parties will seek and accept restorative justice. For example, those demanding justice may be more inclined to seek retributive rather than restorative justice if they view the "offender" as having sub-human qualities (a process known as dehumanisation). The final section describes recent empirical evidence demonstrating the importance of cultural factors (particularly honour and norms) in determining attitudes towards restorative versus retributive justice. We conclude by advocating that any analysis and implementation of restorative justice will benefit by taking into account the interdependence of meaning that it has for individual parties and for groups and communities in a wider social and societal context.


The Dis1/XMAP215 family of microtubule-associated proteins conserved from yeast to mammals is essential for cell division. XMAP215, the Xenopus member of this family, has been shown to stabilize microtubules in vitro, but other members of this family have not been biochemically characterized. Here we investigate the properties of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue Stu2p in vitro. Surprisingly, Stu2p is a microtubule destabilizer that binds preferentially to microtubule plus ends. Quantitative analysis of microtubule dynamics suggests that Stu2p induces microtubule catastrophes by sterically interfering with tubulin addition to microtubule ends. These results reveal both a new biochemical activity for a Dis1/XMAP215 family member and a novel mechanism for microtubule destabilization.


Defective collagen biosynthesis in Marfan syndrome predisposes to dural defects such as dural ectasia, meningocele, and pseudomeningocele; thus, an increased index of suspicion for these conditions should be present in the clinical setting of Marfan syndrome. The authors describe a young woman with Marfan syndrome who was being treated with anticoagulants for a prosthetic heart valve and who presented with a spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage requiring surgical evacuation. No CSF leak was encountered at surgery, but she developed progressively more severe positional headaches over the following year. She then experienced the sudden onset of acute urinary obstruction, at which time CT revealed a 17 × 15 × 13-cm presacral pseudomeningocele communicating with the thecal sac through a sacral bone defect. An anterior surgical approach was used for drainage of the pseudomeningocele as well as for primary closure of the dural defect with a bovine pericardial patch and autologous subcutaneous fat graft. After a short period of lumbar subarachnoid drainage of the CSF, the patient was able to resume normal activity without recurrent symptoms. To the authors' knowledge, such a pseudomeningocele in a patient with Marfan syndrome has been reported only twice, and this case features the largest pseudomeningocele to date. They also review the pertinent literature regarding presentation, diagnosis, and management of these lesions.


Most empirical investigations of the effects of cognitive skills assume that they are produced by schooling, and that schooling is exogenous. Drawing on a rich longitudinal data set to estimate production functions for adult reading-comprehension cognitive skills and adult nonverbal cognitive skills, we find that (1) Schooling attainment has a significant and substantial effect on adult readingcomprehension cognitive skills but not on adult nonverbal cognitive skills; and (2) Pre-schooling and post-schooling experiences have substantial positive significant effects on adult cognitive skills. Pre-schooling experiences that increase height for age at age six years substantially and significantly increase adult reading-comprehension and nonverbal cognitive skills, even after controlling for schooling attainment and post-school skilled job tenure. Post-schooling tenure in skilled jobs also has a significant positive effect on adult reading-comprehension and nonverbal cognitive skills, although the latter estimate is sensitive to how we treat gender. Age also has significant positive effect but with diminishing returns on adult reading-comprehension cognitive skills. The findings (1) reinforce the importance of early life investments; (2) support the importance of childhood nutrition ("Flynn effect") and work complexity in explaining increases in cognitive skills; (3) question interpretations of studies reporting productivity impacts of cognitive skills without controlling for endogeneity; and (4) point to limitations in using adult schooling alone to represent human capital.


To relieve users of the burden to memorize and manage their credentials while allowing for seamless roaming between various end devices, the idea of so-called credential repositories that store credentials for users came to attention. Both the risk of the credential repository being unavailable and the risk of the credentials becoming compromised are managed by the party that hosts the credential repository and that has to be trusted by the user. Removing the need for a trust relationship to a single party implies that users have to manage the risks themselves, for instance, by splitting the credentials across multiple systems/parties. However, if the systems differ in terms of availability and vulnerability, determining a suitable splitting strategy to manage the tradeoff between credential availability and vulnerability constitutes a complex problem. In this paper we present CREDIS, an approach that supports the user in building a credential repository based on heterogeneous systems that differ in terms of vulnerability and availability. CREDIS enables users to specify requirements on the availability and the vulnerability of the distributed credential repository and determines an optimal strategy on how to split secrets across the heterogeneous systems. We prove the NP-hardness of finding an optimal strategy, introduce an approach based on Integer Linear Programming to find optimal strategies for medium sized scenarios and propose heuristics for larger ones. We show that the CREDIS approach yields a reasonably secure and available credential repository even when the distributed repository is built based on low-grade devices or systems.


An algae population model was applied to describe measured effects of pulsed exposure to chlorotoluron on populations of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata in 2 laboratory flow‐through chemostat tests with different exposure regimes. Both tests enabled evaluation of adverse effects on algae during the exposure and population recovery afterward. Impacts on population densities after chlorotoluron exposure were directly visible as biomass loss in the chemostats. Recovery was observed after each exposure peak. The test results indicate that P. subcapitata is unlikely to show an increased sensitivity to chlorotoluron after pulsed exposure. No altered response or adaptation of the algae to chlorotoluron was observed, with the exception of the last high peak in flow‐through test 2. Therefore, an adaptation to the test substance cannot be excluded after long‐term exposure. However, recovery to the steady‐state level after this peak indicates that the growth rate (fitness) was not significantly reduced in the population with higher tolerance. No differences in chlorotoluron impact on the populations over time in terms of growth were detected. Model predictions agreed well with the measured data. The tests and modeling results validate the model to simulate population dynamics of P. subcapitata after pulsed exposure to chlorotoluron. Model predictions and extrapolations with different exposure patterns are considered reliable for chlorotoluron. The good reproducibility of the population behavior in the test systems supports this conclusion. An example modeled extrapolation of the experimental results to other (untested) exposure scenarios shows a potential approach to using the validated model as a supportive tool in risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2520–2534. © 2019 SETAC


Although exact statistics are not available, Indian plastic surgeons see around 7,00,000–8,00,000 burn admissions annually with around 10,00,000 cleft patients yet to be operated. In spite of this voluminous load, India does not have national health programs for the various deformities Indian plastic surgeons typically treat. As Plastic Surgeons, it is our social responsibility to treat these patients and bring 'muskan' (smile in Hindi) back into their lives. Project Muskan was initiated as an innovative model for targeting these patients and is probably one of its kind in the field of plastic surgery in our country. It is unique because it is a perfect collaboration of government institutions, a Non Government Organization (NGO), and cooperative sectors providing free health care at the doorstep. Identification of the patients was done with the help of the extensive milk dairy network in the state of Gujarat. Provision of transport and other facilities was done by the NGOs and quality health care provision was taken care of by the government hospital. Project Muskan started from a single village but now covers around 3000 villages and tribal areas of Gujarat. It is a system that can be easily reproducible in all hospitals and has reestablished the faith of the common man in government institutes.


Zircaloy-4 is a zirconium alloy that will be used for construction of many of the core components in the replacement research reactor at Lucas Heights. The fracture toughness of the alloy and its radiation-induced reduction over the 40 year planned life of the reactor is an important mechanical property for this application. This study aims to simulate the radiation-induced reduction in fracture toughness by hydriding Zircaloy-4. A range of fracture toughnesses is required to calibrate the sub-size Charpy and small punch (SP) surveillance specimens that will be irradiated over the life of the reactor against standard J1C fracture toughness specimens. Pieces of Zircaloy-4 plate were hydrided in a vessel at a temperature of 520°C, at different pressures for either 10 or 22 hours. Final hydrogen concentrations between 25 wt% ppm and 380 wt% ppm hydrogen were obtained under gaseous atmosphere. The fracture toughness of the hydrided Zircaloy-4 was assessed using sub-size 2.5 mm-thick Charpy, three-point bend J1C and SP tests. The results were correlated to determine the relationship between the J-integral fracture toughness, Charpy impact energy and equivalent fracture strain (eqf) from the SP tests. It was found that as hydrogen concentration and hydride formation increased, the fracture toughness of the alloy generally decreased. The results show there to be a useful relationship between fracture toughness and eqf measured for the SP tests.


Editor, It is strongly advised by the European Resuscitation Council not to interrupt chest compressions for prolonged instrumental airway management in order to maximise coronary and cerebral perfusion pressure. Only a very short pause in chest compressions is allowed for fast endotracheal intubation. Skilled operators should even try to secure the airway without interruption in chest compressions. In previous reports it was shown that chest compressions prolonged the time needed for successful endotracheal intubation. The most common method of definite securing of the airway is still endotracheal intubation using a standard Mackintosh blade (McL). Unfortunately, this requires skills and skill maintenance training, especially in case of occasional users. The advised way of securing airway for those not well trained in endotracheal intubation rescuers is using supraglottic airway devices (SADs) such as the laryngeal mask airway. However, the best method to prevent possible aspiration of gastric content to the bronchus is endotracheal intubation. In emergency settings, all patients should be treated as full stomach patients. Chest compressions may increase the risk of regurgitation and aspiration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Therefore, endotracheal intubation should be performed in such cases. AirTraq (Prodol Meditec S.A., Vizcaya, Spain) is a new device for endotracheal intubation that has a very good learning curve and good skill maintenance and can be used instead of standard laryngoscope.


The increasing adoption of service oriented architectures across different administrative domains, forces service providers to use effective mechanisms and strategies of resource management in order for them to be able to guarantee the quality levels their customers demands during service provisioning. Service level agreements (SLA) are the most common mechanism used to establish agreements on the quality of a service (QoS) between a service provider and a service consumer. The WS-Agreement specification, developed by the Open Grid Forum, is a Web Service protocol to establish agreements on the QoS level to be guaranteed in the provision of a service. The committed agreement cannot be modified during service provision and is effective until all activities pertaining to it are finished or until one of the signing party decides to terminate it. In B2B scenarios where several service providers are involved in the composition of a service, and each of them plays both the parts of provider and customer, several one-to-one SLAs need to be signed. In such a rigid context the global QoS of the final service can be strongly affected by any violation on each single SLA. In order to prevent such violations, SLAs need to adapt to any possible needs that might come up during service provision. In this work we focus on the WS-Agreement specification and propose to enhance the flexibility of its approach. We integrate new functionality to the protocol that enable the parties of a WS-Agreement to re-negotiate and modify its terms during the service provision, and show how a typical scenario of service composition can benefit from our proposal. 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


Based on the findings of the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study, the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement notes in 2010 that the development of citizenship education is stagnating. In response to this stagnation, some countries, including the Netherlands, are tempted to act more prescriptively in matters of citizenship education. Prior to and in the interest of the search for a solution, we think it is first and foremost important to gain insight into the extent to which the Dutch policy on citizenship education itself contributes to the stagnation. Reconstruction of the policy theory (as a part of document analysis) is used as a method to analyse the various policy statements. Our analysis demonstrates that there are sufficient indications to state that what the Dutch government wants and why is unclear and that there are specific normative beliefs underlying the policy which may conflict with beliefs of the implementers. We assume that the indicators found are not conducive to enable or motivate school leaders to implement the policy as desired by the government.


The rich information on (sub)millimeter dust continuum emission from distant galaxies in the public Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) archive is contained in thousands of inhomogeneous observations from individual PI-led programs. To increase the usability of these data for studies deepening our understanding of galaxy evolution, we have developed automated mining pipelines for the ALMA archive in the COSMOS field (A3COSMOS) that efficiently exploit the available information for large numbers of galaxies across cosmic time and keep the data products in sync with the increasing public ALMA archive: (a) a dedicated ALMA continuum imaging pipeline, (b) two complementary photometry pipelines for both blind source extraction and prior source fitting, (c) a counterpart association pipeline utilizing the multiwavelength data available (including quality assessment based on machine-learning techniques), (d) an assessment of potential (sub)millimeter line contribution to the measured ALMA continuum, and (e) extensive simulations to provide statistical corrections to biases and uncertainties in the ALMA continuum measurements. Application of these tools yields photometry catalogs with ∼1000 (sub)millimeter detections (spurious fraction ∼8%–12%) from over 1500 individual ALMA continuum images. Combined with ancillary photometric and redshift catalogs and the above quality assessments, we provide robust information on redshift, stellar mass, and star formation rate for ∼700 galaxies at redshifts 0.5–6 in the COSMOS field (with undetermined selection function). The ALMA photometric measurements and galaxy properties are released publicly within our blind extraction, prior fitting, and galaxy property catalogs, plus the images. These products will be updated on a regular basis in the future.


We study entanglement swapping in continuous variable systems by using braiding transformations. It is found that entanglement swapping in two-mode squeezed vacuum states and squeezed coherent states can be realized based on the braiding operators.