Distinction of non-self from self is the major task of the immune system. Immunopeptidomics studies the peptide repertoire presented by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) protein, usually on tissues. However, HLA peptides are also bound to plasma soluble HLA (sHLA), but little is known about their origin and potential for biomarker discovery in this readily available biofluid. Currently, immunopeptidomics is hampered by complex workflows and limited sensitivity, generally requiring several mL of plasma for the detection of hundreds of HLA peptides. Here, we take advantage of recent improvements in the throughput and sensitivity of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics to develop a highly-sensitive, automated and economical workflow for HLA peptide analysis, termed Immunopeptidomics by Biotinylated Antibodies and Streptavidin (IMBAS). IMBAS-MS quantifies more than 5,000 HLA class I peptides from only 200 μL of plasma, in just 30 minutes. Our technology revealed that the plasma immunopeptidome of healthy donors is remarkably stable throughout a year and strongly correlated between individuals with overlapping HLA types. Immunopeptides originating from diverse tissues, including the brain, are proportionately represented. We conclude that sHLAs are a promising avenue for immunology and precision oncology.


The layer 3 mobility management in a mobile wireless network can be
performed with Mobile IPv4. The solution however requires the mobile
nodes to have Mobile IPv4 clients. There may be scenarios where the
mobile devices do not have Mobile IPv4 clients. The layer 3 mobility
for these devices (often called simple IPv4 mobiles) can be done if
the network has a Mobile IPv4 client function that can perform Mobile
IPv4 procedures on behalf of the mobile nodes. This document defines
such a mechanism.


How should trial experts approach cases of racial profiling? As a British philosopher, albeit one who has lived and worked in the States, all I can offer are some suggestions and some questions to help readers make the most of their expertise. These are motivated by two concerns. First, from a British perspective, American jury selection is alien to our understanding of the ideal that people are tried by 'a jury of their peers'. In particular, the American practice of selective strikes raises the worry that you cannot consistently ask jurors to evaluate the use of race-based expectations by police when the jury selection process, itself, is shaped by the idea that race is a good predictor of people's beliefs and behaviour. The second concern is an extension and generalisation of the first, and exemplifies the problems posed by racial profiling: what does it mean to treat people as equals in a world where people are disadvantaged because of their race? I will take these concerns in reverse order, briefly say something about them, and then suggest some approaches to racial profiling that, I hope, will be of practical, as well as theoretical, use.


The artesonado ceiling in the throne-room of the Alhambra is known as the Seven Heavens, since it appears to represent the path traveled by the soul, passing through the seven heavens of the cosmos until reaching at the peak the eighth heaven of the Muslim paradise. This paper will discuss and analyze the geometric structure of the ceiling and its eight different types of star polygon designs. Using only the geometer's tools of straightedge and compass (or the electronic equivalent, the Geometer's Sketchpad software), skeletal versions of the star polygon designs will be reconstructed and classified according to the symmetry elements permitted.


Drug-Related Problems in Geriatric Nursing Home Patients by James W. Cooper, Phann.D., Ph.D., is based in large part on the author's own research findings over the past 17 years. The text is intended for pharmacists, physicians, nurses, administrators, and healthcare planners who deal with nursing homes. The book is divided into 17 chapters, which document drug-related problems in long-term care facilities. These include general drug problems among the elderly, specific drug problems in long-term care facilities, medication errors, medication duplicity, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, questionable drug efficacy, inappropriate dosing schedules, and the use of drugs for no established diagnosis. Other topics include nutritional problems, appropriate use of laboratory tests, and future research needs in the nursing home environment. Most of the chapters are descriptive accounts of research findings and include numerous tables and case studies to illustrate these findings. The author's use of case studies, research findings, and anecdotes makes this book easy to read and interesting. It is reasonably well written; however, some of the tables are cluttered and difficult to interpret. Much of the information is based on findings published in or prior to 1986 and is therefore useful as a review of problems that existed in nursing homes in the early and middle 1980s. The author provides an excellent overview of drug problems among elderly nursing home patients in a text that is rich with illustrations, case studies, practical suggestions, and insight. This book would be particularly useful to pharmacists who are beginning a nursing home consultant practice as well as to students. The case studies would be very useful to faculty who teach the principles of rational drug therapy in the elderly population. At $10.95, the text is certainly a bargain.


Abstract Due to increasing consumer skepticism towards promotional messages, companies are looking for new ways to communicate with their target audiences in a less obtrusive way than traditional advertising. Sponsored content disseminated on the online portals of newspapers (i. e., online advertorials) is regarded as a promising way to promote products and brands. Regulations require communicators to inform consumers about the commercial nature of this 'masked' persuasion attempt by including an explicit sponsorship disclosure (i. e., a 'Sponsored' label). This study demonstrates that such an explicit advertising cue may not be enough to alert recipients. Furthermore, this study investigates the effects of promotional messages by means of a 2 (no disclosure vs. disclosure) x 2 (no forewarning vs. forewarning) experiment. Results show that both (i) foregoing instructions aimed at activating consumers' persuasion knowledge (i. e., an additional forewarning message) and (ii) recipients' prior media literacy can foster the effect of sponsorship disclosures in triggering situational distrust towards brand-related content, and in turn, increasing consumers' reactance.


Family violence or who is often called it with domestic violence is a universal problem faced by a country. This research to know and analys the application of the law and protection to victims of criminal acts of domestic violence, as well as the barriers and solutions in the protection of victims of domestic violence This research using empirical juridical approach or commonly referred to as the Juridical Sociological. The research is specified as descriptive analytical research. The results of this study are (1) a form of protection of domestic violence victims temporary and permanent protection of the court less attention. (2) Barriers in Implementing Law Enforcement Protection of Victims of Domestic Violence, namely: a. Domestic violence is often not reported to the police, because the victims felt shame; b. If the case had no complaints are often the victim withdraws the complaint and intends to settle the case in family. The conclution in this research that the legal protection for victims of domestic violence according to Act No. 23 of 2004 on the Elimination of Violence in the household is necessary. Obstacles of domestic violence is often not reported to the police. If the case has a complaint often the victims withdraw their complaint and intend to settle cases in a family manner. Keywords: Legal Protection; Victims of Domestic Violence.


Mr. Gumby grew up in Mount Holly Springs, Pennsylvania, a rural area where his family owned a farm house with three and a half acres. Initially exempt from the draft, he describes the circumstances surrounding his requirement to serve in 1943. When he arrives at Camp Pickett, Virginia for basic training, he recalls waking up the next morning and discovering that a hometown African American friend who was assigned to his unit's living quarters had suddenly disappeared. He also mentions the presence of long-time members of the 9th and 10th Calvary in his unit and credits them for influencing his goal to become a non-commissioned officer, which he later achieved. During the war, he acquires training as a combat medic, serving in camps and bases in the United States and includes detailed descriptions of the living quarters assigned to African American soldiers compared to those of white soldiers. After his World War II service concludes, Mr. Gumby re-enlists and decides to pursue a career in the military. He retires as Chief Master Sergeant, the highest enlisted rank in the United States Air Force.


This dissertation study examined the relationships between intergenerational conflict and ethnic identity, and the negative outcomes of depression and behavioral problems among Korean American adolescents. The study addressed two distinct aspects of the intergenerational conflict - the indigenous aspect and the acculturation aspect. The indigenous aspect referred to the typical intergenerational conflict experienced by American adolescents due to their phase of development. The acculturation aspect examined unique manifestations of conflict related to the acculturation process of immigrant families. This dissertation study attempted to provide a better understanding of how these two specific aspects of intergenerational conflict contribute to depression and behavioral problems among Korean American adolescents. No scale that measured the acculuturation aspect of intergenerational conflict exsited. Thus, a new scale was developed to investigate this unique aspect. The study also investigated the effects of ethnic identity on these problems as a predictor and moderator. The study aimed to assess: (a) the relationship between intergenerational conflict (as affected by the adolescent developmental process and the acculturation process combined, and by each of these processes separately) and depression and behavioral problems; (b) the relationship between intergenerational conflict and ethnic identity; (c) the relationship between ethnic identity and depression and behavioral problems; and (d) the relationship between intergenerational conflict and depression and behavioral problems as moderated by ethnic identity. The study design was cross-sectional, and employed a convenience sampling method. The study participants were Korean American adolescents of junior and senior high school age, 14 to18 years old. The study included a pilot study, administered at two Korean churches in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to clarify any ambiguities or misunderstanding from the questionnaire and to psychometrically evaluate a new scale developed to measure acculturative conflict. The primary study was conducted at eleven Korean churches and one hakwon (private out-of-school studies institute) in Fairfax County, Virginia. The results indicated that two distinct aspects of intergenerational conflict and ethnic identity are important in understanding depression and behavioral problems among Korean American adolescents. This study contributed to our understanding of Korean youth as follow. First, it presented a new scale which measures a unique cultural aspect of intergenerational conflict among Korean American families. Second, the study demonstrated that acculturative conflict had a greater impact on depression and behavioral problems, compared to developmental conflict. Finally, the study provided evidence that ethnic identity moderated the effect of intergenerational conflict on depression. In addition, the results of this study suggest the need for further research in the area of ethnic identity and its unique relationship to psychosocial factors.


Bacteroides fragilis synthesizes eight distinct capsular polysaccharides, more than any described bacterium outside the order Bacteroidales . Here, we show that this organism also produces a high-molecular-weight extracellular polysaccharide (EPS). Expression of the EPS results in the formation of a large polysaccharide layer around the bacteria which prevents them from forming a tight pellet upon centrifugation and from entering a Percoll density gradient. Like expression of the capsular polysaccharides, expression of the EPS is phase variable and dictated by DNA inversion of its promoter. EPS expression is regulated at one level by the DNA invertase Tsr19, which is encoded by a gene immediately upstream of the EPS locus and inverts the EPS promoter, causing an on or off phenotype. Expression of the EPS is also regulated at another level, which dictates the amount of EPS produced. By analyzing a panel of tsr19 deletion mutants, we found that the number of inverted repeats (IRs) flanking the promoter is variable. Transcription into the EPS genes is greater in mutants with a single IR between the promoter and the downstream EPS genes than in mutants with more than one IR in this region, correlating with the synthesis of more EPS. By analyzing the relative orientations of the EPS promoter of bacteria obtained from human fecal samples, we showed that both DNA inversion and variation in the number of IRs are active processes of B. fragilis in


In this article the authors present an applied portfolio factor model that illuminates the risk and return drivers of broad hedge fund strategies, from the opportunity-cost perspective of a portfolio investor who owns traditional assets. The authors demonstrate how to interpret and use key information from factor attribution to improve hedge fund manager selection. They find that diversification is the primary benefit of adding select hedge funds to a portfolio of traditional assets. But differentiating managers that add true diversity from the crowd requires high selectivity, aided by the ability to disentangle returns into traditional risk premiums, alternative risk premiums, and alpha. Portfolio diversification is improved when hedge fund selection focuses on capturing alternative risk premiums and pure alpha.


This article examines the history and movements of one collection of recipes in three "acts" or iterations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Maria Eliza Ketelby Rundell's A New System of Domestic Cookery is published in London in 1806, and almost immediately, the book is pirated and printed in the United States. More than 100 years later, the same collection of recipes is reprinted by S. Thomas Bivins under the title The Southern Cookbook. The authors discuss the implications of the text's movements through the lens of book history and copyright law. Rundell sues her publisher, John Murray, for the right to control the publication of her recipes. Meanwhile, in the U.S., her book is continuously in print for decades, but Rundell receives no remuneration for it. Bivins, an African American merchant and principal of a training institute for black domestic workers, takes the recipes attributed to Rundell from the public domain for The Southern Cookbook. The authors conclude that this cookbook in three acts demonstrates how a history of the cookbook in general can challenge received understandings of authorship and textual ownership.


Introduction Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common complication in elderly patients, characterised by a fluctuating course of altered consciousness, disordered thinking and inattention. Preliminary research has linked POD with persistent cognitive impairment and decreased quality of life. However, these findings maybe confounded by patient comorbidities, postoperative complications and frailty. Our objective is to determine whether POD is an independent risk factor for persistent impairments in attention and executive function after elective surgery. Our central hypothesis is that patients with POD are more likely to have declines in cognition and quality of life 1 year after surgery compared with patients without POD. We aim to clarify whether these associations are independent of potentially confounding factors. We will also explore the association between POD and incident dementia. Methods and analysis This study will recruit 200 patients from the ongoing Electroencephalography Guidance of Anesthesia to Alleviate Geriatric Syndromes (ENGAGES) study. Patients who live ≤45 miles from the study centre or have a planned visit to the centre 10–16 months postoperatively will be eligible. Patients with POD, measured by the Confusion Assessment Method, will be compared with patients without delirium. The primary outcome of cognitive function and secondary outcomes of quality of life and incident dementia will be compared between cohorts. Cognition will be measured by Trails A and B and Stroop Color and Word Test, quality of life with Veteran's RAND 12-item Health Survey and incident dementia with the Short Blessed Test. Multivariable regression analyses and a Cox proportional hazards analysis will be performed. All results will be reported with 95% CIs and α=0.05. Ethics and dissemination The study has been approved by the Washington University in St. Louis Institutional Review Board (IRB no 201601099). Plans for dissemination include scientific publications and presentations at scientific conferences. Trial registration number NCT02241655.


BACKGROUND
The social development model (SDM) provides an explanatory framework for the progression of antisocial behaviour in children and adolescents. Although previous research has assessed the predictive validity of the model, alternative associations based on the SDM's constituent theories have not been examined.

METHOD
Using structural equation modelling, a series of direct paths was examined for mediation by SDM constructs. Data for the study consisted of teacher-, parent- and self-report of 1016 fourth- and fifth-grade students from the Raising Healthy Children project, a longitudinal etiological study with an embedded preventive intervention.

RESULTS
Four of the seven paths examined were partially or totally mediated by SDM constructs. Specifically, the relationship between prosocial bonding and adolescent antisocial behaviour, as hypothesized by social control theory, was fully mediated by prosocial beliefs. As hypothesized by social learning theory, students' socioemotional and cognitive skills significantly predicted antisocial behaviour, independent of partial mediation through rewards, bonding and beliefs. As hypothesized by differential association theory, involvement with both prosocial and antisocial persons was directly associated with respective prosocial and antisocial beliefs, independent of partial mediation through rewards and bonding.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest additional associations that are not currently specified in the SDM and underscore the importance of re-examining hypotheses from constituent theories when integrating developmental models of antisocial behaviour.


Lithography, in the form of carved type printing, can be dated as far back as the 3rd century AD. Starting from the 19th century it played a major role as the basis for dissemination and preservation of knowledge in the form of printed books, maps, newspapers, etc. In the mid 20th century, with the invention of the micro- and nanoelectronics, it took on a new meaning and became the basis for the patterning solutions of the modern day semiconductor industry. New challenges for further scaling of semiconductor devices in the 21th century brought Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) under close scrutiny of both hightech companies and scientific institutes. This growing interest has developed new insights into the science and technology of EUV production and EUV related processes in the areas of plasma physics, optics, surface physics and chemistry as well as many others. In his lecture he will describe his continuing voyage to explore this exciting world where these areas come together and he will sketch the possible technological developments that are still ahead of us.


We propose a method for localizing an acoustic source with distributed microphone networks. Time Differences of Arrival (TDOAs) of signals pertaining the same sensor are estimated through Generalized Cross-Correlation. After a TDOA filtering stage that discards measurements that are potentially unreliable, source localization is performed by minimizing a fourth-order polynomial that combines hyperbolic constraints from multiple sensors. The algorithm turns to exhibit a significantly lower computational cost compared with state-of-the-art techniques, while retaining an excellent localization accuracy in fairly reverberant conditions.


This With the deepening of sustainable development strategy, groundwater environmental problems caused by tunnel projects are becoming more and more outstanding. This paper estimate the groundwater resources loss of fractured rock tunnel adopting equivalent flow models. In order to increase the model fidelity, the author considers the nonhomogeneous and anisotropic characteristics of fractured rock. Based on Shibanshan tunnel in Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan passenger line, this paper estimated the groundwater resources loss of fractured rock tunnel in construction stage and operation stage, which provides technical support for decreasing loss of groundwater resources.


In order to really see the forest, what's the best way to count the trees? Understanding how the economy interacts with the environment has important implications for policy, regulatory, and business decisions. How should our national economic accounts recognize the increasing interest in and importance of the environment? Nature's Numbers responds to concerns about how the United States should make these measurements. The book recommends how to incorporate environmental and other non-market measures into the nation's income and product accounts. The panel explores alternative approaches to environmental accounting, including those used in other countries, and addresses thorny issues such as how to measure the stocks of natural resources and how to value non-market activities and assets. Specific applications to subsoil minerals, forests, and clean air show how the general principles can be applied. The analysis and insights provided in this book will be of interest to economists, policymakers, environmental advocates, economics faculty, businesses based on natural resources, and managers concerned with the role of the environment in our economic affairs.


Problems that frequently occur in carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) flexural strengthened steel structures include the peeling and debonding at the tip of the CFRP plate. This paper presents a study on the effectiveness of using steel plates and bolts as end-anchors to address these problems. Four steel I-beams were tested to failure. The first specimen was not strengthened and was used as the control beam. The second beam was strengthened with a CFRP plate without any end-anchoring. The third and fourth specimens were strengthened and end-anchored using steel plates and bolts. The number of bolts was the same, however, the length of the steel anchor plates was varied. The beams were tested under four point loads and loaded incrementally while the deflection and strain readings on the critical parts of the beams were recorded. For the numerical study, full three dimensional (3D) simulation and nonlinear static analysis was carried out using ANSYS software. The results indicate that the anchored beams had higher load capacities of up to 24 compared to the non-strengthened beam. End-anchoring with closer bolt spacing was more effective. Both experimental and numerical results are in good agreement highlighting the accuracy of the developed numerical model.


This paper presents a model of promotion which features two different sources of asymmetric information—disutility of working long hours and on the job training (OJT) ability, or the ability to accumulate human capital on the job via learning by doing. The former is the worker's private information while the latter is the employer's. The firm decides whether or not to reveal its private information on the worker's OJT ability to him/her and how much training it provides to him/her. The worker chooses working hours to signal its commitment to the firm. We show that there always is a separating equilibrium in which the worker's working hours fully reveal his/her commitment level. The firm's optimal feedback policy depends on the nature of the training and learning, and the level of overtime pay. Not revealing private information on the worker's ability could be optimal for the firm under certain circumstances. We argue that two recent changes in the Japanese human resource management system—more selective training and an increasing share of occupations exempt from overtime work payment—may be making information revelation optimal for many firms. We further show that revealing information on the worker's ability tends to be optimal for the firm when many in the workforce have high disutility of working long hours. As such, if the firm can use different feedback policies for men and women, it may reveal its private information on the worker's ability only to women but not to men. If this is the case, there is a testable implication: the incidence of promotion should be more highly correlated with the number of hours worked for women than for men. Using personnel records of a large Japanese manufacturing firm, we find evidence in support of this prediction.


Funding agencies are restructuring programs, rewriting priorities, and restating accountability demands all founded on the very basic point that research funded by public tax dollars must be relevant and accountable to diverse publics.This new wave of accountability challenges researchers to "translate" and "mobilize" knowledge so that research is understood by those publics and makes a difference in people's lives. While goals of research accessibility are laudable, we argue that researchers' goals need not be focused on finding better ways to translate knowledge for public consumption. Rather, the time has come for inquiry to be more about actively engaging people in meaning making. As a community of researchers with long-standing commitment to using the arts in research as a vehicle for engagement, this is an opportunity for us to provide leadership in this area.


Measuring dopamine D2 receptor occupancy levels using positron emission tomography (PET) is still widely unavailable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of predicting D2 occupancy from the antipsychotic plasma level in patients with schizophrenia. Positron emission tomographic studies that measured plasma levels of antipsychotics and their corresponding D2 occupancy levels were identified, using MEDLINE and EMBASE (last search: March 2010). Antipsychotics that were investigated in a total of 20 subjects or more were included. All data points for each antipsychotic were fit to a one-site binding model to estimate the total plasma concentration of each antipsychotic associated with a 50% occupancy (ED50) of brain D2 receptors. The mean prediction error and the root mean squared prediction error were used to measure the predictive performance of individual D2 receptor occupancies from plasma drug levels derived from a one-site occupancy model using an ED50 value calculated for each data point. A total of 34 treatment arms from 23 studies involving 281 subjects were included. The mean (95% confidence interval) prediction errors and root squared prediction errors were as low as 0.0 (−1.8 to 1.8) and 8.9 (7.6-10.2) for risperidone (n = 98); 0.0 (−3.5 to 3.5) and 15.1 (12.9-17.3) for clozapine (n = 75); −0.1 (−1.2 to 1.2), 0.0 (−1.9 to 1.9), and 4.6 (3.5-5.8) for olanzapine (n = 42); 0.1 (−3.4 to 3.5) and 9.9 (7.3-12.5) for haloperidol (n = 35); and −0.1 (−3.3 to 3.1) and 12.3 (8.8-15.7) for ziprasidone (n = 31), respectively. These findings suggest that D2 occupancy of antipsychotics could be estimated with a high degree of accuracy using widely available plasma levels.


We examine how women's employment leads to household technology adoption in the context of mid-century United States. We posit that this relationship is strongest for households with low earning capacity whose consumption-leisure tradeoff crosses a threshold as women go to work. Using WWII factories to instrument for female labor demand, we find that a standard deviation increase in female labor force participation increases washing machine ownership by 0.44 standard deviations, which is driven primarily by counties in the lowest pre-war education quintile. Changes to household income, as well as the substitution of paid domestic labor with appliances, are important channels.


cancer only. As differences in severity might explain variations in mortality rate, they confined their results to stage I only (cancer confined to breast tissue). They reported, as you explained, that the survival from stage I disease significantly decreased with increasing age. Unfortunately, only 8%' of the oldest age group had a necropsy (as compared with 300/1 of the youngest). Thus they relied on clinical diagnosis of cause of death. It can often only be speculated that the presence of a stage I tumour in a woman aged 70-100 may or may not be the ultimate cause of death; and thus such a clinical diagnosis is liable to error. Trials of aggressive chemotherapy in old women with early breast cancer might, you suggest, need to be considered. This step, not to be undertaken lightly, receives but little support from the evidence presented.


An anoerxiant, mazindol suppresses food intake by 1) stimulating beta-adrenergic receptors, 2) inhibiting the feeding center and, 3) stimulating the satiety center in the hypothalamus. In Japan, mazindol is available for clinical use. We examined the effects of mazindol on 1) body weight, appetite, and abnormalities of obesity-related diseases in long-term use 2) maintenance of the reduced body weight after very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) therapy 3) combined use with VLCD therapy and, 4) inhibition of body weight gain in Prader-Willi syndrome. In long-term effects of mazindol, the average reduction of individual body weight was around 6.8 kg. The appetite of 59% of obese subjects was moderately suppressed. Systolic blood pressure, serum GOT, serum triglyceride, serum cholesterol, and glucose tolerance were also improved. With mazindol, 53.3% of obese subjects kept the reduced body weight after VLCD, in contrast, 20.0% of them kept it without mazindol. Combined use of mazindol with VLCD made the VLCD therapy more effective in outpatients. Two of 3 patients with Prader-Willi syndrome inhibited their body weight gain with mazindol. Thus, mazindol produced positive effects in these studies, although the effects were limited.


This paper introduces the work content and status of the first international investigation and verification of aero-elastic codes for offshore wind turbines as performed by the "Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration"(OC3) within the "IEA Wind Annex XXIII – Subtask 2". An overview is given on the state-of-the-art of the concerned offshore wind turbine simulation codes. Exemplary results of benchmark simulations from the first phase of the project are presented and discussed while subsequent phases are introduced. Furthermore, the paper discusses areas where differences between the codes have been identified and the sources of those differences, such as the differing theories implemented into the individual codes. Finally, further research and code development needs are presented based on the latest findings from the current state of the project.


Some research has suggested that income and mental health are related in the general population. In the present study, we examined the relationship between income and mental health among military service members and veterans. Researchers examined veteran respondents from the 2011–2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2011, n = 64,594; 2012, n = 59,870; 2013, n = 61,505; 2014, n = 62,120), comparing the frequency of poor mental health days in the last 30 days and income levels. Individual-level data were aggregated to the state-level to permit spatiotemporal analysis. Mental health across states varied over the studied period; some states' mental health indicators improved, whereas some declined. Changes in income predicted changes in mental health among veterans in each state from 2011 to 2014; states with deceases in the percentage of veterans making <$15,000 per year exhibited decreases in poor mental health days. The results illuminate the relationship between mental health and income for military veterans by geographic region. Veteran mental health was at its worst with symptoms reported most frequently (in days) in states with higher percentages of veterans living in poverty. The variability of mental health outcomes by state can be used to inform future programming to meet the needs of military personnel reintegrating into their civilian communities.


This article explores the relationship between games and narratives by analyzing electronic texts (Elfriede Jelinek: Neid, Privatroman [2007-2008]; Michael Joyce: Afternoon, A Story [1987]), but also video games ( Zork [Infocom 1980-1982] ; Mass Effect [BioWare 2007-2012]) with respect to interactivity and narrativity. The analysis suggests that interactivity and narrativity are not mutually exclusive, but that the relationship between the two gradable categories is inversely reciprocal in such a way that an increase of interactivity is possible only at the expense of narrativity. My hypothesis is that this relationship may be explained if we consider eventfulness to be a part of narrativity: Eventfulness in narratives presupposes that events have consequences for the characters; such consequences, however, tend to limit the scope of interactivity.


Penetrating neck injuries are potentially dangerous and necessitate emergency treatment. Early diagnosis and removal of a foreign body is imperative to prevent further complications. We report a case of an 11-year-old male who presented to the otolaryngology department with the history of penetrating neck injury with a metallic wire. On examination, a foreign body in the left side of the neck at the level of hyoid bone was found. On contrast-enhanced computed tomography, a metallic linear foreign body in the left side of the neck was seen passing obliquely at the level of hyoid bone into muscle plane and was traversing up to posterior spinous process. The foreign body was explored and removed under general anesthesia by an open lateral cervical approach. The patient's post-operative recovery was uneventful. An open surgical approach in cases of sharp metallic foreign bodies impacted deep in the neck can be life-threatening with high morbidity due to the extensive dissection required and the proximity to vital structures.


Tree-based diversity measures incorporate phylogenetic or phenotypic relatedness into comparisons of microbial communities. This improves the identification of explanatory factors compared to tree-agnostic diversity measures. However, applying tree-based diversity measures to metagenome data is more challenging than for single-locus sequencing (e.g., 16S rRNA gene). The Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) provides a genome-based reference database that can be used for species-level metagenome profiling, and a multi-locus phylogeny of all genomes that can be employed for diversity calculations. Moreover, traits can be inferred from the genomic content of each representative, allowing for trait-based diversity measures. Still, it is unclear how metagenome-based assessments of microbiome diversity benefit from incorporating phylogeny or phenotype into measures of diversity. We assessed this by measuring phylogeny-based, trait-based, and tree-agnostic diversity measures from a large, global collection of human gut metagenomes composed of 33 studies and 3348 samples. We found phylogeny- and trait-based alpha diversity to better differentiate samples by westernization, age, and gender. PCoA ordinations of phylogeny- or trait-based weighted UniFrac explained more variance than tree-agnostic measures, which was largely a result of these measures emphasizing inter-phylum differences between Bacteroidaceae (Bacteroidota) and Enterobacteriaceae (Proteobacteria) versus just differences within Bacteroidaceae (Bacteroidota). The disease state of samples was better explained by tree-based weighted UniFrac, especially the presence of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and hypertension. Our findings show that metagenome diversity estimation benefits from incorporating a genome-derived phylogeny or traits. Importance Estimations of microbiome diversity are fundamental to understanding spatiotemporal changes of microbial communities and identifying which factors mediate such changes. Tree-based measures of diversity are widespread for amplicon-based microbiome studies due to their utility relative to tree-agnostic measures; however, tree-based measures are seldomly applied to shotgun metagenomics data. We evaluated the utility of phylogeny-, trait-, and tree-agnostic diversity measures on a large scale human gut metagenome dataset to help guide researchers with the complex task of evaluating microbiome diversity via metagenomics.


With the large number of companies using the Internet to distribute and collect information, knowledge discovery on the web or web mining has become an important research area. Basically data mining techniques are used in web mining. Web mining is extended version of data mining. Data mining is work upon Off Line whereas Web mining is work upon OnLine. In data mining data is stored in (database) data warehouse and in web mining data is stored in server database & web log. The expansion of the World Wide Web (Web for short) has resulted in a large amount of data that is now in general freely available for user access. The different types of data have to be managed and organized in such a way that they can be accessed by different users efficiently. Therefore, the application of data mining techniques on the Web is now the focus of an increasing number of researchers. Several data mining methods are used to discover the hidden information in the Web. However, Web mining does not only mean applying data mining techniques to the data stored in the Web. The algorithms have to be modified such that they better suit the demands of the Web. Web mining can be divided into three areas, namely web content mining, web structure mining and web usage mining (also called web log mining).Web content mining focuses on discovery of information stored on the Internet, i.e., the various search engines. Web content mining is the process of extracting useful information from the contents of web documents. Content data is the collection of facts a web page is designed to contain. It may consist of text, images, audio, video, or structured records such as lists and tables. Application of text mining to web content has been the most widely researched. Issues addressed in text mining include topic discovery and tracking, extracting association patterns, clustering of web documents and classification of web pages. Research activities on this topic have drawn heavily on techniques developed in other disciplines such as Information Retrieval (IR) and Natural Language Processing (NLP). While there exists a significant body of work in extracting knowledge from images in the fields of image processing and computer vision, the application of these techniques to web content mining has been limited. Web structure mining can be used when improving the structural design of a website. The structure of a typical web graph consists of web pages as nodes, and hyperlinks as edges connecting related pages. Web structure mining is the process of discovering structure information from the web. This can be further divided into two kinds based on the kind of structure information used.


We investigated the conditions that underlie the vertical and bisection illusion in touch, in order to understand the basis of their similarity to visual illusions, and the means of reducing the biases in length perception by active touch. Movement, speed, and spatial reference cues were tested. Movements in scanning L-shapes in ipsilateral and contralateral (across the body midline) table-top space produced significant underestimation of the vertical line with the right hand, but not with the left hand. Right-handed scanning of L-shapes showed no significant bias when the vertical line in the figure was aligned to the body midline, suggesting that spatial cues were involved. The vertical line was overestimated in inverted T-shapes, but underestimated in rotated T-shapes, implicating line bisection. Holding scanning latencies constant reduced the vertical error for inverted T-shapes, but could not explain the bisection bias. Sectioning biases were predicted by the location of junctions on sectioned lines, showing that junction points act as misleading anchor cues for movement extents. The illusion was significantly reduced when reference information was added by instructing subjects to relate two-handed scanning of the figure to an external frame and to body-centred cues. It is argued that disparities in spatial reference (anchor) cues for movement extents are involved in vertical and bisection biases in active touch. The hypothesis that length illusions depend on disparities in spatial reference information can also account for the similarity of the tactile to the visual horizontal ^ vertical illusion. DOI:10.1068/p2989


A genetical study has been made of the homothallic phycomycete fungus Phytophthora cactorum. In the first section of the thesis techniques were developed for the production of asexual and sexual progeny from zoospores and oospores respectively. The survival of zoospores was found to be greatly improved if they were suspended in a solution containing 2% sucrose and Ringer's physiological salts rather than in water. The persistent dormancy of the oospores, which has thwarted genetical work with these fungi, was broken by passing them through the gut of the water snail Planorbis sp. Digested spores were surface sterillied in mercuric chloride, plated on non-nutrient agar and incubated four days in the light. By this means 66% germination of 25 day old oospores was obtained. In the absence of light germination was only 12% Section II deals with the search for drug resistant mutants. Eighteen common antibiotics, antimetabolites and other toxic substances were screened for their ability to inhibit mycelial growth and zoospore germination. Eight strains with increased tolerance to streptomycin were isolated when zoospores of the wild-type were incubated in drugged liquid medium. Some were resistant to 1000mug/ml streptomycin, i.e. ten times that tolerated by wild-type. One strain had an absolute requirement for streptomycin. The drug tolerance of the asexual and sexual progeny (self-fertilised) of one resistant strain, Sr, and the dependent strain, Sd, was examined. The resistance or dependence was inherited in each case unchanged and there was no evidence of segregation of individuals with a differing response. Absence of segregation could be taken to indicate either that the somatic nuclei are haploid or that resistance and dependence are determined extrachromosomally. Evidence was obtained which indicated that the presence of large numbers of streptomycin sensitive zoospores in drugged media inhibited the growth of added zoospores of the Sr strains. Non-dependent but resistant growths arose in the Sd strain when it was cultured on drug-free medium. Cultures with increased tolerance to sulphanilamide and acti-dione were obtained but resistance was found to be temporary and disappeared after growth in drug-free medium. Attempts to Induce stable drug resistance with ultraviolet irradiation were not successful. In Section III changes in colony morphology and their inheritance are described. Variation in colony morphology was found to occur sopntaneously and could also be induced with a high frequency on irradiation of zoospore with ultraviolet light. Treatment of zoospores for short periods with streptomycin induced unstable changes in morphology; reversion to wild-type always occurred in sub-cultures. An interesting pattern of somatic segregation of morphological characters was found which appeared to be determined extrachromosomally although proof of this will be obtained only when the observed segregation is compared with the behaviour of known nuclear markers. This variation first occurred in the streptomycin dependent strain but continued on its reversion to streptomycin independence. Colonies with wild-type morphology, derived from single uni-nucleate zoospores, gave rise to asexual progeny containing a proportion of fast growing, diffuse segregate. Wild-type colonies reappeared in asexual progeny of these segregants with low frequency. Single zoospores of the segregating line could be classified into two main groups according to the phenotype present in their asexual progeny. One interpretation suggested was that the zoospore contains a single determinant which exists in either of two forms and which mutates frequently from one form to the other. The proportion of the two phenotypes in the asexual progeny was found to change with ageing of the culture. The sexual progenies of these variants segregated in a similar way to the asexual progenies. So that large numbers of asexual progeny can be produced. Easily characterised nuclear markers are also required. Section I of this thesis deals with the development of cultural techniques which allow reproduction to be controlled. Section II is devoted to methods used in the isolation of nuclear markers and to an analysis of the inheritance of the mutant phenotypes. Section III deals with the patterns of inheritance shown by certain morphological variants.


ABSTRACT Inclusion remains a key political agenda for education internationally and is a matter that teachers across subject communities and phases of education are challenged to respond to. In physical education specifically, research continues to highlight that current practice often reaffirms rather than challenges established inequities. This paper critically explores the understandings of inclusion that contribute to this situation and addresses the challenge of advancing inclusion in physical education from conceptual and pedagogical viewpoints. DeLuca's [(2013). "Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Educational Inclusivity." Canadian Journal of Education 36 (1): 305–348] conceptualisation of normative, integrative, dialogical and transgressive approaches to inclusion is employed as a basis for critical analysis of current practice and for thinking afresh about inclusive practice in physical education in relation to curriculum, pedagogy and assessment. Analysis informs the presentation of a set of principles that are designed to assist teachers and teacher educators to transform inclusive practice in physical education and in doing so, realise visions for physical education that are articulated in international policy guidelines and contemporary curriculum developments.


A sample of 53 chronic mentally ill subjects were studied to assess self-concept. Seven null hypotheses were tested at the .05 level of significance using 10 scales from the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) as dependent variables. The 10 scales employed were total P, self-criticism, identity, self satisfaction, behavior, physical self, moral-ethical self, personal self, family self and social self. The four independent variables investigated were: (1) chronic mentally ill, (2) amount of formal education, (3) sex class membership and (4) the three diagnostic categories personality disorders, schizophrenic disorders, and affective disorders. The questions from the TSCS were recorded on tape and played back to the participants of the study. The participants were divided into three groups and were administered the instrument at separate times. The study resulted in all seven of the null hypotheses being rejected as a result of at least one of the dependent variables tested being statistically significant at the .05 level. The following generalizations appeared to be supported by the results of this study: (1) The chronic mentally ill have a lower self-concept than the norm population, (2) those individuals with a chronic personality disorder had a lower self-concept than the norm population, (3) those individuals with a chronic schizophrenic disorder had a lower self-concept than the norm population, (4) those individuals with a chronic affective disorder had a lower self-concept than the norm population, (5) amount of formal education had no effect on self-concept except for the dependent variable self criticism for which those individuals without a high school education or the equivalent showed less ability for such, (6) sex class membership had no effect on self-concept except for the dependent variable personal worth in which females showed a significantly devalued concept of self and, (7) the diagnostic category of the chronic mentally ill had no effect on the self-concept except for the dependent variable family self on which those subjects in the affective disorder category seemed to have a more positive self concept than those subjects in the category of personality disorder or schizophrenic disorder.


Full 3-dimensional simulation of multi-pass weld repairs is now feasible and practical given the development of improved analysis tools and significantly greater computer power. This paper presents residual stress results from 3-dimensional finite element analyses simulating a long (arc length of 62°) and a short (arc length of 20°) repair to a girth weld in a 19.6mm thick, 432mm outer diameter cylindrical test component. Sensitivity studies are used to illustrate the importance of weld bead interpass temperature assumptions and to show where model symmetry can be used to reduce the analysis size. The predicted residual stress results are compared with measured axial, hoop and radial through-wall profiles in the heat affected zone of the test component repairs. A good overall agreement is achieved between neutron diffraction and deep hole drilling measurements and the prediction at the mid-length position of the short repair. These results demonstrate that a coarse 3-dimensional finite element model, using a "block-dumped" weld bead deposition approach (rather than progressively depositing weld metal), can accurately capture the important components of a short repair weld residual stress field. However, comparisons of measured with predicted residual stress at mid-length and stop-end positions in the long repair are less satisfactory implying some shortcomings in the finite element modelling approach that warrant further investigation.


The author is seeking to improve the process of building and conducting active adult learning experiences by considering and implementing the various elements that need to be included. After reflecting on his 22 years of experience in the adult education field and immersing himself in the literature of adult education, he concluded that there were five major elements (which he called building blocks) for conducting and engaging participants in an Adult Learning Experience, which are: beliefs and notions about adult learners; perceptions concerning qualities of effective teachers; phases and sequences of the learning process; teaching tips and learning techniques; and, implementing the prepared plan. Before a presentation the audience may be divided into teams of four or five people. Depending upon how many groups there are, each team is given one of the five building blocks to address the following question: As you are readying yourself for helping a group of adults learn, what would/do you focus on regarding your...? (beliefs and notions about adult learners, etc.) After each group develops their answer, and a spokesperson gives their answer, then the author will make comments on each answer in turn, and then summarize. This demonstrates the building blocks "best practice."


In the field of smartphones a number of proposals suggest that sensing the ambient environment can act as an effective anti-relay mechanism. However, existing literature is not compliant with industry standards (e.g. EMV and ITSO) that require transactions to complete within a certain time-frame (e.g. 500ms in the case of EMV contactless payments). In previous work the generation of an artificial ambient environment (AAE), and especially the use of infrared light as an AAE actuator was shown to have high success rate in relay attacks detection. In this paper we investigate the application of infrared as a relay attack detection technique in various scenarios, namely, contactless transactions (mobile payments, transportation ticketing, and physical access control), and continuous Two-Factor Authentication. Operating requirements and architectures are proposed for each scenario, while taking into account industry imposed performance requirements, where applicable. Protocols for integrating the solution into the aforementioned scenarios are being proposed, and formally verified. The impact on the performance is assessed through practical implementation. Proposed protocols are verified using Scyther, a formal mechanical verification tool. Finally, additional scenarios, in which this technique can be applied to prevent relay or other types of attacks, are discussed.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the advantages of image-guided system in transnasal endoscopic surgery.

METHODS
Transnasal endoscopic surgery was performed with the aid of an image-guided system in 28 patients, supported with histopathologic diagnoses of chronic sinusitis with/without nasal polyps (10 cases), juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (4 cases), pituitary adenoma (6 cases), ethmoidal ossifying fibroma (3 cases), nasopharyngeal mixed tumor (2 cases), nasal leiomyoma (1 case), fungal sinusitis (1 case) and inverted nasal papilloma (1 case).

RESULTS
For all the patients, the time periods from initialization to surgery ranged from 15 to 30 minutes (a mean of 26 minutes). The calibration coefficient ranged from 1.3 to 2.0. Accuracy of localization fell within 1 mm. Compared with traditional endoscopic surgery, operation times were not noticeably different. No complications occurred.

CONCLUSIONS
The image-guided system was able to identify borders and critical anatomical structures in real-time, especially of those with distorted anatomical markers. It provided a powerful means for a safer and less invasive endoscopic sinus surgery.


This study explored perceptions of child abuse and child protection matters involving staff working in the Out of School Hours Care (OSHC) sector. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through an online survey, focus groups and interviews with staff and managers employed by one organisation that provided OSHC services in Sydney, Australia. This paper reports on their perceptions about implementing mandatory reporting requirements associated with the concepts of 'significant harm' and 'reportable conduct'. The aim of this paper is to engage OSHC stakeholders, including Government, in reviewing child protection policies and practices to support educators in their work with children. Key findings indicate the inadequacy of available training, and the importance of relationships and communication between stakeholders, especially OSHC and school staff. This requires systemic change including raising the status of OSHC and the critical role these educators have in supporting children's development, learning and wellbeing during the early years of school.


System of Rice Intensification (SRI) as an alternate rice cultivation
methodology, developed in Madagascar 25 years ago, is gaining wider acceptance
in many countries including India. SRI method claims to greatly enhance water
productivity and grain yield. But there is lack of understanding of scientific
principles underlying and synergetic effects of the principles followed in SRI,
especially in Indian conditions. The present paper is intended to discuss about
significance and necessity of SRI along with performance of SRI at about 25
locations across the country for a period of four years. SRI was found to record 7-
20% higher grain yield over the traditional irrigated transplanted rice in different
agro-climatic situations of the country. SRI also recorded higher nutrient use
efficiency without depleting soil available nutrients as compared to conventional
transplanting"after two seasons of the study. The varieties having better tillering
ability as well as hybrids (KRH 2, HRI 126, PHB 71 and DRRH 2) were found
promising and recorded higher grain yield over the high-yielding varieties and
scented cultivars with moderate tillering. Root volume, dry mass and
dehydrogenase activity in soil enhanced by 7-25% (measure of microbial activity)
were found to be higher in SRI, compared with conventional method. There was
reduction in seed rate by 80%, nursery area also obviously, water requirement
by 29% and growth duration by 8-12 days, thereby enhancing water productivity
and per day productivity of rice cultivars in SRI, which also proved to be helpful
in producing more seed for faster seed multiplication and also quality seed for
higher productivity. Water saving alone should be a strong justification for the
adoption of SRI wherever water is not abundant. Ther~ is a need for further
enhancing the rice productivity in SRI by identifying suitable cultivars, modifying
practices to suit local agro-climatic conditions and understanding long term
synergic effects among different practices.


: During treatment of renal lithiasis with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) hemorrhagic events, especially renal hematoma, may present. A coagulation study is warranted in order to institute hemotherapy for blood factor deficiencies. We reviewed the records of 4,000 patients that had undergone ESWL. Of these, 17 (12 males, 5 females) presented coagulation disorders. The bleeding diatheses were due to platelet deficiency in 6 cases, plasma defects in 5, platelet and plasma disorders in 2, and capillary wall defects in 5 cases. The underlying cause was hepatosplenic disease in 12 cases, iatrogenic in 1, connectivopathy and corticoids in 2, and capillary purpura of unknown cause in 2 cases. Due to this protocol, no patient presented hemorrhage or hematoma from shock wave-induced lesions. These results show that a complete coagulation study must be performed in order to institute the necessary measures in patients with disorders of hemostasis due to the high risk of hematoma repeatedly reported in the literature.


Microstuctural modifications of bonding interface in explosively welded Ti/SUS 304 and Ti/SS 41 steels clads were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Metastable phases such as amorphous and supersaturated solid solution of β-Ti were observed at the interface. These were considered to be the trace of melting and subsequently rapid solidification of thin layers along the contact surface of both the parent materials. It is concluded that the melting layer is responsible for the bonding of explosively welded Ti/steel clads.


We describe a new on-line AR system using multiple planar markers placed at arbitrary positions and directions. In most marker-based approaches, the markers' 3D positions and directions need to be measured in advance because they need to define a virtual object's coordinate in one fixed 3D coordinate system. However, such measurement is a very difficult and time-consuming task especially when the markers are in a complex arrangement or are placed in a wide space. Thus, we created a new on-line AR system that does not have any information on the geometrical relationship of the markers. In our registration method, we construct projective 3D space using two reference images, in which we can estimate the geometrical relationship of the multiple markers. By defining the virtual object's coordinate in projective space, this coordinate can be represented in one fixed 3D coordinate system for each frame. We performed some experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of our system. A virtual object was superimposed onto input image sequences captured with a handy camera. Because the multiple markers were placed in a wide area, the virtual objects could easily move around the real world. Moreover, the registration could be carried out stably because the markers face various directions and because some of them can always be recognized from most viewpoints.


Software applications in educational technology have been a strong driving force for the success of online learning at all levels. These applications are created for various purposes and are used by a range of experts. The development of a successful educational technology software takes a deliberate team effort and thoughtful project management. This interpretive case study details the processes, successes, and challenges determined throughout the development of an educational web application, the Social Performance Optimization Tool (SPOT). In describing the evolution of SPOT, and the processes the heterogeneous team followed in the development of the web application, this study provides analysis and guidance to educational researchers who are interested in developing educational web applications in the future. The study described how authors mindfully adopted software design models, team management techniques, and communication tools. Additionally, the paper highlights practical and unique implications developers must account for when working in higher education contexts.


In this article, we analyze political parties' campaign communication during the 2009 European Parliamentary election in 11 countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK). We study which types of issues Euroskeptic fringe and Euroskeptic mainstream parties put on their campaign agendas and the kind and extent of EU opposition they voice. Further, we seek to understand whether Euroskeptic and non-Euroskeptic parties co-orient themselves toward each other within their national party systems with regard to their campaigns. To understand the role of Euroskeptic parties in the 2009 European Parliamentary elections, we draw on a systematic content analysis of parties' posters and televised campaign spots. Our results show that it is Euroskeptic parties at the edges of the political spectrum who discuss polity questions of EU integration and who most openly criticize the union. Principled opposition against the project of EU integration, however, can only be observed in the UK. Finally, we find indicators for co-orientation effects regarding the tone of EU mobilization: In national political environments where Euroskeptic parties strongly criticize the EU, pro-European parties at the same time publicly advance pro-EU positions.


Visitation to parks and protected areas (PPAs) has become increasingly widespread in the United States. This increased visitation is especially concerning within congressionally designated wilderness areas where federal agencies are tasked with the dual mandate of preserving wilderness character while simultaneously providing high-quality outdoor recreation experiences. This study investigated the influence of social, situational, and ecological factors on outdoor recreation visitor behaviors and decision making within the Lye Brook Congressionally Designated Wilderness (LBW) area in Vermont, USA. An on-site intercept survey (n = 576) was employed to collect data from LBW visitors in the summer of 2021. Descriptive and multi-variate statistics (e.g., binary logistic regression, structural equation modeling) indicated that visitor behaviors (e.g., coping, substitution) and decision-making (e.g., intention-to-return) were significantly influenced by social (e.g., conflict), situational (e.g., litter, access), and ecological (e.g., trail conditions, weather) impacts. Moreover, the presence of various weather conditions was found to significantly influence the severity of perceived social, situational, and ecological impacts. Study results indicated that outdoor recreation experiences are multifaceted, necessitating a suite of social, situational, and ecological considerations, especially when examining the relationship between visitor coping behaviors and intention-to-return. This research advances the coping framework, provides empirical support for future examination of social–ecological system (SES) theory, and emphasizes the utility of employing an adaptive systems approach for sustainable PPA management.


The European Commission Science Hub has been promoting Computational Thinking (CT) as an important 21st century skill or competence. However, "despite the high interest in developing computational thinking among schoolchildren and the large public and private investment in CT initiatives, there are a number of issues and challenges for the integration of CT in the school curricula". On the other hand, the Digital Competence (DC) Framework 2.0 (DigCom) is promoted in the same European Commission Science Hub portal. It shows that both topics have many things in common. Thus, there is the need of research on the relationship between CT and digital competence. The goal of this paper is to analyse and discuss the relationship between DC and CT, and to help educators as well as educational policy makers to make informed decisions about how CT and DC can be included in their local institutions. We begin by defining DC and CT and then discuss the current state of both phenomena in education in multiple countries in Europe. By analysing official documents, we try to find the underlying commonness in both DC and CT, and discover all possible connections between them. Possible interconnections between the component groups of approaches are presented in Fig. 1.


Objectives: Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) is a tendinosis of the forearm extensor muscles; it has a clear occupational profile. Epicondylitis usually improves with conservative treatment but some 10% of cases require more invasive therapies, such as shock waves, infiltration with steroids or growth factors. Although its mechanism of action is unknown, pulsed radiofrequency appears to improve the patient's perception of pain. In recent years, this has been used in peripheral pathologies with promising results. This study evaluates the efficacy of two different patterns of radiofrequency for treating epicondylitis. Materials and methods: This was a comparative study of 34 patients, divided randomly intotwo groups: Group A received pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) at the lateral epicondyle trigger point with two needles (45 volts, for four minutes), creating a dual field; whenever a trigger point was located at the exit of the posterior interosseous, PRF was applied for two minutes; Group B received PRF at the lateral cutaneous branch of the radial nerve for 4 minutes; whenever a trigger point was located at the exit of the posterior interosseous, PRF was applied for two minutes. All patients were monitored during a six-month follow-up. Results: In general, there was a tendency for pain to decrease, but the visual analogical scale(VAS) identified significantly higher decreases in Group B than Group A. Group Atreatment was effective (VAS decreased more than 50%) for 23% of patients after one month, for 47% of patients after three months and 58.8% of patients after six months. Group B results were better, with decreases in pain experienced by 65% of patients after one month, and 82.3% of patients after three and six months. The recovery of strength was also greater in Group B (8 out of 10) than Group A (6 out of 12). The average time passed before Group A patients could return to work following treatment was 3.058 ± 2.4, and 1.176 ± 1.24 months for Group B patients. Conclusions: When epicondylitis fails to respond to conservative treatment, pulsedradiofrequency is a safe, partially effective technique. Its effect is greater when it is applied to peripheral nerves than to trigger points.


In this paper, for a vertically polarized line source in the high-frequency band (3-30 MHz), a detailed analysis of the ground wave propagation over 1-D highly conducting inhomogeneous (presence of island) smooth and rough surfaces is addressed from two methods: 1) the analytical solution of Bremmer (see also Wait), which assumes that the receiver, emitter, and island heights are zeros and that the surface is composed of three smooth paths of different permittivities, and 2) the efficient rigorous banded matrix iterative approach/canonical grid (BMIA-CAG) method, which is based on the method of moments and is updated to validate the analytical solution of Bremmer. In addition, from the works of Barrick, the sea surface roughness is included in the Bremmer formulation and tested from the BMIA-CAG by considering a surface composed of sea-land-sea mixed paths. The comparisons show a good agreement between the updated BMIA-CAG (reference method) and the Bremmer analytical formulation combined with the works of Barrick. The Earth curvature is neglected.


This paper introduces a social network perspective to the study of strategic alliances. It extends prior research, which has primarily considered alliances as dyadic exchanges and paid less attention to the fact that key precursors, processes, and outcomes associated with alliances can be defined and shaped in important ways by the social networks within which most firms are embedded. It identifies five key issues for the study of alliances: (1) the formation of alliances, (2) the choice of governance structure, (3) the dynamic evolution of alliances, (4) the performance of alliances, and (5) the performance consequences for firms entering alliances. For each of these issues, this paper outlines some of the current research and debates at the firm and dyad level and then discusses some of the new and important insights that result from introducing a network perspective. It highlights current network research on alliances and suggests an agenda for future research. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This report shows that there has been a continuing decrease
in crude mortality trends for AMI, haemorrhagic stroke, pneumonia and heart
failure over the past 10 years. However, ischaemic stroke and COPD have seen an
increase in mortality rates in 2019 compared with 2018.

Hospitals and Hospital Groups continue to engage with NOCA
around statistical outliers, and we thank them for their time and commitment to
sharing their learnings in this report.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has impacted on this fifth
National Audit of Hospital Mortality Annual Report. Although data for 2019
continued to be collated and coded in the local HIPE offices, closure of the
HIPE national file for 2019 was delayed by 1 month. The bigger impact, however,
was on work which was planned to be carried out during the first half of 2020.
As the virus continues to impact our society and businesses, NAHM is planning
to release data to the NQAIS NAHM web-based tool in late 2020 with the
inclusion of a flag to identify COVID-19 cases. The data for the National Audit
of Hospital Mortality Annual Report 2020 will be more significantly impacted,
and NAHM will continue to make efforts to ensure that meaningful data are
produced in the NQAIS NAHM tool for 2020.

NAHM has worked with stakeholders throughout the year,
taking on board responses to issues as they arose. Work is planned for 2021 to
analyse those hospitals which have been excluded from this public report due to
the inclusion criteria for diagnoses. NAHM wishes to acknowledge the challenges
faced by all contributors in writing this report; it could not have been
written without the efforts of all staff in hospitals and HIPE offices
nationwide. Thanks in particular go to members of the NAHM Report Writing
Group, who have given up their time and shared their knowledge in the writing
of this report.


We propose a data-driven secure wireless communication scheme, in which the goal is to transmit a signal to a legitimate receiver with minimal distortion, while keeping some information about the signal private from an eavesdropping adversary. When the data distribution is known, the optimal trade-off between the reconstruction quality at the legitimate receiver and the leakage to the adversary can be characterised in the information theoretic asymptotic limit. In this paper, we assume that we do not know the data distribution, but instead have access to a dataset, and we are interested in the finite blocklength regime rather than the asymptotic limits. We propose a data-driven adversarially trained deep joint source-channel coding architecture, and demonstrate through experiments with CIFAR-10 dataset that it is possible to transmit to the legitimate receiver with minimal end-to-end distortion while concealing information on the image class from the adversary.


A fully implicit, three-dimensional simulator with local grid refinement around the wellbore is developed to solve reservoir and horizontal well flow equations simultaneously, for single-phase liquid and gas cases. The model consists of conservation of mass and Darcy's law in the reservoir, and mass and momentum conservation in the wellbore for isothermal conditions. Establishing the continuity of pressure and preserving mass balance at the sandface satisfy the coupling requirements. The proposed simulator is tested against and verified with the results obtained from a commercial code ECLIPSE-100, and available public domain simulators and semi-analytical models. The proposed model can be used for multiple purposes such as well productivity prediction, transient analyses, well length optimization, completion design and optimization, and production logging interpretation. Different completion scenarios and reservoir anisotropy are simulated and their effects on the productivity of the horizontal wells are discussed. Completion cases include open-hole and partial completions. During the production logging of a horizontal well, the coil tubing reduces the wellbore cross sectional area and may cause substantial changes in the wellbore flow behavior. Depending on the well and coil tubing diameters, a significant difference between the actual production rates and the rates obtained from a production log can be observed.


Molecular self-assembly at surfaces is a prominent example of self-organization of matter with outstanding technological applications. The ability to predict the structure of the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formed at equilibrium is of great fundamental and technological importance. In this dissertation I present a self-consistent theory for a first-principle interpretation of 2D self-assembly based on modeling and statistical thermodynamics. The developed framework provides access to the thermodynamic stability of the SAM and to its concentration dependence. This allows to study competitive equilibria at surfaces and to rationalize the 2D polymorphism evidenced by scanning probe techniques. The theory predicts the existence of a critical concentration of monomers, which is used to set an absolute scale for the 2D self-assembly propensity. Last, four technological applications are discussed, showing the potentials of the developed framework.


Lysosomes are organelles that receive external cargo through phagocytosis and endocytosis, and internal cargo through autophagy, followed by degradation in the acidic and hydrolase rich lumen and redistribution of substrates for maintaining cellular integrity. Lysosomes undergo homotypic or heterotypic repeated fusion and fission or kiss and run cycles with other organelles to exchange and receive cargo, as well as maintain lysosome number and size. Lysosome membranes display the phosphoinositide lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P₂) synthesized by the lipid kinase PIKfyve. PtdIns(3,5)P₂ act as a signalling lipid on lysosomes to regulate maturation of endosomes, phagosomes and autophagosomes maturation by fusing with lysosomes, and recycling from the lysosomal lumen, lysosome ion channel activity, and lysosome-associated actin turnover. Of these defects, the most dramatic phenotype of PtdIns(3,5)P₂ depletion from PIKfyve inhibition is the appearance of enlarged lysosomes. Our work demonstrates that PtdIns(3,5)P₂ is an important regulator of lysosome size and number by governing the balance between lysosome fusion and fission and/or kiss and run. Depletion of PtdIns(3,5)P₂ arrests lysosome fission disrupting the balance between the continuous fusion and fission cycle, leading to lysosome coalescence and causing lysosome enlargement and reduction in their numbers. Microtubules, cytoskeletal tracks for lysosome positioning, and associated motor protein complexes, kinesin-1 and dynein, regulate lysosome coalescence during PIKfyve inhibition.
Our experimental observations revealed ROS as a novel regulator of lysosome fusion and fission. Specifically, ROS arrested lysosome enlargement from acute PIKfyve inhibition and accelerated lysosome fragmentation during PIKfyve re-activation. However, depending on the ROS produced and/or site of ROS synthesis, lysosome dynamics are affected distinctly. H₂O₂ impaired lysosome mobility to arrest coalescence. However, superoxide generated from mitochondrial ETC complex 1, or thioredoxin reductase, or glutathione inhibition through rotenone, or CDNB, or MCB respectively depolymerised microtubules without affecting mobility. Instead, superoxide generation through pharmacological manipulations promoted actin clearance from lysosomes, which otherwise accumulate on lysosomes to hinder fission upon PIKfyve inhibition, to promote fission. Indeed, actin depolymerisation arrested lysosome enlargement during acute PIKfyve inhibition and accelerated lysosome fragmentation during PIKfyve re-activation, further indicative of ROS stimulating lysosome fission through actin clearance.


Animal figures play an important role in many games all over the world. In Europe, e.g., the so-called goose game was the most important board game for many centuries in many countries, with the goose being a symbol of good luck. More generally, it is assumed that in many games the metaphoric use of animals is not merely accidental, but based on the meanings associated with a certain animal in a given society at the time when the game was invented or became popular. In Japan, several animals appear in its most widely practiced drinking game, the game of ken. This short article explores the role of animals in three varieties of sansukumi ken, games in which every one out of three figures beats one of the other two while losing to the third one. The three games examined are mushi-ken, the ken of small animals, tora- or tiger-ken, and kitsune- or fox-ken. In mushi-ken it is three animals, impersonated by means of the players' fingers only, that compete with each other. In tora- and kitsune-ken, however, the tiger and the fox confront two human figures respectively, and players use both of their arms or even their whole bodies in playing, making these two games much more dramatic. The article suggests that the overwhelming popularity of fox-ken from the middle of the 18th to the middle of the 20th century originated in its use of the fox, in Japan at that time considered to be an animal with supernatural qualities, and in the game's anti-hierarchic character.


BACKGROUND
Because of recent technological advances, exercise testing laboratories now have the ability to use ramp protocols with treadmill exercise tests. Since the Bruce protocol is the most widely used treadmill protocol in clinical laboratories, a standardized ramp treadmill protocol was developed that corresponds to the speed and grade settings of the Bruce protocol at each 3-minute time interval. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of using subject demographic and exercise test data to predict peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) for tests conducted with the BSU/Bruce Ramp protocol.

METHODS
Maximal exercise tests were performed by 698 men and women using the BSU/Bruce Ramp protocol. Peak oxygen uptake was measured during all tests. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to predict VO2peak (mL.kg-1.min-1) from maximal treadmill test time and selected variables including age, gender, physical activity habits, and body weight.

RESULTS
Maximal test time was found to be the most potent predictor of VO2peak, accounting for 86% of the variance in peak aerobic power, with a standard error of estimate of 3.4 mL kg min-1. A multiple regression equation including age, gender, physical activity habits, and body weight resulted in a slightly improved prediction (R2 = 0.88; standard error of estimates = 3.1 mL kg min-1).

CONCLUSIONS
Peak oxygen uptake values can be predicted with reasonable accuracy from the BSU/Bruce Ramp protocol. The BSU/Bruce Ramp would be an excellent choice for laboratories desiring to use a ramp treadmill protocol because of the design of the protocol with identical workloads at equivalent time periods (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 minutes) as the commonly used Bruce protocol.


The spontaneous emission (SE) of quantum dot (QD) excitons into surface plasmons in a cylindrical nanowire is investigated theoretically. Maxwell's equations with appropriate boundary conditions are solved numerically to obtain the dispersion relations of surface plasmons. The SE rate of QD excitons is found to be greatly enhanced at certain values of the exciton bandgap. Application in generation of remote entangled states via superradiance is also pointed out and may be observable with current technology.


An important practical constraint on admissible control policies is defined for the Markov decision process. The framework of an algorithm based on the infinite return optimization algorithms of Howard and Jewell is suggested to compute the optimal policy under this constraint. Iterative convergence to the optimal policy cannot be guaranteed, but techniques proposed for state-space reduction and rapid resolution of undetermined policies should render many problems tractable.


Purpose - Multiple connotations and conceptions of health need are currently in use. The purpose of this paper is to specify some important distinctions regarding this confusing multiplicity in a taxonomic fashion relevant to the economic problems that arise in addressing health need. Classification is possible with the relevant concepts in conventional economic theory. The classification applies wherever economic considerations bear upon health need. Design/methodology/approach - Initially, some seminal economic ideas about need are presented from Marshall, Pauly, Banfield, Jevons, Deaton and Meullbauer, and Georgescu-Roegen. Recent discussions of basic needs by Sen and Nussbaum concerning "capabilities" and human flourishing are also considered. Ruger's subsequent developments of these concepts specifically for health are noted. The paper then specifies and classifies the current economic connotations of "health need" by applying positive economic analysis and the framework of economic theory. In particular, the conventional theories of consumer demand and production supply are useful. Geometric tools of analysis along with illustrations from the health sector specify various distinctions and classifications. Findings - The uses of the generic term "need" relate to quite different economic problems. The findings show how diverse interpretations of need can be specified. Originality/value - Distinctions over health need are important since, in many Western countries, need is one of the "pillars" of the Welfare State. Effective policy requires sound conceptions and measurements of need. Given the relevance of economics for approaching competing resource uses in the face of health need, measurement of need is improved with taxonomy, and confusion reduced.


This study was conducted to reveal the morphometric and morphological features of foot pads in the Anatolian bobcat (Lynx lynx). To achieve this objective, dissection, histological, and radiography techniques were applied to two dead materials obtained from the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forest and Water Works Sivas Branch Manager. Digit I is radiographically rudimentary in the forepaw. The paws of the forelimb of the Anatolian bobcat have a carpal, a metacarpal, and four digital pads, while the hind feet have a metatarsal pad and four digital pads. The metacarpal pad is cone‐like, while the metatarsal pad resembles a butterfly. The digital pads in the paws of the forelimb are longer and thinner than in the paws in the hind feet. The paws in both feet are situated as binary. Through histological examination, it was determined that the skin of the foot pads consists of epidermis, dermis, and pad cushion. The epidermis is subdivided into basal, spinous, granular, lucidum, and corneum layers. The dermis of each pad consists of papillar and reticular strata containing sweat glands, elastin, collagen, and reticular fibers. Anat Rec, 301:932–938, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Society has recently started to focus on how cultural planning can improve the development of a territory promoting tourism, manufacture, arts and crafts and the growth of local settlements. This contemporary approach takes into consideration the management of the resources of a territory including new regulations for social and economical improvements based on a sustainable intervention and administration of the land. Landscape is nowadays considered as a material heritage that has to be protected and developed. These requirements have introduced the concept of landscape planning as a tool for re-concealing competing land uses while protecting natural processes and significant cultural and natural resources. This way, the identity of a territory can be defined, protected and managed by local authorities, public administration and its own inhabitants. The involvement of local communities in a territorial network offers visitors a major enjoyment of the national parks and protected areas related to these ecosystems. The idea of a cultural district based on landscape heritage is an asset for territorial improvement with consequences for urban settlements growth, architecture and transport. The regulations required by cultural green districts for their proper management imply many stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to identify, analyze and classify these actors for a better understanding of the territorial system of a green district. The paper will focus on the New Forest National Park due to its origins and ancient existence. The importance of the context of the New Forest will be exemplified by a particular case study: the Wessex Institute of Technology as an illustration of conservation and integration with the environment.


Bacterial genome sequencing has become very popular over the last 15 years in the field of bacterial genomics and evolution with over >1000 genome sequences generated for the zoonotic Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli species. The rapid improvement of culture and sequencing techniques has led to isolation and sequencing of new Campylobacter species from a variety of sources including birds, mammals, reptiles and the environment. Inter-species recombination has been demonstrated for C. jejuni and C. coli, but little is known about recombination between other species in the genus. We analysed the population genomic structure of whole genome sequenced isolates from different Campylobacter species using pangenome and phylogenetic analyses to investigate core and accessory gene variation and putative gene function. Characterizing the extend of genome segregation among multiple Campylobacter species isolated from the same and different hosts improved understanding of how ecology (physical isolation) maintains species and the extent to which intrinsic mechanistic and adaptive barriers are eroded when species cohabit. This broadly defines the limit of interspecies recombination and the non-reducible pangenomically-defined species. This raises important questions about the nature of species specific recombinational barriers, the genes that constitute the inter-species mobilome and the emergence of zoonoses through reticulate evolution in agricultural animals.


Abstract The title Dal polo all'equatore was first used by the pioneering documentary maker, Luca Comerio, for a compilation film of 1925; it was used again by Yervant Gianikian and Angela Ricci Lucchi for their film of 1985. Much of the original has been re-worked: the 'found footage' has been re-shot, slowed down, tinted, and re-edited with a sound track of minimalist composition. As a result, the exotica of colonial travel and sport take on new and sinister meanings. The acts of violence, especially those of hunting, recur in patterns that suggest visually that war is a logical development. A close examination of the work, starting with the opening sequence of a railway journey, explores the centrality of questions of memory and history to this remarkable and influential film.


ABSTRACT As today's world is flattening, the landscape of tourist destinations is becoming similar. In turn, an increasing number of destinations are seeking to effectively promote themselves. For these reasons, this study investigated the differences in the advertising effectiveness of destination promotions by message appeal and endorsement type. The main objective of the study was to compare the effectiveness of destination advertising by message appeal types and endorsement types respectively in order to determine the most effective type of advertising for promoting a destination. A questionnaire with hypothetical website advertising designs was used in a survey of inbound tourists to Korea of three different nationalities. To examine differences between the two advertising appeal types according to the type of offer, a series of t-tests were performed, whereas general linear model tests with repeated measures were carried out to detect the differences among the three endorsement types. The results revealed destination advertising effectiveness vary by both advertising appeal type and endorsement type. Such effectiveness was also found to vary by the message recipient's cultural background. For destination marketers, these findings shed light on the importance of a well-curated message design by message appeal type and endorsement type.


Bordetella pertussis is the causative bacteria of whooping cough. Whooping cough is a highly contagious infection, which is characterized by coughing with whooping and post-tussive vomiting. In particular, infants under 6 months of age who have not been fully vaccinated, are at risk for serious complications or even death. Initially, pertussis vaccination was successful in protecting young children against whooping cough. However, despite high vaccination coverage rates in the Netherlands, the incidence of pertussis again increased since 1996, similar to the situation in many other countries. In 2012, the Netherlands experienced the largest pertussis epidemic since the start of vaccination in the 1950s, with over 8,000 notified disease cases. The current Dutch pertussis vaccination schedule consists of four primary pertussis vaccinations for infants administered at 2, 3, 4 and 11 months of age with an additional acellular preschool booster vaccination at 4 years of age. In this thesis we evaluated the effects of the change in 2005 from the whole cell pertussis (wP) infant vaccination to acellular (aP) vaccination of baby's in preschool and school children. Despite waning antibody levels at 4 years of age, pertussis specific T-cell responses had remained present in both wP- and aP-primed children, but were much higher in aP-vaccinated than in wP-primed children. Moreover, there was only a limited to absent rise in the already high levels of all T-cell cytokines upon the preschool aP booster vaccination at 4 years of age in the aP-primed children. In contrast, a typical T-cell memory response was observed in wP-primed children with increased T-cell responses both after a low-dose or a high-dose aP preschool booster. We furthermore showed that the preschool aP booster a resulted in significantly higher pertussis-specific IgG antibody levels in aP-primed children compared with wP-primed children and that antibody levels remained higher for at least two years post-booster till age 6 years. The avidity of antibody responses was also higher in aP-primed children immediately post-booster compared to wP-primed children, but no differences were found anymore in 6-year-old children. We further demonstrated that pertussis-specific T-cell immunity in wP-primed children gradually had increased with age in children 6 and 9 years of age, two to five years following the aP booster vaccination at age 4 years, most probably due to natural contact with circulating pertussis bacteria. After an extra pertussis aP booster vaccination at age 9 years, the high pre-vaccination T-cell immune responses were only minimally enhanced upon the extra vaccination. In conclusion, evaluating cellular immune responses to pertussis vaccination in addition to antibody levels provides important information for recommendations about new vaccination schedules. Our findings suggest that it seems worthwhile to study the possible benefits of postponing the preschool pertussis booster vaccination to a later age and to use a low-dose vaccine. Development of new vaccines with longer lasting immunity is a future goal to prevent pertussis.


Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) has been described as a citokine involved in gastrointestinal mucosal inflammation in Crohn's disease. A single infusion of the chimeric mouse/human monoclonal antibody cA2 anti-TNFalpha has been established as a new therapeutical procedure. The aim of these study was to determine the effect of the monoclonal antibody cA2 on lymphocyte and monocyte TNFalpha-producing cells. Initially the patient, with severe Crohn's disease (Crohn's disease activity index CDAI > 350), presented a higher number of peripheral blood TNFalpha-producing cells than healthy controls. The patient received two cA2 treatments throughout one year due the severe activity of the disease. Before treatment the patient had a large number of TNFalpha producer cells. A dramatic reduction in lymphocyte and monocyte TNFalpha producing cells, together a clinical remission (CDAI < 150), was shown after the treatments. Four months after the first cA2 treatment, the patient had a clinical response associated with an important increment of TNFalpha-producing cells that extended increasing until the second cA2 treatment was averaged. These results suggest that the clinical activity of the Crohn's disease correlates with peripheral TNFalpha-expressing cells. The cA2 antibody, as well as of neutralize soluble TNFalpha, also removes TNFalpha-producer cells, which may collaborate with the anti-TNFalpha activity of the antibody treatment.


In machining processes, a significant cost contribution is related to the cutting tool insert. A precocious replacement leads to lesser profitability of the cutting tool while a late replacement tends to produce more scraps due to advanced wear of the cutting tool insert. To optimize the replacement times, there is a need to develop an integrated monitoring framework to assess the wear of the cutting tool for different cutting conditions during the machining process and to predict the remaining useful life. The aim of this paper is to propose a complementary approach based on a gamma process to model the stochastic behaviour of the flank wear evolution and a Cox proportional hazard model to consider different cutting conditions. Experimental data measured in turning is used to fit a piecewise stationary gamma process on 29 cutting tool inserts using identical cutting conditions. Another set of data is used to fit a Taylor law to take into account different cutting speeds. The piecewise stationary gamma process is then adapted to simulate random flank wear paths for a defined cutting speed range. Using this model, several cutting tool lifetimes are simulated and used to feed a Cox proportional hazard model. The fitting procedure relies on a learning phase and a control phase to ensure the accuracy of the model. The results of both models are then discussed, and the robustness of the Cox Proportional Hazards Model to noise in the data is assessed.


Hedonistic homeostatic dysregulation is a neuropsychological behavioural disorder associated with substance misuse and addiction. The disorder has been recognised as a consequence of dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) in 15 patients with Parkinson's disease. The syndrome typically develops in male patients with early onset Parkinson's disease, and can occur with orally and subcutaneously administered DRT. These patients take increasing quantities of their DRT, despite increasingly severe drug induced dyskinesias, and may develop a cyclical mood disorder with hypomania or manic psychosis. There is impairment of social and occupational functioning. Tolerance develops to mood elevating effects of DRT and a negative affective withdrawal state occurs if the drugs are withdrawn or doses decreased. The clinical features and guidelines for managing this syndrome are discussed. A set of diagnostic criteria for further investigating this condition is proposed.