Are you looking for a fresh, innovative approach to accounting that will engage your students and truly bring the subject to life? Then meet Sam Smart. In chapter one we meet Sam as he is setting up his own business and looking at the financial information needed when starting to trade. We then follow him through the textbook as the business grows to a multinational manufacturing and retailing company. We learn with Sam how to assess the success of his business, finance day to day activities, make pricing decisions, invest in product launches and new distribution channels, and control an expanding business. Developed specifically with non-specialist students in mind, and tested and reviewed by business students, this is the perfect textbook for your introductory accounting module. Covering all the core topics found on a typical introductory accounting module, this fully integrated case study will give students the confidence they need to successfully approach their course and exams. Combined with the wealth of additional examples and self-test exercises available, students will not only develop an appreciation of how accounting information allows a manager to make key business decisions, but they will also acquire the skills necessary to enable them to converse with accountants, and challenge their assumptions and methodologies. Through the provision of integrated PowerPoint slides, a comprehensive question pack and a detailed assessment guide, lecturers are provided with a comprehensive and reliable package of support, which is vital when teaching large student cohorts. An Online Resource Centre accompanies the textbook and includes: For Students: Additional questions and exercises (including questions covering higher level material) Flashcard glossary of key terms from the book For Lecturers: Fully integrated and customisable PowerPoint slides Question pack plus solutions Assessment guide


The deformation of the eastern Corinth rift (Greece) is distributed along several E‐W trending active normal faults. Here the 25‐km‐long Pisia fault experienced up to 150 cm of coseismic displacement during the 1981 Alkyonides earthquake sequence (M = 6.7, 6.4, 6.3). Using terrestrial laser scanning, coupled with analyses of color changes, lichen colonization, and karstic features, we identify differentially weathered horizontal stripes on the exposed Pisia fault plane. The stripe boundaries occur at scarp heights of 1.10, 2.05, 2.85, 3.60, 4.15, and 5.15 m, with two additional possible boundaries at 3.10 and 4.65 m (~±0.1 m, respectively). This indicates that six to eight paleoearthquakes have exhumed the fault plane in a series of distinct coseismic slip events. A vertical profile of cosmogenic 36Cl measurements is used to constrain age models of the exhumation. The results imply that, in addition to the last earthquake of 1981 (EQ1), exhumation events occurred at ~2.0 kyr (EQ2), ~3.1 kyr (EQ3), ~4.5 kyr (EQ4/4a,b), ~6.0 kyr (EQ5), and ~7.3 kyr (EQ6/6a,b), with modeled age uncertainties of ~0.7 kyr. Bayesian modeling provides a middle and late Holocene slip rate of 0.5–0.6 mm/yr (last 7.3 ± 0.7 kyr), while the upper part of the 8.45‐m‐high fault plane was exhumed at a higher rate of 0.8–2.3 mm/yr (7.3 ± 0.7 kyr to 10.2 ± 1.9 kyr). This slip rate variability suggests an increased seismicity or larger slip events during the early Holocene.


This study was an attempt to investigate the developmental rate of fluency, accuracy and complexity among 12 EFL learners within the framework of chaos complexity theory. To carry out this study, 6 female and 6 male participants in two levels of proficiency (pre-and upper-intermediate) were put in two classes taught by the same teacher and following the same course. Every two months (for a period of four months) they were asked to write a narrative using the pictorial sequence of a story, and they were also asked to tell the same story orally after three days. Their productions were analyzed for fluency, accuracy and complexity (lexical and grammatical). The results, compared inter and inrta-individually, revealed that there was no common pattern of development among different learners with different proficiency or gender. A closer examination of the oral and written productions of these learners showed that the emergence of complexity, fluency, and accuracy could be seen as a system adapting to a changing context, in which the language resources of each individual were uniquely transformed through use and in which chaos, dynamicity, unpredictability, and self-organization were clearly observed in the participants' productions.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a baking soda/hydrogen peroxide dentifrice, Mentadent, and a 0.12 percent chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse, Peridex, in reducing gingival bleeding. Forty subjects were divided into three groups; the baking soda group, the chlorhexidine group and the control group. All groups received oral hygiene instruction and brushed and flossed three times per day. Bleeding point scores were evaluated at baseline and at five weeks. The baking soda/hydrogen peroxide group used the supplied dentifrice as their sole toothpaste. The 0.12 percent chlorhexidine group used the mouthrinse twice per day. The control group performed oral hygiene as instructed. At five weeks, the 0.12 percent chlorhexidine mouthrinse significantly reduced gingival bleeding. The dentifrice and control groups revealed no statistically significant reductions. The results indicate that the 0.12 percent chlorhexidine mouthrinse is useful in improving oral health, whereas the baking soda/hydrogen peroxide dentifrice offered no advantages to conventional oral hygiene.


Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) waveguides, as an emerging technology, have proven to offer a promising platform for integrated optics, due to their strong optical confinement comparable to silicon on insulator (SOI) waveguides, while possessing the versatile properties of lithium niobate, such as high electro-optic coefficients. In this paper, we show that mode hybridization, a phenomenon widely found in vertically asymmetric waveguides, can be efficiently modulated in an LNOI ridge waveguide by electro-optic effect, leading to a polarization mode converter with 97% efficiency. Moreover, the proposed device does not require tapering or periodic poling, thereby greatly simplifying the fabrication process. It can also be actively switched by external fields. Such a platform facilitates technological progress of photonics circuits and sensors.


As mining production developing, the deformation is gradually increasing in the northwest side of the surface mine. The blasting vibration of daily production is influence on the slope. Through decomposing, restructuring and analyzing the blasting vibration signals of different elevations and explosion distances, we got that the seismic wave energy was mainly distributed low frequency range, usually less in 20Hz and that with the explosion distance increasing, the high-frequency signal energy would be lost, especially when low-frequency signal energy below 10Hz low-frequency become into the main part of the energy. As explosion (center) distance increases, the signal energy is concentrated in the low frequency. Whereas, with the elevation increasing, the seismic wave energy will move to high frequency and has a homogenizing tendency; the percentage of the low frequency energy will be decreased relatively.


A 5-month-old cat with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and probable small ventricular septal defect had severe cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure. The cat improved slightly with medical therapy and markedly after surgical closure of the ductus. A 4th left intercostal space thoracotomy gave good exposure. The external anatomy of the PDA was similar to that of a short, wide PDA in dogs; however, the internal aortic orifice was situated more cranial than in dogs, as evidenced by preoperative cardiac catheterization. Examination 1 year later showed marked reductions in heart size and electrocardiographic amplitude. The cat was 1 of 3 with clinically diagnosed PDA at the University of Pennsylvania from 1968 to 1980. The prevalence of PDA in 14,224 cats (0.2/1,000) was significantly less than in 68,049 dogs (4.7/1,000).


Introduction Tumour dormancy and cellular quiescence have recently been strongly implicated in disease recurrence after adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC is increasingly recognised as a heterogeneous disease with significant implications for medical and surgical management. Little is known about the control of cellular quiescence and the molecular features of dormant cells in CRC. Here we present the molecular and functional features of dormant intestinal tumour cells and describe the paracrine signalling pathways that govern their behaviour. Method Transgenic Apc1322t/H2BYFP mice were generated to allow the characterisation, both functionally and molecularly of dormant tumour cells. A drug screen was performed on ex vivo 3D matrigel-cultured tumour spheroids. Proliferation kinetics, growth characteristics and molecular alterations were correlated with known signalling pathways implicated in intestinal tumorigenesis. Selected compounds were then advanced to validation using six human colorectal cancer cell lines, that represent the three main subtypes of CRC, in 2D and 3D culture experiments. Results Dormant tumour cells represent a small population of tumour cells that are highly clonogenic, chemoresistant and share many features similar to reserve intestinal stem cells. The Hedgehog and BMP pathways play a dominant role in controlling the growth of tumour spheroids in culture. Antagonism of the Hedgehog pathway causes spheroid growth collapse, the activation of dormant tumour cells and yet no cytotoxicity. The effects of Hedgehog antagonism appears to be CRC sub-type specific; with the most marked effects in the commonest CCSN1 (CIN) subtype of CRC. Conclusion Here we provide the first molecular and functional characterisation of dormant tumour cells, showing them to represent the hypothesised quiescent cancer stem cell. Interestingly, our data confirms that of others, in demonstrating Wnt inactivation fails to effect the growth of Apc-mutant tumour cells. However we show that the Hedgehog pathway appears to control not only spheroid growth at a global level but also and uniquely the activation of dormant tumour cells. Manipulation of the Hedgehog pathway in combination with standard-of-care chemotherapy may provide significant benefits for patients with classical Apc-mutated and Wnt driven CRC.Abstract OC-008 Figure 1 Disclosure of interest None Declared. References Buczacki SJ, Zecchini HI, Nicholson AM, et al. Intestinal label-retaining cells are secretory precursors expressing Lgr5. Nature 2013;495(7439):65–9 Buczacki SJA, Davies RJ. The confounding effects of tumour heterogeneity and cellular plasticity on personalized surgical management of colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16(5):329–31


: Superconducting magnets in the SIS100 particle accelerator require the supply of liquid helium and electric current. Both are transported with by-pass lines designed at Wrocław University of Technology. Bus-bars used to transfer an electric current between the sections of the accelerator will be encased in a steel shell. Eddy currents are expected to appear in the shell during fast-ramp operation of magnets. Heat generation, which should be limited in any cryogenic system, will appear in the shell. In this work the amount of heat generated is assessed depending on the geometry of an assembly of the bus-bars and the shell. Numerical and analytical calculations are described. It was found that heat generation in the shell is relatively small when compared to other sources present in the accelerator and its value strongly depends on the geometry of the shell. The distribution of eddy currents and generated heat for different geometrical options are presented. Based on the results of the calculations the optimal design is proposed.


The age of adolescence is the most specific one as in this period significant physical as well as psychological alterations happen. The necessary condition of living through adolescence is the inclusion of a child into the system of relationships. This stage of growing up is the most contradictive and complicated. The reparative approach described in this paper is a theoretical foundation of social psychological work with adolescents exhibiting deviant behavior. According to this approach the social situation of development (SSD) is not only the physical existence in child's environment of these or those persons, but the perception of the child those persons and relationships with them. In the framework of this approach all forms of deviant behavior of adolescents are viewed as a reaction to the material and social-psychological tension of social situation of adolescent. Social-psychological maladjustment appears as a result of a breakdown in the system of relationships of social situation of a child. The development of new online forms of communication among adolescents has led to a change in their social situation. Adolescent deviant behavior has also been affected by the changing social environment. The paper presents the data on social changes that happened to adolescents in the street: the deeper personal contacts in the company are changed to more available (with the help of the new media) contacts with the larger amount of people. The possible consequences of those changes for adolescent development and deviant behavior manifestations are discussed. The outcome of the paper is a set of suggested modifications to the technology of social psychological work with adolescents in a situation of social maladjustment and those exhibiting deviant behavior.


Recently, various high temperature superconducting (HTS) power applications have been developed and prepared for field tests and commercial applications. Comparing to conventional power applications, it could offer several advantages such as reduced size and weight, high efficiency, decreased losses, no oil, nonflammable and decrease of CO2 emissions. Besides overload operation is possible with no loss of lifetime. For HTS power applications in low temperature and high voltage environments, partial discharge (PD) measurements in cryogenic dielectric materials of HTS power applications are very important because PD was regarded as primary source for ageing and breakdown of cryogenic materials. One of the diagnostic methods for safety of the power components, the detection of PD taking place inside the apparatus has been widely investigated. The first method, phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) Analysis was developed in the early 1970s taking the phase information of the applied AC voltage into account. We also proposed a pattern analysis method named chaotic analysis of PD(CAPD) for PDs occurred in liquid nitrogen, considering three normalized parameters obtained from the values between two consecutive PD pulses: amplitude difference (Pt), occurring time difference (Tt) and correlation between Tt and Pt. This pattern analysis method can identify the type of defects by means of PD pattern classification without employing the phase information of the applied voltage signal. For the experimental investigation, three artificial defects have been fabricated considering possible defects formed during the manufacturing process of HTS power applications: turn to turn insulation, floating particle and protrusion. And PD signals originated from these artificial defects are measured and analyzed by means of CAPD. Throughout this work, it seems that the correlation between the consecutive PD pulses, depending on the nature PDs, could be clarified by CAPD.


Black Lives Matter, Occupy Wall Street, the global justice/anti-globalization movement, the radical environmental movement of the 1990s, and other organizations have moved away from traditional hierarchical models of leadership within their movements in favor of more horizontal, "leader-full" structures or network models. More horizontal or network models have been used even when a group of people is engaged in what might ordinarily be considered "service" work, like disaster recovery and feeding the hungry. Relatedly, organizers of mass mobilizations may engage the support of lawyers even before these actions crystallize into a movement or formally structured organization—as informal governance structures exist in the planning and execution of these mobilizations. One example is the Ferguson Legal Defense Network, which formed under the direction of trusted lawyer contacts amidst the mass mobilizations in Ferguson in the aftermath of the police killing of Michael Brown Jr. This short contribution examines some of these non-traditional, social movement-based lawyer-client relationships, evaluates the accompanying professional responsibility challenges, and offers preliminary approaches. These challenges—though not insurmountable—require thought and a foundational understanding of the goals and methods of social movement organizations.


This paper introduces the development of two kinds of graded piezoceramic bending actuators. For designing the graded compositional profiles, classical lamination theory (CLT) is used to explore the optimal gradient that generates large electromechanical response. As the first model material, a laminated piezoceramic bimorph actuator was designed and fabricated with a graded compositional distribution of PZT and Pt, and its electric-induced bending characteristics were evaluated and compared with the analytical results by CLT. Furthermore, porosity-graded PZT ceramics were developed, which may be used as the preforms for the infiltration process to fabricate bending actuators with graded ceramic/metal and/or ceramic/polymer interfaces. The fabrication process and property evaluation of homogenously porous and porosity-graded PZT ceramics were introduced.


During a treatment period of a cancer patient, the medical team ponders over a question: Is patient's cancer recurrence significantly postponed by the medication, even if the illness is not completely cured? This question could be answered with data evidence if the data are analyzed with an appropriate model and a suitable methodology. A scanning of the literature reveals that no suitable technique now exists. Hence, there is a need to develop a new probability model and to formulate a statistical methodology. Both tasks are accomplished in this article to answer the above question. The Exponential Distribution (ED) is traditionally employed to portray the chance for a patient to survive beyond a given time, t>0. Because of its memory less property, the exponential distribution lacks an ability to answer whether the medication has significantly postponed the cancer recurrence for a patient. In essence, this memory less property assumes that a patient's body functions with no memory. This notion of memory less is quite unreal with respect to cancer recurrence as it is contradictory to the medical belief of medicating a patient with an intention to stop or at least postpone cancer recurrence in a disease management. This article takes an approach by adding a prolonging parameter, ρ≥0 to the exponential distribution to represent the medication's effect on the survival chance for a patient without a cancer recurrence. Because of the prolonging parameter, the probability structure of the exponential distribution gets altered and it is explicitly explained in the article. The altered exponential distribution is named Prolonged Survival Exponential Distribution (PSED). The properties of PSED are derived and then utilized to analyze patients' cancer recurrence data. Also, likelihood ratio based statistical methodology based on PSED is derived and illustrated to address whether the medication has significantly postponed the cancer's recurrence time in a particular patient. An analysis of recurrence times of three groups of sixteen bladder cancer patients was done. The first is the placebo group with seven patients. The second and third group consist respectively three and six patients receiving thiotepa and pyridoxine medication. The probability plots of their recurrence times confirm that the data do not follow an exponential distribution. The data analyses results reveal interesting statistical information about how effective the medication had been on each individual patient. Without the new model, PSED and the likelihood ratio testing methodology of this article, a patient specific interpretation is not possible. The medication worked in some but not all patients. The medication is thought to have not worked in a patient, when his/her estimate, ρ is closer to zero. However, on the average, the 2nd bladder cancer recurrence time is quicker in place group, next in pyridoxine group and much later in tholepin group. The new model, PSED and the likelihood ratio test of this article would be useful to analyze and interpret the probability pattern of recurrence times and whether the medication has significantly prolonged the next recurrence time of other cancers like melanoma, ulcer, ovarian. Also, the contents of this article have established a foundation to build a generalized regression methodology to identify predictors for increasing the survival time of cancer patients with more patients' data.


Title of Thesis: GROWTH AND STABILIZATION OF AG AND NI NANOCLUSTERS WITHIN A POLYMER MATRIX VIA AEROSOL SPRAY PYROLYSIS Michelangelo Romano, Master of Science, 2017 Thesis Directed By: Professor Michael R. Zachariah Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Metal nanoclusters exhibiting enhanced properties are inherently unstable because of their high specific surface area. This work investigates how the undesirable agglomeration of these nanostructures can be circumvented by incorporating them into a polymer matrix. Using aerosol spray pyrolysis (ASP), Ag and Ni nanoclusters less than 20 nm in diameter have been synthesized by growing and trapping them within polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polyethylene oxide (PEO). Experimental process variables including the polymer system's molecular weight, the temperature of the tube furnace reactor, the carrier gas flow rate, and the metal salt concentration within the ASP precursor solution have been studied to understand which parameters govern nanocluster formation and growth. Having analyzed the correlations that exist between these parameters and the size distribution of the Ag and Ni nanoclusters, a qualitative model is proposed that identifies which primary mechanisms underlie the formation of metal nanoclusters within a polymer matrix. GROWTH AND STABILIZATION OF AG AND NI NANOCLUSTERS WITHIN A POLYMER MATRIX VIA AEROSOL SPRAY PYROLYSIS


A data warehouse efficiently processes a given set of queries by utilizing the multiple materialized views. Owing to the constraint on space and maintenance cost, the materialization of all views is unfeasible. One of the critical decisions involved in the process of designing a data warehouse for optimal efficiency, is the materialized views selection. The primary goal of data warehousing is to select a suitable set of views that minimizes the total cost associated with the materialized views. In this paper, we have presented a framework, an optimized version of our previous work, for the selection of views to materialize, for a given storage space constraints, which intends to achieve the best combination of good query response, low query processing cost and low view maintenance cost. All the cost metrics associated with the materialized views selection that comprise the query execution frequencies, base-relation update frequencies, query access costs, view maintenance costs and the system's storage space constraints are considered by this framework. This framework optimizes the maintenance, storage and query processing cost as it selects the most cost effective views to materialize. Thus, an efficient data warehousing system is the outcome.


BACKGROUND
Data were analyzed from 25 consecutive patient visits to the Low Vision Rehabilitation Service at Southern College of Optometry, during which magnification for near was recommended.

METHODS
Linear regressions with analysis of variances were calculated for the results obtained from four near-different near-magnification prediction-calculation methods to determine how accurately they predicted the final near recommended magnifications. A t-test was performed to look for mean differences between calculation methods.

RESULTS
No significance was found between the means of three of the calculation methods; a significant difference was found for one. However, all four near-magnification calculation methods significantly predicted final near magnification.

CONCLUSIONS
Low-vision rehabilitation clinicians may feel comfortable using any of the four near-magnification methods Choice of method may be a reflection of previous method usage by the clinician. Use of the Lighthouse Near Acuity Test Chart reduces the need to calculate the near-magnification power with which to begin near-magnification testing.


Poly-SiGe offers an attractive alternative for low temperature MEMS postprocessing above CMOS. This paper illustrates this fact through several investigations made to obtain a material with excellent mechanical properties (low stress, low stress gradient), and electrical properties (low resistivity) for different structural layer thicknesses and deposition techniques. It was also established that these layers are stable with time and temperature variation, thus ensuring long-term stability in the performance of poly-SiGe based MEMS devices.


Equity crowdfunding has become a viable alternative to the traditional forms of financing technology startups. This survey-based two-study article aims to shed light on the prevalence of crowd equity investors' postinvestment activities and the antecedents to these engagement activities. Our first study finds that most crowd equity investors engage with the startups in which they invest in some way. While the majority engage in low-involvement activities (e.g., word of mouth), a smaller number of crowd equity investors also engage in high-involvement activities (e.g., strategic advice). Our second study reveals that engagement in these activities is driven by investment-, investor-, and proximity-related factors. In particular, the amount of investment—despite its smallness compared with that in the traditional forms of funding—is a reliable antecedent of crowd equity investors' engagement in postinvestment activities. Furthermore, age and geographic proximity are positively associated with low-involvement activities, whereas intrinsic motivation and personal proximity are positively linked to high-involvement activities. By providing insights into the prevalence of postinvestment activities in equity crowdfunding and their antecedents, this article contributes to the debate on the potential of equity crowdfunding to complement or even replace the traditional forms of funding technological innovation.


We investigate experimentally the interaction of two-dimensional solitary beams in photorefractive strontium barium niobate crystal. We show that simultaneous collision of many solitons can result in complete annihilation of some of them. This effect depends on the relative phases of the solitons and may be useful for application in the formation of multiport waveguide junctions.


When a company decides to outsource a service, the most important reasons for doing so usually are to focus on core business, to be able to access high-quality services at lower costs, or to benefit from risk sharing. However, service contracts typically follow a structure whereby both owner and contractor attempt to maximize expected profits in a noncoordinated way. Previous research has considered supply chain coordination by means of contracts but is based on unrealistic assumptions such as perfect maintenance and infinite time-span contracts. In this work, these limitations are overcome by defining the supply chain through a preventive maintenance strategy that maximizes the total expected profit for both parties in a finite time-span contract. This paper presents a model to establish such conditions when maintenance is imperfect, and the contract duration is fixed through a number of preventive maintenance actions along a significant part of the asset life cycle under consideration. This formulation leads to a win–win coordination under a set of restrictions that can be evaluated a priori. The proposed contract conditions motivate stakeholders to continually improve their maintenance services to reach channel coordination in which both parties obtain higher rewards. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The total world energy consumption is permanently growing during last 30 years. Alternative energy sources are one of the best ways to save the environment polluted by the combustion products of gasoline, diesel fuel, and even methane or propane. The main idea of the article is to analyse the possibility and it influence of integration of the electric vehicles on battery and fuel-cells base in the transport sector of the Slovak Republic. This paper highlighted the main challenges associated with usage of battery-based and fuel-available technologies in a transport sector of Slovak Republic.


A schema-mapping is a high level specification of a data-exchange setting where a set of source-to-target dependencies is used to realize basic operations from source to target relations (such as copy, selection, join or union) while the target schema is subject to a set of target constraints (such as inclusion dependencies or key constraints). In this paper, we consider strong schema-mappings that allow for additional constraints such as source dependencies on the source schema and target-to-source dependencies from the target relations back to the source. Furthermore, strong schema-mappings may include disjunctive dependencies. We argue that this extension is desirable when the source instance is to provide both a lower and upper bound on the information that a target instance can have.
 We first focus on the implication problem for strong schema-mappings which is to determine whether a given constraint Δ is logically implied by the set Σ of constraints (denoted by σ ⊨ Δ). After providing complete characterizations for this problem in terms of universal solutions (while supporting equality constraints), we introduce criteria of termination, denoted by TOC, DTOC and MTOC, that allow the efficient computation of universal solutions for standard constraints, disjunctive constraints, and when the source instance is assumed to be immutable (i.e., it is master data), respectively. We obtain decision procedures for the implication problem, provided that Σ satisfies these termination conditions, and give the corresponding complexity bounds. As an immediate application we revisit the problems of determinacy, relative information completeness and variations thereof, all for strong schema-mappings. Indeed, by viewing them as implication problems we obtain efficient decision procedures when the relevant termination conditions are satisfied.
 We then focus on the problem of deciding whether source-to-target constraints in a strong schema-mapping are already implied by the embedded (standard) schema-mapping. This problem is important if one wants to use target-to-source constraints in standard data-exchange tools. Since no such constraints are logically implied by standard schema-mappings (and hence the results established earlier are of no use), we provide an alternative semantics for implication. More specifically, we want the constraint to be satisfied by every solution corresponding to the output of a standard data-exchange tool. We consider three semantics based on universal solutions, cores and CWA-solutions, respectively. Decidability of the implication of general (resp. safe) target-to-source constraints is shown for the CWA-based semantics (resp. core-semantics).


One of the most important things we do durlog reading is recognizing words. This process, in wbich elementary visual perception and linguistic knowledge combine harmoniously, bas intrigued experimental psychologists from the start, causing word recognition to be investigated thoroughly as early as the 1880's. Though initially the general consensus was that reading consisted of spelling out the letters consecutively, it soon became clear that a word is percei-.:ed as a whole, but there remained the problem whether or not within this whole the constituent letters played an important role. Although Cattell, and Erdmann and Dodge supposed that words are only perceived as wboles, a closer inspeetion of their experimental conditions reveals that their explanations are neither necessary nor sufficient for their data. But in retrospect, these workers, together with their contemporanes who advocated a more analytic approach basedon letter recognition, had already obtained a comparatively coherent view of the perceptual aspects of reading. Here the work of Huey was of great value by its inlegrating power. It is remarkable that changes have been continuously carried through in reading education from the beginning of the 19th century, that were oot at all or hardly related to empirica! research in word recognition. After a long period of experimental and educational neglect word recognition was adopted in the· common theory of learning and perception: the New Look, in the fifties. Newly discovered properties of iconic memory made clearer why words are so much better perceived than unrelated strings of letters. However, it was oot until the end of the sixties that word recognition was explicitly studied again in the context of reading; in the Netherlands particularly by Bouma. During this period a number of quantitative word recognition models evolved, having considerable descriptive power. All these models have in common that elementary features or letters of words are identified, independently of each other, and are combined by the reader's word knowledge. In this way the analytic aspects of recognition are integrated with tbe perception of the whole. But oot only the identity of the lettersappears to be important; their location within the wordseemsas importantastheir identity. Basically, this is the simplest form of spelling: which letters are where, irrespective of their neighbours. Considering this tunetion of the place of letters in word recognition perceptual arguments in spelling reforms, heretofore largely neglected, seem of paramount importance. Finally, to elucidate the role of word recognition in reading further investigations are needed on the comprehension of continuous text durlog individual eye-fixations.


The mutual effect of symmetrical electric dipoles located in the near region of each other is considered. The problem is solved with due account of the space heterogeneity. The results are applied to the compensation method for losses reduction in head of phone user. The cellular phone antennas PIFA and MB are compared with each other. The SAR reduction ability combined with the compact size and high gain characteristics of the MB antenna make it a promising candidate for compact and safe cellular handset applications. It is shown that the use of linear array of additional radiators, instead of a single auxiliary radiator is an effective method for increasing the dark spot dimensions.


Having a well designed overlay metrology target is one of the ways to improve on-product overlay performance. The traditional screening method in which multiple targets types are added to successive reticle tape outs and then evaluated by trial-and-error may not suffice for the 7nm node and beyond. For instance, although segmentation of image-based overlay target has been reported by many as a means for improving overlay measurement, we find that segmentation does not guarantee improvement. In fact it can be undesirable. Fundamental understandings of metrology and wafer process are required to properly design the targets and carefully optimize them for a given process stack involving multilevel measurement. This paper investigates the Blossom, AIM, and scatterometry targets at the FEOL, MOL, and BEOL patterning levels in 7nm node to gain knowledge needed in order to comprehensively map out the overlay target solutions for future nodes.


Abstract A class of unsteady free convection flows over a differentially cooled horizontal surface is considered. The cooling, specified in terms of an imposed negative buoyancy or buoyancy flux, varies laterally as a step function with a single step change. As thermal boundary layers develop on either side of the step change, an intrinsically unsteady, boundary-layer-like flow arises in the transition zone between them. Self-similarity model solutions of the Boussinesq equations of motion, thermal energy, and mass conservation, within a boundary-layer approximation, are obtained for flows of unstratified fluids driven by a surface buoyancy or buoyancy flux, and flows of stably stratified fluids driven by a surface buoyancy flux. The motion is characterized by a shallow, primarily horizontal flow capped by a weak return flow. Stratification weakens the primary flow and strengthens the return flow. The flows intensify as the step change in surface forcing increases or as the Prandtl number decreases. Simple formulas are obtained for the propagation speeds, trajectories and the evolution of velocity maxima and other local extrema. Similarity-model predictions are verified through numerical simulations in which no boundary-layer approximations are made.


During biological degradation, such as biofiltration of air loaded with volatile organic compounds, the pollutant is passed through a bed packed with a solid medium acting as a biofilm support. To improve microorganism nutritional equilibrium and hence to enhance the purification capacities, a Biological Activator Formulated Material (BAFM) was developed, which is a mixture of solid nutrients dissolving slowly in a liquid phase. This solid was previously validated on mineral pollutants: ammonia and hydrogen sulphide. To evaluate the efficiency of such a material for biodegradation of some organic compounds, a simple experiment using an activated sludge batch reactor was carried out. The pollutants (sodium benzoate, phenol, p-nitrophenol and 2-4-dichlorophenol) were in the concentration range 100 to 1200 mg L−1. The positive impact of the formulated material was shown. The improvement of the degradation rates was in the range 10–30%. This was the consequence of the low dissolution of the nutrients incorporated during material formulation, followed by their consumption by the biomass, as shown for urea used as a nitrogen source. Owing to its twofold interest (mechanical resistance and nutritional supplementation), the Biological Activator Formulated Material seems to be a promising material. Its addition to organic or inorganic supports should be investigated to confirm its relevance for implementation in biofilters.


Serious hazard for mining subsidence, and the prediction of traditional methods of land use change has many defects, this paper mainly analyzes mining subsidence's influence on land use by using GIS. Put data of mining subsidence and layer's data of land use into ArcGIS, then change region of mining subsidence to regions of the different deep subsidence, then intersect layer of mining subsidence with one of land use, the different deep subsidence and land use database are spatially analyzed and the different lands are found out and their areas are calculated, ArcGIS expresses the result in the way of image. In the end do analysis of GIS according to the calculated result.


Abstract Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS), characterized mainly by raised intracranial pressure (ICP), occurs in children as well as adults. Management of PTCS in adolescents (but not necessarily prepubertal children) is similar to that in older patients. Augmented formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been implicated in the elevated ICP of PTCS. PTCS can be provoked or exacerbated by lithium (Li) carbonate, a therapeutic agent used for bipolar disease. PTCS associated with Li carbonate usage is rare and can usually be ameliorated by discontinuing Li intake. An analysis of basic and clinical experimentation, assessing the effects of Li on cellular physiology, reveals that Li competes with multiple sodium (Na) transporters and channels in choroid plexus epithelium. Li-stimulated Na-potassium adenosine triphosphatase is of particular interest because of the role of Na pumping in driving CSF formation (which is directly proportional to Na transport from blood to ventricles). We present a transport model of PTCS that links stimulated Na transport at the blood-CSF barrier with increased CSF formation rate and ICP. One possible avenue for future treatment of children and adults with PTCS is to pharmacologically manipulate the Na and water movements across the choroid plexus secretory tissues that generate ICP. This review presents a molecular physiology model, involving Na transporters, to address possible therapeutic targets to reduce CSF production and the associated ICP. Elucidating the common pathophysiologic transport mechanisms of PTCS in children and adults should help identify novel drugs, with fewer side effects than acetazolamide, to control more finely the CSF formation by choroid plexus.


Abstract: This study explores the risk management practices of major Islamic banks in Malaysia with the objective of having deeper understanding of the practices and identifying ways for further improvements. Various aspects of risk management practices are assessed through survey questionnaires, particularly those relevant and specific to the case of the Islamic banks. The study finds that the Islamic banks adopt good risk management practices with few areas of improvements include the use of computerised support systems and more sophisticated approaches to measure risks and the use of Shari'ah compliance techniques to mitigate risks. By assessing their current risk management practices, the study hopes to contribute in terms of recommending strategies to strengthen the risk management practices of the Islamic banks so as to increase the overall competitiveness in the Islamic banking industry. Keywords: risk management; Islamic banks; competitiveness


Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) represents a rare neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of GAA trinucleotide repeats in the first intron of the FXN gene. The number of GAA repeats in FRDA patients varies from approximately 60 to <1000 and is tightly correlated with age of onset and severity of the disease symptoms. The heterogeneity of Friedreich's ataxia stresses the need for a large cohort of patient samples to conduct studies addressing the mechanism of disease pathogenesis or evaluate novel therapeutic candidates. Herein, we report the establishment and characterization of an FRDA fibroblast repository, which currently includes 50 primary cell lines derived from FRDA patients and seven lines from mutation carriers. These cells are also a source for generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines by reprogramming, as well as disease-relevant neuronal, cardiac, and pancreatic cells that can then be differentiated from the iPSCs. All FRDA and carrier lines are derived using a standard operating procedure and characterized to confirm mutation status, as well as expression of FXN mRNA and protein. Consideration and significance of creating disease-focused cell line and tissue repositories, especially in the context of rare and heterogeneous disorders, are presented. Although the economic aspect of creating and maintaining such repositories is important, the benefits of easy access to a collection of well-characterized cell lines for the purpose of drug discovery or disease mechanism studies overshadow the associated costs. Importantly, all FRDA fibroblast cell lines collected in our repository are available to the scientific community.


The belief in the psychiatrist's ability to predict the likely dangerousness of a patient's future behavior is almost universally held, yet it lacks empirical support. This paper is an attempt to organize the problem of prediction of dangerousness. Recent empirical studies which begin to isolate the characteristics of danger as well as supporting data from the psychiatric, socilogic, and legal literature are detailed. The histories of a group of mentally ill criminals recently released from prison which I have followed over time, are examined in terms of possible determinants of their dangerousness, and predictions are made and compared to those made by others. Indications are that social factors have primacy, while psychologic and biologic factors require further study.


Abstract Taking inspiration from the navigation ability of humans, this study investigated a method of providing robotic controllers with a basic sense of position. It incorporated robotic simulators into robotic controllers to provide them with a mechanism to approximate the effects their actions had on the robot. Controllers with and without internal simulators were tested and compared. The proposed controller architecture was shown to outperform the regular controller architecture. However, the longer an internal simulator was executed, the more inaccurate it became. Thus, the performance of controllers with internal simulators reduced over time unless their internal simulator was periodically corrected.


Fabric-based strain sensors have been developed using different technologies, among which flat knitting is one of the most effective and economical methods. However, knitted strain sensors are not often used in practical applications because the sensors usually exhibit large elastic hysteresis when they are deformed and subjected to stress during application. One possible approach to overcome these shortcomings is to introduce elastic properties at the yarn level by combining the conductive materials with elastic materials. In this paper, we demostrate a hybrid yarn made of a conductive yarn that winds around an elastic core yarn in a direct twisting device. The electro-mechanical properties of strain sensors knitted from the hybrid yarns were tested in order to characterize the sensors. This study consisted of two stages: the yarn preparation and the sensor characterization. In the first stage, two kinds of elastic core components (polyamide/Lycra and polyamide) and two kinds of conductive winding yarns (Bekinox BK50/1 and Bekinox BK50/2) were selected for twisting. The twisting was done with a constant twisting speed and four different numbers of twists. Mechanical properties, that is, the tenacity, force at break and elongation at break, were tested in order to determine the optimal parameters for producing the hybrid yarns. The results indicated that among the tested yarns those with a polyamide core and Bekinox BK50/1 winding yarns at 450 twist/meter and with a polyamide/Lycra core and Bekinox BK 50/2 winding yarns at 600 twist/meter had the best properties. These were thus selected as the materials for producing knitted strain sensors. In the second stage, electro-mechanical properties of the knitted strain sensors were determined under tensile stress and multi-cyclic tensile stress. The results show that the hybrid yarns can effectively enhance the electro-mechanical properties of the knitted strain sensors without compromising processiablity and comfortability.


In the domain of incremental nanotechnology, surface mechanical attrition treatment is a technique which can transform superficial structure of a material to nanocrystalline without changing the chemical composition. This study is a part of the development and implementation of the technique by using ultrasonic vibrations. The material used is pure titanium in rolled and annealed condition. The nanocrystalline structure is characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The measured grain size is in the order of 5~60 nm. A correlation in the results of XRD and TEM is also discussed.


We measured in vitro release of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the presence of 1.5 mM extracellular calcium, with and without LH-releasing hormone (LHRH; 10(-10) to 10(-7) M) or the ionophore A23187 (10(-7) to 10(-4) M), in primary cultures of anterior pituitary cells from intact mature (6 mo) and old (24 mo) male and intact and ovariectomized mature and old female Wistar rats. Base-line as well as LHRH- and A23187-mediated LH secretion was decreased from cells of old rats. However, exposure to A23187 led to a nearly twofold greater augmentation of LH release from cells of old rats, thus decreasing the apparent age-related LH secretory deficit by approximately one-half. We then measured LHRH-mediated (10(-8) M) vs. A23187-mediated (10(-4) M) LH release with and without extracellular calcium (0.08-1.5 mM). For cells from both mature and old rats, there was a similar calcium dependency for A23187- and LHRH-mediated LH release, with optimal LH secretion at 1.0-1.5 mM extracellular calcium concentrations. Again, both LHRH- and A23187-stimulated LH release was significantly lower and exposure to A23187 led to a greater increase in LH release from cells of old rats. Taken together with similar findings in other systems, these data suggest that the in vitro LH secretory defect of pituitary cells from old rats results in part from one or more defects in calcium mobilization and that such alterations may be a widespread manifestation of aging.


Purpose The aim of this explorative study was to discover the possibilities of connecting charity and ideation as a workable method for product and service innovation, and to introduce a preliminary new approach to participatory design: to donate money for charity work by participating in service innovation. The target for innovation was new sustainable services for the ageing population, and the possibilities for citizens to discuss societal problems in relation to sustainable development. Method The study was carried out at the Open Web Lab of the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. Different cases of societal problems were presented to the participants for ideation and discussion. The participants were supposed to add their own ideas and experiences and expose them for general discussion. Every added idea or comment from the participants increased the amount of money targeted at charity work by 50 cents. Results & Discussion Based on the qualitative data received and a content analysis of ideas, it can be estimated that this preliminary idea for a co-design approach suits well for discussion of societal problems and for solution ideation. A co-design activity of this kind offers a significant advantage compared with many other co-design methods: it provides a possibility of truly empowering people who, because of their genuine interest in the subject, will actively participate in the discussion. Furthermore, as the participants were informed of the fact that the amount of the individual charity donation was tied to the amount of comments and ideas of the person in question, they were amenable to attend the discussion for a relatively long period. The study approach was found to be beneficial also to that extent that it made it possible to produce a great many ideas and generated active discussion, which led to both new and refined ideas.


Abstract
Purpose
Corporate managers must find a way to communicate their CSR activities to stakeholders without creating a boomerang effect where the CSR messages create resentment of instead of support for the corporation. One alternative is to use social media channels because they are low cost and can use a soft sell approach, thereby reducing the likelihood of a boomerang effect. However, using social media messaging about CSR challenges managers to attract followers to those social media channels. This chapter explores the use of gamification, the use of gaming features in the CSR messaging, to present CSR messages. The case study of Kraft's "Two-Minute Drill" is used to illustrate how gamification can be used to promote social media-based CSR messaging.

Methodology/approach
A case study method is used to illuminate how Kraft used gamification to increase the audience for its anti-hunger CSR efforts. Kraft used the "Two-Minute Drill" game to attract people to their effort to fight hunger.

Findings
The "2-Minute Trivia Drill" seemed to overcome the CSR promotional communication concerns of tone and cost. The dominant message and theme is feeding the hungry. The tone on the Facebook page and the game itself is subtle in relation to the Kraft brand because Kraft appears in the background through its logo, name, and the names of prominent Kraft products. The stakeholders are treated as the drivers of the CSR effort because the individuals playing the game are what create the donations from Kraft. Donations could even be personalized. None of the comments posted to the Kraft Fight Hunger Facebook page questioned the expense of the project. Overall the comments were very favorable suggesting there was no boomerang effect from the game.

Research limitations/implications
The study offers only one case study of gamification in CSR communication. More cases are necessary to draw stronger conclusions about the utility of gamification for CSR communication presented via social media. Moreover, more direct measures are needed to assess how stakeholders feel about CSR messages using gamifications and if the strategy can consistently prevent a boomerang effect.

Practical implications
The implications from the case study are that gamification can be an effective way to attract stakeholders to social media-based CSR messages and to generate positive reactions to the CSR messaging.

Originality/value
This chapter is one of the first detailed explorations of gamification as a means to avoid the dangers of the CSR promotional communication dilemma (stakeholders wanting CSR information but reacting negatively to the promotion of CSR activities).


Ownership contests for control of large American corporations have become increasingly problematic and public with the advent of the "hostile takeover." This article examines the diffusion of this once "deviant" innovation. Its focus is on the relationship between changing business practices and American business culture; more specifically, on how the processes of the normative framing of hostile takeovers facilitated their diffusion and legitimation, helping to recreate or sustain order despite the disruptions engendered by takeovers. Three eras in the diffusion of this deviant innovation are delineated. Each is characterized by a language and argot that serve to cushion the hard fact of status loss by acquired executives. Neither culture nor social structure is seen here to dominate this interactive process. The provision of incentives to remain within the institution while career goals and pathways are redefined constitutes a case study of institutional reintegration, within a subsystem of society seldom examined from this perspective of changing values and ideologies.


This Chapter contributes to the debate on the "sustainability" of the tax system, where tax policy is discussed as a tool to achieve sustainable development.

Building upon the work of the United Nations (UN) and other international organisations, I show that three types of interactions can arise between taxation and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (section 1). These interactions are both positive and negative.

Based on the observation that the SDGs are supposed to be integrated in all policy areas, including taxation, I then explore whether policy-makers could be legally obliged to align the tax systems to the SDGs, eliminating potential negative interactions while reinforcing positive ones (section 2). Although the UN 2030 Agenda is not binding, it informs decision-making in the field of taxation, encourages policy-makers to reform their tax system and can also have some legal effects on the judicial process.

I do not analyse the 17 SDGs individually but rather provide a broad picture as to their overall impact on tax policy. I primarily rely on a legal approach. However, in some instances, I refer to economic and political theories that provide arguments in support of the use of regulatory tax measures.


Power transition theory seems to imply that war between the United States and the rising China is inevitable. However, in this article it is explained that a peaceful power transition is possible. While there is uncertainty for China to successfully catch up with the United States, the future regional power transition scenarios suggest that the United States should make an effort to maintain power preponderance over China. To do that, the United States has to expand its new alliance partnerships and to efficiently manage its existing regional alliance system through its "pivot to Asia" policy. In that sense, the U.S. efforts to encourage Japan to become a "normal" state to share a larger military burden and to introduce the missile defense system in the region, including the THAAD system, to the Korean Peninsula would be helpful for the United States. In addition, inducing China to be less dissatisfied with the status quo is crucial for regional stability. The United States should encourage its allies and friends in the region to increase their economic interdependence with China and to participate actively in the China-led regional economic institutions such as the AIIB. While maintaining power preponderance, inducing China to be less dissatisfied with the status quo is one answer that the power transition theory provides for the United States to peacefully manage the era of the rising China in the region.


Historical area conservation has become a cultural necessity not only for its urban qualities and valuable heritage but also due to the lack of maintenance and misuse of urban means. The need to protect the historical environment affected by deterioration of ecological resources and economic growth, in addition to high rates of consumption, is currently highly questionable. A framework for structuring information on sustainable urban indicators is discussed in order to develop a unique integrated representation that links together historical urban areas, socio-economic aspects, environmental, and spatial dimensions in addition to other factors such as time, space, activities, interests, and quality of life. In order to reduce the complexity of multi-attribute criteria of sustainability, this research proposes a model to assess urban sustainability indicators in heritage nodes. The research investigates indicators of urban qualities based on the integration of a BEQUEST network and efficient qualitative scales (quantifiable cities) to develop an integrative, multi-scalar assessment method. Delivered scheme, sustainable historical area index (SHAI), results should provide assessment methods to be used in developing historical areas and provides sustainable evaluations for enhancing urban aspects. A methodology towards maintaining the quality of urban approaches is considered as a means to evaluating the sustainable development of historical areas. This paper investigates the optimum corresponding values to be applied in assessing sustainability of urban development within historical areas.


SUMMARY Paired nasopharyngeal secretions were studied in 27 infants infected with respiratory syncytial virus, one taken at onset of illness and one about 7 days later. Both specimens were examined by immunofluorescence and tissue culture for respiratory syncytial virus. In 25 out of 27 (93%) specific fluorescence was still present in cells of the convalescent specimen but was much duller. Virus was difficult to isolate in convalescent specimens; only 8 out of 27 (26 %) proved to be positive. Eight single secretions which were taken late in a respiratory illness were also shown to have this altered fluorescence with absence of virus isolation. Preliminary experiments using antihuman globulin suggest that the findings may be due to the attachment of local secretory antibody to the cells causing 'blocking' of staining reaction.


In a sensing rich system, a large amount of data can be obtained over time and utilized to improve the performance and functionality of a robotic system. Data-driven approaches emphasize on the utilization of auxiliary sensors, sensor fusion, and data learning. Real-time control systems of robotic systems often run at kilo-Hertz sampling frequencies. New data is obtained from a variety of feedback sources every one or a few milliseconds. Auxiliary sensors provide additional feedbacks and enable sensor fusion. This dissertation presents a series of data-driven approaches to improve the sensing and control of robot manipulators from several aspects, including sensor fusion for motion sensing, statistical learning for feedback compensation, nonparametric learning control, and intelligent modeling and identification.In regard to the limited sensing capability of conventional indirect drive-trains of industrial robots, a sensor fusion approach based on auxiliary optical and inertial sensors is introduced for direct motion sensing of robot end-effectors. The approach is especially useful to applications where high accuracy is required for end-effector performance in real-time. Meanwhile, for the scenarios where auxiliary sensor are not allowed, a statistical learning algorithms is developed for sensing compensation so that control of systems with limited feedback capability can be significantly improved. A major application of the approach is vision guidance of industrial robots. The proposed learning approach can significantly increase the visual tracking bandwidth without requiring high-speed cameras. Besides improving the sensing capability of robots, nonparametric learning control is developed to control systems with complex dynamics. A major motivation of the approach is robotic laser and plasma cutting. Furthermore, to obtain high-fidelity models more efficiently, planning and learning algorithms are discussed for intelligent system modeling and identification. The applications of the proposed approaches range from vision guided robotic material handling to precision robotic machining. Various tests are designed to validate the proposed approaches.


The results of studies on implementation of forced fuel ignition in the thruster's chamber by means of low-mass-dimensional glow plug are presented. The short characteristic of requirements to the thruster and fuel ignition system is given. To provide multiple thruster ignition and glow plug safety, fuel ignition is produced in the pre-chamber. Gaseous oxygen as an oxidizer, and gaseous hydrogen and methane, as well as liquid kerosene and ethanol as a fuel, are considered. Brief comparative characteristics of glow ignition system are considered on the base of standard aircraft model candles and alternative electric-spark and laser systems. The experimental data concerning reliable ignition and sufficient power of a candle for ignition of the considered fuel compositions, are included. On the basis of the experimental data analysis of oxygen-hydrogen thruster start, the influence of candle design and heating element parameters on the efficiency of fuel ignition in the engine pre-chamber is shown. Measures to compensate deficient dynamic characteristics of a glow plug are offered.


Global health practice is becoming a key enabler within UK Defence and foreign policy. The definition of global health remains debated, though some important themes have been identified including: the multidisciplinary nature of global health, its ethical foundation and the political nature of global health. This paper contributes to the ongoing rational discourse that this important discipline deserves and recommends a framework and principles to apply to military health and care system strengthening in the Defence Engagement (Health) (DE(H)) practitioner role. DE(H) involves complex multiorganisational relationships and processes, and while practitioners should be mindful of the political nature of their role, the broad aims of preventing conflict and building stability mean DE(H) should contribute positively to global health. This paper forms part of a special issue of BMJ Military Health dedicated to Defence Engagement.


performed, it must be more than coincidental. We would agree with Dr Hillas Smith that if the rash is typical lumbar puncture should be avoided altogether. It would not seem to matter how much cerebrospinal fluid is removed by any lumbar puncture as the coning is caused by continuing leakage of cerebrospinal fluid through the dural hole and not by the initial puncture. We would agree that any family doctor who suspects the diagnosis should give a large dose of penicillin before hospital admission. S A CLARK A N CAMPBELL


The purpose of this research was to identify themes in communication between persons with Alzheimer's disease and their spouse caregivers. Theme identification provides insight so that interventions can be designed to improve communication. The long term goal of this research is to improve quality of life for couples experiencing dementia and increase their satisfaction with their relationship. Thirty transcribed videotaped ten-minute interviews between fifteen couples who consented to participate in a previous study (Principal Investigator: Williams) were analyzed to identify common themes. Themes included Harmony in Spite of a Memory Disorder, Healthy Acceptance, and Discord and Contempt. These themes were further divided into individual subthemes, which included "Loving Affection," "Bringing up the Past," "Orienting Spouse to the Situation," "Giving Assurance," "Fighting Acceptance of Illness," and "Bitterness and Frustration." Understanding the themes generated within the conversations help to further analyze the effects that Alzheimer's disease has on communication in a relationship.


International organisations such as the EU, IMF, and OECD represent some of the most powerful institutions in the global economy. All three survey their members in a process designed to detect economic threats and evaluate domestic policy. This is one of the most important tools available for preventing financial crises. Each IO uses a combination of peer and public pressure to stimulate reform among its members. While scholars have begun to examine the surveillance function of IOs in greater detail, many questions remain. Specifically, we have a relatively low understanding of the impact that economic surveillance has when released to the public. This thesis examines the impact of economic surveillance on a crucial set of public stakeholders – financial market participants. Most research that has explored this question previously has conceptualised surveillance by IOs differently. Additionally, these studies have also only examined reactions to surveillance by one organisation. By using an event study method that captures unexpected financial market reactions to surveillance by three IOs over a 17 year period, this study illuminates the relationship between IOs, domestic governments, and financial market participants. Furthermore, this research adds to the growing body of literature that is concerned with the role of IOs as providers of information in the global economy.


Subpopulations of somatosensory neurons are characterized by functional properties and expression of receptor proteins and surface markers. CGRP expression and IB4-binding are commonly used to define peptidergic and non-peptidergic subpopulations. TRPA1 is a polymodal, plasma membrane ion channel that contributes to mechanical and cold hypersensitivity during tissue injury, making it a key target for pain therapeutics. Some studies have shown that TRPA1 is predominantly expressed by peptidergic sensory neurons, but others indicate that TRPA1 is expressed extensively within non-peptidergic, IB4-binding neurons. We used FURA-2 calcium imaging to define the functional distribution of TRPA1 among peptidergic and non-peptidergic adult mouse (C57BL/6J) DRG neurons. Approximately 80% of all small-diameter (<27 µm) neurons from lumbar 1–6 DRGs that responded to TRPA1 agonists allyl isothiocyanate (AITC; 79%) or cinnamaldehyde (84%) were IB4-positive. Retrograde labeling via plantar hind paw injection of WGA-Alexafluor594 showed similarly that most (81%) cutaneous neurons responding to TRPA1 agonists were IB4-positive. Additionally, we cultured DRG neurons from a novel CGRP-GFP mouse where GFP expression is driven by the CGRPα promoter, enabling identification of CGRP-expressing live neurons. Interestingly, 78% of TRPA1-responsive neurons were CGRP-negative. Co-labeling with IB4 revealed that the majority (66%) of TRPA1 agonist responders were IB4-positive but CGRP-negative. Among TRPA1-null DRGs, few small neurons (2–4%) responded to either TRPA1 agonist, indicating that both cinnamaldehyde and AITC specifically target TRPA1. Additionally, few large neurons (≥27 µm diameter) responded to AITC (6%) or cinnamaldehyde (4%), confirming that most large-diameter somata lack functional TRPA1. Comparison of mouse and rat DRGs showed that the majority of TRPA1-responsive neurons in both species were IB4-positive. Together, these data demonstrate that TRPA1 is functionally expressed primarily in the IB4-positive, CGRP-negative subpopulation of small lumbar DRG neurons from rodents. Thus, IB4 binding is a better indicator than neuropeptides for TRPA1 expression.


Forest wayfinding systems include the sources of information, content and presentation, that potential visitors use to find forest sites and maximise their experience of forest recreation. This paper presents original research from an on-going user-led study of signage at forest recreational sites across the UK, and is part-funded by the Forestry Commission. Research methods used in the study included structured interviews with forest users, a signage audit, observation-based behavioural studies and exploratory work with space syntax. The starting point for the study was an apparent low rating of satisfaction with road signs by visitors to Forestry Commission sites in annual visitor surveys. Signs are "...the most visible manifestation of corporate face" and function to "...provide reliable and accessible information to encourage and welcome visitors" (Forest Enterprise Signs Manual, 1997). Good signs also form part of a positive perception of woodlands (Burgess, 1995) and may be considered within the context of removing barriers to the use of the countryside by disabled people and socially excluded groups. The research found evidence that there were some problems with forest wayfinding, but that these problems are related more to the context, content and location of signs, rather than the materials and details of sign design. More consideration needs to be given to identifying the minimum but key information needs of users at key locations within the forest site. Signs are costly to design, construct, install and maintain, and a crucial concern must be to provide the minimum information for maximum benefit, based on what the user needs to know at each stage of the journey and forest experience. The study also highlighted the role of signage in site promotion, visitor expectations, conflicts between different user groups and accessibility of information. A model for signage to satisfy visitor information needs was developed. The results presented here cover phase 1 of the project and it is anticipated that the methodology developed during the research will have practical applications in evaluating and developing new signage systems, and the training of forest and other recreational site managers.


Background. Several researchers have criticized the standards of performing and reporting empirical studies in software engineering. In order to address this problem, Andreas Jedlitschka and Dietmar Pfahl have produced reporting guidelines for controlled experiments in software engineering. They pointed out that their guidelines needed evaluation. We agree that guidelines need to be evaluated before they can be widely adopted. If guidelines are flawed, they will cause more problems that they solve.Aim. The aim of this paper is to present the method we used to evaluate the guidelines and report the results of our evaluation exercise. We suggest our evaluation process may be of more general use if reporting guidelines for other types of empirical study are developed.Method. We used perspective-based inspections to perform a theoretical evaluation of the guidelines. A separate inspection was performed for each perspective. The perspectives used were: Researcher, Practitioner/Consultant, Meta-analyst, Replicator, Reviewer and Author. Apart from the Author perspective, the inspections were based on a set of questions derived by brainstorming. The inspection using the Author perspective reviewed each section of the guidelines sequentially. Results. The question-based perspective inspections detected 42 issues where the guidelines would benefit from amendment or clarification and 8 defects.Conclusions. Reporting guidelines need to specify what information goes into what section and avoid excessive duplication. Software engineering researchers need to be cautious about adopting reporting guidelines that differ from those used by other disciplines. The current guidelines need to be revised and the revised guidelines need to be subjected to further theoretical and empirical validation. Perspective-based inspection is a useful validation method but the practitioner/consultant perspective presents difficulties.


2014 The thermodynamic treatment of equilibrium fluctuations in magnetic systems is discussed and applied to a variety of situations. The spectral density of the magnetic moment or flux are derived for simply-connected bodies (sphere and cylinder) and for multiplyconnected systems (loop and hollow cylinder). The material is considered to be either a normal conductor, a superconductor or ferromagnetic. The results are valid in the presence of a static magnetic field and also if the susceptibility is field-dependent. No abrupt change in fluctuations occurs as a superconductor is taken through the transition temperature. The introduction of a Josephson junction or a resistive link in a superconducting loop is shown to increase the flux fluctuations markedly with a steady increase as the link is made weaker. At high frequencies the fluctuation spectrum for a superconductor approaches that for the same system in the normal state. REVUE DE PHYSIQUE APPLIQUEZ TOME 5, FÉVRIER 1970, PAGE


The analysis by Busse (1975) of preferred patterns of convection in spherical shells is extended to include the case of odd degrees l of spherical harmonics. In the general part of the paper only the property of spherical symmetry of the basic state is used. The results are thus applicable to all bifurcation problems with spherical symmetry. Except in the case 1 = 1 a pattern degeneracy of the linear problem exists, which is partly removed by the solvability conditions that are generated when nonlinear terms are taken into account as perturbations. In each of the cases 1 considered so far, at least 1 physically different solutions have been found. The preferred solution among I existing ones is determined for 1≥2 by a stability analysis. In the case l = 3 emphasized in this paper the axisymmetric solution is found to be always unstable, and the solution of tetrahedronal symmetry appears to be generally preferred. The latter result is rigorously established in the special case of a thin layer with nearly insulating boundaries treated in the second part of the paper.


Objectives: To determine the test-retest reliability of the submaximal version of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test – Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1-sub), which is a valid aerobic assessment. Design: Test-re-test. Methods: Elite youth soccer players (n = 10, age: 18.8 ± 0.5 years, height: 181.1 ± 4.9 cm, body mass: 74.2 ± 7.6 Kg) completed the Yo-Yo IR1-sub on two consecutive weeks to determine the reliability of a non-exhaustive alternative to maximal aerobic testing. Relative and absolute reliability of the Yo-Yo IR1-sub was assessed for heart rate response and recovery metrics (HR6, HR30, HR60, HR90, HR120, HRR30, HRR60, HRR90 and HRR120). Results: The Yo-Yo IR1-sub was determined to be a reliable alternative to maximal testing, with the final heart rate at the end of the 6 minute test (HR6) shown to be the most reliable metric (ICC = 0.96; SDD = 5.4 bpm). The percentage of heart rate recovered after 2 min (HRR120) was the most reliable recovery metric (ICC = 0.93; SDD = 4.6%). Conclusion: If maximal testing is not a feasible option, particularly during the competitive season or during the rehabilitation of an injured player, then a submaximal test is a reliable alternative to monitor fitness in elite young soccer players, with HR6 and HRR120 being the most stable parameters. (Journal of Trainology 2017;6:31-34)


Global warming and the climate changes are issues that concern everyone. The transition to other energy carriers than fossil fuels is a key barrier if we are to reduce our dependence on oil. Hydrogen is forecasted as the energy carrier of the future, and one of the most efficient ways to convert hydrogen to electrical, useful energy is to feed it to the anode side of a polymer electrolyte (PEM) fuel cell. Oxygen (usually in the form of air) is supplied to the cathode side and the only products are water, electricity and some heat. A key component in PEM fuel cells are the bipolar plates that facilitate gas flow, electron transfer, heat and water removal. The bipolar plates contribute greatly to both weight and cost of PEM fuel cells, and there is continuous development in making cheap, durable, light and efficient bipolar plates. In this work we attempted to coat stainless steel (316L) plates with a coating consisting of graphite and carbon black mixed with epoxy. The goal was to get a coating that conducts electrons while still protecting against corrosion. The coatings were sought further improved by adding Teflon particles. This was done to get the coating more hydrophobic, and thus a better corrosion protection of the underlying stainless steel substrate. Plates were glass blasted prior to coating to improve adhesion. Coatings were thinned with xylene and sprayed onto the plates with an air brush. The plates were then pressed in a ?Carver? hot-press to achieve minimum porosity. The coated plates were examined in a contact resistance apparatus, subjected to linear sweep voltammetry and chronoampereometry, the contact angles were measured, the surface roughness measured and SEM images are taken. Plates pressed at 2670 N cm-2 for 30 minutes with 4.8 vol% Zonyl in the coating performed best prior to electrochemical measurements both for the glass blasted plates and for the as-delivered plates. The contact resistances measured at 147 N cm-2 compaction pressure was 11.3 and 10.6 mOmega cm2 respectively. This is close to the goals set by DOE to reached by 2020 (10 mOmega cm2 at 138 N cm-2). The contact resistances for all coatings tested increased very much after the electrochemical testing, and all were far above the goals set by DOE. A correlation was found between the coating thickness and the current densities measured during the potentiostatic measurements. The current densities increased with increasing coating thickness. Possible mechanisms and reasons for this are discussed, and a combination of carbon corrosion and crevice corrosion is suggested as explanation. A possible method for anchoring the coating to the substrate while protecting the contact points from degradation during electrochemical measurements was suggested. By pressing the coating into carefully controlled voids, connections between the graphite in the coating and the metal substrate might be retained, even if the connection between main substrate surface and the coating is broken. This effect can explain the differences seen between the plates coated in the project work, and the metal sheets coated in this work.


This thesis theoretically and critically examines the move towards people-centred approaches to development. It offers a critical examination of the work of Amartya Sen using theoretical resources emerging from Latin American traditions.

Amartya Sen's calls to understand Development as Freedom (1999) have significantly influenced mainstream development thinking and practice, constituting the clearest example of people-centred approaches to development today. Overcoming the limitations of previous state-centred notions of development articulated around ideas of economic growth, in Sen's Capability Approach (CA) development is seen as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy. In this understanding, the agency of development shifts from the state to individuals and the analytic focus moves from economic growth to individual capabilities. In this manner, this framework is structured towards the central goal of empowerment, wherein the expansion of capabilities is seen both as the means and end of development. Since its inception, the widespread support for the CA has allowed for the expansion of ethical considerations within mainstream
development thinking.

Even while the remarkable advances offered by Sen's work should be praised, this thesis argues that these have come with new limitations. These limitations stem from, what is termed here, a "Paradox of Empowerment" that effectively encloses Sen's approach within Western notions of development. While Sen's approach is poised to provide a theoretical framework that is built on the expansion of freedom and individual agency, there is little agency here to move beyond the ideas of development fundamentally linked to liberal democracies and market economies. This thesis engages with several critical traditions from Latin America, recovering their often undervalued insights for development thinking. Crucially, this engagement provides the critical framework to illustrate the aforementioned paradox and explore multiple dimensions of empowerment central for contemporary development thinking and practice. In this, the thesis engages Sen's work with the Liberation Theology of Gustavo Gutierrez, with Paulo Freire's Critical Pedagogy and with the contemporary discussions of 'Buen Vivir' associated with Indigenous philosophies of the Andean region. Throughout its chapters,it uncovers the conceptual baggage within the Paradox of Empowerment in Sen's work and examines the ethical challenges and boundaries of this approach in relation to the collective dimension of development processes, the possibilities for structural transformation and concerns for sustainability. Progressively engaging the different dimensions of this paradox, this thesis advances the recovery of the transformative potential of the ideas of empowerment for development.


In relation to sustainable rural development, the paper starts with the question of its conditions. One of them is social acceptance of various projects or programmes. This issue is joined with the co-ordination of human activities. The mechanism facilitating the co-ordination in contemporary societies is related to social capital. Its concept is outlined through the references to the basic literature about the topic. Using content analysis, based on the quantification of the categories created through the analysis of the literature about the topic, the social capital in selected municipalities is investigated. The main aim of the paper, however, is to show the role of this method in social capital fast identification. Although the approach necessitates further elaboration, it can be considered as the first important step in the practice of development activities. The background of the paper reflects the challenges of the World Bank concerning the elaboration and development of the new methods of measuring social capital.


New Anti-Ulcer Drug from Glaxo A new drug which promotes rapid healing of ulcers, without significant side effects has recently been launched in this country by Glaxo Ltd. Called Zantec, the drug has high potency and long duration of action, which means it can be used in low dosages normally just two tablets a day. The basic course of treatment for peptic ulcer will be four weeks, at a cost, in this country of about 9lp per day. More than 9,000 patients in 20 countries have been treated successfully during worldwide clinical trials. The drug gives rapid relief from pain and heals peptic ulcers within the specified time in the majority of patients. Toxicity tests have shown no evidence that ranitidine is tumour inducing, or carcinogenic, Glaxo scientists have spent ten years developing this new treatment. and Zantac is now available in tablet or injection form on prescription only. It is indicated primarily for the treatment of duodenal ulcer. benign gastric ulcer. postoperative ulcer. reflux oesophagitis and the ZollingerEllison syndrome. Latest clinical studies on Zantac presented at a recent medical conference in London. showed evidence of ulcer healing rates of up to 90% (average 80%) within four weeks and remission from reulceration on maintenance treatment of more than 80%. Glaxo plans to introduce the drug into most countries. including the United States. New Aid for Cardiologists A new machine which can 'see' inside the human heart and provide a TV record of what it discovers is now available to the NHS. The SMS 300. which is supplied by Squibb Medical Systems Ltd, is compact. mobile and ideally suited for paediatric as well as adult use. It can be taken to the baby rather than viceversa. In operation it provides twodimensional. real-time grey scale imaging and digital grey scale M-mode. A-mode and time gain compensation curves can be displayed along with the real-time image. the freezeframe image or the M-mode image. Sixteen shades of grey provide comprehensive information for the cardiologist. It provides recordable pictures on a TV screen and represents an important addition to the range of equipment.


Recent studies at individual cell resolution have revealed phenotypic heterogeneity in nominally clonal tumor cell populations. The heterogeneity affects cell growth behaviors, which can result in departure from the idealized uniform exponential growth of the cell population. Here we measured the stochastic time courses of growth of an ensemble of populations of HL60 leukemia cells in cultures, starting with distinct initial cell numbers to capture a departure from the {uniform exponential growth model for the initial growth (``take-off'')}. Despite being derived from the same cell clone, we observed significant variations in the early growth patterns of individual cultures with statistically significant differences in growth dynamics, which could be explained by the presence of inter-converting subpopulations with different growth rates, and which could last for many generations. Based on the hypothesis of existence of multiple subpopulations, we developed a branching process model that was consistent with the experimental observations.


This study was carried out to investigate live weight, wool production and some body measurements of Karayaka and Bafra (Chios x Karyaka B1) sheep. The Karayaka breed is raised in the Black Sea region, while the Sakiz (Chios) breed is raised in the coastal areas of western Anatolia. The Bafra type was developed by crossing between Sakiz and Karayaka for a female line to use in lamb production. The least squares means obtained for Karayaka and Bafra yearlings were determined to be 48.4 and 55.0 kg for live weight, 56.2 and 63.8 cm for wither height, 59.6 and 71.0 cm for body length, 91.9 and 96.5 cm for chest girth, 29.3 and 32.0 cm for chest depth and 22.7 and 21.2 cm for chest width, respectively. Corresponding means for breeding ewes were 51.1 and 61.3 kg, 58.6 and 67.4 cm, 58.6 and 70.8 cm, 93.9 and 99.9 cm, 30.3 and 32.5 cm, 23.1 and 21.9 cm, respectively. Wool characteristics of Karayaka and Bafra were 2.2 and 2.2 kg for greasy fleece weight, 39.1 and 35.9 mm for fibre diameter, 24.8 and 22.6 cm for fibre length and 14.2 and 17.5 g for breaking strength. The results of the study showed that body weight, body measurements and wool characteristics of the Karayaka breed have been improved by using the Sakiz breed.


Abstract The A3 coupling between N-ethylpiperazine and electron-rich aromatic aldehydes forms adducts that may be easily used as electrophiles towards electron-rich heterocycles such as indoles. The removal of the piperazine moiety is triggered by the addition of 1,2-dibromoethane. Overall, the reaction provides efficient access to alkynyl indoles and pyrroles.


Spin-torque oscillators (STOs) offer the advantage of high modulation rates. However the existence of regions with high-frequency nonlinearity, accompanied by increased signal linewidth, limits both the usable STO frequency range and the minimum frequency of modulation. On the other hand, use of a large modulation frequency increases the frequency modulation (FM) bandwidth. In order to overcome these problems, we propose to simultaneously modulate the STO with two signals having different frequencies. We use a high-frequency, "wide" (fW=500 MHz), modulation signal to improve the STO linewidth. At the same time we use a low-frequency, "narrow" (fN=40 MHz), modulation signal to show successful narrow bandwidth modulation of the improved STO signal. The proposed method of combined wide-narrow double modulation can significantly improve the usable operating frequency range of the STOs for communication applications.


ortTechnology ● July/Sept. 1994 4(3) Summary. For about 30 years, the Univ. of California has used advanced laboratory techniques in addition to traditional methods to produce pathogen-free and true-to-type sweetpotato seedstock. The effort continues with the varieties important in the marketplace today. This program serves as a model for the use of meristem culture by foundation sweetpotato programs in other states.


OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical and economic impact attributable to upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) acquired in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). DESIGN Prospective case-control-within-cohort study. SETTING PICU at a university hospital. PATIENTS All consecutive patients over a 1-yr period. METHODS All UGIB (hematemesis or blood in gastric tube) were reported. A UGIB was qualified as clinically significant (CS-UGIB) if a panel of reviewers assessed that a complication (decreased hemoglobin concentration, transfusion, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, surgery, or death) was attributed to it. A UGIB was qualified as clinically nonsignificant (NS-UGIB) if none of these complications was attributed to it. The O-UGIB group comprised patients without UGIB. Pairing between the three groups was done according to these criteria: death or survival, Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score on admission, respiratory failure, coagulopathy, and age. Data considered for the impact analysis was prospectively monitored during the stay in PICU. Costs were estimated in Canadian dollars (1999) as follows: costs of stay + medical staff + ventilation + red blood cell transfusions. RESULTS The cohort included 1006 admissions. Sixteen cases of CS-UGIB were paired to 13 cases of NS-UGIB and 32 cases of O-UGIB. Compared with the O-UGIB group and the NS-UGIB group, the CS-UGIB group showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher rate of red blood cell transfusions, duration of ventilation, length of stay in PICU, and a lower hemoglobin level. There was no difference between the NS-UGIB group and the O-UGIB group. The cost analysis demonstrated a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the CS-UGIB group (20,062.67 Can dollars/patient per stay) and the other groups (NS-UGIB, 6104.77 Can dollars/patient per stay; O-UGIB, 5457.25 Can dollars/patient per stay). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a significant clinical and economic impact of CS-UGIB in PICU, although no impact was detected for NS-UGIB. Further studies on the benefit of UGIB prophylaxis for critically ill children with risk factors for CS-UGIB are needed.


This paper presents an area-efficient algorithm for the pipelined processing of fast Fourier transform (FFT). The proposed algorithm is to decompose a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) into two balanced sub-DFTs in order to minimize the total number of twiddle factors to be stored into tables. The radix in the proposed decomposition is adaptively changed according to the remaining transform length to make the transform lengths of sub-DFTs resulting from the decomposition as close as possible. An 8192-point pipelined FFT processor designed for digital video broadcasting-terrestrial (DVB-T) systems saves 33% of general multipliers and 23% of the total size of twiddle factor tables compared to a conventional pipelined FFT processor based on the radix-22  algorithm. In addition to the decomposition, several implementation techniques are proposed to reduce area, such as a simple index generator of twiddle factor and add/subtract units combined with the two's complement operation


This is an unprecedented volume that brings together J. Hillis Miller, Julia Kristeva, Slavoj Zizek, Ernesto Laclau, Alain Badiou, Nancy Fraser, and other prominent intellectuals from five countries in seven disciplines to provide fresh perspectives on the new configurations of law, justice, and power in the global age. The work engages and challenges past and present scholarship on current topics in legal studies: globalization, post-colonialism, multiculturalism, ethics, post-structuralism, and psychoanalysis. The book is divided into five parts. The first debates issues of (trans-)national justice and human rights in the global age, focusing on military interventions and refugee policies. Part II traces the globalization of Western law back to colonialism, addressing the rising importance of multiculturalism, gender studies, and the quotidian in legal studies. Part III examines legal pluralism. Part IV turns from the empirical "other" of legal pluralism to the concrete "Other" in Continental ethics and philosophy. The book then traces this recent ethical turn in legal theory back to the challenges of poststructuralism in Part V. The volume concludes with a psychoanalytic rethinking of justice for the new millennium that is based on love, forgiveness, and promise-a justice that, in Lacanian terms, operates outside the "limits" of the law.