Bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef The Australian Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is one of Earth's most extraordinary natural wonders, but it is vulnerable to climate change. Ainsworth et al. have tracked the effects of three decades of increasing heat stress on coral organisms. In the past, pulses of elevated temperatures that presaged hot seasons stimulated the acclimation of coral organisms and resilience to thermal stress. More recently, temperature hikes have been severe and precluded acclimation. The result has been increasing bleaching and death; notably extreme during 2016 in the wake of El Niño. Science, this issue p. 338 Elevated ocean temperatures are masking the sudden onsets of summer warming that used to allow corals to protect themselves. Coral bleaching events threaten the sustainability of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Here we show that bleaching events of the past three decades have been mitigated by induced thermal tolerance of reef-building corals, and this protective mechanism is likely to be lost under near-future climate change scenarios. We show that 75% of past thermal stress events have been characterized by a temperature trajectory that subjects corals to a protective, sub-bleaching stress, before reaching temperatures that cause bleaching. Such conditions confer thermal tolerance, decreasing coral cell mortality and symbiont loss during bleaching by over 50%. We find that near-future increases in local temperature of as little as 0.5°C result in this protective mechanism being lost, which may increase the rate of degradation of the GBR.


Different samples of the sodium–vanadium fluorophosphate cathodic materials have been synthesized via the hydrothermal method, varying the type and content of carbon used in the synthesis. Structural characterization of the composites was performed by powder X-ray diffraction. Magnetic susceptibility measurements and EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) polycrystalline spectra indicate that some of the samples exhibit V3+/V4+ mixed valence, with the general formula Na3V2O2x(PO4)2F3−2x where 0 ≤ x < 1. The morphology of the materials was analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). A correlation between the type and content of carbon with the electrochemical behavior of the different samples was established. Electrochemical measurements conducted using Swagelok-type cells showed two voltage plateaux at 3.6 and 4.1 V vs. Na/Na+. The best performing sample, which comprised a moderate percentage of electrochemical grade carbon as additive, exhibited specific capacity values of about 100 mA h g−1 at 1C (≈80% of theoretical specific capacity). Cyclability tests at 1C proved good reversibility of the material that maintained 98% of initial specific capacity for 30 cycles.


Ambient air pollution has been a worldwide concern with a devastating impact on the health of populations, while increasing the burden on public health systems. Assessing the adverse health effects of air pollution is vital for forming disease control policies. This study investigates the excess risk of 6 air pollutants for 21 disease groups (observed in outpatient visits) through the Poisson regression modeling. Daily air quality data and 1.6 million outpatient visit records from Shenzhen, China are used in the study. The outpatient visits are classified into 21 disease groups according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. The results show that associations between air pollutants and diseases vary across different disease groups. Specifically, the following disease classes are significantly associated with air pollution: blood, metabolic, ophthalmological, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, musculoskeletal, connective tissue, and genitourinary diseases. Nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM
 10
), particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM
 2.5
), and air quality index have the most extensive impact on more than ten disease groups. A health effect graph is built to support public health management decision-making and provide residents with information about health effects of air pollution.


Abstract Do organizational processes of legitimation and competition operate within different boundaries corresponding to different geographical levels of analysis? Following Hannan et al. (1995), this analysis explores the possibility that legitimation operates on a broader geographical scale (less constrained by political and physical barriers) than does competition. We test the argument by examining founding rates of American automobile producers from 1885 to 1981, within the framework of density-dependent modeling. Our findings suggest that within the United States, legitimation operated on a national scale while competition proceeded primarily on a regional level. Comparison with automobile producer populations in Europe yields differences in application and interpretation of the theory.


In this paper we explore the extent to which firms experience productivity spillovers from clustering using a rich data source from Vietnam for 2002 to 2007, a period of significant transition. We address issues of simultaneity, self-selection and endogenous location choice of firms in an estimation of firm level productivity. Controlling for competition effects and distinguishing between urbanization and localization economies, we find strong evidence for productivity spillovers from clustering. The effects of these spillovers are found to be particularly large for foreign-owned firms. Our results provide support for spatial clustering policies in developing countries aimed at attracting foreign investment.


Industrial companies today must operate in an increasingly competitive world and need to rethink their organization accordingly. First, industrial strategies concerning technical management need to change and develop. If we consider the specific management of the product design process, managers use indicators during the lifecycle of the product concerning quality, cost and lead-times. For example, some new indicators concerning performance metrics related to cooperation issues among the design team are set up. Secondly, managers increasingly need to integrate the user in the early phases of the design process. The main benefit of this approach is that it allows designers to innovate more rapidly and robustly. The aim of this paper is to introduce a new approach making it possible to calculate a performance indicator concerning use design. The new indicator will help management drive the design process through the integration of use in the product, helping to enhance the usability of the future product, and consequently improve innovation.


In his Problems of Philosophy, Bertrand Russell distinguished knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge of truths. This paper argues for a new interpretation of the relationship between these two species of knowledge. I argue that knowledge by acquaintance of an object neither suffices for knowledge that one is acquainted with the object, nor puts a subject in a position to know that she is acquainted with the object. These conclusions emerge from a thorough examination of the central role played by attention in Russell's theory of knowledge. Attention bridges the gap between knowledge by acquaintance and our capacity to form judgements about the objects of acquaintance.


Aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) users typically calibrate the particle sizing capabilities, but not the counting efficiency upon which aerosol concentration results are based. Herein, comparisons were made between the counts provided by an ink jet aerosol generator (IJAG) with those measured by an APS. Near-monodisperse (geometric standard deviation of about 1.06) liquid or solid aerosols in the size range of 0.95 to 13.3 μm aerodynamic diameter (AD) generated with an IJAG were released into the inner inlet-tube of the APS in a manner that rendered APS wall and aspiration losses negligible. For most experiments, the IJAG generated 75 particles/s, which rate was maintained by the IJAG system through control of electrical pulses applied to its ink jet cartridge. For particles in the size range of 2–13.3 μm AD, the ratio of relative detection efficiency (ratio of the number of particles counted by the APS to the number reported as generated by the IJAG) was 99.3 ± 1.4%; however, for test particles between 0.95 and 2 μm AD, the relative detection efficiency was somewhat lower, but the drop off was less than about 2%. This slight drop off is likely associated with the light scattering detection approach and corresponding counting algorithm of the APS. Tests were conducted where the IJAG produced 7.0 μm AD particles at rates of 1 to 500 s-1 and the results showed essentially a 1:1 correspondence between IJAG and APS counts. The presence of smaller-sized background particles did not affect the measured APS counts of larger-sized challenge particles. Copyright 2014 American Association for Aerosol Research


We introduce a new type of phylogenetic Hidden Markov Model, combining the strength of usual HMM and the knowledge of the phylogeny of a family of sequences. We use such models to look into the genome of a target species for members of the sequence family. Our results on some 690 protein families show a better sensitivity and a better specificity when compared to standard profile HMM or Blast searchs.


BACKGROUND
Limited information is available on trends in the incidence of and mortality due to cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. We studied the incidence of cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction and in-hospital death rates among patients with this condition in a single community from 1975 through 1997.

METHODS
We conducted an observational study of 9076 residents of metropolitan Worcester, Massachusetts, who were hospitalized with confirmed acute myocardial infarction in all local hospitals during 11 one-year periods between 1975 and 1997. Our study included periods before and after the advent of reperfusion therapy.

RESULTS
The incidence of cardiogenic shock remained relatively stable over time, averaging 7.1 percent among patients with acute myocardial infarction. The results of a multivariable regression analysis indicated that the patients hospitalized during recent study years were not at a substantially lower risk for shock than patients hospitalized in the mid-to-late 1970s. Patients in whom cardiogenic shock developed had a significantly greater risk of dying during hospitalization (71.7 percent) than those who did not have cardiogenic shock (12.0 percent, P<0.001). A significant trend toward an increase in in-hospital survival among patients with cardiogenic shock in the mid-to-late 1990s was found in crude and adjusted analyses.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings indicate no significant change in the incidence of cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction over a 23-year period. However, the short-term survival rate has increased in recent years at the same time as the use of coronary reperfusion strategies has increased.


The dental treatments of severely disabled patients who cannot understand the necessity of dental treatments are very difficult due to behavior problems. It is important to find solutions of oral hygienic problems for such patients who have muscle hypoactivity in the oral region and dislike teeth brushing. Removable prostheses are also not applicable to these patients because of lack of understanding and accidental swallowing. Therefore, treatment with a fixed prosthesis is effective. A Cohen syndrome patient was treated with an almost full fixed prosthesis having a small number of abutment teeth under general anesthesia at dental clinic of Tokyo Metropolitan Higashiyamato Medical Center for the Severely Disabled. The results were as follows:1. In biting and occlusal adjustment, the mandible of the patient had to be guided to the proper mandibular position by the operator. It was effective to maintain the intercuspal position of upper and lower left second molar teeth during treatment. However, it was very difficult to judge whether the position guided to by the operator is appropriate.2. Functional restorations including better posture, lip closure and swallowing were obtained after treatment.


Both proximity-concentration trade-off and factor proportions explanations have been forwarded to explain the existence of multinational enterprises. This paper analyses to what extent these different explanations are supported empirically, in making a first attempt to distinguish explicitly between horizontally and vertically integrated multinationals. The affiliate production share of horizontally integrated multinationals is mainly explained by low plant-level economies of scale, large host country size and similarities in relative factor endowments. Differences for vertical multinationals appear with regard to firm- and plant-level economies of scale, country size, trade costs and relative factor endowments at the national and sectoral level.


This paper deals with power fluctuations from wind farms. The time range in focus is between one minute and up to a couple of hours. In this time range, substantial power fluctuations have been observed during unstable weather conditions. A wind power fluctuation model is described, and measured time series from the first large offshore wind farm, Horns Rev in Denmark, are compared to simulated time series. The comparison between measured and simulated time series focuses on the ramping characteristics of the wind farm at different power levels and on the need for system generation reserves due to the fluctuations. The comparison shows a reasonable agreement between simulations and measurements, although there is still room for improvement of the simulation model.


The Xpress Transport Protocol (XTP) is a lightweight transport protocol intended for high-speed networks. High-speed networks provide bandwidths of 100 Mbps and beyond, enabling a new class of applications (e.g., multimedia). So as not to be a bottleneck in the delivery of data, a transport protocol must provide high performance. Features of XTP which enhance performance include implicit connection setup, sender driven acknowledgement, selective retransmission, fixed format word aligned packet structures and suitability for parallel implementation. Since the new generation of applications may require a variety of services from the transport layer, a transport protocol designed for high-speed networks should also be flexible enough to provide these services. XTP provides the mechanisms to allow applications to tailor the functionality of the protocol to their individual needs. In particular, XTP provides flow control, rate control and error control, the use of each being optional and orthogonal to the others. This report describes an Application Programming Interface designedfor a multi-threaded implementation of XTP. The API allows all XTP parameters to be set from the application level, and addresses the issue of performance by providing a mechanism for zero copy transmission and reception of data.


This volume gathers the lecture notes of the Second International Summer School on Cognitive Wireless Communications "Highlight on Game Theory", held in Paris, France, on July 10-13, 2012. The school was initiated by the European ACTION IC0902 funded by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology, www.cost.eu) in the domain of InformationTechnologies(ICT) and organized by Supelec laboratories, research groups and Game Theory, which has been applied at the beginning in economics and related domains, is gaining much interest today as a powerful tool to analyze and design communication networks. More specifically, it is particularly suited to the context of cognitive radio, where complex cognitive radio terminals could generate an overall chaotic behavior of the whole network without the appropriate analysis that can be brought by Game Theory. The objectives of this 4-days Summer School were to give to the participants a solid knowledge of the theoretic foundations of game theory, and to provide a deep insight to applications with specific case studies in the context of wireless networks and cognitive radio. The book is arranged following the training school program over the four days, presenting for each class a short abstract followed by the handouts presented by the lecturers.


Guidelines for diverticular disease management were last supported and published by the American Gastroenterology Association and the American College of Gastroenterology 2 decades ago. Guidelines have been published in other countries and by some societies. These guidelines are suggested as United States of America guidelines. In reality, they are what is practiced in Connecticut at Yale New Haven hospitals. The epidemiology and pathophysiology is described. This is still considered a dietary fiber-deficiency disease that results in high intracolonic pressure with resultant outpocketing of diverticula in the weakest point of the colon at the sites of vascular penetration with developing elastin deposition in the colon wall. The age and gender distribution is described. They are most common in the sigmoid. The guidelines of management are described according to accepted classification of the disease at all stages from onset, to early formation, to mild disease, to complicated disease, to rare specific states. The outcomes and mortality are discussed.


This paper introduces the key concept 'academobilities' as an addition to the growing collection of keywords of mobility studies. Situating academobilities within
the tradition of keywords will allow scholars across disciplines to refer to it as a
tool that can be used in their own research. Academobilities is a two-fold concept. First, it calls into question the culture surrounding academia by examining the specific ways information is transported and communicated to the public, critically examining power structures, inclusions, and exclusions. The second way in which academobilities can be employed is to examine the interconnected relationship between the academy and mobility; academia is dependent upon mobility. This paper introduces academobilities as a key concept that scholars can adopt and apply
in unique ways that move beyond this two-fold understanding. Scholars across disciplines can certainly add fruitful theoretical underpinnings to academobilities, andto do so is encouraged. Understandings of key concepts change and fluctuate over
time (Williams 1976) to address our ever-changing society. The goal of writing this paper is to identify a starting point from which scholars of all disciplines can leap.


In the northern Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, a kinematically coupled mylonitic shear zone and brittle-plastic detachment fault compose a low-angle extensional fault system that is mid-Tertiary in age. Geothermobarometry of pelitic schists from the mylonitic shear zone yields a temperature and pressure estimate of 820-900 K (580-620 °C) and 310-370 MPa (3.1-3.7 kbar) for mylonite petrogenesis. The shear-zone-detachment-fault system excised 11-12 km of crustal section and accommodated at least 15-17 km of normal-sense dip slip.


INTRODUCTION In 2007, Alex Rodriguez signed a $275 million, ten-year contract with the New York Yankees, setting the record at the time for largest sports contract in history. (1) Since then, he has faced many allegations of performance enhancing drug ("PED") use, one of which he confirmed through a public admission. (2) Regardless of these allegations and admissions, Rodriguez continues to reap the benefits of his record deal despite the fact that his performance has been rapidly declining in recent years. (3) When Rodriguez initially received his massive payday, he was one of best players in the game, having previously won three American League Most Valuable Player awards. (4) By most accounts, his PED usage contributed greatly to the many successes early on in his career. Rodriguez is not alone in his transgressions. Baseball's drug problem came into the light in the now infamous Mitchell Report, (5) in which ex-senator and prosecutor George Mitchell was asked by Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig to examine the history and prevalence of PED use in the league. (6) This independent report drew back the curtain on the drug culture in Major League Baseball ("MLB"), and quantified steroid use in baseball as widespread. (7) Baseball is far from the only professional sport that has had to deal with the PED issue. (8) Seven-time Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong now faces a lifetime-ban from cycling handed down by the United States Anti-Doping Agency, and has been stripped of all seven of his victories. (9) He has recently drawn the ire of no less than the United States Department of Justice, which has expressed a desire to see Armstrong prosecuted for his lies about PED usage. (10) In the National Football League ("NFL"), All-Pro linebackers Shawne Merriman and Brian Cushing have both faced suspensions for PED usage. (11) The National Basketball Association's ("NBA") Rashard Lewis demonstrated that PEDs had a place in basketball as well, even though basketball is a game where brute strength is not often thought of as a required attribute. (12) As PEDs continue to make their presence felt throughout professional sports, owners and sponsors find themselves paying out large sums of money to athletes who have used the drugs to bolster their performances at the expense of their sport's reputation. (13) In addition, after an athlete discontinues use of performance enhancers, sharp statistical declines appear to be the norm. (14) Do teams have any hope of avoiding contractual liability to these "lemon" players, or are they stuck footing the bill? This paper seeks to identify the availability and relative strengths and weaknesses of various legal safeguards that MLB teams and sponsors of players have at their disposal for avoiding contractual liability to athletes who have been discovered to have used PEDs. Part I will seek to answer the question of whether MLB is actually attempting to remove steroids from its game or is simply "going through the motions" to appease disgruntled onlookers. Part II will discuss a longstanding bastion of contract law, the morals clause, and its ineffectiveness under the governance of MLB's collective bargaining agreement ("CBA"). Part III will discuss the assertion of fraudulent misrepresentation to challenge the validity of the formation of MLB employment contracts. Part IV will discuss why prompt rescission of the employment contracts upon discovery of previously undetected PED usage is critical to avoid a later argument of ratification as a counter-defense to fraudulent misrepresentation. Part V will conclude why MLB teams should shift away from current drug policy protections and start voiding contracts on the ground of misrepresentation if they are truly desirous of cultivating a PED-free game environment. I. CIRCLING THE WAGONS: DENYING THAT WE HAVE A PROBLEM In a discussion of PED-related contract avoidance, one question that is naturally raised is whether MLB actually cares about removing PEDs from the game. …


At the first glance, the Maldives appear not to be prone to religious conflict. The archipelago state comprises a religiously and ethnically homogenous society, the different islands have been subject to shared Islamic rule for centuries and even constitutionally religious homogeneity is granted by making every citizen a Muslim and religious diversity prevented by limiting naturalisation to a specific Muslim group. Yet, today allegations of a threat to Islam play a major role in political mobilisation, the Maldives are faced with Islamist violence, and Maldivians have joined the Islamic State and al Qaeda in disproportionally high numbers. The paper seeks to find an answer to the question of how the repression of dissent under the Gayoom regime and the expansion and rise of violent Islamism relate in the Maldivian context. Next to the theoretical model, the paper will provide an introduction to the Maldivian political culture and the reasons for changes therein. It will shed light on the emergence of three major Islamic streams in the Maldivian society, which stood opposed to one another by the late 1990s and early 2000s, and show how Gayoom's state repression of dissent initiated an escalation process and furthered Islamist violent politics. The paper will argue that while state repression of dissent played a significant role in the repertoire selection of Islamic non-state agents, the introduction of fundamentalist Islamic interpretations through migration, educational exchange programmes and transnational actors have laid the ground for violence in the Maldives.


Recovery from transient failures is one of the prime issues in the context of distributed systems. These systems demand to have transparent yet efficient techniques to achieve the same. Checkpoint is defined as a designated place in a program where normal processing of a system is interrupted to preserve the status information. Checkpointing is a process of saving status information. Mobile computing systems often suffer from high failure rates that are transient and independent in nature. To add reliability and high availability to such distributed systems, checkpoint based rollback recovery is one of the widely used techniques for applications such as scientific computing, database, telecommunication applications and mission critical applications. This paper surveys the algorithms which have been reported in the literature for checkpointing in Mobile Computing Systems.


Operating Room (OR) departments need to create robust surgical schedules that anticipate urgent surgery, while minimizing urgent surgery waiting time and overtime, and maximizing utilization. We consider two levels of planning and control to anticipate urgent surgery. At the tactical level, we study the allocation of slack for urgent surgery to one or more operating rooms, and at operational off-line level, we experiment with the sequencing of elective surgeries in the operating rooms to which slack for urgent surgery is allocated. We try to sequence the elective surgeries such that their completion times, which are break-in-moments (BIMs) for urgent surgery, are spread as equally as possible over the day. We refer to this problem as BIM optimization problem, which is NP-hard in the strong sense. In this paper, we develop and test various heuristics for this sequencing problem. By means of a simulation study, we compare five methods of anticipating urgent surgery: (1) concentrating slack for urgent surgery in a dedicated operating room, (2) allocating slack for urgent surgery to a subset of the operating rooms without BIM optimization and (3) with BIM optimization, and (4) allocating slack for urgent surgery to all operating rooms without BIM optimization, and (5) with BIM optimization. For the test instances, the computational experiments show that urgent surgery can be anticipated best by allocating slack for urgent surgery to all available operating rooms, and thus allowing urgent surgeries to interfere with the schedule of elective surgeries. Further savings in urgent surgery waiting time can be achieved by BIM optimization, especially for the first urgent surgical cases that arrive during a day.


The solvent-induced structural rearrangement of synthetic supramolecular structures typically requires a pronounced change in solvent polarity. We describe a ruthenium-based coordination cage, whose geometry and topology can be altered dramatically by using two closely related solvents: chloroform and dichloromethane. In chloroform, we observe an octanuclear prismatic cage, whereas a tetranuclear complex is formed in dichloromethane. The basis of this unusual solvent-sensitivity is the incorporation of metallacrown recognition units into a flexible, kinetically labile nanostructure.


The paper investigates airport design, using the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, from the point of view of managers, architects and designers. It is argued that existing accounts of the airport as a space of transit as well as a place for shopping and entertainment have underrated the complexity and interdependency of the interests at stake in the airport design, as well the value of an airport terminal as an urban design exercise. This is particularly relevant in the discussion of the transformation of spaces of mobility, such as airports or railway stations, into multifunctional public spaces and may also be valid for urban spaces where mobilities are becoming increasingly important. The paper analyses the challenges and opportunities that arise in such design situations, tracing the recent transformations of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol from the perspective of professionals who have played a key role in this process.


In the current decade impingement syndrome is becoming a less precise diagnostic entity. It is splitting into several categories of more exact diagnoses. The concept development, clinical picture, and currently recommended treatment of 1 of these entities, the superior glenoid impingement is reviewed. The complaint may be acute or chronic and may involve 1 or more of 5 structures : (1) superior labrum, (2) rotator cuff tendon, (3) inferior glenohumeral ligament, (4) greater tuberosity, and (5) the bony glenoid. The most commonly seen clinical entity is chronic dorsal shoulder pain in an athlete who throws with a positive relocation test. Treatment consists of strengthening of the cuff and scapular rotators. When there has been excessive inferior ligament stretch this must be augmented by anterior reconstruction.


High and volatile fossil fuel prices, growing concerns over energy security and the risk of climate change have all contributed to revived interest in nuclear power around the world. This is particularly the case in fast developing ASEAN countries. However, there is still considerable uncertainty about the prospects of nuclear power in terms of its economic viability and associated risks given a highly uncertain future energy industry context. This paper employs a stochastic tool based on the Monte Carlo simulation technique to assess the expected generation costs and risk profiles of different electricity generation portfolios of coal, Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT), and nuclear plants. The tool explicitly incorporates uncertain future fuel and carbon price, and plant capital costs into the analysis. Results from the model enable tradeoffs between expected system generation cost, associated risks and CO2 emissions among generation portfolios to be identified. In this paper the economics of nuclear power in relation to coal and CCGT are evaluated for different portfolio mixes under a number of scenarios of future fuel and carbon prices in the context of the ASEAN region. Results highlight the important role that a carbon price is likely to play in making nuclear power an economic option.


Infectious bursa1 disease virus (IBDV) is an immunosuppressive virus
causing bursa lesions and atrophy. There are several strains of IBDVs,
namely classical, variant, attenuated and very virulent strains. Viral proteins,
VP2 and VP5, from attenuated strain had been shown to induce apoptosis in
chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) and African green monkey cell line
(BSC40). The objective of this study is to characterise local isolate IBDV
namely, UPMOIIIO and to determine the apoptotic effect of VP2 and VP5
proteins in neoplastic and normal cell lines. UPMOIIIO was successfully
characterised as vvlBDV, based on the molecular methods. The VP2
sequence of UPMOIIIO isolate had amino acid substitutions at Ala[222],
[lle]256, [He1294 and [Ser]299, similar to other reported vvlBDV. This isolate
did not have Lys[249] and Ser[254] amino acid residues which had been
reported to be present in variant strains. The deduced amino acids of VP2
showed that the two hydrophilic regions and the serine-rich heptapeptide
region were conserved in UPMOll10. Similar finding was reported for other vvlBDVs such as UK661, HK46 and OKYM. The VP2 nucleotides sequence
of UPMO1110 could be cut by restriction enzymes Taql, Accl, Styl, Spel but
not by Sacl. UPMO1/10 showed highest homologous similarity in nucleotides
and amino acids to the reported Malaysian vvlBDVs. Phylogenetic analysis
based on the nucleotides sequence of the VP2 and VP5 revealed that
UPMO1110 isolate was clustered with other very virulent strains but distanced
with classical, variant and attenuated strains. Serial samples of Chang,
HepG2 and MCF-7 cells transfected with VP2 or VP5 at the interval of 6, 12,
18 and 24 hours were examined, respectively, in order to identify the onset
of apoptosis. VP2 and VP5 of UPMO1110 were successfully expressed in
Chang, HepG2 and MCF-7 cells. VP2 or VP5 alone was capable of
triggering apoptotic response in Chang, HepG2 and MCF-7 cells. The onset
of apoptosis started at 6 hours and preceded to necrosis at 24 hours. Both
Chang and HepG2 cells were significantly susceptible to either VP5 or VP2
as compared to MCF-7 cells. VP5 induced significantly prominent apoptosis
in HepG2 as compared to Chang cells at 6 hours, followed by maintaining
similar level of apoptosis in both cells from 12 to 24 hours. However, VP2
induced higher level of cell death significantly in Chang cells as compared to
HepG2 cells with exception at 6 hours. VP5 may be possible to be taken into
consideration as candidate for liver cancer therapy as compared to VP2.


This paper is based on study and implementation of the pilot project for customized, automated, highly secured class room management system known as JIC CMS (Jubail Industrial College Class room management System). In this research paper, the strategies, design, development and implementation of a pilot project for class room attendance management systems is explained in detail. As a pilot project, mobile app is built on Android platform using Xamarin programming. Prototype of proposed system provides high level of authentication by embedding face recognition and biometric verification together with RFID system.  Though given model features are specially designed for our college needs, but this model can be modified for general usage and can be applied for all academic levels i.e. school, college, universities. Among the other features of system, one important feature is selection of system to work in smart mode in which system closes after predefined time and uploaded automatically to the web server.


This paper proposes a spatio-temporal technique for estimating the noise variance in noisy video signals, where the noise is assumed to be additive white Gaussian noise. The proposed technique utilizes domain-wise (spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal) video information independently for improved reliability. It divides the video signal into cubes and measures their homogeneity using Laplacian of Gaussian based operators. Then, the variances of homogeneous cubes are selected to estimate the noise variance. A least median of squares robust estimator is used to reject outliers and produce domain-wise noise variance estimates which are adaptively integrated to obtain the final frame-wise estimate. The proposed technique estimates the noise variance reliably in video sequences with both low and high video activities (e.g., fast motion or high spatial structure) and it produces a maximum estimation error of 1.7-dB peak signal-to-noise ratio. The proposed method is fast when compared to referenced methods.


Torpor is an energy-saving physiological state characterized by a transient and reversible decrease in metabolic rate and core temperature, which occurs in different species in conditions of scarce food availability. At present, the mechanism underlying torpor occurrence is unknown. The attempt to imitate natural torpor is pursued in clinical practice, in order to overcome the severe side effects that follow the induction of therapeutic hypothermia. Several attempts to induce a torpor-like state (synthetic torpor) by manipulating central nervous activity have been made in rodents. Most promising are the activation of central adenosine type-1 receptors and the pharmacological inhibition of the Raphe Pallidus (RPa).
Aims of the present project were: i) to unravel the neural pathway of spontaneous torpor in mice, a species that enters daily torpor spontaneously; ii) to understand the possible mechanism of metabolic rate reduction in spontaneous and synthetic torpor, in mice and rats, respectively, by evaluating mitochondrial activity during deep hypothermia; iii) to explore the possibility to induce synthetic torpor in a large mammal, the swine, by the central manipulation of the RPa.
In summary, the results showed that: i) Paraventricular and Dorsomedial Hypothalamic nuclei showed a specific neural activation at the entrance in torpor; ii) liver mitochondria showed a reduction in maximum respiration rate in spontaneous, but not in synthetic torpor, while no major changes occurred in kidney and brain; iii) central manipulation of the RPa in swine induced physiological modifications similar to those observed in rats.


Geriatric Nutrition: The Health Professional's Handbook, Third Edition, offers an authoritative reference that explores the role of nutrition in the maintenance of health, the management of chronic conditions, and the treatment of serious illness. Leading experts contribute articles that examine the impact of aging on organ systems and address the relationship among physiologic aging, nutrition, and disease. The Third Edition of this best-selling text provides a comprehensive review of nutritional assessment, intervention programs for the elderly, and health promotion activities. This edition has been extensively revised and includes new chapters on macronutrient and fluid requirements, swallowing problems in older adults, and skeletal aging.


In medical qualitative research, medical researchers analyze historical patient data to verify known relationships and to discover unknown relationships among medical attributes. All the existing algorithms to solve this problem use measures which are asymmetric measure, so only one direction of the rule (P −> Q or Q−>P) is taken into account. However, medical researchers are interested to find both asymmetric and symmetric relationship among medical attributes. We have developed pruning strategies and devised an efficient algorithm for the symmetric relationship problem. We propose measuring interestingness of known symmetric relationships and unknown symmetric relationships via the correlation measure of antecedent items and consequent items. We have demonstrated its effectiveness by testing it on real dataset.


from the article:
"We present a case study as part of an investigation into the value of Embodied theory for the design of mixed physical digital interactive products.
An interactive light system was designed that empowers an independent living person with an Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in managing domestic activities. Reflecting on the case we develop our vision of Embodied Functionality (EF). Designing for EF goes beyond 'distributing' information technology in the environment. It aims at creating interactive physical digital products that play a functional role (i.e. become part of) a person's embodied being‐in‐the- world, involving a person's identity. It does so by utilizing existing structure and by supporting action ‐perception couplings, reflection in- and on action and autonomy in social coordination. EF opens up an alternative design space holding the promise of a more successful appropriation of interactive (assistive) products into people's everyday lives. "


This paper explores the use of a Bourdieuian methodological framework to interrogate the HE participation decisions of a group of young people, living in socially deprived communities in South Yorkshire. It discusses how a Bourdieuian methodological framework was utilised to understand how objective social structures such as social class, the family or education influenced the participants' decision making. In using this methodological approach, I was able to begin to ascertain how the participants' opinions, beliefs and 'strategies of action' were influenced by their working-class and socially deprived backgrounds. Such a methodological approach allowed the interviews that were undertaken to yield data that related to the participants expectations, motivations and aspirations and their subjective reasoning for non-participation. However, the interviews also emphasised objective structural influences relating to social, cultural and personal factors that may have unknowingly influenced their decisions

Much like Bourdieu and Wacquant (1992), this paper argues against methodological monism which has the ontological priority of structure or agent. In order to reconcile the dualisms of objectivism and subjectivism this paper explores the use of a three-level methodology inspired by Pierre Bourdieu, who suggests that the two orders, objectivity and subjectivity, are "...tied together through actual social practices, wherein objective social relations are produced and reproduced within particular situations" (2006, p.194). False oppositions like objectivism and subjectivism have been criticised by Bourdieu because, for him, the reality of people's activities (practices) are a combination of many different influences (Bourdieu and Wacquant, 1992).

This paper enhances our understanding of how a Bourdieuian Methodological framework can be utilised to enhance our understanding of the complex, yet subtle influences to the HE participation decision making.


Long-term measurements are imperative to detect, understand, and predict changes in coastal biological communities, but can be both costly and difficult to implement. Here, we compare measurement methods used to document community structure and assess changes in marine systems, and explore potential applications in citizen science. The use of photographs for species identifications and monitoring has become a popular and useful data collection tool, but its use requires evaluation of its effectiveness in comparison to data collected from live examinations. We used settlement panels in San Francisco Bay, a well-studied and vital coastal ecosystem, to compare standardized measures of the invertebrate fouling community through examination of live organisms in the field and via photographs. Overall, our study found that live measurements were more accurate and better represented these marine communities, having higher richness and diversity measurements than photographic measurements. However, photographic analyses accurately captured the relative abundances of some species and functional groups. We suggest that highly recognizable target taxa or broad scale comparisons of functional group composition are easily tracked through photographs and offer the best potential for research conducted by citizen scientists.


THIS PAPER PRESENTS A NEW COORDINATION PROCESS FOR TIME OVERCURRENT RELAYS. THE PURPOSE OF THE COORDINATION IS TO FIND A TIME ELEMENT FUNCTION THAT ALLOWS IT TO OPERATE USING A CONSTANT BACK-UP TIME DELAY FOR ANY FAULT CURRENT. THEN, A SIMPLE METHODOLOGY IS PROPOSED THAT IMPROVES THE TIME COORDINATION EVEN WITH THE PRESENCE OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION. EXPERIMENTS WERE CARRIED OUT IN A LABORATORY TEST SITUATION USING SIGNALS FROM A POWER ELECTRICAL SYSTEM PHYSICS SIMULATOR. A VIRTUAL PROTOTYPE OF THE TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY WITH ADAPTIVE ALGORITHMS WAS DEVELOPED USING REAL TIME ACQUIRED SIGNALS. THE TESTS SHOWED THE ENHANCED PERFORMANCE OF THE OVERCURRENT RELAY.


This article discusses the career of Izabel dos Santos (1927-2010) as a means of examining the connections between health schools and agendas in contemporary Brazil. The article highlights dos Santos's training and her work in the Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública (SESP- Special Public Health Service), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and in the formulation and implementation of national training programs for human resources within the area of health from the late 1970s onwards. The article highlights dos Santos's central role in the formulation and implementation of training policies for health workers, especially nursing technicians and assistants, and demonstrates how she occupies an important place in the history of Brazilian public health.


Self-attention, an architectural motif designed to model long-range interactions in sequential data, has driven numerous recent breakthroughs in natural language processing and beyond. This work provides a theoretical analysis of the inductive biases of self-attention modules. Our focus is to rigorously establish which functions and long-range dependencies self-attention blocks prefer to represent. Our main result shows that bounded-norm Transformer networks"create sparse variables": a single self-attention head can represent a sparse function of the input sequence, with sample complexity scaling only logarithmically with the context length. To support our analysis, we present synthetic experiments to probe the sample complexity of learning sparse Boolean functions with Transformers.


Context. The diffuse and translucent molecular clouds traced in absorption along the line of sight to strong background sources have so far been investigated mainly in the spectral domain because of limited angular resolution or small sizes of the background sources.
Aims. We aim to resolve and investigate the spatial structure of molecular clouds traced by several molecules detected in absorption along the line of sight to Sgr B2(N).
Methods. We have used spectral line data from the EMoCA survey performed with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), taking advantage of its high sensitivity and angular resolution. The velocity structure across the field of view is investigated by automatically fitting synthetic spectra to the detected absorption features, which allows us to decompose them into individual clouds located in the Galactic centre (GC) region and in spiral arms along the line of sight. We compute opacity maps for all detected molecules. We investigated the spatial and kinematical structure of the individual clouds with statistical methods and perform a principal component analysis to search for correlations between the detected molecules. To investigate the nature of the molecular clouds along the line of sight to Sgr B2, we also used archival Mopra data.
Results. We identify, on the basis of c-C3H2, 15 main velocity components along the line of sight to Sgr B2(N) and several components associated with the envelope of Sgr B2 itself. The c-C3H2 column densities reveal two categories of clouds. Clouds in Category I (3 kpc arm, 4 kpc arm, and some GC clouds) have smaller c-C3H2 column densities, smaller linewidths, and smaller widths of their column density PDFs than clouds in Category II (Scutum arm, Sgr arm, and other GC clouds). We derive opacity maps for the following molecules: c-C3H2, H13CO+, 13CO, HNC and its isotopologue HN13C, HC15N, CS and its isotopologues C34S and 13CS, SiO, SO, and CH3OH. These maps reveal that most molecules trace relatively homogeneous structures that are more extended than the field of view defined by the background continuum emission (about 15′′, that is 0.08–0.6 pc depending on the distance). SO and SiO show more complex structures with smaller clumps of size ~5–8′′. Our analysis suggests that the driving of the turbulence is mainly solenoidal in the investigated clouds.
Conclusions. On the basis of HCO+, we conclude that most line-of-sight clouds towards Sgr B2 are translucent, including all clouds where complex organic molecules were recently detected. We also conclude that CCH and CH are good probes of H2 in both diffuse and translucent clouds, while HCO+ and c-C3H2 in translucent clouds depart from the correlations with H2 found in diffuse clouds.


Background: Early adolescent is one of the most important transition period at life where there is a change of physical, psychological, and social. Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a disorder of the stomach that is quite common in the community which can become a stressor for early adolescent. Objective: To determine the prevalence of FD, anxiety, depression and relationship between functional dyspepsia with anxiety and depression in early adolescence in Semarang. Methods: This study uses observational analytic with cross sectional study design. Subjects were 210 adolescents aged 10-14 years with dyspepsia from several elementary and junior high schools in Semarang. Subjects were then given informed consent, filled out personal data, filled out the Rome III Functional Dyspepsia questionnaire, Screen for Children Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, child (SCARED-C) questionnaire and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) questionnaire. The relationship analysis was calculated using Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test as an alternative test. Results: The prevalence of FD was 2.4%, anxiety was 41.9% and depression was 5.2%. p=0.402 was obtained for relationship between FD with anxiety and p=1.000 for FD with depression. p=0.017 was obtained for relationship between nausea with depression. Conclusions: There was no significant relationship between functional dyspepsia with anxiety and depression. There was a significant relationship between nausea with depression symptom.


BACKGROUND: Firearm-related injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric populations. Despite a disproportionate role in the most morbid outcomes in both traumatic brain injury and firearm-related injury populations, firearm-related traumatic brain injury (frTBI) is an understudied epidemiological entity. There is need to increase understanding and promote interventions that reduce this burden of disease. OBJECTIVE: To assess the evidence characterizing pediatric frTBI to highlight trends and gaps regarding burden of disease and interventions to reduce frTBI. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review under Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines on peer-reviewed studies across 5 databases (Medline OVID, EMBASE, Web of Science Legal Collection, PsychINFO, and Academic Search Complete). English studies examining pediatric frTBI epidemiology, prevention, and/or social or legal policy advocacy were included. Articles were excluded if they more generally discussed pediatric firearm-related injury without specific analysis of frTBI. RESULTS: Six studies satisfied inclusion criteria after screening and full-text assessment. Limited studies specifically addressed the burden of disease caused by frTBI. There was an increased risk for both injury and death from frTBI in men, preteenage and teenage youths, minorities, and individuals in firearm-owning households. Further study is required to ascertain if suggested methods of targeted patient screening, firearm-injury prevention counseling, and advocacy of safety-oriented policy tangibly affect rates or outcomes of pediatric frTBI. CONCLUSION: By understanding published epidemiological data and areas of intervention shown to reduce frTBIs, neurosurgeons can become further engaged in public health and prevention rather than strictly treatment after injury.


Interpersonal synchrony is the alignment of responses between social interactants, and is linked to positive outcomes including cooperative behavior, affiliation, and compassion in different social contexts. Language is noted as a key aspect of interpersonal synchrony, but different strands of existing work on linguistic (a)synchrony tends to be methodologically polarized. We introduce a more complementary approach to model linguistic (a)synchrony that is applicable across different interactional contexts, using psychotherapy talk as a case study. We define linguistic synchrony as similarity between linguistic choices that reflect therapists and clients' socio-psychological stances. Our approach involves (i) computing linguistic variables per session, (ii) k-means cluster analysis to derive a global synchrony measure per dyad, and (iii) qualitative analysis of sample extracts from each dyad. This is demonstrated on sample dyads from psychoanalysis, cognitive-behavioral, and humanistic therapy. The resulting synchrony measures reflect the general philosophy of these therapy types, while further qualitative analyses reveal how (a)synchrony is contextually co-constructed. Our approach provides a systematic and replicable tool for research and self-reflection in psychotherapy and other types of purposive dialogic interaction, on more representative and limited datasets alike.


Study 1 comprised a cross-sectional questionnaire survey designed to identify workrelated
stressors and the prevalence of perceived strain amongst a randomly selected
and representative sample of naval service personnel. Key identified stressors were:
work/family conflict, role conflict, poor physical work environment, lack of resources
and lack of autonomy and control. The latter factor had a direct effect on strain,
contrary to Karasek's demands/control model. The impact of identified stressors was
moderated by supervisor and peer support, but not by spouse support. Significant
differences in indices of strain were observed. The overall GHQ 'case' rate was
significantly higher than the general population, whilst significantly higher rates were
reported by females compared to males. Significantly lower rates were reported by
officers compared to ratings, and by those aged 25 and older compared to those under
25 years. RN female ratings, aged under 25 years, serving on ships reported the
highest GHQ 'case' rates.
This finding prompted Study 2 to examine in greater detail the factors contributing to
work-related strain for those serving on ships, particularly for young naval ratings.
Two warships were nominated to participate in a longitudinal study during a six
month operational deployment. The study monitored the physical and psychological
well-being of 124 volunteers during the deployment, including the contribution of
personality and coping styles using a combination of qualitative and quantitative data.
Volunteers' use and opinions of support services were also sought, as the naval
service provides a comprehensive support framework to assist personnel with
professional, family, legal and financial difficulties.
The findings reinforced those from Study 1, in that similar work-related stressors
were identified as contributing to increased strain. Control at work did not influence
the work demands/strain relationship, though this may partly be due to the
confounding effect of gender, as females reported significantly lower control than
males, and partly to the small sample size (93 compared to 1,170 for Study 1).
Significant main effects for supervisor support were found, whether neuroticism was
controlled for or not. Both work/family conflict and role conflict were significantly
related to perceived strain, depending on whether neuroticism was controlled for,
though lack of resources was not a significant factor. Work/family conflict was also
related to poorer organisational commitment. The significance of work/family
conflict as both related to greater strain and lower organisational commitment is a key
finding for the executive in developing policy and manpower projection forecasts.
Significant relationships were observed between neuroticism and strain at all three
measurement points during the deployment, but possible gender bias in the
measurement tool cannot be discounted. A modest relationship was observed
between the coping style 'avoidance' with both neuroticism and strain, suggesting this
may not be an appropriate coping style for the demands of service life at sea.
Study 1 found that the various support services provided by the organisation did not
ameliorate the effects of strain in the workplace. The views expressed by participants
in Study 2 reveal a range of attitudes, some negative, including a lack of knowledge
about the services provided. This highlights the need for greater publicity about the
support services available. Negative gender stereotypes also appear to persist within
the divisional system, creating a barrier to effective divisional care.


This dissertation examines the survival strategies of family farmers in Conceicao do Coite, Bahia, in semi-arid Brazil in 1997 and 2008 by using the livelihood framework. It analyses natural capital (land), human capital (work ethic and knowledge), and social capital (mutual aid). Greater access to these capitals is essential to reduce the vulnerability of family farmers. Land as a starting capital is the key to the household's progress. Water is less important than social capital to obtain a good harvest. The combination of this observer-oriented livelihood approach with actor-oriented local models provides insight into the motives of family farmers. Conflicts are avoided as much as possible in a moral peasant economy that sustains needy community members. Work ethic is not only a prerequisite for peasant life but also for economic progress and the maintenance of an existence ethos. Two main changes occurred between 1997 and 2008. The first one was the occupation of a sisal plantation. The reasons were societal changes and discursive conflicts. The latter occurred because the landowner did no longer fulfil his obligations of patronage to his workers. The inalienability of land became disputed. This challenge to property rights was inconceivable in 1997, given the importance of natural capital (land). The local model of unity explains why the labour union, and not the more radical MST, initiated the land occupation. Furthermore, the dissertation describes discursive conflicts about the importance of education for peasant children, mutual aid and the appreciation of country life. The second major change was a general improvement of living conditions. The livelihood framework explains this change better than the local models. The vulnerability of the research population decreased between 1997 and 2008 because of improved access to income, drinking water, land, education and healthcare. In order to secure the future of family farming in North-eastern Brazil, a thorough rethinking of currant believes about rural livelihood strategies will be important. Family farms are struggling with a negative image. Yet, farmers are ingenious and their ecological knowledge is remarkably accurate. Moreover, the productivity of family farming is relatively high. The vulnerability of family farmers in the semi-arid area must be reduced by fine-tuning policy measures not of water and technology, but by focussing them on the poor. This has to include improved access to land, financial support, appropriate education and gender-inclusive mechanization. It is time for a new debate on climate change and family farming because present climate models are very negative about the semi-arid region. This dissertation proposes a locally specific 'climate anthropology' to secure Brazilian family agriculture and food supply.


This article adopts quantitative measurements to assess the performance of commodity trade between Japan and China in 1975-85. Sino-Japanese trade is found to have been characterised by a high degree of interdependence. Due to markedly different resource endowments trade complementarity between the two countries was very strong and increased over time. Japanese exports increasingly focused on machinery and transport equipment, while crude petroleum constituted by far China's single most important export commodity. In value terms, two-way trade grew five-fold during the period under discussion. Japan maintained her long-held position as China's single largest trading partner, and China became Japan's second largest market. The analysis suggests that a high level of complementarity between the economies of industrially advanced Japan and developing China, historical and cultural ties, and geographical proximity will continue to provide the ideal environment for bilateral trade to thrive.


Forty-six patients receiving frozen bone allografts, preoperatively tissue typed for human leukocyte antigen and ABO antigens, were radiographically evaluated according to the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scoring system at a mean followup of 55 months. Patients who matched for 1 or 2 Class I human leukocyte antigens with the donor scored higher than patients totally mismatched, but differences were not significant. Matching for Class II human leukocyte antigen and ABO antigens seemed not to influence radiographic outcome of allografts. In sixteen patients histologic specimens were obtained. Five of 16 patients who showed histologic parameters of an immune response scored significantly lower than those who did not. Processed frozen bone allografts, because of their lack of viable donor cells, most likely trigger an indirect pathway of alloantigen recognition in the recipient. This type of recognition may generate in the recipient either a chronic type of rejection or an immunologic state of tolerance to grafted antigens that cannot be measured with human leukocyte antigen blood tests. This may explain difficulties in correlating human leukocyte antigen mismatches between the donor and recipient with frozen bone allograft performances.


A new enzyme-linked fluorescence assay (ELFA) suitable for use with peroxidase-antibody conjugates is described. The substrate for the assay is p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, the fluorescent product of which is stable and unaffected by light. The assay compared favourably with a standard ELISA for the quantitation of IgM antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen.


It is shown that the classical perturbation procedure for treating nonlinear systems leads to solutions expressed as Fourier-like series with slowly varying coefficients. These slowly varying coefficients contain the information about the long term behavior of the system. Inconsistently, the classical perturbation procedure expresses these coefficients as power series, a mode of expression which has notoriously poor long term validity. An operational procedure is presented for treating oscillations having slowly variable amplitudes and frequencies. An extension of the usual impedance concepts is presented for expressing the frequency characteristics of both linear and nonlinear elements when oscillations with many frequencies are present simultaneously and when these oscillations vary in both frequency and amplitude. From these methods, a perturbation procedure is devised which permits the behavior of systems to be computed with any order of accuracy, using only the algebraic processes which are characteristic of operational procedures. This procedure avoids expressing its results in terms of the local time. Instead, it expresses them in terms of the fundamental characteristics of the oscillations which axe present. As a consequence, the final solutions have the much desired long term validity and they may be used to obtain asymptotic estimates of the behavior of the system. The method is able to treat systems containing nonlinear perturbing elements and elements which we have described as moderately nonlinear. By means of examples it is shown that it is a straightforward process to treat systems to second order accuracy. This level of accuracy covers a large number of the intercoupling effects that characterize the more sophisticated nonlinear phenomena.


Human microbiome colonization starts during the birth and keeps modulating and establishing itself till adult stage. Advances in research techniques have shown evidences displaying the role of microbiome in brain and behavior development in addition to its involvement in immune, metabolic and physiologic function. Dysbiosis of gut microbiome disturbing the homeostasis with host leads to various diseases. Absence of microbiome in mouse affects the stimulation of nerves with simultaneous changes in behavior and brain chemistry. The perturbed microbiota during neonatal life leads to behavioral shifts which may persist even in adulthood. Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) released after microbial fermentation of undigested food components are able to regulate microglia homeostasis which serve as macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and are critical in CNS diseases. Impaired microglia signaling is implicated in neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative disorders and aging. The administration of antimicrobial agents in mice has revealed altered anxiolytic behavior and correspondingly the brain chemistry, i.e., changes in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level. The administration of combinations of probiotic bacteria affect brain function including anxiety, mood, and memory indicating their potential use in therapeutic approach depending upon their strain specific effect. Thus these accumulating reports indicate relevance of gut microbiome in brain chemistry and physiology consequently in brain related disorders.


The interactions between depression and medical illness are complex, especially in the elderly patient, and particularly in the hospital setting. Differential diagnosis in this population is quite broad, encompassing both psychiatric and medical etiologies. With appropriate diagnosis, treatment of depression in the hospitalized elderly is extremely effective and can both improve quality of life and decrease health resource utilization.


Pd-Au bimetallic catalysts often display enhanced catalytic activities and selectivities compared with Pd-alone catalysts. This enhancement is often caused by two alloy effects, i.e., ensemble and ligand effects. The ensemble effect is a dilution of surface Pd by Au. With increasing surface Au coverage, contiguous Pd ensembles disappear and isolated Pd ensembles form. For certain reactions, for example vinyl acetate synthesis, this effect is responsible for reaction rate enhancement via the formation of highly active surface sites, e.g., isolated Pd pairs. The disappearance of contiguous Pd ensembles also switches off side reactions catalyzed by these sites. This explains the selectivity increase of certain reactions, for example direct H(2)O(2) synthesis. The ligand effects are electronic perturbation of Pd by Au. Via direct charge transfer or by affecting bond lengths, the ligand effects cause the Pd d band to be more filled, moving the d-band center away from the Fermi level. Both changes make Pd more "atomic like" therefore binding reactants and products more weakly. For certain reactions, this eliminates a so-called "self-poisoning" effect and enhances activity/selectivity.


We performed a randomized, double-blinded dose-finding study of IV ephedrine for prophylaxis for hypotension in 80 women who received an IV crystalloid preload and spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. One minute after the intrathecal injection, patients were given saline control or ephedrine 10, 20, or 30 mg IV for 30 s. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) in the first 12 min after the spinal injection was greater in the 30-mg group compared with other groups (P < 0.05). Hypotension occurred in 7 patients (35%) in the 30-mg group compared with 19 (95%), 17 (85%), and 16 (80%) patients in the control and 10- and 20-mg groups, respectively (P < 0.0001). Maximum decrease in SAP was smaller in the 30-mg group (mean lowest SAP 87% of baseline, range 58%–105%) compared with other groups (P < 0.01). Reactive hypertension occurred in 9 patients (45%) in the 30-mg group (mean highest SAP 120% of baseline, range 104%–143%) compared with 2 (10%), 1 (5%), and 5 (25%) patients in the other groups (P = 0.009). Heart rate changes, total ephedrine requirement, incidence of nausea and vomiting, and neonatal outcome were similar among groups. The proportion of patients with umbilical arterial pH < 7.2 was 10.5%, 25%, 42%, and 22% in the control, 10-, 20-, and 30-mg groups, respectively (P = 0.12). We conclude that the smallest effective dose of ephedrine to reduce the incidence of hypotension was 30 mg. However, this dose did not completely eliminate hypotension, nausea and vomiting, and fetal acidosis, and it caused reactive hypertension in some patients. Implications We investigated different doses of IV ephedrine as prophylaxis for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery and found that the smallest effective dose was 30 mg. However, this dose did not completely eliminate hypotension, caused reactive hypertension in some patients, and did not improve neonatal outcome.


Legal rules are already established rules. Legal structure, while on the one hand, ensures stability and natural predictability of its inherent sanctions, it may be incomplete or inadequate in extraordinary situations, on the other hand. There are certain procedures for enforcement of legal rules; these procedures or the extraordinary conditions of disaster periods might not be suitable for taking quick action. As in the 1999 earthquake, various legal problems have come up in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected the whole world. What is important here is to realize these problems and start searching for a permanent solution.The pandemic process led to certain social, economic, commercial, national and international problems in the world and in Turkey since the very beginning; these problems have unavoidably transformed into legal problems and a search for a solution was initiated. This study focuses on the current and potential issues occurring in contract and health law due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of market orientation on service innovation in Jordanian Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Sector. Customer orientation, competitor orientation, interfunctional coordination, intelligence generation, intelligence dissemination, and intelligence responsiveness were the components of market orientation in this study. The population of this study was defined as all Intaj members that are included within Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Sector in Jordan which are 184 companies till February 2011. Primary data were collected from 50 companies by disseminating 300 questionnaires to the key respondents who were the employees within marketing and sales departments in that fifty companies. Multiple regression analysis was used to fulfill the research objective. The findings indicated that there is a high level of implementation of (1) market orientation and (2) service innovation within selected companies, and that there is a statistically significant effect of market orientation on service innovation, as well as all market orientation components have statistically significant positive effect on service innovation except for intelligence generation, and the most important (influential) independent variable within market orientation construct to influence service innovation was competitor orientation. According to the findings of this study, a number of recommendations were presented to enhance service innovation processes in ICT sector, Such as: (1) Jordanian ICT companies must be careful about the actions and activities of their current competitors without neglecting the threat of potential competitors, (2) Jordanian ICT companies should direct more of their capabilities toward benefiting their customers as much as possible, in addition to broaden the area of customer participation, (3) modifying the organizational structure of Jordanian ICT companies to facilitate inter-functional coordination activities, in addition to institute organized databases to perform this task smoothly, (4) to be careful about the quality of collected information and appreciate its value before intelligence dissemination, (5) as well as maximizing the importance of communication between all functional departments and then translate that culture into behaviors, (6) and then develop a deliberate response system on timely basis.


Walkable university campuses require comprehensive planning and design that considers the campus as a whole, which means that buildings and the surrounding environment should not be segmented from a walkability point of view. Without considering the walkability criterion, the spatial organisation of the teaching buildings on university campuses may negatively impact pedestrian speed. This paper outline a comparative study of the old and new campuses of Sulaimani University, which have different types of spatial organisation, to demonstrate the impact of campus layout design on pedestrian speed. The aim is to show how university campus design and spatial organisation type affect pedestrian speed and determine the best type of campus layout design from a walkability point of view. For the empirical study, data were collected through video recordings and observing pedestrian speed between 8:00 am and 9:00 am for 15 days on both campuses. The recorded data were then transformed into numerical values such as speed, and different types of walking. In a second step, data about physical characteristics of campusesdesignwere collected, such as walkway length, width and level, and number of pedestrian walkway intersections.Finally, using multiple linear regression analysis, a mathematical model was designed to test campus spatial organisation on pedestrian speed. In this way, comparing the results for the campuses, the findings reveal that campus layout design and walkway characteristics affect pedestrian speed with different impact ratios. The results indicate the best spatial organisation type for walkable campuses.


Taking Shenzhen city as an example, the statistical and physical relationship between the density of pollutants and various atmospheric parameters are analyzed in detail, and a space-partitioned city air pollution potential prediction scheme is established based on it. The scheme considers quantitatively more than ten factors at the surface and planetary boundary layer (PBL), especially the effects of anisotropy of geographical environment, and treats wind direction as an independent impact factor. While the scheme treats the prediction equation respectively for different pollutants according to their differences in dilute properties, it considers as well the possible differences in dilute properties at different districts of the city under the same atmospheric condition, treating predictions respectively for different districts. Finally, the temporally and spatially high resolution predictions for the atmospheric factors are made with a high resolution numerical model, and further the space-partitioned and time-variational city pollution potential predictions are made. The scheme is objective and quantitative, and with clear physical meaning, so it is suitable to use in making high resolution air pollution predictions.


The Weizsaecker-Williams transverse momentum dependent (TMD) gluon distributions can be probed in the production of a hard dijet in semi-inclusive DIS. This process is sensitive not only to the conventional but also to the linearly polarized gluon distribution. The latter gives rise to an azimuthal dependence of the dijet cross section and therefore can be distinguished from the former. Feasibility study of a measurement of these TMDs through dijet production at a future electron-ion collider shows that the extraction of the distribution of linearly polarized gluons with a statistical accuracy of 5% will require estimated luminosity of 20 fb^{-1} /A.


Filtration characteristics of fuel neutral soot particulate were studied using a recently developed heterogeneous multiscale filtration (HMF) model. In the HMF model, a probability density function (PDF) based pore size distribution and a porosity distribution across the filter wall are introduced to represent the heterogeneous multiscale porous structure. The HMF model was validated by an exhaust filtration analysis (EFA) system, which was designed for fundamental experimental filtration studies. Various sources of particulates from combustion engines were used in the filtration studies. Some particulates were sampled from a spark ignited direct injection (SIDI) engine fueled with gasoline and ethanol blends. Particulates from a compression ignition engine fueled with diesel for conventional and advanced combustion regimes were investigated as well. The microstructure of the porous wall was found to be more critical and necessary to simulate filtration of particulates from gasoline and advanced diesel combustion engines than those from conventional diesel combustion (CDC) engines. The interactions between the porous wall and trapped particulates were investigated. The dynamic filtration characteristics, including filtration efficiency, pressure drop and particulate distribution inside the wall are strongly dependent on total particulate volume rather than total particulate number concentration. The change of the filter structure as well as the shape of the particulate size distribution play important roles on particulate penetration. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4030282]


Abstract Chilean marine habitats have supported sea turtle species since prehistorical times. Although information exists regarding their contemporary distribution and ecological role in the region, it is diffuse. This study aims to bring such data together and provide an up-to-date review of the ecology and conservation status of sea turtles in Chile. Detailed available data largely reflect interactions between Dermochelys coriacea and Caretta caretta with oceanic fisheries. Newspaper and local studies have reported the regular presence of Chelonia mydas and Lepidochelys olivacea in certain locations in northern Chile during the past decade. The latter species were particularly abundant in the area around a thermal discharge from a water-cooled power plant (Mejillones Bay, 23°S) in the Antofagasta Region, and accounts included several reports of negative interactions between these species and sea lions (Otaria flavescens). Sea turtles found in Chilean waters are probably juveniles or subadults. No estimates have been made regarding the potential of the Chilean waters as feeding grounds or the relative importance of putative food items for sea turtles. Sea turtles are clearly present in Chilean waters, but we know little about factors that drive variation in their abundance. As such, there is a need for further exploration of the ecology of sea turtles in this region.


The Supreme Court's opinion on the right to marry in Obergefell v. Hodges, inspired a flurry of scholarship on the topic of nonmarriage. In the wake of that decision, scholars have made claims about the state of nonmarriage, and also laid claim to it — embracing the nonmarital legal space that remains. This Article intervenes in the literature by looking at how the law directly interacts with unmarried couples — in distributing property when their relationship ends. The overview of the cases leads to one central claim: the law of nonmarriage as it currently stands remains deeply tethered to marriage, either expressly or by implication.
The cases that address property distribution are particularly revealing: courts must assess the nature of the relationship, and value the contributions made throughout. The most common scenario courts face consists of a woman seeking property from a man in the context of a heterosexual relationship. Yet the most common scenario the scholarship on nonmarriage addresses involves (1) a same-sex relationship, male or female, or (2) a heterosexual relationship with the standard roles reversed, meaning that the man is requesting property from the woman. This Article turns to consider these "exceptional" cases head-on. It argues that even though they are fewer in number and muddle the standard gender composition of the parties, they are part and parcel of the larger law of nonmarriage, which relies on marriage to garner meaning. A comprehensive analysis of the exceptional case law leads to an unexceptional conclusion: courts either bring these cases into marriage's pull, or use the cases as a means of gendering the nonmarital space in a way that mimics traditional marital norms, regardless of the sex of the parties seeking property distribution.
Ultimately, this Article cautions against a wholesale embrace of the law of nonmarriage, especially if one values diversity of relationship forms. Indeed, the exceptional case law reveals not only the intractable relationship between marriage and nonmarriage, but it also exposes how courts impose gendered marital norms on a relationship in which the individuals are not married, and even where they could not have married.


We present a model for the redshift-space power spectrum of galaxies and demonstrate its accuracy in describing the monopole, quadrupole, and hexadecapole of the galaxy density field down to scales of k = 0.4hMpc−1. The model describes the clustering of galaxies in the context of a halo model and the clustering of the underlying halos in redshift space using a combination of Eulerian perturbation theory and N -body simulations. The modeling of redshift-space distortions is done using the so-called distribution function approach. The final model has 13 free parameters, and each parameter is physically motivated rather than a nuisance parameter, which allows the use of well-motivated priors. We account for the Finger-of-God effect from centrals and both isolated and non-isolated satellites rather than using a single velocity dispersion to describe the combined effect. We test and validate the accuracy of the model on several sets of high-fidelity N -body simulations, as well as realistic mock catalogs designed to simulate the BOSS DR12 CMASS data set. The suite of simulations covers a range of cosmologies and galaxy bias models, providing a rigorous test of the level of theoretical systematics present in the model. The level of bias in the recovered values of fσ8 is found to be small. When including scales to k = 0.4hMpc −1, we find 15-30% gains in the statistical precision of fσ8 relative to k = 0.2hMpc −1 and a roughly 10–15% improvement for the perpendicular Alcock-Paczynski parameter α⊥. Using the BOSS DR12 CMASS mocks as a benchmark for comparison, we estimate an uncertainty on fσ8 that is ∼10–20% larger than other similar Fourier-space RSD models in the literature that use k ≤ 0.2hMpc−1, suggesting that these models likely have a too-limited parametrization.


The standardization process for Versatile Video Coding (VVC), the next generation video coding standard, was launched in 2018, after several recent advances in video coding technologies had been investigated under the Joint Video Experts Team (JVET) of ITU-T VCEG and ISO/IEC MPEG experts. The recent standard development status (up to VVC working draft 2) shows that the VTM software, the test model for this VVC standard, can achieve over 23% average coding gain under random access configuration when compared to the HM software, the test model of HEVC standard. This paper gives a review of recently developed video coding technologies that have been either adopted into the VVC working draft as part of the standard or under further evaluation for potential inclusions.


Temperature dependencies of steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) from triplet state at 3.1 eV and singlet state at 4.2 eV ascribed to the twofold-coordinated Ge have been measured in unloaded and H2-loaded Ge-doped silica samples under 5.0 eV excitation in the 10K to 310 K range. Experimental evidences indicate that diffusing molecular hydrogen (H2) depopulates by a collisional mechanism the triplet state, decreasing both its lifetime of about 14 % and the associated triplet PL intensity, whereas those of the singlet are insensitive to the presence of H2.


This paper presents the welding of extruded aluminum by a hybrid bifocal laser system. The aluminum alloy considered is EN AW-6060 (AlMgSi0,5) temper T66 without and with filler wire Al4047 A (SG-AlSi12). The hybrid laser system consists of a combination of an Nd:YAG laser with a high power diode laser (HPDL), both of 3 kW maximum output power. The beam parameter product (BPP) of the employed Nd:YAG laser of 25 mm*mrad translates with an optical system of focal length f=150 mm into a circular focus of diameter 0.45 mm whereas the BBP of the HPDL of 85 x 200 mm*mrad can achieve a rectangular focus of 0.9 mm x 3.7 mm.This paper renders research into the fundamentals governing the melt pool dynamics of the resulting superposition of keyhole by heat conduction mode welding and assays the ramifications in aluminum welding by avail of exemplary butt joints in 2 mm thick plate specimens. The phenomena considered are the diffusion of the surface oxygen layer, the influence of different inert and active shielding gas mixtures. By comparing the results attainable by bifocal laser hybrid welding to the constituent laser processes synergetic effects of the laser hybrid can be demonstrated. These are namely the doubling of the welding speed from 2.0 min−1 to 4.0 m min−1, the reduction of the roughness of the weld surface from 60 µm to approximately 10 µm and an increase in energy transfer efficiency. The experimental investigations verifying these synergies are outlined and discussed.This paper presents the welding of extruded aluminum by a hybrid bifocal laser system. The aluminum alloy considered is EN AW-6060 (AlMgSi0,5) temper T66 without and with filler wire Al4047 A (SG-AlSi12). The hybrid laser system consists of a combination of an Nd:YAG laser with a high power diode laser (HPDL), both of 3 kW maximum output power. The beam parameter product (BPP) of the employed Nd:YAG laser of 25 mm*mrad translates with an optical system of focal length f=150 mm into a circular focus of diameter 0.45 mm whereas the BBP of the HPDL of 85 x 200 mm*mrad can achieve a rectangular focus of 0.9 mm x 3.7 mm.This paper renders research into the fundamentals governing the melt pool dynamics of the resulting superposition of keyhole by heat conduction mode welding and assays the ramifications in aluminum welding by avail of exemplary butt joints in 2 mm thick plate specimens. The phenomena considered are the diffusion of the surface oxygen layer, the influence of different inert and active shielding ...


This article critically discusses the recent growing interest in and regained 'respectability' of the Situationist International and related urban cultural, architectural and political movements. It engages particularly with the present reinvention of the Situationist Movement and argues that the rediscovery of the 'Situationist City' celebrates an intellectualized, aestheticized and de-politicized version that is particularly oblivious to the political and revolutionary theories and programmatic emancipatory urban agenda that underpinned the Situationist movement. We shall argue that this aestheticized reappropriation of selected parts of the Situationist legacy reinforces exactly what the Situationists actively criticized and tried to undermine. At the same time, intellectual and cultural attention is diverted away from the active urban reconstructions that try to confront the totalizing presence of the spectacle and breathe the spirit that Guy Debord and his friends pioneered in the 1950s and 1960s. We shall attempt to connect this rediscovery of the 'Situationist City' and the urban imaginations of the time to the theoretical and political insights, particularly those of Guy Debord, that developed in tandem with their concern with the production of a new way of living, one that revolved squarely around recapturing the urban. Finally, the enduring relevance of Debord's work and insights is explored in the context of recent debates and events. Copyright Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2002.


ABSTRACT Phan, L.K.; van Thiel de Vries, J.S.M., and Stive, M.J.F., 2015. Coastal mangrove squeeze in the Mekong Delta. The role of mangrove forests in providing coastal zone stability and protection against flooding is increasingly recognized. The specific root, stem, and canopy system of mangroves is highly efficient in attenuating waves and currents. The sheltered environment created by a healthy mangrove forest offers great sedimentation potential in case a sediment source is available. However, the once-abundant mangrove forests in the Mekong coastal delta are becoming rapidly depleted. Especially along the Mekong eastern and southeastern coast, mangrove degradation and rapid coastline erosion are observed at many locations. At these locations, the mangrove forests usually consist of a narrow strip only, sometimes as narrow as 100 m. This mangrove squeeze is mainly due to the construction of sea dikes in a quest for the creation of space for cultivation and the prevention of salinity intrusion. The basic assumption behind our work is that there is a critical minimum width of a coastal mangrove forest strip to keep its ability to stay stable or, once surpassing the minimum width, to promote sedimentation. The larger the width the more efficient the attenuation of waves and currents will be, offering both a successful seedling and sedimentary environment. Our analysis of available data both from literature and from satellite observations supports our basic assumption: an average critical width of 140 m is found for the southeastern and eastern Mekong Delta coast as a minimum width to sustain a healthy mangrove forest. To further our insights into the efficiency of mangrove to attenuate wave energy as a function of their width we have applied a state-of-the-art wave propagation model that includes both short and long waves. Our results confirm earlier results from the literature that short waves are indeed attenuated very rapidly over distances shorter than the critical width, but as we show for the first time infragravity waves penetrate over much larger distances. We therefore hypothesize that the decay of long waves plays a crucial role in the health of the mangrove.


Synthetic angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE-I) inhibitors can have undesirable side effects, while natural inhibitors have no side effects and are potential nutraceuticals. A protein-rich fraction from chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed was hydrolyzed with an Alcalase-Flavourzyme sequential system and the hydrolysate ultrafiltered through four molecular weight cut-off membranes (1 kDa, 3 kDa, 5 kDa, and 10 kDa). ACE-I inhibitory activity was quantified in the hydrolysate and ultrafiltered fractions. The hydrolysate was extensive (DH = 51.64%) and had 58.46% ACE-inhibitory activity. Inhibition ranged from 53.84% to 69.31% in the five ultrafiltered fractions and was highest in the <1 kDa fraction (69.31%). This fraction's amino acid composition was identified and then it was purified by gel filtration chromatography and ACE-I inhibition measured in the purified fractions. Amino acid composition suggested that hydrophobic residues contributed substantially to chia peptide ACE-I inhibitory strength, probably by blocking angiotensin II production. Inhibitory activity ranged from 48.41% to 62.58% in the purified fractions, but fraction F1 (1.5–2.5 kDa) exhibited the highest inhibition (IC50 = 3.97 μg/mL; 427–455 mL elution volume). The results point out the possibility of obtaining bioactive peptides from chia proteins by means of a controlled protein hydrolysis using Alcalase-Flavourzyme sequentional system.


Language assessment in a classroom-based context is a complex and delicate topic, particularly when the student who is being assessed has Specific Linguistic Needs. This paper outlines a theoretical model for classroom-based assessment of students with Specific Needs. One of the key-points of the model will be feedback, intended both as a phase where results are shared with the students, families or tutors, but also as control system where the results measurements are reintroduced into the system to improve and adjust it.


Job satisfaction is an important area to determine the view of the library professionals towards their job in the library. The study has been under taken to measure the level of job satisfaction of female health library professionals in Dhaka city and how do the job facets (MSQ, 1967) affect on job satisfaction of female health library professionals. There is a cross sectional observational study to see the level of job satisfaction among health library professionals. A standard questionnaire (MSQ, 1967) is used to measure the level of job satisfaction of the sample. The result shows that out of twenty job facets eleven facets are highly significant for the job satisfaction and nine facets quite insignificant for job satisfaction. The study shows independence, variety of work, social status of the job, supervision-human relation supervision-technical, moral values, authority, ability utilization, library policies and practices, scope of advancement, relation with co-workers, recognition of job done and achievement has significant effect on job satisfaction. Further more it noticed females are less satisfied at their job. Finally, the significant recommendations have been put forth to improve the level of job satisfaction of female health library professionals in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/el.v23i1.12117 Eastern Librarian Vol.23(1) 2012 pp.37-50


Inadequate storage facilities have contributed to severe postharvest losses in maize in many developing countries. This study determined the potential of termite mound clay (TMC), a readily-available material in Nigeria for constructing on-farm storage silos. 3 tonnes of maize at 11.2% moisture content (MC) was loaded into each silo for an 8-month storage period. Performance evaluation was done in comparison to conventional silos constructed from reinforced concrete (RC) and galvanized steel (GS) by monitoring temperature and relative humidity inside the silos. Selected quality parameters including moisture, protein, oil, crude fibre, starch, and ash contents were also measured. Observations revealed that temperature trends were similar in all silos. A consistent increase in relative humidity was also observed but was less pronounced in the GS silo (10.6%) compared to TMC and RC silos at 15.8 and 22.2% respectively. Maize quality in TMC, RC and GS silos were found to be similar although at varying degrees, with increasing trends for MC and crude fiber contents and decreasing trends for protein, oil, starch, and ash contents. The silos have comparable performance till the fourth month of storage after which MC was significantly different (p<0.05) across silos. MC on the eighth month in TMC, RC and GS silos were 16.0, 15.1 and 12.7%, respectively. TMC silo was found adequate for short-term storage (<4 months). Construction of silos using local materials has a high potential for adoption and improved resistance of TMC silo to moisture permeation may allow for its use for longer periods.

 Key word: Silo, grain storage, postharvest losses, termite mound clay, grain quality.


We report the first measurement of the flux-integrated cross section of $\nu_{\mu}$ charged-current single $\pi^{0}$ production on argon. This measurement is performed with the MicroBooNE detector, an 85 ton active mass liquid argon time projection chamber exposed to the Booster Neutrino Beam at Fermilab. This result on argon is compared to past measurements on lighter nuclei to investigate the scaling assumptions used in models of the production and transport of pions in neutrino-nucleus scattering. The techniques used are an important demonstration of the successful reconstruction and analysis of neutrino interactions producing electromagnetic final states using a liquid argon time projection chamber operating at the earth's surface.


Peer tutors in higher education are frequently given vital teaching and learning work to do, but the training or professional development and support opportunities they are offered vary, and more often than not peer tutors are under-supported. In order to create and sustain teaching and learning environments that are better able to facilitate students' engagement with knowledge and learning, the role of peer tutors needs to be recognised differently, as that of learning and teaching partners to both lecturers and students. Tutors then need to be offered opportunities for more in-depth professional academic development in order to fully realise this role. This paper explores a tutor development programme within a South African writing centre that aimed at offering tutors such ongoing and cumulative opportunities for learning and growth using a balanced approach, which included scholarly research and practice-based training. Using narrative data tutors provided in reflective written reports, the paper explores the kinds of development in tutors' thinking and action that are possible when training and development is theoretically informed, coherent, and oriented towards improving practice.


Discusses tools to facilitate the effective use of AUVs to survey small-scale oceanographic processes. A fundamental difficulty is the coupling of space and time through the AUV survey trajectory. Combined with the finite velocity and battery life of an AUV, this imposes serious constraints on the extent of the survey domain and on the spatial and temporal survey resolutions. We develop a quantitative survey error metric which accounts for errors due to both spatial undersampling and temporal evolution of the sample field. The accuracy of the survey error metric is established through surveys of a simulated oceanographic process. Using the physical constraints of the platform, we develop the "survey envelope" which delineates a region of survey parameter space within which an AUV can successfully complete a mission. By combining the survey error metric with the survey envelope, we create a graphical survey analysis tool which can be used to gain insight into the AUV survey design problem. We demonstrate the application of the survey analysis tool with an examination of the impact of certain survey design and parameters on surveys of a simple oceanographic process.