Abstract After a short historical summary which shows how today's political and geographic distribution of the German language has evolved, the concept of a pluricentric language is developed, with German being a case in point. Following this, the various - seven to ten - "centers" of the language are outlined, illustrated by maps, with their prominent linguistic, demographic and political features, as a possible approach toward a comprehensive typology of the centers of pluricentric languages. It is argued that each center's specific standard variants, which make it an (autonomous) center of the language, are fully valid and correct within their respective political realm. Furthermore, the Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen is presented as the first comprehensive dictionary of a pluricentric language, containing the entire pluricentric variation of German. It is based on a newly conceived dictionary structure that provides easy access to any pluricentrally relevant linguistic feature. The central topic of the contribution is, however, the level of attraction of the various centers of a pluricentric language as tourist destinations for the inhabitants of the other centers of the same language. The study includes hints at possible methods of exploitation by the tourist industry - a topic also worthy of study for other pluricentric languages.


Pre-trained language models (PLMs) aim to learn universal language representations by conducting self-supervised training tasks on large-scale corpora. Since PLMs capture word semantics in different contexts, the quality of word representations highly depends on word frequency, which usually follows a heavy-tailed distributions in the pre-training corpus. Therefore, the embeddings of rare words on the tail are usually poorly optimized. In this work, we focus on enhancing language model pre-training by leveraging definitions of the rare words in dictionaries (e.g., Wiktionary). To incorporate a rare word definition as a part of input, we fetch its definition from the dictionary and append it to the end of the input text sequence. In addition to training with the masked language modeling objective, we propose two novel self-supervised pre-training tasks on word and sentence-level alignment between input text sequence and rare word definitions to enhance language modeling representation with dictionary. We evaluate the proposed Dict-BERT model on the language understanding benchmark GLUE and eight specialized domain benchmark datasets. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Dict-BERT can significantly improve the understanding of rare words and boost model performance on various NLP downstream tasks.


Monitoring of patient response to the anaesthetic drugs is an attractive improvement for achieving a correct balance of sedation level, increasing the chance of success in the right procedure of anaesthesia. Nowadays, there are no commercial tools able to offer real-time monitoring of anaesthetics, indeed, there is still a lack in sensing technologies able to maintain high performances in long term monitoring within a portable miniaturised hardware system. To overcome these limitations, we are here presenting the innovative concept of a portable pen-device able to sense anaesthetic compounds over time. This study is based on an electrochemical sensor to be fully integrated into a complete pen-shaped point-of-care for the monitoring of anaesthesia delivery. The design of the system is based on a bio-inspired event-based approach that is guaranteeing low complexity, low power consumption and is therefore suitable to be scaled to fit the barrel of a pen. An exhaustive comparison between the proposed system and a lab instrument proves that the presented approach obtains comparable performances in terms of sensitivity and resolution with the ones obtained by expensive commercial instrumentation, meanwhile, the results show a 95% power consumption reduction and a 92% area decrease w.r.t. previously presented implementation.


Two new Eu (III) and Tb (III) complexes material have been prepared by the reaction of Eu (III) and Tb (III) ions with 1-acetyl-2-naphthol-4, 4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone, respectively. The material was characterized by infrared and luminescent spectra. The results indicate that the Eu (III) and Tb (III) complexes material do not exhibit their characteristic luminescence emissions, and only exhibit the fluorescence emission of the ligand in solid. This may be due to the energy gap between the ligand triplet levels and the emitting level of Eu (III) or Tb (III) ions do not favor to the energy transfer process for Eu (III) or Tb (III) ions.


An atmospheric mesoscale numerical model has been developed and applied to the marine atmospheric boundary layer in the vicinity of sharp sea-surface temperature (SST) gradients. The Gulf Stream offshore of Each Central Florida near Cape Canaveral is the region of interest. The model equations which govern atmospheric behavior are based on the basic conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy. A 'primitive' equation formulation is used to produce preliminary predictions of horizontal velocity, potential temperature, and water vapor. The hydrostatic approximation is applied to the vertical momentum conservation equation and the anelastic form of the continuity equation is used to approximate mass conservation. Surface fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture are estimated using high-resolution SST data obtained in near-real time from the AVHRR IR instrument. Interaction of the boundary layer flow with the nearby Central Florida peninsula is simulated by inducing a diurnal sea breeze circulation across the coastline. It is found through a series of simulations that the distribution of sea-surface temperatures influences the boundary layer flow field - especially over the region of the Gulf Stream front and the low level convergence field, which may be an important factor for initiating convective precipitation over the land-water margin and Gulf Stream. The importance of the air-sea or air-land interfaces are thus fully recognized as being crucial to parameterize via remote sensing data in order to proceed with further model developments of the newly developed sea-breeze model. Further examination of methods for estimating surface temperatures of the water and land as well as inclusion of surface gravity wave forcing due to the diurnal sea breeze over the complex land-water margin in the Indian River Lagoon will need to be included in order to utilize the model for future application.


In common with other facets of modern life in the 21st century, the nursing research context is dynamic and constantly changing. It is not only the neophyte researcher who is required to keep abreast of current legislative regulations and frameworks that guide the conduct of research. More experienced researchers also require knowledge and understanding of contemporary research ethics and governance frameworks in order to conduct research and guide students. In designing, operationalising, reporting and disseminating research we ought to aspire to leave 'ethical footprints'. By this I mean that those researchers who follow in our research journey may tread in our foot- prints with the knowledge that the conduct of our research has been ethical.


Mechanically milled pure aluminium powders were fabricated into bulk materials using back pressure equal channel angular consolidation (BP-ECAC) for four or eight passes at 373K. The bulk materials consolidated from 0 h and 4 h mechanically milled powders were characterised by Vickers hardness tests and density measurements. Thermal stability of the consolidated bulk materials was evaluated by isothermal heat treatments at 673K. The as-consolidated bulk material from the 0 h milled (i.e. unmilled) powder showed nearly full density. However, full density was not obtained with the 4 h milled powder even after eight passes. The HV values for the as-consolidated materials fabricated from the 0 h and 4 h milled powders after four passes and from the 4 h milled powder after eight passes were 57, 121 and 136, respectively. Softening was observed in the bulk material consolidated from the 0 h milled powder during the isothermal heat treatment. However, the hardness of the bulk materials consolidated from the 4 h milled powders after four and eight passes increased to maximum values of 137 and 141 after heat treatment for 28 h and 8 h at 673K, respectively. The maximum hardness was maintained for up to 100 h at 673K in both materials. The hardening and thermal stability in the bulk materials from the milled powders are attributable to dispersion strengthening of Al4C3 particles formed by solid-state reaction during the isothermal heat treatment.


Summary 1. Amid signs that estuarine ecosystems are increasingly degraded and may reach new thresholds of irreversible decline, restoration ecologists and coastal managers world-wide have joined the debate on how best to reverse the trends of the recent past. 2. Any meaningful effort at reversal must, however, recognize that humans are an integral part of the landscape, particularly in urban estuarine settings, and that natural resource baselines have permanently shifted. Consequently, the human dimensions component of sustainability science has become an integral part of ecological restoration/rehabilitation planning, and new schema evolving out of coastal governance and management are not only increasingly underpinned by transdisciplinary science, but are beginning to address the sacrifices and compromises that will be necessary to achieve a balance between human uses of estuarine resources and biotic integrity. 3. The challenge will be to preserve ecosystem functions and use natural capital at a variety of scales while simultaneously sustaining local communities, social and formal institutions, economies and markets at the highest levels of system organization. 4. How we manage competing uses while at the same time preserving the dynamic properties and resilience of ecosystems will be a significant test. Current ecosystem management and restoration goals appear to be weighted towards returning and/or preserving natural functions decoupled from system reliability. In human-dominated systems, however, they should be redirected towards goals and mandates to rehabilitate the functions associated with service reliability. 5. Synthesis and applications . If we are to avoid the harsh lessons of the utilization of terrestrial resources, scientists, practitioners and coastal managers will have to find a middle ground between continued economic growth and preservation/conservation of coastal resources. Success will require broad acceptance that humans are as coastally dependent as any part of the biota, and that future plans for managing, restoring and/or rehabilitating estuarine ecosystems must recognize that humans occupy the highest level of the ecological‐cultural landscape.


We discuss Calabi–Yau and fractional Calabi–Yau semiorthogonal components of derived categories of coherent sheaves on smooth projective varieties.
The main result is a general construction of a fractional Calabi–Yau category from a rectangular Lefschetz decomposition and a spherical functor.
We give many examples of applications of this construction and discuss some general properties of Calabi–Yau categories.


Journalists are at the forefront of many dangerous and hazardous situations like wars, crimes, and natural disasters. Recent research in the field of psychology suggests that workers exposed to events like these have potential to develop trauma, which can in turn develop into mental disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder or PTSD. This is why think tank Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma has been backing calls for additional organizational support from media companies for the protection of their journalists from trauma, as a proposed inclusion to the ethical and legal duty of media companies to keep their workers safe. A perceived duty of resilience and stigma attached to mental health however appears to drag efforts of opening up newsrooms to discussions on mental health. This paper thus seeks to contribute to the discussion by providing an ethical analysis on the dilemma. Such an evaluation may pave the way for an understanding on the liability of the concerned parties to the consequence of potential psychological trauma in sending journalists out to cover traumatic events. In the ethical evaluation, it is found that both journalists and media companies have the moral obligation of protecting journalists' mental well-being and among the steps to do so is eradicating the stigma surrounding mental health and resilience in newsrooms. This decision has been based on deontological evaluation of media companies' duty to protect their workers, and the journalists' duty to serve the public interest, as well as a consequentialist evaluation of other possible courses of actions to the dilemma.


This article analyses the way in which il caffe sospeso, an old Italian tradition of giving needy people a free coffee, has become 'suspended coffee', a current trend in the United States. This study explains the Italian phenomenon through Bourdieu's 'classic' theory linked to food as provider of social distinction, distance from reality and culinary capital. To explain the new American model, this article builds on Bourdieu's later work on neo-liberalism. This double theoretical approach enables a double methodological approach. The old Italian practice is investigated through Bourdieu's historical field analysis. The American, neo-liberal model is studied through political economy analysis of websites owned by the companies supporting suspended coffee. The results show that in Italy il caffe sospeso was an opportunity for the donor to gain social distinction thanks to distance from reality, not providing the poor with something more necessary than a coffee. In the United States, private companies have taken hold of this tradition and altered the old relationship between donor and receiver. Giving is no longer spontaneous. Companies advise/force their clients to donate and confer culinary capital to 'elected' customers on their websites, with texts aiming to advertise rather than to inform. In conclusion, neo-liberalism exploits old traditions for commercial reasons.


OBJECTIVE
The study's goal was to determine the ability of risk factors determined before migration to predict future levels of anxiety and depression in a group of Vietnamese Amerasian immigrants.

METHOD
In a cohort of 161 randomly selected Vietnamese Amerasian youth in Vietnam awaiting placement, risk factors for psychological distress were identified with Felsman's 35-item Personal Information Form and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25). Ninety-five members of the original cohort were subsequently reevaluated, again with the HSCL-25, at a Philippine refugee center during their 6-month stay there awaiting placement in the United States.

RESULTS
A statistically significant relationship was found between greater numbers of risk factors identified in Vietnam and higher total symptom levels in the Philippines. The strongest relationship was between greater numbers of risk factors and higher levels of depression. The relationship between number of risk factors and levels of anxiety was not significant.

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates the ability of risk factors determined prior to departure in Vietnam to predict future levels of psychological distress in a group of Vietnamese Amerasian immigrants.


Context. In solar flares, inverse Compton scattering (ICS) of photospheric photons might give rise to detectable hard X-ray photon fluxes from the corona where ambient densities are too low for significant bremsstrahlung or recombination. γ-ray lines and continuum in some large flares imply the presence of the necessary ∼100 MeV electrons and positrons, the latter as by-products of GeV energy ions. Recent observations of coronal hard X-ray sources in particular prompt us to reconsider here the possible contribution of ICS. Aims. We aim to evaluate the ICS X-ray fluxes to be expected from prescribed populations of relativistic electrons and positrons in the solar corona. The ultimate aim is to determine if ICS coronal X-ray sources might offer a new diagnostic window on relativistic electrons and ions in flares. Methods. We use the complete formalism of ICS to calculate X-ray fluxes from possible populations of flare primary electrons and secondary positrons, paying attention to the incident photon angular distribution near the solar surface and thus improving on the assumption of isotropy made in previous solar discussions. Results. Both primary electrons and secondary positrons produce very hard ICS X-ray spectra. The anisotropic primary radiation field results in pronounced centre-to-limb variation in predicted fluxes and spectra, with the most intense spectra, extending to the highest photon energies, expected from limb flares. Acceptable numbers of electrons or positrons could account for RHESSI coronal X/γ-ray sources. Conclusions. Some coronal X-ray sources at least might be interpreted in terms of ICS by relativistic electrons or positrons, particularly when sources appear at such low ambient densities that bremsstrahlung appears implausible.


A 1975 study, confirmed by another one in 2001, found a high positive correlation between class attendance and course grades at the law school level. A study by the author of this article sought to confirm the findings. In third-year courses taught at three law schools, grades earned by students with perfect attendance were compared with grades earned by students whose absenteeism triggered a warning letter. The results confirmed existence of a strong positive correlation between class attendance and grades. Attendance (or non-attendance) affected grades by an average of almost half a grade level.


The notion of "strength of connectedness" between pixels has been successfully used in image segmentation. We present an extension to these works, which can considerably increase the efficiency of object definition tasks. A set of pixels is said a ê-connected component with respect to a seed pixel when the strength of connectedness of any pixel in that set with respect to the seed is higher than or equal to a threshold. While the previous approaches either assume no competition with a single threshold for all seeds or eliminate the threshold for seed competition, we found that seed competition with different thresholds can reduce the number of seeds and the need for user interaction during segmentation. We also propose automatic and user-friendly interactive methods for determining the thresholds. The improvements are demonstrated through several segmentation experiments involving medical images.


In the paper, the feasibility and application modes of Photovoltaic (PV) generation system were studied in Urban Rail Transit (URT). Firstly, the paper estimates the capacity of PV cells installation, and gets the results that PV generation system applied in the URT energy-savings is feasible by studying a typical elevated line of Shanghai URT. And then, in view of the particularity of URT power system and its loads, AC grid-connected mode and DC grid-connected mode are presented, and the grid-connected topology and energy management strategy were developed respectively. The results of simulation and theoretical analysis show that the AC grid-connected mode is simple and its control strategy is mature, but it hasn't energy-savings amplification effect, DC grid-connected mode has energy-savings amplification effect, and can maximize the benefits of PV generation system through the optimization of control strategy. Finally, the key issues in the implementation of DC grid-connected mode were discussed.


element models to compute effective matrix permeability; 3) analysis of fracture data from core, image logs, and outcrop; and 4) integration of field performance, structure, stratigraphy, and lithology. Directional equivalent fracture permeability, porosity, and matrix block dimensions are estimated using discrete fracture network (DFN) and 3D geologic models, while effective matrix permeability is derived using proprietary technology (patent pending). Fracture analysis consists of identifying structural and stratigraphic controls on fracture data from available sources, and then using this knowledge to derive a set of rules to populate a DFN model. Dual-porosity / permeability reservoir simulation models are built in EMpower™ using a similar grid geometry and cell size, effective matrix properties, and DFN-generated fracture properties. Simulation results show a better history match with less iteration than previous models when compared with multiphase production history. In test cases, dual-porosity / permeability models more accurately capture the impact of fractures on fluid flow than do single-medium models.


This article outlines a hybrid approach to the synthesis of percussion sounds. The synthesis method described here combines techniques and concepts from physical modeling and convolution to produce audio synthesis of percussive instruments. This synthesis method not only achieves a high degree of realism in comparison with audio samples but also retains some of the flexibility associated with waveguide physical models. When the results are analyzed, the method exhibits some interesting detailed spectral features that have some aspects in common with the behavior of acoustic percussion instruments. In addition to outlining the synthesis process, the article discusses some of the more creative possibilities inherent in this approach, e.g., the use and free combination of excitation and resonance sources from beyond the realms of the purely percussive examples given.


Carbon nanotubes, nanometer-diameter tubes made of carbon atoms, have garnered significant attention from researchers over the past 15 years due to their outstanding properties such as excellent electronic transport characteristics and mechanical strength. Because of their ability to carry extremely high current densities, their high aspect ratio, and small tip radius that enhances an external electric field greatly, one particularly promising area of interest has been the usage of nanotubes as electron sources. In this article we will try to provide an overview of the subject from various experimental and theoretical angles.


Global oceans are experiencing not only increased levels of human exploitation, but also major changes to
their physics, chemistry and biology. These alarming changes have prompted calls for new and improved conservation
and management tools if the future sustainability of oceanic ecosystems is to be assured. Spatial management, although
widely used in coastal and nearshore environments, is one strategy yet to be adequately considered for open ocean
systems. Resistance to both investigation and implementation of this management approach stems predominantly from
the perception that given the highly dynamic nature of the ocean, adequate protection of both its biological and physical
componentswould require regulation of vast regions.To examine this assertion, a series of reserve networkswere modelled
using the reserve design tool Marxan for an oceanic region off eastern Australia. Consideration was given to a set
of biological, physical and social features. Three distinct management approaches were evaluated; fisheries priority,
conservation priority, and equal fisheries-conservation priority. Reserve solution area requirements ranged from 7 to 26%
of the focus area, falling within the lower end of the range of areas suggested in the published reports. This analysis suggests
that percentage area requirements for oceanic protected areas should not be an impediment to further consideration


This study examines how students can be supported online with their writing while they are outside classroom. Coming from different backgrounds and media of study, many of the undergraduate students of BRAC University face difficulties while writing in English which results in poor grades at the end of the semester. In this research, 25 undergraduate students from six different departments were selected based on a diagnostic test taken in the beginning of the semester. They all were added on three online groups (Wiki, blog and FB) where they have practiced, in addition to the class works, more on basics of academic writing so that they get additional support to bridge up the existing learning gap with their other classmates. Results have shown that students using the online groups have gotten advantages out of the activities. They also have mentioned that they were benefitted by the comments by their peers, though, according to them, a teacher must be monitoring the whole system to optimize the outcome and increase students' participation. This type of research can be replicated in many other institutions provided they have all required facilities in place. Through this study, English language teaching and learning takes a new form and hundreds of students learn English language with supports from their teacher and peers online.


Ofgrowing debate among those concerned with American political culture and democratic theory is the modern conception ofliberal democratic theory. This work attempts to broaden our understanding ofdemocracy. I will argue that modern liberalism has narrowed our conception ofindividual liberty. This narrowedfocus has produce a reliance on the use ofpublic regulation and interest group pressure as substitutes for civic engagement. In an attempt to move past a mere critique ofnarrow liberalism, this essay will develop a research design and an empirical test to measure our current political culture's support for a robust democracy and its future prospects of development.


Abortion laws offer a point of entry for "the state" to intervene in intimate clinical matters. In this article, I explore the various uses of scripts and scripting in state-mandated abortion counseling following the implementation of North Carolina's (2011) Woman's "Right to Know" Act. The law mandates that women receive counseling with specific, state-prescribed information at least 24 hours prior to an abortion. Drawing on interviews with abortion providers in North Carolina, I analyze how the meaning of scripting shifts across different clinical and bureaucratic contexts and show that abortion providers perceived themselves to be scripted by "the state" even though their words were not explicitly chosen by lawmakers. Thus, rather than viewing the law merely as a product of North Carolina legislative activity, I argue that abortion providers also help to create the law, and its social and moral power, by interpreting and enacting it. However, abortion providers also revealed creative strategies for "scripting dissent" from the law—that is, rejecting, challenging, or otherwise subverting the state's ideological message. This demonstrates that the linguistic force of the script stretches beyond its textual meaning to encompass the way it is performed within a particular context and how it is sometimes used for unexpected ends. [abortion, reproduction, biopolitics, the state, law, medicine, United States]


Education is one of the main battlegrounds between religious and non religious people. There are three major sets of challenges: the challenge from religious symbols in the classroom, the challenge from religious syllabuses in schools, and the challenge from students' selection at the entrance. I propose a model to deal with these issues, which I call "Classroom as a Tolerance Lab," and which I distinguish from more conventional constitutional strategies of fitting diversity such as Integration and Accommodation. The Tolerance Lab promotes social cohesion by creating actual spaces where mutual understanding between religious and non-religious people is possible.


The wide proliferation of wireless systems and the use of software radio technologies enables the employment of a heterogeneous network. In this concept services are delivered via the network that is most efficient for that service. Our solution is based on a common core network that interconnects access points of various wireless access points. A mobile host can apply multiple different access networks simultaneously to increase capacity or efficiency. Furthermore, a basic access network, separated from other wireless access networks, is used as a means for wireless system discovery, signaling and paging. Quality of Service is of prominent importance due to the heterogeneous environment and the characteristics of the wireless channel. This paper describes the concepts of our architecture, and presents an overview of the architecture.


Angiosarcoma is a rare form of sarcoma that is rarely associated with paraneoplastic syndromes. Its association with increased Erythropoietin (EPO) secretion has only been reported in one case. We report the case of a 73-year-old female patient presenting with a mass on the parotid gland, which was identified to be an angiosarcoma, demonstrated through biopsy and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan. The laboratory studies demonstrated elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, with a markedly increased serum erythropoietin level. The workup for primary polycythemia was negative. The patient was treated with immediate phlebotomy on 3 occasions and then started paclitaxel, initially alone and then erythropoietin levels normalized. The repeat PET scan after the third cycle of paclitaxel showed a mixed response with improved size of the mass but increased intensity probably a reflection of the inflammatory response from chemotherapy. These findings suggest that the patient's polycythemia was secondary to increased erythropoietin secretion from her angiosarcoma


The development of information and communication technologies is the dominant factor for the sustainable development of society. Problems of information security are of fundamental importance for the society. To achieve the required levels of security of the information a highly qualified personnel is needed. In this regard increased attention is paid to the training of specialists in this field, based on the continuous improvement of the educational process. The paper presents one of the classical ciphers in cryptography, the trifid cipher, a type of cipher that was used historically but now has fallen into disuse. Most classical ciphers can be practically computed and solved by hand. They are also usually very simple to break with modern technologies. In classical cryptography, the trifid cipher extends the concept of the bifid cipher to a third dimension, allowing each symbol to be fractionated into three elements instead of two. The trifid cipher turns them into coordinates on a 3×3×3 cube. As with the bifid cipher, this is then combined with transposition to achieve a higher degree of diffusion because each output symbol depends on three input symbols instead of two. Thus the trifid cipher was the first practical trigraphic substitution. The paper describes a modified algorithm for implementing the trifid cipher where 64-symbol alphabet (Latin letters, decimal digits and punctuation signs) is used and each symbol is fractionated into three elements turned into coordinates on a 4×4×4 cube. The paper presents MATLAB-based software tool implementing encryption and decryption of English texts using the trifid cipher and 64-symbol alphabet. The tool will be used in the course "Telecommunication Security" by students of the specialty "Telecommunication Systems" for the Bachelor degree at the University of Ruse.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, yet no treatment effectively prevents, halts or reverses the disease. Progress in developing treatments is hampered by the extensive time required for traditional mouse models of AD to age before displaying histological hallmarks of AD. We set out to test whether a novel transgenic model of AD using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans may be used to more rapidly determine efficacy of candidate treatments through high throughput screening of behaviors. Our lab previously showed that antagonists for the conserved Sigma-2 receptor (Sig2R) are protective against agedependent degeneration of cholinergic neurons caused by the human plaque protein, amyloid precursor protein (APP), in this model. To investigate how inhibition of Sig2R protects neurons, we tested whether knockdown of Sig2R via RNA interference prevented decline of two behaviors that depend on these cholinergic neurons. We found that RNAi treatment normalized one of the two behaviors in this AD model suggesting that the antagonists act against the Sig2R in vivo for neuroprotection. The success of this study suggests that this behavioral readout might be used to screen for additional pharmaceutical and genetic modifiers of Sig2R on neurodegeneration. In addition to developing this high throughput behavioral screening, we also built transgene components to generate an improved second generation C. elegans model of AD that conveniently tags the APP protein with mCherry for in vivo fluorescent visualization. Our results set the stage for further drug discovery using our C. elegans models of AD.


Abstract. In this paper, a methodology to analyse observed sea level rise (SLR) in the German Bight, the shallow south-eastern part of the North Sea, is presented. The paper focuses on the description of the methods used to generate and analyse mean sea level (MSL) time series. Parametric fitting approaches as well as non-parametric data adaptive filters, such as Singular System Analysis (SSA) are applied. For padding non-stationary sea level time series, an advanced approach named Monte-Carlo autoregressive padding (MCAP) is introduced. This approach allows the specification of uncertainties of the behaviour of smoothed time series near the boundaries. As an example, the paper includes the results from analysing the sea level records of the Cuxhaven tide gauge and the Heligoland tide gauge, both located in the south-eastern North Sea. For comparison, the results from analysing a worldwide sea level reconstruction are also presented. The results for the North Sea point to a weak negative acceleration of SLR since 1844 with a strong positive acceleration at the end of the 19th century, to a period of almost no SLR around the 1970s with subsequent positive acceleration and to high recent rates.


Objectives: Given the call for more interdisciplinary research in public health, the objectives of this study were to (1) examine the correlates of interdisciplinary dissertation completion and (2) identify secondary fields most common among interdisciplinary public health graduates. Methods: We analyzed pooled cross-sectional data from 11 120 doctoral graduates in the Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2003-2015. The primary outcome was interdisciplinary dissertation completion. Covariates included primary public health field, sociodemographic characteristics, and institutional attributes. Results: From 2003 to 2015, a total of 4005 of 11 120 (36.0%) doctoral graduates in public health reported interdisciplinary dissertations, with significant increases observed in recent years. Compared with general public health graduates, graduates of environmental health (odds ratio [OR] = 1.74; P < .001) and health services administration (OR = 1.38; P < .001) doctoral programs were significantly more likely to report completing interdisciplinary dissertation work, whereas graduates from biostatistics (OR = 0.51; P < .001) and epidemiology (OR = 0.76; P < .001) were less likely to do so. Completing an interdisciplinary dissertation was associated with being male, a non-US citizen, a graduate of a private institution, and a graduate of an institution with high but not the highest level of research activity. Many secondary dissertation fields reported by interdisciplinary graduates included other public health fields. Conclusion: Although interdisciplinary dissertation research among doctoral graduates in public health has increased in recent years, such work is bounded in certain fields of public health and certain types of graduates and institutions. Academic administrators and other stakeholders may use these results to inform greater interdisciplinary activity during doctoral training and to evaluate current and future collaborations across departments or schools.


Abstract. We propose a simple model of the flow and currents in Saturn's polar ionosphere. This model is motivated by theoretical reasoning, and guided quantitatively by in situ field and flow data from space missions, ground-based IR Doppler measurements, and Hubble Space Telescope images. The flow pattern consists of components which represent (1) plasma sub-corotation in the middle magnetosphere region resulting from plasma pick-up and radial transport from internal sources; (2) the Vasyliunas-cycle of internal plasma mass-loss down the magnetospheric tail at higher latitudes; and (3) the polar Dungey-cycle flow driven by the solar wind interaction. Upstream measurements of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) indicate the occurrence of both extended low-field rarefaction intervals with essentially negligible Dungey-cycle flow, and few-day high-field compression regions in which the Dungey-cycle voltage peaks at a few hundred kV. Here we model the latter conditions when the Dungey-cycle is active, advancing on previous axi-symmetric models which may be more directly applicable to quiet conditions. For theoretical convenience the overall flow pattern is constructed by adding together two components - a purely rotational flow similar to previous axi-symmetric models, and a sun-aligned twin vortex representing the dawn-dusk asymmetry effects associated with the Vasyliunas-and Dungey-cycle flows. We calculate the horizontal ionospheric current associated with the flow and the field-aligned current from its divergence. These calculations show that a sheet of upward-directed field-aligned current flows at the boundary of open field lines which is strongly modulated in local-time by the Dungey-cycle flows. We then consider implications of the field-aligned current for magnetospheric electron acceleration and aurorae using two plasma source populations (hot outer magnetospheric electrons and cool dense magnetosheath electrons). Both sources display a strong dawn-dusk asymmetry in the accelerating voltages required and the energy fluxes produced, resulting from the corresponding asymmetry in the current. The auroral intensities for the outer magnetosphere source are typically ~50 kR at dawn and ~5 kR at dusk, in conformity with recent auroral observations under appropriate conditions. However, those for the magnetosheath source are much smaller. When the calculated precipitating electron energy flux values are integrated across the current layer and around the open closed field line boundary, this yields total UV output powers of ~10 GW for the hot outer magnetosphere source, which also agrees with observations.


A one-year study (November 2000 – November 2001) of internal and external parasites of the black sea bass, Centropristis striata from a wild population offshore Sapelo Island examined the seasonal dynamics of parasites in relationship to black sea bass health. Over a twelve-month period, parasite abundance and prevalence was recorded and compared to the physiology of the fish. At least fifteen fish were collected monthly and sampled for internal and external parasites. This study on black sea bass from Georgia revealed nine species (two internal and seven external) of parasites which may have the capability of causing epizootics in aquacultural operations. The biology of the black sea bass is reviewed including age, growth, and reproduction; and biological aspects relevant to management of future aquaculture of the black sea bass are discussed. INDEX WORDS: Black sea bass, Centropristis striata, Parasites, Copepods, Nematodes, Trematodes, Aquaculture PARASITES OF THE BLACK SEA BASS, CENTROPRISTIS STRIATA


AIM: To determine the sensitivity to metronidazol, clarithromycin, amoxicillin and tetracycline of strains of Helicobacter pylori isolated in a prospective series of patients referred to a university hospital in Seville for endoscopic examination. METHODS: During the period from March 1998 to July 1999 we studied 117 patients with ulcer. The diagnosis of bacterial infection was based on the rapid urease test, histological study, Gram staining or culture of gastric biopsy material (from the antrum and corpus) obtained during gastroscopy. Susceptibility studies were done with the diffusion method using E-test strips. RESULTS: Helicobacter pylori infection was found in 64 patients. A total of 58 strains were grown, 40 of which were from patients who had received no previous treatment to eradicate the infection (69%), and 18 of which were from patients who had failed one or more eradication therapies (31%). In the first group, metronidazol resistance was found in 42%, clarithromycin resistance in 13%, and resistance to both in 10% of the patients. In the second group these rates were 39%, 44% and 17% respectively, and one strain was found which was also resistant to tetracyclines (2%). No strains resistant to amoxicillin were found. CONCLUSIONS: We found high rates of resistance, especially to clarithromycin, and especially in patients who had received previous eradication therapy. Empirical treatments should use effective antimicrobials and avoid regimens based on a single antibiotic. Culture of gastric biopsy samples provides information on the resistance to antimicrobials in a given setting, and this information can be used to develop the most rational treatment for the infection.


The main topic of this thesis is elastic image registration for biomedical applications. We start with an overview and classification of existing registration techniques. We revisit the landmark interpolation which appears in the landmark-based registration techniques and add some generalizations. We develop a general elastic image registration algorithm. It uses a grid of uniform B-splines to describe the deformation. It also uses B-splines for image interpolation. Multiresolution in both image and deformation model spaces yields robustness and speed. First we describe a version of this algorithm targeted at finding unidirectional deformation in EPI magnetic resonance images. Then we present the enhanced and generalized version of this algorithm which is significantly faster and capable of treating multidimensional deformations. We apply this algorithm to the registration of SPECT data and to the motion estimation in ultrasound image sequences. A semi-automatic version of the registration algorithm is capable of accepting expert hints in the form of soft landmark constraints. Much fewer landmarks are needed and the results are far superior compared to pure landmark registration. In the second part of this thesis, we deal with the problem of generalized sampling and variational reconstruction. We explain how to reconstruct an object starting from several measurements using arbitrary linear operators. This comprises the case of traditional as well as generalized sampling. Among all possible reconstructions, we choose the one minimizing an a priori given quadratic variational criterion. We give an overview of the method and present several examples of applications. We also provide the mathematical details of the theory and discuss the choice of the variational criterion to be used.


The work is devoted to description of unsteady thermal processes in lowdimensional materials. One-dimensional harmonic crystals with alternating masses and stiffnesses are considered. Analytical solution demonstrates the ballistic nature of heat propagation, which is confirmed by numerical simulations based on the particle dynamics method. It is shown that temperature distribution propagates as two consecutive thermal fronts with finite speed, and its initial shape is preserved.


'Teachers expect parents to teach you. Parents expect teachers to teach you. So actually you learn nothing and nobody wants to talk about it'. This quote from this research study is an adolescent girls' cry for liberation from the silence related to sexuality because of the general reluctance of adults to talk to them about it. Given the growing concerns raised about the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in South Africa, the aim of this study was to conduct research with adolescent girls as subjects in order for girls' voices to enhance adult researchers' understanding of children's need for support and guidance in the context of sexuality education. The purposively selected sample included 75 participants from three diverse high schools in the Western Cape. The research was conducted using a phenomenological approach that values the lived experiences of participants as significant in contributing to the knowledge on adolescent sexuality. A qualitative interpretative research design was applied to collect the data. This article argues that adults cannot help adolescents in their sexual emancipation – to be free – if they themselves are not free. If they were free, they would have been able and willing to engage with adolescents in every aspect, which includes their sexuality. Including adolescent girls as partners in transforming sexuality education is presented as a core principle for the sexual emancipation of both adolescent girls and adults.


The hematopoietic function of the bone marrow of renal patients and influences of azotemia on the normal bone marrow were studied by means of clinical bone marrow tissue culture. The results obtained are as follows. 1) The marrow myelopoietic function of nephrotic patients was increased, when normal human serum was added to the medium. 2) The myelopoietic function in acute glomerulonephritis showed no significant change in regard to the cell density index but the relative growth rate and cellular migratory velocity were slightly decreased, when the bone marrow was cultured in a medium containing normal human serum. 3) When the bone marrow from patients with chronic glomerulonephritis was cultured in a medium containing normal human serum, the marrow function became activated in a slightly elevated NPN group while it became dep. essed in a highly elevated NPN group. 4) The bone marrow from uremic patients cultured in a medium containing normal human serum showed a growth pattern simulating that of hypoplastic anemia. The relative growth rate was half the control value and the migratory velocity of neutrophilic cells and cell density index were markedly decreased. 5) The bone marrow from patients with chronic renal insufficiency was cultured, to investigate the megakaryocytic function, in a medium containing normal human serum. There was reduction in both megakaryocyte number and percentage of motile forms of megakaryocytes appearing in the growth zone. 6) The normal bone marrow showed a reduced relative growth rate and migratory velocity of neutrophilic cells, when cultured in a medium containing azotemic serum. 7) Similarly, the megakaryocytic function became depressed by an addition of azotemic serum to the medium. From the evifence obtained, it appears that azotemia accompanying chronic renal insufficiency exerts a depressing action on both myelopoietic and megakaryocytic functions. It is conceivable that the bone marrow under such an inhibitory action of a long standing will gradually show a transition to a hypoplastic state.


A dynamic general equilibrium model of a small open economy is presented where agents may choose the frequency of price changes. A fixed exchange rate is compared to inflation targeting and money targeting. A fixed rate generates more price flexibility than the other regimes when the expenditure switching effect is relatively weak, while money targeting generates more flexibility when the expenditure switching effect is strong. These endogenous changes in price flexibility can lead to changes in the welfare performance of regimes. But, for the model calibration considered here, the extra price flexibility generated by a peg does not compensate for the loss of monetary independence. Inflation targeting yields the highest welfare level despite generating the least price flexibility of the three regimes considered.


The influence of fluid mobility on seismic velocity dispersion is directly observed in laboratory measurements from seismic to ultrasonic frequencies. A forceddeformation system is used in conjunction with pulse transmission to obtain elastic properties at seismic strain amplitude (10 −7 ) from 5 Hz to 800 kHz. Varying fluid types and saturations document the influence of pore-fluids. The ratio of rock permeability to fluid viscosity defines mobility, which largely controls pore-fluid motion and pore pressure in a porous medium. High fluid mobility permits pore-pressure equilibrium either between pores or between heterogeneous regions, resulting in a low-frequency domain where Gassmann's equations are valid. In contrast, low fluid mobility can produce strong dispersion, even within the seismic band. Here, the low-frequency assumption fails. Since most rocks in the general sedimentary section have very low permeability and fluid mobility (shales, siltstones, tight limestones, etc.), most rocks are not in the lowfrequency domain, even at seismic frequencies. Only those rocks with high permeability (porous sands and carbonates) will remain in the low-frequency domain in the seismic or sonic band.


ABSTRACT Over the last quarter-century, an increasing number of artists have been variously engaging the public in artworks addressing the anthropogenic phenomenon known as climate change. Focusing specifically on works developed in the fields of visual arts, performance and new media, and on a body of theory attempting to distinguish between terms such as nature, landscape, weather, climate and environment, this article aims to offer an exploration of how these works, by adopting, often concurrently, three strategies—representation, performance and mitigation—affect our understanding of our changing relationship to nature and climate.


OBJECTIVES
Vulnerable populations in underserved communities are disproportionately at high risk for multiple medical, dental, and behavioral health conditions. This study aims to: a) examine the occurrence of acute dental needs and b) investigate the association of acute dental needs and self-rated general and mental health status among the adult dentate health center population.

METHODS
This cross-sectional study analyzed data on adult patients (n = 5,035) from the 2014 Health Center Patient Survey, a nationally representative survey of health center patients. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association of acute dental needs and a) self-rated general health status and b) mental health status.

RESULTS
Approximately, two thirds of adult dentate heath center patients reported having an acute dental need. After adjusting for confounding factors, not having or having had health insurance that pays for dental care, general health status of fair or poor, and ever having a mental illness were associated with higher odds of having an acute dental need.

CONCLUSIONS
The results highlight the role of health centers in addressing oral health disparities among vulnerable populations and the importance of a team-based multidisciplinary approach to ensuring the integration and coordination of oral health services within a comprehensive primary care delivery system.


Born out of management practice, the principles of TQM (total quality management) have had a profound and unparalleled impact on modern business history. However, as a body of practical knowledge, TQM has been largely atheoretical. As a consequence, this important management philosophy has remained amorphous and shrouded in considerable conceptual haziness and ambiguity. Recent theorizing, primarily emphasizing the application of organizational behaviour theories to TQM, has begun to provide greater clarity, but much work remains to be done. This paper attempts to contribute to this nascent theory-building literature by employing theory from market process economics (MPE), namely, Austrian and evolutionary economics, which explains how processes of dynamic change, adaptation, and learning are driven by entrepreneurial creativity. We contend that the patterns in this body of theory match, to a remarkable degree, the patterns of practical knowledge contained in the TQM literature. We demonstrate this 'pattern-matching' by showing that MPE effectively provides the theoretical underpinnings of TQM's three main principles — customer focus, continuous improvement and teamwork — as well as the respective TQM topics of customer perceptions, adaptation in dynamic environments, and knowledge creation. Having established MPE as a credible theoretical lens for interpreting TQM, it can be used to clarify fuzzy areas that have remained in the TQM literature with the potential to take us beyond what we know now. We illustrate this with three examples that show how we can resolve debates in TQM over incentive systems, recognize that TQM embraces methodological pluralism in the collection and analysis of data, and highlight hidden dangers that attend benchmarking. While MPE has no monopoly on theoretical interpretations of TQM, it is unique in its ability to comprehensively cover the incredible breadth of this practical body of knowledge, and in its interpretation of TQM as a dynamic economic endeavour.


Accepting the role for cognitive transmission means recognizing that humans are not empty slate at birth. The basic assumption is that every human being is born by bringing fitrah and equipped with various potentials and abilities that are different from other humans. With that provision, he then learns: first through things that can be sensed by using his five senses as a window of knowledge; then gradually from things that can be sensed to the abstract, and from what can be seen to be understood. This study aims to describe the concept of cognitive learning processes in Islamic perspectives between contradictions and contradictions with the western cognitive learning concept. From the results of the discussion it was concluded that: cognitive learning and teaching are more responsive to the power of their instincts because they are purely related to the ability to develop rational abilities (reason). Many found contradictions and defects in their theories, so that revisions and emerging new theories of cognitive succession. While in Islam there is only one verse "And Allah takes you out of your mother's stomach in a state of not knowing anything, and He gives you hearing, sight and heart, so that you are grateful" (An Nahl: 78) is able to break the concept of response to the instinctive power in terms this is called scular and in Islam there has never been a secular tradition that separates religion from life


BACKGROUND
As a result of the pressure on hospital budgets, the Academic Medical Center Amsterdam (AMC) is forced to reorganize the operations of inpatients' services during the upcoming years. In the Women's and Children's Inpatient Clinic (WCC) of the AMC, an area for improvement is matching patient demand and supply of care. Currently, the number of nurses staffed in a shift is not aligned with the number of patients on a ward. Performance measurement indicates that this frequently led to over- and understaffing of nurses in 2012. As a result of frequent understaffing, nursing coverage guidelines set by the AMC were not reached and quality of care was not guaranteed. In the AMC, two mathematical models are developed to improve nurse staffing: the hourly bed census (HBC) model (Kortbeek et al. 2012a) and the nurse staffing (NS) model (Kortbeek et al. 2012b). The HBC model predicts the number of occupied beds (bed census) based on the surgical schedule and arrival patterns of acute patients. The NS model determines efficient nurse staffing levels while guaranteeing nurse coverage for two staffing policies: staffing on bed census predictions and staffing on bed census predictions with the deployment of flexible nurses. The models are developed for the surgical inpatient care units of the AMC. To get insight whether these models are widely applicable to other wards to minimize over- and understaffing, we research the application of these models to the wards of the WCC. Therefore, the research objective is:
Research the potential of applying the available mathematical models, which are developed for flexible nurse staffing for the surgical inpatient care units of the AMC, to minimize overstaffing and understaffing in the Women's and Children's Inpatient Clinic
APPROACH
To research the potential of the models, we required data of the WCC to use the methods of the HBC and NS model. The available data of our case study differed from the data of the surgical inpatient care units, which led to several limitations while applying the models. We encountered the limitation that the HBC model is not able to work with a surgical schedule from which patients of one surgery block can be admitted to various wards. This is the situation in the WCC and results in the inability to calculate bed census predictions based on an upcoming surgical schedule. Although the HBC model cannot be used to predict bed census in the future, we decided to manipulate historical surgical schedules in such way that the HBC model can be applied. The results of the application indicate which improvements are possible when the HBC model is usable for all surgical schedules.
RESULTS
This study resulted in insight in the limitations of the HBC and NS model. The main limitation is that the HBC model cannot be applied as a prediction tool for all surgical schedules. We were not able to overcome this limitation and use the HBC model as a prediction tool. Therefore, we decided to perform experiments with the HBC and NS model based on a historical surgical schedule and historical data. We used three wards of the WCC: Teenagers, Older Children, and Pediatric Surgery
iii
and Infants. Results showed that the two staffing policies resulted in a consistent high coverage and that a reduction in the number of FTEs is possible.
RECOMMENDATIONS
We recommend to research the possibilities how to make the model usable for all surgical schedules. A method must be developed to use the HBC model in situations where patients from one surgery block can be admitted to various wards. If the model can be adapted to these situations, the HBC and NS models can be used as prediction tools in the WCC.
We were unable to predict the required nurse staffing levels for the future to minimize under- and overstaffing with the HBC and NS model. Therefore, we recommend the AMC's WCC to start with structurally analyzing the historical bed census of the wards. We analyzed the situation in 2012 where a fixed number of nurses is staffed from Monday to Friday while the week patterns in historical bed census show large fluctuations. Therefore, we recommend to analyze the week patterns of 2013 and determine what improvements are possible in adapting nurse staffing levels for 2014 based on these patterns. In this way, wards can improve the alignment of care supply and patient demand.


SUMMARY The art of pastoral care may be difficult to describe but we know that the ability to measure and describe the process of becoming a clinically trained, professional pastoral care provider is possible. Within the Association for Clinical Pastoral Education we have developed standards that spell out the competencies needed to complete the desired skill outcomes. Instead of diluting the meaning of pastoral care, this movement has strengthened the training, at least for many supervisors, students and seminaries. I argue that being able to understand with more precision what we do and how we do it could only enhance the practice of our art and the understanding by others of what that art might look like.


Human capital and its management are important because give the possibility to organizations to use more productively the personnel by means of measurements, analysis and evaluations than by suppositions. We notice in parallel that the increasing interest towards human capital of the company is more and more obvious. The success, the performance and competition of the companies depend in great measure on the content and quality of human capital management, That is why, the key-word of human capital and its management must be: investment in people, competencies, engagement and equally equity in redistributing and attribution, equilibrium in family and professional life, perspective in evolution. It is the field of the relation employer- employee, it was winner- winner, and that who gives opens in front of as it should develop the care towards the human being.


Three novel low-dimensional open-germanates, denoted as SU-71, SU-72 and SU-73, were synthesized by solvothermal methods and their structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The structures of SU-71, SU-72 and SU-73 are all built from Ge7X19 (X = O, OH or F) clusters that are connected according to the topologies related to the 44 net. SU-71 has a layered structure following the 44 net, SU-72 contains 2D slabs with unprecedented crescent-shaped 23-ring channels and SU-73 consists of zero-dimensional (0D) open nanoballs. SU-71 and SU-72 were both synthesized using 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine (AEP) as the organic structure directing agent, while pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) was used for the synthesis of SU-73. All three phases form in the presence of HF, which promotes the formation of the Ge7X19 cluster. A comparison of the related structures reveals a relationship between the orientation of the Ge7X19 building units and the curvature of the 44 net layer.


The Wind Turbine industry continues to drive towards high market penetrationand profitability. In order to keep Wind Turbines in field for as long as possiblecomputational analysis tools are required. The open source tool QBlade[38] softwarewas extended to now contain routines to analyse the structural properties of WindTurbine blades. This was achieved using 2D integration methods and a Tapered Euler-Bernoulli beam element in order to find the mode shapes and 2D sectional properties.This was a key step towards integrating the National Renewable Energy LaboratoriesFAST package[32] which has the ability to analyse Aeroelastic Responses. The QFEMmodule performed well for the test cases including: hollow isotropic blade, rotatingbeam and tapered beam. Some improvements can be made to the torsion estimationof the 2D sections but this has no effect on the mode shapes required for the FASTsimulations.


GW Boo is a relatively bright (V-mag ~ 10.2) eclipsing W UMa binary system (P = 0.513544 d) which has surprisingly escaped detailed study since the first monochromatic light curve (LC) was published in 2003. LC data collected in 2011 and 2017 (B, V and Ic) at UnderOak Observatory (UO), produced eight new times-of-minimum for GW Boo which were used along with other eclipse timings from the literature to update the linear ephemeris. Secular variations (P3 ~ 10.5y) in the orbital period suggested the possibility of a gravitationally bound third body. Roche modeling to produce synthetic LC fits to the observed data was accomplished using phoebe 0.31a and wdwint 56a. In order to achieve the best synthetic fits to the multi-color LCs collected in 2011 and 2017 cool spot(s) were added to the Roche model.


ABSTRACT VifIIIB, which has been a standard model for the viral infectivity factor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), binds the cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (A3G) and induces its degradation, thereby precluding its lethal incorporation into assembling virions. Additionally, VifIIIB less efficiently degrades A3F, another potent anti-HIV-1 cytidine deaminase. Although the APOBEC3 paralogs A3A, A3B, and A3C have weaker anti-HIV-1 activities and are only partially degraded by VifIIIB, we found that VifIIIB induces their emigration from the nucleus to the cytosol and thereby causes net increases in the cytosolic concentrations and anti-HIV-1 activities of A3A and A3B. In contrast, some other Vifs, exemplified by VifHXB2 and VifELI-1, much more efficiently degrade and thereby neutralize all APOBEC3s. Studies focused mainly on A3F imply that it occurs associated with mRNA-PABP1 in translationally active polysomes and to a lesser extent in mRNA processing bodies (P-bodies). A3F appears to stabilize the P-bodies with which it is associated. A correspondingly small proportion of VifIIIB also localizes in P-bodies in an A3F-dependent manner. Stress causes A3A, A3B, A3C, and A3F to colocalize efficiently with VifIIIB and mRNA-PABP1 complexes in stress granules in a manner that is prevented by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of translational elongation. Coimmunoprecipitation studies suggest that Vifs from different HIV-1 isolates associate with all tested APOBEC3s. Thus, Vifs interact closely with structurally diverse APOBEC3s, with effects on their subcellular localization, degradation rates, and antiviral activities. Cytosolic APOBEC3-Vif complexes are predominantly bound to mRNAs that dynamically move between translationally active and storage or processing pools.


It is often difficult to determine which of the sequence and structural differences between divergent members of multigene families are functionally important. Here we use a laboratory evolution approach to determine functionally important structural differences between two distantly related disulfide isomerases, DsbC and DsbG from Escherichia coli. Surprisingly, we found single amino acid substitutions in DsbG that were able to complement dsbC in vivo and have more DsbC-like isomerase activity in vitro. Crystal structures of the three strongest point mutants, DsbG K113E, DsbG V216M, and DsbG T200M, reveal changes in highly surface-exposed regions that cause DsbG to more closely resemble the distantly related DsbC. In this case, laboratory evolution appears to have taken a direct route to allow one protein family member to complement another, with single substitutions apparently bypassing much of the need for multiple changes that took place over ≈0.5 billion years of evolution. Our findings suggest that, for these two proteins at least, regions important in determining functional differences may represent only a tiny fraction of the overall protein structure.


This datasheet on Perilla frutescens covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Biology & Ecology, Uses, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Food Quality, Food Safety, Economics, Further Information.


In this, the first of three papers, we present the sequence of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of Drosophila melanogaster. The gene regions of D. melanogaster rDNA encode four individual rRNAs: 18S (1,995 nt), 5.8S (123 nt), 2S (30 nt), and 28S (3,945 nt). The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeat of D. melanogaster is AT rich (65.9% overall), with the spacers being particularly AT rich. Analysis of DNA simplicity reveals that, in contrast to the intergenic spacer (IGS) and the external transcribed spacer (ETS), most of the rRNA gene regions have been refractory to the action of slippage-like events, with the exception of the 28S rRNA gene expansion segments. It would seem that the 28S rRNA can accommodate the products of slippage-like events without loss of activity. In the following two papers we analyze the effects of sequence divergence on the evolution of (1) the 28S gene "expansion segments" and (2) the 28S and 18S rRNA secondary structures among eukaryotic species, respectively. Our detailed analyses reveal, in addition to unequal crossing-over, (1) the involvement of slippage and biased mutation in the evolution of the rDNA multigene family and (2) the molecular coevolution of both expansion segments and the nucleotides involved with compensatory changes required to maintain secondary structures of RNA.


PURPOSE
To determine whether the severity of the radiographic appearance of oligemia correlates with the severity of cardiac dysfunction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Nine readers graded a set of 25 chest radiographs (15 cases of aortic valve disease [AVD], 10 control cases without AVD) for blood volume and ventricular size. Blood volume was graded on a scale of -3 (severe hyperemia) to 0 (normovolemia) to +3 (severe oligemia). Ventricular size was graded on a scale of 0 (normal) to 3 (massively enlarged). The oligemia and ventricular size grades were added to yield the radiographic severity index. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, stroke volume, and cardiac output were measured at the time of catheterization.

RESULTS
The five more experienced readers achieved good nonchance agreement (kappa = 0.48; P < .001). They were unanimous in scoring 12 cases as oligemic; variations occurred only in severity assessments. Oligemia was due to emphysema in one case and to AVD in 11. In oligemic cases, radiographic severity correlated significantly with wedge pressure (r = 0.93, P < .001) and pulmonary arterial pressure (r = 0.93, P < .002).

CONCLUSION
Many cases of AVD show oligemia. The severity of oligemia correlates well with hemodynamic abnormality. Oligemia may be caused by atrial-pulmonary-vascular reflex vasoconstriction, low right ventricular output, and possibly high levels of atrial natriuretic factor.


Background We previously demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of pentosan polysulfate (PPS) in a rat model of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type VI. Reduction of inflammation, reduction of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) storage, and improvement in the skeletal phenotype were shown. Herein, we evaluate the long-term safety and therapeutic effects of PPS in a large animal model of a different MPS type, MPS I dogs. We focused on the arterial phenotype since this is one of the most consistent and clinically significant features of the model. Methodology/Principal Findings MPS I dogs were treated with daily oral or biweekly subcutaneous (subQ) PPS at a human equivalent dose of 1.6 mg/kg for 17 and 12 months, respectively. Safety parameters were assessed at 6 months and at the end of the study. Following treatment, cytokine and GAG levels were determined in fluids and tissues. Assessments of the aorta and carotid arteries also were performed. No drug-related increases in liver enzymes, coagulation factors, or other adverse effects were observed. Significantly reduced IL-8 and TNF-alpha were found in urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). GAG reduction was observed in urine and tissues. Increases in the luminal openings and reduction of the intimal media thickening occurred in the carotids and aortas of PPS-treated animals, along with a reduction of storage vacuoles. These results were correlated with a reduction of GAG storage, reduction of clusterin 1 staining, and improved elastin integrity. No significant changes in the spines of the treated animals were observed. Conclusions PPS treatment led to reductions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and GAG storage in urine and tissues of MPS I dogs, which were most evident after subQ administration. SubQ administration also led to significant cytokine reductions in the CSF. Both treatment groups exhibited markedly reduced carotid and aortic inflammation, increased vessel integrity, and improved histopathology. We conclude that PPS may be a safe and useful therapy for MPS I, either as an adjunct or as a stand-alone treatment that reduces inflammation and GAG storage.


This research investigates the social changes concerning Islam's revitalisation, which was constructed by the movie Ketika Mas Gagah Pergi (KMGP). The research criticises structuration theory, which does not accommodate religion as part of social changes, especially in making new social changes. The researcher utilised semiotic logic by using the process of meaning or signification, which comprises signs or representation, object, and interpretant. The researcher also conducted in-depth interviews with filmmakers to understand the context from which the texts were produced. As a result, it was discovered that KMGP utilised signs to construct social changes through the act of wearing a veil, Islamic religious music, and the prohibition of shaking someone's hands which is not his/her mahram (legal spouse or guardian based on Islamic law), the separation of men and women in a wedding occasion, and other new rules which were previously not familiar in society. Nevertheless, to legitimise the new rules in these particular social practices, KMGP often used structure resources. For example, Gagah legitimated his action by referring to the tradition of Sundanese (one of the Indonesian tribes) to the prohibition of shaking a non-mahram's hands. This is supported by hadith (speech, attitude, and behaviour of Prophet Muhammad) about this particular action. This movie also proved that the rules of Islamic religion became an important element that changed social order, especially in Indonesia. Keywords: Movie, Indonesian Muslim Society, social changes, structuration, representation.


CONTEXT
Physician shortages are appearing, yet controversy about their significance and uncertainty about their remedy exist.

OBJECTIVES
To sample the perceptions of medical school deans and state medical society executives about the adequacy of physician supply, to determine the perceived impact of any shortages on medical schools, and to assess the capacity of medical schools to expand.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Medical school deans in the United States and Puerto Rico were surveyed by means of a structured questionnaire, and officials of US state medical societies were queried by means of open-ended telephone interviews. Information was obtained from 58% of medical school deans and 86% of state medical society executives.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Reported perceptions of shortages or surpluses of physicians by specialty and plans to increase medical school class size.

RESULTS
Approximately 85% of both deans and medical society respondents perceived shortages of physicians, usually in multiple specialties, while 10% perceived surpluses, usually coexisting with shortages. Among deans reporting shortages, 83% described a negative impact on their schools. Recent or planned increases in class size were reported by 27% of deans and expansion capacity by another 34%, but 7% noted recent decreases in class size. Applied generally, these changes in class size could yield 7.6% additional matriculants annually.

CONCLUSIONS
Physician shortages are prevalent and they are negatively affecting medical schools. Little capacity exists to alleviate these shortages through class size expansion.


Given a pair of graphs G and H, the Ramsey number R(G, H) is the smallest N such that every red–blue colouring of the edges of the complete graph KN contains a red copy of G or a blue copy of H. If a graph G is connected, it is well known and easy to show that R(G, H) ≥ (|G|−1)(χ(H)−1)+σ(H), where χ(H) is the chromatic number of H and σ(H) is the size of the smallest colour class in a χ(H)-colouring of H. A graph G is called H-good if R(G, H) = (|G|−1)(χ(H)−1)+σ(H). The notion of Ramsey goodness was introduced by Burr and Erdős in 1983 and has been extensively studied since then. In this paper we show that if n≥ Ω(|H| log4 |H|) then every n-vertex bounded degree tree T is H-good. The dependency between n and |H| is tight up to log factors. This substantially improves a result of Erdős, Faudree, Rousseau, and Schelp from 1985, who proved that n-vertex bounded degree trees are H-good when n ≥ Ω(|H|4).


We quantify how the telephone channel and regional dialect influence formant estimates extracted from Wavesurfer [1, 2] in spontaneous conversational speech from over 3,600 native American English speakers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest scale study on this topic. We found that F1 estimates are higher in cellular channels than those in landline, while F2 in general shows an opposite trend. We also characterized vowel shift trends in northern states in U.S.A. and compared them with the Northern city chain shift (NCCS) [3]. Our analysis is useful in forensic applications where it is important to distinguish between speaker, dialect, and channel characterisitcs.


In this thesis, we study mixed-integer convex
optimization, or mixed-integer convex programming (MICP), the class
of optimization problems where one seeks to minimize a convex
objective function subject to convex constraints and integrality
restrictions on a subset of the variables. We focus on two broad
and complementary questions on MICP. The first question we address
is, "what are efficient methods for solving MICP problems?" The
methodology we develop is based on outer approximation, which
allows us, for example, to reduce MICP to a sequence of
mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problems. By viewing MICP
from the conic perspective of modern convex optimization as defined
by Ben-Tal and Nemirovski, we obtain significant computational
advances over the state of the art, e.g., by automating extended
formulations by using disciplined convex programming. We develop
the first finite-time outer approximation methods for problems in
general mixed-integer conic form (which includes mixed-integer
second-order-cone programming and mixed-integer semidefinite
programming) and implement them in an open-source solver, Pajarito,
obtaining competitive performance with the state of the art. The
second question we address is, "which nonconvex constraints can be
modeled with MICP?" This question is important for understanding
both the modeling power gained in generalizing from MILP to MICP
and the potential applicability of MICP to nonconvex optimization
problems that may not be naturally represented with integer
variables. Among our contributions, we completely characterize the
case where the number of integer assignments is bounded (e.g.,
mixed-binary), and to address the more general case we develop the
concept of "rationally unbounded" convex sets. We show that under
this natural restriction, the projections of MICP feasible sets are
well behaved and can be completely characterized in some
settings.


This thesis introduces the concept of multilayer impedance pump, a novel pumping mechanism inspired from the embryonic heart structure. The multilayer impedance pump is a composite two-layer fluid-filled elastic tube featuring a thick, gelatin-like internal layer similar in nature to the embryonic cardiac jelly, and that is used to amplify longitudinal elastic waves. Pumping is based on the impedance pumping mechanism. Elastic waves are generated upon small external periodic compressions of the elastic tube. They propagate along the tube's walls, reflect at the tube's extremities and drive the flow in a preferential direction. This fully coupled fluid-structure interaction problem is solved for the flow and the structure using the finite element method over a relevant range of frequencies of excitation. Results show that the two-layer configuration can be an efficient wave propagation combination, and that it allows the pump to produce significant flow for small excitations. The multilayer impedance pump is a complex system in which flow and structure exhibit a resonant behavior. At resonance, a constructive elastic wave interaction coupled with a most efficient energy transmission between the elastic walls and the fluid is responsible for the maximum exit flow. The pump efficiency reaches its highest at resonance, highlighting furthermore the concept of resonance pumping. Using the proposed multilayer impedance pump model, we are able to bring an additional proof on the impedance nature of the embryonic heart by comparing a peristaltic and an impedance multilayer pump both excited in similar fashion to the one observed in the embryonic heart. The gelatin layer that models the embryonic cardiac jelly occupies most of the tube walls and is essential to the propagation of elastic waves. A comparison between the exact same impedance pump with and without the additional gelatin layer sheds light on the dynamic role of the cardiac jelly in the embryonic heart and on nature's optimized design. Finally, several biomedical applications of multilayer impedance pumping are presented. A physiologically correct model of aorta is proposed to test the pump as an implantable cardiovascular assist device.


Mold growth on dried Norway spruce and Scots pine sapwood boards was investigated in an accelerated outdoor field test for 96 days. The boards were dried using three different methods of stacking: single stacking, double stacking with the sapwood sides in each pair facing toward each other, and double stacking with sapwood sides facing outward. Drying was performed at three temperatures: 25°C, corresponding to air drying, and kiln drying at 70°C and 110°C. The degree of mold growth was visually assessed on both sides of each board. On average, pine boards showed a higher level of mold growth than the spruce boards. The highest average level of mold growth was found on the boards kiln dried at 70°C, whereas the air-dried boards and the boards kiln dried at 110°C showed considerably less mold growth. Stacking the boards during drying had a large impact on mold susceptibility of the sapwood. This study confirmed that, during the drying process, it is possible to direct the migration of nutrients in sapwood toward one chosen side of each board by double stacking; the opposite side leaches out, which has a great impact on surface mold growth. Chemical analyses of monosaccharide sugar gradients beneath the boards' surfaces confirmed the results.


The drop in the price of crude oil in 2014 left no one indifferent, and motivated several researchers to analyse the nature of the relationship between the physical and the financial market of this commodity. This article discusses the issue of Spot and Futures price dynamics of crude oil in the short and long term. The originality of the present work is that we will proceed to a double analysis of the stochastic processes of the two variables Spot and Futures - with and without break - for the period from February 2015 to December 2017, using the models VAR and VECM. This last allows to understand short-term price dynamics while the VAR makes it possible to understand it in the long term. The results obtained estimate that there is a bidirectional causality between the two variables, and that their long-term dynamics undergo the same changes together. The Spot and Futures prices hold the fall of their prices on the same date of January 2016 (common break date for the 2 series), which distinguishes between two sub-periods and consequently two distinct regimes: "Tension" and "return to the average" regime. In the short term, the first one cannot reject the theory of normal backwardation, while the storage theory reasonably explains the return to the path of the equilibrium of the prices of the oil markets.


Promoter sequences that direct pollen-specific expression have been previously identified in the LAT59 (for late anther tomato) gene. Here, we show that the LAT59 sequences encoding the 5' untranslated region inhibit expression of reporter genes by > 20-fold in transient expression experiments and up to 300-fold after stable transformation. Inhibition occurred in somatic cells as well as in pollen. Our results indicate that the inhibitor still functions after pollen germination and therefore does not modulate the level of the LAT59 protein during pollen development. The presence of the leader sequence dramatically decreased mRNA accumulation but without affecting translation rate and mRNA stability. We believe that the leader inhibits transcription. We mapped the inhibitor to a region in the leader that coincides with a putative stem-loop and present evidence that this stem-loop participates in inhibition.


This report is based on the collection of the State Tretyakov Gallery, and it concerns interaction between pictures and frames. Sometimes frames contain texts on their own plane. Texts affect the perception of the image, amplifying viewer's emotions. Quoting texts on frames is not a new technique but in Russia of the second half of the ХIХ century it acquires national characteristics. This report deals with two groups of examples: pictures and frames created by the state order and those made according to the author's idea. Presented examples show the importance and inseparability of the 'union' of frames with the paintings. The report underlines the importance of conservation and restoration of author's frames in order to keep the ability of paintings and frames to dialogue.


Background: Abdominal hysterectomy is a common surgery, usually done under Spinal anaesthesia. It would be greater if a premedication oral drug were available to reduce the perioperative use of opioids. The aim of the study was to find out whether gabapentin can reduce the perioperative dose of tramadol but without affecting perioperative haemodynamics. Methods: This is a randomized double blinded controlled study. Patients undergoing Abdominal hysterectomy under Spinal anaesthesia were divided into two groups. One group was given gabapentin and another was given placebo as premedication drugs. Perioperative haemodynamics were monitored. Perioperative requirement of tramadol injection was estimated. Results: No significant changes were noted in perioperative haemodynamics. Perioperative requirement of tramadol was reduced in gabapentin group. Conclusions: Gabapentin does not affect perioperative haemodynamics. Gabapentin reduces perioperative requirement of tramadol.


This thesis reports measurements of single dopant atoms in III-V semiconduc-tors with low temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS). It investigates the anisotropic spatial distribution of acceptor induced tunneling processes at the {110} cleavage planes. Two dif-ferent tunneling processes are identified: conventional imaging of the squared acceptor wave function and resonant tunneling at the charged acceptor. A thor-ough analysis of the tip induced space charge layers identifies characteristic bias windows for each tunnel process. The symmetry of the host crystal s band struc-ture determines the spatial distribution of the tunneling paths for both processes. Symmetry reducing effects at the surface are responsible for a pronounced asymmetry of the acceptor contrasts along the principal [001] axis. Uniaxial strain fields due to surface relaxation and spin orbit interaction of the tip induced elec-tric field are discussed on the basis of band structure calculations. High-resolution STS studies of acceptor atoms in an operating p-i-n diode confirm that an electric field indeed changes the acceptor contrasts. In conclusion, the aniso-tropic contrasts of acceptors are created by the host crystal s band structure and concomitant symmetry reduction effects at the surface.


BACKGROUND: Regular physical activity has been recommended for the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Besides being a protective factor against breast cancer, physical activity following the diagnosis of breast cancer has been associated with an improved quality of life and survival. The aim of this study was to assess levels of physical activity in women who had undergone mastectomy without breast reconstruction and in women who had undergone breast reconstruction after breast cancer treatment. METHODS: Two groups, each with 18 patients, comprised the patient series. One group comprised women who had undergone mastectomy without breast reconstruction, and the other group comprised women who had undergone mastectomy and breast reconstruction. All patients were aged between 18 and 60 years. The exclusion criteria were physical disability; illiteracy; ongoing chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or psychiatric therapy; and surgery performed within the previous 12 months. Study participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed by applying the chi-square and Student's t tests, adopting a significance level of P < 0.05. RESULTS: In the group of women who had undergone mastectomy without breast reconstruction, 16.7% were very active, 61.1% were active, and 22.2% were insufficiently active. In the group of women who had undergone mastectomy with breast reconstruction, 55.6% were very active, 33.3% were active, and 11.1% were insufficiently active. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the level of physical activity among women who underwent breast reconstruction was higher than that among women who underwent mastectomy without breast reconstruction.


Summary The White-bellied Heron Ardea insignis is currently known to be restricted to Bhutan, Myanmar, and north-east India. This 'Critically Endangered' species is under threat from the ever-changing river systems, primarily due to anthropogenic pressures including the large number of proposed hydropower projects. We report results of the first systematic, large-scale river survey for this species in the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in north-east India with the aim of establishing its evidence-based distribution and assessing the severity of threats on the river systems in the region. We conducted river surveys along all seven major river basins in Arunachal Pradesh (October 2017–March 2018) and one in Assam (January 2019) along with 200 key informant surveys from 23 localities across the region. We encountered the White-bellied Heron six times in only three of 81 sites surveyed. Three interviewees reported observing the herons in three new localities, but we did not have a direct observation of the birds in any new sites. From field observations during the river surveys as well as the interview results, we found that certain fishing methods, garbage, and sand/gravel mining could be potential reasons for restricted occurrence of the White-bellied Heron in the region. Hunting is also a threat that prevails across the region. Our study calls for governmental commitment for the protection of the species and its vulnerable ecosystem and focussed research on understanding the anthropogenic impacts on the heron.


Kimchi is often stored for a long period of time for a diet during the winter season because it is an essential side dish for Korean meals. In this study pH, abundance of bacteria and yeasts, bacterial communities, and metabolites were monitored periodically to investigate the fermentation process of kimchi for 120 d. Bacterial abundance increased quickly with a pH decrease after an initial pH increase during the early fermentation period. After 20 d, pH values became relatively stable and free sugars were maintained at relatively constant levels, indicating that kimchi fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was almost completed. After that time, a decrease in bacterial abundance and a growth in Saccharomyces occurred concurrently with increased free sugar consumption and production of glycerol and ethanol. Finally, after 100 d, the growth of Candida was observed. Community analysis using pyrosequencing revealed that diverse LAB including Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc holzapfelii, Lactococcus lactis, and Weissella soli were present during the early fermentation period, but the LAB community was quickly replaced with Lactobacillus sakei, Leuconostoc gasicomitatum, and Weissella koreensis as the fermentation progressed. Metabolite analysis using (1) H-NMR showed that organic acids (lactate, acetate, and succinate) as well as bioactive substances (mannitol and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)) were produced during the kimchi fermentation, and Leuconostoc strains and Lactobacillus sakei were identified as the producers of mannitol and GABA, respectively.


Existing models for the dependence of the halo mass function on cosmological parameters will become a limiting source of systematic uncertainty for cluster cosmology in the near future. We present a halo mass function emulator and demonstrate improved accuracy relative to state-of-the-art analytic models. In this work, mass is defined using an overdensity criteria of 200 relative to the mean background density. Our emulator is constructed from the Aemulus simulations, a suite of 40 N-body simulations with snapshots from z = 3 to z = 0. These simulations cover the flat wCDM parameter space allowed by recent cosmic microwave background, baryon acoustic oscillation and SNe Ia results, varying the parameters w, Ωm, Ωb, σ8, Neff, ns, and H0. We validate our emulator using five realizations of seven different cosmologies, for a total of 35 test simulations. These test simulations were not used in constructing the emulator, and were run with fully independent initial conditions. We use our test simulations to characterize the modeling uncertainty of the emulator, and introduce a novel way of marginalizing over the associated systematic uncertainty. We confirm nonuniversality in our halo mass function emulator as a function of both cosmological parameters and redshift. Our emulator achieves better than 1% precision over much of the relevant parameter space, and we demonstrate that the systematic uncertainty in our emulator will remain a negligible source of error for cluster abundance studies through at least the LSST Year 1 data set.


Well-functioning legal systems often tend to adopt a special strategy for producing agreement amidst pluralism. Participants in legal controversies try to produce incompletely theorized agreements on particular outcomes. They agree on the result and on relatively narrow or low-level explanations for it. They need not agree on fundamental principle. They do not offer larger or more abstract explanations than are necessary to decide the case. When they disagree on an abstraction, they move to a level of greater particularity. The distinctive feature of this account is that it emphasizes agreement on (relative) particulars rather than on (relative) abstractions. This is an important source of social stability and an important way for diverse people to demonstrate mutual respect, in law especially but also in liberal democracy as a whole.


Through model test, the displacement of the top of the wall and the strain of the core pile with excavating were measured and the deformation and damage characteristics of the soft soil foundation pit supported by SMW was revealed. By parameter sensitivity analysis and back analysis, ABAQUS was applied to build the numerical simulation model of SMW in soft soil and the model parameters were obtained and the model was optimized. The impact of the embedded depth on the displacement of the top of the wall ,strain of the core pile, the bending moment of the core pile and the surface subside were systematic studied. The curve fitting equations of the above mentioned action effect variables with embedded ratio were obtained. Studies have shown that embedded depth was significantly influenced the working properties of SMW. When the embedded ratio reaches a critical value, the nonlinear variation characteristics of the above mentioned action effect variables will occur and the signs of foundation pit's failure will occur.


This chapter presents new methodologies designed to facilitate language acquisition in open learning communities via open educational resources and knowledge mapping. It specifically focuses on the OpenLearn project developed by the Open University. This offers a virtual learning environment based on Moodle platform with free educational materials and knowledge media tools such as the instant messaging MSG, the video webconference FlashMeeting and the knowledge mapping software tool Compendium. In this work, these technologies and mapping techniques are introduced in order to promote open language learning. Ways in which teachers and students can make use of these OpenLearn tools and resources are discussed and some benefits fully described.


The authors indicate that according to the degree of informative value all the methods used in this study can be listed as follows: the method of combined use of positive and negative scintigraphy, the method of positive scintigraphy with Ga67-citrate (the lymph nodes above the diaphragm) and Tc99-pertechnetate (the lymph nodes below the diaphragm), the method of indirect lymphography with colloids. The main indices of the radionuclide methods in the diagnosis of the lymph node metastatic involvement are presented.


Church music has long history and experiences in its periods. It began when they, the believers, mentioned themselves as the "Christian". From the time that phenomenon the christians commenced their act of devotion tradition included their musical tradition of worship. The existence of church music more developed till Middle Age or Dark Age Period. It was dominantly covering to others music genre. At the Renaisance Period, the church reformation movement occured and it was pioneered by Martin Luther. Western music changed at the time. Luther changed of scene; He changed the tradition of Catholic church that used Latin lirics to folk language; He changed the gregorian chant tradition with folksong. The phenomenon was the first time of event of inculturation in world history of music after it undergone stagnancy during the authorization of Roman empire, especially when Pope Gregory created the standarization to all christian music. At the present day we are familiar with charismatic music tradition which is developed from American music tradition. It has a characteristic which is used as the band instrument in praise and worship by christian believers. But sometimes, the believers also use arpeggio or broken-chord as the main charracter on Classical Period in part the way of Western music history. Pass through the reasearch, the reasearcher look into the idioms are used in praise and worship in charismatic church. The reasearcher found that the using of idiom in Classical Period has enriched the nuance of music aesthetic in praise and worship.