Crowds are described as complex adaptive systems in artificial intelligence. The generation of crowd in real-time simulations is beyond the manual design capability. In this paper, we present an integrated animation framework for simulating the adaptive movement behaviors of crowds on large terrains. A simulation system that is developed based on the framework can be used as a powerful animation and design tool to produce realistic crowd movements procedurally. The framework integrates efficient terrain rendering techniques and path planning algorithms to enable the simulation system to handle large terrain data sets and search optimal paths for crowds to progress on complex terrains. A local alignment algorithm is developed, which utilizes a set of conventional behavioral rules to produce robust real-time coordinated motions of crowds with respect to environmental situations.


Organizations in India are metamorphosing themselves into an equal opportunity employer as the country experiences a greater influx of female talent into core functions of businesses. A great part of this female talent consists of educated women who want to return back to work after taking a break for motherhood. There is a mixed response among organizations to give opportunities to returning mothers to join the workforce. Stress at workplace is a major issue that is being addressed by the organizations. Organization stress is a threat to psychological & physical well being of its employees and consequently, affects the health of organizations. Organizations are adopting various strategies to reduce this stress. However, similar stress combating strategies are sometimes not appropriate for the entire diversified workforce. The returning mothers suffer higher levels of stress as they play a dual role of a career woman and a mother. Cultural & organizational factors influence carrier perceptions & experiences of working women who try to join the workforce. The element of culture is important because individual beliefs & perceptions are believed to be shaped by culture & familial factors. Societal expectations explain gender discrimination against women in workplace. An alarmed business leadership in India was staring at the dwindling pipeline of woman talent in the company – up to 30% of women on maternity leave were not returning to work. Lack of support system at the workplace & at home triggered the exodus. Hence, strategies have to be suitably designed according to their needs. This paper seeks to examine the kinds of organizational strategies specifically relating to combating stress that caters to returning mothers, the extent of support provided by these strategies and their effectiveness. Keywords : Organization Stress, Returning Mothers, Strategies, Culture


Collections of Frenulata made by the RV Professor Logachev in the Gulf of Cadiz in 2006 contain two new species, one belonging to the genus Spirobrachia , and another that was assigned to a new genus. Spirobrachia tripeira n. sp. is the first record of the genus in the North Atlantic Ocean; it has a very stiff, straight, orange tube; its tentacles have pinnules and are arranged in a spiral crown without a lophophore. Bobmarleya gadensis n. gen. et n. sp. is characterised by an unusually long tentacular crown composed of about 40 free tentacles. It shares many characteristics with the genus Oligobrachia but the large number and extreme length of the tentacles and a combination of other characters justify the designation of a new genus. The specimens of Lamellisabella denticulata Southward, 1978 collected during the M.S. Merian 03/01 cruise provide the first record of this species in the Gulf of Cadiz.


Traditional theory holds that a farmland transfer market comes of institution, demand and land lease. In this article, several villages, including Hongqi in Sichuan province, Liyuantun in Hebei province, Hucun in Hunan province, and Xiaogang and its neighboring villages in Anhui province, are studied in terms of the formation and development of their farmland transfer markets. Based on this study, the article concludes that the prerequisite for the making of farmland transfer market is farmland output and returns. It is a necessary condition for the market while demand is a sufficient one. In particular, external capital may promote the demand for farmland and rediscover farmland value. Institution, however, is not the direct reason for the inception of the farmland transfer market, though it ensures that the regulations for this market will be upgraded.


The aim of this article is to reread The Polish Peasant in Europe and America as a representation of the fears and modernisation fantasies of its era. I analyse the patterns of gendered family relations and ideals of femininity and masculinity constructed by Thomas and Znaniecki within the framework of rural–urban discourses. As I will show, in The Polish Peasant we find huge contradictions between the liberal and conservative perspectives presented. On the one hand, the authors introduce the concept of "organisation – disorganisation – reorganisation," which is supposed to be scientific and thus non-ideological. On the other hand, the authors' patterns of interpreting empirical data show numerous gender bias and patriarchal schemes. As a result the authors create an opposition in which whatever is rural is the cradle of authenticity, of naturalised national and gendered family values, and whatever is urban is dangerous and demoralising due to escaping the former strong rural social control. In The Polish Peasant the authors thereby construct the "morally healthy" model of a national and patriarchal rural community of families untouched by individualisation and women's emancipation. Such a model had a patriarchal division of gender roles within a religiously devout, strong (meaning indissoluble), multi-generational family. In The Polish Peasant we can find both a nostalgia – which was typical of its era – for a "pre-modern," rural, conservative civilisation, and worry about the moral health of women in the urban world. However it is an ambivalent nostalgia accompanied by a conviction of the inevitability of social change.


A direct numerical simulation (DNS) code has been developed to solve the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. This code is capable of handling unstructured grids, often a requirement for simulating flow past complex geometrical shapes like turbine and compressor blade passages. The code is validated for a compressible turbulent channel flow.Flow past a low pressure (LP) turbine blade passage is computed at Re = 51,831 based on axial chord length and incoming velocity, and angle of incidence = 45.5° with respect to axial chord. Several interesting fluid-dynamical phenomena including multiple separation bubbles and laminar-turbulent-laminar transition cycles are noticed on the suction side of the blade. Also a strong curvature effect is seen in the boundary layer near the leading edge on the suction side, where use of higher order boundary layer theory will be needed.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


Nevus spilus is the term usually given to a pigmented skin lesion, congenital or acquired, that may occur anywhere on the body, consisting of a large light tan patch with numerous superimposed darker scattered maculae or papulae that are flat or slightly raised. For a long time, nevus spilus was believed to be a benign lesion. However, in 1957 Perkinson reported a melanoma appearing on nevus spilus for the first time. Since then other reports about melanomas developing on nevus spilus have been published, sometimes with a fatal outcome. We describe the case of an 80-year-old male patient with a congenital nevus just above his left knee. The lesion had remained unchanged over time, but some months before his checkup the patient noticed a darker area in the lesion that had continued to enlarge. The lesion was removed and histological examination revealed an in situ malignant melanoma. Although nevus spilus is not normally considered a precursor of melanoma, the potentiality of malignant transformation requires regular monitoring, and careful checkups are recommended and justified.


This guide is an organized gateway for research on Hurricane Katrina. Start here to search for books, articles, images, and other media. It also introduces a variety of key journals, archives and websites


In the last years, new interest in nuclear space propulsion has been shown by space agencies. NASA defines Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) as a key technology for long-range spaceflight. Many HEU (Highly Enriched Uranium), fast reactors design for space applications were proposed during and after NERVA and ROVER projects. HEU reactors have many advantages: they are usually more compact than LEU (Lowly Enriched Uranium) reactors, they show a longer operating lifetime and safety in accidental scenarios can be easily ensured. Their main drawback is the high content of fissile materials, which is a primary security concern. The present work investigates the possibility of a LEU reactor design with CERMET (Ceramic Metallic) fuel and its optimization. Due to the lower U-235 content, LEU reactors are preferable from the nuclear proliferation viewpoint, while CERMET fuel may provide better performances than NERVA derived fuels, such as (U,Zr)C. Neutronics, burnup, safety and thermal-hydraulics simulations were performed by Serpent and MATLAB: the model was first tested against an available case in literature, then applied to the reactor of interest. Criticality eigenvalue in both operating and fault conditions, peaking factors, reactor mass, burnup time, coolant average temperature and fuel maximum temperature were chosen as figures of merit to lead the design. It is found that safety is much harder to ensure in a LEU reactor than in a HEU reactor, leading to the necessity of exploring a large number of configurations: for this reason, a Python code was developed; the code can handle the whole process, from pre-processing to post-processing, including the integration between Serpent and MATLAB. Thus, the following procedure was implemented: a group of new reactor configurations were built and tested; checking the figures of merit, only the most promising configurations are selected for the optimization and for a safety analysis that simulates reactor's behaviour in four accidental scenarios; finally, the cores that satisfy safety requirements undergo a thermal-hydraulic analysis, which verifies that thermal limits are not exceeded and evaluates rocket performances. In that way it was possible to simulate about 1000 configurations, which differ in core materials, core geometry, fuel element enrichment and enrichment zones. Results show that radial reflector thickness heavily affects neutronics and safety, while coolant mass flow rate needs a precise tuning to lower fuel temperature and to ensure competitive rocket's performances, making orificing a desirable optimization. In addition, spectral shift absorbers look not as effective as in fast reactors, owing to their massive absorption of thermal neutrons during normal operations. Therefore, an advanced control drums system is proposed to ensure subcriticality even in the worst accidental scenario. It is found that few configurations fulfil both safety requirements and NASA requirements for rocket thrust, specific impulse and mission time. Thus, a LEU, CERMET fuelled reactor design is challenging but feasible, and both the developed code and the optimization procedure may be applied successfully to find the best configuration.


The temperature distribution of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy plates under a friction stir butt-welding was investigated by using experiment and numerical simulation. A real-time temperature measuring system was used to measure the temperature change in the welding process. Vickers hardness profiles were made on the cross-section of the weld after welding. A commercial software of FlexPDE, a solver for partial different equations with finite element method, was used to simulate the experimental welding process of this study. Comparison the experimental and numerical results, the temperature cycles calculated by numerical are similar to those measured by experiment. The temperature distribution profile obtained from the numerical simulation is symmetrical to the weld center and has a close correspondence with the hardness configuration and the microstructure of the weld. The region with the temperature over 300 °C is the zone of softening within the boundaries of base material and HAZ. The regions of 350 °C with minimum hardness are located near the boundary of HAZ and TMAZ. The maxima temperature about 500 °C distributes around the upper part of the weld center. However, the region above 400 °C only matches with the upper half of the weld nugget.


: The Eastern European Associates (EEA) have committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions according to their targets set in the Kyoto Protocol. Furthermore since 1993 trade liberalization has taken place between all associated countries and the EU. There is meanwhile a large quantitative literature on the economic effects of full integration of the associated countries into the EU as well as on the Kyoto Protocol. However, there is a lack of quantitative research on the linkage of trade and the environment in the context of the EU enlargement. In this paper we analyze the interactions of different environmental policies under the Kyoto Protocol and trade liberalization in the process of eastern enlargement using a computable general equilibrium model. We find that trade liberalization provides large gains for EEAs while it holds only modest gains for EU member states. Integration does not show a significant impact on carbon abatement policies, but mitigates associated welfare losses.


The understanding about menstruation among women is lacking in India. Although there are several studies carried out in rural areas about menstruation and its handling, the data was trivial from urban regions in North India. The respondents had a respectable economic background i.e. the family of 45.68% fell in 1-5 lac annual income group while those of 32.34% in 5-10 lac annual income group. They belonged to various religious and cultural backgrounds. In our study we found that 52.05% girls knew about menstruation before menarche and 76.69% also knew about the organs and hormones involved in the process. Moreover, 79.98% said that menstruation keeps their hormones in balance. Significantly greater number of females, i.e. 89.84% used sanitary pads and 85.83% bathed daily. Similarly, significantly higher number of females thought that increase in menstrual flow is directly dependent on increase in physical activities. The mothers of respondents were educated with 41.99% being graduates and 17% being post-graduates and above. To summarize, our study indicated that the young adult girls in the area of study, belonging to different social, cultural and economic backgrounds, are reasonably aware of their needs to maintain good reproductive health.
Context: Maintenance of reproductive hygiene during menstruation in young women of Delhi-NCR, India from socio- economic perspective
Aims: To comprehend the handling of menstruation by young women in various socio-economic sections in Delhi-NCR, India.
Settings and Design: Young college going girls were approached to voluntarily become part of the study and were asked to fill the detailed questionnaire. An informed written consent was taken from each respondent.
Methods and Material: The study was undertaken as a curiosity to understand the minds of young female population in Delhi- NCR (India) about menstruation. The survey was carried out from August, 2015 to June, 2016. The survey comprised 974 girls, age ranging from 18-24 years studying in various graduation and post-graduation courses in different colleges of Delhi and National Capital region (NCR), India and included girls who were having normal physiological menstruation. The data was collected by purposive sampling i.e. the girls who volunteered to provide correct information were selected. The girls were asked to fill the detailed questionnaire to elicit information about their socio-economic parameters, menstrual patterns and handling, physical and psychological complaints during menstruation etc. Along with collecting the information during the survey, we also explained the aims of the survey and questionnaire to them. Informed written consent was obtained from each of the respondents.
Statistical analysis used: Mostly the data on the annual income of family, education of mother, responses of girls regarding knowledge about menstruation, and sources of first information about menstruation was calculated as percentage. The data on different hygienic practices, viz. sanitary protection, daily bath during menstruation and influence of physical activity on the menstrual flow was arranged in five groups and was tested for normality using Kolmogorov–Smirnoff Test using statistical software, SAS Version 9.0.Normality test confirmed its normal distribution and thereafter the data was subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the statistical software SAS 9.0 and the means were compared using Tukey's Test.
Results: The families of majority of respondents fell in the income group of 1-5 lackhs (45.68%) followed by 5-10 lackhs (32.34%). While 52.05% girls knew about menstruation before menarche, 46.81% did not know about the process. Majority of the girls (76.69%) knew about the hormones and organs playing role during menstruation while 19.81% did not know about them, with 3.49% not having any idea about hormones. Also, 79.98% knew that menstruation is important to maintain the normal levels of hormones in body while 13.76% did not believe in this and 6.26% did not know anything about such correlation. Mothers were the first source of information about menstruation (52.36%) followed by school/teachers (19.61%) and friends (12.11%). Statistically significant number of respondents (89.84%) used sanitary pads during menstruation while some (1.64%) used cloth as sanitary protection. Significantly greater numbers of girls were concerned about hygiene during menstruation as 85.83% bathed daily in this period. Similarly, significantly large number of respondents believed that physical activity increased the menstrual flow (62.32%).
Conclusions: The young women of Delhi-NCR are very well aware of their needs to maintain good reproductive hygiene during menstruation. This observation was beyond the limits of the social and economic strata they belonged to. Moreover, the social and economic status of respondents did not seem to interfere in adopting better methods to maintain a better reproductive hygiene.


A worrisome period of uncertainty frequently precedes important life events, and many of the coping strategies people employ during such waiting periods are ineffective. Distraction can be efficacious, but individuals awaiting uncertain news often fail to lose themselves in a sufficiently diverting activity. Across three studies-two observational and one experimental-we test whether flow-inducing activities provide a better distraction and improve the waiting experience. In Study 1, law graduates (N = 125) who experienced more flow while awaiting their bar exam results reported less worry, fewer negative emotions, and more positive emotions. However, they were often unable to accurately identify personally relevant flow-inducing activities. Study 2 replicated these findings in a longitudinal study of doctoral-level students in the academic job market (N = 141). Study 3 experimentally tested the effects of engaging in a flow activity (via an adaptive Tetris game) on undergraduate participants (N = 309) waiting for peers to rate their physical attractiveness. Study 3 successfully replicated the findings of Studies 1 and 2 with a measure of subjective flow experiences, but the manipulation was only effective for bolstering positive emotion and mitigating negative emotions; it did not reduce worry. Our findings point to challenges in moving people toward flow but suggest that engaging in flow may boost well-being during a period of uncertainty and make waiting a little easier. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).


Lights and siren are frequently used by Emergency Medical Service
(EMS) groups to reduce response times and increase a patient's
chance for survival. However, the use of lights and siren in EMS patient
transport has been associated with occasional inappropriate use, higher crash
rates involving the ambulance, and a potential "wake effect" increasing crash
rates in ambient traffic. This study examines types of patient illnesses and
their involvement with either emergency (lights and siren engaged) or
non-emergency transport. Patient care records were analyzed from a
five-year period from a private medical transportation company. A binary
logistic regression model was built to predict the transportation
mode (lights and siren or non-emergency-mode) most likely to accompany each
unique primary patient illness. Patient illnesses were identified that showed a
higher probability of transport using lights and siren. Fifteen illness descriptions
were identified from the records as being more likely to result in emergency
mode travel, including airway obstruction, altered level of consciousness,
breathing problems, cardiac arrest, cardiac symptoms, chest pain, congestive
heart failure/pulmonary embolism, heart/cardiac, obstetrics, respiratory
arrest, respiratory distress, stroke/cerebrovascular accident,
trauma, unconscious, and patients where data was not entered. The patient
illnesses associated with lights and siren were not limited to cardiac conditions
and symptoms, which suggest that response-time goals based solely on cardiac
arrest patients may need to be expanded to include other illnesses such as
respiratory conditions. Expanded studies could assess whether or not
lights and sirens result in a clinically significant time savings across the
spectrum of illnesses that are currently being transported using lights and
siren. The list of illnesses identified here as more commonly utilizing lights
and siren could be useful to untrained EMS or dispatch workers to assist in
minimizing unnecessary emergency mode travel, thereby increasing safety for EMS
workers, patients, and the general public.


Parts produced by 3-D printers were tested to determine the mechanical properties and failure modes. Since 3-D printed parts are built up layer-by-layer, they do not have the same properties in all directions. In order to determine the properties of the parts, tensile tests, compression tests, and bending tests were being performed per American Society of Testing and Materials standards. Additionally, a shear testing method is being developed that eliminates the need for specialized fixtures. A size effect was discovered where there is increased strength and modulus for parts with a large outer surface area to inner area ratio. Through the tensile, compression, and bending tests, it was discovered that vertically built specimens have about half the tensile and bending stress of horizontally built specimens. Additionally, the variation between strength values in tension and bending is greater for vertically built specimens than it is for horizontally built specimens. The initial build point has been identified as a stress concentration for 3-D printed parts. Understanding how 3-D-printed parts act under loads and how they fail is important to determining the applications for which the parts can be used. The information on these properties will allow manufacturers using 3-D printers to design better functional parts.


In unanesthetized immobilized spiny dogfish sharks, functional organization of the forebrain afferent projections was studied with the aid of evoked potentials (EPs) and neuronal responses to adequate stimulation of the eye with light and to electric stimulation of the optic nerve. The forebrain spontaneous unit activity (from 0.1 to 2.8 Hz) changed in response to the optic nerve electric stimulation with latency varying from 58 to 280 msec. Two foci of maximum unit activity were found at the depth of the visual area: at the levels from 850 to 1050 microns and from 1400 to 1600 microns from the forebrain surface. Histogram analysis of the data obtained showed that the main components of EPs reflected postsynaptic processes occurring in the dendrites of the forebrain visual area.


Background and purpose Endovascular techniques are frequently employed to treat large artery occlusion in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We sought to determine the predictors and clinical impact of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) after endovascular therapy. Methods Retrospective analysis of consecutive patients presenting to 13 high volume stroke centers with AIS due to proximal occlusion in the anterior circulation who underwent endovascular treatment within 8 h from symptom onset. Logistic regression was performed to determine the variables associated with ICH, hemorrhagic infarction (HI), and parenchymal hematomas (PHs), as well as 90 day poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≥3) and mortality. Results There were a total of 363 ICHs (overall rate 32.3%; HI=267, 24%; PH=96, 8.5%) among the 1122 study patients (mean age 67±15 years; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score 17 (IQR 13–20)). Independent predictors for HI included diabetes mellitus (OR 2.27, 95% CI (1.58 to 3.26), p<0.0001), preprocedure IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (1.43 (1.03 to 2.08), p<0.037), Merci thrombectomy (1.47 (1.02 to 2.12), p<0.032), and longer time to puncture (1.001 (1.00 to 1.002), p<0.026). Patients with atrial fibrillation (1.61 (1.01 to 2.55), p<0.045) had a higher risk of PH while the use of IA tPA (0.57 (0.35 to 0.90), p<0.008) was associated with lower chances of PH. Both the presence of HI (2.23 (1.53 to 3.25), p<0.0001) and PH (6.24 (3.06 to 12.75), p<0.0001) were associated with poor functional outcomes; however, only PH was associated with higher mortality (3.53 (2.19 to 5.68), p<0.0001). Conclusions Greater understanding about the predictors and consequences of ICH post endovascular stroke therapy is essential to improve risk assessment, patient selection/clinical outcomes, and early prognostication. Our data suggest that patients with atrial fibrillation are particularly prone to severe ICH and question the 'benign' nature of HI suggested by earlier studies.


For quality assurance (QA) of therapeutic ion beams, a QA tool having high spatial resolution and quick verification is required. An imaging system with a fluorescent screen is suitable for the QA procedure. We developed a compact and quick verification system (NQA-SCN) using a fluorescent screen with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera for the sake of two-dimensional dosimetry. The NQA-SCN can be attached to the irradiation port and the water column. Several types of corrections were applied to the raw image obtained by using the NQA-SCN. Our goal is to use the NQA-SCN for three-dimensional dose verification. However, in carbon-ion therapy, the fluorescent light is decreased by the quenching effect due to the increased linear energy transfer (LET) in the Bragg peak. For three-dimensional dose verification, as a first approach, we investigated the quenching effect of a carbon-ion beam in water. Also, to evaluate the performance of NQA-SCN, we carried out experiments concerning QA procedures.


Paraffin sections from a series of human tissues were examined by an indirect immunoperoxidase method with BG6 antibody. Data showed that primary breast cancer (96%) or lymph nodes with metastatic tumors (94%) gave positive result with BG6 antibody. Weak staining was observed in some sections of nonbreast tumors and no evidence of positive immunoperoxidase staining was obtained in benign breast hyperplasia, normal tissues and embryonic tissues examined. It is considered that McAb BG6 might be used as a specific marker for breast cancer.


The paper introduces photonic service as a new type of multi-domain, end-to-end network service, that besides traditional data transmission enables also non-data or real-time communication, e.g. the remote control and sharing of different, typically unique, devices. We proved the concept of photonic services on a specialized metrology application - comparison of time scales, where time offset between atomic clock is measured over distance of 550 km.


Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a respiratory disorder with multiple clinical outcomes and is now being recognized as a serious health concern across the globe. However, the mechanisms of its pathophysiology are still elusive. Also, to date, evidence of miRNA regulation of sleep apnea in the Indian sub-population is unknown. Methods: In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of certain potential obesity-linked miRNAs in OSA subjects. Seventy adult subjects (20 obese OSA, 20 non-obese OSA and 30 healthy) were selected for this study. Total RNA was extracted and the expression of miR-21, miR-27, miR-29 and let-7 (normalized with internal control RNU48) was analyzed by SYBR Green-based qPCR. Results: We selected miR-21, miR-27, miR-29 and let-7 for their documented role in obesity. Relative miRNA expression profiles revealed differential expressions of all four above mentioned miRNAs in both obese and non-obese OSA subjects compared to healthy controls. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between miRNA expression with obesity-associated parameters in OSA subjects. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the involvement of four miRNAs (miR-21, miR-27, miR-29 and let-7) as potential molecular players of obesity-associated OSA. Identification of miRNA targets and in-depth analysis of their molecular mechanism in disease pathogenesis is further warranted.


This paper presents a novel image security system based on the replacement of the pixel values using recursive Cellular automata (CA) substitution. The advantages of our proposed method are that it is computationally efficient and it is reasonably passing sensibility analysis tests. The proposed method is carried out by using one half of image data to encrypt the other half of the image mutually. Our algorithm can encrypt image in parallel and be also applied to color image encryption. In this proposed method, size of key is dynamic and by changing a bit of security key the image cannot retrieve because our method is key sensitive. Simulation results obtained using color; white-black and gray-level images demonstrate the good performance of the proposed image security system.


Although not typical, there appears to be a growing trend of chiropractors working within collaborative care settings. We use a case report to highlight features of patient care and education related to chiropractic practice within a collaborative care model. This paper hopes to offer some insight into how a chiropractor might fit into a collaborative setting and what training might help them to function effectively. The case report used is an example where a chiropractor provided a secondary diagnosis and complementary care not previously considered by the allied team resulting in symptom control and return to work by the patient. By the nature of a chiropractor's ability to provide a primary or secondary musculoskeletal diagnosis, they have the capacity to offer an additive approach to patient care within collaborative care models. However, chiropractors wishing to work in these environments, such as a family health team, would benefit from further education.


An analytical approach is presented for studying the convergence of the general Jacobi method applied to diagonalizing the second-rank tensors that describe the optical properties of a medium subjected to an external field. This approach utilizes the fact that the components of such tensors are usually given in field-free principal axes as power series in the field strength, neglecting terms beyond a chosen power of the field. It is shown that for a biaxial or uniaxial medium, the finite number of iterations, which guarantees exact reduction of all the initial terms up to the required power in the series expansions of all off-diagonal elements, can always be found. Moreover, a fixed sequence of rotations in the Jacobi algorithm can be predicted. These findings allow one to derive analytical formulas in noniterative form for a given highest order of the effects being considered and also to optimize numerical iterative diagonalization procedures. Formulas for eigenvalues and eigenvectors applicable to biaxial and uniaxial mediums perturbed by the linear and quadratic effects are presented. Illustrations are given of the electro-optic and piezo-optic effects for the point group 3m. Conditions for biaxial and uniaxial perturbation of a uniaxial crystal are discussed.


Climate change presents a potentially severe threat to biodiversity. Species will be required to disperse rapidly through fragmented landscapes in order to keep pace with the changing climate. An important challenge for conservation is therefore to manage landscapes so as to assist species in tracking the environmental conditions to which they are adapted. Here we develop a stochastic spatially explicit model to simulate plant dispersal across artificial fragmented landscapes. Based on certain assumptions as to the dispersal mechanism, we assess the impact that varying potential for rare long-distance dispersal (LDD) has on the ability to move over landscapes with differing spatial arrangements of suitable habitat (clumped versus fragmented). Simulations demonstrate how the relative importance of landscape structure in determining migration ability may decrease as the potential for LDD increases. Thus, if LDD is the principal mechanism by which rapid large-scale migrations are achieved, strategically planned networks of protected habitat may have a limited impact on rates of large-scale plant migrations. We relate our results to conventional principles for conservation planning and the geometric design of reserves, and demonstrate how reversal of these principles may maximise the potential for conservation under future climates. In particular, we caution against the justification of large-scale corridors on grounds of climate change since migration along corridors by standard dispersal mechanisms is unlikely to keep pace with projected change for many species. An improved understanding of the dispersal mechanisms by which species achieve rapid migrations, and the way that these processes are affected by patterns of landscape fragmentation, will be important to inform future conservation strategies.


A unified robotic kinematic representation including position and orientation is presented. Based on a special Lie algebra which collects all real 3*3 skew-symmetric matrices with its exponential mapping, a 3-D orientation vector is defined for a possible unification with 3-D position vectors. All computational formulas are developed and illustrated for the PUMA 560 robot. Utilizing the 3-D orientation vector, and integral-force matrix that transforms the conventional kinematic Jacobian to a mathematical Jacobian matrix is derived. The unified method, which has applications to robotic control systems, was simulated by computer for the PUMA 560 robot with all six joints for tracking both the positional and orientational paths, and the simulation results are given.<<ETX>>


Classroom management is one of the key elements that influence the quality of education in the classroom. However, most teachers view classroom management as an important challenge. To address that challenge, teachers use different classroom management tools, two of which are reward and praise. However, there are different views about the effectiveness of reward and praise. While the behavioral school views them as positive classroom management tools, Self-Determination Theory argues that reward and praise are the tools of a controlling teaching style. It suggests that an autonomy-enhancing teaching style, such as establishing warm relationship with students, is a better classroom management tool. The aim of this study is to explore different profiles of teachers in terms of their classroom management styles, especially in terms of how teachers use reward and praise as well as punishment and warm relationship by using Latent Profile Analysis (LPA). The data were collected a sample of 579 teachers. Teachers completed four scales (The Reward Scale, The Praise Scale, The Emotional Punishment Scale and The Warmth Scale). Teachers were profiled, based on their use of these four classroom management tools. As a result of the LPA, five profiles of teachers in terms of classroom management styles emerged. They were named as "Disengaged Teachers", "Cold Punishers", "Cold Extrinsic Motivators", "Warm Extrinsic Motivators", and "Warm Intrinsic Motivators." As predicted, Warm Intrinsic Motivators who do not use reward, praise or emotional punishment but warm relationships are the best in classroom management. Unlike our prediction, Warm Extrinsic Motivators, who use reward and praise, were also good at classroom management since they were warm towards their students. However, they were using emotional punishment. These findings suggest that teachers who use reward also use emotional punishment. Teachers do not have to use reward, praise or punishment to manage their classes. Teachers could manage their classroom perfectly well by forming warm relationships with their students. It is essential for school leaders to incorporate relationship-building as an important classroom management tool into their professional development activities for teachers.


BACKGROUND
This study aimed to develop a reliable instrument, the Dogs and Physical Activity (DAPA) tool, for measuring important attributes and scales relating to the dog-walking behavior of dog owners.

METHODS
Items measuring dog-specific individual, social environmental, physical environmental, and policy-related factors that affect dog owners' walking with their dogs were assessed for test-retest reliability. Factor analysis was undertaken to demonstrate that the collection of test items had underlying constructs consistent with the theoretical framework.

RESULTS
DAPA-tool items had test-retest reliability scores >.7, indicating a high level of stability. Distinct general and dog-specific constructs of subscales measuring dog-supportive features of parks, barriers to dog walking, and behavioral beliefs about the outcomes of regular dog walking were demonstrated through factor analysis.

CONCLUSIONS
The DAPA tool is the first comprehensive, reliable tool for measuring important attributes and scales relating to dog owners' physical activity and the context-specific factors that affect owners' walking with their dogs.


SPACES Abstract Virtual space is one of the fundamental building blocks of any digital game. It ties directly into the notions of immersion and interactivity, both of which are enacted in relation to space, and it is therefore one of the components that differentiates the new medium from traditional texts. Over the past decade, the graphical rendering of virtual spaces in digital games has soared to unexpected results, so much so that one might be tempted to define these environments merely in terms of their sensorial representation. My argument, however, is that in addition to audiovisual representation, storytelling is employed by video game developers in order to create meaningful virtual spaces. The aim of the present paper, therefore, is to offer a brief account of current theory on video game spaces, and to add to the latter the idea that narrativity can and, indeed, does participate in the creation of virtual spaces in at least two significant ways. First, I argue that game developers create specific stories which they associate with various game spaces in order to confer meaning upon the latter beyond what can be represented through image and sound. Secondly, I explore the player's experience of such environments and the manner in which personal narratives result from play within certain spaces. To illustrate the above, I turn to 2K Games' BioShock and to Bethesda Softworks' The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim , respectively. Ultimately, I propose that through an appropriate use of storytelling, virtual environments can become as meaningful for players as real-life spaces, giving rise to experiences that are no less impactful or memorable than their real-life


Background. Minor histocompatibility antigens (miHags) are recognized by alloreactive cytotoxic donor T lymphocytes and trigger potent immune reactions such as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after major histocompatibility complex-matched transplantation. Our study focuses on tissue-specific T-cell responses to miHag-encoded peptides in GvHD target organs during the first 30 days in a murine transplant model. Methods. Complementarity determining region (CDR)3-size spectratyping was used to study T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires in recipient skin, liver, ileum, colon, spleen, and heart. Results. GvHD occurred as early as day 14 and was proven by histology in skin, liver, ileum, and colon. The heart was histologically not affected by GvHD but showed endomyocardial "quilty lesions." Two distinct patterns of TCR diversities could be identified. In skin, a restricted V&bgr; usage in combination with all J&bgr; segments contrasted with a complete V&bgr; repertoire in intestinal organs combined with a restricted J&bgr; usage. Interestingly, TCR repertoire in the heart was almost identical with intestinal CDR3-size patterns. Persisting clones were found in skin from day 9 to 30. In intestine and heart, identical sequences were obtained from several organs on day 14 and 21, but no persistence of CDR3 sequences could be observed. Conclusions. These results suggest that in the skin a limited number of persisting T cell clones maintains GvHD, whereas in the intestine, temporary expansions of different clones may fuel the process of GvHD. Strategies that eliminate tissue-specific T cells on the basis of their activational status rather than their V&bgr; expression but at the same time preserve a broad, overall TCR repertoire will help to increase the efficacy and safety of allogeneic stem cell transplantation.


Abstract We have recently investigated the long-recognized relationship between complex I and group 4 [NiFe] hydrogenases and we have established the so-called Energy-converting hydrogenase related (Ehr) complex as a new member of the family. We have also observed that four subunits, homologues to NuoB, D, H and L, are common to the members of the family. We have designated this common group of subunits the universal adaptor. Taking into account the similarity of the Na+/H+ antiporter-like subunits of complex I (NuoL, NuoM and NuoN) and the unique structural characteristic of the long amphipathic α helix part of NuoL, the nature of the antiporter-like subunit of the universal adaptor was questioned. Thus, in this work we further explore the properties of the universal adaptor, investigating which antiporter-like subunit is part of the universal adaptor. We observe that the universal adaptor contains an antiporter-like subunit with a long amphipathic α helix, similar to NuoL. Consequently, the long helix is a common denominator that has been conserved in all members of the family. Such conservation surely reflects the key role of such helix in the energy transduction mechanism of this family of enzymes.


OBJECTIVE
A growing body of evidence suggests that real-time electronic assessments of pain are preferable to traditional paper-and-pencil measures. We used electronic assessment data derived from a study of patients with fibromyalgia (FM) to examine variability of pain over time and to investigate the implications of pain fluctuation in the context of a clinical trial.

METHODS
The study group comprised 125 patients with FM who were enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of milnacipran. Pain intensity levels were captured in real time by participants using electronic diaries. Variability in pain was assessed as the standard deviation of pain entries over time (pain variability index [PVI]).

RESULTS
Substantial between-subject differences in pain variability were observed (mean +/- SD PVI 1.61 +/- 0.656 [range 0.27-4.05]). The fluctuation in pain report was constant over time within individuals (r = 0.664, P < 0.001). Individuals with greater variability were more likely to be classified as responders in a drug trial (odds ratio 6.14, P = 0.006); however, this association was primarily attributable to a greater change in pain scores in individuals receiving placebo (r = 0.460, P = 0.02) rather than active drug (r = 0.09, P > 0.10).

CONCLUSION
Among individuals with FM, there were large between-subject differences in real-time pain reports. Pain variability was relatively constant over time within individuals. Perhaps the most important finding is that individuals with larger pain fluctuations were more likely to respond to placebo. It is not clear whether these findings are applicable only to patients with FM or whether they may also be seen in patients with other chronic pain conditions.


There are many challenges in establishing surveillance systems for road injuries in India, predominantly rapid staff turnover, heavy workload and the absence of already existing data recording and management in hospitals. Pending administrative solutions such as improved staffing and posting, the chief measures to address these challenges were sustained dialogue and rapport-building with hospital administrators, training of data collectors, and enlisting the aid of bridge personnel, such as interns. Reiterating the value of surveillance data to negotiate for hospital resources commensurate with the high burden of road injuries may help convince hospital administrators to sustain such surveillance initiatives.


A new formalism based on perfectly matched layers (PMLs) is proposed to derive a fast converging series expansion for the two-dimensional periodic Green's function of layered media. The series combines a modal expansion for the waveguide formed by the layered medium terminated by PMLs with a truncated periodic Green's function series in the spatial domain. The efficiency of the new approach is illustrated by studying the scattering by a grid of metallic wires, both in free space and embedded in a dielectric slab. It is shown that the new technique results in a significant speed up compared to existing approaches.


Maternal obesity influence the child's long-term development and health. Though, the mechanism concerned in this process is still uncertain. In the present study, we explored whether overfeeding of a high-fat diet during pregnancy in female rats altered metabolic phenotypes in an F1 generation and authenticated the contribution of hypothalamic leptin signaling. Leptin responsiveness and the number of immunopositive neurons for phosphorylated signal transducer and activator transcription 3 (pSTAT3) were analyzed. Neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and in nucleus tractus solitaries was examined. Triglycerides and leptin levels were increased in the high-fat diet mother. The number of neuropeptide Y positive cell bodies and neurons was significantly increased in the high-fat diet-F1 offspring (HDF-F1) as compared to Chow-F1. Leptin administration significantly decreased the food intake and increased the pSTAT3 expression levels in neurons in the arcuate nucleus of Chow-F1. However, leptin did not show any effect on food intake and had a reduced effect on pSTAT3 expression levels in neurons in the arcuate nucleus of HDF-F1. From the present domino effect, we conclude that mothers exposed to high-fat diet during pregnancy may pass the obese phenotype to the succeeding generation via altering hypothalamic leptin signaling.


BACKGROUND
Increased left ventricular mass (LVM) by echocardiography is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Thus, it is of interest to compare the effects of both pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches to the treatment of hypertension on reduction of LVM.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Changes in LV structure were assessed by M-mode echocardiograms in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 844 mild hypertensive participants randomized to nutritional-hygienic (NH) intervention plus placebo or NH plus one of five classes of antihypertensive agents: (1) diuretic (chlorthalidone), (2) beta-blocker (acebutolol), (3) alpha-antagonist (doxazosin mesylate), (4) calcium antagonist (amlodipine maleate), or (5) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril maleate). Echocardiograms were performed at baseline, at 3 months, and annually for 4 years. Changes in blood pressure averaged 16/12 mm Hg in the active treatment groups and 9/9 mm Hg in the NH only group. All groups showed significant decreases (10% to 15%) in LVM from baseline that appeared at 3 months and continued for 48 months. The chlorthalidone group experienced the greatest decrease at each follow-up visit (average decrease, 34 g), although the differences from other groups were modest (average decrease among 5 other groups, 24 to 27 g). Participants randomized to NH intervention only had mean changes in LVM similar to those in the participants randomized to NH intervention plus pharmacological treatment. The greatest difference between groups was seen at 12 months, with mean decreases ranging from 35 g (chlorthalidone group) to 17 g (acebutolol group) (P = .001 comparing all groups). Within-group analysis showed that changes in weight, urinary sodium excretion, and systolic BP were moderately correlated with changes in LVM, being statistically significant in most analyses.

CONCLUSIONS
NH intervention with emphasis on weight loss and reduction of dietary sodium is as effective as NH intervention plus pharmacological treatment in reducing echocardiographically determined LVM, despite a smaller decrease in blood pressure in the NH intervention only group. A possible exception is that the addition of diuretic (chlorthalidone) may have a modest additional effect on reducing LVM.


After briefly identifying some of the problems archivists face in administering modern records, the author discusses six elements of archival collection management: inter-institutional cooperation in collecting, disciplined and documented application of appraisal procedures, deaccessioning, pre-archival control of records, reducing record volume, and analysis and planning. The author suggests that there may well be other factors involved in collection management but concludes with an admonition to all archivists to seek alternative courses of action rather than habitually following practices of the past.


The transmission of a pulse sequence through a single-mode fiber is considered under first- and second-order dispersion. An expression is given for the output power signal envelope in terms of the Fourier transform of a spectral function. The output envelope is composed of two terms: a linear one which is a distorted replica of the information sequence, and a nonlinear interference term. The latter is expressed in a more meaningful way and analyzed. The results allow a characterization and a classification of the interference pulses in terms of physically intuitive parameters. >


The mechanism of the stimulant effect of methylcobalamine on the growth of mouse adenocarcinoma 755 was studied. More rapid growth of adenocarcinoma 755 under the cobalamine coentzyme effect is consequent on an increased proliferative pool with the stable parameters of the mitotic cycle and minimal death of tumour cells. Apparently, inhibition of DNA synthesis in the greater S-phase cell subpopulation potentiated the antitumour effect of methotrexate combined with methylcobalamine.


Abstract Until recently, most contemporary ecologists have ignored or diminished anecdotal historical accounts and anthropologists' reports about aboriginal fire in the Great Basin. Literature review shows that Indians practiced regular use of fire for many purposes, including the obvious reasons of increasing the availability of desired plants, maintaining habitats for animals used as food, and driving game during hunts. Historical accounts of prehistoric anthropogenic firing, inferences from fire-scar data, and data regarding annual production capability of representative sagebrush (Artemisia spp.)-perennial grass ecological sites indicate that prehistoric conditions were neither fuel- nor ignition-limited. According to many sources, this "active management" by Indians was widespread, significant, and more common than lightning-caused fires, resulting in mosaic vegetation patterns that subsequently moderated the behavior of "natural fires." This interaction between Indian-burning and lightning fires may have strongly influenced the pre-Euro-American settlement vegetation of the Great Basin. At the very least, the landscape was a patchwork of areas altered by aboriginal people and areas shaped primarily by bio-physical processes. Based on this prehistoric precedent, current historically unprecedented conditions (fuel load and exotic weed invasion threats), and predicted climate change, contemporary active management of sagebrush-perennial grass communities is paramount. Restoration measures should be scientifically based and tailored to achieve ecological resilience and functionality in specific sites. Prescribed fire is not always ecologically appropriate or judicious, especially in Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata spp. wyomingensis) communities, so managers should consider using other alternatives where an intentional low severity distubance is deemed necessary. Properly planned active management would disrupt fuel continuity for lighthning fires, ensure ecological process and successional integrity, and benefit multiple uses on a landscape scale.


This paper deals with a control algorithm for two parallel-operated doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) driven by wind turbines in a three-phase four-wire autonomous system feeding local loads. The proposed autonomous wind energy conversion system (AWECS) is using back-to-back-connected pulsewidth-modulated insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor-based voltage source converters with a battery energy storage system at their dc link. The system utilizes separate rotor-side converters for each DFIG for maximum power tracking (MPT) through its rotor speed control. However, a common dc bus and a battery bank and stator-side converter are used for voltage and frequency control at the stator terminals of the DFIGs. A delta-star transformer is connected between the stator-side converter and the stator terminals of DFIGs for optimizing the voltage of dc bus, and the load-side neutral is connected to the neutral of the star side of the transformer. The proposed electromechanical system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink and Sim Power Systems set toolboxes. The performance of the proposed AWECS is presented to demonstrate its capability of MPT, stator voltage and frequency control, harmonic elimination, load balancing, and load leveling.


March marks the start of the International Polar Year (IPY) and I am very pleased to announce on this occasion that we've joined hands with Blackwell Publishing, which will henceforth publish the journal while editorial control remains with the editorial office at the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI). Blackwell, whose roots in Oxford extend back for a century, specializes in partnerships with learned societies and research institutions such as our own. The services provided by our skilled and experienced publishing team at Blackwell will benefit Polar Research 's readers and contributors in a variety of ways. For example, the complete contents of the journal are accessible online to subscribers via its new website at www.blackwell-synergy.com. Non-subscribers can access abstracts and can be directed to articles containing the search words that interest them. Contributors will soon submit their work online. Accepted, copyedited manuscripts will be made available online, potentially well in advance of print publication. In addition, authors of accepted manuscripts have the option of paying to make their articles freely accessible to all internet readers. To find out more, please see the new journal new homepage at www.blackwellpublishing.com/POR.


Introduction The aim of this study was to explore how women of working age who have had a mild stroke resulting in cognitive impairment experience and manage their everyday lives. Method Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. The participants consisted of 10 women of working age who had sustained cognitive impairment after a mild stroke. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results Three main categories appeared: The everyday is affected by the symptoms, Living strategies, and The social environment effects and changes. Participants feel insecure about their abilities and capabilities, experience anxiety and fear in relation to work, and find it hard to live up to demands and expectations. They are required to plan their daily activities in a new way and to prioritise chores that benefit the family, rather than follow their own interests and social activities. In order to cope with everyday life, they need to allocate chores to other family members. Conclusions The constant impact of fatigue and cognitive impairments affects everyday life. The women said that they had to learn to continuously manage their limitations through their experience of everyday life, something that can be facilitated with occupational therapy.


Objective: To assess the level of stress in breast cancer patients undergoing surgery and/or chemotherapy.Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out from August 2015 to February 2016 in Military Hospital (MH) and Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Rawalpindi.Material and Methods: The sample size was 61, which was calculated using WHO sample size calculator with a confidence interval of 95%, anticipated population proportion of 0.35 and absolute precision of 0.12. Purposive sampling technique was used. Stress levels were measured by using standardized Cohens stress Questionnaire. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.Results: The mean age of the patients was 46.72 ± 12.418 years. Among breast cancer patients who went for surgery all were having high stress that is 9 (100%). Among the chemotherapy patients, there was 1 (7.1%) in average stress category, 4 (28.6%) in moderate stress category and 9 (64.3%) in high stress category. Those patients who underwent surgery and chemotherapy sessions, there were 5 (13.2%) in average stress, 12 (31.6%) in moderate stress and 21 (55.3%) in high stress category but association was statistically not significant (p=0.165). Conclusion: High level of stress was found in both the treatment modalities. Illiterate and unemployed had a considerably greater stress category as compared to educated and employed.


Sperm cryopreservation has led to transcendental changes in the reproductive biotechnology of both mammals and fish, and is a basic tool for animal improvement. However, these protocols generate damage to cell structure and physiology, altering sperm function as a result of cryoinjuries during freezing and thawing. This review is a compilation of the techniques developed and standardised for assessing sperm function in cryopreserved fish semen. Recent studies have analysed sperm function objectively, applying cellular and molecular techniques to characterise cryodamage. The Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis system has facilitated the assessment of motility, while electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and cryo-microscopy have made it possible to study sperm morphology and ultra-structure. The effects of cryodamage on nuclear DNA have also been analysed using various methods, including the comet Fluorescence in situ Hybridization test, TUNEL, Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay, specific DNA sequences using RT-PCR and specific genes by qPCR. The latter technique is used to study the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA), together with some candidate genes which are associated with bioenergy activity and sperm motility. Other parameters assessed are mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content using high performance liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and cell respiration. All this information makes it possible to establish study and assessment criteria for cryopreserved fish spermatozoa. This work focuses on the use of technologies to study of quality of fish spermatozoa during cryopreservation.


In todays society the demand on companies to deliver better project management is crucial for them to survive. The higher demands from clients make older project management weak and unreliable. In the constructions sector more and more companies are created and the competition is higher than ever. The clients are aware of the higher competition in the construction sector. This has resulted that construction companies must now make their project management more efficient to create better projects and better relationship with clients. The purpose of this thesis arose from this problem in the construction sector. The author has created this thesis with the company Johnson Controls. The author has studied Johnson Controls project management and mapped their project processes to better understand the purpose and to be able to create different methods to enhance Johnson Controls project management more efficiently. The methods are to streamline the project processes in the project concept: Engineering, Procurement & Construction (EPC), which is a concept, used by many companies in the construction sector. These methods have been analysed in the theory surrounding project management. Interviews with keyworkers at Johnson Controls have also been conducted to understand the companies project management and to be able to map the project processes. Additionally analyse of five projects from Johnson Control have been made to see how EPC projects is conducted and to understand the project management more. Other EPC companies when wanting to enhance and streamline the companies project management should use the result of this thesis.


Ehret, D. L., Frey, B., Forge, T., Helmer, T., Bryla, D. R. and Zebarth, B. J. 2014. Effects of nitrogen rate and application method on early production and fruit quality in highbush blueberry. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1165–1179. Proper nitrogen (N) fertilizer management of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is of major importance in south-coastal British Columbia, but little information is available. A field study was conducted to examine the effects of N rate and method of application on growth, yield, and fruit quality in highbush blueberry during the first 4 yr after planting in south-coastal BC. Nitrogen was applied at 0–150% of current production guide rates either with three equal applications of broadcast granular ammonium sulphate each spring or by fertigation through the drip irrigation system with 10 equal applications of liquid ammonium sulphate injected every 2 wk from early spring to late summer each year. Yield increased with increasing N rate during the second and third years of fruit production. The yield response as well as flower number and plant size were greater with fertigation than with broadcast fertilizers. Fruit firmness also increased consistently with increased N rates, while fruit size either increased or decreased, depending on year. There were no effects of N on fruit oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), titratable acidity, or soluble solids. However, the composition of fruit anthocyanins changed, with concentrations of seven anthocyanins decreasing, and three others increasing, with N rate. In 2 of 3 yr, total anthocyanin concentration was greater in fertigated than in broadcast treatments. Soil ammonium and nitrate concentrations increased with N rate, but only soil nitrate differed between the two application methods. Soil nitrate was higher with fertigation than with granular fertilizers, particularly at the end of the season and when greater rates of N were applied. In summary, fertigation produced more shoot growth and greater yields with less N than broadcast applications of fertilizer.


In this paper, we propose an GPU based Cloud system for high-performance arrhythmia detection. Pan-Tompkins algorithm is used for QRS detection and we optimized beat classification algorithm with K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN). To support high performance beat classification on the system, we parallelized beat classification algorithm with CUDA to execute the algorithm on virtualized GPU devices on the Cloud system. MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database is used for validation of the algorithm. The system achieved about 93.5% of detection rate which is comparable to previous researches while our algorithm shows 2.5 times faster execution time compared to CPU only detection algorithm.


A technique is proposed to grow horizontal carbon nanotubes (CNTs) bridging metal electrodes and to assess their electrical properties. A test structure was utilized that allows for selective electrochemical sidewall catalyst placement. The selectivity of the technique is based on the connection of the desired metal electrodes to the silicon substrate where the potential for electrochemical deposition was applied. Control over the Ni catalyst size (15–30 nm) and density (up to 3 × 1011 particles cm − 2) is demonstrated. Horizontal CNTs with controlled diameter and density were obtained by CVD growth perpendicular to the sidewalls of patterned TiN electrode structures. Electrode gaps with spacings from 200 nm up to 5 µm could be bridged by both direct CNT–electrode contact and CNT–CNT entanglement. The TiN–CNT–TiN and TiN–CNT–CNT–TiN bridges were electrically characterized without any further post-growth contacting. Resistance values as low as 40 Ω were measured for the smallest gap spacing and depended mainly on the number and configuration of the CNT bridges. The proposed method could be implemented for CNT-based horizontal interconnections and be a route to make different nanoelectronic devices such as chemical and electromechanical sensors.


Oxygenation in the early mammalian embryos appears to be tightly controlled since the level of oxygenation determines blood vessel development. In so far as cardiac activity controls tissue oxygenation, embryonic heart activity also needs to be tightly controlled. Unlike the adult heart, the embryonic heart does not have an extrinsic nerve supply during most of the organogenic period so the ability to control the cardiac output must involve other mechanismsThe aims of this study were; (i) to determine at what stage of development the rat embryonic heart rate (HR) is dependent on the If current which characterises the pacemaker cells of the adult heart (ii) to test the hypothesis that the embryo contains cells that can produce and release catecholamines during hypoxia and that these catecholamines stimulate the heart to beat faster (iii) to test the hypothesis that the reduction in HR observed in rat embryos during hypoxia is due to activation of KATP channels. These aims were studied using an in vitro system where rat embryos were maintained in short term culture under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Their HR was monitored and then it was determined if the HR was changed by the addition of various agonists or antagonists for the various currents and ion channels mentioned above. The use of the If channel inhibitor ivabradine on rat embryos from gestation day (GD) 10-14 showed that the rat embryonic HR is highly dependent on the If current and is dependent from almost the start of cardiac activity (GD10). The use of catecholamine agonists or antagonists on GD13 rat embryos in normoxia or hypoxia failed to demonstrate any relevant change in HR and therefore does not support the hypothesis that the early embryo can produce catecholamines to increase HR. The use of KATP agonists and antagonists on GD13 rat embryos in normoxia or hypoxia failed to demonstrate any role for these channels in the response to hypoxia.


A new cermet film Nb-NbN, deposited on the stainless steel substrate by direct reactive magnetron sputtering, was reported as solar selective absorptive coating. Some fundamental studies on microstructure and optical properties of the Nb-NbN cermet films were carried out by XRD, EDX, SEM and spectrophotometer. A solar absorptivity of 0.94 and a normal emissivity of 0.16 at room temperature were achieved for the coating. Thermal stability was investigated at 350°C and 500°C and it was observed that the absorptivity was changed in a range from 0.92 to 0.94 and the surface emissivity varied firstly from 0.16 to 0.14 and then increasing to 0.19 when the temperature was increased from room temperature to 350°C and up to 500°C.


Multiple-test procedures are increasingly important as technology increases scientists' ability to make large numbers of multiple measurements, as they do in genome scans. Multiple-test procedures were originally defined to input a vector of input p-values and an uncorrected critical p-value, interpreted as a familywise error rate or a false discovery rate, and to output a corrected critical p-value and a discovery set, defined as the subset of input p-values that are at or below the corrected critical p-value. A range of multiple-test procedures is implemented using the smileplot package in Stata (Newson and the ALSPAC Study Team 2003, Stata Journal 3: 109–132; 2010, Stata Journal 10: 691–692). The qqvalue command uses an alternative formulation of multiple-test procedures, which is also used by the R function p.adjust. qqvalue inputs a variable of p-values and outputs a variable of q-values that are equal in each observation to the minimum familywise error rate or false discovery rate that would result in the inclusion of the corresponding p-value in the discovery set if the specified multiple-test procedure was applied to the full set of input p-values. Formulas and examples are presented.


AIM
To determine the magnitude of the association between social isolation and oral health in adults.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Systematic review based on PRISMA guidelines. Observational studies and clinical trials were obtained by searching the electronic databases of PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library electronic, SciELO, Science Direct and Embase. Hand searches and gray literature were included. Two researchers independently selected the studies, extracted data, and analyzed and assessed their methodological quality. The Rayyan QCRI web-based tool was used to manage and cite references, and the risk of bias was estimated according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Meta-analysis was not performed due to insufficient data.

RESULTS
The search retrieved 2545 articles. Full texts of 14 articles were read, and 1 clinical trial and 3 cross-sectional studies were included. All the studies reported on oral function, but none assessed plaque or caries parameters. The cross-sectional studies presented high risk of bias. None of the studies associated social isolation with oral health.

CONCLUSIONS
There is no strong evidence for an association between social isolation and oral health in adults. Regular oral hygiene practice should be encouraged, recommended and maintained at this time of social isolation, to maintain oral health.


In view of the disadvantages on working vibration or even cannot work of broaching machine derived by broaching-load's uncertainty, a testing system of broaching-load is designed. The testing system uses an industrial computer, a high-precision data-acquisition-card, two pressure-sensors, a displacement-sensor and Borland C++ to test the broaching-load on the base of broaching machine's electronic control system. The factual application in hydraulic broaching machine shows that the proposed system has a good performance on testing-accuracy. The proposed system gives an effective solution to broaching-load testing.


Substantial gender inequities persist across academic medicine. These issues are not new: Recent evidence still points to a chilly climate for women in academic medicine, including those in physician–scientist training. The discussion for how to address gender equity and issues of work–life integration typically centers around faculty and rarely includes trainees. The authors delineate specific strategies to address gender inequity in physician–scientist training by identifying key stakeholders for implementation and proposing areas to integrate these strategies with current training timelines. Strategies discussed include multiple-role mentoring, allyship training for trainees and faculty, early implementation of professional development sessions, incorporation of childcare and family-friendly policies, and additional policies for funding bodies to prioritize gender equity practices. The goal of this article is to equip trainees and the academic community with proactive strategies to create a more equitable environment for future generations of trainees in academic medicine.


Ever since the Mw7.4 Izmit earthquake in 1999, evaluation of seismic hazard associated with the last unbroken segments of the North Anatolian fault is capital. A strong controversy remains over whether Marmara fault segments are locked or are releasing strain aseismically. Using a Bayesian approach, we propose a preliminary probabilistic interseismic model constrained by published GPS data sets. The posterior mean model show that Ganos and Cinarcik segments are locked while creep is detected in the central portion of Marmara fault. Our analysis, however, reveals that creeping segments are associated with large model uncertainties, which mainly results from the sparsity of current geodetic observations. We then discuss how the GPS network can be improved to attain more reliable assessment of interseismic slip rates. With this purpose, we implement a network optimization procedure to identify the most favorable distribution of stations measuring strain accumulation in the Marmara Sea.


Title of Thesis : Anaerobic Biodegradation of Tri-chloroethylene With the Addition of Sugar Using Activated Carbon Fluidized Beds Suxuan Huang, Doctor of Engineering Science, 1989 Thesis Directed by : Dr. Yeun C. Wu Professor Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering N.J.I.T. Anaerobic biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) was carried out in a two-stage granular activated carbon flui dized bed bioreactor. The intermediate products were iden tified as: dichloroethylene (DCE), vinyl chloride (VC) , 1,2-dichloroethane (DCA) and chloroethane (CA). Of the three geometric isomers of DCE, the trans-1,2 dichloroethy lene (TDCE) was found to be the most predominant species. The production of DCA suggested a diverted reaction sequence from the conventional sequential reductive dechlorination pathway postulated in the past literature. CA was believed to be a product of VC and/or DCA. The co-substrate glucose was implicated for this reaction specificity. Based on our data and on other's work, a modified degradation pathway for TCE in anaerobic environment is postulated. The quantita tive production of CA strongly implied a potential for complete mineralization of TCE under reductive conditions. t I The rate constant, k, of TCE biodegrada.tion in this process was found to be 8.7 min-1. The reaction kinetics resembled that of Michaelis-Menten model with the maximum rate, and Michaelis-Menten constant, Km , determined as I 1.63 mg/L-min and 0.11 mg/L, respectively. The kinetic constants for TDCE conversion were: k = 0.3 min-1, Vm = 0.06 mg/L-min and Kj,, = 0.10 mg/L. The material balance performed on one stage of the system revealed that, in the range of influent TCE concen tration of 0.02 4.64 mg/L, about 1% of the TCE introduced into the system volatilized to the reactor headspace, a maximum of 2% remained unaltered on the granular activated carbon (GAC) particles, and a maximum of 35% escaped biotra nsformation and eluted with the effluent of the first stage. Over 62% of the TCE was biotransformed to the DCEs, about 7 5% of which was further transformed to CA. The percent reduction of TCE from the aqueous phase ranged from 81 to 98% for the first stage and 98 to 100% for the entire sys tem. The optimum recycle rate was found to range from 750 to 850 ml/min. With a target effluent TCE concentration of below 20 ug/L and allowing a contact time of one minute, the nutrient feed rate must be < 4 ml/min. A glucose/TCE ratio of greater than 4 seemed to result in the early cleavage of double bond in TDCE and thus lead to the production of CA via DCA rather than VC.


Abstract Ellagic acid is a naturally occurring plant phenol which has been shown to reduce the incidence of a number of carcinogen-induced tumors including methylbenzylnitrosamine (MBN)-induced esophageal carcinoma in the rat. The postulated mechanism of MBN-induced esophageal carcinogenesis is through oxidation of MBN to form benzaldehyde and an activated metabolite which methylates DNA forming a variety of methylated DNA adducts including O 6 -methylguanine (O 6 -mGua) and 7-methylguanine (m 7 Gua). O 6 -mGua adducts have been shown to induce DNA mutations which can lead to cancer, while m 7 Gua adducts do not appear to be related to tumor induction. In this study, we examined whether the decreased incidence of MBN-induced esophageal carcinoma observed with dietary ellagic acid was associated with a decrease in the in vivo and in vitro formation of MBN-induced DNA adducts and whether this reduction was specific to O 6 -mGua or due to a reduction in total methylation. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a nutritionally complete diet with and without the addition of 0.4 g of ellagic acid per kg of diet. This dose of dietary ellagic acid has previously been shown to reduce the incidence of MBN-induced esophageal carcinoma by 30 to 50%. After 3 wk on the diets, rats were given injections of a single dose of MBN (2.0 mg/kg of body weight i.p.) and sacrificed 1 h after injection. Dietary ellagic acid significantly reduced the MBN-induced in vivo formation of esophageal O 6 -mGua, without significantly reducing the formation of esophageal m 7 Gua. Examination of this effect in an in vitro methylation assay demonstrated that dietary ellagic acid did not reduce the ability of esophageal microsomes to methylate purified calf thymus DNA; however, pretreatment of the calf thymus DNA with ellagic acid selectively reduced the MBN-induced formation of O 6 -mGua by microsomes from both ellagic acid-fed and control animals without altering the in vitro formation of m 7 Gua. These results suggest that ellagic acid bound to DNA selectively blocks methylation of the O 6 -position of guanine without inhibiting the activation of MBN or the ability of MBN to methylate DNA.


A suite of standards for software process assessment is being developed by ISO under the SPICE project. The intent of the SPICE standard is to harmonize the numerous efforts around the world to manage and improve the software process. This work is related to the software process work being done by the SEI, and the SEI is actively participating in the ISO activities. Drafts of the standard are being trialled now, and there are several issues that will need to be resolved as the suite progresses toward standardization. This paper provides an SEI perspective on some of these issues.


A 180-km-long, high-resolution seismic-reflection survey that imaged the entire crust and the uppermost mantle lithosphere was conducted across the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. This work had three aims: (1) to examine whether the left-slip Haiyuan and Tianjing faults defining the margin of NE Tibet are crustal- or lithospheric-scale structures, (2) to determine whether seismic fabrics are consistent with middle- and/or lower-crustal channel flow, and (3) to establish the minimum amount of Cenozoic shortening strain in the region. Analysis of our newly obtained seismic-reflection data suggests that the left-slip Haiyuan and Tianjing faults have multiple strands and cut through the upper and middle crust. The faults likely terminate at a low-angle detachment shear zone in the lower crust, because the flat Moho directly below the projected traces of the faults is continuous. The seismic image displays subvertical zones of highly reflective sequences containing parallel and subhorizontal reflectors that are truncated by seismically transparent regions with irregular shape. The transparent regions in the middle crust are traceable to the seismically transparent lower crust and are interpreted as early Paleozoic plutons emplaced during the construction of the Qilian arc in the region. The presence of the undisturbed subvertical contacts between zones of highly reflective and seismically transparent regions rules out the occurrence of channel flow in the middle crust, as this process would require through-going subhorizontal reflectors bounding the channel above and below. The lack of continuous reflectors longer than a few kilometers in the lower crust makes a laminar mode of channel flow unfavorable, but lateral lower-crustal flow could have occurred via small-scale ductile deformation involving folding (less than a few kilometers in wavelength and amplitude). Integrating surface geology and the seismic data, we find that the upper crust along a segment of the seismic surveying line experienced up to 46% crustal shortening postdating the Cretaceous and is thus interpreted as entirely accumulated in the Cenozoic. If the estimated shortening strain is representative across northeastern Tibet, its magnitude is sufficient to explain the current elevation of the region without an appeal for additional contributing factors such as channel flow and/or a thermal event in the upper mantle.


Online Social Networks (OSNs) witness a rise in user activity whenever an event takes place. Malicious entities exploit this spur in user-engagement levels to spread malicious content that compromises system reputation and degrades user experience. It also generates revenue from advertisements, clicks, etc. for the malicious entities. Facebook, the world's biggest social network, is no exception and has recently been reported to face much abuse through scams and other type of malicious content, especially during news making events. Recent studies have reported that spammers earn $200 million just by posting malicious links on Facebook. In this paper, we characterize malicious content posted on Facebook during 17 events, and discover that existing efforts to counter malicious content by Facebook are not able to stop all malicious content from entering the social graph. Our findings revealed that malicious entities tend to post content through web and third party applications while legitimate entities prefer mobile platforms to post content. In addition, we discovered a substantial amount of malicious content generated by Facebook pages. Through our observations, we propose an extensive feature set based on entity profile, textual content, metadata, and URL features to identify malicious content on Facebook in real time and at zero-hour. This feature set was used to train multiple machine learning models and achieved an accuracy of 86.9%. The intent is to catch malicious content that is currently evading Facebook's detection techniques. Our machine learning model was able to detect more than double the number of malicious posts as compared to existing malicious content detection techniques. Finally, we built a real world solution in the form of a REST based API and a browser plug-in to identify malicious Facebook posts in real time.


Although diversity provides teams with a variety of advantages, the diversity–performance connection is not always positive. This paper identifies three performance issues that naturally result from diversity and suggests a potential solution for each of them. First, the positive effects associated with diversity often decay over time, in part because heterogeneous people may homogenize with repeated exposure. Second, diverse groups are fragile and experience higher turnover than nondiverse groups. Recruiting similar (redundant) pairs within a heterogeneous group can solve these two problems but also gives rise to a third: fault-line fragmentation . We propose a different structural solution: redundant heterogeneity (RH), in which not only are team members heterogeneous within a hierarchical level of a group or organization but their diversity is matched by similar critical team member characteristics at other hierarchical levels. Thus, we suggest that organizations and teams can take maximal advantage of diversity when each of their hierarchical subgroups are similarly diverse on the same critical dimensions. Analyses of 23 years of panel data from the National Basketball Association provided a first test of the effectiveness of this solution. We focused on professional players' experience with a particular style of play in their college careers as the critical dimension of diversity within these teams. Our findings indicate that RH led to better performance, for three reasons. First, the positive effect of heterogeneity among teams' core players on team performance decays more slowly for teams with RH; second, teams with RH are less negatively affected by turnover among core players; and third, teams with RH exhibited more coordination and cooperation. The discussion section suggests how and why other types of teams and organizations can benefit from redundant heterogeneity.


This paper introduces a new graph theory problem called generalized edge coloring (g.e.c). A generalized edge coloring is similar to traditional edge coloring, with the difference that a vertex can be adjacent to up to k edges that share the same color. The concept of generalized edge coloring can be used to formulate the channel assignment problem in multi-channel multi-interface wireless networks. We provide theoretical analysis for this problem. Our theoretical findings can be useful for system developers of wireless networks. We show that when k = 3, there are graphs that do not have generalized edge coloring that could achieve the minimum number of colors for every vertex. On the contrary, when k = 2 we show that if we are given one extra color, we can find a generalized edge coloring that uses the minimum number of colors for each vertex. In addition, we show that for certain classes of graphs we are able to find a generalized edge coloring that uses the minimum number of colors for every vertex without the extra color. These special classes of graphs include bipartite graph, graphs with a power of 2 maximum degree, or graphs with maximum degree no more than 4


It is well known how multiplicative renormalizability of the fermion propagator results in a simple form of the corresponding Schwinger-Dyson equation in the momentum space in massless quenched quantum electrodynamics in 4-dimensions (QED4). We extend this idea to arbitrary dimensions d. The constraint of multiplicative renormalizability of the fermion propagator is generalized to a Landau-Khalatnikov-Fradkin transformation law in d-dimensions


Gene regulatory networks, i.e. DNA segments in a cell which interact with each other indirectly through their RNA and protein products, lie at the heart of many important intracellular signal transduction processes. In this paper, we analyze a mathematical model of a canonical gene regulatory network consisting of a single negative feedback loop between a protein and its mRNA (e.g. the Hes1 transcription factor system). The model consists of two partial differential equations describing the spatio-temporal interactions between the protein and its mRNA in a one-dimensional domain. Such intracellular negative feedback systems are known to exhibit oscillatory behavior and this is the case for our model, shown initially via computational simulations. In order to investigate this behavior more deeply, we undertake a linearized stability analysis of the steady states of the model. Our results show that the diffusion coefficient of the protein/mRNA acts as a bifurcation parameter and gives rise to a Hopf bifurcation. This shows that the spatial movement of the mRNA and protein molecules alone is sufficient to cause the oscillations. Our result has implications for transcription factors such as p53, NF-κB and heat shock proteins which are involved in regulating important cellular processes such as inflammation, meiosis, apoptosis and the heat shock response, and are linked to diseases such as arthritis and cancer.


SINCE PUBLICATION of "Barbiturate Use in Narcotic Addicts" 1 numerous requests have been received for more information concerning the identification and treatment of the barbiturate user. This communication is an attempt to answer some of the questions posed. The therapy regime described herein was evolved over the years by the medical staff at the US Public Health Service Hospital, Lexington, Ky. Identification of Barbiturate Use Though the diagnosis of barbiturate abuse can be made from the history, the physician must be wary of ruling out this illness by the absence of a history of barbiturate use. Often the user will distort the history in order to influence the physician's treatment of his case. The veracity of the patient should be taken into account and a history that includes drugs, dosages, duration of use, and routes of administration should be obtained. Family and acquaintances should be contacted for confirmatory or contradictory


Stresses result when polymer feed stock is extruded through the nozzle of a three-dimensional (3D) printer, causing undesirable surface roughness called "sharkskin," which hinders effective bonding to the substrate. A promising method to remove the sharkskin is to reheat the polymer after extrusion. However, questions remain about the appropriate design parameters to guarantee success. A mathematical model is presented for this system, and both amorphous and crystalline polymers are examined. The former is a heat transfer problem; the latter a Stefan problem. Several effectiveness conditions are considered, including exit temperature and a duration condition related to the polymer relaxation time. Our results provide guidance on designing effective postextrusion heaters.


We introduce a new efficient routing algorithm called Prediction-based Decentralized Routing algorithm (PDR), which is based on the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) meta-heuristics. In our approach, an ant uses a combination of the link state information and the predicted link load instead of the ant's trip time to determine the amount of pheromone to deposit. A Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) is used to build adaptive traffic predictors which capture the actual traffic behaviour. We study two performance parameters: the rejection ratio and the percentage of accepted bandwidth under two different network load conditions. We show that our algorithm reduces the rejection ratio of requests and achieves a higher throughput when compared to Shortest Path First and Widest Shortest Path algorithms.


Mr. Lee replies: Rather than resorting to a personal attack, why did Messrs. Firth and Noren not dispute the evidence? Russians who know the price Soviet citizens paid for spending onethird of their gross national product on the military have a different view of CIA's work than Messrs. Becker, Clarke, and Garthoff. Professor Henry Trofimenko of the USA and Canada Institute wrote to me that "Revelations by high Soviet officials during the glasnost period amply confirmed your conclusions." Those high officials, before and after glasnost, include L. Brezhnev, M. Gorbachev, N. Ryzhkov, L. Voronin, General V. Lobov, numerous economists, and a senior GRU officer. The latter stated that only two people in the west, Igor Birman and William Lee, "understood the monstrous degree of militarization of the Soviet economy, and even they underestimated it." Actually, there was a third: Professor Steven Rosefielde. To paraphrase Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, intelligence errors are excusable, but refusal to admit same is not. I bear Firth and Noren neither "Envy" nor "Malice," but they are accountable for their errors and waste.


Oligosaccharides (OS) are commonly added to infant formulas, however, their physiological impact, particularly on adult health programming, is poorly described. In adult animals, OS modify microbiota and stimulate colonic fermentation and enteroendocrine cell (EEC) activity. Since neonatal changes in microbiota and/or EEC density could be long-lasting and EEC-derived peptides do regulate short-term food intake, we hypothesized that neonatal OS consumption could modulate early EECs, with possible consequences for adult eating behavior. Suckling rats were supplemented with fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), beta-galacto-oligosaccharides/inulin (GOS/In) mix, alpha-galacto-oligosaccharides (αGOS) at 3.2 g/kg, or a control solution (CTL) between postnatal day (PND) 5 and 14/15. Pups were either sacrificed at PND14/15 or weaned at PND21 onto standard chow. The effects on both microbiota and EEC were characterized at PND14/15, and eating behavior at adulthood. Very early OS supplementation drastically impacted the intestinal environment, endocrine lineage proliferation/differentiation particularly in the ileum, and the density of GLP-1 cells and production of satiety-related peptides (GLP-1 and PYY) in the neonatal period. However, it failed to induce any significant lasting changes on intestinal microbiota, enteropeptide secretion or eating behavior later in life. Overall, the results did not demonstrate any OS programming effect on satiety peptides secreted by L-cells or on food consumption, an observation which is a reassuring outlook from a human perspective.


Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a weakening mental health problem that hampers the child development. Both the hereditary and ecological elements are the primary causes behind the challenge and possibly will be different among persons. The drugs are used for ADHD may be enhancing the health problem. Therefore, huge requirement of ayurvedic based foodstuff is anticipated among the end users that are expected to be healthy as well as afford additional functional benefits. An ayurvedic plant such as brahmi (Bacopamonnieri and Centellaasiatica) is reported to have much useful functional benefits. Brahmi is well-known to harness reminiscence, perception, being sensible and further mental disorderliness. The present review enlightens the functional properties of brahmi for children with ADHD, including intervention programme.


The behaviors of deep neural networks (DNNs) are notoriously resistant to human interpretations. In this paper, we propose Hypergradient Data Relevance Analysis, or HyDRA, which interprets the predictions made by DNNs as effects of their training data. Existing approaches generally estimate data contributions around the final model parameters and ignore how the training data shape the optimization trajectory. By unrolling the hypergradient of test loss w.r.t. the weights of training data, HyDRA assesses the contribution of training data toward test data points throughout the training trajectory. In order to accelerate computation, we remove the Hessian from the calculation and prove that, under moderate conditions, the approximation error is bounded. Corroborating this theoretical claim, empirical results indicate the error is indeed small. In addition, we quantitatively demonstrate that HyDRA outperforms influence functions in accurately estimating data contribution and detecting noisy data labels. The source code is available at https://github.com/cyyever/aaai_hydra.


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The objective of this study was to investigating the relationship between information technology component and organizational entrepreneurship in the aviation industry. The method of this research was descriptive. The statistical population of the study included all employees of the administrative department of Iran Civil Aviation Organization of Tehran province which was 140 employees. Due to the limited size of the population, the whole population was selected as a sample and examined. The present research is descriptive-survey type. The instruments of this study are researcher-made questionnaires of information technology and organizational entrepreneurship questionnaire whose validity and reliability in this study were obtained based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89. In order to analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions were used to test the hypotheses and Cronbach's alpha method was used to calculate the reliability coefficients. Results of testing research hypotheses showed that there is a significant relationship between information technology and the tendency to organizational entrepreneurship. According to results we say that this is a educational research that information technology is one of the tools of entrepreneurship that cannot replace real development, but provides tools that can accelerate development of organization. It is suggested that information technology and entrepreneurship training and retraining classes be held simultaneously in order to develop and based on proper planning for the use of computers in entrepreneurship.