Cultural Perspectives on Communication in Community Leadership by Abeer Anwar MBA, DeVry University, 2009 BS Honors, University of the Punjab, 2007 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Management Walden University February 2018 Abstract Effective communication is important, particularly for the over 26 million immigrant workers with non-English speaking backgrounds who have entered the U.S. workforce. The research problem addressed the disillusion of non-English speakers in the workplace because of the communication gap. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of non-English speaking immigrant workers in overcoming language and cultural communication challenges at work. The research question focused on how nonEnglish speakers or English as a Second Language (ESL) speakers describe their communication experiences in the workplace. The theoretical framework was based on the cultural approach to organizations and the transactional model of communication. A qualitative narrative inquiry design was used that employed sources of information including an interview questionnaire and existing literature. The target population was immigrant employees who are managers, assistant managers, and supervisors in New York City and Long Island who work in accounting, banking, finance, information technology, and marketing with at least 5 years' experience. A purposive sampling procedure was used to select 20 participants for semistructured interviews. TheEffective communication is important, particularly for the over 26 million immigrant workers with non-English speaking backgrounds who have entered the U.S. workforce. The research problem addressed the disillusion of non-English speakers in the workplace because of the communication gap. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of non-English speaking immigrant workers in overcoming language and cultural communication challenges at work. The research question focused on how nonEnglish speakers or English as a Second Language (ESL) speakers describe their communication experiences in the workplace. The theoretical framework was based on the cultural approach to organizations and the transactional model of communication. A qualitative narrative inquiry design was used that employed sources of information including an interview questionnaire and existing literature. The target population was immigrant employees who are managers, assistant managers, and supervisors in New York City and Long Island who work in accounting, banking, finance, information technology, and marketing with at least 5 years' experience. A purposive sampling procedure was used to select 20 participants for semistructured interviews. The qualitative data were subjectively analyzed by using member checking and triangulation. Key findings indicated 6 themes: miscommunication, lack of appropriate terms, delays in work completion, loss of respect, inability to express oneself clearly, and the need to use alternative means of communication. Opportunity for contributions to social change can include increased understanding and utilization of effective management and communication strategies for dealing with non-English-speaking and ESL workers. This can also help to bridge cultural and language gaps. Cultural Perspectives on Communication in Community Leadership by Abeer Anwar MBA, DeVry University, 2009 BS Honors, University of the Punjab, 2007 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Management Walden University February 2018


The objective of the present study was to elucidate peculiarities of flutamide extraction from aqueous solutions using he liquid-liquid extraction technique and spectrophotometry in the visible spectrum. The results of flutamide extraction were shown to depend on the chemical nature of the extractant, pH of the aqueous phase as well as its saturation with water and electrolytes. The study has demonstrated that the optimal conditions for flutamide extraction by ethylacetate are created by using the aqueous phase with the pH values in the range from 1.0 to 12.0. We have calculated extraction factor necessary for the luberation of the desired amount of flutamide from the aqueous solutions with the use of a concrete solvent.


Abstract PGE levels were measured in duodenal ulcer patients treated by H2-blockers of histamine receptors of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO). Histadyl is shown to cause a marked decrease in gastric juice PGE concentrations in contrast to HBO that raised PGE levels close to normal values. It is thought necessary to administer long-term maintenance therapy after cicatrisation of the ulcer lesion with the drugs improving local microcirculation and stimulating bicarbonates production in gastric mucosa, synthetic prostaglandins analogues, in particular.


Background: Increasing maternal and neonatal mortality is still the most important health problem in the developing country like Indonesia. One of the causes of high maternal and infant mortality rates is the presence of mother and disease during pregnancy such as diabetes mellitus, pre-eclampsia, anemia, asthma, heart disease, infection, and hepatitis. The diseases of participants during pregnancy should not be immediately handled when copied, therefore can impact and threaten the safety of mothers and their infants.
Objectives: This study aims to find the age of the mother with the diseases, the status of the gravida of the mother, the diseases of the woman, the type of delivery which was undertaken, and the status of the maternal graph with the highest participant disease.
Methods: This research used descriptive with study design. Researchers took samples using a total sampling technique of 157 respondents who were taken from looking at the Medical Record (RM) data at PKU Muhammadiyah Klaten, in a central data processing technique.
Results: The research shows that mothers 20-35-year high age presentation of 106 (67.5%). Gravida of the highest mothers was at multigravida (70.7%). Participants in the highest pregnant women were 128 (81.5%). Delivery of pregnant women with the highest participant diseasethroughthe81(51.6%)sexistcontributionof81.6%.Thecontributionofmother's gravida to the highest gestational disease is in multigravida with pre-eclampsia 103 (92.7%).
Conclusions:the pregnancy status of mothers contributes to them maternal and child health during pregnancy and childbirth.


The religious transnationalism evident in the 21st century has heralded a new paradigm of religion 'made to travel' as adherents of religions navigate various cultural frontiers within Africa, Europe and North America. The role of Africa in shaping the global religious landscape, particularly the Christian tradition, designates the continent as one of the major actors of the Christian faith in the 21st century. The inability of European Christianity to address most of the existential realities of Africans and the stigmatisation of African Traditional Religion mainly contributed to the emergence of African Independent Churches in the 19th century in Africa. The emergence and proliferation of African Independent Churches in Africa was Africa's response to Europeanised Christianity with its imperialistic doctrines and practices that negated expectation of its new context – Africa. Despite the declining fortunes of Christianity in the West, African Christianity, which includes the African Independent Churches and African Pentecostal traditions, is now a major non-commodity export within Africa and North America. Apart from their rituals and peculiarities, African Independent Churches like other faith organisations are development actors. Although notions about the role of religion in development amongst some social scientists are mainly negative, African Independent Churches over the years are actively involved in various human and community transformation initiatives. This study argues that the transnational status of African Independent Churches has led to the emergence of developmental ideals that defy territorialisation. The collaboration with some Western development agencies by some of the African Independent Churches in Diaspora further blurs the concept of diaspora as the members of this Christian movement are active development actors in the receiving nations and their former home countries. This study argues that the role of religion in development in any context cannot be overemphasised. As a result of the globalisation of African Independent Churches, the United Kingdom and Nigeria will serve as our case study using historical survey and descriptive analyses to highlight African Independent Churches as development actors.


Purpose

Aircraft operators incur significant costs when an aircraft is taken out of service for maintenance. The purpose of this paper is to present a method for reducing time duration of aircraft maintenance checks using critical chain project management (CCPM) principle.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study of a typical heavy maintenance check performed on an Airbus 320 aircraft is undertaken for the analysis. The critical chain method is applied to develop a plan with a reduced duration and a survey and field observations to validate the findings have also been carried out as a part of this paper.

Findings

The paper compares the traditional project management method with CCPM in view of reducing the aircraft down time duration for maintenance. This paper repositions buffers and other techniques to shorten the chain path and a reduction in the total duration of the project by five days is achieved.

Research limitations/implications

It is argued that the application of CCPM principle can reduce the duration of an aircraft maintenance check, but this paper is done in a single project situation focusing on project planning and execution. Therefore, additional study may be required to examine other issues.

Originality/value

Cost of the maintenance is second highest expenditure factor for an airline operator. Therefore, it is necessary to drive the maintenance cost down. The paper demonstrates that the duration of a maintenance check can be reduced by 8.9 per cent using the method suggested in this paper.


The lack of highly active endogenous promoters to drive the expression of transgenes is one of the main drawbacks to achieving efficient transformation of many microalgal species. Using the model chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the paromomycin resistance APHVIII gene from Streptomyces rimosus as a marker, we have demonstrated that random insertion of the promoterless marker gene and subsequent isolation of the most robust transformants allows for the identification of novel strong promoter sequences in microalgae. Digestion of the genomic DNA with an enzyme that has a unique restriction site inside the marker gene and a high number of target sites in the genome of the microalga, followed by inverse PCR, allows for easy determination of the genomic region, which precedes the APHVIII marker gene. In most of the transformants analyzed, the marker gene is inserted in intragenic regions and its expression relies on its adequate insertion in frame with native genes. As an example, one of the new promoters identified was used to direct the expression of the APHVIII marker gene in C. reinhardtii, showing high transformation efficiencies.


Utility-based models of asset pricing may be estimated with or without assuming a distribution for security returns; both approaches are developed and compared here. The chief strength of a parametric estimator lies in its computational simplicity and statistical efficiency when the added distributional assumption is true. In contrast, the nonparametric estimator is robust to departures from any particular distribution, and it is more consistent with the spirit underlying utility-based asset pricing models since the distribution of asset returns remains unspecified even in the empirical work. The nonparametric approach turns out to be easy to implement with precision nearly indistinguishable from its parametric counterpart in this particular application. The application shows that log utility is consistent with the data over the period 1926-1981. THE DISTRIBUTION OF ASSET returns is a fundamental quantity to be explained by financial economics. Consequently, utility-based models of asset pricing are of special interest since they allow the distributions of returns to be explained rather than assumed as in distribution-based models.


The purpose of this study was to verify the benefits of the vestibular rehabilitation (VR) with virtual reality through the assessment before and after the application of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) in four cases of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). The cases were underwent the following procedures: anamnesis, ear inspection, vestibular assessment and application of the BBS before and after VR with virtual reality using games from Wii Fit device. The cases describe four patients that were diagnosed with genetically inherited SCA (two type 2, one type 3 and one still under investigation), three of them were female and one was male, with ages ranging from 30 to 62 years. The patients presented otoneurological symptoms and the vestibular test showed the presence of semi-spontaneous nystagmus, absence of post-rotational nystagmus, hyporeflexia, and asymmetric directional preponderance of the nystagmus in the caloric test. Patients from cases 1 and 2 have showed an improvement in motor coordination and in body balance, even though the score presented by the BBS had demonstrated medium risk for falling before and after the exercises. In case 3, the patient's loss of balance and BBS score have improved, presenting low risk of falling; whereas the patient in case 4 did not show any improvement in the assessment after the exercises. This case study shows the applicability of VR exercises with virtual stimuli in SCA with improved motor coordination and postural balance.


Brexit reshapes not only the EU-UK relations but also impact their trade relations with Asia. This article explores possible directions of EU/UK trade relations with Asia, covering free trade agreements, bilateral investment treaty and the UK's potential participation in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). This article argues that a sense of competitive liberalization motivates their pursuit for trade opportunities with East Asia. The EU has to prove its continuous relevance in the international economic relations as the Brexiters allege it as a constraint for the UK to pursue active and flexible trade relations. In contrast, the UK has to fulfill its promise of Global Britain by delivering measurable progress in trade negotiations instead of renegotiating back what it has already enjoyed under the EU free trade agreements (FTAs).
Brexit, Global Europe, Global Britain, Free Trade Agreement, Bilateral Investment Treaty, Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-pacific Partnership, populism, disintegration


Over 463 million people are living with diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 1 DM results from an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells and accounts for 5-10% of cases. Macroencapsulation devices are a promising therapy for the treatment of T1DM as they improve insulin producing cell retention and viability. However they have had limited success due to a complex cascade of events, causing fibrous encapsulation and ultimately device failure (the foreign body response (FBR)). The FBR is a critical hurdle associated with the success of implantable devices. Here, we aim to develop a biosensing membrane that monitors the FBR in real time; ensuring steps can be taken to modulate the host's response to the implant. A biosensing membrane was developed consisting of a conductive layer of nonmetallic, highly conductive acrylic adhesive sandwiched between two layers of 0.08 mm thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Thereafter the membrane was incorporated into a refillable macroencapsulation device with soft robotic capabilities. In vitro experiments were carried out using electrical impedance spectroscopy. Baseline impedance measurement were taken for porous and non-porous devices using a buffered saline (PBS). Various concentrations of Matrigel (30%, 40%, 50% and 60%) were left to solidify on the membrane, as it contains extracellular matrix proteins, making it analogous to fibrotic tissue components. A significant increase of impedance was seen across the Matrigel groups when compared to PBS alone (p<0.001). A significant difference was also evident between the varying concentrations of Matrigel along the spectra, an example of which is 30% vs. 50% Matrigel at 1.2649 Hz (p<0.001). We have developed a novel approach to measure the membrane permeability in vitro. Monitoring the FBR in vivo, will provide feedback on the functionality of implanted devices, to improve their longevity for the delivery of insulin producing cells.

Disclosure R.M. Beatty: None. E.B. Dolan: None. S.T. Robinson: None. R. OConnor: None. R. Wylie: None. G.P. Duffy: None.


A radiomutant of China aster with a new type of head and new type of ray florets was described. All florets in the head were bisexual and tubular although dimorphic - they varied in size and colour. The place of ray florets in the head was taken by bisexual open tubular florets which were often crowned with irregular teeth. Disc florets were short and parchment-like. In both types of florets the following were compared: number and size of stamens, vitality of pollen and floret fertility. A number of teeth (lobes) in the corolIas of disc florets was also determined. Attention was also paid to the frequently observed anomalies and in particular to stamen displation. The problem is discussed of whether the obtained form resulted from mutation of disc florets with the simultaneous mutation of factors determining the so far unknown in China aster the head type without the whorl ofray florets or whether it was a mutation of ray flowers (corolla type and androecium formation). The author presents the opinion that the form resulted from the mutation ligulate of ray florets to the type of florets described above.


The literature agrees that an increasing number of people who have a learning disability have children. This group of parents are expected to fit into existing health services and are disadvantaged when presented with complex information regarding pregnancy and birth. There is a dearth of information in relation to accessible information on antenatal care and consent to medical procedures for parents with learning disabilities, despite this being a recommendation by best practice guidelines on working with parents who have a learning disability (SCLD, 2009; Department of Health and the Department of Education and Skills (DoH DfES) 2007; Department of Health 2009). This project aims to redress this balance by developing accessible resources for a typical pregnancy. Thematic analysis is used to evaluate the accessibility and acceptability of the resources from a professional and service user perspective, and identified themes are discussed. Results suggest that adapted resources are helpful in supporting parents with learning disabilities to access essential information about their pregnancy and to make informed decisions about their care. They support the interaction between parents and maternity services, resulting in a more effective and efficient care process. Implications for further research and developments are discussed.


Background: Salmonella induced infections remain one of the most important health problems worldwide. The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence and geographical distribution of typhoid using GIS and to predict its incidence in Iran in 2021. Methods: This study is a descriptive analytical study. Information on pertussis was obtained from the Center for Communicable Diseases Control during 2009-2015. In the next step, ArcGIS 9.3 was used to prepare geographic maps of the disease incidence and frequency Therefore, using the Raster Calculator tool, the disease prediction map was drawn. Results: The results showed that the highest incidence of typhoid during 2009-2014 was in Kermanshah, Lorestan, Hamadan, Kurdistan, and Ilam provinces. The incidence of typhoid in Iran increased during 2009-2010. The annual incidence of typhoid decreased from 0.85 per 100,000 in 2010 to 0.5 in 2014. Based on the modeling results for Iran, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Kurdistan, Ilam and Hamadan provinces with 92.17%, 46.56%, 31.74%, 25.62% and 22.96% of their areas (Km2) are at high risk for typhoid in the coming years, respectively. Conclusion: Considering that the provinces of Kermanshah, Lorestan, Kurdistan, Ilam, and Hamadan are at risk of typhoid incidence in the coming years in Iran, and given that salmonella infections have a direct relationship with the individual's health status and individual's environmental health and socioeconomic status, improving the health status and disease control in carriers as well as improving the socio-economic status of the population living in these areas can prevent the disease in the years to come.


According to neoclassical economic theory, a stated preference elicitation format comprising a single binary choice between the status quo and one alternative is incentive compatible under certain conditions. Formats typically used in choice experiments comprising a sequence of discrete choice questions do not hold this property. In this paper, the effect on stated preferences of expanding the number of binary choice tasks per respondent from one to four is tested using a split sample treatment in an attribute-based survey relating to the undergrounding of overhead electricity and telecommunications wires. We find evidence to suggest that presenting multiple choice tasks per respondent decreases estimates of expected willingness to pay. Preferences stated in the first of a sequence of choice tasks are not significantly different from those stated in the incentive compatible single binary choice task, but, in subsequent choice tasks, responses are influenced by cost levels observed in past questions. Three behavioural explanations can be advanced – weak strategic misrepresentation, reference point revision and cost-driven value learning. The evidence is contrary to the standard assumption of truthful response with stable preferences.


Molecular models for the Henry Michaelis complexes of Enterobacter cloacae, a class C β‐lactamase, with penicillin G and cephalotin have been constructed by using molecular mechanic calculations, based on the AMBER force field, to examine the molecular differentiation mechanisms between cephalosporins and penicillins in β‐lactamases. Ser318Ala and Thr316Ala mutations in both complexes and Asn346Ala and Thr316Ala/Asn346Ala double mutation in penicillin G complex have also been studied. Results confirm that Thr316, Ser318, and Asn346 play a crucial role in the substrate recognition, via their interactions with one of the oxygens of the antibiotic carboxyl group. Both mutation Ser318Ala and Thr316Ala strongly affect the correct binding of cephalotin to P99, the first mainly by precluding the discriminating salt bridge between carboxyl and serine OH groups, and the second one by the Ser318, Lys315, and Tyr150 spatial rearrangements. On the other hand, Ser318Ala mutation has little effect on penicillin G binding, but the Thr316Ala/Asn346Ala double mutation causes the departure of the antibiotic from the oxyanion hole. Molecular dynamic simulations allow us to interpret the experimental results of some class C and A β‐lactamases. Proteins 2003;51:442–452. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


When examining previous research on the IT-business strategy relationship, it becomes evident that a key difficulty for organizations is the alignment of IT and strategy. We find that this alignment can be better understood when examining the heads of the IT and business strategy organizational components, the CIO and the CEO. We propose that a technologist CEO and/or a business savvy CIO will improve the communication and understanding between these components, therefore producing a higher level of strategic alignment. We also propose that the three dimensions of IT capability (which have already been linked business performance), a strong and responsive IT staff, a cost-effective & well-managed IT infrastructure, and an effective IT-business relationship, are direct outcomes of strategically aligned planning. We test our model using the Fortune 1000 insurance firms as our sample. Results indicate that firms with a business savvy CIO are more likely to have a higher IT capability than those without a business savvy CIO.


Companies rely on human effort or human intelligent as the main factor to develop and innovate their product or services under their commandments by providing them different means from security equipment and technology. This research aimed to exhibit the role and effectiveness of knowledge in the performance of knowledge management in innovating industries, and the prescriptive views through the revolution of renew and develop industry. The primary purpose for applied this research is discover the importance's of knowledge management in improving and the innovating in the industry to increase the productivity, services and advancement of knowledge management. Also, the research aimed to find out the managers opinion in many companies in such type of administrations, by interviewing some of them in many companies, overview the activities that undertaken by respondents towards developing Knowledge Management program, it was evident that organizations had failed to comprehend the cultural implications of KM. As results of respondent's analysis, the most respondents do not have a fully integrated KM program, so the indicator proven that, In Kurdistan, most organizations have insufficiency of knowledge management, shortage of experience, and suffering from many problems, which appeared in formal measuring constructs for the measurement of the benefits of knowledge assets to organizational performance. As well as the research aimed to analyze the importance of knowledge management in building the process of knowledge system in firms, and the satisfaction of customers need to increase the productivity of organizational though the commitment of innovative. Therefore, Companies that dedicate time and resources to protecting their intellectual property assets can increase their competitive edge. Reversing the poor organization of knowledge resources is a more important cause of the perceived lack of easy access than any failure in communications or lack of staff IT skills or incentives.


This paper provides a novel method of constructing an internal model-based design of reference tracking and/or disturbance rejection for a class of linear time-varying plants with a known linear time invariant (LTI) exosystem. It is shown how the realization of an appropriate time-varying internal model can be constructed by means of a novel feedback mechanism. The design of the internal model consists of two ingredients: (1) a time-varying system immersion of the exosystem, and (2) an automatic generation of the desired control input to render the error-zeroing subspace invariant, based on the complete knowledge of the plant model. The important features of the proposed method lie in that the tracking problem setup and the proposed feedback mechanism allow us to avoid explicitly calculating the desired input, which keeps the regulated error identically at zero. Moreover the time-varying immersion is guaranteed to hold for the class of plant models under consideration. These features significantly broaden the range of applications of the proposed method, and simplify the control implementation process.


To study the evolutionary origins of object perception, we investigated whether a primitive vertebrate, the larval zebrafish, is sensitive to the presence of obstacles. The zebrafish, which has become a useful model to study brain-wide circuit dynamics, executes fast escape swims when in danger of predation. We posited that collisions with solid objects during escape would be maladaptive to the zebrafish, and therefore the direction of escape swims should be informed by the locations of barriers. To answer this question, we developed a novel closed-loop high-speed imaging rig outfitted with barriers of various qualities. Using this system, we show that when larval zebrafish escape in response to a non-directional vibrational stimulus, they use visual scene information to avoid collisions with obstacles. Our study demonstrates that fish compute absolute distance to obstacles, as distant barriers outside of collision range elicit less bias than nearby collidable barriers that occupy the same visual field. The computation of barrier features is covert, as the fish's reaction to barriers during routine swimming does not predict that they will avoid barriers when escaping. Finally, through two-photon laser ablations, we reveal a novel excitatory input from the visual system to Mauthner cells in the brainstem escape network that is responsible for escape direction bias. We propose that zebrafish construct "object solidity" via an integrative visual computation that is more complex than retinal occupancy alone, suggesting a primitive understanding of object features and possibly the origins of a structured model of the physical world.


Research on thanatopedagogy a subdiscipline of pedagogy is constantly developing. In Polish educational research, the prevailing position is that the category of death is not present in education. The aim of the article is to present the results of the empirical research on the experiences of Polish language teachers in dealing with this subject. The survey method was chosen to achieve the goal, and the main research question was: what are the teachers' experiences in dealing with this subject? The research was conducted in July 2023 and covered over 145 teachers. Teachers' declarations were collected on the frequency of talking to students about the death or loss, the declared level of preparation for conducting this type of class, students' reactions, and the barrier in these conversations. Respondents were asked to assess the usefulness of talking about death, as well as the benefits of discussing this topic. The conclusions emphasized that although thanatopedagogical education is conducted on a large scale by Polish language teachers, further attempts should be made to assess its quality.


Microorganisms colonize the engineering materials and could damage them eventually. Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB, hereafter) are responsible for corrosion in various metals such as carbon steel, stainless steel, iron and some alloys. Biocorrosion causes huge loss every year which causes various socio and economic complications. In anaerobic environments, SRB are active and thus microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) could occur. However, molecular mechanisms of MIC are less understood. Therefore, it is important to recognize the microorganisms at the molecular level and their mechanisms associated to biocorrosion, in order to reduce/prevent damages caused by these organisms. Also, the identification of various genera and species related to biocorrosion is needed. In this article, we determined the presence of SRB related to biocorrosion under anoxic conditions in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Water and sediment samples were collected from a total of twenty-one sampling sites coming under four environmental types (Freshwater upwelling's, Lagoon, Sea, Sea (Beach) and Wetlands) in Sisal Coastal region of Yucatan State in Mexico. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity; total dissolved solids, redox potential and temperature were monitored in situ. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene-based sequencing analysis showed that, out of 37 bacterial genera in SRB group, mainly eight anaerobic bacteria were present in both water and sediment samples including Desulfatibacillum, Desulfatitalea, Desulfobacula, Desulfobulbus, Desulfotignum, Desulfotomaculum, Desulfovibrio and Sulfurospirillum. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that at least six variables were correlated between the selected sampling sites. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) indicated a minimum of five groups of environmental variables, including outgroup and two major clusters. This is the first study of the presence of sulfate reducing bacteria which could cause biocorrosion in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico.


The M2 splice isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) is a key enzyme for generating pyruvate and ATP in the glycolytic pathway, whereas the role of PKM2 in tumorigenesis remains a subject of debate. In our study, we found PKM2 is highly expressed in melanoma patients and the malignance is positively correlated with high PKM2 activity and glycolytic capability in melanoma cells. Suppression of PKM2 expression by knocking down markedly attenuated malignant phenotype both in vitro and in vivo, and restoration of PKM2 expression in PKM2 depleted cells could rescue melanoma cells proliferation, invasion and metastasis. With the data indicating PKM2 as a potential therapeutic target, we performed screening for PKM2 inhibitors and identified benserazide (Ben), a drug currently in clinical use. We demonstrated that Ben directly binds to and blocks PKM2 enzyme activity, leading to inhibition of aerobic glycolysis concurrent up‐regulation of OXPHOS. Of note, despite PKM2 is very similar to PKM1, Ben does not affect PKM1 enzyme activity. We showed that Ben significantly inhibits cell proliferation, colony formation, invasion and migration in vitro and in vivo. The specificity of Ben was demonstrated by the findings that, suppression of PKM2 expression diminishes the efficacy of Ben in inhibition of melanoma cell growth; ectopic PKM2 expression in normal cells sensitizes cells to Ben treatment. Interestingly, PKM2 activity and aerobic glycolysis are upregulated in BRAFi‐resistant melanoma cells. As a result, BRAFi‐resistant cells exhibit heightened sensitivity to suppression of PKM2 expression or treatment with Ben both in vitro and in vivo.


Throughout this period the academic community and a more diffuse concept the intellectual community always thought there were competing viable conceptualizations of African American status and agenda. Even the legislated reversal of statutory segregation was perceived as a victory and vindication of commitment to integration, rather than a new intellectual challenge to redefine premises, issues and goals. On the contrary, I submit that there have been only three intellectual crises for African American intellectuals, and that we are now in the worst.


A classification of retrobulbar A-mode echogram patterns is described following examination of 60 patients with unilateral proptosis. Sixty percent of 20 verified orbital neoplasms revealed one of the following axial length differences, dampening of retrobulbar echoes and tumor-cyst patterns. Five of eight undetected neoplasms were confined to the orbital apex. All patients with endocrine exophthalmos (ten) and orbital cellulitis (six) had normal echograms. Pseudoproptosis (ie, unilateral high-axial myopia or unilateral glaucoma) was easily detected due to increased ultrasonic axial measurements (five). Time-amplitude (A-mode) ultrasonography is unidirectional. All ultrasonic interpretations are subjectively made by the physician by comparing the acoustical properties of both orbits. Although this method cannot outline retrobulbar masses two-dimensionally as with intensity-modulation techniques, the ability to detect orbital neoplasms and exclude all instances of pseudoproptosis makes this technique clinically valuable and worth further clinical testing and refinement.


We present a new technique for identifying scalability bottlenecks in executions of single-program, multiple-data (SPMD) parallel programs, quantifying their impact on performance, and associating this information with the program source code. Our performance analysis strategy involves three steps. First, we collect call path profiles for two or more executions on different numbers of processors. Second, we use our expectations about how the performance of executions should differ, e.g., linear speedup for strong scaling or constant execution time for weak scaling, to automatically compute the scalability of costs incurred at each point in a program's execution. Third, with the aid of an interactive browser, an application developer can explore a program's performance in a top-down fashion, see the contexts in which poor scaling behavior arises, and understand exactly how much each scalability bottleneck dilates execution time. Our analysis technique is independent of the parallel programming model. We describe our experiences applying our technique to analyze parallel programs written in Co-array Fortran and Unified Parallel C, as well as message-passing programs based on MPI.


When the old royal castle of Stockholm burnt to the ground in 1697 the archtitect Nicodemus Tessin Jr. could present ground plans for a new palace within only a few months. In them he also planned for a small pleasure garden, Logarden. This project, which has never been fully analysed, was a rare example of Tessin planning a garden for an urban environment and it is also interesting since it concerns his major work, the Royal Palace in Stockholm. This article analyses the project with respect to changes to the plan, as well as to patterns copied by and inspiring Tessin, known for his eclectic methods. The investigation demonstrates how his plans were developed into higher confidence and maturity. Originally Logarden was planned as a secluded garden but by means of slight transformations Tessin gradually made it more repsentative and connected it to the environing cityscape. Tessin's plans for Logarden were never executed. The second part of the article treats the development of the site in the eighteenth century. The Ropyal Palace was not ready for occupation until 1754 and the construction works continued long after that. Because of the long building time, during which a delicate garden had low priority, a garden parterre was not laid out until 1792. The invention was made by Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz and much simplified compared to Tessin's plans. Within a decade Logarden was rearranged in an English style, and the irregularity was kept until the 1930s, when Ivar Tengbom authored the garden that stands to the present day.


With the advent of smartphones and tablet computers, mobile platform applications, or apps, are now penetrating the orthopedic community. The appeal of apps in a medical setting is a result of their intuitive and interactive interface that allows for the quick reference of information on the go. This review serves to highlight some of the most useful apps available to orthopedic surgeons and trainees. Although this is not a comprehensive list, the apps mentioned below are either free or inexpensive and include both general medical as well as orthopedic-specific apps that can be useful to orthopedic providers at any level of training.


Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques are a key enabling technology for high-rate wireless communications. This paper discusses two ASIC implementations of MIMO sphere decoders. The first ASIC attains maximum-likelihood performance with an average throughput of 73 Mb/s at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 20 dB; the second ASIC shows only a negligible bit-error-rate degradation and achieves a throughput of 170 Mb/s at the same SNR. The three key contributing factors to high throughput and low complexity are: depth-first tree traversal with radius reduction, implemented in a one-node-per-cycle architecture, the use of the /spl lscr//sup /spl infin//-instead of /spl lscr//sup 2/-norm, and, finally, the efficient implementation of the enumeration approach recently proposed in . The resulting ASICs currently rank among the fastest reported MIMO detector implementations.


Information-theoretic and signal processing aspects of some modulation schemes designed for intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) optical wireless communication (OWC) systems are studied. Due to the constraints of IM/DD signals (non-negative real and baseband signals), the construction of these signals along with their time and frequency characteristics differ from their RF counterparts. This necessitates a careful study of such schemes under practical constraints. Three schemes are studied in this paper, namely, single carrier pulse amplitude modulation (SC-PAM), asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM), and DC biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM). Our aim is to carry out a comparative study of these schemes in the presence of identical constraints on bandwidth and average optical power. The study reveals that the clipping operation required in ACO-OFDM significantly reduces its information rate, and as a result, it is outperformed by SC-PAM. Such a limitation does not apply to DCO-OFDM which has a higher information rate, even though part of the available optical power is expended in the non-information-bearing DC bias.


Mutations in the p53 gene are the most frequently observed genetic lesions in human cancers. Human cancers that contain a p53 mutation are more aggressive, more apt to metastasize, and more often fatal. p53 controls numerous downstream targets that can influence various outcomes such as apoptosis, growth arrest, and DNA repair. Based on previous observations using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), we have identified choline phospholipid metabolite intensities typical of increased malignancy. Here we have used 1H MRS to characterize the choline phospholipid metabolite levels of p53+/+ and p53−/– cells, and demonstrated that loss of p53 function results in increased phosphocholine and total choline. These data suggest that the increased malignancy of cancer cells resulting from loss of p53 may be mediated, in part, through the choline phospholipid pathway.


The origin of the avocado and its varieties has been placed in the Mesoamerican area; however there are still some aspects that have not been entirely explained. We surveyed this issue integrating geological, archaeological and paleoecological data that allowed us to examine the most ancient ancestors, their geographic distribution and their possible dispersion routes. In the light of these data, we propose that the origin of the avocado could have been in the area currently occupied by Sierra Nevada (California) and that it could have occurred when the mountains emerged about 8 to 5 million years ago. Afterwards, the avocado migrated south where different domestications occurred and the current varieties evolved. Each variety was adapted to different ecological conditions and became domesticated by different cultural groups.


OBJECT
The authors report their early results from an ongoing experience treating patients with choroidal melanoma by using gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS).

METHODS
Between September 1998 and March 2000, 11 patients were treated for choroidal melanoma. Treatment was facilitated with specialized frame placement. Eye immobilization was accomplished with supra- and infraorbital nerve block and tethering sutures to the periorbital tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to localize the tumor for treatment planning. Plugging patterns were used to steer fall-off radiation away from the fovea, optic nerve, or lens. Tumor volume, tumor location relative to critical structures, and dose to critical structures were determined using GammaPlan. Tumor response was determined using ultrasonography. Toxicity was determined by clinical assessment, visual acuity testing, and ophthalmoscopy. All 11 patients successfully completed the treatment. In every case, 40 Gy was prescribed to the 50% isodose, which completely encompassed all visible tumor. Tumor height ranged from 2.9 to 7 mm. The tumor diameter ranged from 6 to 13 mm. The range of follow up was 2 to 19 months. No tumor has progressed. One patient had improvement in vision because of improvement in retinal detachment. Two patients experienced visual decline. One patient's visual decline was due to a vitreous hemorrhage, and the other's was due to hard exudates encroaching on the macula. One patient has developed a dry eye that is managed effectively with topical eye lubricants.

CONCLUSIONS
This preliminary experience demonstrates that GKS is a feasible treatment option for small- to medium-sized choroidal melanomas. Longer follow up and additional patients will be required to improve the assessment and the ultimate tumor control and toxicity in this ongoing series.


Author(s): Haas, Blake Edwin | Advisor(s): Pajukanta, Paivi E | Abstract: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been successful in identifying variants with low to moderate effects on serum lipid levels. However, determining the causal variant and underlying mechanism in an associated region has been difficult since linkage equilibrium (LD) of the associated variants often extends to large regions covering multiple genes, and GWAS provide no functional information. Using adipose gene expression data, we provide evidence of mechanism underlying a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) GWAS signal in the apolipoprotein B (APOB) region. First, we determined that an LDL-C GWAS signal uncovered in a population of European ancestry (rs7575840) replicates in a Mexican study sample (1). Mexicans are an understudied population with a high prevalence of dyslipidemia; 44% of the population has high total cholesterol levels (above 200 mg/dl) (2). To further elucidate the mechanism underlying the association between rs7575840 and LDL-C, we measured lipid particle subclasses using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and we determined that rs7575840 is also associated with apoB-containing lipid particles, including very small very-low-density lipoprotein, intermediate lipoprotein, and LDL particles (1). We also discovered a possible mechanism underlying the increase in apoB-containing particles; rs7575840 disrupts a transcription factor binding site of the transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta, impacting gene expression of APOB and a noncoding RNA BU630349 in adipose tissue (1). In our second study, we searched for whether novel genes and biological gene expression networks associated with triglyceride (TG) levels replicated and shared across populations (Haas et al. submitted (3)). Adipose tissue has previously been shown to be involved in regulation of serum TG levels in humans (4). High serum TG levels predispose to coronary heart disease (CHD). Searching for novel TG-associated biological networks in adipose tissue may provide novel insights into TG regulation. We measured gene expression in adipose samples from two Finnish and one Mexican study sample. In each study sample, we observed a module (biological gene expression network) that was significantly associated with serum TG levels (3). The most significant TG modules observed in each of the three study samples significantly overlapped (pl10-10) and shared 34 genes, utilizing two unique methods of measuring gene expression, microarrays and RNA sequencing (RNAseq). Thus, the results should be robust to the measurement method of gene expression. In the 34 genes shared between the three TG modules, more nonsynonymous variants (p=0.034) and overall variants (p=0.018) were observed in individuals with high TGs when compared with the individuals with low TGs (3). Seven of the 34 genes (ARHGAP30, CCR1, CXCL16, FERMT3, HCST, RNASET2, SELPG) were identified as the key hub genes of all three TG modules (pl10-7) (3). As only 11 of the 34 genes have prior evidence of involvement in CHD, type 2 diabetes, or obesity, our study provides 23 new candidates for TG regulation. Furthermore, two of the 34 genes (ARHGAP9, LST1) reside in previous TG GWAS regions, suggesting them as the regional candidates underlying the GWAS signals. This study presents a novel TG biological network shared across populations.Our next study focused on determining whether Procadherin 15 (PCDH15) variants are involved with Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia (FCHL). Previous studies have revealed that PCDH15 resides in a region linked to FCHL (5-7), so we hypothesized that nonsynonymous variants in PCDH15 may be associated with FCHL in 92 Finnish and Dutch families. We discovered that one variant (rs10825269) associates with serum TG, apoB, and TC (Total Cholesterol) levels in these families (8). Next, we made a PCDH15 knockout model in collaboration with investigators at Case Western Reserve University and discovered that serum TG and TC levels decreased in mice with both copies of PCDH15 knocked out (8).


Imminent collision detection is an important functionality in the area of automotive safety. In the event that an unavoidable collision can be detected in advance of the actual impact, various measures can be taken to mitigate injury and damage. In this paper, we demonstrate that stereo vision is a promising solution to this problem. Our prototype system has been rigorously tested for different colliding scenarios (e.g., different intersection angles and different travelling speeds), including live tests in an industrial crash-test facility. We explain the novel algorithms behind the system, including an algorithm for detecting objects in depth images, and algorithms for estimating the travelling velocity of detected vehicles. Quantitative results and representative examples are also included.


This meta-analysis of 69 studies (1,483 effect sizes) used random effects models to examine maternal employment during infancy/early childhood in relation to 2 major domains of child functioning: achievement and behavior problems. Analyses of studies that spanned 5 decades indicated that, with a few exceptions, early employment was not significantly associated with later achievement or internalizing/externalizing behaviors. The exceptions were for teacher ratings of achievement and internalizing behaviors: Employment was associated with higher achievement and fewer internalizing behaviors. Substantial heterogeneity among the effect sizes prompted examination of moderators. Sample-level moderator analyses pointed to the importance of socioeconomic and contextual variables, with early employment most beneficial when families were challenged by single parenthood or welfare status. Maternal employment during Years 2 and 3 was associated with higher achievement. Some moderator analyses indicated negative effects of employment for middle-class and 2-parent families and for very early employment (child's first year). Associations also differed depending on whether effect sizes were adjusted for contextual variables. Only 1 study-level moderator (sex of first author) was significant after adjusting for other moderators. The small effect size and primarily nonsignificant results for main effects of early maternal employment should allay concerns about mothers working when children are young. However, negative findings associated with employment during the child's first year are compatible with calls for more generous maternal leave policies. Results highlight the importance of social context for identifying under which conditions and for which subgroups early maternal employment is associated with positive or negative child outcomes.


Over the past decades several shifts can be identified in the field of environmental
health risk reduction policies in the Netherlands. In response to the shortcomings of
traditional sector-based (environmental) policy, the government has proposed a new
approach to deal with health risks that encourages an integrated as well as
differentiated approach. This implies an increased desire to enhance cross-sectoral
and stakeholder negotiations and achieve greater transparency, take levels of
attainability and area -based factors into consideration, and assess the cumulative
impact of risks. There is also a strong drive to incorporate cost-benefit assessment and
public perception as part of the 'concern' assessment in decision-making practices
alongside quantitative risk estimates of physical effects. Although some progress has
been made in moving towards this new 'rational' mentality, it appears that there are
still several obstacles in governmental decision -making that need to be overcome
(e.g. relating to risk appraisal and the assessment of stakeholder opinions).
In the light of recent trends observed in the Dutch context – and the associated
problems experienced – it was chosen to conduct an international evaluation of
various national approaches to environmental health risk reduction policies, in order
to assess whether similar trends (and possible solutions) can be seen elsewhere. The
12 countries included (the United States, Australia and ten nations in different parts of
Europe) were evaluated on the basis of a set of indicators that can be used to measure
integration and differentiation.
In general, this study demonstrates that countries are indeed showing similar shifts in
integrated and differentiated risk assessment and risk governance to those witnessed
in the Netherlands, although several of these changes are still in the initial phases and
could therefore be developed further. A lack of scientific and other data, difficulties in
weighing diverging sectoral ambitions, the quantification of health risks, budgetary
constraints and insufficient communication (between risk assessors and risk
managers; amongst different sectors, and with stakeholders) were mentioned as the
primary barriers for implementation of more targeted and differentiated health risk
reduction strategies. Most countries also expressed a desire for a more coherent and
standardised approach to tackling environmental health risk. This paper therefore
outlines the main trends in environmental health risk reduction at the international
level, brings forward several elements that could form part of a new approach to risk,
and gives some advice for future research.
The study should be seen as a quick-scan and should therefore not be considered
comprehensive as such.


Recent work has indicated that a significant number of electrons and holes remain in the free‐exciton form in silicon at room temperature, a finding which, if supportable by experimental evidence, requires the inclusion of excitons in diode and solar cell theory. Excitons, although neutral, may contribute to device currents by diffusing to the junction region where they may be dissociated by the field. A generalized three‐particle theory of transport in semiconductors is presented. The results of application of the theory to silicon devices indicate a decrease in the dark saturation current as well as an increase in light‐generated current when excitons are incorporated in the theory so long as exciton diffusion length exceeds that of the minority carriers. The work includes suggestions for experimental methods to confirm exciton involvement and to estimate the value of the exciton‐binding parameter from spectral response measurements on solar cells.


When we think about the Third Reich, the first images that come to mind are not those associated with buying and selling. Though an increasing number of studies have appeared on consumer habits and policies toward consumers, the literature on the Nazi period has been dominated by a focus on production, specifically war production. For every study of the consumer economy, there have been dozens on the Four-Year Plan, the use of foreign and slave labor, and heavy industry. In recent years a number of historians have begun to question this imbalance. Hartmut Berghoff and Wolfgang Koenig have argued that the regime encouraged "virtual consumption" through images of a future postwar era of peace and prosperity: the people's car, the people's refrigerator, and other products that would be available to all once victory had been achieved. Nancy Reagin and Irene Guenther have provided compelling material on the responses of female consumers to the decreasing availability of many household items, starting with the introduction of the autarkic Four-Year Plan. Nonetheless, this recent wave of interest in issues of consumption has tended to concentrate on the prewar years of the regime; after 1939, most historians merely emphasize the growing shortage of goods as the war dragged on. One exception is Goetz Aly, who has maintained that allegiance to the regime was secured through the dissemination of goods stolen from Jews and the occupied territories. But his arguments have not convinced everyone, and his focus on the distribution of goods merely as a means of generating political support says little about how it fit in with wider patterns of consumer expectations and long-term economic thinking.


Repair of CFRP parts still requires manual labour to a vast extent. Laser technology offers a solution to automate the preparation of a part's damage zone by ablation. It was shown before that the laser is able to ablate both carbon fibres and polymeric matrix material, thus, it can be used for scarfing CFRP. However, the ablation process still does not achieve a homogenous surface. For an improved quality and automation of the process the laser scarfing is complemented by short coherent interferometry, a precise distance measurement technique. In this work, an experimental setup is used where short coherent interferometry is performed in-line with the laser scarfing. A comparison is conducted between two approaches; repetitive scarfing and on-axis distance measurements, and repetitive scarfing and off-axis measuring. It is shown that short coherent interferometry is an effective tool to detect the ablation depth, thus enabling homogeneous removal of CFRP for repair preparation. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH


Abstract U1A is a component of the uracil-rich small nuclear ribonucleoprotein. The molecular mechanism of nuclear import of U1A was investigated in vivo and in vitro. When recombinant deletion mutants of U1A are injected into the BHK21 cell cytoplasm, the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of U1A is found in the N-terminal half of the central domain (residues 100–144 in mouse U1A). In an in vitro assay, it was found that the U1A-NLS accumulated in only a portion of the nuclei in the absence of cytosolic extract. In contrast, the addition of importin α/β and Ran induced the uniform nuclear accumulation of U1A-NLS in all cells. Furthermore, U1A was found to bind the C-terminal portion of importin α. In addition, the in vitro nuclear migration of full-length U1A was found to be exclusively dependent on importin α/β and Ran. Moreover, in living cells, the full-length U1A accumulated in the nucleus in a Ran-dependent manner, and nuclear accumulation was inhibited by the importin β binding domain of importin α. These results suggest that the nuclear import of U1A is mediated by at least two distinct pathways, an importin α/β and Ran-dependent and an -independent pathway in permeabilized cells, and that the latter pathway may be suppressed in intact cells.


The work of this thesis is concerned with the study of some aspects of phosphorus dynamics in soils varying in physico-chemical characteristics. Chapter 1 presents a general introduction and short review of some aspects of phosphorus behaviour in soils. The n.ain emphasis has been given to phosphate availability to plants. Chapter 2 deals with the analytical techniques used in the present study. A short description of the sites of soil sampling has been given. Some physico-chemical properties of the soils have also been described. Chapter 3 is about the P status of 14 soils. Six conventional procedures were adopted to measure all types of extractable phosphate in the soils studied. The effectiveness of various extractants was assessed through their relationship with one another. All of the extractants showed better relationship in slightly acidic soils than in slightly alkaline soils. Bray-I (acid ammonium fluoride) extracted the highest P in the former soils, but its performance was extraordinary poor in the latter soils. Bray-I, acetic acid and anion exchange resin extractable P was not significantly correlated with other extractants in the soils of above pH 6.2. However, their relationship with other extractants was much better in soils of pH below 6.2. Olsen 0.5M sodium bicarbonate extractable P was significantly correlated with extractable P of sodium acetate (r=0.81***), ammonium acetate (r=0.75**) and anion exchange resin (r=0.73**). Anion exchange resin, which is regarded as being analogous to plant available P showed more or less similar behaviour with other extractants. Acetic acid, sodium acetate and ammonium acetate had very highly significant correlation among themselves in all soils. The phosphate extracted by various extractants depends on the relative amount of calcium, iron and aluminium phosphate in a soil and the nature and composition of an extractant. Phosphate adsorption study of 14 soils has been described in Chapter 4. Adsorption isotherms of all soils were made with standard P concentration points of 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70 and 100 mug P cm-3. All the soils showed different behaviour towards P adsorption. The P adsorption data conformed well to the Freundlich equation in most of the soils, while only in some soils to the Langmuir equation. Langmuir P adsorption maximum and bonding energy constant for all soils were calculated. P adsorption maximum was significantly related to pH (r=-0.63*) and oxalate extractable Fe (r=0.82***) and A1 (r=0.61*). When a few points at the top for the Freundlich plot or at the bottom for the Langmuir plot were excluded o from calculation, the R2 values were greatly improved. Chapter 5 is concerned with the detailed studies of P adsorption and desorption in 3 soils. Keeping in view the errors assessed in the initial P adsorption and desorption studies, a series of experiments were run and errors were measured. By adopting the improved experimental technique, the P adsorption/desorption isotherms were in better order. However, the top point at the adsorption and desorption isotherms did not meet as they should. The cause of the gap between the two points was investigated through the effect of time of shaking and soil sterilization. It was observed that P adsorption increased with time. There was no significant instantaneous P desorption except in Dunlop A soil. All the soil sterilants affected the P status of soils except sodium azide and toluene. Chapter 6 deals with the pot experiment on ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The effect of plant growth on extractable and adsorbed P and enzymic activities in 5 soils is discussed. The results showed significantly highest dry matter(tops) yield in Darvel A and Midelney (grass) soils. P content of leaves was highest in the Midelney soil. The NaHCO3 extractable P before planting was significantly correlated with the dry matter (tops) yield (r=0.90*) and with P uptake (r=0.89*). The P uptake in leaves was also significantly correlated with the dry matter yield (r=0.91*). The extractable P by 3 extractants in grassed soils was significantly reduced than nongrassed soils and in some soils before planting. The effect of plant growth was observed on P adsorption isotherms. The regression analysis of the Langmuir equations obtained from P adsorbed before planting, non-grassed and grassed soils showed significant differences only in Midelney (Grass) and Dreghorn A soils. The plant growth also revealed variable effects on enzymic activities in before planting, grassed and non-grassed soils. In chapter 7 a brief account of the experimental results and the general conclusions were made. Further development of this work is also suggested.


Inayah. 14111320105. EXPLORING MEANING NEGOTIATION PRACTICE IN A
BILINGUAL PRE-SCHOOL: A CLASSROOM DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
PERSPECTIVE
This study aims to reveal meaning negotiation practice in one bilingual pre-school in
Cirebon. As noted by Suherdi (2004), Ventola (1988), Bums" (1990), Rymes (2008)
knowledge is always constructed and negotiated through language. This study attempts to
reveal how teachers exploit the two different languages in the construction of knowledge with
young learners.
This study adopts Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) framework combined with
systemiotic approach on sustaining moves by as prposed by Suherdi (2004), which used to
insight discourse stratum and lexicogrammatical feeling of the teacher-pupils interaction. This
study offered an insight on how knowledge is typically negotiated as one particular type of
meanings inherent in the discourse of classroom. The main aims of interaction in bilingual
pupils itself,as Bearne (2003) suggests,is a golden opportunity to enrich various linguistic and
cultural schemata in learning process. In exploring this issue, this study is involving teacherpupils
as two important elements of teaching learning situation that will be observed in a
classroom. As Stubbs (1976) argues,meaning negotiation between teacher and students in the
classroom is a complicated phenomenon as it draws internal and external background.
However, any attempts to investigate such complexity will, in the long run, offer insights on
how knowledge is negotiated within contexts.
The design of this study is descriptive qualitative. Researcher conduct the data in Winter
Class at NARA ISLAMIC SCHOOL with 9 students. The instrument of collecting data are
observation and interview. The data of observation is video recording which transcript into
the text and interview record also transcript into the text. The data analyzed by codding
system, stratum of discoure as proposed by Ventola and stratum of lexicogrammar as
proposed by Halliday.
The result of this research teacher students interaction in Winter Class constucting
knowledge through language. The discourse stratum that researcher found from observation
in Winter Class include in stratum of discourse. Then, in their interaction meaning are
negotiated in three meatfunction namely: experiential meaning that realize in material process
of transitivity, interpersonal meaning that realize in interrogative Mood and textual meaning
that realize in umarked theme.
Key words: classroom discourse, systemiotic approach, systemic functional linguistic,
discourse stratum, lexicogrammar features, and metafunction


The development of Youth Justice in the UK since the early 1990s has been informed by the belief that the family plays a key role in youth offending. In 1998 the parenting order was introduced, based on the assumption that interventions to improve parenting will have a positive effect upon offending. The availability of the order was extended in 2005, reflecting the view that parents who do not undertake parenting support are being wilfully negligent of their responsibilities and must be made to take the help offered. In this thesis the assumptions justifying the parenting order and its extensions are questioned. Evidence suggests that although parenting is influential, it is one of many factors associated with the onset of or desistence from offending. Furthermore, as this thesis highlights, parents likely to receive parenting orders are often experiencing several personal and environmental 'stressors', creating high levels of need. These situational pressures and high level of need, this thesis argues, are likely to make it difficult for them to be effective in their role, or to gain long term benefit from attending a parenting programme. Furthermore, many parents have histories of unsuccessfully seeking assistance from 'helping agencies', refuting the assumption of wilful neglect. This thesis considers the advantages and limitations of parenting work as a form of crime prevention and specifically looks at the use of the parenting order. An argument is presented for a wider, more holistic approach to parenting work than that offered by the parenting order as a form of crime prevention and for providing assistance to families earlier.


We contribute to the understanding of technology adoption decisions by complex farm households in the Sudano-Sahelian region of West Africa, where production is organized collectively under the leadership of a senior head who also allocates individual fields to members. Farm families span generations and encompass several nuclear households. We examine the nature of the linkage between fertilizer use decisions on collective and individual plots based on a conceptual model of intra-household bargaining that enables us to draw inferences about efficiency of input allocation. Although the share of individual maize plots receiving fertilizer is lower, use rates on maize tend to be higher than on collective fields. Adoption of fertilizer on a collective plot contributes to a 0.32 rise in adoption probability on an individual plot, but the converse is not true. The marginal effect of application rates on collective plots is positively associated with intensity of use on individual plots but of a magnitude consistent with inefficiency of resource allocation. Determinants of adoption differ between individual and collective fields, and between the decision to use fertilizer and the intensity of use. Findings have implications for the design of extension programs and policies to support agricultural intensification in the region.


The Last Planner System is one of the most remarkable practices in lean construction and usually a starting point for lean implementation in construction companies. Different aspects of its application have been discussed along a number of articles since the first IGLC conferences. However, despite the many studies on this subject, the reasons for some recurrent patterns in the outcome data of the system and how they influence each other still remain to be explained. One of them is the cyclic nature of the PPC indicator that appears in most of the implementation examples presented in those articles. This article aims to help understanding such behaviour by developing a system dynamics model to investigate the influence of the variability, delays and project performance over the whole system. The model offers an explanation about how PPC fluctuations in the present may be explained by events in the past and, particularly, how to avoid undesirable outcomes in the future behaviour of the indicator.


of bnguage-Iearning from a point of view decidedly different from that of the typical writer concerning it. One of them is linguistic adviser to the Japanese Deparrmcn t of Education and the other Lecturer in English in the University of Commerce, Tokyo. There is nothing superficial about this original and stimulating study. It deals not so much with methods as with the reasons for them and the principles underlying them. The genml arrangement of the work is also unique. Chapter I consists of a dialogue between the authors. Other chapters are based on real or hyporbcticalletters discussing various phases of the general topic. Through comments on these suggestive epistles the authors bring out their philosophy of foreign language study. Part III is headed "Business: An Outline of a Comprehensive Language Course."


To be able to develop a complete solar photovoltaic power electronic conversion system in simulation, it is necessary to define a circuit-based simulation model for a PV cell in order to allow the interaction between a proposed power converter (with its associated control arrangement) and the PV array to be studied. To do this, it is necessary to approach the modelling process from the perspective of power electronics; that is to define the desired overall model in terms of the manner in which the electrical behaviour of the cell changes with respect to the environmental parameters of temperature and irradiance. The authors cover the development of a general model which can be implemented on simulation platforms such as PSPICE or SABER and is designed to be of use to power electronics specialists. The model accepts irradiance and temperature as variable parameters and outputs the I/V characteristic for that particular cell for the above conditions.


Many economists view the NCAA as a cartel in the market for college athletes. Financially, this cartel allows NCAA members to attract and retain college athletes for the price of a "grant-in-aid" without competitively bidding for the labor services of student-athletes, greatly reducing operating costs relative to a competitive market for athletes. A functioning cartel must have both monitoring of the members and an enforcement mechanism to punish violators. We investigate the factors that explain observed periods of probation in NCAA Division I-A football over the period 1978-2005. From 1978-1993, but not after, lagged winning percentage, unfilled stadium seats, and years of head coaching experience explain probation. The NCAA changed its enforcement policy in 1993, and football conference stability decreased as well during this period. These changes may explain the reduction in predictability of probation.


Some interpretations of ecosystem-based fishery management include culling marine mammals as an integral component. The current Norwegian policy on marine mammal management is one example. Scientific support for this policy includes the Scenario Barents Sea (SBS) models. These modelled interactions between cod, Gadus morhua, herring, Clupea harengus, capelin, Mallotus villosus and northern minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Adding harp seals Phoca groenlandica into this top-down modelling approach resulted in unrealistic model outputs. Another set of models of the Barents Sea fish–fisheries system focused on interactions within and between the three fish populations, fisheries and climate. These model key processes of the system successfully. Continuing calls to support the SBS models despite their failure suggest a belief that marine mammal predation must be a problem for fisheries. The best available scientific evidence provides no justification for marine mammal culls as a primary component of an ecosystem-based approach to managing the fisheries of the Barents Sea.


IntroductionThere is still under treatment of cancer symptoms and our local data shows that a significant number of cancer patients seen in our center needed consultation outside scheduled visits (53%) and needed urgent care (31%) for symptom control. A mobile application was developed to address the need for timely symptom reporting of patients. Despite the success of similar innovations in the United States, its feasibility in the local context is still unknown and its perceived benefits might not translate in our setting.
PurposeThe objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a mobile application for monitoring patient self-reported symptoms.
MethodologyWe conducted a single-institution randomized prospective study to evaluate the feasibility of using a mobile application to allow cancer patients with pain to report symptoms using their mobile device. Cancer patients seen at our center with pain score ≥4 were randomly assigned to report symptoms daily with the use of the mobile application or to receive usual care consisting of symptom monitoring with a pain diary at the discretion of the attending physicians. Clinicians reviewed patient-reports during clinic visits. The primary outcome measure of the study was patient compliance with symptom reporting at the end of 4 weeks evaluation. Compliance is defined as the number of days with a symptom report over the total number of days on study.
ResultsA total of 41 patients underwent screening and informed consent process. After exclusion, 22 were enrolled and analyzed. Mean age was 52 (25-89), majority had curative intent treatment (63.6%), underwent radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy (86.4%) and had non-severe pain (59%). Reporting compliance was significantly higher for patients in the mobile application arm than in usual care (mean compliance 72.1% in mobile app arm vs 42.1% in usual care arm, P=0.0054).
ConclusionWe conclude that the use of a mobile application for patient self-reporting of cancer symptoms is feasible in an urban based cancer center and resulted to higher reporting compliance compared to usual care. We recommend that its clinical impact be further evaluated in a larger trial.


Objective: This study examines the impact of an insurance-mandated change in formulation of buprenorphine/naloxone (BNX) for patients with opioid use disorder treated in a primary care clinic. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine the proportion of patients who were switched back to the previous BNX formulation and rates of aberrant urine drug tests for the 3 months before and 3 months after a mandated change in BNX from the sublingual film to the rapidly dissolving tablet (BNX-RDT). Aberrant urine drug tests were defined as the presence of cocaine, nonprescribed opioids/benzodiazepines, or the absence of buprenorphine. Results: In all, 186 patients were included in the analysis. At 3 months after the change, 36.0% of patients remained on BNX-RDT at equivalent dose, 9.1% were prescribed a higher dose of BNX-RDT, 52.7% were switched back to their previous formulation after a trial of BNX-RDT, and 2.2% dropped out of care. There was no significant change in the rates of aberrant urine drug tests pre and postchange (36.6% vs 33.7%; P = 0.27) or in any individual component of urine drug testing. Age, sex, and starting dose were not associated with remaining on BNX-RDT at equivalent dose, compared with increasing dose or changing formulation. Conclusions: Most patients were dissatisfied with the change in formulation and requested a return to the previous formulation. This change did not appear to impact drug use; however, the flexibility that permitted patients to switch back to their previous BNX formulation likely attenuated the policy's impact.


This is the revised text of the 21st Elsa Goveia Lecture, given at Cave Hill, Barbados in March 2004. It examines, first, how Caribbean historiography, during and after the moment of constitutional decolonization, had had an important investment in the idea of the hero. This way of seeing and writing history through exceptional individuals was an unexamined legacy of the colonial experience, and has distorted our approach to the Caribbean past. It proposes that a new kind of Caribbean history might be based on a curiosity about why people choose 'heroic' or un-'heroic' paths, and on a sensitivity to weakness, vulnerability, and the complexities of personality.


This collection of letters conveniently assembles all of the unpublished correspondence of W. T. Thornton to J. S. Mill and J. E. Cairnes. Although this cache of letters is by no means large, it is nonetheless significant. First, Thornton's letters to Mill and Cairnes provide material for a reassessment of his relationship with both men. Second, it is apparent from these letters that Thornton's intellectual preoccupations ranged widely. Hence, they constitute the best supplement presently available to Thornton's published writings on political economy and philosophy. Third, the letters are an important 'literary' source in recovering aspects of Thornton's illustrious company career at East India House (1836–1880). In this context, they form an invaluable companion to his published writings on India. They may even afford some clues about the role he played in the formation of policy in India in the period after the 1857 mutiny. In short, they cast important light on the social, moral and intellectual milieu in which he lived and worked.


The FDA recently approved codeine/chlorpheniramine (Codeprex, Celltech Group) extended-release suspension (CIII) for the temporary relief of cough, as may occur with the common cold or inhaled irritants, and for the temporary relief of runny nose; sneezing; itching of the nose or throat; and itchy, watery eyes due to hay fever, other upper respiratory allergies, or allergic rhinitis. The product is expected to be available in retail pharmacies by the fourth quarter.


The m-out-of-n encoded asynchronous circuits are able to implement the truly delay-insensitive circuit operations, but they suffer from higher power dissipation due to the large amount of logic cells. Besides, the throughput of the circuits is also worse than the synchronous counterparts since the four-cycle handshake protocol requires inserting a "NULL" token between two adjacent valid data transmissions. In this paper, we first propose a power gating technique to reduce the leakage power consumption in the idle phase, then figure out a replication method to improve the throughput at the cost of area increase. The evaluation results show that about 85% of leakage power reduction can be obtained when the power gating scheme is employed, and 62% of throughput improvement can be acquired nearly without additional power penalty when both proposals are integrated.


In 1928, Niels Bohr pointed out the dual description required in the quantum mechanics of measurement, involving the observer and the observed [Naturwissenschaften 17, 483–486 (1928)], and a few years later, John von Neumann discussed this principle at some length in his text on the Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics [(Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, 1932), English translation, Princeton U.P., 1955]. It now appears that architectural acoustics has been following the same route. Examples cited by von Neumann are described and paralleled with examples from the work of Schroeder, Ando, and others in concert hall acoustics.


The underlying points of reference in the study was to obtain relevant information from modern and professional counselors in view of the societal understanding and interest, using the counseling services in their lifetime along with analysis of the  modern counseling system efficacy in the country. The two big institutions employing modern counseling systems were carefully chosen with purposeful selection of study sites. Qualitative study method was conducted, employing descriptive analysis of data. The tools used to gather information were interview, observation and focus group discussions with significant informants of the institutions. Based on the information collected from the informants, the study result disclosed that counseling is the tradition in Ethiopia, even if there was no effort made through higher institutions and the government to incorporate the cultural values of counseling in the education curriculum of the country. The institutions employing modern counseling systems were striving to apply the Westerners method without considering the local community practices that exploit their services. The question of engaging diverse language and multicultural interaction were underemphasized due to the adherent nature of the curriculum. The methods employed, techniques, and procedures used by the existing counseling systems were poorly organized and only functional as to achieve organizational objectives and procedures. It is concluded that locally developed techniques, methods and principles of counseling services could benefit the community greatly.

 Key words: Westerners, approach, context, counseling, modern.


A three-dimensional numerical simulation of a convective-cloud ensemble was performed in order to study the formation process of long-lasting precipitating convective cells. As the initial condition, random small thermals were given in the horizontally homogeneous atmosphere. The convective cells were classified into three types: The first type (S-type) was short-lived and had a downshear-tilting updraft. The second type (F-type) was forced by the other cells and persisted for a long time, although the airflow structure was similar to S-type. The third type (L-type) was long-lasting and had an upshear-tilting updraft. In the formation process of an L-type cell, the updraft root must move in a downshear direction faster than the rising air parcels in order to build an upshear-tilting updraft. The fast movement of the updraft root is initially forced by the neighboring cells. The results showed there are three patterns in this process. In Pattern I the updraft root moves with outflow diverging from one short-lived cell. In Pattern II it moves with outflow boundaries of several short-lived cells which form successively. In Pattern III it moves together with outflow diverging from a pre-existing L-type cell. Once an upsheartilting updraft is built, the cell produces a strong cold air pool near the surface and is self-maintained at its edge.


Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) comprise a broad range of progressive neurological disorders with multifactorial etiology contributing to disease pathophysiology. Evidence of the microbiome involvement in the gut-brain axis urges the interest in understanding metabolic interactions between the microbiota and host physiology in NDDs. Systems Biology offers a holistic integrative approach to study the interplay between the different biologic systems as part of a whole, and may elucidate the host–microbiome interactions in NDDs. We reviewed direct and indirect pathways through which the microbiota can modulate the bidirectional communication of the gut-brain axis, and explored the evidence of microbial dysbiosis in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. As the gut microbiota being strongly affected by diet, the potential approaches to targeting the human microbiota through diet for the stimulation of neuroprotective microbial-metabolites secretion were described. We explored the potential of Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) to infer microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions and to identify the microbiome contribution to disease development or prevention. Finally, a systemic approach based on GEMs and 'omics integration, that would allow the design of sustainable personalized anti-inflammatory diets in NDDs prevention, through the modulation of gut microbiota was described.


A study of why adult literacy students stopped attending beginning reading tutorial programs was conducted at nine sites that were part of the Pittsburgh Literacy Initiative. A total of 192 adults were identified as having discontinued their reading programs, all of which were one-on-one tutorial programs. The reading level of these dropouts had been tested at the 0to 4th-grade level. Sixty of those dropouts participated in the study. Data were collected through interviews with persons responsible for working with students and through telephone or face-to-face interviews with dropouts. Forty-seven percent of dropouts cited personal factors, 40 percent cited program factors, and 13 percent cited other factors as the reasons they dropped out. Personal factors cited were work schedules (23 percent), personal or family health reasons (17 percent), and family crises (7 percent). Within the program factors category, the reason cited most often was a tutor factor, such as incompatibility (18 percent). Other program factors included the dropouts' dissatisfaction with or embarrassment about their lack of learning (18 percent) and the place or time for tutoring (3 percent). Asked how to reduce the attrition rate, 77 percent of respondents suggested such things as increasing tutor and student support, evaluating the tutor-student match, recognizing achievement, or changing the time and/or place of tutoring. When participants were asked to identify what they hoped to be able to read, most said books, newspapers, magazines, mail, or the Bible. Only 10 of the 60 indicated that they wanted to improve their competency in dealing wiLli work-related reading material. (The document contains seven references and two tables.) (CML) ******************************************X**************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** ATTRITION IN URBAN BASIC LITERACY PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES TO INCREASE RETENTION Rita M. Bean Asociate Professor University of Pittsburgh Institute for Practice and Research In Education Jane Partanen Research Associate University of Pittsburgh Institute for Practice and Research in Education Frances Wright Pittsburgh Literacy Initiative Judith Aaronson Pittsburgh Literacy Initiative U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educafinnal Research and imbtosemen, Th. ED CATIONAL RE SOUR (RCES C) INFORMATION CENTEERIs document nes been reproduced as received from the petSon 0, organization or.g.nating .1 (' Moor Changes have been made to improve reproduction Quality Points Of %rev. or °onions Staled .n trfisdoc.0 men? do nOt neCeSsaray epresent official OE RI position or pohCv


Objectives: We designed a multicentric, observational study to test if Procalcitonin (PCT) might be an early and reliable marker of anastomotic leak (AL) after colorectal surgery (ClinicalTrials.govIdentifier:NCT01817647). Background: Procalcitonin is a biomarker used to monitor bacterial infections and guide antibiotic therapy. Anastomotic leak after colorectal surgery is a severe complication associated with relevant short and long-term sequelae. Methods: Between January 2013 and September 2014, 504 patients underwent colorectal surgery, for malignant colorectal diseases, in elective setting. White blood count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP) and PCT levels were measured in 3rd and 5th postoperative day (POD). AL and all postoperative complications were recorded. Results: We registered 28 (5.6%) anastomotic leaks. Specificity and negative predictive value for AL with PCT less than 2.7 and 2.3 ng/mL were, respectively, 91.7% and 96.9% in 3rd POD and 93% and 98.3% in 5th POD. Receiver operating characteristic curve for biomarkers shows that in 3rd POD, PCTand CRP have similar area under the curve (AUC) (0.775 vs 0.772), both better than WBC (0.601); in 5th POD, PCT has a better AUC than CRP and WBC (0.862 vs 0.806 vs 0.611). Measuring together PCT and CRP significantly improves AL diagnosis in 5th POD (AUC: 0.901). Conclusions: PCT and CRP demonstrated to have a good negative predictive value for AL, both in 3rd and in 5th POD. Low levels of PCT, together with low CRP values, seem to be early and reliable markers of AL after colorectal surgery. These biomarkers might be safely added as additional criteria of discharge protocols after colorectal surgery.


In Hungary, public water facilities - drinking water works and wastewater disposal and treatment plants - are operated by companies with a valid water utility licence. During operation, the operator must ensure an organised working schedule, on-call and stand-by service which, in addition to a continuous and reliable service, enables it to intervene immediately in the event of a fault in order to remedy or mitigate operational and environmental damage and to restore service as soon as possible. In many cases, these unplanned interventions can be classified as work with boarding, such as work in manholes or pipelines, repair operations on hydroglobuses (water towers), or even unplanned interventions in waterworks reservoirs. In the course of our work, we summarise the regulation of boarding work in Hungary. We describe the possibilities of employer measures that are part of the regulation. We also compile a list of the most common operations in the water utilities sector and the dangers of boarding, which can be of great help to both those who authorise boarding and those who carry it out.


The construction industry's inherent fragmentation fuels Construction Supply Chain (CSC) complexity. Logistics form an essential part of the CSC in terms of costs and project management. In turn, transportation accounts for more than half the logistics costs due to construction materials being low-cost/high-volume, and most other logistics processes being business processes and not physical ones. Construction transport is almost entirely road bound, one of the least sustainable modes with externalities far out of proportion to its numbers. Ergo, its optimisation presents substantial greening (de-carbonisation) opportunity, with potentially far-reaching sustainability impacts. The ASI (Avoid-Shift-Improve) concept considers activity, modal structure, and energy intensity/efficiency as transport carbon components, providing a fundamental optimisation framework. 93% of New Zealand's freight (a third of it construction related) is road bound, with 99% fossil-fuel (diesel) dependence. Government adoption of ASI elements viz Supply Chain (SC) efficiency, transport optimisation, data/information sharing, and collaboration for transport decarbonisation aligns with Industry 5.0, but seeks further research for concrete implementation pathways. This paper aims to bridge the gap by proposing a research framework for greening of construction transport as a sustainability enabler for New Zealand.


A key device in all-optical networks is the optical filter. A ring resonator filter with an integrated semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) on the basis of GaInAsP-InP has been investigated and fabricated. A required passband shape of loss-compensated ring resonator filters can be custom-designed by the use of multiple coupled resonators. Results of single-, double-, and triple-ring resonators with integrated SOAs with free spectral ranges of 12.5, 25, and 50 GHz, respectively, are presented. A box-like filter response is obtained by the double- and triple-ring resonators using specific coupling coefficients.


Objectives Avoiding harm when patients interact with healthcare services is a global issue. Guidelines are often produced to improve the prescribing and monitoring of medication with a narrow therapeutic index. Adherence to guidelines may not occur in clinical practice. This paper aims to explore the barriers faced by clinical pharmacists and junior doctors when using complex guidelines to support the prescribing and therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin and vancomycin. Methods Twenty-three junior doctors and 27 clinical pharmacists took part in focus groups at four hospital sites in four Scottish health boards between March and July 2011. Focus groups were run separately at each hospital site for the two clinical groups. The data were organised using the framework approach, validated, and a thematic analysis was conducted. Results Five themes emerged to explain barriers to effective initial prescribing and therapeutic drug monitoring, which were divided into two types. Barriers could be a direct result of the content of the guidelines—specifically that clinicians required experience to use the guidelines effectively. Barriers also resulted from a failure in the context in which the guidelines function which was related to insufficient dissemination, communication issues within the hospital site, unmet educational needs and staffing issues. Conclusions Improved patient safety cannot be assumed due to the existence of gentamicin and vancomycin guidelines. The findings of this study highlight the complexities associated with their appropriate use. Future quality improvement strategies must consider where the guidelines will be implemented, and the context in which they will function.


Tourism is an ever-growing service industry with great development potential. It has become one of the most important drivers of socio-economic development worldwide and has attracted interest for research. Many nations rely on tourism industry as a key source for foreign exchange, private sector growth, infrastructure development, and poverty alleviation in terms of employment opportunities and improvement of the welfare of the people in tourist destinations. According to United Nation World Tourism Organization, development agencies and policymakers are increasingly advocating tourism as an effective way to reduce poverty in least-developed countries. However, lack of proper marketing strategies is a challenge in many county governments, posing further challenge in tourism performance. The general objective of the study was to assess the effect of destination marketing on tourism performance in West Pokot County. Specifically, the study sought to establish the influence of awareness creation, developing new markets, advertising and branding on tourism performance in west Pokot County. To achieve these objectives, descriptive research design was used. Target population consisted of employees of hotels, officials of tour firms and officers in the ministry of tourism in the County Government of West Pokot. Purposive sampling technique was used and a total of 41 respondents selected. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established that 41.8 % of the changes in tourism performance in West Pokot County was attributed to destination marketing.  The P- value was 0.000 indicating that destination marketing had a significant influence on  tourism performance of west Pokot County. The study recommends that destination marketing should be promoted by all the stakeholders involved and the funds allocated to destination marketing should be increased. This will promote the performance of tourism since destination marketing increases awareness among domestic and foreign tourists.