Twenty patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were investigated by diagnostic laparotomy. These patients were seen over a 3 1/2 year period during which a total of 78 patients with NHL were seen. Laparotomy was considered unsuitable in 58 patients, either because widespread disease was easily demonstrated by simpler means or because of their poor general medical condition. Laparotomy revealed more extensive disease in 14 patients. Although laparotomy is proving to be a worthwhile investigative procedure, it is less likely to be useful as a routine investigation than is the case with Hodgkin's disease. Widespread involvement of mesenteric lymph nodes is common and among the 10 patients with a poor histological grade of tumour, 2 with negative laparotomy findings developed disease in the abdomen within 3 months of operation.


Graphical abstract Abstract Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is an extensively used plasticizer which has raised some concerns about its safety on human health. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of vanillic acid (VA) and vitamin C (VC) supplementation on DEHP-induced testicular toxicity. Thirty-five adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 groups (A–G) (n = 5) receiving distilled water; 250 mg/kg bw of DEHP only; 30 mg/kg bw of VA and 250 mg/kg bw of DEHP; 30 mg/kg bw of VC and 250 mg/kg bw of DEHP; 30 mg/kg bw of DEHP plus 30 mg/kg bw of VA and 30 mg/kg bw of VC; 30 mg/kg bw of VA only; and 30 mg/kg bw of VC only, respectively. At the end of the experiment, blood was taken from the heart via cardiac puncture and stored, semen was collected from the caudal epididymis for immediate sperm analysis, while the testes were excised and preserved for histological examination and biochemical analysis. The results showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in body weights, sperm motility, sperm volume, sperm viability and count, antioxidant levels, and reproductive hormonal levels, with a significant increase (P < 0.05) in sperm morphological defect and lipid peroxidation level in DEHP-only group compared with the control but was ameliorated after VA and VC administration compared to the DEHP-only treated animals. VA and VC supplementation attenuated the toxic effects of DEHP on the testicular functions, morphology, and semen characterization of the experimental adult male Wistar rats. Lay summary Male infertility is considered when identifiable female causes of infertility are excluded and semen quantity and quality fail to fulfil World Health Organization criteria. From conception through to adulthood, people are exposed to limitless environmental toxicants among which di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) commonly found in personal care products, cosmetics, and medical devices is prevalent. The present study elaborated on the importance of taking antioxidant-rich foods containing vitamin C and vanillic acid, such as those found in various fruits, olives, whole wheat, and cereal grains, in combating infertility caused by environmental toxicants. An experiment was carried out on rats to see the effect of vanillic acid and vitamin C supplementation on preventing DEHP-induced testicular toxicity. The testicles and semen were analyzed from five rats in each treated and control groups. The data led us to conclude that vanillic acid and vitamin C supplementation do have attenuating effects on DEHP-induced testicular toxicity, due to their high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.


The commercial production of hops ( Humulus lupulus L.) in the northeastern United States is on the rise due to demand from local breweries. Several arthropod pests are economically damaging to hop yield and quality. Due to climate and landscape differences between traditional and resurging hop-growing regions, there is a need for region-specific integrated pest management (IPM). We first review hop pest and natural enemy biology and management strategies. Then the phenology, abundance, and peak date of arthropod pests scouted in seven Vermont hop yards is reported. Documentation of natural enemy abundance is also reported. Our 3-yr survey indicated that hop aphid ( Phorodon humuli (Schrank)) populations were highest in the continually cool, wet season. Potato leafhopper ( Empoasca fabae (Harris)) was a pest with an unpredictable arrival date and of special concern for first-year hop plants. Twospotted spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae Koch) was a pest of concern in hot, dry conditions and after some broad-spectrum pesticide applications aimed at leafhoppers. This survey was the first step toward developing appropriate IPM tactics for modern day northeastern hop production. Further research should be focused on adjusting arthropod pest thresholds, disease management, and developing alternative control options for both arthropod and disease management.


Background Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease that can involve peripheral and axial joints, skin, and entheses. A number of validated composite indices have been developed, not only to measure overall disease activity for PsA, but also to provide thresholds for treat-to-target goals. These include MDA (Minimal Disease Activity), DAPSA (Disease Activity in PsA), and PASDAS (PsA Disease Activity Score). We have previously demonstrated that higher proportions of PsA patients treated with ixekizumab (IXE), a monoclonal antibody that selectivity targets interleukin-17A, achieved therapeutic thresholds defined by MDA, DAPSA, and PASDAS versus placebo (PBO) up to Week 24.1 Objectives To explore the extent to which IXE can help biologic-naïve and tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) inadequate responder patients achieve treat-to-target goals, as defined by composite indices incorporating multiple disease domains, through 108 weeks of treatment. Methods Data were analyzed from all patients initially randomized to 80 mg IXE every 4 weeks after a 160-mg starting dose in 2 double-blind, PBO-controlled phase III trials investigating the efficacy and safety of IXE. For SPIRIT-P1 (NCT01695239), patients (N=107) were bDMARD naïve. For SPIRIT-P2 (NCT02349295), patients (N=122) had an inadequate response or were intolerant to TNFis. The following composite measures and definitions were used: MDA and Very Low Disease Activity (VLDA) (see Figure); DAPSA Low Disease Activity (LDA) (≤14 and >4) and remission (≤4); PASDAS LDA/VLDA (≤3.2/≤1.9); and GRACE (GRAppa Composite score) LDA (≤2.3). Modified nonresponder imputation (mNRI; missing data treated as nonresponse for patients discontinued due to lack of efficacy or adverse events; multiple imputation for all other missing data) was used for all analyses. Results Therapeutic threshold results at Week 108 are summarized in the Figure. Whether measured using MDA, DAPSA, PASDAS, or GRACE, the proportions of IXE-treated patients achieving designated therapeutic thresholds were sustained through 2 years of treatment. Efficacy was similar between SPIRIT-P1 and SPIRIT-P2. Conclusion High proportions of IXE-treated patients, whether biologic naïve or TNFi inadequate responders, achieved treat-to-target goals, as defined by composite indices incorporating multiple disease domains, through 2 years of treatment. References [1] Coates L, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(Suppl):A375. Disclosure of Interests Laura C Coates Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Celgene, Lilly, Novartis and Pfizer, Consultant for: AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Galapagos, Gilead Sciences Inc., Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Prothena Corp and UCB, Alexis Ogdie Grant/research support from: (To my university) Novartis, Pfizer, Grant/research support from: Novartis, Pfizer, Grant/research support from: Novartis, Pfizer, Grant/research support from: Novartis, Pfizer, Consultant for: AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Corrona, Eli Lilly and Company, Novartis, Pfizer, and Takeda, Consultant for: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Corrona, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, Takeda, Consultant for: Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Corrona, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda, Consultant for: Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Corrona, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda, Prashanth Sunkureddi Shareholder of: Pfizer, Johnson and Johnson, Mallinckrodt, Regeneron, Grant/research support from: Clinical research trials for Eli Lilly, Novartis, Amgen, Pfizer, Consultant for: Eli Lilly, Novartis, AbbVie, Pfizer, Speakers bureau: Eli Lilly, Novartis, AbbVie, Sanofi Genzyme, Regeneron, Pfizer, Lisa Kerr Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Matthew Hufford Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Philip Helliwell Grant/research support from: Paid to charity: from AbbVie, Janssen and Novartis, Consultant for: Paid to charity: from AbbVie, Amgen, Pfizer, and UCB and Celgene. Paid to self: from Celgene and Galapagos


I. Introduction. A. Background Thoughts. B. Scope and Objective of this Study. II. Theoretical Framework. A. Sex Equality and Discrimination: The Case of the Labour Market. 1. Legal Theories of Sex Equality/ Difference and Discrimination. 2. Discrimination of Women in the Labour Market. B. Pregnancy Discrimination as Key Aspect of Discrimination Against Women in the Labour Market. 1. Pregnancy, Childbirth and Breastfeeding as Biological Obstacles to a Career. 2. Pregnancy Discrimination as Economically Rational Discrimination: The Economics of Sex Discrimination in the Market Place. 3. Theoretical Scheme. C. The European Community and the United States. 1. The E.C. and the U.S. as Laboratories for Legal Research on Pregnancy Discrimination. 2. The Impact of Societal Values. III. Protection of Pregnant Employees and Employees Who Have Just Given Birth or Are Breastfeeding in the European Community (E.C.). A. A Snapshot of Working Women in the E.C. 1. A European Woman's Work in Family and Wage Economies. 2. Growing Female Labour Force Since World War II. 3. Flexibility and the Understanding of What is Vital to Survival as Key Factors in the Evolution. B. An Analysis of the E.C. Measures Concerning Pregnant and Breastfeeding Employees. 1. The Powers of the European Community in the Social Field. 2. Overview of E.C. Legal Measures Regarding Pregnancy, Childbirth and Breastfeeding. C. An Analysis of the Relevant Case Law of the European Court of Justice. 1. Introduction: The Role of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). 2. The Court of Justice's Interpretation of E.C. Measures Regarding Pregnancy, Childbirth and Breastfeeding. D. Preliminary Conclusion. 1. The Court's and the E.C. Legislator's Proactive Approach Regarding Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value: An Anomaly? 2. The Court's and the E.C. Legislator's Reserved Approach with Respect to Pregnancy, Childbirth and Breastfeeding. 3. Encouraging the Court of Justice. IV. Pregnancy Protection in the United States (U.S.). A. The Working Woman in the U.S. 1. Women's Work in the Young American Nation. 2. Women's Current Participation in the American Labour Market. 3. The Link Between Sex Inequality in the Job Market and the Separate Spheres Ideology. B. An Analysis of American Measures Concerning Pregnant and Breastfeeding Employees. 1. A State or a Federal Competence? 2. An Overview of American Pregnancy, Childbirth and Breastfeeding Measures. C. The Interpretation of American Pregnancy/ Breastfeeding Measures by the U.S. Supreme Court. 1. Introduction: The Role of the U.S. Supreme Court. 2. The Interpretation of Pregnancy, Childbirth and Breastfeeding Measures by the U.S. Supreme Court. D. Preliminary Conclusion. V. Comparative Analysis and Suggestions. A. European and American Perspectives on Equality. 1. Different Societies, Different Notions of Equality. 2. Prohibition of Discrimination Against Pregnant Employees and Employees Who Have Just Given Birth or Are Breastfeeding. 3. Preliminary Conclusion. B. Suggestions for the E.C., and for the U.S. 1. The Right Balance Between Formal and Substantive Equality. 2. Flexibility and Understanding of What is Vital to Survival: A Lesson From the Past? Bibliography. Abbreviations. Index


Over the last several years, there has been an emerging interest in the development of wide-area data collection and analysis centers to help identify, track, and formulate responses to the ever-growing number of coordinated attacks and malware infections that plague computer networks worldwide. As large-scale network threats continue to evolve in sophistication and extend to widely deployed applications, we expect that interest in collaborative security monitoring infrastructures will continue to grow, because such attacks may not be easily diagnosed from a single point in the network. The intent of this position paper is not to argue the necessity of Internet-scale security data sharing infrastructures, as there is ample research [13, 48, 51, 54, 41, 47, 42] and operational examples [43, 17, 32, 53] that already make this case. Instead, we observe that these well-intended activities raise a unique set of risks and challenges.
 We outline some of the most salient issues faced by global network security centers, survey proposed defense mechanisms, and pose several research challenges to the computer security community. We hope that this position paper will serve as a stimulus to spur groundbreaking new research in protection and analysis technologies that can facilitate the collaborative sharing of network security data while keeping data contributors safe and secure.


New technologies for isolating differentially expressed genes from large arrayed cDNA libraries are reported. These methods can be used to identify genes that lie downstream of developmentally important transcription factors and genes that are expressed in specific tissues, processes, or stages of embryonic development. Though developed for the study of gene expression during the early embryogenesis of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, these technologies can be applied generally. Hybridization parameters were determined for the reaction of complex cDNA probes to cDNA libraries carried on six nylon filters, each containing duplicate spots from 18,432 bacterial clones (macroarrays). These libraries are of sufficient size to include nearly all genes expressed in the embryo. The screening strategy we have devised is designed to overcome inherent sensitivity limitations of macroarray hybridization and thus to isolate differentially expressed genes that are represented only by low-prevalence mRNAs. To this end, we have developed improved methods for the amplification of cDNA from small amounts of tissue (as little as approximately 300 sea urchin embryos, or 2 x 10(5) cells, or about 10 ng of mRNA) and for the differential enhancement of probe sequence concentration by subtractive hybridization. Quantitative analysis of macroarray hybridization shows that these probes now suffice for detection of differentially expressed mRNAs down to a level below five molecules per average embryo cell.


The evaluation of the possibilities to use of waste poly(methylene methacrylate) (PMMA) in a composition with coal-tar pitch (CTP) for the preparation of activated carbons was carried out. The polymer-pitch compositions (PMMA-CTP), containing from 10 to 50 wt % of waste PMMA were homogenized at 270 °C, for 1 hour. PMMA-CTP compositions were carbonized and activated with steam, carbon dioxide or potassium hydroxide. It was found that the activated carbon obtained from the composition containing 50 wt % of waste PMMA in the activation process with KOH was characterized by the highest iodine number (IN = 2260 mg/g), methylene blue number (MB = 33 cm3), specific surface area (BET = 3134 m2/g), micropores (1.033 cm3/g) and mesopores (0.160 cm3/g) volume.


ABSTRACT Successful management of an event where health-care needs exceed regional health-care capacity requires coordinated strategies for scarce resource allocation. Publications for rapid development, training, and coordination of regional hospital triage teams to manage the allocation of scarce resources during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are lacking. Over a period of 3 weeks, over 100 clinicians, ethicists, leaders, and public health authorities convened virtually to achieve consensus on how best to save the most lives possible and share resources. This is referred to as population-based crisis management. The rapid regionalization of 22 acute care hospitals across 4500 square miles in the midst of a pandemic with a shifting regulatory landscape was challenging, but overcome by mutual trust, transparency, and confidence in the public health authority. Because many cities are facing COVID-19 surges, we share a process for successful rapid formation of health-care care coalitions, Crisis Standard of Care, and training of Triage Teams. Incorporation of continuous process improvement and methods for communication is essential for successful implementation. Use of our regional health-care coalition communications, incident command system, and the crisis care committee helped mitigate crisis care in the San Diego and Imperial County region as COVID-19 cases surged and scarce resource collaborative decisions were required.


To validate the use of multiplex case families in studying the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we investigated the pattern of familial SLE in relation to sporadic SLE in the highly consanguineous Kuwaiti population. We sought to determine whether familial and sporadic SLEs have the same clinical and serological features. We compared 21 cases of familial SLE in 21 families with 42 non-familial SLE controls matched for age, sex and duration of disease. Twenty-one families, in which the diagnosis of SLE was verified in at least two relatives, were included in the study. The diagnosis was made according to the revised 1982 American College of Rheumatology criteria. There were no significant differences in clinical features or serological manifestations between familial SLE cases and their matched controls. However, our results showed that the frequency of La/SSB antibodies was higher in the sporadic group (P = 0.048), although this was not significant after application of Bonferroni's correction for the number of comparisons. Familial cases of SLE were more likely to present at younger age of 20 years and sporadic cases at 26 years (P = 0.006). The prevalence of familial SLE was 27.4%. We have found that familial and sporadic cases of SLE are broadly similar, and it is justified to include multiple case families in genetic studies.


A simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of iodide and iodate ions using laser diode fluorimeter-flow injection analysis via liberated of iodine molecule from the I--IO3 --H3O+ reaction which react with fluorescein sodium salt solution causing to quench the fluorescence light (continuous fluorescence) when irritated by laser source at 405nm.Chemical and physical parameters of this system were investigated. A linear calibration graph of 0.1-10 and 0.03-9mMol.L-1 were obtains for IO3 - and I- respectively, with L.O.D was 74.9ng/sample and 5.146ng/sample for IO3 - and I- respectively. Repeatability (RSD%) less than 1 was obtained . The proposed method was compared with standard method. By using paired t-test it was shown that there was no significant difference between the proposed method and official method and on this basis the new method can be accepted as an alternative analytical method.


My name is Emilio Gatti. Born in Turin, Italy, in 1922,
 I lived throughout my high school years in Venice, at the Lido, where my family
 had recently settled. My father, who held a degree in engineering, served
 as a lieutenant in the Italian army during World War I. At the end of the
 war, in 1918, he was discharged from the army in Venice. Enchanted by that
 unique town, he decided that Venice would be the most suitable and inspiring
 place to start work as a self-employed architect and civil engineer, the business
 he had in mind.


Learning dental procedures is a complex task involving the development of fine motor skills. The reported use of theories and/ or evidence for designing learning activities to develop the fine motor skills needed for dental practice is limited. The aim of this review is to explore the available body of knowledge related to learning fine motor skills in dentistry. Evidence from studies investigating motor skill learning highlights the negative impact of self-focus and self-regulation on learning outcomes, particularly during the early stages of learning. The development of activities and schedules that enable novices to demonstrate characteristics similar to experts, without the reported long period of 'deliberate practice', is clearly of value. Outcomes of learning implicitly are important in dentistry because working under stressful conditions is common, either during undergraduate study or in practice. It is suggested that learning implicitly in the simulation stage can reduce disrupted performance when transitioning to clinical settings. Therefore, further investigation of effective methods for learning dental fine motor skills is indicated, using approaches that result in robust performance, even under stressful conditions.


Purpose To study the levels of complement activation in different disease stages of AMD and the influence of genetic polymorphisms in complement genes. Methods We included 797 patients with AMD and 945 controls from the European Genetic Database. Patients were grouped into five AMD stages: early AMD, intermediate AMD, central geographic atrophy, active choroidal neovascularization or inactive choroidal neovascularization. Differences in complement activation, as defined by the systemic C3d/C3 ratio, between AMD stages were evaluated using general linear modeling. In addition, we evaluated the influence of 18 genetic AMD polymorphisms in complement genes and their effect on complement activation. Differences in complement activation between stages were evaluated stratifying by complement associated haplotypes. Results Complement activation levels differed significantly between AMD disease stages. As compared with controls, the C3d/C3 ratio was higher in patients with intermediate AMD (P < 0.001) and central geographic atrophy (P = 0.001). Two polymorphisms in CFH (rs10922109 and rs570618) and one in CFB (rs116503776) were significantly associated with complement activation. The association between AMD disease stage and complement activation was more pronounced in patients with haplotypes associated with the highest complement activation. Conclusions In general, consecutive AMD disease stages showed increasing levels of complement activation, especially in individuals with a genetic burden in complement genes. These findings contribute to the discussion on the pathogenesis of AMD in relation to complement activation and might suggest refinement in patient selection and the optimum window of treatment with complement inhibitors. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.


The aim of this thesis is to create a computer program that simulates the motionof cells in a developing embryo. The resulting simulator is to be used by in the CellLineage project (Robert Forchheimer et al.) as an input to their genetic model, themeta-Boolean model [18]. This genetic model is not the focus of this work. Sincethe simulated system is highly complex, with fluids and deforming soft bodies, itis unfeasible to simulate the system in a physically realistic manner while keepingexecution time to reasonable values. Therefore some physical realism is sacrificedin favor of simulation stability and execution speed.The resulting simulator, Cell-Lab, uses Position Based Dynamics (PBD) [17] toimplement a number of different models for the cell's mechanical properties. PBDis well suited for this purpose since it, while not taking excessively long time toexecute, guarantees an unconditionally stable simulation. The simulator includesa hard eggshell surrounding the cells. Cells can be split during the simulation,emulating mitosis. There is also the possibility to simulate cell adhesion usinga cadherin like mechanism. To control when and how cells are split and fetchinformation about the current state of the simulation there is an interface to beused by external applications. The meta-Boolean model can be implemented insuch an application


PURPOSE
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (Mthfr) is a key enzyme in homocysteine-methionine metabolism. We investigated Mthfr expression in retina and asked whether mild hyperhomocysteinemia, due to Mthfr deficiency, alters retinal neurovascular structure and function.

METHODS
Expression of Mthfr was investigated at the gene and protein level using quantitative (q) RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The Mthfr+/+ and Mthfr+/- mice were subjected to comprehensive evaluation using ERG, funduscopy, fluorescein angiography (FA), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), HPLC, and morphometric and IHC analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) at 8 to 24 weeks.

RESULTS
Gene and protein analyses disclosed widespread retinal expression of Mthfr. Electroretinography (ERG) revealed a significant decrease in positive scotopic threshold response in retinas of Mthfr+/- mice at 24 weeks. Fundus examination in mice from both groups was normal; FA revealed areas of focal vascular leakage in 20% of Mthfr+/- mice at 12 to 16 weeks and 60% by 24 weeks. The SD-OCT revealed a significant decrease in nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness at 24 weeks in Mthfr+/- compared to Mthfr+/+ mice. There was a 2-fold elevation in retinal hcy at 24 weeks in Mthfr+/- mice by HPLC and IHC. Morphometric analysis revealed an approximately 20% reduction in cells in the ganglion cell layer of Mthfr+/- mice at 24 weeks. The IHC indicated significantly increased GFAP labeling suggestive of Müller cell activation.

CONCLUSIONS
Mildly hyperhomocysteinemic Mthfr+/- mice demonstrate reduced ganglion cell function, thinner NFL, and mild vasculopathy by 24 weeks. The retinal phenotype is similar to that of hyperhomocysteinemic mice with deficiency of cystathionine-β-synthase (Cbs) reported earlier. The data support the hypothesis that hyperhomocysteinemia may be causative in certain retinal neurovasculopathies.


Resequencing of the soybean genome facilitates SNP marker discoveries useful for supporting the national soybean breeding programs. The objectives of the present study were to construct soybean genomic libraries, to resequence the whole genome of five Indonesian soybean genotypes, and to identify SNPs based on the resequence data. The studies consisted of genomic library construction and quality analysis, resequencing the whole-genome of five soybean genotypes, and genome-wide SNP identification based on alignment of the resequence data with reference sequence, Williams 82. The five Indonesian soybean genotypes were Tambora, Grobogan, B3293, Malabar, and Davros. The results showed that soybean genomic library was successfully constructed having the size of 400 bp with library concentrations range from 21.2–64.5 ng/μl. Resequencing of the libraries resulted in 50.1 x 109 bp total genomic sequence. The quality of genomic library and sequence data resulted from this study was high as indicated by Q score of 88.6% with low sequencing error of only 0.97%. Bioinformatic analysis resulted in a total of 2,597,286 SNPs, 257,598 insertions, and 202,157 deletions. Of the total SNPs identified, only 95,207 SNPs (2.15%) were located within exons. Among those, 49,926 SNPs caused missense mutation and 1,535 SNPs caused nonsense mutation. SNPs resulted from this study upon verification will be very useful for genome-wide SNP chip development of the soybean genome to accelerate breeding program of the soybean.


Two types of low-emissive coatings were deposited onto glass substrates by magnetron sputting method, which were designed as Ag and TiO2/Ni-Cr/Ag/Ni-Cr/TiO2. The transmittance and thickness of the samples were measured by TH1901 spectrophotometer and NKD-8000V ellipsometer. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) was employed to detect the low emissivity properties, it demonstrated that the silver-based multilayer coatings showed an efficient heat isolation due to their low emissivity properties. And they had a good performance in the visible range compared to the single Ag layer according to the transmittance spectra as well. The surface morphology of the samples was investigated by scanning probe microscope (SPM), it was determined that the Ag layer formed a homogeneous grain size when deposited onto the Ni-Cr layers.


We conducted a 6‐week open‐label trial of riluzole (50 mg twice a day) in eight subjects with Huntington's disease. Subjects were evaluated before riluzole treatment, on treatment, and off treatment with the chorea, dystonia, and total functional capacity (TFC) scores from the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale and magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements of occipital cortex and basal ganglia lactate levels. Adverse events and safety blood and urine tests were assessed throughout the study. All subjects completed the study and riluzole was well tolerated. The age was 45 ± 10.2 years (mean ± standard deviation) and the disease duration was 6.1 ± 4.1 years. The chorea rating score improved by 35% on treatment (p = 0.013) and worsened after discontinuation of treatment (p = 0.026). There were no significant treatment effects on the dystonia or TFC scores. The baseline occipital and basal ganglia lactate levels were elevated in all subjects; there was a trend toward lower lactate/creatine ratios during riluzole treatment in the basal ganglia spectra but not in occipital cortex spectra. Additional clinical studies of riluzole for both symptomatic and neuroprotective benefit in Huntington's disease are warranted.


We report a randomized, wait-list controlled trial assessing the effects of school-wide positive behavior support (SWPBS). An effectiveness analysis was conducted with elementary schools in Hawaii and Illinois where training and technical assistance in SWPBS was provided by regular state personnel over a 3-year period. Results document that the training and technical assistance were functionally related to improved implementation of universal-level SWPBS practices. Improved use of SWPBS was functionally related to improvements in the perceived safety of the school setting and the proportion of third graders meeting or exceeding state reading assessment standards. Results also document that levels of office discipline referrals were comparatively low, but the absence of experimental control for this variable precludes inference about the impact of SWPBS. Implications for future research directions are offered.


THE EVENTS of the past six years have made clear the need for prophylactic measures against rubella. In 1966, Parkman and Meyer and their colleagues 1,2 reported the development of a live rubella vaccine which had been attenuated by passage in African green monkey kidney cultures. Clinical trials in susceptible children showed that the vaccine strain was immunogenic and produced very few reactions. Although virus excretion occurred in a proportion of the vaccinees, no transmission of infection was detected in susceptible contacts. Recently, further attenuated vaccines have been developed in different cell substrates, 3 and, on account of the potential risk of nasopharyngeal excretion to pregnant women, most of the trials have so far been carried out in children in enclosed communities. Until more is known about the length of immunity from rubella vaccines, no firm decision can be made on the proper age for immunization against rubella. We therefore


This paper addresses spatio-temporal localization of human actions in video. In order to localize actions in time, we propose a recurrent localization network (RecLNet) designed to model the temporal structure of actions on the level of person tracks. Our model is trained to simultaneously recognize and localize action classes in time and is based on two layer gated recurrent units (GRU) applied separately to two streams, i.e. appearance and optical flow streams. When used together with state-of-the-art person detection and tracking, our model is shown to improve substantially spatio-temporal action localization in videos. The gain is shown to be mainly due to improved temporal localization. We evaluate our method on two recent datasets for spatio-temporal action localization, UCF101-24 and DALY, demonstrating a significant improvement of the state of the art.


The stimulatory effects of crude (148 U/mg protein) and purified (15,920 U/mg protein) human urinary erythropoietin (Ep) on heme and globin synthesis of rat bone marrow cells in short term (2-3 day) suspension culture were compared. Freshly isolated, unfractionated marrow cells responded equally well to both Ep preparations. Velocity sedimentation at unit gravity was used to separate the marrow cells into a fast-moving (population I) and a slow-moving (population II) fraction. Of the 2 preparations tested, only crude Ep was found to stimulate heme and globin synthesis of population I cells. Population II cells were unresponsive to both Ep preparations. Preincubation of the rat marrow cells in the absence of Ep for 48 h resulted in the disappearance of most of population II, the remaining cells only responded to the crude Ep preparation. Direct remixing experiments involving various proportions of population I and II cells also showed that addition of the purified Ep preparation could only bring about an increase in hemoglobin synthesis in those cultures which contained a sufficient number of population II cells. Cultures deficient in population II cells to which the crude Ep preparation was added did not show this requirement, suggesting that this preparation contained a component which could substitute for the presence of population II cells. This demonstrates that the action of Ep and of a second factor (or of a cell to cell signal) is required to increase hemoglobin synthesis in short term rat marrow cell cultures.


In 2005 Attilio Meucci presented his article Beyond Black-Litterman: Views on Non-Normal Markets which introduces the copula opinion pooling approach using generic non-normal market assumptions. Copulas and opinion pooling are used to express views on the market which provides a posterior market distribution that smoothly blends an arbitrarily distributed market prior distribution with arbitrarily chosen views. This thesis explains how to use this method in practice and investigates its performance in different investment situations. The method is tested on three portfolios, each showing some different feature. The conclusions that can be drawn are e.g. that the method can be used in many different investment situations in many different ways, implementation and calculations can be made within a few seconds for a large data set and the method could be useful for portfolio managers using mathematical methods. The presented examples together with the method generate reasonable results.


Analyses the Indian publications output in Pharmacology and Pharmacy during 2004-18 on several parameters including contribution and citation impact of most productive countries, India's overall contribution, its growth pattern, citation impact, the share of international collaboration, identification of significant participating countries in India's international collaboration, most productivity and impact of leading Indian institutions and authors. The Web of Science Citation Database has been used to retrieve the data for 15 years (2004-18) by searching the keywords "Pharmacology and Pharmacy" in combined Title, Abstract and Keywords field. The Indian publications output in Pharmacology and Pharmacy research consisted of 37,734 papers during 2004-18, which increased from 1045 papers in 2005 to 3,042 papers in 2014, which decreased from 2,898 during 2015 and 1,817 during to 2018. The share of Indian overall Pharmacology and Pharmacy research was 11.56% during 2003-12, which increased from 10.43% during 2003-07 to 12.18% during 2008-12. Indian research out put on Pharmacology and Pharmacy is quite low in the global context as reflected from its publication output per thousand publication (0.001) and its world publication share (3.28%) during 2004 – 2018. Also, the impact and quality of Indian research is low compared to select development and developing countries. Key words: Pharmacology, Pharmacy, India, Research output, Scientometric analysis.


In March this year, the main statement by the Project Team was published in book form*. This is almost eighteen months after the official end of the Project's work. There are three other books and twelve tape/slide sets to be published in time for four regional conferences in the Autumn. As a result of having done this work, a number of ideas remain with me which stand out in importance and I am grateful for the opportunity to share some of these with you through the good offices of Studies in Design Education and Craft


Introduction: Plumeria rubra f. rubra commonly known as Lal Gulachin has wide horizon of medicinal possessions. Plant is found in India and in its tropical regions. Though the plant and its extracts have been indigenously valued as folklore medicine diversely in India, yet literature lacks somewhere in reverse pharmacognostical approach of this plant which reflects that plant have not been evidently explored therapeutically. There are several forms of Plumeria rubra among which P. rubra f. rubra is much appraised in India than its other forms. Method: In Present study the anticipated potential of this plant has been validated by laying down its pharmacognostical standards along with measurement of its active therapeutic constituent Ursolic acid and Lupeol via. HPTLC, information from organized search of published literature remarks that Ursolic acid and lupeol is ubiquitous to this plant. Results: Microscopic features revealed the presence of paracytic type of stomata, crescent bicollateral vascular bundle, calcium oxalate crystal and clothing trichomes in leaves whereas bark showed the presence of distinct periderm with cork and phellogen, sclereids, bast tissue with parenchymatous cells. Methanolic extract of both parts of plant was subjected to HPTLC. In HPTLC studies the Ursolic acid content in leaves was found to be 0.96% whereas in bark was detected as 0.051%, lupeol content in leaves and stem was found to be 0.014% and 0.018%. Conclusion: The data generated could be significantly used as reference for the standardization and quality control of Plumeria. rubra f. rubra, as no such work has been reported yet.


Apple's customer-base seems to be rejoining the rest of the user community on the firing line. In recent years, criminals have shown increasing interest in the potential of Mac users as a source of illicit income, using a wide range of malware types, while issues with jailbroken iPhones have highlighted weaknesses in Apple's reliance on a white-listing security model. A recent survey carried out on behalf of the "Securing our eCity" community initiative, however, suggested that Mac (and, come to that, PC users) continue to see the Mac or at any rate OS X as a safe haven, while Apple seems wedded to the idea that it has no security problem. However, analysis of hundreds of samples received by our virus labs tells a different story. While the general decline of old-school viral malware is reflected in the Macintosh statistics, we are seeing no shortage of other malicious code including rootkits such as WeaponX, fake codec Trojans, malicious code with Mac-specific DNS changing functionality, Trojan downloading and installation capability, server-side polymorphism, fake/rogue anti-malware, keyloggers, and adware (which is often regarded as a minor nuisance, but can sometimes have serious impact on affected systems). Nor is this just a matter of Mach-O (Mach Object File) format binaries: scripts (bash, perl, AppleScript), disk image files, java bytecode and so on are also causes for concern. While neither the possibility nor the actual existence of a threat always equates to the probability of its having measurable impact, we take the position that the tiny proportion of compromised machines reflects, at least in part, the still limited market penetration of Apple products. The surprisingly swift escalation of exploits of a single iPhone vulnerability from PoC code to multi-platform hacker tool to functional botnet has perhaps been given more exposure than its impact in terms of affected machines might deserve, yet it demonstrates how closely criminal elements are watching for any weakness that might be turned to advantage. A security model based on white-listing and restricted privilege, implemented on the presumption of the user's conformance with licence agreements, can fail dramatically where there is an incentive to circumvent security for convenience or entertainment. Some types of attack (phishing is an obvious example) are completely platform agnostic because the "infected object" is the user rather than something on the system. Security reliant on the inability of a user to gain privileged access may lead to disaster if it fails to anticipate the ingenuity of hobby hackers and criminals alike, or the possibility of a conjunction of social engineering and technical vulnerability. This paper will compare the view from Apple and the community as a whole with the view from the anti-virus labs of the actual threat landscape, examining: • The ways in which the Apple-using community is receiving increasing attention as a potential source of illegitimate profit, • Reviewing the directions likely to be taken by malware over the next year or two • Assessing the likely impact of attacks against Apple users. • The implications for business and for the security industry in an age of interconnectivity, interoperability, and the paradox of accelerated computing power on ever-shrinking devices.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to describe how AIDS, as well as the stigma associated with it, affects the lives of HIV positive patients and their family members.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Three large state hospitals in the metropolitan area of Izmir participated in the study. Six focus groups were conducted with people infected with HIV (n=32) and their family members (n=11). Participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire to assess their HIV/AIDS knowledge and to convey how the stigma had affected them.

RESULTS
The most important problems identified were society and work-related social problems and access to health services. The patients and their family members stated that education was needed to correct misconceptions about HIV and to help them cope with related problems. We found that patients and their family members were sensitive about disclosure.

CONCLUSION
We determined the education, counseling and support needs of HIV-infected patients and their families. Additionally, we found that health personnel who monitor the patients should make more efforts on patients' education and counselling.


The discovery of a 'hairy' yellow weevil in Kakadu National Park in 1995, akin to a widely distributed pest species of agricultural crops in South-East Asia (but not Australia), the so-called 'Gold-dust Weevil' (Hypomeces 'squamosus'), prompted us to investigate the taxonomy and distribution of this weevil in order to determine the identity and origin of the Kakadu specimen. The 'Gold-dust Weevil', whose correct scientific name is H. pulviger (Herbst, 1795), is a sexually dimorphic and variable species and has been described under various names in the literature, but its taxonomy and nomenclature have never been investigated. The results of our research to date indicate that it comprises a complex of closely similar species and that the Australian specimen is not conspecific with those occurring further west and north in South-East Asia. We also found that a female conspecific with the Kakadu specimen was likely collected by Captain Phillip Parker King during his surveys of the northern Australian coast in about 1820 and described in 1826 by W. S. Macleay as Cenchroma obscura. King's weevil has been forgotten for over 200 years, but the discovery of the Kakadu specimen suggests that this species, correctly named Hypomeces obscurus, may be present in northern Australia, albeit scarce and seemingly of no current agricultural concern.


The main purpose of the article is to study the folk game Swinka and fine tune its rules in order to incorporate the game into tourism initiatives, recreation and social practices (such as weddings), as well as lay foundations for further study of the game with reference to pedagogy, psychology and sociology. The article examines games recorded in the 19th – 20th centuries on the territories of Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Russia, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. Research methods from the field of folklore, linguistics and sociology are aimed at analyzing the plots of the game, the rules, the unstructured verbal material, associated with the designation of game loci, attributes and actions of the players, and the leading player, as well as at formulating proposals for the rules adjustments, suggested by the adult players. Invectives and punishments in the game of Swinka are originating in symbolism, the pragmatics of the rite of initiation into the craft of shepherds. Those could preserve, to a certain extent, a part of their "purely" invective and insulting connotations when the game transferred into the children's environment. The transition character of the invective function was studied: from the "purely" invective function (the vocabulary of adult shepherds) to the expressive one in the game. Both functions create an inferior image of the leading player by attributing to him negative characteristics. The game can also be interpreted as a tool in setting turns among the shepherds or out of turn assignments to livestock or pigs grazing. The uniqueness of the game lies in the need to constantly switching from the team actions to the purely individualistic and selfish actions and back. Proposals are made for rules adjustments to minimize injuries to participants and accelerate the pace of the game. The knowledge of the folklore, the historical context of the game's emergence and the formation of negative nicknames for the leading player, as well as the connotations of the names of the game allows us to consider the game to be one of the brightest cultural manifestations. The game has good prospects for popularization among both the young and the adults in the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Poland.


This compact, pocket-sized manual covers the procedures and treatment methods used at the Shriner's Burns Institute, Cincinnati, and carries with it the reputation of one of the most sophisticated burn treatment centers in the country. The author is the director of the institute. Clearly, it is meant to be of use to residents, nurses, burn technicians, occupational and physical therapists, dieticians, and medical students, and it would appear to achieve this objective admirably. If there is any aspect of burn treatment that is not covered succinctly but in sufficient detail to form a useful and practical guide to the problem, it is difficult to detect. Everything from initial fluid management, choice and indications of topical and systemic antibiotics, respiratory management, and nutrition, to debridement and closure of the burn wound, either temporarily or permanently, is covered. The fine line between meaningful and meaningless ritual in the operating room, dressing room,


Introduction: The thyroid gland receives blood supply predominantly from paired superior and inferior thyroid arteries. The superior thyroid artery originates from external carotid while the inferior thyroid artery is a branch of thyrocervical trunk. Unusual origins of superior thyroid artery include common carotid and cervical part of internal carotid arteries while those for the inferior thyroid artery are subclavian, common carotid or the vertebral arteries. These origins vary between populations. Knowledge of variant anatomy of these arteries is important in surgical procedures within the neck. This study describes variant origin of the thyroid arteries in a Kenyan population. Materials and Methods: Fifty formalin fixed cadavers from the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi were available for the study. Skin incisions were made from the chin to the supra-sternal notch, along the clavicle to the acromion and then to the mastoid process. Skin flaps and platysma muscle were refl ected for exposure of the anterior triangle of the neck. The sternocleidomastoid was cut close to its origins on the clavicle and reflected superiorly. The strap muscles were transected and reflected to expose the thyroid gland lying within the visceral fascia. The dissection field was cleaned by blunt and sharp dissection to expose the gland. The two thyroid arteries were identified from either pole of the gland and traced to their respective origins. Data Analysis: Data was coded, tabulated and analysed using SPSS 16.0 for windows ® (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois) for percentages and frequencies of the observed variations in origin and nerve relations. Results were presented in tables and macrographs. Results: Superior thyroid artery originated from external carotid and common carotid artery in 74.4% and 25.6 % of cases respectively. The right side displayed a higher frequency of origin from the common carotid artery. The inferior thyroid artery arose from thyrocervical trunk in 87.5% and from subclavian artery in 12.5% of cases. There was a higher incidence of the inferior thyroid artery originating from the subclavian on the left than the right side. Conclusion: Over 25% of superior thyroid arteries and 11 % of inferior thyroid arteries show variant origins. The common carotid and subclavian arteries were the most frequent variant sites of origin for superior and inferior thyroid arteries respectively. Bilateral asymmetry was observed. Neck surgeons should be aware of these variations during ligation and selective embolisation of thyroid arteries to avoid complications during surgery.


In this paper we examine how a mechanism that learns word classes from distributional information can contribute to the simulation of child language. Using a novel measure of noun richness, it is shown that the ratio of nouns to verbs in young children's speech is considerably higher than in adult speech. Simulations with MOSAIC show that this effect can be partially (but not completely) explained by an utterance-final bias in learning. The remainder of the effect is explained by the early emergence of a productive noun category, which can be learned through distributional analysis.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a modification of the flap-design of the coronally advanced flap for the treatment of multiple gingival recessions affecting the anterior teeth in patients with aesthetic demands.

METHODS
Six systemically and periodontally healthy subjects with multiple recession-type defects affecting the upper incisors and canines (recession depth < or = 2 mm) were enrolled in the study. All recessions fell into Miller class I or II. In each patient all present recessions were treated at the same surgical time with a modification of the coronally advanced flap technique. The clinical re-evaluation was made one year after the surgery.

RESULTS
A total of 25 recessions (mean recession depth 2.84 +/- 1.0 mm) were treated. The mean number of gingival recessions treated in each subject was 4.1 (range 3 - 5). At the one-year examination, on average, 97% of the root surface was covered with soft tissue and 89% of the defects showed complete root coverage. Complete root coverage in all recessions was achieved in four out of the six (67%) treated patients. A statistically significant increase of keratinized tissue height (0.64 +/- 0.6 mm) was observed after one year.

CONCLUSIONS
The frontal approach of the coronally advanced flap was effective for the treatment of multiple gingival recessions affecting the anterior teeth in patients with aesthetic demands, and these results were successful both in terms of root coverage and increase in keratinized tissue height.


The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India, has launched the Pradhan
Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) to address India's key agricultural challenges in the 21st century i.e.,
to reduce poverty and ensure food security for the growing population in the face of climate change,
scarce and limited water and land resources. This initiative proposes to provide irrigation to every farm
in the country (Har Khet Ko Pani) and improve water use efficiency (Per Drop More Crop and Income). It
aims to bring together various schemes and programs for water harvesting, conservation and efficient
management in order to ensure there is enough water for agriculture. This program also aims to harness
the potential of agriculture by effectively utilizing green (soil moisture) and blue water (irrigation) for
improving efficiency, sustainability, equity and resilience at the farm level, especially in rainfed, marginal
and fragile areas, using an integrated approach...


We present SNIascore, a deep-learning-based method for spectroscopic classification of thermonuclear supernovae (SNe Ia) based on very low-resolution (R ∼ 100) data. The goal of SNIascore is the fully automated classification of SNe Ia with a very low false-positive rate (FPR) so that human intervention can be greatly reduced in large-scale SN classification efforts, such as that undertaken by the public Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) Bright Transient Survey (BTS). We utilize a recurrent neural network architecture with a combination of bidirectional long short-term memory and gated recurrent unit layers. SNIascore achieves a <0.6% FPR while classifying up to 90% of the low-resolution SN Ia spectra obtained by the BTS. SNIascore simultaneously performs binary classification and predicts the redshifts of secure SNe Ia via regression (with a typical uncertainty of <0.005 in the range from z = 0.01 to z = 0.12). For the magnitude-limited ZTF BTS survey (≈70% SNe Ia), deploying SNIascore reduces the amount of spectra in need of human classification or confirmation by ≈60%. Furthermore, SNIascore allows SN Ia classifications to be automatically announced in real time to the public immediately following a finished observation during the night.


As part of preliminary work aimed at the development of a formulated diet for the mud crab, Scylla serrata, an experiment was conducted with juvenile mud crabs (95.65±2.17 g) to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for cellulose, fish meal, shrimp meal, blood meal, soybean meal, wheat flour and cod liver oil. Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter (ADCdm), energy (ADCenergy) and protein (ADC protein) were in the ranges 70.0-95.7%, 77.4-97.1% and 57.7-97.9% respectively. Soybean meal had the highest ADCdm and wheat flour had the lowest value (P<0.05), while the ADCdm for fish meal, blood meal and shrimp meal were not different (P?0.05). Similarly, soybean meal had the same ADCenergy as that of fish meal, but higher than those of cod liver oil, blood meal and shrimp meal (P<0.05). Moreover, the ADC protein for blood meal or shrimp meal were not significantly different from fish meal (P?0.05); nevertheless, they were lower than that of soybean meal and higher than that of wheat flour (P<0.05). Of significant interest was the ADCdm (78.0%) and ADCenergy (77.4%) for cellulose, which indicates that plant-based nutrient sources may well be a useful component of formulated diets for mud crabs.


When the movement of one leg of a walking stick insect is interrupted during the power stroke, the force developed by other legs is increased. This effect is shown to occur between all orthogonal nearest-neighbour legs except for the two hind legs. Such effects do not occur between diagonal or next nearest-neighbour pairs. The possible function of these 'coactivating' influences is assumed to be to enable the animal to increase the total force propelling the body.


This paper proposes an empirical equation for input carrier power level dependence of 3rd order reflected passive intermodulation (PIM) product. Three kinds of microwave passive devices, namely, directional coupler, N type coaxial adapter and microstrip line, are measured by the PIM test setup in the 900MHz band. To obtain systematical experimental results, the power levels of the two carriers are tuned in the following three ways: 1. Keep the two carriers with equal amplitude and simultaneously increase both of them; 2. Keep one of the carriers constant and increase the other carrier; 3. Keep the sum of the two carrier power constant and change their ratio. Enlightened by the classic polynomial theory of intermodulation, an empirical equation based on polynomial is proposed to describe the relationship between input carrier power and PIM product. It is found that the empirical equation describes the measurement data very well with the fitting parameters in the equation vary for different devices. The empirical equation can be used as a simple tool of PIM evaluation when engineers tackle problems on site.


In recent decades, the rise violent phenomena in Brazil has reached epidemic proportions. However, the prevalence of domestic violence (DV) across different states in the country is not well established. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of DV across Brazilian states from 2009 to 2014. An ecological study based on spatial analysis techniques was performed using Brazilian states as geographical units of analysis. A multilevel Poisson model was used to explain the risk of DV in Brazil according to age, sex, period (fixed effects), the Human Developing Index, and the victim's residence state (random effects). The overall average rate of DV almost tripled from 2009-2010 to 2013-2014. The rate of DV in Brazil in the 2013-2014 period was 3.52 times greater than the 2009-2010 period. The risk of DV in men was 74% lower than in women. The increase of DV against women during period under study occurred mainly in the Southeast, South, and Midwest. DV was more frequent in adolescence and adulthood. DV is gradually increasing in recent years in Brazil. More legislation and government programs are needed to combat the growth of violence in society.


The present report describes the preparation of asymmetric polystyrene-block-poly(t-butyl acrylate) (PS-b-PtBA) particles having virus-like surface structures. Submicron-sized virus-like particles composed of asymmetric polystyrene-block-poly(t-butyl acrylate) (PS-b-PtBA) diblock copolymer particles with a dot pattern on the surface were prepared successfully using a simple solvent evaporation process. Particle surface morphology was controlled by mixing hPS with hPS of varying molecular weights and amounts. These results indicate that the surface morphology of virus-like particles can be controlled using asymmetric diblock copolymers and homopolymers. Deprotection of t-butyl moieties led to the formation of daughter particles with a size in the range of tens of nanometres. This process allows the development of new classes of functional particles useful for immunological diagnosis, drug delivery, and nanoscale-assembled architectures.


There is a lively and theoretically important debate about whether, how, and when embodiment contributes to language comprehension. This study addressed these questions by testing how interference with facial action impacts the brain's real-time response to emotional language. Participants read sentences about positive and negative events (e.g., "She reached inside the pocket of her coat from last winter and found some (cash/bugs) inside it.") while ERPs were recorded. Facial action was manipulated within participants by asking participants to hold chopsticks in their mouths using a position that allowed or blocked smiling, as confirmed by EMG. Blocking smiling did not influence ERPs to the valenced words (e.g., cash, bugs) but did influence ERPs to final words of sentences describing positive events. Results show that affectively positive sentences can evoke smiles and that such facial action can facilitate the semantic processing indexed by the N400 component. Overall, this study offers causal evidence that embodiment impacts some aspects of high-level comprehension, presumably involving the construction of the situation model.


In recent years there has been a considerable interest in developing membrane chromatography systems that function as a short, wide chromatographic column in which the adsorptive packing consists of one or more microporous membranes. This study reports the use of new adsorber membranes prepared by the incorporation of various types of ion exchange resins into an EVAL porous membrane for protein recovery. The obtained heterogeneous matrixes composed of solid particles surrounded by the polymeric film possess a good accessibility for the protein to the adsorptive sites. Furthermore, small particles can be embedded into porous polymeric structures without the disadvantages of classical chromatographic columns (high pressure drop, fouling and plugging sensitivity, low flow rate), but with the advantages of membrane technology (easy scale‐up, low‐pressure drop, high flow rate). The adsorptive membranes feature high static as well as dynamic protein adsorption capacities for operating flow rates ranging from 200 to 400 L h bar per m2 and ionic strength of 20–200 mM. In a sequential desorption step by changing the pH and/or the ionic strength of the eluent, up to 90% protein recovery was obtained. Next to the separation, the mixed matrix adsorber membrane functions as a concentration medium since the protein can be concentrated up to 20‐fold in the eluent. The adsorber membranes can be reused in multiple adsorption/desorption cycles with good adsorption performances. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 84: 564–572, 2003.


Leadership of school principals influences teachers' belief in their ability to execute
classroom instructions. Nevertheless, previous reports showed that instructional leadership behaviors that influence school climate and teacher efficacy were not given its due attention in the context of Malaysian classroom instructions. This study aimed to identify the influence of instructional leadership behaviors on school climate and teacher efficacy. Specifically, it intended to examine which instructional leadership behaviors factors are the predictors of school climate and teacher efficacy, as well as to determine whether school climate is the mediator between instructional leadership behaviors and teacher efficacy. The study used quantitative method,
involving 340 teachers from regular secondary schools in the state of Kedah. The instruments used in this study consist of Instructional Leadership Behavior Instrument developed by the researcher, School Level Environment Questionnaire developed by Johnson, Stevens, and Zvoch in 2007 as well as Teacher Self Efficacy Scale developed by Tschannen-Moran and Hoy in 2001. Data analysis involved percentage, correlation, stepwise and hierarchical multiple regression. Results of the study revealed that instructional leadership behaviors factors namely, giving feedback, giving praise, encouraging and supporting diverse teaching and learning approach, emphasizing the study of teaching and learning, supporting collaboration
effort, and initiating teamwork were predictors of school climate. Besides, giving feedback, making suggestions, encouraging and supporting diverse teaching and learning approach, doing action research to inform decision making, and supporting collaboration effort were predictors of teacher efficacy. The results of hierarchical
regression suggested that school climate was not a mediator for instructional leadership behaviors and teacher efficacy. This study contributed to instructional leadership field that emphasizes on the importance of factors of instructional leadership behaviors, school climate and teacher efficacy. The findings can be used to develop policies related to enhancing quality of classroom instructions.


Segmental models are an alternative to frame-based models for sequence prediction, where hypothesized path weights are based on entire segment scores rather than a single frame at a time. Neural segmental models are segmental models that use neural network-based weight functions. Neural segmental models have achieved competitive results for speech recognition, and their end-to-end training has been explored in several studies. In this work, we review neural segmental models, which can be viewed as consisting of a neural network-based acoustic encoder and a finite-state transducer decoder. We study end-to-end segmental models with different weight functions, including ones based on frame-level neural classifiers and on segmental recurrent neural networks. We study how reducing the search space size impacts performance under different weight functions. We also compare several loss functions for end-to-end training. Finally, we explore training approaches, including multistage versus end-to-end training and multitask training that combines segmental and frame-level losses.


United States v. Carolene Products Co.' is no longer only a case. It is a line of reasoning, and one so venerable as to have achieved almost axiomatic status in a world where virtually every other proposition of constitutional law is best considered controversial. It is, in Justice Powell's words, "the most celebrated footnote in constitutional law."2 Yes, it has its critics, a but even they would probably admit that Carolene's reasoning is more ensconced in our constitutional imaginations than any other line of reasoning not directly traceable to the text.


Envy is an unpleasant emotion caused by comparison with a person who possesses something we desire. We conducted two studies to test our prediction that less envy would be felt when the person could attain what others had. In Study 1, participants read scenarios in which their friend could achieve a goal which they could not, and rated their emotions toward the friend. We manipulated the attainability according to whether the goal could be achieved by effort. In Study 2, participants competed with a confederate, and were informed that their performance was worse than that of the confederate. Afterwards the attainability was manipulated by either informing the participants that the possibility of improving their ability was very low or high. Then participants rated their emotions toward the confederate, and we also checked whether the participants had helped the confederate. As predicted, our findings demonstrated that those in the high attainability condition felt envy less than those in the low attainability condition, but showed no significant differences in helping behavior.


Based on the history of knowledge, the contributions to this volume elucidate various aspects of how, in the early modern period, artists' education, knowledge, reading and libraries were related to the ways in which they presented themselves


Low-temperature single-crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction data were collected for bullvalene (Figure 1). X —N Fourier and multipole static deformation electron density maps were calculated and compared. Atomic mean-square-displacement parameters were analysed in the framework of the rigid-body motion model and the residual amplitudes (UOBS — t/TLS) were graphically interpreted. The preliminary results presented here reveal either a bias in the X-ray anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs) due to improper modelling of the electron density or unresolved errors in the neutron data.


Results are reported for intelligence in Tunisia based on a standardization sample of adults on the Standard Progressive Matrices and in Libya for a standardization sample of 6- to 11-year-olds on the Colored Progressive Matrices. In relation to a British IQ of 100, the mean IQ of the Tunisian sample is 84, and the mean IQ of the Libyan sample is 86.5. In the Libyan sample younger children performed better than older children. There was no difference between girls and boys in either means or variability. Key Words: Intelligence; Progressive Matrices; Tunisia; Libya; Sex differences; Variability. Not much is known about the intelligence of Nordi Africans. In a compilation of the intelligence of die populations of 113 nations, Lynn & Vanhanen (2002, 2006) were only able to give an IQ for Egypt (81) among the Nordi African nations. They assigned in addition an IQ of 85 to Morocco, but tiiis was based on immigrants in the Netiierlands who are not necessarily representative of the population. In order to fill diis gap in existing knowledge, we present here some data for population intelligence in Tunisia and Libya. The data for intelligence in Tunisia come from a standardization of Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (RPM, Raven et al., 2000) on adults carried out in 2001. The results are summarized by Abdel-Khalek & Raven (2006). The sample size was 509 and a score of 47 is given for die 50th percentile of 20year-olds, togedier widi a score of 54 for British 20-year-olds obtained in die 1992 standardization. The raw score difference of 7 is approximately equivalent to 14 IQ points, giving the Tunisian sample an IQ of 86. If a Flynn effect adjustment is made for an increase in the British IQ of 2 IQ points per decade, the British IQ will have increased by 2 IQ points from 1992 to 2001, and hence the difference between Britain and Tunisia will become 16 IQ points, reducing the Tunisian mean to 84, in relation to a British IQ of 100. A further calculation of the IQ in Tunisia has recently been made by Rindermann (2007) . He adopts scores obtained in the 2003 PISA study of mathematics in 15-year-old school students as a measure of intelligence. In this study the mean score in 29 OECD economically developed countries was 489 (sd=104), and the mean score in Tunisia was 359 (sd=82). The difference between the economically developed countries and the Tunisians is 1.40 sd units, equivalent to an IQ difference of 21 IQ points. This calculation confirms earlier studies reviewed in Lynn & Vanhanen (2002, 2006) showing that the use of mathematics tests as proxies for intelligence tends to magnify the differences obtained from IQ tests. Nevertheless, the results from the Standard Progressive Matrices and from the mathematics test are broadly consistent, giving IQs of 84 and 79, respectively. The CPM test in Libya The Colored Progressive Matrices test (CPM, Raven et al., 1995) was standardized in Libya during the months of January and February 2006. A representative sample of 100 children from each of the six age groups 6.0 through 11.6 years old were tested. The sampling procedure comprised a multi-stage random sampling method (cluster sampling). The CPM was administered to pupils in first to sixth grades who where randomly selected from 7 elementary schools in the large city of El-Beida, 4 elementary schools in the small city of Shahat, and from 9 villages, selecting one school in each village. Children in Libya begin school at the age of 6.0 years and boys and girls are educated together. This ensures that the boys and girls are matched for educational experience and family background. The results are summarized in Table 1. This gives the mean scores obtained by boys and girls of each age (age 6 = 6.5 years, age 7 = 7.5 years, etc), the standard deviations, the variance ratios (variance of the boys divided by variance of the girls) , and the percentile equivalents of the means of the boys and girls combined on the British norms for the Standard Progressive Matrices collected in 1979 given in Raven (1981). …


Outcome of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is influenced by host genetic background. For this reason, polymorphism discovery association studies are a powerful tool for selective breeding helping disease control. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a regulatory cytokine produced by different cells and fine-tune immune response to bTB. Thus, in this research, we evaluated the role of the single nucleotide polymorphism g.4002C>T in IL-10 gene for susceptibility to bTB in Mediterranean water buffalo. We characterized 184 animals grouped in cases and controls and demonstrated that homozygous subjects TT are about 3 times more susceptible to bTB compared to CC homozygous. Indeed this polymorphism is responsible of amino acid substitution p. (Thr 152 Met) in the primary protein sequence which affects protein secondary structure. This polymorphism might represent a valid tool for marker assisted selection against bovine tuberculosis in water buffalo.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Studies on risk factors for stroke have been less intensive than those for coronary disease. Only a few studies have addressed the question of the role of heredity in the occurrence of stroke. We analyzed whether a positive parental history of cardiovascular disease predicts the risk of stroke independently from other risk factors and whether the role of parental history varies by age and stroke subtypes.

METHODS
This study was a prospective follow-up of 14371 middle-aged men and women. A positive parental history of cardiovascular disease was defined as either stroke or coronary disease before the age of 60 years. The end point of the follow-up was an incident case of stroke. Multivariate analyses were performed with the Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS
The risk ratio of stroke after multifactorial adjustment (age, smoking, blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, and education) associated with a positive parental history of stroke was 1.89 (P = .004) in men and 1.80 (P = .007) in women. The association between parental history of stroke and the risk of stroke was stronger among subjects aged 25 to 49 years than among older subjects. Parental history of coronary disease was not associated with the risk of stroke in men, but in women it had a borderline significant association with the risk of ischemic stroke.

CONCLUSIONS
A positive parental history of stroke predicted the risk of stroke independently from the other risk factors.


Two major barriers prevent the widespread, common usage of
parallel and distributed computing systems:
(1) A language which expresses parallelism without reference to the underlying hardware configuration.
(2) A user invisible method for effectively distributing the tasks that form the parallel/distributed program among the available processing nodes. This is known as the load balancing problem.

This thesis examines the load balancing problem. This problem of allocating n inter-communicating tasks among m processing nodes is formulated as a non-symmetric mathematical programming problem, which minimises the makespan, and is shown to be quadratic and discrete. A novel relaxation is developed which exploits the discrete nature of the problem, and this relaxed formulation is used to generate strong upper bounds.

Two novel heuristic algorithms are proposed. A static load
balancing algorithm, the Maximum (k-1) Sum algorithm, is developed for maximising the throughput of tasks in a parallel or distributed system. This algorithm is compared with recently published results. An on-line load balancing algorithm, the Pseudo-Dynamic Load Balancing algorithm, is developed from the mathematical analysis of the problem. This algorithm seeks to minimise the makespan of a program, and is compared with standard combinatorial optimisation techniques, such as Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search, as well as the upper bounds set by the relaxed non-symmetric mathematical formulation. Both of these new algorithms are shown to provide efficient allocations of n tasks among m processing nodes.

Finally the Pseudo-Dynamic Load Balancing algorithm is analysed to determine its worst case scheduling ratio, RPD, and the conditions under which this worst case occurs.


Flat refractive geometry corresponds to a perspective camera looking through single/multiple parallel flat refractive mediums. We show that the underlying geometry of rays corresponds to an axial camera. This realization, while missing from previous works, leads us to develop a general theory of calibrating such systems using 2D-3D correspondences. The pose of 3D points is assumed to be unknown and is also recovered. Calibration can be done even using a single image of a plane. We show that the unknown orientation of the refracting layers corresponds to the underlying axis, and can be obtained independently of the number of layers, their distances from the camera and their refractive indices. Interestingly, the axis estimation can be mapped to the classical essential matrix computation and 5-point algorithm [15] can be used. After computing the axis, the thicknesses of layers can be obtained linearly when refractive indices are known, and we derive analytical solutions when they are unknown. We also derive the analytical forward projection (AFP) equations to compute the projection of a 3D point via multiple flat refractions, which allows non-linear refinement by minimizing the reprojection error. For two refractions, AFP is either 4th or 12th degree equation depending on the refractive indices. We analyze ambiguities due to small field of view, stability under noise, and show how a two layer system can be well approximated as a single layer system. Real experiments using a water tank validate our theory.


Global resources are limited and mindless use of them will finally lead to a scarcity. The need of the hour is to find the alternative energy resources which are abundant in nature and which deviate us from using fossils fuels. Solar Energy has gained a significant popularity in the past few decades as it is clean, meaning it does not release greenhouse gases and other harmful pollutants. It is also an abundant source of energy as it is available till the existence of the planet. Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and cannot be replenished for thousands of years. Another drawback of fossil fuels is that they emit greenhouse gases and contribute to global climate change. Solar energy is an important technology for many reasons and has become a popular topic as many scientists around the world are working to increase the photo-electron conversion efficiency with minimum production cost. Diversified approaches have been undertaken to enhance the efficiency of solar cell. This paper will review the current state of art on photovoltaic cells (PVCs) in context to the materials used for fabrication, their possible cost and their working efficiency. This paper will also undertake the challenges that came across during the whole process and their possible solutions.


the average suicide nate during the follow-up was around 8 per 100 000 per year, but the yearly rate varied between 2 and 16 pen 100 000. In 16 years 140 people committed suicide but none of these was from our series. In a four-year follow-up of all 42 patients in Nottingham with three on more admissions in the year 1990, there were two cases of suicide, one homicide, and a further patient committed suicide shortly after the follow-up period ended (Davies & Payne, 1996). For a clinician, such a population of frequently admitted patients might be a better choice for the focusing of scarce resources. The case for blanket coverage of all first-admission patients remains without any evidence base.


Glial tumors of the brain present a complicated problem in neurosurgery due to the peculiarities of their growth biology, their prevalence, infiltrative growth and diagnostic difficulties. The complexity of treatment, which includes surgical removal of a tumor, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immune correction, makes the problem even more topical. Modem classification of glial neoplasms is of no less importance, because treatment depends on the histologic structure of a tumor. Thereupon, the authors of the article pay special attention to the modem WHO classification of gliomas. As immune diagnostics and treatment are indispensable in modern neurooncology, application of neurospecific oncologic markers is being widely introduced into clinical and scientific practice in many scientific centers. However, there are no objective tests to verify the diagnosis of astrocytic glioma with reliable accuracy. Hereditary syndromes associated with glial tumors have been distinguished and are being studied. The most interesting and promising direction is research into genetic anomalies in patients with glial processes.


We report a chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed bromocyclization/regiodivergent reaction of racemic intermediates sequence, which is enabled by anchimeric oxygen borrowing. Different types of alkenes are applicable, and both enantiomers of the bromohydrin products were obtained in generally excellent yields and enantioselectivities. In addition, an example of enantioconvergent synthesis from the two isomeric products is presented.


The primary resistance to online foreign language teaching often involves questions of spoken mastery of second language. In order to address this concern, this research comparatively assesses undergraduate students' oral proficiency in online and face-to-face Spanish classes, while taking into account students' previous second language experience. The sample consisted of 90 undergraduate students, both online and face-to-face, who completed the Versant test at the end of the two semester sequence of Introductory Spanish. The Versant test assessed pronunciation, vocabulary, sentence formation, and fluency as factors of oral proficiency and calculated an overall oral proficiency score. T-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to determine whether there were any significant differences between online and face-to-face students' proficiency scores. The results indicate that there were no statistically significant differences in oral proficiency at the introductory level between students who completed Spanish online and those that participated in face-to-face courses.


Simon's The Sciences of the Artificial is rightly influential as a founding text in design research in the information systems field (IS). This seminal book is widely cited for Simon's ideas on design of technical artifacts. Simon's contributions in the book to what he calls social planning and human design – practices associated with the development of societal scale artifacts that foster a "humane society" – are much less evident in IS design research. I develop, apply and expand on some of Simon's ideas to social IS design projects such as IT-based civic networks. I define distinctive characteristics of such projects and offer an institutional conception of actors (designers) and actions. I conclude by outlining a framework for first order design – design of institutions and governance processes, procedures and structures to guide the instrumental activity of IS design.


With the explosion in information over the internet, extracting knowledge from media-based data in the form of images, audio streams and videos replacing textual ones is getting more complex. So a comprehensive methodology covering all forms of data are needed which is able to provide the contents of the data in a short period of time. Text mining tools and algorithms are becoming increasingly popular with many of the books, texts and documentation getting converted to soft-copy versions and being made globally accessible. Though this trend is predominantly in English language, the need has arisen for such an approach for other languages too, as many of the ancient and out-of-print texts in different languages are getting 'softer' versions for preserving and extraction of Information and Knowledge. In the context of Indian languages this need is more pronounced as many texts in different languages, scripts, different material forms ranging from palm leaves to stone cutting and dialects are available having wealth of information in variety of disciplines. In this paper, we propose a novel content-based approach and demonstrate for textual data in the first instance, to be termed as CBTM (Content-Based Text-Mining) for knowledge discovery of multilingual texts. The proposed methodology employs a content based approach using keywords and patterns stored in the form of gif strings so that extensions to other forms of data are possible. Potential applications of this approach in a distributed environment are also highlighted. We have used the advertisements in newspapers for demonstrating the system.


Cryptocurrency refers to a type of digital asset that uses distributed ledger, or blockchain, technology to enable a secure transaction. Although the technology is widely misunderstood, many central banks are considering launching their own national cryptocurrency. In contrast to most data in financial economics, detailed data on the history of every transaction in the cryptocurrency complex are freely available. Furthermore, empirically oriented research is only now beginning, presenting an extraordinary research opportunity for academia. We provide some insights into the mechanics of cryptocurrencies, describing summary statistics and focusing on potential future research avenues in financial economics.


Climate change mitigation targets have put pressure to reduce the carbon footprint of cultural heritage buildings. Commonly adopted measures to decrease the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of historical buildings are targeted at improving their energy efficiency through insulating the building envelope, and upgrading their heating, cooling and lighting systems. However, there are complex issues that arise when mitigating climate change in the cultural built heritage sector. For instance, preserving the authenticity of heritage buildings, maintaining their traditional passive behaviours, and choosing adaptive solutions compatible with the characteristics of heritage materials to avoid an acceleration of decay processes. It is thus important to understand what the enablers, or the barriers, are to reduce the carbon footprint of cultural heritage buildings to meet climate change mitigation targets. This paper investigates how climate change mitigation is considered in the management and preservation of the built heritage through semi-structured interviews with cultural heritage experts from the UK, Italy and Norway. Best-practice approaches for the refurbishment of historical buildings with the aim of decreasing their energy consumption are presented, as perceived by the interviewees, as well as the identification of the enablers and barriers in mitigating climate change in the cultural built heritage sector. The findings emphasise that adapting the cultural built heritage to reduce GHG emissions is challenging, but possible if strong and concerted action involving research and government can be undertaken to overcome the barriers identified in this paper.


Social Media (SM) is increasingly being integrated with business information in decision making. Unique characteristics of social media (e.g. wide accessibility, permanence, global audience, recentness, and ease of use) raise new issues with information quality (IQ); quite different from traditional considerations of IQ in information systems (IS) evaluation.

This paper presents a preliminary conceptual model of information quality in social media (IQnSM) derived through directed content analysis and employing characteristics of analytic theory in the study protocol. Based in the notion of 'fitness for use', IQnSM is highly use and user centric and is defined as "the degree to which information is suitable for doing a specified task by a specific user, in a certain context". IQnSM is operationalised as hierarchical, formed by the three dimensions (18 measures): intrinsic quality, contextual quality and representational quality. A research plan for empirically validating the model is proposed.


Encouragement of European labor mobility is one of the key challenges in the 21st century. The article "E-learning in ICT and Agriculture" has as main objective the description of the results obtained in the LaProf project and the processes that lead to their development.

LaProf (www.laprof.eu) project has responded to this challenge by developing computer-mediated multilingual language learning exercises for specific purposes and the overall concept of migration process. LaProf was a multiliteral project that aimed at promoting language awareness to immigrating workforces in two particular sectors, ICT and agriculture. The main goal was to provide free access to language learning resources that would help candidate immigrants get more familiarized with the terminology and cultural issues in their sectors, through developing and disseminating a number of language learning exercises. The main idea of the project was to encourage ICT teachers living in Estonia (and Baltics in general) to learn Finnish and give them assistance in an overall immigration process to Finland by increasing their knowledge about working environment and culture of the target country. Accordingly, LaProf aimed to teach Greek and cultural issues to agricultural specialists living in Romania, who want to move and work in Greece.

Significant attention was given to encouraging the learning of under-representing European languages (Finnish and Greek) as foreign languages in order to help European citizens from Estonia and Romania to understand better the working environment and culture of the targeted countries (i.e. Finland and Greece). This objective is in accordance with one of the European Label national priorities: foreign languages as preparation for the work market, language skills increasing the possibility of obtaining a better job, at national and even international level. In addition, the instructions of LaProf language learning exercises are translated into widely spoken EU languages (English and French) as well as into Hungarian, Romanian, Estonian and Russian, which are notably less widely used and taught languages in Europe. To reinforce the acquisition of language and cultural competencies by its targeted user groups, as well as to raise awareness for the targeted languages, LaProf developed and promoted language learning methodologies and resources that motivate the particular categories of language learners, in order to enhance their capacity for language learning.

As the main output 656 interactive language learning exercises were developed for its clearly defined user groups. A series of piloting tests were applied to a specified target group, the final outputs being thus optimized to the maximum. The targeted learning resources are focused on language learning of the targeted languages, but also reflect the embedded cultural context of the destination countries and sectors. The following key results were achieved:
• A language learning framework outlining the background, topics, working culture, and relevant terminology of the targeted sectors and destination countries;
• A variety of multilingual language learning exercises (translated and adapted in English, French, Romanian, Hungarian, Estonian, and Russian) are publicly available and accessible online;
• Additional learning resources such as Learner's Guide, Teacher's Guide, Manual of Tools, WebQuest containing the background knowledge that learners should have before taking the language learning exercises, culture-aware resources that will facilitate their preparation for immigration in the destination countries, as well as pedagogical and technical guidelines for the language teachers;
• Two online platforms: (1) the LaProf Web portal and (2) the LaProf Wiki page through which interested users are able to easily search, identify, retrieve and use language learning exercises in a digital format. These platforms contain also an online tool through which all producers of digital resources on language learning for the targeted communities are able to upload their resources, describe them with appropriate metadata in English and in their languages, and to make them publicly available via the LaProf Web portal for all interested users to find.


Abstract Advances in contemporary cognitive science suggest that our internal representational systems are powerfully shaped by interacting evolutionary, developmental, and neuro-computational processes. Although Jung's archetypes of the collective unconscious are largely dismissed by modern psychological science, something very much like them emerges from the intersection of these perspectives. Functional analysis suggests that a variety of conserved systems—basic biological ones, like self-protection and mating, as well as more complex social ones, like cheater-detection—need to make use of more general representational systems (like face perception) to simulate and predict adaptive responses to recurring environmental problems. Furthermore, analogous to the capacity to develop language, these systems depend on specific input at critical developmental stages. Archetypes reflect the interaction of domain-specific challenges and domain-general simulations. They are dynamic patterns of perception, memory, and action, resonating with ancient motivational and emotional systems. They shed light on how the symbolic emerges from the subsymbolic. Archetypes are thus the natural consequence of our fundamental social goals playing out in three nested dynamics: the online representation of reality by mental simulation systems, the history of personal experiences that build a particular instantiation of these systems, and the evolutionary dynamics that selected the web of cognitive and affective capacities that all normally developing humans share. This modern elaboration of the idea of archetypes fuses disparate conceptual perspectives, provokes methodological reorientations, generates novel hypotheses, and will likely open whole new lines of integrative inquiry.


Abstract Objective Examine relationships of healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns with BMI, sex, age and acculturation among Mexican Americans. Design Cross-sectional. Participants completed culturally tailored Healthy and Unhealthy Eating Indices. Multivariable mixed-effect Poisson regression models compared food pattern index scores and dietary intake of specific foods by BMI, sex, age and acculturation defined by language preference and generational status. Setting Participants recruited from the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort study, Texas–Mexico border region, between 2008 and 2011. Subjects Mexican-American males and females aged 18–97 years (n 1250). Results Participants were primarily female (55·3 %), overweight or obese (85·7 %), preferred Spanish language (68·0 %) and first-generation status (60·3 %). Among first-generation participants, bilingual participants were less likely to have a healthy eating pattern than preferred Spanish-speaking participants (rate ratio (RR)=0·79, P=0·0218). This association was also found in males (RR=0·81, P=0·0098). Preferred English-speaking females were less likely to consume healthy foods than preferred Spanish-speaking females (RR=0·84, P=0·0293). Among second-generation participants, preferred English-speaking participants were more likely to report a higher unhealthy eating pattern than preferred Spanish-speaking participants (RR=1·23, P=0·0114). Higher unhealthy eating patterns were also found in females who preferred English v. females who preferred Spanish (RR=1·23, P=0·0107) or were bilingual (RR=1·26, P=0·0159). Younger, male participants were more likely to have a higher unhealthy eating pattern. BMI and diabetes status were not significantly associated with healthy or unhealthy eating patterns. Conclusions Acculturation, age, sex and education are associated with healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns. Nutrition interventions for Mexican Americans should tailor approaches by these characteristics.


Homogeneous nickel nanoparticles were synthesized and supported over m-ZrO2 through a simple ultrasonic process. The microscopic and magnetic characterization of nanoparticles showed high quality and effective monodisperse size distribution. The catalytic performance of the samples, containing only 1% wt nickel, was evaluated for CO2 methanation reaction. The experimental results showed high activity (70%) and excellent selectivity to CH4 (90% at 720 K). This low-cost and simple fabrication method of a nanocatalyst proves to be a potential candidate for further application.


Dear Sir: —As a subscriber to your journal, and as one who is wedded to the medical profession by more than fifty years of unceasing devotion to its high behests, I may justly claim the privilege, if not the right, to address you, who have hitherto been acknowledged as one of the honored exponents of medicine, and an able defender of its unimpeachable Code of Ethics as set forth in the Constitution and By-Laws of the American Medical Association. And I claim that I can with propriety address you, since as delegate to the American Medical Association, at its late session in New Orleans, from the Louisiana-State Medical Society, I did not approve in its entirety the action of that body towards the Original Committee appointed at the Washington meeting in 1884, to invite, in the name of the medical profession of the United States, the meeting of the next