††† Summary Motivated by present day research trends that focus on application specific deployment and information processing in WSN, this paper presents, in general the design and implementation of rule based, simple, robust closed loop temperature control system using Virtual Instrumentation (VI) technology. It can be used for plethora of ZigBee WSN distributed measurement and control applications in areas like environmental monitoring and control, controlled-environment precision agriculture, building automation and process control. Using node based or zone - node based addressing scheme and double- averaging measuring technique, a ZigBee WSN, configured for periodic data transfer over adhoc multihop mesh network, transmits the measured value of zonal temperature as a feedback signal to the dual input, three-term fuzzy temperature controller. The controller software is designed to provide optimized output to drive a heating and cooling actuator network. The self-developed software (application program) with GUI, running on host PC, integrates and controls the operation of the hardware components to provide continuous temperature monitoring and control along with execution of add-on intelligent features. Looking into the practical aspects of deploying actuator network to drive FCEs that require external a.c / d.c power source along with low-power wireless sensor nodes, a novel ZigBee RS485 HWSAN (heterogeneous wireless sensor-actuator network) is proposed and used as system hardware for low-rate deterministic small to medium control networks. Housed in a small greenhouse (GH) chamber and controlled by system software, this network fuzzy temperature control system provides uniform and precise ambient temperature control within an offset of ±1% over a wide temperature range of -10 to 70°C at a fast rate with information refresh rate as high as 2s. It provides high measurement and control performance and has flexible and versatile design to support not only single zone\ area base deployment but multi-zonal network deployment, where each zone is treated independently to meet same or different set point conditions. Moreover, the network has desirable level of security in terms of accurate, reliable and timely data transfer, fault tolerant configuration, alarm indication in case of node detection or network communication problem and low battery status indication to avoid battery-drained dead node situation


This paper presents a framework for an integrated optimization model of supply chain functions in a multiplant, multi-product, multi-customer supply chain with deterministic demands. A mixed-binary integer programming model is proposed to integrate the capacitated location, production, and distribution (CLPD) functions within a supply chain. The integrated CLPD problem is formulated as a profit maximization model with capacity and demand constraints. The result is a framework from which to design entire supply chains from suppliers to customers. The proposed model is solved using OPL Studio 3.7 and solutions for four variations of the CLPD problem are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the integrated approach. The main contribution of this research is a multi-echelon, supply chain design and modeling hierarchy. This study was motivated by a perceived gap in the literature on supply chain modeling methods and supply chain frameworks.


This research article explores the synthesis of SiC/Si3N4 nanocomposite powder via a carbothermic reaction of silica xerogel under nitrogen atmosphere. The influence of both reaction temperature and nitrogen flow rate on the properties of the produced sample was thoroughly investigated. The results revealed that both reaction temperature and nitrogen flow rate played a very important role not only on the composition ratio of SiC/Si3N4 in the finally produced sample but also on the morphology of both phases. At 1300°C, spherical particles of 40 nm grain size for both phases (SiC and Si3N4) were produced, while silicon nitride is the predominant phase. With increasing the reaction temperature, the amount of SiC increased at the expense of the amount of Si3N4 till SiC becomes the predominant phase at 1500°C. At 1500°C, almost both phases have the shape of nanorods with different grain sizes. At low nitrogen flow rate and reaction temperature of 1500°C, SiC predominates while with increasing nitrogen flow rate the Si3N4 becomes the predominant phase. The photoluminescence spectra revealed that a strong emission was observed at 354 and 389 nm for the sample produced at low and high N2 flow rate, respectively. On the other hand, a high surface area of 578 and 471 m2/g were produced for samples prepared under low and high nitrogen flow rate, respectively. Also, the mechanism of formation of the SiC/Si3N4 nanocomposite powder was postulated.


In 77 systematically training young ice-hockey players aged 11--13 years their physical working capacity was assessed by the bicycle ergometric test PWC-170, and their heart volume was measured teleroentgenometrically. The physical working capacity of young ice-hockey players considerably exceeded that of their non-training coevals and older children. A positive correlation was found between the magnitude of the physical working capacity and the heart volume: the greater the initial heart volume, the higher the physical working capacity.


Volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits occur within several of the allochthonous terranes of the North American Cordillera in British Columbia. In this study, the age of mineralization was determined for a number of these deposits. The radiogenic isotopic and geochemical signatures of host rocks and the mineralization were used to constrain the tectonic settings in which these deposits formed. The radiogenic isotopic signatures and geochemical affinities of three of these deposits in Stikinia, the Middle Jurassic Au-Ag-rich Eskay Creek deposit, the Late Triassic Cu-rich Granduc deposit, and the Late Mississippian polymetallic Tulsequah Chief deposit, assist in defining the evolution of this complex terrane. Rhyolite, which hosts and underlies mineralization at Eskay Creek has a primitive radiogenic isotopic and chemical character which is distinct from that of rhyolites of the same age within the region. Similarly, basalt which structurally underlies mineralization at Granduc is isotopically and chemically primitive relative to basalt which occurs within the same group regionally, and indicates formation within a back arc basin or immature island arc. The Tulsequah Chief deposit in northern Stikinia exhibits isotopic and geochemical features indicative of a more evolved island arc setting, which may reflect a variation in the basement to this terrane. The Cu-Zn-rich Kutcho Creek VMS deposit is hosted within felsic-dominated strata of the Kutcho Assemblage. Permo-Triassic to earliest Triassic ages are established for volcanic rocks which host mineralization. These ages, along with primitive radiogenic isotopic and geochemical signatures, indicate that these rocks and their contained mineralization formed in a primitive arc or fore-arc setting built on oceanic basement. Uranium-Pb dating and isotopic and geochemical studies of volcanic and intrusive rocks in fault-bounded slices further south in the Cordillera indicate that this Permo-Triassic magmatic event was widespread, and possibly define a new terrane. Age, isotopic and geochemical information was also obtained for igneous rocks within pendants and belts enclosed within the Coast Plutonic Complex which host VMS mineralization. New data for intrusive rocks from the Scotia-Quaal Belt and Anyox pendant are permissive of formation of these units within Stikinia.


This study examined the most effective ways to utilize unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for wildlife conservation. More specifically, a UAV platform was created that can perform multiple data collection tasks by utilizing interchangeable modules. The prototype produced in this study has the capability to perform many tasks through the use of interchangeable modules. These tasks include, but are not limited to aerial surveys and collection of biological samples. This innovative technology will provide invaluable assistance to conservation efforts by reducing research and subject injury or death while maximizing efficiency. The modular design of the prototype was developed for retail to major UAV manufacturers and individual researchers. By utilizing a remotely operated system, biologists will be able to collect data in more remote areas, cover a larger area in the same amount of time, and have a safer distance between themselves and potentially harmful wildlife. A modular design will limit the amount of individual supplies needed for multiple samplings. This modular UAV system helps to extend current research done in remote locations, protects researchers working with dangerous wildlife, and provides a more effective and efficient method of data collection.


STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective analysis of a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of 30 858 patients being treated for a lumbar spine dysfunction in outpatient physical therapy.

OBJECTIVES
To determine effect of adding a single-item screening variable classifying patients with elevated versus not-elevated scores of fear-avoidance beliefs of physical activities at intake, on a model predicting risk-adjusted functional status (FS) outcomes.

BACKGROUND
Outcomes must be risk-adjusted before making meaningful interpretations. Elevated fear-avoidance beliefs scores have been predictive of poor outcomes. But the importance of elevated fear-avoidance scores in a multivariable model predicting FS outcomes needs further study.

METHODS
Using retrospective analyses, predictive ability (R2) of multivariable linear regression models of discharge FS with and without classification by elevated versus not-elevated fear-avoidance scores were compared, while controlling for intake FS, age, symptom acuity, surgical history, gender, number of comorbidities, and payer. Percent variance controlled and beta coefficients (95% confidence intervals) of each variable in both models were compared. A split-half design was used for model cross-validation. Predictive ratios (predicted FS, divided by actual discharge FS) were assessed.

RESULTS
Adding fear-avoidance beliefs classification to the discharge FS model improved (P<.001) model predictive ability but only slightly (R2 without, and with, fear-avoidance classification, 0.2997 and 0.3010, respectively). Variables impacted models similarly (95% confidence intervals not different). Fear-avoidance classification added 0.2% data variance control to the existing model. Cross-validation was supported. Predictive ratios were 1.09 and 1.10, without and with fear-avoidance, respectively.

CONCLUSION
Although screening for elevated fear-avoidance beliefs of physical activities significantly improves the FS outcomes predictive model, the amount of additional meaningful interpretation of FS outcomes was minimal. Exploration of other clinically relevant variables designed to improve outcomes prediction is warranted.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognosis, level 2c.


Heat transfer enhancement is categorized into passive and active methods. Active methods need external power to input the process; in contrast, passive methods do not require any additional energy to improve the thermohydraulic performance of the system. Passive methods are widely used in both experimental and numerical applications when investigat-ing heat transfer enhancement and friction losses to save energy and costs. The many passive methods for increasing heat transfer rate include various components located in the fluid flow path, such as twisted tapes, coiled or tangled wires, and nozzle turbulators. The present paper represents a comprehensive review that focused on heat transfer enhancement methods with coiled wire and twisted tape inserts since the installation of inserts is easier and more economical. The thermodynamic performance of heat exchange components is also affected by the flow conditions such as laminar or turbulence. The present review comprises investigations on the enhancement of heat transfer using twisted tape and coiled wire inserts in laminar and turbulent flow region. characteristics of heat transfer and pressure drop in a tube with coiled wire inserts separated from the tube wall by two different distances. The results showed that the Nusselt number and pressure drop increase with decreasing distance between the coiled wire and the tube wall.


Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) is one of the process that has very high potential for industrial wastewater treatment of dyes. In this research, Red 3BS dye was extracted from simulated wastewater using Tridodecylamine as the carrier agent, sodium hydroxide as the stripping agent, kerosene as the diluent and span 80 was used as emulsifier. The important parameters affecting the Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) extraction process including external phase concentration, treat ratio (emulsion/ external phase), concentration of carrier and agitation speed were investigated. The results show that the Red 3BS dye can be extracted almost 70% from simulated wastewater. The highest Red 3BS dye extraction was obtained by using 0.07 M Tridodecylamine, 5% (w/v) Span 80, 250 rpm agitation speed, 0.5 M thiourea in 1.0 M sodium hydroxide as the stripping agent, 1:3 treat ratio and kerosene as the diluent. As a conclusion, the Emulsion Liquid Membrane has a high potential in the extraction of dye from wastewater.


The temporal lobe agenesis syndrome is a rare congenital abnormality. In previous case reports, this syndrome has been described in association with arachnoid cysts or abnormal collections of CSF. An autopsy performed in the case of our 25-year-old patient revealed agenesis of frontal and temporal lobes without an anatomic cyst. During life the patient had no neurologic abnormalities that could be related to the lesion.


A substantial fraction of insurance bought by consumers and small businesses is sold through insurance agents rather than purchased directly from firms. Insurance agents can serve valuable "market-making" functions by providing information to both sides of a transaction; and they can offer unsophisticated parties useful advice about how to choose from among a surfeit of complex options. At the same time, agents can inefficiently withhold information and distort consumer choices by providing misleading information or operating in their own self-interests. This Chapter surveys the legal and economic literature on intermediaries operating in consumer-driven insurance markets, analyzing the extent to which competition and/or regulation promote objective and high-quality coverage information and advice. It concludes that neither market forces nor legal or regulatory rules substantially constrain insurance agents' capacity to advance their own interests by providing biased advice, though direct empirical evidence about the frequency of such misbehavior is limited. Although legal or regulatory reforms could improve matters, the Chapter suggests that institutional-cum-technological developments now underway will likely lead to the replacement of human insurance agents by software similar to that which has largely displaced human travel agents. This change poses both opportunities and pitfalls for regulation. Software may provide more accurate, less biased and more easily-regulated market-making services than humans now do. But it may also facilitate mismatching and be subject to the same kinds of misguided incentives as human intermediaries.


We propose a network architecture which uses a single internal layer of locally-tuned processing units to learn both classification tasks and real-valued function approximations (Moody and Darken 1988). We consider training such networks in a completely supervised manner, but abandon this approach in favor of a more computationally efficient hybrid learning method which combines self-organized and supervised learning. Our networks learn faster than backpropagation for two reasons: the local representations ensure that only a few units respond to any given input, thus reducing computational overhead, and the hybrid learning rules are linear rather than nonlinear, thus leading to faster convergence. Unlike many existing methods for data analysis, our network architecture and learning rules are truly adaptive and are thus appropriate for real-time use.


During the last decades, eating out of home (OH) has gained importance in the diets worldwide. We document the nutritional characteristics of eating OH and its associations with energy intake, dietary quality and socioeconomic status. We carried out a systematic review of peer‐reviewed studies in eight databases up to 10 March 2011. Of the 7,319 studies retrieved, 29 met the inclusion criteria and were analysed in this review. The quality of the data was assessed and a sensitivity analysis was conducted by isolating nationally representative or large cohort data from 6 and 11 countries, respectively. OH foods were important sources of energy in all age groups and their energy contribution increased in adolescents and young adults. Eating OH was associated with a higher total energy intake, energy contribution from fat in the daily diet and higher socioeconomic status. Two large studies showed how eating OH was also associated with a lower intake of micronutrients, particularly vitamin C, Ca and Fe. Although the studies were cross‐sectional and heterogeneous in the way they classified eating OH, we conclude that eating OH is a risk factor for higher energy and fat intake and lower micronutrient intake.


The application of effective energy management strategies in data centers is often hindered by the substantial conflict between the interests of cloud users and infrastructure owners. As a matter of fact, cloud users require that the service level they are paying for is tightly met, whereas data center owners try to cut down their operational expenses. In this paper, we propose a novel consolidation algorithm that exploits emerging software development paradigms. Our approach enables cloud users to indicate their willingness to apply energy saving mechanisms to some of their virtual resources, hence giving infrastructure managers the ability to apply more efficient workload consolidation and to switch their hardware to very low-power states. The result is an optimal trade-off between energy consumption and performance.


The change in void ratio with change in water content of expansive clayey soils due to soil desiccation and water absorption has been identified as the integral/combined curve referred to as S-curve, which describes both swelling and shrinkage paths in the form of the void ratio versus moisture content relationship. General characteristics of the S-curve and its determination procedure are described in detail in this paper, including presentation of the theoretical considerations, phase diagrams for both swelling and shrinkage conditions, and the primary paths of the S-curve. The swelling/shrinkage characteristic curve in the form of the volume change versus moisture content relationship is also presented as a swelling potential chart that can be used to evaluate the swelling potential of desiccated expansive clays.


ABSTRACT We report here that the bzd genes for anaerobic benzoate degradation in Azoarcus sp. strain CIB are organized as two transcriptional units, i.e., a benzoate-inducible catabolic operon, bzdNOPQMSTUVWXYZA, and a gene, bzdR, encoding a putative transcriptional regulator. The last gene of the catabolic operon, bzdA, has been expressed in Escherichia coli and encodes the benzoate-coenzyme A (CoA) ligase that catalyzes the first step in the benzoate degradation pathway. The BzdA enzyme is able to activate a wider range of aromatic compounds than that reported for other previously characterized benzoate-CoA ligases. The reduction of benzoyl-CoA to a nonaromatic cyclic intermediate is carried out by a benzoyl-CoA reductase (bzdNOPQ gene products) detected in Azoarcus sp. strain CIB extracts. The bzdW, bzdX, and bzdY gene products show significant similarity to the hydratase, dehydrogenase, and ring-cleavage hydrolase that act sequentially on the product of the benzoyl-CoA reductase in the benzoate catabolic pathway of Thauera aromatica. Benzoate-CoA ligase assays and transcriptional analyses based on lacZ-reporter fusions revealed that benzoate degradation in Azoarcus sp. strain CIB is subject to carbon catabolite repression by some organic acids, indicating the existence of a physiological control that connects the expression of the bzd genes to the metabolic status of the cell.


The knowledge of the flow behavior of metals during hot deformation is of great importance in determining the optimum forming conditions. In this paper, the flow stress of 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 (ANSI 316L) austenitic stainless steel in elevated temperature is measured with compression deformation tests. The temperatures at which the steel is compressed are 800-1100°C with strain rates of 0.01-1s-1. A mathematical regression model is proposed to describe the flow stress and the validation of the model is conducted also. The proposed model can be used to predict the corresponding flow stress-strain response of 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 stainless steel in elevated temperature for the numerical simulation and design of forming process.


Larger in area than the United States and Europe combined, Siberia is a land of extremes, not merely in terms of climate and expanse, but in the many kinds of lives its population has led over the course of four centuries. Janet M. Hartley explores the history of this vast Russian wasteland--whose very name is a common euphemism for remote bleakness and exile--through the lives of the people who settled there, either willingly, desperately, or as prisoners condemned to exile or forced labor in mines or the gulag. From the Cossack adventurers' first incursions into "Sibir" in the late sixteenth century to the exiled criminals and political prisoners of the Soviet era to present-day impoverished Russians and entrepreneurs seeking opportunities in the oil-rich north, Hartley's comprehensive history offers a vibrant, profoundly human account of Siberia's development. One of the world's most inhospitable regions is humanized through personal narratives and colorful case studies as ordinary--and extraordinary--everyday life in "the nothingness" is presented in rich and fascinating detail.


The accumulation of CO2 in the gaseous envelope around the Earth due to rapid deforestation and advanced industrialization corresponding to high demand of explosive population creates major environmental hazard. So, there is an urgent need to find the solution for reduction of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. A number of methods including absorption, adsorption, use of cryogenic and membranes etc, have been followed for post combustion CO2 capture, out of them adsorption can be considered to be one of the most promising methods. It is well known that, carbon based materials are gifted candidate for effective adsorption of CO2 because of their chemical inertness, low cost and high surface area. Again, amine functionalized groups have potential activity for selective capture of CO2 from flue gases and ambient air because of its high basicity (Scheme 1). So, fabrication of amine functionalized graphene oxide is emphasized globally. Some materials like zeolites, mesoporous silica, porous carbons, and metal organic frameworks are reported for higher adsorption capacity but comparatively poor selectivity to CO2. Researchers have introduced 2-D graphene sheet for impregnation of amine with a purpose of CO2 adsorption as they have high surface area, high thermal & mechanical stability. Several techniques like Pressure Swing Adsorption, Vacuum Swing Adsorption, Thermal Swing Adsorption, Electric Swing Adsorption and Thermal Swing Sorption-Enhanced Reaction are developed for adsorption, cited in literature. Main purpose of the work is to review the reported experimental methods cum results along with future research aspect for CO2 adsorption by amine functionalized graphene-based materials.


Double Compression Expansion Engine (DCEE) concepts are split-cycle concepts where the main target is to improve brake efficiency. Previous simulations work [1] suggests these concepts has a potential to significantly improve brake efficiency relative to contemporary engines. However, a high peak efficiency alone might be of limited value. This is because a vehicle must be able to operate in different conditions where the engine load requirements changes significantly. An engine's ability to deliver high efficiency at the most frequently used load conditions is more important than peak efficiency in a rarely used load condition. The simulations done in this paper studies the efficiency at low, mid and full load for a DCEE concept proposal. Two load control strategies have been used, lambda and Miller (late intake valve closing) strategies. Also, effects from charge air cooling has also been studied. The Miller load control strategy reduces the overall peak cylinder pressure (PCP) due to a reduced compression ratio. A lower peak pressure has the advantage of reducing friction loss, since this loss is correlated with peak cylinder pressure. However, the less diluted air/fuel-mixture leads to higher combustion temperature which will increase overall heat loss and reduce thermodynamic efficiency. The studies also show that the charge air cooler (CAC) should not be used at low engine loads, because of the high heat loss it creates. However, at high loads the CAC is very useful because it both improves thermal efficiency and increases the maximum load by 12%, given the limitation on air/fuel-ratio (should be kept above 1.2). (Less)


DOWNLOAD PDF Classroom action research aims to improving the students' activities and biology learning outcomes through the application of  SQ3R ( Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review ) method. The subjects were students of VIII A class at SMP Negeri 1 Lamuru, semester I, 2011/2012 academic years, consisted of 24 students, 13 male and 11 female. The research was carried out into two cycles. Collected data of learning outcomes were analyzed by using quantitative analysis. The results showed that the application of SQ3R method could improve the students' activities and biology learning outcomes. The improvements were shown by findings from cycle I to cycle II, namely: (1) the students' activities showed improvement in asking, reading, finding the pictures from the whole materials, and mentioning the answers, (2) the students' learning outcomes improved from the average score in cycle I was 63.19 to 74.86 in cycle II. In addition, improvement also occurred in a number of the students in mastery learning which in cycle 1 was 41.67% and in cycle II was 83.33%. Based on the findings, it could be concluded that the implementation of SQ3R method improved the students' activities and biology learning outcomes of VIII A class at SMP Negeri 1 Lamuru. Key words: Learning activity, learning outcomes, SQ3R method


The posterior approach to the hip is the most common extensile approach used, however exposure is limited superiorly by the superior gluteal neurovascular bundle (SGNB). The extra-pelvic course of the SGNB demonstrates variability between individuals, occasionally located only 1 cm from the acetabular rim. In complex acetabular reconstructions where the application of a reinforcement cage maybe required protecting the SGNB is challenging. The flanges of these cages are designed to sit on the ilium superior to the acetabular rim and to receive screws for fixation. The application of such cages may result in iatrogenic injury to the SGNB by way of forceful retraction or entrapment. We describe a technique that involves exposure and release of the SGNB such that the flanges of cage constructs may be safely applied.


The paper analyzes the scope for the private market for pandemic insurance and discusses the potential role of the financial market and the government. Building on a premise that pandemics are classified as catastrophic risks by the insurance industry, we start by providing a framework that explains theoretically how the catastrophe insurance supply and demand depend on the skewed and fat-tailed loss distributions and the co-movement between insurance stocks performance and the financial market. We use the model to estimate the supply of insurance for natural catastrophes. Then, by using the high-frequency data that tracks the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US, we calibrate the loss distribution of a hypothetical insurance contract designed to alleviate the impact of the pandemic on small businesses and employment. The model of catastrophic insurance supply provides a calibration of the supply of pandemic insurance and allows us to compare it to other types of catastrophic insurance. Building on our estimation results, we discuss the scope for the risk transfer to the financial market and the role of the government.


According to the American Heart Association, the cardiac disease accounts for over 800,000 deaths every year (1 of every 3 deaths) in the US alone. Mitral regurgitation, which occurs in 2% of the population, has become the dominant valvular disease contributing to the high death rate caused by cardiac disease. The existing percutaneous treatments of mitral regurgitation suffer from compression of left circumflex artery, limiting their performance and causing serious iatrogenic consequences. Moreover, they are not tunable resulting in limited functionality. In this thesis, a catheter-based tunable device is designed to be implanted inside the coronary sinus for improving mitral regurgitation grade while minimizing the applied force on the left circumflex artery. A comprehensive computed tomography scan image analysis and experiments are performed to extract the required information for the design of the device and its evaluation with FEM simulations. A new effective engagement mechanism for integrating the device with the steerable catheter is designed and tested through large-scale experiments.

Additionally, a temperature insensitive force/torque sensor is designed for guiding and introducing the device. This sensor can also be used in other catheter-based devices such as cardiac ablation catheters. The sensing structure of the sensor and its sensing method are evaluated by FEM simulations and large-scale prototyping. The actual-scale prototype of the sensor is fabricated, and the experiments are performed for analyzing the static and dynamic response of the sensor and its temperature cross-sensitivity.


Checking railway status is critical to guarantee high operating safety, proper maintenance schedule, low maintenance and operating costs. This operation consists of the analysis of the rail profile and level as well as overall geometry and undulation. Traditional detection systems are based on mechanical devices in contact with the track. Innovative approaches are based on laser scanning and image analysis. This paper presents an efficient composite technique for track profile extraction with real-time image processing. High throughput is obtained by algorithmic pre-filtering to restrict the image area containing the track profile, while high accuracy is achieved by neural reconstruction of the profile itself.


During the period of the so-called Silver age of Russian culture, three outstanding translators of the Greek tragedy, Tadeusz Zieliński, Innokentiy Annensky and Vyacheslav Ivanov, put forward the idea of the third, Slavonic Renaissance – the new rebirth of Antiquity, with the leading role of the Slavic peoples, particularly the Russians. They claimed that while the first Renaissance was Romanesque and the second German (in the era of Winckelmann, Goethe and German classical philology), the third one was supposed to be Slavonic. In the early Soviet period, the idea of Slavonic Renaissance brought about some unexpected results, first of all precisely in the sphere of theater. The paper focuses on how symbolist ideas got to be expressed in the performances of classical tragedies. Ivanov authored the expression "creative self-performance" that later, in the Soviet era, acquired the meaning of "non-professional performance," such as comedies staged by "sailors and the Red Army soldiers," Adrian Piotrovsky's "amateur theatre," and the pioneer reconstruction of the scenic performance of Aristophanes' comedies done by Sergey Radlov, Adrian Piotrovsky, and others.


Nasogastric tubes provide a safe means of delivering nutrition support to many patients in hospital and the community. Insertion and care of these tubes will be familiar to many nurses. Evidence has shown that misplaced tubes, either on insertion or during use, can cause serious harm or even death to patients. This article explores the safety challenges posed during the insertion and maintenance of nasogastric tubes. Guidance and evidence should provide nurses with the knowledge, skills and reassurance to manage these tubes safely.


A computer is a big investment, but the time you spend to learn your way around it shouldn't be. Mac OS X Tiger In a Snap is designed specifically for you and the millions of other people who don't have the time to devote to learning the Mac operating system inside and out before youi¾ begin using it. The modular format of Mac OS X Tiger In a Snap lets you zero in on the information you need and then get back to work. You will learn how to: Work with "home office"i¾ applications Network your Mac Communicate with iChat Work with the iLife applications Customize Mac OS X Update system software Perform rescue operationsWith expert tips and tricks interspersed throughout the tasks, Mac OS X Tiger In a Snap will help youi¾ quickly get up to speed with your Mac.


PURPOSE
The aim of the present study was to evaluate visual acuity (VA) and central macular thickness (CMT) to assess the influence of serous retinal detachment (SRD) in eyes with macular edema (ME) secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).

METHODS
Sixty-one eyes with BRVO from 61 patients with ME were analyzed and divided into two groups according to the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings of SRD and cystoid macular edema (CME). All patients underwent complete ophthalmic examinations and OCT measurements (Cirrus, Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc, Dublin, CA). Patients with marked retinal hemorrhage, diabetic retinopathy, previous laser photocoagulation, and/or intravitreal injection were excluded.

RESULTS
The mean age of included patients (37 males, 24 females) was 65.4 ± 11.4 (53-77) years. There were 21 patients with SRD and 40 patients with CME. All of the 21 patients with SRD had CME. VA was significantly worse in the SRD group compared with the CME (non-SRD) group (0.82 ± 0.34 logMAR vs 0.64 ± 0.38 logMAR; P=0.005). Conversely, CMT was significantly greater in the SRD group than in the CME group (465 ± 115 µ vs 387 ± 85 µ; P=0.00004).

CONCLUSION
SRD may be associated with decreased VA. The prognosis of patients with BRVO and SRD requires further investigation.


Occlusal dental caries often is not apparent using traditional diagnostic techniques. The clinical significance of pit-and-fissure discoloration in the absence of dietary and habit substances was examined. The study included 462 extracted teeth (216 with obvious pit-and-fissure discoloration, 216 with subtle discoloration, and 30 with no discoloration); 130 clinical teeth with varying degrees of pit-and-fissure discoloration; and 159 teeth in young adults, which had sealants placed > or = 10 years. All teeth studied were excavated very conservatively using air abrasion and/or the uniquely small H1 004 carbide bur. Presence of caries and its depth and extent were recorded, photographed, and measured with a custom made calibrated probe. Of the 721 teeth with discolored pits and fissures studied (432 extracted teeth and 289 clinical teeth), 660 (92%) had two or more of the four clinical criteria used to define dental caries in this study. Sixty-four percent of the lesions were > 2 mm in depth and 27% were > 3 mm in depth. Of the 159 teeth sealed for > or = 10 years, 47 (92%) were carious, and 26% had large, deep carious lesions penetrating > 3 mm. These data indicate: more effective methods are needed to diagnose pit-and-fissure caries and presence of pit-and-fissure discoloration in the absence of substances causing extrinsic staining should be a strong warning for clinicians to examine carefully for dental caries.


Temporal changes in biomass, rate of photosynthetic activity and chemical composition of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (Ucr.) Asch., under the influence of various environmental factors, were followed in the Faborsa Bay, Northern Adriatic. Throughout the year the estimated average biomass was about 130 g dry wt m -2 with annual production of 80 g C m -2 . In general, leaf length, biomass and production showed clear seasonality, with maximum values during the summer period (July-September) and clear minima in winter. Net oxygen production was closely related to biomass, leaf length, chlorophyll concentration, water temperature and incident light intensity. No clear seasonality was observed in the chemical composition (protein, fats, total phosphorus) of C. nodosa. Over the annual cycle, the range of measured variables was 10-16% for protein, 1.7-3.1% for fat, 0.3-0.8% for phosphorus, 1.6-2.6 for nitrogen in leaves, and 5-17% for protein, 0.9-3.2% for fat, 0.1-0.6% for phosphorus and 0.9-2.8 for nitrogen in roots.


: Patients with malignant melanomas and breast cancer (83 men and women) were examined. On the basis of study of the DNA contents in nuclei of epitheliocytes from the mucous oral cavity, index of their nuclei heterogeneity we have revealed disturbances in maturation and differentiation of cells. They were arranged to the spinous layer of the oral mucosa. The disturbances were caused by the tumour influence on the functional state of the mucosa.


In this paper, the effect of imperfect channel state information at the receiver, which is caused by noise and other interference, on the multi-access channel capacity is analyzed by means of a statistical-mechanical approach. Replica analysis focus on analytically studying how the minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimation error appears in the multiuser channel capacity formula and mathematical expressions are derived. At the same time, numerical simulation results are demonstrated to validate the replica analysis. The simulation results show how the system parameters, such as channel estimation error, system load and signal-to-noise ratio, effect on the channel capacity.


Author(s): Iwai, Kosuke | Advisor(s): Lin, Liwei | Abstract: The combination of microfabrication and microfluidics has enabled a variety of opportunities in making new tools for biological and diagnostic applications. For example, microdroplets-based systems have attracted lots of attentions in recent years due to potential advantages in controlled environments with fast reaction time, high-throughput and low noises. This work presents a number of advanced microfluidic systems in process, control and manipulation of microdroplets, including finger-powered pumps to generate microdroplets, continuous-flow rupture reactors for the rupture and content retrieval of microdroplets, and magnetic microcapsules for drug delivery applications. Prototype `finger-powered' pumping systems have been designed and constructed and integrated with passive fluidic diodes to pump microfluidics, including the formation of microdroplets. No electrical power is needed for pumping by using a human finger as the actuation force to generate pressure heads. Both multilayer soft lithography and injection molding processes have been successfully utilized to make the pumping systems. Experimental results revealed that the pressure head generated from a human finger could be tuned based on the geometric characteristics of the system, with a maximum observed pressure of 7.6±0.1 kPa. In addition to the delivery of multiple, distinct fluids into microfluidic channels, the finger-powered pumping system is also employed to achieve rapid formation of both water-in-oil droplets (106.9±4.3 μm in diameter) and oil-in-water droplets (75.3±12.6 μm in diameter), as well as the encapsulation of endothelial cells in microdroplets without using any external or electrical controllers. To advance the technology of microdroplets in microfluidic systems, the technique to rupture microdroplets via the continuous-flow micropost array railing systems has been developed. The key step is to transport water-in-oil microdroplets with surfactant into the pure oil microchannel to wash away the surfactant and allow the washed microdroplets to transport to the next water microchannel and rupture at the oil-water interface boundary. Microdroplets-based nanoparticle synthesis systems have been fabricated to demonstrate synthesis and retrieval of iron oxide nanoparticles without the need of an external centrifuge machine. In a second demonstration, a rapid solution alteration system for the bead-in-droplet microreactors has been demonstrated via the continuous flow micropost array railing technique. The prototype system has accomplished: (i) the retrieval of microbeads in water-in-oil droplets by the 'rupture' of the droplets, (ii) transfer of the released microbeads into a second solution, and (iii) the formation of new water-in-oil droplets containing the original microbeads and a different, second droplet solution. In these experiments, a total of four different microdroplets generation systems have been fabricated and different designs and operation conditions result in different sizes of microdroplets, including 41.1 μm for the basic microdroplets rupture demonstration, 67.5 μm for nanoparticle synthesis experiments, 61.1 μm in the original solution, and 38.6 μm for the new solution in the bead-in- droplets alternation experiments. In the last example, a new class of magnetic microcapsules with aqueous core and polymer shell containing magnetic nanoparticles has been demonstrated for possible drug delivery applications. The combination of multi-layer flow-focusing methodology and an optofluidic polymerization process is employed to form double emulsions of water-in-photocurable polymer microdroplets. A subsequently polymerization process cure the magnetic polymer shells and encapsulates drug materials in the core. Experimentally, remote manipulations of the magnetic microcapsules by applying an external magnetic field have been achieved. As such, the proposed microcapsules have the potential to overcome a number of hurdles associated with current state-of-art technologies: (1) magnetic shells can be guided by DC magnetic field for location control; (2) magnetic particles can be heated by AC magnetic field to break or change the porosity of the shells for active drug release control; and (3) encapsulated microdroplets can prevent the possible degradation and contamination of the drug materials during the transportation processes.


Material candidates for energy absorption in head impact countermeasures for automotive applications are evaluated using both quasi-static and dynamic test methods. Ranking of different materials turns out to be difficult since the mechanical response of a material could vary considerably with temperature, especially for polymers. Twenty-eight selected materials, including foams, honeycombs and balsa wood are tested and evaluated. The materials are subjected to a sequence of tests in order to thin out the array systematically. Quasi-static uni-axial compression is used for initial mapping of the selected materials, followed by quasi-static shear and dynamic uni-axial compression. The quasi-static test results show that balsa wood has by far the highest energy absorption capacity per unit weight but the yield strength is too high to make it suitable for the current application. The subsequent dynamic compression tests are performed for strain rates between 56 s−1 and 120 s−1 (impact velocities between 1.4 and 3 m/s) and temperatures in the range −20 - 60 °C. The test results emphasize the necessity of including both strain rate and temperature dependency to acquire reliable results from computer simulations of the selected materials.


Diabetes is a growing epidemic worldwide characterized by an elevated concentration of blood glucose, associated with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Although in general reduction of hyperglycaemia is considered a therapeutic goal, hypoglycaemic therapies do not necessarily reduce cardiovascular mortality and may even aggravate cardiovascular risk factors, such as body weight. A new class of antidiabetic drugs acts by inhibition of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), which (partially) prevents reabsorption of glucose from the renal filtrate. The induction of glucose excretion via the urine (glycosuria) was turned into an effective strategy to reduce blood glucose. Ancillary advantages are the caloric and volumetric loss and thereby the reduction of body weight and blood pressure. Additionally, SGLT2 inhibition has been suggested to exert direct cardioprotective effects by the reduction of cardiac fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This article summarizes the functional consequences of SGLT2 inhibition on the diabetic and hyperglycaemic organism. We especially focused on the effects on the kidney and the cardiovascular system as described in experimental studies. The interesting observations in experimental studies may extend to clinical medicine, as a recent trial reported a decrease in heart failure outcomes in patients at high cardiovascular risk. In conclusion, SGLT2 inhibition represents a novel treatment, which might be a promising target not only to (further) reduce blood glucose but also to target other cardiovascular risk factors. More research and long-term follow-ups will reveal the specific influence of SGLT2 inhibition on the circulatory system and cardiovascular outcomes.


Portuguese ceramic tiles of different origins from XVIth century to XXth century were studied. In this work we describe microstructural, mechanical and mineralogical characterisation and water absorption studies. Microstructural features (pore size) were determined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs. Mechanical tests (four point bending) were performed and the bending strength was determined from the fracture loads. From water absorption essays the absorption coefficient and the total amount of water retained were obtained and the open porosity was estimated. The maximum water absorbed tends to decrease from XVIth century until XXth century, showing a more pronounced drop for the tiles of the XIXth and XXth centuries. This evolution is also observed in the open porosity values. From image analysis data we also observed that porosity decreases progressively with time and an important drop is observed for XXth century tiles. The bending resistance of tiles from XVIIth to XXth century is almost constant and higher than that of XVIth century samples. This evolution does not correlate with porosity. Advances in ceramic processing, such as higher firing temperatures may lead to the appearance of quartz as almost the only crystalline phase. We consider that an increase in the bending strength is due to a more effective vitrification and a lower porosity.


The following topics in genetic disease diagnosis are discussed: the characteristics of the ideal testing machine; accurate detection of any disease; studying any tissue; inexpensive/easy to run tests; regulatory agency approval; testing for predisposition to common diseases; getting started in genetic disease testing. The first conclusion one should draw from this discussion is that one cannot start to develop genetic testing devices by considering the machine first. All testing device development must start with an examination of the biology to be tested. Because of the many different kinds of genetic diseases at the molecular level, it is clear that a wide range of devices will be required. >


This article investigates Grammatical Metaphor (GM) in Chinese by analyzing the use of GM instances in a data set formed by 37 extracts from scientific textbooks. The article first develops a framework for the identification and categorization of GM in Chinese. It then explores the distribution of GM categories and GM syndromes. For this aim, the instances in data are identified and quantified in terms of thirteen basic categories and seven types of syndromes. The article also investigates the impacts of generic structure and language development on the deployment of GM. The relationship between GM deployment and generic structure is explored by comparing the degree of GM in extracts drawn from different genres. The effect of language development on GM deployment is explored by comparing the extent of metaphor in extracts representing different levels of writing. It is found that GM distribution in Chinese is not random but determined jointly by the general tendency of GM construction and the typological properties of Chinese. Moreover, this study shows that the deployment of GM is affected by generic structure and language development.


The optical implementation of a neural network consists of two basic components: a 2-D array of neurons and interconnections. Each neuron is a nonlinear processing element that, in its simplest form, produces an output which is the thresholded version of the input. Monolithic optoelectronic integrated devices are candidates for these neurons. However, in order for these devices to be used as neurons in a practical experiment, they must be large in number (104/cm2 - 106/cm2) and exhibit high gain. This puts a stringent requirement on the electrical power dissipation. Thus, these devices have to be operated at low enough current levels so that the power dissipation on the chip does not exceed the heat-sinking capability, and yet the current levels need to be large enough to be able to produce high gain. This means sensitive input devices are a must. To achieve these goals, the speed requirement of the devices must be relaxed as the operation of neural network does not have to be too fast.


Transmissible diseases are re-emerging as a global problem, with Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) becoming endemic. Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterially-acquired STD worldwide, with the Australian cost of infection estimated at $90 - $160 million annually. Studies using animal models of genital tract Chlamydia infection suggested that the hormonal status of the genital tract epithelium at the time of exposure may influence the outcome of infection. Oral contraceptive use also increased the risk of contracting chlamydial infections compared to women not using contraception. Generally it was suggested that the outcome of chlamydial infection is determined in part by the hormonal status of the epithelium at the time of exposure. Using the human endolmetrial cell line ECC-1 this study investigated the effects of C. trachomatis serovar D infection, in conjunction with the female sex hormones, 17β-estradiol and progesterone, on chlamydial gene expression. While previous studies have examined the host response, this is the first study to examine C.trachomatis gene expression under different hormonal conditions. We have highlighted a basic model of C. trachomatis gene regulation in the presence of steroid hormones by identifying 60 genes that were regulated by addition of estradiol and/or progesterone. In addition, the third chapter of this thesis discussed and compared the significance of the current findings in the context of data from other research groups to improve our understanding of the molecular basis of chlamydial persistence under hormonal different conditions. In addition, this study analysed the effects of these female sex hormones and C. trachomatis Serovar D infection, on host susceptibility and bacterial growth. Our results clearly demonstrated that addition of steroid hormones not only had a great impact on the level of infectivity of epithelial cells with C.trachomatis serovar D, but also the morphology of chlamydial inclusions was affected by hormone supplementation.


Neutrinoless double-beta decay is the most powerful tool to probe not only for Majorana neutrino masses but for lepton number violating physics in general. We discuss relations between lepton number violation, double-beta decay and neutrino mass, review a general Lorentz-invariant parametrization of the double-beta decay rate, highlight a number of different new physics models showing how different mechanisms can trigger double-beta decay and, finally, discuss possibilities of discriminating and testing these models and mechanisms in complementary experiments.


Stratiform quartz-hematite or magnetite lenses (ironstones) occur sporadically throughout the Mount Windsor volcanic belt at three main stratigraphic positions, including along strike from and immediately stratigraphically above the Thalanga massive sulfide deposit. The area is ideal for examination of the chemical, textural, and mineralogical changes which occur in silica iron exhalites around ancient hydrothermal submarine vent sites. Major and trace element chemical data for the ironstones indicate they are essentially composed of SiO 2 and Fe 2 O 3 (generally >99 wt %), with very low concentrations of other oxides (e.g., Al 2 O 3 , generally <0.5 wt %) and trace elements.Across the length of the Mount Windsor volcanic belt, most of the ironstones have experienced substantial recrystallization at metamorphic grades from greenschist to amphibolite facies. However, a number of samples from the eastern part of the belt are less recrystallized (prehnite-pumpellyite facies) and retain abundant evidence of microbial fossils and the inorganic maturation of amorphous phases. At least three distinct microbial morphologies are recognized; (1) approximately 1-mu m-avg-diam filaments with septa, (2) approximately 3-mu m-avg-diam filaments with no septa, and (3) 20- to 30-mu m-avg-diam filaments with no reconnecting branches. The range in metamorphic grade along the Mount Windsor volcanic belt not only permits a rare insight into the primary textures of ancient exhalites but also a useful view of the textural and mineralogical changes which accompany the progressive increase in temperature up to amphibolite facies conditions.Comparisons with similar modern deposits and experimentally produced synthetic textures suggest that the ironstones formed from the crystallization of silica iron oxyhydroxide gels. These gels formed as a result of mixing between hydrothermal fluid and seawater and conductive cooling of the product. The rare earth element geochemistry of ironstones along strike from Thalanga is compatible with migration of a hydrothermal fluid away from the vent center, followed by its accumulation and cooling in topographic depressions on the sea floor. Microaerophilic chemolithotrophic bacteria and/or fungi probably catalyzed the oxidation of Fe (super +2) to Fe (super +3) . Several metamorphosed ironstones also contain pyrite with delta 34 S values approximately 50 per mil lighter than Cambrian sulfate, suggesting the activity ofsulfate-reducing bacteria at some point during their formation. The temperature of the original hydrothermal fluid was probably between 10 degrees and 40 degrees C, originating either as the in situ product of weak hydrothermal activity in which inorganic sulfate reduction did not occur or as the cooled remnant of a higher temperature fluid which had already deposited sulfides. The inferred mode of deposition for the siliceous ironstones (as a gel) is different from that of many modern iron oxyhydroxide precipitates, which form by settling of particles to the sea floor from hydrothermal plumes. On the flanks of the Thalanga massive sulfide deposit some iron silica exhalites have been encompassed by massive sulfide suggesting that the early low-temperature Fe-Si precipitates were subsequently overprinted by hotter fluids. This provides good evidence for waxing and waning in the life of the vent system.


Ureteric stents has been widely used in kidney transplantation practice to decrease major urologic complications. However ureteral stenting is associated with some specific complications in patients with kidney transplantation. A case of a renal transplantation patient whose ureteral stent was heavily encrusted is reported. A 12-year-old boy with end stage renal disease secondary to posterior urethral valve received a cadaveric renal transplantation. A ureteral double J stent was placed peroperatively. The patient was anticoagulated with low molecular weight heparin postoperatively. Stent encrustation was noticed during cystoscopy and the stent could not be removed. Following cystolithotripsy, the kidney stones and ureteric stents were removed successfully with mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The removal of an encrusted ureteric stent is always a urological challenge. The complication risk is even higher in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy and with kidney transplantation. Mini percutaneous nephrolitotomy techniques can be employed successfully with a lower complication risk. Selective stenting is preferred in our clinic to avoid the specific complications of ureteric stents.


Data science is the basis for various disciplines in the Big-Data era. Due to the high volume, velocity, and variety of big data, data owners often store their data in data servers. Past few years, many computation techniques have emerged to protect the security and privacy of such shared data while enabling analysis thereon. Hence, access-control systems must provide a fine-grained, multi-layer mechanism to protect data. However, the existing systems and frameworks fail to satisfy all these requirements and resolve the trust issue between data owners and analysts. In this paper, we propose SEAL as a framework to protect the security and privacy of shared data. SEAL enables computations on shared data while they remain under the complete control of data owners through pre-defined policies. Our framework employs the capability-object model to define flexible access policies. SEAL's access-control system supports delegating and revoking access privileges and other access-control customizations. In addition, SEAL can assign security labels to privacy-sensitive data and track them to enable data owners to define where and when a data analyst can access their data. We demonstrate the practicability of our approach by presenting a prototype implementation of SEAL. Furthermore, we display the flexibility of our framework by implementing multiple data-analytic scenarios, which cover different applications.


Background: Exposure of ovarian cells to estrogen, which is detoxified by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), has been associated with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) development. Objectives: We tested in this study whether the GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphisms alter the risk of EOC. Materials and methods: Genomic DNA from 132 EOC patients and 132 controls was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. The differences between groups were analyzed by χ2 or Fisher's exact test. Results: The frequencies of GSTP1 Ile/Ile (57.6% versus 45.5%, P = 0.03), GSTM1 null plus GSTP1 Ile/Ile (43.5% versus 25.8%; P = 0.03) and GSTM1 null plus GSTT1 null plus GSTP1 Ile/Ile (30.3% versus 7.7%; P = 0.007) genotypes were higher in patients than in controls. Individuals with the respective genotypes had a 1.80 (95% CI: 1.06–3.06), 2.38 (95% CI: 1.08–5.24) and 11.28 (95%CI: 1.95–65.30)-fold increased risks of EOC than those with the remaining genotypes. Conclusions: Our data present preliminary evidence that GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms, particularly in combination, constitute important inherited EOC determinants in individuals from Southeastern Brazil.


By placing two variable, liquid, cylindrical lenses with their axes crossed at right angles, a lens has been made which produces the effects characteristic of spherical, cylindrical or toroidal lenses, and in addition has the property of variable focus. The useful range of powers is about seven diopters, and the accuracy in repeating any power is satisfactory. Its application to ocular refraction is discussed.


The energy crisis has raised demands for a substantial increase in the insulation of roofing systems, and calculations in this paper confirm that the financially most favorable insulation has a thermal resistance much higher than that of presently used systems. Objections have been raised to the increase in the thermal resistance of roofs on the basis that this will result in a substantial increase of the temperature range to which membranes are subjected, with resultant increase of membrane cracking from temperature movement. We have made a number of calculations to check on the justification of such concerns. The results of our work, based on a number of simplifying assumptions, show that increasing the thermal resistance of insulation, over presently prevailing standards, does not significantly enlarge the thermal range to which roofing membranes are presently subjected. This applies both to changes in the ambient temperature and to solar radiation. Insulation thickness should therefore be based on considerations of economy and energy conservation, but there are still unresolved problems of decreasing impact resistance and lateral stability.


Sustainable development has become an overarching policy target for the global policy arena. However, the international policy-making process and that of the individual countries remains largely sectoral in nature: a wide spectrum of international policies pursue narrow sectoral concerns and do not contribute fully enough to the achievement of broader sustainability targets. New policy tools such as Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA) have therefore been adopted by the European Union to ensure that sectoral policies can be evaluated in relation to their wider sustainability impacts. However, what is really needed is a cross-sectoral approach to assessing sustainable development at an even higher, much more strategic level: Integrated Sustainability Assessment (ISA). ISA involves a longterm, comprehensive assessment of international and national policy programmes against sustainability targets and criteria. In order to perform ISA at the international level, new assessment tools and methods are needed which are rooted in a new paradigm. Sustainable development is a complex, multi-dimensional phenomenon, with a breadth and depth that cannot be fully covered by the current portfolio of ISA tools. We therefore need a new generation of ISA tools, in particular modelling tools that can (semi-)quantitatively assess the multiple dimensions of sustainable development, in terms of multiple scales, multiple domains and multiple generations. Although a new paradigm is on the horizon and its contours are gradually becoming clearer, it will take a while before it can be used to develop practical ISA tools. Within the context of the European MATISSE project we therefore propose a two-track strategy: find new ways to use the current portfolio of ISA tools as efficiently and effectively as possible, while at the same time developing building blocks to support the next generation of ISA tools.


This paper takes its starting point in the so called business network approach, which is based on the notion that companies build exchange relationships with other companies; relationships that, in turn, are the building blocks of business networks. Through business relationships the companies become connected, both directly and indirectly, to other parts of the business network, for example, to customers' customers and suppliers' suppliers. The connectedness of relationships means that changes taking place in one part of the network may spread far into its other parts. The change of business networks has generally been discussed from the perspective of a focal company or a focal business relationship and of relationships directly connected to it. Usually indirect business relationships (e.g. with customers' customers) are ignored. Thus, we still know very little of how change spreads further in business networks. Business network change is, however, a strategic concern for companies, who compete in networked environments and are increasingly dependent on external linkages as a source of resources. In this paper the purpose is to propose an event-based approach to the study of business network change. Events form the principal point of access to social action in time and can thus be used as windows for network dynamics. So far network change has been examined from the perspective of network structure, taking a defined network as a starting point, and studying the trajectory, change pattern or development process of the structure. We adopt an alternative approach here, taking the change itself as a starting point and selecting discernible change episodes, i.e. events, as the focus of our discussion. This offers a dynamic view on networks, and releases the investigator from strict ex ante limitation of the network in focus. Events are seen as manifestations of change forces causing various changes in business networks, ultimately leading to other important events. Events such as mergers, acquisitions and bankruptcies are often connected to each other, creating event sequences that may restructure significantly the business network in which companies realize and enact their strategy. In the best case, events provide opportunities for firms to restructure the network and to improve their positions within it. However, our results pinpoint the complexity and dynamics of network environments and the challenge strategic management faces in such environments. In the context of merger and acquisition waves and various simultaneously occurring events, it may be extremely difficult to choose one's own actions, and to see the long-term ramifications of one's own and others' actions.


Glutaraldehyde has been used to fix mitochondria undergoing rapid volume changes associated with energized ion transport under oscillatory state conditions and valinomycin-induced potassium uptake. Fixation was found to prevent structural changes which normally occur during ion accumulation or loss. By correlating packed volume measurements with electron microscopy, it is shown that changes in volume associated with ion movements reflect changes in the inner membrane compartment and that this compartment can be related to the sucrose inaccessible space. The method can therefore be used to accurately determine volume changes that arise from ion translocation.


We analyse changes in the Australian gas industry during 1990s that were motivated by the Hilmer Reforms. We estimate the effects on real household income of the changes by combining a computable general equilibrium model with a microsimulation model. Although the structural changes were significant in their effects on the gas industry, they are estimated to have had minor effects on real household income in all Australian regions owing to the small size of the gas industry and household gas consumption at that time, and low importance of gas as an input to other industries. The changes are estimated to have slightly increased income inequality owing to the redistribution of income from labour to other primary factors.


Parallelizing any algorithm on a cluster of heterogeneous workstations is not easy, as each workstation requires different wall clock time to execute the same instruction set. In this work, a parallel tabu search algorithm for heterogeneous workstations is presented using PVM. Two parallelization strategies, i.e., functional decomposition and multi-search thread strategies are integrated. The proposed algorithm is tested on the VLSI standard cell placement problem, however, the same algorithm can be used on any combinatorial optimization problem. The results are compared ignoring heterogeneity and are found to be superior in terms of execution time.


In recent years, the use of Doppler ultrasound sonography for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis has increased. However, parameters provided by the commercially available Doppler ultrasound units are inadequate to compete with the gold standard method, catheter angiography. Therefore, developing a new method based on Doppler ultrasound sonography remains a hot topic among researchers. In this study, a diagnostic method based on empirical mode decomposition, singular spectral analysis, and support vector machines is proposed. The nonlinear and non-stationary nature of the Doppler ultrasound sonogram is utilized in the analysis. Empirical mode decomposition is a suitable tool for such signals. Singular spectral analysis is used to construct the classifications feature set. Finally, support vector machine classification is applied. When compared with clinical findings and similar methods, the proposed method provides excellent results.


Wierzbinski, Corbyn Marie, "The separate effects of shoe mass and cushioning on the energetic cost of barefoot vs. shod running" Abstract One might intuit that running barefoot would exact a lower energetic cost than running in shoes since shoes add mass to the foot. Although this is true for typical weight running shoes, lightweight cushioned shoes and barefoot have been shown to have similar costs. Other studies have indicated that there is an energetic cost of cushioning in running. Thus, the cost of barefoot running may reflect the combined effects of a decrease due to lower mass and an increase due to greater muscle actions for cushioning. We hypothesized that running barefoot on a cushioned surface would minimize both the mass cost and the cushioning cost. PURPOSE: To quantify the separate effects of shoe mass and cushioning on the energetic cost of running. METHODS: 12 male experienced barefoot runners ran at 3.35 m/s with a mid-foot strike pattern. Subjects ran both barefoot and in ultra-light cushioned racing shoes (~150 g /shoe) on a treadmill with a rigid deck and barefoot on the same treadmill equipped with a cushioned belt made with foam slats. In additional trials, small lead weights were added to the feet/shoes (~150, ~300, ~450 g). We measured the subjects " rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production to quantify energetic cost. RESULTS: The mass effect was similar for all footwear conditions: approximately 1% increase in oxygen consumption per 100 g of mass added to each foot. The energetic costs of running barefoot with and without the treadmill surface cushioning were not different (p=0.52). Contrary to our hypothesis, running in ultra-light cushioned racing shoes had the lowest energetic cost: 3.4% less than the weight-matched barefoot condition (p=.02). There was no significant difference between the energetic cost of running barefoot with no added mass and shod with the ~150 g running shoe. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that when mass is controlled for, cushioned shoes provide an energetic advantage over running barefoot.


Introduction: Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs frequently among elderly patients and it has recently been connected with the occurrence of depressive symptoms in this population. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency among elderly patients from Eastern Croatia and to evaluate whether there is a connection between this deficiency and the occurrence of depressive symptoms among them.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2013, among 140 elderly patients from Vukovar-Srijem County (47.9%, 67/140 males and 52.1%, 73/140 females; mean age 71.0±6.7 years). The anonymous questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data, data regarding socio-economic status and personal history of diseases of study participants as well as data pertaining to the existence of depressive symptoms among them. The competitive immunoassay vitamin B12 kit was used to determine serum levels of vitamin B12.Results: Among all study participants there were 7.1% (10/140) of them with B12 deficiency and 70.0% (98/140) of them with the symptoms of depression. Depressive symptoms occurred in 100.0% (10/10) patients with the vitamin B12 deficiency and 67.7% (88/130) of patients without it.Conclusion: The study showed positive connection between the existence of depressive symptoms and vitamin B12 deficiency among elderly patients. This finding points to the need for frequent vitamin status evaluation in this age group and its consequent correction that could improve overall health of this population subgroup.


This study aims to analyse the travel characteristics of the most influential tourists trip in mode choices model with alternative modes based on operators. Analysis and modelling are using the Mix Logit. The distance of tourist trip could reach 190 km and for the majority of trips it's around 10-30 km per day, and for the majority of travel time it's 20-60 minutes per day. The most influential travel characteristic factors on rental for nearly all factors such as trip attraction location, number of group member, trip chains, distance, travel time and cost, then travel agent are influenced by number of group member only. Online and Public transportation also are influenced by all factors except trip attraction location. According to the mode choices model analysed, it shows that the highest probability is to use both rental-car and rentalmotorbike with 22.5% and 20.2% respectively, then the choice of Agent-Bus and Agent-Car with probabilities of 18.9% and 11.7% respectively. Public transportation-Car also have a high probability of 18% to be used. The choice to use other modes such as Public-Bus and online transportation both by car and motorcycle modes, the probability is less than 5%.


This work investigates the lexical entailment relation and develops a Wikipediabased resource of lexical entailment rules. Lexical entailment is a semantic relation that holds between lexical elements when the meaning of one element can be inferred from the meaning of the other. This relation can be represented as a rule in which the left hand side (LHS) entails the right hand side (RHS), denoted by LHS⇒ RHS. This relation is very useful in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. For instance, a Question Answering system may use the lexical entailment rule cruiser ⇒ ship in order to find the answer to the question "What is the name of the Russian ship that sunk at Port Arthur?" in the sentence "Russian cruiser Pallada sunk at Port Arthur". Even though NLP systems apply lexical semantic inference, there is no common definition for this relation and no resource was built as dedicated to include lexical entailment rules. We suggest deriving the missing definition from the framework of Textual Entailment, a recent paradigm for semantic inference. We present two definitions which bridge the gap between textual entailment and lexical entailment. These definitions help understanding the intended meaning of the lexical entailment relation and deciding which rules should be included in a lexical entailment rule base. We utilize these definitions to investigate the utility of several state-of-theart lexical semantic resources as potential sources for lexical entailment rules. In that process we reveal the strengths and weaknesses of these resources, with respect to the task of recognizing lexical entailment, and the different types of the lexical entailment relations that each resource covers. A second contribution of this work is the development of a large-scale lexical entailment rule base, the first one designed to contain lexical entailment rules, which was extracted from Wikipedia. We present extraction methods geared to cover the broad range of the lexical entailment relation and evaluate them under this target criterion. We conduct both an internal evaluation, by comparing results to human judgments, and an external evaluation, by using our rule base within a real NLP task. By filtering rules, according to the type of method which extracted them, one can choose different recall-precision tradeoffs varying from a precision of 0.87 for almost 2 million rules up to 8 million rules with a precision of 0.66. On the text categorization evaluation our resource performs better than previous automatically-created resources, and performs comparably to WordNet, a lexicon in which relations between terms were manually crafted by experts, even though the rules in our resource were automatically extracted from texts written for human consumption.


What goes on inside the mind of an infant? Remarkably we can never really know the answer to this despite the fact that we were all infants once ourselves. This chapter introduces you to the topic of developmental psychology during the early years, focusing on the cognitive and social skills developed through early infancy. The chapter explores some of the factors that influence an infant's early cognitive and social development. For the purpose of this chapter we have defined the "early years" from prenatal through to the age of four. The chapter explores whether we are born with innate capabilities or whether the skills we acquire are learnt from interactions with the environment. Additionally, we evaluate some of the methods used to examine development during the early years and consider whether the data generated from these can be interpreted in a way that clearly illustrates innate abilities in infants. We also discuss how infants make sense of the world, from early mental representations of the world to early language development, and also how the environment can assist in the development of social interactions.


BACKGROUND
A four-partner, non-fundholding, urban practice with 6000 patients has since September 1991 worked closely with nine complementary practitioners working part time on a private, fee-paying basis.

AIM
This study set out to describe and evaluate a model of integrating complementary practitioners into the primary health care team.

METHOD
A description of the model operating in the practice was compiled. Qualitative analysis was carried out of semistructured interviews with all members of the primary health care team using the method of a cooperative enquiry. Retrospective quantitative data on patients attending complementary practitioners were also examined.

RESULTS
The model allowed patients to refer themselves or be referred by a team member, encouraged communication between team members, and did not require any specific funding. After two years the model had been largely successful in preventing conflict over power, control and decision making; had maintained commitment to the idea of integrating complementary and allopathic medicine; and was self-funding. However, despite varied mechanisms set up to share knowledge and ideology, the rate of change in this area was slower than expected and referral rates were varied. The dilemma of charging patients for complementary medicine in an environment where health care is free emerged as a major concern among the doctors and practice staff.

CONCLUSION
The method of cooperative inquiry allowed the whole team to gain an understanding of other viewpoints and to use the research to tackle the problems raised. This model could be adopted and used by any enthusiastic general practice.


Self-directed aggressive behaviors of human beings show a 24h pattern. The aim of this study was to evaluate if violence of psychiatric inpatients against one another and hospital staff varies over the 24h. The clock time occurrence of 334 episodes of assault behaviors by 119 psychiatric inpatients (78 males and 41 females, mean age 34.8 ± 11.3 years) committed during a 5-year span in the psychiatric unit of the university-based hospital of Ferrara, Italy, was evaluated. The clock time of each event was categorized by hour during the 24h and into one of four 6h intervals for analysis of temporal variation by cosinor and χ2 tests, respectively. A significant 24h variation, characterized by an early afternoon peak, was detected irrespective of gender and number (single vs. repeated) of episodes committed. Changes during the 24h in ward activity, patient contact, and endogenous circadian rhythms are likely to contribute to the observed 24h pattern, although further study is needed to confirm our findings and to define causal factors. (Chronobiology International, 18(3), 503–511, 2001)


Fishes from both Arctic and Antarctic waters produce antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) that modify and inhibit the growth of ice crystals, allowing them to survive in extreme cold conditions. These glycoproteins exhibit thermal hysteresis activity, i.e. they work in a non-colligative manner, separating the melting and freezing points of a solution. Such compounds have many potential applications; unfortunately their development is hampered by the difficulty of obtaining pure material. The synthesis of AFGPs is therefore a challenge that numerous groups have been tackling. The AFGPs consist predominantly of a repetitive three amino acid unit (Ala-Ala-Thr)n with the disaccharide β-D-galactosyl-(1–3)-α-D-N-acetylgalactosamine attached to the hydroxyl oxygen of each threonine residue. A large number of analogues have also been synthesized in order to find compounds that exhibit the same activity but that are easier to prepare. Starting from the early years of the AFGP discovery and including the more recent research, this perspective summarizes the different routes used to synthesize native AFGPs and lists the most relevant analogues synthesized, along with some information on their synthesis and their antifreeze activity, if evaluated. In this perspective we have taken special care to differentiate compounds that induce thermal hysteresis, compounds that modify the normal growth habit of ice crystals, and compounds that exhibit recrystallization inhibition properties.


In this paper we outline how Software Language Engineering (SLE) could benefit from Component-based Software Development (CBSD) techniques and present an architecture aimed at developing a coherent set of lightweight SLE components, fitting into a general-purpose component framework. In order to give an impression on our development style, in this paper we demonstrate how to compose a syntax highlighter from a set of available SLE components using the NetBeans environment. Developing SLE tools as lightweight components that fit into general-purpose frameworks has advantages over the usual trend in which SLE tool development is towards large special-purpose frameworks. It facilitates incorporation of language processing tasks into all kinds of applications and makes SLE techniques available to occasional or first-time users with little effort. Keywords: Component-based Software Development, Language Engineering, Component Frameworks, Composition, SLE Architecture


While much has been written about catatonia, there are only a few scholarly reviews focused on catatonia due to a general medical condition, also referred to as organic catatonia. There has been a long list of causative conditions that account for the development of organic catatonia which are informative but not clinically helpful. We performed a literature search using the term 'catatonia' covering the last ten years. We found 31 titles of catatonia due to drugs and 76 titles of catatonia due to a general medical condition. Of these, 9 were catatonia due to NMDA antibody associated encephalitis. In order to update this body of knowledge, we have revisited the differential diagnosis of catatonia and attempted to delineate catatonia due to a general medical condition from phenomenologically similar but etiologically disparate conditions. We also focused on catatonia due to systemic lupus erythematosis. We also present a case of catatonia due to hydrocephalus to illustrate treatment issues. In spite of the pharmacologic treatment for catatonia, this patient has not improved. We hope that this review and discussion will aid in the identification and treatment of catatonia due to a general medical condition. Medical causes must be addressed to ensure the best outcome.


Background: High prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is reported among refugees exposed to traumatic experiences, while escaping from their home country, entering a third country, and adjusting to a new society. Electronic health (e-health) treatments have been utilized to overcome challenges such as high costs, limited access to care, and a shortage of resources faced by traumatized refugees. Objective: The aim of this scoping review was to summarize the current science on e-health to screen and treat PTSD in traumatized refugees, examine its benefits and challenges, and suggest strategies for future research. Methods: We conducted a scoping review guided by Arksey and O'Malley's 6-stage scoping review framework. Results: Of the 2,782 articles identified, 8 studies were included for the final analysis. Due to the heterogeneity of studies, the synthesis of results was not feasible. However, the findings of individual studies were examined. The most commonly used technology modality was the smartphone (n = 5). One study revealed the possibility of telephonic screening of PTSD to be equally efficacious as in-person screening, and all interventions through smartphone and the internet reported high feasibility and acceptability. Conclusion: e-Health is suggested to be a novel and scalable platform to provide mental health care in settings with limited resources. Larger and highly robust studies in refugee populations with PTSD-targeted, theory-based approaches and diverse technological formats such as video conferencing and virtual reality are warranted.


Recent decades have seen a significant expansion of so-called "integration requirements" for citizenship applicants in many countries. Though led by European states, the trend now seems to be reaching traditional settler states such as Australia. This article examines the integration requirement proposed for citizenship applicants in Australia in 2017. According to the proposal, applicants for citizenship by conferral would have been required to show that they had "integrated into the Australian community," for instance, through employment, involvement in community organizations, and the absence of conduct inconsistent with Australian values. Although the proposal failed, it is noteworthy because of its far-reaching nature and novelty in a traditional country of immigration. This article analyzes the implications of the proposed legislation with reference to the diverse groups of permanent immigrants entering Australia, demonstrating its discriminatory potential in terms of gender, nationality, and visa category. It argues that the proposal failed because despite its significant implications, the government did not put forward a convincing case for its introduction and may even have initiated it as a symbolic gesture. The article contributes to understanding why integration requirements that are popular in some states and regions may fail to gain favor in others. It suggests that, given the rapid spread of restrictive immigration policies, scholars should pay more attention to the specific local conditions under which immigration and citizenship policy transfers succeed or fail.


"Project: Freshwater" is an orientation experience for Built Environment students
at the Queensland University of Technology. In the third week of the semester
this field trip takes the First Year cohort out of their familiar urban environment
and into an extraordinary natural setting for four days in order to facilitate goals
of socialisation, enculturation and education. It sets the tone for the whole course,
establishing a sense of belonging and group identity amongst the design
disciplines (industrial design, architecture and interior design), breaking down
traditional staff/student barriers. Students develop an awareness of each other as
emerging professionals and an awareness of the cultural diversity and a sense of
community possible within the university environment.

Through presentation and discussion of the context, structure and content of the
programme and it's five year evolution this paper explores the educational
objectives of: the development of visual and verbal communication skills;
experiencing design thinking through practical discovery; promoting
interdisciplinary thinking and approaches to design; promoting independence in
personal and group learning skills; and introducing concepts of enhanced
environmental awareness and product life cycles as informers of design intention.
The long term impact on students, future plans and suggestions for others thinking
of implementing such a programme are discussed.


The weedy annual grass Lamium amplexicaule (L.) originated from the Mediterranean region, spreads quickly, and becomes naturalized in areas it invades. It was assumed that volatile phytotoxic substances are one of the invasive characteristics of L. amplexicaule. However, no volatile compound has been found. Therefore, we re-evaluated the allelopathic potential of L. amplexicaule and investigated the phytotoxic substances with allelopathic activity. An extract of L. amplexicaule inhibited the root and shoot growth of Lepidium sativum, Lactuca sativa, Arctium lappa, Lolium multiflorum Lam., Echinochloa crus-galli, and Vulpia myuros, which indicates that the extract has an allelopathic effect. The extract was purified using bioassay-guided chromatographic separations, and a phytotoxic substance with allelopathic activity was isolated and characterized as methyl caffeate. The compound significantly inhibited the root and shoot growth of L. sativum and L. multiflorum. The present results suggest that methyl caffeate may contribute to the allelopathic effect of the L. amplexicaule extracts and consequently, may be partly responsible for the invasive characteristics of the species.


A novel brominated flame retardant (BFR), tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), as well as hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were analyzed in 11 species of mollusks collected from nine coastal cities around the Chinese Bohai Sea in 2009 and 2010. The detection frequencies were 100%, 99%, and 77% for PBDEs, HBCDs, and TBC, respectively. Concentrations of ∑HBCDs ranged from below detection limit (nd) to 28.8 ng g(-1) on a dry weight (dw) basis, followed by ∑(12)PBDE (0.01-20.4 ng g(-1) dw) and TBC (nd-12.1 ng g(-1) dw). Statistically significant linear correlations were found among the three BFRs. Positive correlations were found between BFRs concentrations and lipid content in mollusks. The concentrations tend to decrease with increasing trophic levels of the mollusks, implying trophic dilution rather than biomagnifications of the BFRs in the aquatic food chains of the sampling area. Among the 11 mollusks species, Mytilus edulis showed higher bioaccumulation capability than others and was therefore considered to be an appropriate bioindicator of contamination by the BFRs in the Chinese Bohai Sea, in agreement with its previous selection for the biomonitoring of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A dramatic decrease in PBDE concentrations in mollusks of the area was found for the time period from 2003 to 2010, with a half-life of only 2.3 ± 1.7 years, reflecting a rapid response of mollusks to the change in pollution of the marine environment.


In this paper, the generalized Darboux transformation is constructed to variable coefficient nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation. The N-th order rogue wave solution of this variable coefficient NLS equation is obtained by determinant expression form. In particular, we present rogue waves from first to third-order through some figures and analyze their dynamics.


This paper provides a logical analysis of the concept of intention as composed of two more basic concepts, choice (or goal) and commitment. By making explicit the conditions under which an agent can drop her goals, i.e., by specifying how the agent is committed to her goals, the formalism provides analyses for Bratman's three characteristic functional roles played by intentions [Bratman, 1986], and shows how agents can avoid intending all the foreseen side-effects of what they actually intend. Finally, the analysis shows how intentions can be adopted relative to a background of relevant beliefs and other intentions or goals. By relativizing one agent's intentions in terms of beliefs about another agent's intentions (or beliefs), we derive a preliminary account of interpersonal commitments.


Hippocrene's Russian Pocket Legal Dictionary is the perfect portable reference for anyone who needs legal terms at their fingertips. It is designed to help communicate in real-life situations where it is vital to quickly find a legal term or phrase in Russian. At 6,000 entries, this pocket-size dictionary is small but comprehensive. Convenient and easy-to-use, it includes current terms and concepts relevant to everyday legal situations. Arranged by topic for easy reference, this dictionary gives users quick access to the right word. * Topics include: General and Procedural Terms, Commercial Law, Criminal Law, Family Law, Health Care Law, Housing Law, Immigration Law, and Traffic Law * Perfect for professionals who work with Russian speakers, including interpreters and translators, police, customs, and social services * Ideal for Russian speakers in legal situations


With competent hospital executives in increasing demand, boards of trustees can no longer base executive compensation levels on the traditional view of the market. This article reviews the changing forces affecting executive compensation in hospitals and the elements that make up a sound executive compensation program.


The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity at 3 08.15K have been measured in the double frameworks of Paraanisaldehyde with Bromobenzene, Ethyl benzene a nd Nitrobenzene. From the test information differen t acoustical parameters, for example, as adiabatic co mpressibility ( β ), free volume (V f ), Shear relaxation time ( τ ), free length (L f ) and acoustical impedance (Z) ere ascertain. The r esults are deciphered regarding sub-atomic associat ion between the segments of the mixture


The selection of mode of entering a foreign market is a key decision in a firm's internationalisation. Building on the resource-based view, this study examines important antecedents of firm's selection of a wholly-owned subsidiary and collaboration with other firms. Based on analysis of empirical data from Swedish manufacturing firms operating on several foreign markets the study found that: 1) greater market orientation (MO) and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) capabilities favour firm's selection of a wholly-owned subsidiary; 2) greater institutional distance between the domestic market and the foreign market favours collaboration with local firms; 3) an entry mode that is aligned with the capabilities and institutional distance is positively associated with firm's performance on the foreign market after the entry phase. Contributions to literature are discussed.


MER 110. 3D Solid Modeling and Printing for Innovators. 3 Credits. This course introduces students to 3D solid modeling, allowing users to develop full solid models in a simulated environment for both design and analysis. 3D modeling software finds worldwide use across many disciplines by students, designers, engineers, inventors, artists, and other professionals to produce simple and complex parts, assemblies, and drawings. One can fabricate the models using 3D printing. Students build their own 3D models and use 3D printing to produce a physical prototype. Students also explore applications for this technology, from the biomedical field to architectural design to fashion, gaining an appreciation for its impact in their own lives. No experience is required. Prerequisites: None Offered: Fall and Spring UC: Breadth Elective


Background Uganda has been reported as the most successful country in Africa in reducing the prevalence of HIV/AIDS from 18% to 6.4% over the last two decades. There is evidence to suggest that despite a significant decline between 1992 and 2002, HIV prevalence has stagnated over the last 5-9 years at between 6.1 and 6.5% and it is rising in some parts of the country such as Gulu. This rise are thought to be due to the high levels of stigma and superstition preventing HIV counseling and testing (HCT). WHO reports in 2009 showed that only 20% of Uganda's populations knew their HIV sero-status. This study was designed to find out the knowledge, misconceptions, attitude and practices of youths of Gulu about HCT. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Gulu, Pece among the youths 15 to 35 years. An in-depth interview using a questionnaire was administered to youths of Commercial Road Sub-ward. Informed consent and ethical approval was obtained and 86 respondents were interviewed. Results Ninety three percent of respondents had knowledge about HCT and 97.7% were able to mention two or more of its benefits. Most (88.4%) agreed on public disclosure of their HIV status and 84.9% would encourage others to undertake it. Only 36.1% of respondents had undertaken HCT while the rest had not undertaken it due to fear of stigmatization. Conclusion There is adequate knowledge, good attitude but poor practice and misconceptions to HCT. The young adults in Gulu should be supported in a special program to enable them undertake HCT and access other services for HIV/AIDS prevention.


A practical electropulsing treatment device has been developed based on capacitor energy storage and discharge technology. The device was controlled by a pair of charge and discharge switches which close in turn to produce high density electropulsing. The electropulsing treatment experiment was carried out by capacitor discharging while an exponential damping oscillatory waveform was produced. A group of 45 steel quenched specimens were connected into the discharge circuit with copper electrodes through a vacuum contactor switch. At last, a typical waveform of electropulsing was detected by a DS5062MA digital storage oscilloscope. This waveform demonstrates that the first peak of electropulsing has reached 23 kA, and the discharging process has concluded within 0.6 ms. Results indicate that the energy density of electropulsing treatment is very concentrated because of the waveform of high peak value and short duration. The device is now being used for the stress relief processing of metals.