Transient and low-affinity interactions among macromolecules underlie many physiological events. Often, these interactions are difficult to study because they are not maintained when the participating molecules are removed from their cellular context. To circumvent this challenge, crosslinking reagents can be used to introduce covalent bonds between interacting macromolecules. Photoactivatable crosslinkers are particularly attractive because they allow crosslinking to proceed in time- and location-specific ways. Once the interacting partners have been crosslinked, they can be isolated and then analyzed by mass spectrometry or other analytical techniques to determine the identity of the interacting molecules and to pinpoint the interacting regions. This review highlights recent methodological developments that make it possible to introduce photocrosslinking groups into polypeptides or glycans as they are synthesized in cells. We also describe how these methods offer a non-invasive way to study macromolecular interactions in a native context.


OBJECTIVE
Most existing tests of memory and verbal learning in adults were created for spoken languages, and are unsuitable for assessing deaf people who rely on signed languages. In response to this need for sign language measures, the British Sign Language Verbal Learning and Memory Test (BSL-VLMT) was developed. It follows the format of the English language Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Revised, using standardized video-presentation with novel stimuli and instructions wholly in British Sign Language, and no English language requirement.

METHOD
Data were collected from 223 cognitively healthy deaf signers aged 50-89 and 12 deaf patients diagnosed with dementia. Normative data percentiles were derived for clinical use, and receiver-operating characteristic curves computed to explore the clinical potential and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.

RESULTS
The test showed good discrimination between the normative and clinical samples, providing preliminary evidence of clinical utility for identifying learning and memory impairment in older deaf signers with neurodegeneration.

CONCLUSIONS
This innovative video testing approach transforms the ability to accurately detect memory impairments in deaf people and avoids the problems of using interpreters, with international potential for adapting similar tests into other signed languages.


Using a large database of familial correspondence, it is shown that NP positions in 15th-century English were essentially those of Present-Day English, contrary to claims that the syntactic structure of Late Middle English still had a position for preposed object NPs, and that 15th-century English possessed multiple subject constructions with expletive there. The only form of OV order to remain productive in familial correspondence of this period occurred in the configuration: finite verb–negated NP–lexical verb. Neither ordinary NPs nor other quantified NPs were productive in this configuration. It is also shown that negated subject NPs, but not ordinary or other quantified subject types, were commonly found in multiple subject constructions. All these phenomena can be conveniently accounted for in terms of movement to a Neg projection (Haegeman, 1995). A theoretical account of noncanonical subject and object positions in terms of Neg movement thus receives strong empirical support from the distribution of argument NPs in 15th century English.


In order to study the amount of bandwidth resource loss caused by flash P2P technique, its influence on network load and its maintenance cost, the characteristic of Internet traffic of flash P2P is studied. On the basis of analysis of features of Real time media flow protocol (RTMFP), the traffic of flash P2P can be identified from the Internet traffic. By extraction and analysis of the traffic of the three largest online video content providers in China (Youku, Iqyi and Sohu Video) and the calculation of probability distribution of the traffic, it is found that the transmission time of flash P2P traffic and the transmission time interval obeys the heavy-tailed distribution. This accounts for the self-similarity of the flash P2P traffic. To better explain the phenomenon, the long-range dependent model is established based on the current traffic. By the established mathematical model, it is strictly proved that flash P2P traffic has self-similar characteristic.


The main goal of vehicle navigation systems is to determine the optimal routing path for achieving the least travel time and exhausted gasoline. Most navigation systems use the static shortest path routing algorithm or use optional traffic information broadcasted by a centralized traffic information center (TIC) to avoid routing to heavy traffic load roads. Since the traffic information may be gathered from few monitoring devices that only covers some specific highways and roads, it results in some disadvantages, including only supporting partial traffic information on some roads, long update period and low reliability of using a centralized TIC. In consequence, the determined route could be the shortest distance route but it may not meet the demands of the optimal routing: the least travel time and exhausted gasoline. Therefore, we propose herein the wireless sensor network-based adaptive navigation approach, which uses the WiMAX multihop relay networks as the inter-vehicle communications (IVC) to increase the reliability and efficiency of inter-vehicle communications. Real-time traffic information could be gathered from various types of sensors equipped on vehicles and exchanged among neighbor vehicles. As a result, the navigation system can obtain three metrics of the road traffic density, road class and road distance to determine the optimal route. Numerical results indicate that the proposed adaptive navigation approach outperforms other approaches in the average travel time and average exhausted gasoline while yielding competitive average travel distance.


This paper considers the often-expressed fear that medical research may use children merely as means, and not respect them as ends in themselves - especially insofar as they are deemed less able to consent than adults. The main focus is on large-scale genetic, socio-medical and epidemiological research. The theoretical starting point of the paper is that to be treated as an end in oneself is to be regarded as - and to act as - a participant in cooperative endeavours. This participatory status is certainly connected with individual authority to consent and dissent; and there is no doubt that consent plays an important role when adults participate in many research projects. However, insofar as consent is located within structures of human cooperation, the authority to consent is not a straightforward privilege. Rather, consent is bound up with responsibility for one's choices and commitment to shared terms of cooperation. Given this understanding, it is argued that consent should not be our principal concern when we involve children in research. This is not because of children's (possible) incompetence to consent as such, but rather because children are still learning how to respect and assess the cooperative terms involved in our institutional lives. Instead, our leading concern should be with the terms regulating their involvement in research. Given suitable safeguards, research is one way in which children may learn what it is to bear responsibilities and to act as an end in oneself - that is, to cooperate with others on reasonable terms and for worthy ends.


The main aim of this study is to examine the dimensions that have impact to the psychological empowerment academic staff in Albanian universities. Despite the factors like professional growth, self-efficacy, and decision making we especially get focused on the organizational culture thinking that it can have a powerful influence on the psychological empowerment, because it describes the link between contextual factors and employees' work behaviors. The research question of this study is: Which type of culture is needed in a university that improves academic staff to get empowered? This study aimed to examine the relationship between organizational culture and psychological empowerment of academicians in university `Aleksander Moisiu` in Albania. A total of 46 interviews are made with the academic staff. Results of the study showed that organizational culture have a great impact on the psychological empowerment of academicians and its dimensions. The dominant culture in research universities was hierarchy culture, while the strongest predictor of psychological empowerment was clan culture.


In Chinese cities, about 1.45 million migrant workers stay away from their home villages for longer than six months. The total will reach 230 million if those who work less than six months outside their home villages are also included (National Bureau of Statistics PRC 2010). The scale of migration has put big pressure on urban housing. Apart from a few local exceptions, little state effort has been dedicated to improve migrant housing for a long time.
Existing studies of migrant housing in Chinese cities have focused on the necessity for the state to remove discriminatory policies and offer equal access to urban housing benefits. However, few studies have examined carefully who are the most vulnerable and what are the causes of some of the problems. The authors of this paper argue that without proper understanding of the interaction between the state and the private providers, equal access to urban housing benefits may not lead to improved housing conditions for migrant workers. We will use three surveys in three cities, Tianjin, Taiyuan and Lanzhou in China to support our argument.


Geographic Information System (GIS) has been widely applied to the field of pest management, which provides the new ways and methods for integrated pest research, prevention and control. The main purpose of this study is to forecast and manage forest pests and diseases. For this purpose, I developed the forest pests diseases forecast system, by using ArcObjects (AO) and Visual Basic as the secondary development platform. The system is able to synthetically analyze and judge relevant data, such as weather forecast and tree species, according to the occurrence laws of the forest pests and diseases and the characteristics of biology. The system uses Markov chain and other methods to forecast the occurrence period, amount, scope and the degree of harm of pests and diseases. To validate the reliability of Markov chain model, the pests and diseases data of Liu'an City of Anhui Province, in China from 1975 to 2001, to be applied. The results show that the method used is reliable. The occurrence area and location of forest pests and diseases can be labelled and displayed on the electronic map with three-dimension.


With a simple model, I show that comparisons of invasibility between regions are impossible to make unless one can control for all of the variables besides invasibility that influence exotic richness, including the rates of immigration of species and the characteristics of the invading species themselves. Using data from the literature for 184 sites around the world, I found that nature reserves had one-half of the exotic fraction of sites outside reserves, and island sites had nearly three times the exotic fraction of mainland sites. However, the exotic fraction and the number of exotics were also dependent on site area, and this had to be taken into account to make valid comparisons between sites. The number of native species was used as a surrogate for site area and habitat diversity. Nearly 70% of the variation in the number of exotic species was accounted for by a multiple regression containing the following predictors: the number of native species, whether the site was an island or on the mainland, and whether or not it was a nature reserve.

After controlling for scale, there were significant differences among biomes, but not continents, in their level of invasion. Multiple biome regions and temperate agricultural or urban sites were among the most invaded biomes, and deserts and savannas were among the least. However, there was considerable within-group variation in the mean degree of invasion. Scale-controlled analysis also showed that the New World is significantly more invaded than the Old World, but only when site native richness (probably a surrogate for habitat diversity) is factored out. Contrary to expectation, communities richer in native species had more, not fewer, exotics. For mainland sites, the degree of invasion increased with latitude, but there was no such relationship for islands. Although islands are more invaded than mainland sites, this is apparently not because of low native species richness, as the islands in this data set were no less rich in native species than were mainland sites of similar area. The number of exotic species in nature reserves increases with the number of visitors. However, it is difficult to draw conclusions about relative invasibility, invasion potential, or the roles of dispersal and disturbance from any of these results. Most of the observed patterns here and in the literature could potentially be explained by differences between regions in species properties, ecosystem properties, or propagule pressure.


Human capital, like any other form of wealth, lends itself to analysis through the tools of mathematical finance. No less than in other forms of enterprise, human capital formation involves risk. Returns on human capital and the risks inherent in its formation are affected by leverage. This is especially true in the United States, where a significant number of students finance higher education by borrowing. This article specifies a basic model of human capital formation that attempts to capture the essence of the risk-adjusted returns that students hope to realize when they pursue further education. This article adapts the Sharpe ratio of modern portfolio theory to measure the risk-adjusted benefit of education-enhanced earnings as the ratio of expected earnings to the volatility of those returns on human capital. It then adjusts both earnings and their dispersion to account for educational debt. On the debt service and earnings premium assumptions adopted by this article, debt-financed higher education will not enhance earnings on a risk-adjusted basis unless (1) the square root of the earnings premium (2) times the square of 1 minus the debt service ratio times the ratio of educational debt to annual earnings (3) exceeds 1.


Online meetings allow for remote conferencing and collaborative work among geographically dispersed participants and can save time and expenses that an ordinary face-to-face meeting would require. However, carrying real-time communication within the packet-switched Internet is a challenging task, especially in an African context, which is characterized by low bandwidth and unstable Internet connections. This paper presents and evaluates a tool that was designed to enhance the user experience for Web-based conferencing, given the constraints of Internet conditions typical of Africa. Approaches used to achieve this goal included: reprioritisation of multimedia streams, image differentiation, half duplex communication mode and stream compression. It was found that less than 56 kbps of bandwidth was required in order to: transmit audio; use video to convey presence; share slides and screen; and support text-based chat and floor control. Furthermore, users were largely satisfied with the tool and felt that it created a good user experience.


Recent discussions in decision sciences and behavioral economics stress the potential impact of affect on decision outcomes. In the present study, we conducted random-assignment experiments (N = 253) to investigate whether affect can cause temporary fluctuations in risk preferences. In particular, we employed film clips to vary the valence (positive / negative) and arousal level (low / high) of the affective states of student participants; following this, we elicited and observed risk preferences by asking the participants to make choices among different lotteries. The financial consequences of the lottery choices varied randomly among the fixed, low-, and high-stakes treatment groups. Our results suggest that the impact of affect on risk preferences depends on the magnitude of the financial stakes. Specifically, we find that sadness induces risk aversion but only if the financial stakes are fixed or low. We find no evidence that affect influences risk preferences under high-stakes treatments. The observed sensitivity to variations in the financial incentives in our study reinforces the value of incentive-compatible study designs.


Come see how Rails has evolved over the years through the lens of introductory Rails tutorials. Marvel at Rails pre-REST, survive the merger with Merb, feel the joy & pain of the then-new asset pipeline, and watch testing techniques grow, evolve, and simplify. Leave with a deeper appreciation for where Rails came from and where it is today.


The research and clinical application of the noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique in the treatment of neuropathic pain (NP) are increasing. In this review article, we outline the effectiveness and limitations of the NIBS approach in treating common central neuropathic pain (CNP). This article summarizes the research progress of NIBS in the treatment of different CNPs and describes the effects and mechanisms of these methods on different CNPs. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) analgesic research has been relatively mature and applied to a variety of CNP treatments. But the optimal stimulation targets, stimulation intensity, and stimulation time of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for each type of CNP are still difficult to identify. The analgesic mechanism of rTMS is similar to that of tDCS, both of which change cortical excitability and synaptic plasticity, regulate the release of related neurotransmitters and affect the structural and functional connections of brain regions associated with pain processing and regulation. Some deficiencies are found in current NIBS relevant studies, such as small sample size, difficulty to avoid placebo effect, and insufficient research on analgesia mechanism. Future research should gradually carry out large-scale, multicenter studies to test the stability and reliability of the analgesic effects of NIBS.


In the present discussion of sustainability centralised water infrastructures are exposed to new challenges, which may cause a conceptual alteration in urban water management. If technologies for closing urban water and nutrient cycles are to at least partially replace existing systems, then intensive reconstruction work becomes essential. The paper presents the development and implementation of a mathematical approach to minimise environmental impact and economic costs on the way to more source-controlled future states in urban water management. To find an optimal transformation strategy, a simultaneous project scheduling and network flow problem was defined as a bi-criteria mixed-integer program. An optimal solution is found by minimising two objective functions concurrently - the economic costs and 'ecologic costs' for the period of consideration. This paper discusses the influence of the weighting of these two costs on optimal transformation strategies for a real catchment in Germany. The results show that the approach can very well support decision makers when showing all impacts of transformation processes in detail. All in all, the developed model can be seen as a first step in strategy-finding for transformations in existing urban water systems.


Columbia, S.C. - Two well-established cosmetic surgery practices in South Carolina are offering discounted cosmetic procedures to the 1.2 million members of Blue Cross Blue Shield of South Carolina, the state's largest managed care plan. The discounts will average about 20 percent for eight common procedures. Botulinum toxin (Botox) treatment, for instance, will cost $175 for one area after the discount.


Studies in several cities have shown that inner-city residents travel shorter distances and use cars less for local transport than suburbanites do. However, according to some authors, a low daily amount of travel is likely to be compensated through more extensive leisure mobility at weekends and on holidays. On the basis of a study of residential location and travel in the Copenhagen metropolitan area, this paper addresses the phenomenon of compensatory travel. For travel within 'weekend trip distance' from the residence, inner-city living appears to have a certain compensatory effect in the form of a higher frequency of medium-distance leisure trips. Probably, this reflects a shortage of nature in the immediate surroundings of the dwelling as well as less leisure time tied to gardening and house maintenance. These compensatory trips imply a slight reduction of the transport-reducing effect of inner-city living, but are far from sufficient to change the overall tendency towards less travel and reduced car dependency among inner-city residents. The frequency of flights is somewhat higher among respondents living in dense inner-city areas, but this relationship is hardly causal, as the correlations of flights with daily travel time or distance, access to local green areas, housing costs or car ownership that might be expected if the hypothesis of compensatory air travel were true, are not present.


Philosophy of science has long drawn conclusions about the relationships between laws, models, and theories from studies of physics. However, many canonical accounts of the epistemic roles of laws and the nature of theories derived their scientific content from either schematized or exotic physical theories. Neither Theory-T frameworks nor investigation on interpretations of quantum mechanics and relativity reflect a majority of physical theories in use. More recently, philosophers of physics have begun developing accounts based in versions of classical mechanics that are both homelier than the exotic physical theories and more mathematically rigorous than the Theory-T frameworks of the earlier canon. Some, including Morrison (1999, 2015), Rueger (2005), and Wilson (2017), have turned to the study of fluid flows as a way to unpack the complex relationships among laws, models, theories, and their implications for scientific realism.

One important result of this work is a resurgence of interest in the relationship between the differential equations that express mechanical laws and the boundary conditions that constrain the solutions to those equations. However, many of these accounts miss a crucial set of distinctions between the roles of mathematical boundary conditions modeling physical systems, and the roles of physical conditions at the boundary of the modeled system. In light of this systematic oversight, in this dissertation I show that there is a difference between boundary conditions and conditions at the boundary. I use that distinction to investigate the roles of boundary conditions in the models of fluid mechanics. I argue that boundary conditions are in some cases more lawlike than previously supposed, and that they can play unique roles in scientific explanations. Further, I show that boundaries are inherently mesoscale features of physical systems, which provide explanations that cannot be inferred from microscale dynamics alone. Finally, I argue that an examination of the domain of application of boundary conditions supports a form of realism.


Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) is a valuable resource for breeding because it possesses more desirable traits, such as better yield and abiotic and biotic stress tolerance than common wheat. In this study, our group developed a SHW line, named 'SynDT', which has markedly better characteristics than Korean bread wheat 'Keumkang'. The SynDT line is thermotolerant as it rapidly expresses heat shock proteins under heat stress. In addition, this line exhibits resistance to leaf rust by inducing the expression of antifungal enzymes, mainly chitinase, along with the rapid and high expression of pathogen-related genes. Moreover, it possesses the favorable traits of its parent wheat lines Triticum durum #24 and Aegilops tauschii #52. Therefore, the SynDT wheat line can be used as a breeding material for improving local common wheat cultivars.


Evolution of a system of edge macrocracks in the region of rolling bodiescontact on the basis the step-by-step calculation of propagation paths of such cracks hasbeen investigated. For this purpose numerical solutions of singular integral equations foran elastic half-plane, weakened by a system of curvilinear cracks under Hertzian contactloading, have been used. The cracks are assumed to be propagating by mode I fracture. Asystem of edge originally rectilinear (equal and non-equal) parallel cracks in a followerhas been considered. A system of two, differently inclined to the body boundary cracks, thathave a common mouth on the contact boundary, was also considered. The researches wereaimed at establishing the peculiarities of development of such crack-like defects as"cracking" and "squat", typical of rolling bodies.


Effective management and monitoring of coral reef systems requires detailed baseline data about the distribution of marine habitats. Reefs with clear waters and complex geomorphology, such as Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia, naturally lend themselves to the application of optical remote sensing as a means of gathering information about benthic habitats, bathymetry, and adjacent coastal environments. Using HyMap hyperspectral data with 3.5m pixel resolution, we were able to retrieve very detailed information about the shallow water habitats of Ningaloo Reef (down to 20m depth). This large airborne survey was processed as mosaics of bottom reflectance data using all available spectral bands (up to 21) as well as 1st and 2nd derivatives. Data products include hierarchical thematic classification with up to 46 benthic cover classes as well as per-class probability and an objected-oriented classification which combined benthic classes, depth, slope, and aspect. From these, we established that over 50% of the substrate cover was composed of algae, and hard and soft coral cover made up 7% of the study area. The majority of the corals were a mix of different densities or morphologies of Acropora and 52% (875 ha) of the coral cover was located within the sanctuary zones of Ningaloo Marine Park. Through the use of operational pre-processing of the data and a semi-automatic image classification approach, we created seamless high resolution baseline maps for 3400 km2 of the Ningaloo region, which are particularly suitable for ongoing monitoring and management.


We develop an approach to improve the learning capabilities of robotic systems by combining learned predictive models with experience-based state-action policy mappings. Predictive models provide an understanding of the task and the dynamics, while experience-based (model-free) policy mappings encode favorable actions that override planned actions. We refer to our approach of systematically combining model-based and model-free learning methods as hybrid learning. Our approach efficiently learns motor skills and improves the performance of predictive models and experience-based policies. Moreover, our approach enables policies (both model-based and model-free) to be updated using any off-policy reinforcement learning method. We derive a deterministic method of hybrid learning by optimally switching between learning modalities. We adapt our method to a stochastic variation that relaxes some of the key assumptions in the original derivation. Our deterministic and stochastic variations are tested on a variety of robot control benchmark tasks in simulation as well as a hardware manipulation task. We extend our approach for use with imitation learning methods, where experience is provided through demonstrations, and we test the expanded capability with a real-world pick-and-place task. The results show that our method is capable of improving the performance and sample efficiency of learning motor skills in a variety of experimental domains.


Australia is largely unique in its approach to heavy vehicle regulation. It is one of the few modern democracies not to use operator licensing as a regulatory tool in the heavy vehicle freight industry. Instead, it uses the concept of "chain of responsibility" (CoR). CoR has been a feature of Australia's regulatory approach since the 1980s and is now embedded in the heavy vehicle national law (HVNL) on the eastern seaboard and in recently introduced Western Australian legislation. Drawing on the experience of Australia's largest freight carrier, Toll Group, this session will explore the benefits, challenges and opportunities presented by CoR. Toll Group has embraced CoR as a key market differentiator and safety driver and is recognised as an industry leader in the promotion of CoR along the supply chain. Questions tackled in the session include: *How is CoR changing the Australian freight industry? *What are the gaps, limitations and challenges in CoR as a regulatory and operational tool? *What do we need to drive the opportunities presented by CoR further?


Broadband access is quickly becoming ubiquitous. Among the technologies for access, wireless is becoming the preferred technology for reasons of mobility, cost, and convenience. In this talk we begin with the recent trends in the wireless access market, summarize the key technical developments that are leading to increasing reach and speeds. WiMAX is almost here but the competing technologies, such as HSPA, EV-DO, LTE, IEEE 802.20, IEEE 802.22 are also trying to catch up fast and the next generation WiMAX is already being designed. These and other developments will be presented.


The use of ionizing radiation for the control of foodborne pathogens and extending the shelf life of fresh iceberg lettuce and fresh spinach has recently been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The efficacy of electron beam irradiation for controlling foodborne pathogens has been reported. For this experiment, the effectiveness of electron beam irradiation on the microbiological and sensory characteristics of fresh spinach was studied. Total aerobic plate counts were reduced by 2.6 and 3.2 log CFU/g at 0.7 and 1.4 kGy, respectively. Lactic acid bacteria were reduced at both doses of e-beam but grew slowly over the 35 d of the experiment. Yeasts and molds were not reduced in samples exposed to 0.7 kGy whereas 1.4 kGy significantly reduced microbial counts. Gas compositions (O(2) and CO(2)) were significantly different than controls. Oxygen levels inside the spinach sample bags decreased over time; however, O(2) levels did not drop below 1% that can induce anaerobic fermentation. CO(2) levels for all treatments increased through day 4; yet 7 d after irradiation, CO(2) level differences were not significant in both control and irradiated samples. Irradiation dose did not affect the basic tastes, aromatics, or mouth feels of fresh spinach, however; hardness attributes decreased as irradiated dose increased and slimy attributes of fresh spinach were higher in control samples compared to irradiated samples.


Classical spectral methods are subject to two fundamental limitations: they can account only for covariance‐related serial dependences, and they require second‐order stationarity. Much attention has been devoted lately to quantile‐based spectral methods that go beyond covariance‐based serial dependence features. At the same time, covariance‐based methods relaxing stationarity into much weaker local stationarity conditions have been developed for a variety of time series models. Here, we combine those two approaches by proposing quantile‐based spectral methods for locally stationary processes. We therefore introduce a time varying version of the copula spectra that have been recently proposed in the literature, along with a suitable local lag window estimator. We propose a new definition of local strict stationarity that allows us to handle completely general non‐linear processes without any moment assumptions, thus accommodating our quantile‐based concepts and methods. We establish a central limit theorem for the new estimators and illustrate the power of the proposed methodology by means of a simulation study. Moreover, in two empirical studies (namely of the Standard & Poor's 500 series and a temperature data set recorded in Hohenpeissenberg), we demonstrate that the new approach detects important variations in serial dependence structures both across time and across quantiles. Such variations remain completely undetected and are actually undetectable, via classical covariance‐based spectral methods.


Purpose: Several studies have reported aberrant expression of MUC4 in pancreatic cancer (PC), which is associated with tumorigenicity and metastasis. Mechanisms through which MUC4 promote metastasis of PC cells to distant organs are poorly defined. Experimental Design: Identification of MUC4–galectin-3 interaction and its effect on the adhesion of cancer cells to endothelial cells were done by immunoprecipitation and cell–cell adhesion assays, respectively. Serum galectin-3 level for normal and PC patients were evaluated through ELISA. Results: In the present study, we have provided clinical evidence that the level of galectin-3 is significantly elevated in the sera of PC patients with metastatic disease compared with patients without metastasis (P = 0.04) and healthy controls (P = 0.00001). Importantly, for the first time, we demonstrate that MUC4 present on the surface of circulating PC cells plays a significant role in the transient and reversible attachment (docking) of circulating tumor cells to the surface of endothelial cells. Further, exogenous galectin-3 at concentrations similar to that found in the sera of PC patients interacts with MUC4 via surface glycans such as T antigens, which results in the clustering of MUC4 on the cell surface and a stronger attachment (locking) of circulating tumor cells to the endothelium. Conclusions: Altogether, these findings suggest that PC cell-associated MUC4 helps in the docking of tumor cells on the endothelial surface. During cancer progression, MUC4–galectin-3 interaction–mediated clustering of MUC4 may expose the surface adhesion molecules, which in turn promotes a stronger attachment (locking) of tumor cells to the endothelial surface. Clin Cancer Res; 17(2); 267–74. ©2010 AACR. Clin Cancer Res; 17(2); 267–74. ©2010 AACR.


The field experiment was conducted to evaluate the "Effect of soil and foliar supplementation of nitrogen, boron and salicylic acid on growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in alfisols of Konkan (M.S.)" at Research and Education Farm, Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.) during the Summer season of 2018. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) comprising ten treatment combinations replicated thrice, where the effect of soil and foliar supplementation of nitrogen, boron and salicylic acid either alone or in combinations applied along with the recommended dose of fertilizers (135:60:30 NPK kg ha-1) and an absolute control (to judge the fate of native nutrients) were studied. The study further revealed that the treatment receiving the application of recommended dose of fertilizer (135:60:30 kg ha-1) + Foliar spray of nitrogen through urea (1%) + Soil application of boron through borax @ 2 kg ha-1+ Foliar spray of salicylic acid (0.2%) was recorded the highest fruit yield (231.22 q ha-1) and yield attributing characters like number of fruits per vine (7.00) and weight of fruit i.e., 1.98 kg per vine as well as growth parameters viz. vine length (407.00 cm) and number of branches per vine (14.22) of Cucumber in alfisols of Konkan (M.S.).


in this paper, EIT effect in rubidium has been experimentally investigated. EIT is a phenomenon that causes modification of the optical properties of medium by creating transparency in the absorption range and increasing dispersion. Electric susceptibility explains these properties. In this study, EIT signal and its dependence on the power of coupling laser is investigated.


T he intellectual commerce that has propelled the explosive growth of international science and technology over the past 50 years is threatened. More than at any time since the McCarthy era, our government increasingly has sought to bar the entry of scientists from nations at odds with our foreign policy interests and to prevent the travel of U.S. scientists to many of these same nations. This effort to selectively abridge scientific exchange threatens the vigor of the world's science enterprise.

There is perhaps no better rationale for freedom in the conduct of science than that provided by the statutes of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU): "ICSU, as an international nongovernmental body, shall observe and actively uphold the principle of the universality of science. This principle entails freedom of association, expression, information, communication and movement in connection with international scientific activities."

Throughout the darkest days of the Cold War, this statute was accepted by our government and used by the National Academy of Sciences to promote contacts between Soviet and Western scientists. Without such interactions, it was recognized that neither side would be able to fulfill its need to reduce tensions, build confidence, and develop workable schemes for arms control and weapons reductions.

Because of Indian and Pakistani ambitions to be nuclear powers, South Asian physicists and other scientists have recently been prevented from attending international scientific conferences in the United States. Within 6 weeks of the first Indian nuclear tests, Rajagopal Chidambaram, chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission and a leading figure in India's nuclear program, was unable to attend a U.S. meeting of the executive committee of the International Union of Crystallography (of which he is a vice president), because, he was told, State Department policy for granting visas to all Indian scientists was under indefinite review. At the same time, a list of Indian and Pakistani institutes presumed to be involved in weapons programs was sent by government officials to Department of Energy laboratories, stating that the visas of visiting South Asian physicists would not be extended beyond the expiration dates. One result was the threatened loss of a productive scientific collaboration by U.S. scientists in the Large Hadron Collider project at the Organisation Europeenne pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN).

In 1998, then-president of the American Chemical Society, Paul Walter, and the society's administrator of international affairs, John Malin, were denied permission to meet with their counterparts in the Cuban Chemical Society. The Treasury Department concluded that their rationale for travel did not qualify as professional research and education. By early 1999, a more sophisticated application combined with considerable political pressure succeeded, so that a group of U.S. chemists attended a scientific congress in Cuba. In the spring of 1997, five Cuban chemists from the University of Havana were denied visas to attend an important international meeting on quantum chemistry at Sanibel Island, Florida, because they were declare. "government employees," as are all university professors in Cuba. The State Department later confided that a red flag is raised whenever the wor. "quantum" o. "nuclear" appears in a scientist's application to enter the country. And in a remarkable act of political interference in our intellectual dialogue, eight Department of Energy physicists from Fermilab were denied permission to attend a high-energy physics conference in India in January 1999 despite the scientific consensus that no benefit could possibly accrue to the Indian weapons establishment. One Fermilab physicist did eventually attend the conference after he was granted permission by the lab director to take leave and travel at his own expense.

The variegated richness of science is a product of its diversity. In the wake of World War II, the world's scientific talent flocked to U.S. and U.K. research universities and laboratories, thereby vastly enriching science. The efforts of government officials to slow this engine of exchange under the disguise of preventing weapons technology transfers threaten debilitating consequences for science here and abroad.


Brute-force dense matching is usually not satisfactory because the same search range is used for the entire image, yielding potentially many false matches. In this paper, we propose a progressive scheme for stereo matching which uses two fundamental concepts: the disparity gradient limit principle and the least commitment strategy. The first states that the disparity should vary smoothly almost everywhere, and the disparity gradient should not exceed a certain limit. The second states that we should first select only the most reliable matches and therefore postpone unreliable decisions until enough confidence is accumulated. Our technique starts with a few reliable point matches obtained automatically via feature correspondence or through user input. New matches are progressively added during an iterative matching process. At each stage, the current reliable matches constrain the search range for their neighbors according to the disparity gradient limit, thereby reducing potential matching ambiguities of those neighbors. Only unambiguous matches are selected and added to the set of reliable matches in accordance with the least commitment strategy. In addition, a correlation match measure that allows rotation of the match template is used to provide a more robust estimate. The entire process is cast within a Bayesian inference framework. Experimental results illustrate the robustness of our proposed dense stereo matching approach.


The total chromatic number of a graph $G$, denoted by $\chi′′(G)$, is the minimum number of colors needed to color the vertices and edges of $G$ such that no two adjacent or incident elements get the same color. It is known that if a planar graph $G$ has maximum degree $\Delta ≥ 9$, then $\chi′′(G) = \Delta + 1$. The join $K_1 \vee P_n$ of $K_1$ and $P_n$ is called a fan graph $F_n$. In this paper, we prove that if $G$ is a $F_5$-free planar graph with maximum degree 8, then $\chi′′(G) = 9$.


In a study carried out in 2004, Ireland ranked as the second most sophisticated country after Sweden in terms of its use of ICT in business (Booz, Allen Hamilton, 2004). This paper reviews an innovative technology, Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID) which could have major impacts on national and international business. A study was undertaken to critically evaluate the readiness of Irish companies for RFID, focusing particularly on the retail industry. This study attempts to explain the reasoning behind the lack of preparedness for what could be a beneficial and transformational technology. The marketing implications of RFID are discussed and suggestions for further research into the implementation challenges of this technology are posited. In considering marketing as an 'information-handling problem' (Holland and Naude, 2004), ICTS such as RFID can bring clarity, control and rigour to what was once intuitive and guesswork (Friend and Walker, 2001). The benefits that RFID can bring include more accurate data delivered in real-time and a deeper knowledge of customer behaviour, not possible with current marketing IT systems. This exploratory study indicates that the majority of retailers who participated are not prepared for RFID, or its implications such as increased data. Thus RFID appears to be another technology which links to the Brady et al (2004) contention that most ICTs in marketing are both overlooked, and in turn underexploited. The authors call for more in-depth research into the opportunities and challenges that RFID could hold for business and marketing nationally and internationally. A national study should be carried out in order to show how prepared Ireland is for RFID, across a variety of different industries. Ireland could be regarded essentially as a mini-laboratory for future RFID research, with the island hosting a major study followed by a national implementation initiative which could monitor RFID implementation for best practices for national and international deployment.


The half-Heusler TiRhSb and ZrRhSb alloys in the formation of face-centered cubic MgAgAs-type structure, which conforms to the F 4 ¯ 3 m space group with 216 as the space number, have been investigated using Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) implemented in Density Functional Theory (DFT). The calculated formation enthalpies and the plotted energy-volume curves of different types of structural phases (α, β, and γ) in these alloys indicate that the γ-phase structure is the best energetically suitable structure. In addition, TiRhSb and ZrRhSb alloys have been found as paramagnetic (PM) with the investigation of antiferromagnetic (AFM), ferromagnetic (FM), and paramagnetic (PM) orders in the most stable γ-phase structure. Therefore, their electronic, mechanical, and dynamical properties have been examined in the γ structural phase and paramagnetic order. These alloys have semiconducting nature due to the observed same band gaps in both the majority and minority spin channels of the calculated spin-polarised electronic band structure. These calculated band gaps are 0.75 eV for γ-TiRhSb and 1.18 eV for γ-ZrRhSb. The predicted elastic constants indicate that the alloys in this study are mechanically stable and show nearly isotropic behavior in the γ structural phase. Also, the minimum and the diffuson thermal conductivites have been determined for these alloys. Finally, the calculated phonon dispersion spectras for the γ-TiRhSb and γ-ZrRhSb half-Heusler antimonide alloys show the dynamic stability of these systems.


In this study The Church of St. Sergius and Bacchus was modeled by Finite Element Method and was put through various tests to determine its structural system, earthquake behavior and structural performance. The geometry of the structure, its material resistance and ground conditions isn't enough to model a historical structure. Additionally, you need to calculate the dynamic charac-teristics of the structure with an experimental approach to come up with a more realistic and reliable model of the structure. Therefore, a measured drawing of the structure was acquired after detailed studies, material test-ing were made both at summer and winter to examine the seasonal changes and soil conditions were determined by bore holes and exploratory wells dug around the structure. On the other hand, vibra-tion tests were made at The Church of St. Sergius and Bacchus to analyze the structural characteris-tics and earthquake behavior of the building. Structural modeling of the building, modeled by the Finite Element Method, was outlined by determining its free vibration analysis in compliance with experimental periods. Vertical and earthquake loads of the structure were determined by this model. Keywords: Finite element method, earthquake behavior, church


The economy of FLOSS (Free and open source software) has been the subject of numerous studies and publications, particularly on the issue of business models. However, there are fewer studies on the local networks of FLOSS providers. This research focuses on the ecosystem of Belgian FLOSS providers and, more specifically, their geographical distribution, the activities, technologies and software they support, their business models, their economic performance and the relationships between companies. The research is based on a directory containing nearly 150 companies. This directory led to the creation of a specialized search engine that helped to improve annotation. The research also uses financial data provided by the Belgian Central Balance Sheet Office. The initial results of this study show a concentration in major economic areas. The businesses are more active in the services and are heavily involved activities such as infrastructure software and Web development, activities which were common in the early years of free software development. Services for the support of business software is also common. A first analysis of the graph of relationships between providers' websites highlights the role that is played by the multinational IT companies, by FLOSS editors, by commercial FLOSS associations and especially by the Walloon centers of competence that offer vast training catalogs that are dedicated to FLOSS. This research opens up many perspectives for improving the automation of the company directory updates, the analysis of the relationship between enterprises, and the automation of the financial analysis of companies.


The Healthcare Openness and Access Project (HOAP) is a collection of state-by- state comparative data on the flexibility and discretion US patients and providers have in managing healthcare. HOAP combines these data to produce 37 indicators of openness and accessibility. In turn, these indicators are grouped into 10 broad subindexes (Corporate, Insurance, Occupational Regulation, Pharmaceutical Access, Telemedicine, Direct Primary Care, Medical Liability, Provider Regulation, Public Health, and Taxation), which in combination form the overall HOAP index. The indicators, subindexes, and overall index are all scored on a 1-to-5 Likert scale. The project provides state-by-state rankings over a number of variables. Using the data provided on the project's website, readers may adjust the weights on the indicators to custom-build subjective measures and rankings that differ from the ones presented in this paper. This June 2018 update revises some of the data series from the original November 2016 study.


To study the effect of assembly process information combining disassemble and assemble on satellite assembly sequence, this paper presents an object-oriented and assembly information integrated model, which is composed of static model and dynamic model. The feasibility determination based on Cut-set theory is presented and the construction algorithm of dynamic model is established by static model, the dynamic assembly model tree is obtained by analyzing in layers and verifying possible states using this algorithm, where the assembly model tree includes all the geometric feasible assembly sequences of satellite. Finally, this modeling method is verified by a satellite product.


The invention provides grapefruit corn flakes. The grapefruit corn flakes are prepared by adopting the following steps: uniformly mixing 55-65 parts by weight of waxy corn powder, 20-30 parts by weight of sweet corn powder and 15-25 parts by weight of grapefruit juice, feeding the mixture into a twin-screw extruder for extrusion forming, then pelleting and tabletting to obtain the corn flakes with the thickness of 0.2-0.4mm, baking the corn flakes, wherein the baking temperature is 150 DEG C+/-5 DEG C, and the baking time is 8-10 minutes, uniformly spraying 5-8 parts by weight of melt beewax on the surfaces of the corn flakes after cooling to 55 DEG C+/-2 DEG C, and rapidly cooling to room temperature, thereby obtaining the grapefruit corn flakes. As the beewax is sprayed in the preparation process, compared with the traditional corn flakes, the grapefruit corn flakes provided by the invention have better soaking resistance performance in liquid food, and simultaneously can be prevented from absorbing moisture in the storage process. The natural grapefruit powder added in the ingredient and the sprayed beewax increase the nutrition of the corn flakes and enrich the variety of the corn flakes.


The budgets of Britain's public services have been under sustained pressure and public libraries are no exception to public spending cuts in today's "age of austerity". Librarians increasingly try to supplement shrinking budgets by employing a variety of income generation methods. But are these methods always in line with the public library ethos? This article presents data showing what British librarians hold to be the public library ethos, what they undertake to generate extra income to maintain public library services and whether they think that their efforts to generate additional income are ever in contradiction to the public library ethos. The article is based on survey and interview data produced in 2013 and also provides, in a Supplementary File, a comprehensive list of income generation methods. The research methods only allowed for the production of non-generalisable data.


As an important consequence of our research, we question the relevance of the criteria of the WAD injury severity classification system. We showed that the musculoskeletal signs in WAD grade II are not characterized by muscle spasm, (i.e. increase of muscle activity), but rather by a decrease in muscle activation. Moreover, by also showing a strong association of this muscle activation pattern
with fear of movement, we concluded that musculoskeletal signs in post traumatic neck pain do not reflect the severity of injury but rather the perception of symptoms, influenced by psychosocial factors from the fear avoidance model.


T his dissertation is about in-situ object recognition, meaning that specific objects (instances) can be learned from a few training examples that depict them within the place where such objects are commonly present or being used. Learning to recognize objects in-situ opposes to conventional approaches in deep learning of relying on largescale class-level datasets of grouped instances, utilizing complex image acquisition setups or utilizing synthetic data. We aim for a scalable, robust, and real-time system based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) that learn discriminative features from images depicting objects from an egocentric point of view. We are particularly interested in learning objects from a few examples taken directly by an agent or by a demonstrator, and where the CNN does not need a finetuning process for learning additional instances, motivated by the computational limitations in most autonomous platforms. We hope our approach will be helpful for robotic tasks such as object manipulation, human-robot interaction, semantic mapping, scene understanding, autonomous navigation, and contribute to FARSCOPE's vision on advancing the state-of-the-art of autonomy in robots and intelligent systems.


This research paper is about the adoption decision of potential adopters for biomass boilers in the Netherlands. Biomass boilers are promoted by the European Union and the Dutch government as environmentally friendly energy sources. In the Netherlands, this technique however, is not as widely used as in other countries. The main reason this research has taken place is because a lot of potential adopters decline to use biomass boilers. This is due to the fact that biomass boilers can provide an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. Currently the Netherlands is a long way behind in the amount of sustainable energy produced if compared to other European countries. Therefore biomass boilers can help creating the sustainable economy that is pursued by the Dutch government and the European Union.
The main question and several sub-questions are answered in this paper, to get an insight into the adoption decision of a biomass boiler. The main question is:
What is the perspective of potential adopters in the Netherlands on biomass boiler adoption?
First, a literature study has been carried out to determine the relevant factors for other environmental techniques and measures and the relevant factors in other European countries. The found factors were verified empirically, by interviewing adopters, non-adopters, suppliers and other actors in the sector for biomass boilers. In total, 24 interviews were held to verify the factors for the Dutch biomass boiler situation. This has led to several relevant factors and barriers for adopting biomass boilers. The main relevant factors found in the literature were the payback period, the biomass availability, the social acceptance, the missing knowledge and clear and stable legislation. Especially the payback period was emphasised in most researched papers.
A biomass boiler has some effects for the adopter such as lower fuel costs, higher investment costs, more maintenance, lower reliability and a lower carbon footprint. For every potential adopter these factors weigh differently, but some are more important than others for the adopters. Some of these effects are solved by using the right supplier, who can provide a carefree package, which includes operation and maintenance of the installation. This however, does requires substantial financial resources, making the project less profitable. Other adopters value the financial viability more and choose to do as much work as possible themselves. Because of the vast diversity of biomass boilers and their applications, there is not one standard implementation effect for adopters of a biomass boiler.
Most interviewed adopters consider a biomass boiler as a 'green' choice because of the low carbon footprint compared to other heating techniques. However, there are also people who do not have such a rosy view on biomass boilers. For example, the origin of the fuel is questioned as well as the air-quality around those boilers. Some neighbours are afraid of nuisance in the form of smoke and pollution. A lot of these fears are not well funded and can be partially prevented by providing good information. Other concerns such as the origin of the fuel can be ensured to be sustainable by using quality marks proving the wood comes from, for example, a well maintained forest or waste wood. These negative sounds can be traced back to the stories from the suppliers, while also a the non-adopters were critical towards the sustainability of biomass boilers.
The 24 interviews that were held are sufficient to get a clear view of the adoption decision, seen from several perspectives. During the interviews, some factors appeared not as important as the literature suggests, while other factors were confirmed to be important. The payback period was leading for most adopters. They often claim to buy a biomass boiler for other reasons, but if the payback period is too long or if the installation does not pay itself back at all they will not adopt a biomass boiler. That does not mean the other factors are not important, but according to the interviews, the financial viability is decisive in de adoption decision.
The following factors are identified as the most influential in the adoption decision for a biomass boiler installation:
• Subsidies / tax concession / feed-in tariff (such as SDE+, ISDE and EIA)
o These ensure the financial viability of a biomass boiler is positive enough to adopt.
• The cost of gas/oil/etc. compared to biomass
o If other fuels are more expensive, biomass gets more financially viable.
• Investment costs (payback period)
o Currently, biomass boilers seem to be far more expensive in purchase than other techniques.
• Biomass availability (at competitive price)
o Some actors are afraid that there is not enough wood available for sustainable fuel.
• Social acceptance/awareness
o Not all potential adopters think of a biomass boiler as a sustainable alternative. As long as that is the case, they will never adopt such an installation.
• Missing knowledge (about operating)
o If it is not clear how much work a biomass boiler requires to operate and maintain, potential actors will not adopt a biomass boiler
• Clear and stable legislation (for example emission requirements)
o If the emission regulations, for example, get tightened often, the installation also needs to be upgraded regularly. This is something that is feared mainly by the suppliers.
If biomass boilers become more familiar to the general public, the possibility of potential adopters becoming adopters will grow. The potential is there because many adopters who were interviewed were very satisfied with their installation. However, there exist barriers and a biomass boiler cannot be applied in every situation. This means that projects need to be selected carefully before they are initiated and executed. As a general rule, the higher the heat demand gets, the better the financial viability.
The sector has to promote themselves more actively towards potential adopters. The focus must lie with companies who have a high heat demand and companies that pursue a green image. There are still many chances in areas that are not yet fully aware of the possibilities of biomass boilers. The easiest are the companies which have a stable high energy demand, but even the the energy demand varies, the latter can be solved by using heat buffers. Therefore there are chances in, for example, district heating, offices, industry and argricultural applications.
Some adopters buy a biomass boiler for its environmental impact, some for the image of their company and others for the money they save. How these factors are divided exactly cannot be answered based on the interviews held for this research. Because the financial viability is relevant for all adopters, mainly the sectors which have a high heat demand have an enormous potential for biomass boiler adoption. The high investment costs which have to be earned back are the main reason this high heat demand is needed. It can be concludes that the perspective of potential adopters in the Netherlands on biomass boilers is very diverse, but it can be influenced by providing better information.


Since the early 2000s, as the government of Senegal increasingly privatized the organizing of pilgrimages to Mecca, women have massively invested in this sector, once dominated by men. They have become owners and managers of hajj-related travel agencies, taking care of thousands of female and male pilgrims. Based on fieldwork research in Dakar, this article studies how their efforts have evolved in the moral economy of the hajj as actors displaying various forms of agency. We present the strategies of social capital and network mobilization these women have devised and the ways in which they have built on accumulated experiences and knowledge to launch and develop their own agencies. We explore the main challenges they have had to meet: managing the Senegalese state, navigating a complex transnational market, and reconciling business and religious imperatives.


Background: Genetic polymorphisms in enzymes involved in carcinogen metabolism have been shown to influence susceptibility to cancer. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes are involved in the detoxification of a broad range of toxic substances, so polymorphic deletions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes may involve as a risk factor for esophagus carcinoma. The aim of this research was to investigate the association between null mutations of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes with esophagus carcinoma susceptibility in Iranian patients were under chemo therapy with platinum drugs. Methods: We conducted a case –control study of 50 esophagus carcinoma cases and 50 controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples, then GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion variants were genotyped by multiplex PCR assay. Logistic regression analysis was used by SPSS 19 to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Our results indicate that the frequency of esophagus cancer patients with the GSTM1 null genotype is significantly higher than that of the normal controls (48% and 13%, respectively) with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.62 and (p=0.024), In contrast, our investigation failed to demonstrate any difference in the distribution of GSTT1 null genotype between patients and controls (32 and 24% respectively) (p=0.37).In this study (26 patients) 52% of patients with esophageal cancer who were treated with chemotherapy, not turning a useful these drugs. In most cases (18%), they were persons with Null genotype in both genes. Conclusion: the results of the current study indicate that GSTM1 may be genetic susceptibility factor involved in early events leading to the development of esophageal cancer. Polymorphisms of GSTT1 were not associated with the increased esophageal cancer risk.


Following Jensen's work from 1985, a quasi-cyclic code can be written as a direct sum of concatenated codes, where the inner codes are minimal cyclic codes and the outer codes are linear codes. We observe that the outer codes are nothing but the constituents of the quasi-cyclic code in the sense of Ling-Solé. This concatenated structure enables us to recover some earlier results on quasi-cyclic codes in a simple way, including one of our recent results which says that a quasi-cyclic code with cyclic constituent codes are 2-D cyclic codes. In fact, we obtain a generalization of this result to multidimensional cyclic codes. The concatenated structure also yields a lower bound on the minimum distance of quasi-cyclic codes, as noted by Jensen, which we call Jensen's bound. We show that a recent lower bound on the minimum distance of quasi-cyclic codes that we obtained is in general better than Jensen's lower bound.


Stable superhydrophobic coatings on various substrates are attained with an in-line atmospheric rf plasma process using CF4, H2, and He. The coating layer is composed of CFx nanoparticulates and has an average roughness of approximately 10 nm. This roughness is much smaller than other surfaces reported for superhydrophobicity in the literature. The superhydrophobic coatings are produced on both metallic and insulating substrates without any need of separate microroughening or vacuum lines.


In the applied context of ethnography its value depends not only on the quality of the research product alone but also on how it is received by the business audience. This paper presents some variables that describe and hope to overcome common barriers to the appropriate reception of ethnographic research in the business context. We are using music as a metaphor to the discussion of barriers and research use.


Elastic proton scattering from Be, C, and O isotopes has been investigated in the relativistic impulse approximation (RIA). In the calculations, the nucleon-nucleus optical potentials are obtained using ground state nuclear matter densities, which are computed using the relativistic mean field model with the FSU parameter set. The scattering observables, including differential cross section, analyzing power, and spin-rotation function, are analyzed. It is found that the scattering observables for O isotopic chains display a clear mass dependence, for instance, the minimum analyzing power shifts to a low scattering angle with increasing mass number. While for the Be isotopic chain, the emergence of a neutron halo in 14Be breaks this trend, i.e., the minimum analyzing powers for 12Be and 14Be are almost the same as each other.


In this paper, AlN powder and ceramic are prepared by microwave sintering under various sintering environments. The microstructures of the powder and the ceramic are characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction technology. The mechanical and thermal properties of the ceramic are studied. It was found that the sintering environment has great influence on the material fabrication. The heat-assisted environment is beneficial to the synthesis of AlN powder. On the other hand, the carbothermal sintering environment has the two-sided influence to the sintering of AlN ceramic.


In-situ characterization of the mechanical behavior of geckos spatula has been carried out in detail using multi-mode AFM system. Combining successful application of a novel AFM mode, i.e. Harmonix microscopy, the more detail elastic properties of spatula is brought to light. The results obtained show the variation of the mechanical properties on the hierarchical level of a seta, even for the different locations, pad and stalk of the spatula. A model, which has been validated using the existing experimental data and phenomena as well as theoretical predictions for geckos adhesion, crawling and self-cleaning of spatulae, is proposed in this paper. Through contrast of adhesive and craw ability of the gecko on the surfaces with different surface roughness, and measurement of the surface adhesive behaviors of Teflon, the most effective adhesion of the gecko is more dependent on the intrinsic properties of the surface which is adhered.


The takeaway point of Tirole's excellent primer is that tying, while potentially exclusionary, does not deserve special treatment. This commentary offers two reasons why tying should be accorded special treatment. First, unlike predatory pricing, tying offers a monopolist the ability to engage in no-cost predation. A critical component of the predatory pricing test is that the monopolist will be able to later recoup its sacrificed profits. If foreclosure can be accomplished without pricing below cost, then this makes tying a potentially more dangerous tool for anticompetitive conduct. Second, tying allows a firm to leverage its monopoly from one market to another. It can exclude an equally efficient competitor, where the rival has all of the same economies of scale and scope. To the extent that tying allows a monopolist to disrupt competition in a large number of adjacent or even unrelated markets, this vastly increases the potential harm caused by a monopoly.


The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method provides rapid estimates of fecal indicator bacteria densities that have been indicated to be useful in the assessment of water quality. Primarily because this method provides faster results than standard culture-based methods, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is currently considering its use as a basis for revised ambient water quality criteria. In anticipation of this possibility, we sought to examine the relationship between qPCR-based and culture-based estimates of enterococci in surface waters. Using data from several research groups, we compared enterococci estimates by the two methods in water samples collected from 37 sites across the United States. A consistent linear pattern in the relationship between cell equivalents (CCE), based on the qPCR method, and colony-forming units (CFU), based on the traditional culturable method, was significant (P < 0.05) at most sites. A linearly decreasing variance of CCE with increasing CFU levels was significant (P < 0.05) or evident for all sites. Both marine and freshwater sites under continuous influence of point-source contamination tended to reveal a relatively constant proportion of CCE to CFU. The consistency in the mean and variance patterns of CCE versus CFU indicates that the relationship of results based on these two methods is more predictable at high CFU levels (e.g., log(10)CFU > 2.0/100 mL) while uncertainty increases at lower CFU values. It was further noted that the relative error in replicated qPCR estimates was generally higher than that in replicated culture counts even at relatively high target levels, suggesting a greater need for replicated analyses in the qPCR method to reduce relative error. Further studies evaluating the relationship between culture and qPCR should take into account analytical uncertainty as well as potential differences in results of these methods that may arise from sample variability, different sources of pollution, and environmental factors.


Purpose The Registry of Senior Australians (ROSA) was established to evaluate aged care experiences in Australia. In this manuscript, we describe the ROSA framework, the two ROSA cohorts, highlights from research findings, and future plans. Participants The South Australian ROSA Prospective Cohort (August 2018–June 2020) enrolled 26 605 participants, of which 59.2% (N=15 745) are women, with a median age of 83 (interquartile range (IQR) 77–88). The National ROSA Historical Cohort (January 2002–June 2020) includes 1 694 206 participants with an aged care eligibility assessment, of which 59.1% (N=1 001 705) are women and the median age is 78 (IQR 72–83). Findings to date Most research using the ROSA has focused on dementia, service accessibility, quality and safety of care, falls and injuries and quality use of medicines. The ROSA has also examined the experience of individuals with highly prevalent and understudied conditions in aged care settings (eg, eye and mental health) and aspects of services (eg, built environment) and innovation (eg, mobile radiological services) that can affect older people's health. Important learnings from the ROSA's development include the significant resources and multidisciplinary expertise required for establishing this platform. Between 2018 and 2022, 43 academic publications, eight reports of the Australian Government Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety, and several reports to state health authorities and professional societies have used the ROSA. Future plans Our plans include to: (1) continue delivering high-quality evidence to support the improvement of ageing and aged care services; (2) influence and improve the quality of research in and for the aged care sector; (3) expand scope to facilitate examining aims in more depth; (4) include future aged care sector data collections within the ROSA; (5) inform best practices and innovate how consumer engagement occurs in research; (6) monitor and evaluate the impact of the 2021 Australian Aged Care Reforms.


Many Russian intellectuals of the nineteenth and early twentieth century have been qualified by their contemporaries as Einzelgänger: Aleksandr Herzen, Pëtr Chaadaev, Ivan Kireevskii, Nikolai Strakhov, Konstantin Leont′ev, Vladimir Solov′ëv, Boris Chicherin and the Vekhiauthors, to mention just a few key figures in Russian thought. The frequent use of this characterization, which has come to be a persistent image of the Russian intellectual, prompts the question: how can an intellectual be isolated, misunderstood and seen to lack soulmates, and yet, at the same time, be an obshchestvennyi deiatel′, belong to a partiia, adhere to the editorial board of a newspaper or journal, and be a member of a society or circle? In other words, how might we characterize, or understand perceptions of, an individual who seemingly forms part of an intellectual network, but is nevertheless stigmatized, during his lifetime or later, as a loner? What did this isolated position signify exactly, and how was it created? Were these intellectuals misunderstood, ignored and not taken seriously? Was their work or were they


Orange juice may be a nutrient vehicle that helps to improve diet quality. The addition of whey allows the incorporation of high quality proteins. However, a good acceptability is necessary. The aims of the present study were: a) to assess the acceptability of a beverage prepared with orange juice (J) and whey powder (WP) at 7 g/100 g (J+WP7) or at 13 g/100 g (J+WP13); b) to measure available lysine content and ascorbic acid retention of the more accepted formulation, comparing the effect of HIPEF treatment (29 kV/cm, t(acum): 59 micros) with a conventional heat treatment at 75 degrees C, for 15 minutes (HT). The beverages were subjected to sensory evaluation (Friedman test). Available lysine was assessed by the Carpenter method, modified by Booth, and vitamin C by HPLC; minerals Na and K, by flame photometry; Ca, Mg and Zn by atomic absorption spectrometry. There were no significant differences between the acceptance of J and J+WP7. J+WP13 was significantly less accepted (p < 0.01), so it was discarded. Available lysine (mg/g protein) in untreated J+WP7 was 60.2 +/- 0.15; after treatments: 50.0 +/- 2.8 (HT) and 51.0 +/- 3.4 (HIPEF). The HIPEF treated J and (J+WP7) retained 100% and 98% of their vitamin C initial content and the HT treated, 91% and 88%, respectively. The amount of whey powder added to the orange juice conditioned the acceptability. The juice containing 7% of whey powder was well accepted, and after treatment by HIPEF, it retained a good nutritional quality, regarding available lysine, vitamin C retention and provision of mineral nutrients.


Nigerian veterinarians' attitude and responses to pain management predominantly in small animals were evaluated using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaires were administered to representatives of seventy small/large animal clinics and hospitals distributed across ten states of the country. The respondents possess the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) (58.6%), Master of Veterinary Science MVSc (32.9%) degrees, fellowship diplomas (5.7%) and PhD (2.9%) degree. Majority of the respondents (92.9%) had less than 20 years of post DVM clinical experience. Seventy- nine percent (79%) had good understanding of animal pain perception while 43% still hold the misconception that some degree of pain is beneficial to an animal after surgery. Pain rating excellently assigned to fracture reduction by 83% of practitioners, but inappropriately assigned by 66% of practitioners to caesarean section, 66% to laparotomy, 63% to ovariohysterectomy, 60% to mastectomy and 60% to dental procedures. Xylazine, lignocaine and ketamine were anaesthetic/analgesics commonly used. Respondents (98%) recognized pain based on animal's response to painful body part palpation, attitude of animal (97%), history by care giver (80%) and inappetence (73%). Determinants of analgesic drug choice for dogs/cats were: analgesic efficacy (99/29%); potential for toxicity (95/38%); availability (93/43%), side effect (86/42%), cost (82/37%), availability of information on the drug (76/36%), and ability of analgesic drug to cause sedation in the animal (65/33%). Respondents sourced information for analgesic therapeutics from: literature (73%), internet (80%), and drug leaflet (98%). In conclusion, most veterinarians surveyed had understanding of animal pain perception and use anaesthetic protocols that provide analgesia. Nonetheless, some of them still hold on to the misconception that minimal pain perception is beneficial to the patient at the post-operative period which may have influenced their non-provision of additional analgesia post-operatively.

 Key words: Pain, management, small animals, Nigerian veterinarians.


Control policies, trained using the Deep Reinforcement Learning, have been recently shown to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks introducing even very small perturbations to the policy input. The attacks proposed so far have been designed using heuristics, and build on existing adversarial example crafting techniques used to dupe classifiers in supervised learning. In contrast, this paper investigates the problem of devising optimal attacks, depending on a well-defined attacker's objective, e.g., to minimize the main agent average reward. When the policy and the system dynamics, as well as rewards, are known to the attacker, a scenario referred to as a white-box attack, designing optimal attacks amounts to solving a Markov Decision Process. For what we call black-box attacks, where neither the policy nor the system is known, optimal attacks can be trained using Reinforcement Learning techniques. Through numerical experiments, we demonstrate the efficiency of our attacks compared to existing attacks (usually based on Gradient methods). We further quantify the potential impact of attacks and establish its connection to the smoothness of the policy under attack. Smooth policies are naturally less prone to attacks (this explains why Lipschitz policies, with respect to the state, are more resilient). Finally, we show that from the main agent perspective, the system uncertainties and the attacker can be modeled as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process. We actually demonstrate that using Reinforcement Learning techniques tailored to POMDP (e.g. using Recurrent Neural Networks) leads to more resilient policies.


The simulation of quantum circuits using the tensor network method is very computationally demanding and requires significant High Performance Computing (HPC) resources to find an efficient contraction order and to perform the contraction of the large tensor networks. In addition, the researchers want a workflow that is easy to customize, reproduce and migrate to different HPC systems. In this paper, we discuss the issues associated with the deployment of the QuantEX quantum computing simulation software within containers on different HPC systems. Also, we compare the performance of the containerized software with the software running on bare metal.


Cytotoxic drugs administered in high dosage have a much greater effect on tumour cells than on normal cells.1 In recent years great advances have been made using combinations of cytotoxic drugs: combinations in high dosage given intermittently can often produce high anti-tumour activity with low toxicity and, during periods between treatment, the normal cells recover more rapidly than the malignant cells. Major successes have been achieved in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children2 and in lymphomas, particularly in Hodgkin's disease3 and in Burkitt's tumour. This article reviews chemotherapy in other malignant tumours. As optimum treatment schedules have not yet been developed in most of these diseases, dosages are not quoted, but references are given.


Hepatitis B vaccine (H. B. Vax), has been available for staff in the Portsmouth District Hospitals since 1983. Results from anti-HBs monitoring of recipients indicated high percentages of suboptimal responders and vaccine failures after three injections into the gluteal muscle. A single revaccination into the deltoid muscle boosted antibody status in suboptimal responders and should effect a more durable immunity in this situation.


As the capital of China, the industrialization and urbanization of Beijing has been in the forefront of the nation, which has entered the late stage. The proportion of the industrial sector has declined in the energy consumption sectors, while the household sector has gradually increased. Therefore, the focus of energy saving would gradually shift to the household sector. While the household energy consumption behaviors of the residents with different income levels are different, the policy measures guiding energy saving behaviors should be varied too. Firstly, basing on the statistical data collected, the relationships between the Beijing urban residents' income and household energy consumption were analyzed using the co-integration. The results show that the higher the income of urban household, the larger one's household energy consumption. Then, a survey on the Beijing urban households of different income has been conducted and then the questionnaires were analyzed. The results show that there are significant differences between the higher and the lower income households in energy consumption behavior. The higher-income households tend to buy high energy-consuming products.


We argue that the double-slit experiment can be understood much better by considering it as an experiment whereby
one uses electrons to study the set-up rather than an experiment whereby we use a set-up to study the behaviour of electrons.
We also show that the concept of undecidability (like e.g. occurs in G\"odel's theorem) can be used in an intuitive way to make sense of the double-slit experiment
and the quantum rules for calculating coherent and incoherent probabilities. We meet here a situation where the electrons always behave in a fully
deterministic way, while the detailed design of the set-up may render the question about the way they move through the set-up experimentally undecidable.
 It is very important to make a distinction in quantum mechanics
between the determinism of nature (Einstein)
and the decidability of a question within an experimental set-up (Bohr).
The former is about the absolute truth of an answer to a yes or no question, and follows binary logic
(true or false),
the latter about what an experimental set-up
can decide and tell about the truth of that answer, and follows ternary logic (true, false or undecidable).
Binary and ternary logic are incompatible.
The viewpoints of Bohr and Einstein are thus operating on different levels and it is only by confusing these two levels
that these two viewpoints seem to be irreconcilable.
We show that the expression $\psi_{1} + \psi_{2}$ for the wave function of the double-slit experiment is numerically correct, but logically flawed. It has to be replaced in the interference region
by the logically correct expression $\psi'_{1} + \psi'_{2}$, which has the same numerical value as
$\psi_{1} + \psi_{2}$, such that $\psi'_{1} + \psi'_{2} = \psi_{1} + \psi_{2}$,
but with $\psi'_{1} = {\psi_{1} +\psi_{2}\over{\sqrt{2}}} \,e^{\imath {\pi\over{4}} } \neq \psi_{1}$ and
$\psi'_{2} = {\psi_{1} +\psi_{2}\over{\sqrt{2}}}\,e^{-\imath {\pi\over{4}}}\neq \psi_{2}$.
Here $\psi'_{1}$ and $\psi'_{2}$ are the correct
contributions from the slits to the total wave function $\psi'_{1} + \psi'_{2}$.
We have then $p = |\psi'_{1} + \psi'_{2}|^{2} = |\psi'_{1}|^{2} + |\psi'_{2}|^{2} = p_{1}+p_{2} $ such that the paradox
that quantum mechanics (QM) would not follow the traditional rules of probability calculus disappears.
 The paradox is rooted in the wrong intuition that $\psi_{1}$ and $\psi_{2}$ would be the true physical contributions to
$\psi'_{1} + \psi'_{2} =\psi_{1} + \psi_{2}$ like in the case of waves in a water tank.
The solution proposed here is not {\em ad hoc} but based on an extensive analysis of the geometrical meaning of spinors within group representation theory
and its application to QM. Working further on the argument one can even show that an interference pattern is the only way to satisfy simultaneously
 two conditions: The condition obeying binary logic (in the spirit of Einstein) that the electron has only two mutually exclusive options to get to the detector (viz. going through slit S$_{1}$ or going through slit S$_{2}$) and the condition obeying ternary logic (in the spirit of Bohr)
 that the question which one of these two options the electron has taken is experimentally undecidable.
A very important element in the analysis is the problem of the non-existence of {\em common} probability distributions for different experimental set-ups.
And this is a recurrent theme in other situations that are felt as paradoxical.
The CHSH inequality used in the experiments of Aspect {\em et al.}
 clashes with quantum mechanics because it
is based on the assumption that there would exist a {\em common} probability distribution for the
hidden variables in the different experiments that have to be made to determine the various quantities that intervene in the inequality.
That common probability distribution for measured quantities does not exist is well known from quantum mechanics itself (because the operators that come into play do not commute and therefore do not have common eigenstates, i.e.
 common probability amplitudes). But this non-existence of common probability distributions applies also to certain variables in the set-ups of the different experiments and the latter fact
can also be explained by purely classical reasoning.


We report the comparison results of an HTS antenna array for circular polarization with a self cryostat and comparison with a gold counterpart. The HTS antenna array designed in this work was fabricated using a YBCO superconducting thin film on an MgO substrate, and the designed resonant frequency was 11.85 GHz. We used square patches with truncated corners for circular polarization and employed a corporate feed network using sequential rotation techniques for enhancement of axial ratio. A cryostat was constructed for the measurement of each antenna, and liquid nitrogen was used as a coolant. Measurements from HTS antennas, including return loss, bandwidth, gain, efficiency and axial ratio are presented and compared with those of gold counterparts. The measured results show that useful antennas can be made using the proposed architecture for satellite communication systems.


Nowadays there are lots of applications of power and free conveyors in logistics. They are the most frequently used conveyor systems worldwide. Overhead conveyor technologies like power and free systems are used in the most intra-logistics applications in trade and industry. The automotive, food, beverage and textile industry as well as aeronautic catering or engineering are among the applications. Power and free systems employ different manufacturing intervals in manufacturing as well as in production as temporary store and buffer. Depending on the application area, power and free conveyors are equipped with target controls enabling complex distribution-and sorting tasks. This article introduces a new power and free conveyor design in intra-logistics and explains its components. According to the explanation of the components, a model is created by means of their technical characteristics. Through the CAD software, the model is visualized. After that, the static analysis is evaluated. This analysis helps the calculation of the mandatory state of structures under force action. This powerful model helps companies achieve lower development costs as well as quicker market maturity. Keywords—Intra-logistics, material flow, power and free conveyor.


Prior to the recent updates of the JavaScript language specifications, developers had to use custom solutions to emulate constructs such as classes, modules, and namespaces in JavaScript programs. This paper introduces JSDEODORANT, an automatic approach for detecting function constructors declared locally, under a namespace, or even in other modules. The comparison with the state-of-the-art tool, JSClassFinder, shows that while the precision of the tools is very similar (97% and 98%), the recall of JSDEODORANT (98%) is much higher than JSClassFinder (61%).


Servitization of manufacturing is a fairly recent approach addressed in literature. The term is recognized as the process of creating value by integrating products with services. Servitization is supposed to contribute to a sustainable society through its potential to support dematerialization, i.e. reduction of materials used in production and consumption. Key aspects of lean are resource efficiency and customer-orientation. Though lean
production has gained a high degree of attention, few studies have addressed the potential relationships between lean and servitization. Servitization is however not only relevant from a sustainability perspective, but can be regarded as "the next step" to create user value. This paper aims at providing a better understanding of the relationships between lean and servitization through an analysis of literature where the lean and servitization
approaches are compared and contrasted. The underlying assumption is that a lean approach might support a manufacturing organization's transition towards a servitization organization.


In this paper, two- and three-pole microstrip LC constant fractional bandwidth (CFBW) and constant absolute bandwidth (CABW) tunable bandpass filters are proposed. The equivalent-circuit models are presented to study the tunable mechanism. The filter can be reconfigured by changing the capacitance of the LC resonators. Based on electric coupling coefficient compensation, second- and third-order tunable equivalent-circuit models with CFBW/CABW are presented. For demonstration, a semiconductor varactor diode loaded microstrip LC resonator is adopted in our work to design the second- and third-order tunable filters. The S-parameters, group delays, and third-order intercept points for different center frequencies of the filters are presented. Each resonator requires only one varactor diode for both central frequency and resonator coupling coefficient control.


Recently, the debate about the death penalty, its rational justification and social utility, has become more intense not only in the theological field, but also in the philosophic, judicial and political one. In the beginning, the article outlines briefly the development of traditional morality which, starting from an essentially retributive point of view, tends toward accepting the lawfulness of the death penalty. It goes on, than, to point out that Gospel forces catholic theology to go beyond the narrowness of retributive logic, working out a theory about death that respects more the person and its native rights. In this perspective the Death penalty is no longer reasonably justified, for which it becomes necessary to have recourse - as does the Catechism of the Catholic Church - to the theory of self-defence; this however at the cost of grave strains and incoherence.


Due to the increasing bandwidth and timing requirements, next generation communication backbones in cars will most likely base on real-time Ethernet variants that satisfy the demands of the new automotive applications. The upcoming IEEE 802.1Qbv standard shows communication approaches based on coordinated time devision multiple access (TDMA) to be good candidates for providing communication with determinism and highly precise timing. Implementing time-triggered architectures in software requires significant development effort and computational power. This paper shows a scalable HW/SW co-design approach for new real-time Ethernet controllers based on the partitioning into communication and application components. The tasks required for communication are divided: Time-critical and computationally intensive parts are realised in dedicated hardware modules allowing the attached CPU to fulfil the timing requirements of the automotive application without interference. The evaluation using a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based prototype implementation shows that the precision for the time-triggered transmission and the performance of the proposed implementation of the required synchronisation protocols satisfies the requirements of applications in the automotive domain.


Abstract Comparing the union of Christ's two natures to the body-soul union in a human being was a typical way among patristic authors to conceive the Incarnation. I argue that a novel use of the comparison emerged among Neochalcedonian theologians, esp. Leontius of Byzantium and Maximus Confessor. Their novelty lay in the concurrent refinement of the nature-hypostasis distinction required by Chalcedon. That refinement – particularly the shift from conceiving natures as self-subsistent to subsistent only in hypostases – opened unprecedented ways to make the anthropological comparison. Now there was a new, univocal tertium comparationis between Christ and the human being: in each case it's a hypostasis alone that makes two distinct natures really one. Neochalcedonian novelty supports the broader thesis that post-Chalcedonian Christology had profound impact on philosophy (cf. Johannes Zachhuber). In this case, Neochalcedonian Christology granted far greater insight into the fundamental mystery of the human person.


Upper Cretaceous agglutinated foraminifer assemblages from Hole 959D of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 159, Cote d'Ivoire-Ghana Transform Margin, reflect the subsidence history and paleoceanography of the widening equatorial Atlantic gateway. Five benthic foraminifer assemblage types are recognized: (1) Santonian and the lowermost Campanian assemblages (Cores 159-959D-65R and 64R) are characterized by the occurrence of bathyal calcareous benthic foraminifers with an increasing proportion of agglutinated foraminifers. The disappearance of calcareous foraminifers and assemblages exclusively composed of organically cemented agglutinated forms in Section 159-959D-65R-3 reflects the subsidence of the seafloor below the calcite compensation depth (CCD); (2) lower Campanian "biofacies B" assemblages (Cores 159-959D-63R through 61R) are exclusively composed of low-diversity agglutinated foraminifers, accompanied by abundant and occasionally well-preserved radiolarian assemblages; (3) middle Campanian to upper Maastrichtian deposits (Cores 159-959D-59R through 49R) contain an exclusively agglutinated Rzehakina epigona biofacies, which is well-known from middle to deep bathyal sites along the North Atlantic margins; (4) a change in agglutinated foraminifer assemblage composition toward morphologies commonly observed in present infaunal habitats and the common occurrence of the presumably infaunal genus Spiroplectammina are observed in Core 159-959D-48R. This change in agglutinated foraminifer assemblages corresponds to the Tethyan early Paleocene "Spiroplectammina event;" (5) a diversified Paleocene "Lizard Springs type" assemblage is characterized by several diverse Rzehakina, Saccamina, and Haplophragmoides species. Assemblages from Cores 159-959D-48R through 44R display high species diversity and reflect the deepest (lower bathyal to upper abyssal) paleobathymetry.

Ranges of agglutinated foraminifer marker species and occurrences of paleoceanographic events within this biostratigraphic framework are almost identical to those observed in the North Atlantic, in the Western Tethys, and along the conjugate Brazilian margin. These observations lead us to confirm that a deep-water circulation system common to the North and South Atlantic has been active at least since the Santonian.


Although scholars in the natural and human sciences will generally disavow any belief in distinct material and immaterial substances contemporary debates are phrased largely in terms that would have been familiar to the Greek philosophers, and which still divide human characteristics into 'divine' or 'transcendent' attributes--in modern terminology the surrogate terms are rational, cognitive, discursive, autonomous and creative--and 'animal' or 'corporeal' attributes--the surrogates being emotional, instinctive, determined, immutable, and bounded. This essential dualism preserves the three key dichotomies of mind/body, cognition/emotion and nature/nurture found in many, if not most, discussions of human nature. Neuroevolutionary psychobiology's concern to divide the brain into determined affective components and unbounded plastic neocortex by employing such concepts as 'exaptations', 'spandrels', and 'emergence' resides firmly within this quasi-theological Western philosophical tradition. This dualistic approach provides no coherent foundation for the critique of evolutionary psychology.