As higher education (HE) has come to be valued for its contribution to the global economy, priorities have been placed on study for a degree to directly meet the needs of industry (Hayes, 2015: p. 125). Furthermore, in UK policy, students have been defined as 'customers' by the government since the introduction of tuition fees (Dearing, 1997; Browne, 2010). Together, these developments have emphasized the role of a degree as a consumer 'product', purchased to secure future employment (Peters, Jandric and Hayes, 2018a), rather than an experiential learning 'process', that continues well beyond student life (Hayes, 2015 : p. 130). We examine how the student-as-consumer approach in HE policy has recently developed into a strong rhetoric emphasizing 'the student experience' as a package, including leisure, well-being, future employment and other 'extras'. This could be perceived as positive, where all elements of student life are acknowledged. Alternatively, policy discourse concerning 'the student experience' could also be critiqued as a concept that now transcends the notion of a degree as a utilitarian product. A disturbing impression is then generated, where universities are now delivering a packaged experience of 'consumption itself', to students (Argenton, 2015: p. 921). What students would individually experience, such as a 'sense of belonging and pride in the university', is delivered to students, not developed by them. To examine such concerns more closely, we analyse a sample of 20 UK university 'student experience' strategies, via a corpus-based Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Drawing on themes from these texts, we question who 'the student experience' rhetoric really benefits? If a rationalized experience is constructed on behalf of students, then universities as 'cathedrals of consumption' (Ritzer, 2010) align themselves with any other provider of consumer experiences, where the 'production' of academic life has all been taken care of. In such a discourse, students are not necessarily conceptualized as empowered consumers either (Brooks, 2017) but trapped instead within an 'iron cage', even before they set foot in the workplace. Yet, despite a distorted picture that neoliberal HE policy discourse may portray, a postdigital understanding of 'the student experience' could yet offer helpful insights into possible routes of resistance.


PATTERNS OF UNDERSTORY HERBACEOUS PLANT SPECIES ASSEMBLAGES IN THE WABIKON FOREST DYNAMICS PLOT IN NORTHEASTERN WISCONSIN Ashley A. Fehrenbach (Oleksiak) Understory herbaceous plant species outnumber woody species over threefold in the 25.2 ha Wabikon Forest Dynamics Plot in northern Wisconsin, a permanent ecological research site where every tree 1 cm diameter and larger has been identified, measured, and mapped. The most abundant and widespread understory herbs are spring ephemeral wildflowers, which take advantage of light availability early in the growing season before deciduous trees have produced maximal leaf canopy cover. This study explores community composition and microhabitat variables associated with 108 herbaceous plant species in 316 1 m x 2 m plots distributed in a stratified random pattern within the Wabikon site. Multivariate analysis identified 10 consistent species assemblages (groups) of herbaceous understory plants, although species composition overlapped considerably among these groups. Species groups with the highest mean % cover tended to have the least distinctive species composition. In general, microhabitat variables (topographic variables, soil type, and tree species composition) were not strongly associated with these assemblages. However, high elevation (upland) plots tended to have higher percent cover of understory herbs but lower species richness compared with lower elevation (lowland) plots. I also found a statistically significant negative relationship between canopy species richness and understory species richness. Environmental and biotic variables were associated with the distributions of individual species, but these relationships are not strong or consistent enough to produce highly predictable, spatially structured understory plant assemblages at the Wabikon plot. Comparisons with historical studies in the vicinity of the Wabikon site suggest that the species composition of understory herbs has not changed dramatically during the past 60 years. Invasive species are still virtually absent at Wabikon today. Nevertheless, some notable differences were observed, including a lower abundance of Dryopteris intermedia and much higher abundance of Trillium grandiflorum at Wabikon compared with historical studies in similar forests in this region.


Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a rhizome-bearing perennial plant of the Zingiberacea family, which is native to Southeast Asia. Traditionally, turmeric has been used as a kind of spice, medicine, cosmetics, colorific matter and flavoring in food industries. Soil and water salinity is one of the main stresses that can drastically reduce the rate of plant production. Wide spread of saline soil in Iran and lack of information concerning this plant due to non-cultivation of Turmeric in Iran are reason for conducting this experiment. Therefore, the effect of saline water on the rate of sodium, potassium uptake by Turmeric and also proline and carbohydrates accumulation were evaluated at two times. So, rhizomes were grown in coco peat and perlite in controlled conditions. A month after germination, plants were irrigated with Hoagland's solution containing 0, 20, 60 and 100 mM, NaCl as treatment. One and two months after saline condition, the plants were harvested and sodium, potassium, praline and carbohydrate were measured in turmeric's plant parts. Experiment was conducted in a split plot design using completely randomized experiment with 6 replicates. According to the results, increase in salinity caused addition of sodium but less potassium in all plant parts at two different harvest times. Moreover, the amount of proline and the soluble and reduced carbohydrates were related to the interaction of salinity levels and exposed time to salinity. When the amount of Na + content was less than 1.74% DW, the amount of proline, carbohydrates and reduced surges increase as salinity was increased. However, when salinity exceeded in plant, then the amount of carbohydrates and reduced sugar declined as salinity increases.


Congenital nevus flammeus is a benign vascular tumor characterized by pink to pale red patches that thicken as the patient ages, producing a dull red to reddish blue, cobblestone-textured plaque. We present the cases of 3 women with unilateral acquired nevus flammeus on the cheek whose lesions resolved after minimal treatment with a 585-nm pulsed dye laser. The etiology of acquired nevus flammeus is reviewed and tumor response rates to laser surgery are discussed.


This article examines the implications for biomedical research of the Supreme Court's ruling in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics that isolated DNA does not comprise patentable subject matter but that complementary DNA (cDNA) does. Although most of the commentary surrounding this case has focused on the availability of genetic diagnostic tests, this Article considers the related and important implications of this opinion for scientific research. At the outset, it argues that this issue is beset with definitional complexity, as it is often difficult to disentangle "commercial" from "research" uses of patented genes. This Article further argues that context matters significantly in assessing the impact of the Court's ruling on research. Accordingly, this Article examines the implications of Myriad Genetics from three perspectives. First, considering the conduct of Myriad Genetics itself, it argues that the Supreme Court's decision creates greater real and perceived freedom to operate for uses of BRCA genes that may yield important scientific insights. Second, reviewing the literature on gene patents and anticommons, this Article argues that the Court's ruling will help enhance access to diagnostic testing more generally, thus advancing biomedical research. Third, at a doctrinal level, this Article suggests that Myriad Genetics may have significant long-term implications. The Court's opinion reflects a strong policy interest in excluding "nature" from patentable subject matter as well as a high degree of discretion in determining the contours of nature for that purpose. Such a policy-oriented, pragmatic approach to patent eligibility may create significant flexibility to challenge patents in research contexts going forward.


A comparative study of the behavior of four types of smectite is reported: two with a low Fe content, SHCa-1 (hectorite from San Bernadino, California), SWy-1 (montmorillonite from Wyoming) and two nontronites NG-1 (from Hohen Hagen, Germany) and SWa-1 (Grant County, Washington). Cation exchange was performed with a freshly prepared 1 M Fe nitrate aqueous solution. Intercalation with the same solution partially neutralized with an anhydrous carbonate solution, giving a molar ratio of OH−/Fe = 2 was also studied. The modified clays were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, Mossbauer spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma analysis.In the cation exchange process, the goethite impurities grew with the Fe-rich clays but not with the Fe-poor clays. This exchange was also found to have no effect on the thermal stability and structure of the clay minerals with low Fe content, whereas it had a slight effect on the structure of the Fe-rich clays and on their thermal stability. The extent of the intercalation, however, appears to depend on the expandability of the clay layers to accommodate the Fe(III) polycations, and increases from the nontronites to montmorillonite and to hectorite. This intercalation treatment has only a slight effect on both the structure and the thermal stability of hectorite and montmorillonite. In contrast, the nontronites undergo a dramatic change in both their structure and thermal stability. The formation of Fe oxyhydroxide and oxide phases in both procedures becomes very important when the initial structural Fe content of the clay minerals is high, increasing from SHCa-1, SWy-1, SWa-1 to NG-1. The contribution of the structural Fe of the clays to the formation of the Fe oxyhydroxide is not negligible, because of partial leaching of Fe from the octahedral sheet of Fe-rich clays due to the low pH of the solutions.


OBJECTIVE
Leptin is thought to play a key role in the control of body weight. There is a complex interrelationship between leptin and insulin or insulin resistance, but it is unknown how leptin is regulated. We therefore explored, in a large population-based study of 2,484 Caucasian subjects aged 50-74 years, the relationship between leptin and variables of body adiposity, energy balance, and insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Leptin was measured by means of a radioimmunoassay. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed with leptin as dependent variable and age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, daily energy intake, physical activity, smoking, hypertension, fasting triglyceride concentrations, HDL cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, and fasting plasma insulin concentrations as independent variables (determinants)

RESULTS
Leptin concentrations were found to be four times higher in women than in men. Effect modification between sex and potential determinants was expected, and the analyses were performed separately for women and men. BMI was the strongest determinant of leptin in women and waist circumference the strongest determinant in men. BMI, waist circumference, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations were independently and significantly (P < 0.05) associated with leptin, while inverse associations were shown for smoking and daily energy intake (borderline significance).

CONCLUSIONS
This study confirms the relationship between insulin and leptin and, in addition, suggests a relationship between triglyceride concentrations and leptin independent of sex, BMI, waist circumference, and insulin.


Under certain conditions in preferred three-stream geometries, a non-Newtonian airblast atomization flowfield violently pulses (axially and radially) by self-generating and self-sustaining interfacial instability mechanisms. The pulsing is severe enough to send acoustic waves throughout feed piping networks. The most recent work on this system instructed that exothermic chemical reactions enhance this moderate Mach number atomization. Explored herein is the potential to further enhance reaction-assisted disintegration by independently superimposing both sinusoidal and randomized mass flow fluctuations of +/− 50% of the mean onto otherwise constant gas feed streams. Two nozzle geometries (low versus high prefilming distance) and multiple superimposed feed frequencies (ranging from below to above the naturally dominant tone) are considered for each gas stream, making twenty-one total long-running unsteady PLIC-VOF CFD models. Droplet size, plus nine other temporal measures, were considered for assessing atomizer performance in our energy production process. Results indicate that superimposed frequencies have potential to enhance chaotic atomization in a statistically significant manner. Depending on the geometry, the largest effect was about a 10% reduction in droplet size; however, some combinations experienced a droplet size increase. Only marginal differences were seen in the nine other measures, such as injector face heat exposure. In addition to the immediate industrial benefit from modulation, dramatic changes in acoustics were produced by imposed feed perturbations at frequencies lower than the natural tone. A detailed study of start-up flow reveals new mechanisms which explain performance differences.


Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion sources are essential components of heavy-ion accelerators due to their ability to produce the wide range of ions required by these facilities. The ever-increasing intensity demands have led to remarkable performance improvements of ECR injector systems mainly due to advances in magnet technology as well as an improved understanding of the ECR ion source plasma physics. At the same time, enhanced diagnostics and simulation capabilities have improved the understanding of the injector beam transport properties. However, the initial ion beam distribution at the extraction aperture is still a subject of research. Due to the magnetic confinement necessary to sustain the ECR plasma, the ion density distribution across the extraction aperture is inhomogeneous and charge state dependent. In addition, the ion beam is extracted from a region of high axial magnetic field, which adds a rotational component to the beam, which leads to emittance growth. This paper will focus on the beam properties of ions extracted from ECR ion sources and diagnostics efforts at LBNL to develop a consistent modeling tool for the design of an optimized beam transport system for ECR ion sources.


We examined whether hospitals participating in Medicare's Shared Saving Program increased the use of highly rated skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) or decreased the use of low-rated SNFs hospital-wide after initiation of their accountable care organization (ACO) contracts compared with non-ACO hospitals. Using a difference-in-differences design, we estimated the change in the probability of discharge to 5-star and 1-star SNFs among all beneficiaries discharged from ACO-participating hospitals after the hospital initiated ACO participation. After joining an ACO, the percentage of hospital discharges going to a high-quality SNF increased by 3.4 percentage points on a base of 15.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-5.5, P = .002) compared with non-ACO-participating hospitals. The probability of discharge from an ACO-participating hospital to low-quality SNFs did not change significantly compared with non-ACO-participating hospitals. Our findings indicate that ACO-participating hospitals were more likely to discharge patients to highly rated SNFs after they began their ACO contract but did not change the likelihood of discharge to lower rated SNFs in comparison with non-ACO hospitals.


Federal policymakers are debating a range of potential initiatives for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from U.S. energy sources. An overarching policy issue which arises from carbon control proposals is how the CO2 reduction targets could be achieved. One method that has garnered significant attention is increasing the electricity efficiency in buildings. Analysts have identified a number of critical socioeconomic and policy barriers which have historically limited the impact of federal and state
building efficiency programs. This report describes those barriers, the degree to which federal law has addressed them, and their implications for meeting future U.S. carbon reduction targets.


We present a simple, fast, and easily interpretable procedure that results in faster detection of outbreaks in multiple spatial regions. Disease counts from neighboring regions are aggregated to compute a Poisson CUSUM statistic for each region. Instead of controlling the average run length error criterion in the testing process, we instead utilize the false discovery rate. Additionally, p-values are used to make decisions instead of traditional critical-values. The use of the false discovery rate and p-values in testing allows us to utilize more powerful multiple testing methodologies. The procedure is successfully applied to detect the 2011 Salmonella Newport outbreak in Germany.


Links constitute the core of Linked Data philosophy. With the high growth of data published in the web, many frameworks have been proposed to deal with the link discovery problem, and particularly the identity links. Finding such kinds of links between different RDF data sets is a critical task. In this position paper, we focus on link key which consists of sets of pairs of properties identifying the same entities across heterogeneous datasets. We also propose to formalize the problem of link key discovery using Pattern Structures (PS), the generalization of Formal Concept Analysis dealing with non binary datasets. After providing the proper definitions of link keys and setting the problem in terms of PS, we show that the intents of the pattern concepts correspond to link keys and their extents to sets of identity links generated by their intents. Finally, we discuss an implementation of this framework and we show the applicability and the scalability of the proposed method.


Importance of limb tissue associations in the development of nerve-induced supernumerary limbs in the newt Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. Brachial nerve tip deviation has been carried out at various points in the upper arm and close to the limb. Some associations of cutaneous or muscular tissue from two opposite sides — dorsal and ventral or anterior and posterior — of the upper arm were made at these points. Various degrees of development of the nerve-induced supernumerary limbs were observed. When a nerve deviation was not followed by grafting of tissue from the opposite side, the supernumerary limbs did not develop or were strongly hypomorphic. A normal limb development can occur when tissues from the opposite side are associated with the ones located at the nerve tip. Such associations allow a harmonious nerve-induced supernumerary limb to develop and consequently allow all transverse axes to be established. Orientation of nerve-induced supernumerary limbs is determined by the orientation of the tissues in the area of nerve deviation.

In terms of positional information, since an absence of contact between tissues from two opposite sides results in a lack of normal development, we can conclude that positional values located on either side of, the centre of, at least, one transverse axis should be in contact to allow limb development, i.e. a regenerated limb or nerve-induced supernumerary limbs or supernumerary limbs. It appears that contact between such values along any transverse axis, under sufficient nervous stimulation may give rise to a supernumerary limb.


This guide will give you an introduction to the Library services and resources that are available to you as a UDOL or distance learning student studying off campus


Among several solutions to face the unprecedented increase of attacks towards Cyber Physical Systems, encryption plays a central role. In the form of a Proof of Concept, this contribution gives a new methodology for designing self-synchronizing automata, having in mind their use in symmetric cryptography, namely the Self-Synchronizing Stream Ciphers. The contribution of the paper is to recast the design as control theoretical issues. It calls for a graph-based approach and results borrowed from control theory and dynamical systems, in particular LPV systems. The design leads to not necessarily $T$-functions as state transition functions of the automata involved in the ciphering and deciphering sides. It is a consideration that is important for the sake of security. Another asset of the approach is that the resulting ciphers admit possibly vectorial inputs to enhance the throughput.


Crop production in Central Asia has long history going back to 2000-3000 years BC. The farming in the past was mainly concentrated in irrigated areas along the two main river basins: AmuDarya and Syr-Darya. Wheat cultivation in Central Asia in the 20th century concentrated primarily in rainfed area. The breeding work conducted at several stations in the region was initially based on local landraces and resulted in adapted varieties. However, the breeding work was not consistent and interrupted. Since 1991 the wheat became an important crop due to food security concern and replaced cotton in some areas. The modern varieties developed in the region are well adapted and combine yield potential, grain quality and disease resistance. At the same time a number of foreign varieties from Mexico, Russia, Turkey, USA and other countries are cultivated in the region. The international cooperation with centers like CIMMYT and ICARDA resulted in the establishment of international network of researchers sharing the germplasm, knowledge and experience. New jointly developed varieties are being officially tested and some already reached the farmers. Support provided to wheat variety development and promotion in the region from international agencies and organizations like FAO, German Agency for Technical Cooperation, US Department of Agriculture, Washington State University, Winrock International, and others is fundamental for the wheat grain production in Central Asia.


Many studies have shown the importance of improved road infrastructure towards economic
development of a region through economic agglomeration and widened business network coverage
resulting from better access and higher mobility. However, such benefit can only be achieved if road
infrastructure remains accessible and reliable in the long term period. Accordingly, in addition to
resources required for the construction, road management will also need to allocate adequate resources for
the maintenance.
In the event of major natural disasters, road infrastructure is among the sectors that often suffer from
the greatest damages and losses. It is also suggested that reconstruction of road infrastructure is critical
for a speedy recovery process. In the case of tsunami reconstruction in Aceh, Indonesia, poor road
infrastructure is also argued to have caused delays and higher reconstruction cost.
In most developing countries such as Indonesia, another important issue requiring particular attention is
the ability and capability of local government in maintaining road infrastructures. In the post-tsunami
reconstruction in Aceh, disregard to road classification and ownership status (national, Prov. or district),
most of road reconstruction projects were either funded or co-funded by national government and donor
agencies; which project outcomes were then transferred to local government. This resulted in giving
additional burden to local governments with low technical and financial capacity for maintaining and
ensuring the long term benefit of the investment, particularly where there are more road networks
reconstructed than destroyed.
Accordingly, this paper, which is based on an ongoing PhD study, discusses issues identified in the
post-disaster road reconstruction in Aceh with regards to local governments' capacity in road
maintenance. The discussion includes regulations, policies and other aspects that contributed to the road
management and maintenance within the context of Aceh post-tsunami reconstruction.


When Paramecium are transferred from the solution to which they have been adapted to a solution of a different K+ concentration, they initially change their swimming behaviour and then gradually recover normal swimming. This adaptation to the new solution takes 2–3 h. We found that in the process of adaptation there was a change in membrane potential: transfer of the cells to a lower K+ concentration caused depolarization of the potential, whereas transfer to a higher concentration produced a hyperpolarization. In both cases, the change in potential was followed by a gradual repolarization to the original value in the control solution. During adaptation, the intracellular concentration of K+ did not change much. It is probable that the cells change their membrane potential towards a constant level by controlling the membrane conductance for K+.

Note:


This research examines artist networks created by shared museum exhibition. While previous research on artistic careers assesses self-cultivated networks, historical recognition may be further influenced by connections created by important others, such as museum curators and art historians. I argue when museum exhibitions show artists together, curators are creating symbolic associations between artists that signal the artist's import and contextualization within his or her peer group. These exhibition-created associations, in turn, influence historians who must choose a small selection of artists to exemplify a historical cohort. The research tests this idea through a cohort of 125 artists' exhibition networks in the Museum of Modern Art, New York, from 1929 to 1968 (996 exhibitions). Individual network variables, such as number and quality of connections, are examined for impact on an artist's recognition in current art history textbooks (2012-2014). Results indicate certain connections created by exhibition have a positive effect on historical recognition, even when controlling for individual accomplishments of the artist (such as solo exhibitions). Artists connected with prestigious artists through "strong symbolic ties" (i.e., repeated exhibition) tend to garner the most historical recognition, suggesting robust associations with historical peers may signify an artist's exemplary status within his or her cohort, and consequent "good fit" into the historical narrative.


In this paper, we study the Lie symmetrical Hojman conserved quantity of a relativistic mechanical system under general infinitesimal transformations of groups in which the time parameter is variable. The determining equation of Lie symmetry of the system is established. The theorem of the Lie symmetrical Hojman conserved quantity of the system is presented. The above results are generalization to Hojman's conclusions, in which the time parameter is not variable and the system is non-relativistic. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results in the last.


The primary purpose of this study was to explore female workers experiences of sexual harassment and the antecedents and the outcomes of those experiences in the Myanmar workplace. Using the Myanmar versions of Sexual Experiences Questionnaire developed originally by Fitzgerald and colleagues (1988, 1995), a questionnaire survey of working women in Myanmar was conducted. The representative sample included 271 working Myanmar women at a university, along with government and private sectors. The antecedent variables (personal vulnerability, organizational context) and three general types of negative outcome variables (psychological outcomes, physical outcomes, and work-related outcomes) were identified through victims of sexual harassment. Analyses explored the relationship of these antecedents and negative outcomes to type of sexual harassment, and the victim's coping responses. In addition, the influences of self-role belief and attribution style were explored.


The prerequisite for a modern approach to innovative procedures of the development of current or even newly created equipment for the transport of particulate materials is the utilization of simulation methods, such as the Discrete Element Method (DEM). This article focuses on the basic, or initial, validation of movement of material through the sample divider. The mechanical-physical properties of brown coal were measured. Based on these parameters the preliminary input values for EDEM Academic were selected, and a simulation of the dividing process was run. The key monitored parameters included density and friction coefficient. Experiments on a realistic model of the equipment were performed and assessed. The total weights of brown coal at the exit from the divider were determined for a specific speed of the divider. The aim of this task was to simulate the realistically determined weight division of the brown coal sample. The result from the DEM was compared with the results of measurement on a realistic model.


Recent articles demonstrate that sensorless drives for induction motors can operate at zero electrical and mechanical frequencies with the aid of high frequency signal injection techniques and processing the zero sequence voltage signal. The paper presents some practical implementation issues affecting the performance of such a technique and shows how to improve the quality of the estimated angle. All the assessments are experimentally proved and have a general value that can be extended to other sensorless techniques injecting high frequency signal


The authors studied the prevalence of HBV markers among health care personnel of the Univer- sity Hospital of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. The aim ofstudy was to identify the high risk groups, in order to counsel vaccination of those groups at risk as a routine. As a control group, a group of office workers of the hospital were chosen. A significant difference of incidence of HBV markers, mainly in surgeons (40%) and hemodialysis unit personnel (36.4%) when compared to the control group, was observed (p < 0.05). The incidence increased with age and the time spent in the profession. The authors concluded that vaccination is indicated in surgeons hemodialy sis personnel, dentists and laboratory personnel.


Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) occur when workers are repeatedly exposed to forceful and prolonged activities in awkward postures, disproportionate force, abnormal movement, vibration, unsympathetic environments, and psychological stress. Aim: To describe the pattern of WRMSD and its consequences on workers at a brewery in southwest Nigeria. Study Design: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among brewery workers in Southwest, Nigeria. Methods: Ethical approval was granted by the research and ethics committee of the University. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire to cover 4 sections of interest to the researchers. Collected data were analyzed using relevant statistical software. Results: 69% of the respondents had WRMSD with work-related functional impairment mostly manifesting as back pain (65.2%) which was managed with several strategies including the use of over the counter medication (21%). The most common etiology of MSDs among brewery workers was awkward positioning while performing their duties (25.4%). Conclusion: Our study showed that increasing age and years of service in the brewery significantly affected the development of MSD (p<0.05). MSD is common in brewery workers hence occupational health services and education should be incorporated into small and medium scale industries with perhaps subsidy from the government for their services, so as to reduce the burden of MSDs and improve the quality of life of workers.


The focus of this article is how dynamic stability is achieved during locomotion adapted for complex environments that pose dangers to stability. Biped locomotion involves sudden transition from one support surface to another during every step. Therefore, control of legged locomotion, particularly stability, is difficult. We have discussed in detail the various strategies that are available to maintain balance during locomotion. Control of stability and hence locomotion is facilitated by the interplay between various strategies during adaptive locomotion. Sensory information from the three modalities (visual, vestibular, and kinesthetic inputs), knowledge, and prior experience all play a critical role in the control of dynamic stability. While much is known, many details remain to be filled in to complete our understanding of how dynamic stability is maintained during locomotion.


Unregulated disinfection by-products (U-DBPs) in drinking water are formed primarily by the reaction of disinfectants (e.g., chlorine) with natural organic matter (NOM). The formation can be dictated by basic water quality and operational parameters. The purpose of this study was to develop a cost-effective framework for predicting the U-DBP concentration in water distribution networks (WDNs) based on changes in free chlorine in the WDN with respect to that at the water treatment plant (WTP) outlet (called differential free chlorine, i.e., ΔCl2). Under the framework, mixed-effect models were developed to predict U-DBP families: haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloketones (HKs) and individual compounds: chloropicrin (CPK), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN), and 1,1,1-trichloropropanone (TCP). Common water quality parameters at the WTP outlet were also included to increase the effectiveness of the models. The models developed were applied successfully to two applications: a single large-sized and combined medium-sized water systems with R2 values of the predictive models of up to 0.95 and a 95% confidence interval of the percent difference in the predictions of −27% to 32%. These applications show that ΔCl2 only or with basic water quality parameters at a WTP is an effective parameter for estimating the U-DBP concentration in WDNs. The proposed framework can be used by water utilities as a low-cost method to develop models for their water systems to identify potential locations to monitor U-DBPs. Moreover, the frameworks can be used by public health organizations to assess population exposure to U-DBPs in drinking water.


BACKGROUND
Staphylococcus aureus is capable of persistently colonizing the vestibulum nasi. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in host inflammatory response genes and genetic variation in S. aureus contribute to susceptibility to S. aureus carriage and infection.

METHODS
The prevalence of persistent nasal carriage of S. aureus in 3851 participants aged 61-101 years was 18% (678 of 3851 participants), whereas 73% of volunteers (2804 of 3851) were not colonized. A total of 1270 individuals had boils. Polymorphisms in TNFA (C -863T), IL4 (C -542T), CFH (Tyr402His), and CRP (C1184T, C2042T, and C2911G) were determined. Genetic similarity among 428 S. aureus isolates was determined by use of amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis (AFLP)-mediated genotyping.

RESULTS
The IL4 -524 C/C host genotype was associated with an increased risk of persistent S. aureus carriage, irrespective of S. aureus AFLP genotype. The CRP haplotype 1184C; 2042C; 2911C was overrepresented in individuals who were not colonized . In individuals with boils, carriers of the CFH Tyr402 variant, and the CRP 2911 C/C genotype were overrepresented.

CONCLUSION
Persistent carriage of S. aureus is influenced by genetic variation in host inflammatory response genes. As would be expected in multifactorial host-microbe interactions, these effects are limited. Interestingly, host genotype was associated with the carriage of certain S. aureus genotypes. Apparently, a close interaction between host and bacterial determinants are prerequisites for long-term colonization.


The rates of C–H bond activation for various alkanes by [(N–N)Pt^II(CH_3)(TFE-d3)]^+ (N–N = Ar–N=C(CH_3)–C(CH3)=N–Ar; Ar = 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl; TFE-d_3 = CF_3CD_2OD) were studied. Both linear and cyclic alkanes give the corresponding [(N–N)Pt^II(H)(alkene)]^+ cation. Second-order rate constants for cycloalkane activation (C_nH_(2n)) are proportional to the size of the ring (k ~ n). For cyclohexane, the deuterium kinetic isotope effect (k_H/k_D) of 1.28(5) is consistent with the proposed rate determining alkane coordination to form a C–H σ complex. Comparing the relative rates of cyclic and linear alkanes indicates that the platinum center is relatively unselective with respect to different C–H bonds: the rate constants (per C–H bond) for the substrates examined all fall into a narrow range, and there does not appear to be any significant preference for either primary or secondary C–H bonds.

The protonolysis of platinum(II) methyl complexes was investigated by both experiment and computation. Experimental results showed that protonolysis of (COD)Pt^II(CH_3)_2 (COD = 1,5 – cyclooctadiene) by trifluoroacetic acid gave abnormally large (greater than 10) kinetic isotope effects (k_H/k_D) at room temperature and higher. The temperature dependence of k_H/k_D for the protonolysis of (COD)Pt^II(CH_3)_2 gave Arrhenius parameters outside semi-classical limits. On the other hand, protonolysis of (tmeda)Pt^II(CH_3)Cl (tmeda = N,N,N',N'–tetramethyl–ethylenediamine) by trifluoroacetic acid gave normal kinetic isotope effects and classical Arrhenius parameters. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to examine the mechanism of protonolysis of these two systems, and the results were found to be consistent with experimental observations. Based on our experimental and computational work, we propose that protonolysis of methylplatinium(II) complexes can occur through either a concerted or stepwise pathway that is highly ligand dependent; more electron-rich ligands will favor the stepwise mechanism, while electron-deficient ligands with stronger trans influence will favor the concerted mechanism. Finally, we propose that the presence of abnormally large KIEs is an indication for a concerted pathway, and that there is a connection between the magnitude and temperature dependence of the KIE and mechanism.

In aqueous solution, [Pt^II(glycinato)Cl_2]^- catalyzes oxidation by [Pt^IVCl_6]^(2-) of the methyl group of p-toluenesulfonate to the corresponding alcohol and aldehyde, with no further oxidation to the carboxylic acid. Both rate and selectivity are improved in comparison to the original Shilov system that employs [Pt^IICl_n(H_2O)_(4-n)]^(2-n) as the catalyst.


Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions encountered in clinical practice. Physiotherapists as well as other professionals in healthcare use manual spinal mobilisations to treat patients with LBP with the aim of reducing pain or/and stiffness and improving the range of motion. Although spinal mobilisations are widely used in the clinical sitting, the underlying mechanisms regarding its effectiveness remain largely unknown. The purpose of the current study was to examine the physiological responses of spinal mobilisations in terms of the hypoalgesic and SNS responses in those with and without LBP.
Phase 1 examined the test-re-test reliability of sympathetic and hypoalgesic measurements (n = 15). Phase 2 was a pre-clinical study (single arm trial, n = 14) that investigated the hypoalgesic and sympathetic effects of thoracic mobilisation treatment in asymptomatic participants over a course of three sessions of mobilisation. Phase 3 investigated the hypoalgesic and sympathetic effects of thoracic mobilisation treatment in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) (n = 36) over a course of three sessions of mobilisation.
Phase 1 demonstrated that the within-day test-retest reliability of skin conductance, skin temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure and PPT measurements were excellent (ICCs of 0.77 to 0.99). On the other hand, the reliability of diastolic blood pressure and salivary alpha-amylase measurements were demonstrated to be fair to good (ICCs of 0.55 and 0.7, respectively). Phase 2 revealed significant sympathoexitatory effects in terms of diastolic blood pressure (p=0.026), heart rate (p=0.005) and respiratory rate (p= 0.001) where there were insignificant results with regard to peripheral sympathetic measures (skin conductance and skin temperature). Significant hypoalgesic effects were evident in some locations, including distal areas, but not at all visits. Phase 3 showed significant peripheral detectable sympathoexcitatory effects in the lower limbs in terms of increased skin conductance (p= 0.001) and decreased skin temperature (p= 0.001) following thoracic mobilisation that were not detected in asymptomatic participants.
This study demonstrated that patients with nonspecific low back pain are more peripheral sympathetic responsive to thoracic mobilisations than asymptomatic population suggesting that adaptive neuroplasticity, as well as dorsal horn and central processing, in the LBP patients, may be a feasible explanation of the results.


Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) respond to peripheral nerve injury by up-regulating nitric oxide (NO) production by neurons and glia in addition to local fibroblasts, endothelium and macrophages. We hypothesise that NO produced from these cells has specific roles. We have shown that when neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) is blocked in axotomised DRG, neurons undergo degenerative changes (Thippeswamy et al., 2001, 2007a). Further, we demonstrated that increased neuronal NO production, in response to axotomy/growth factor-deprivation in vitro, signals glial cells to produce trophic factors to support neuronal survival (Thippeswamy et al., 2005a). Recently, we found that treating satellite glia-neuron co-cultures with nNOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7NI), decreases the number of nestin+ cells that show neuron-like morphology. Cultured/axotomised DRG also upregulate inducible NOS (iNOS) in non-neuronal cells. Therefore, it is plausible that degenerative changes following nNOS inhibition are also due to iNOS-mediated excessive NO production by non-neuronal cells, which indeed is cytotoxic. NG-nitro-l-arginine methylester (L-NAME), the pan NOS inhibitor did not significantly change nNOS+ neuron number in axotomised DRG compared to 7NI suggesting that iNOS-mediated NO contributes to the degenerative process. In this paper, these findings from our and others' past work on NO-mediated neuron-glia signalling in axotomised DRG are discussed.


This 419-page manual is only slightly longer than the fifth edition published 5 years ago and maintains the same direction. There are now 453 color plates, but the quality remains variable. Having been inspired by Dr Sauer's lecture notes over 30 years ago, it remains an "intermediatetype book" directed toward the student and the generalist. Its emphasis on regional diagnosis is as important for today's student as it was when I studied the first edition 30 years ago. The strength and the weakness of the new edition are the fact that it remains a very personal and primarily a single-author text, although new authors contribute to improved chapters on human immunodeficiency virus infection and dermatologic surgery, for instance. Many of Dr Sauer's general comments are welcome advice concerning history taking, patient management, and the kind of culture that should contribute to a successful office practice. Those who appreciate the Schoch


As today's products and services are becoming more and more similar, so do all forms of market communications. Although not a new phenomenon, imitation in advertising and other forms of market communications is becoming increasingly frequent. This is due to hyper-productivity, the ever expanding media ecosystem and new digital platforms that ensure wide distribution and availability of intellectual works. Copywriters, designers, creative directors and others who work in the market communication industry have online magazines, blogs dedicated to the creative industry, portfolio websites, social networks and various other sources of inspiration which tempt them to imitate works of others. The article gives an overview of regulatory and self-regulatory environment in the Republic of Croatia and proposes a framework for evaluating possible infringements of intellectual property rights (IPR), both intentional and coincidental, through various forms of advertising and market communications.


Studying for environmentally-friendly and efficient energy source is now actively under way on because problems like environmental pollution and exhaust of natural resources are in issue. Pure Cell which is an alternative energy source has low voltage and high current characteristic, therefore boost up voltage converter and DC-AC converter is required to use as a common power source. In this paper, DC-DC converter which has high efficient and high power density is proposed and verified by experimental result.


Mammals navigate by integrating self-motion signals ("path integration") and occasionally fixing on familiar environmental landmarks. The rat hippocampus is a model system of spatial representation in which place cells are thought to integrate both sensory and spatial information from entorhinal cortex. The localized firing fields of hippocampal place cells and entorhinal grid-cells demonstrate a phase relationship with the local theta (6–10 Hz) rhythm that may be a temporal signature of path integration. However, encoding self-motion in the phase of theta oscillations requires high temporal precision and is susceptible to idiothetic noise, neuronal variability, and a changing environment. We present a model based on oscillatory interference theory, previously studied in the context of grid cells, in which transient temporal synchronization among a pool of path-integrating theta oscillators produces hippocampal-like place fields. We hypothesize that a spatiotemporally extended sensory interaction with external cues modulates feedback to the theta oscillators. We implement a form of this cue-driven feedback and show that it can retrieve fixed points in the phase code of position. A single cue can smoothly reset oscillator phases to correct for both systematic errors and continuous noise in path integration. Further, simulations in which local and global cues are rotated against each other reveal a phase-code mechanism in which conflicting cue arrangements can reproduce experimentally observed distributions of "partial remapping" responses. This abstract model demonstrates that phase-code feedback can provide stability to the temporal coding of position during navigation and may contribute to the context-dependence of hippocampal spatial representations. While the anatomical substrates of these processes have not been fully characterized, our findings suggest several signatures that can be evaluated in future experiments.


The reinforced concrete (RC) beams have three failure modes using large-scale finite element procedure LS-DYNA to simulate dynamic responses and failure modes of RC beams under blast loading. Holmquist-Johnson-Cook material model was used in concrete, the damage and strain rate effects were considered the kinematic hardening plasticity material model was used in reinforcing bars. With different rebar ratios and charges of weight TNT equivalent and stand-off distance were investigated and discussed. The numerical simulation can predict responses and flexure, flexure-shear and direct shear of the RC beams under different blast loading. The influence of the several factors have been identified and provided a theoretical basis for blast resistant design and retrofitting of the RC beam.


State-religion relationship is one of the elements which shape state-society relationship, and this relationship determines the quality of democracy. Alevi citizens in Turkey have been suffering from unequal treatment in terms of state attitude towards their religious freedom and education. Turkey has a sui generis secularisation background which is identified as not having equal distance to all belief systems. Turkish style secularism represents an understanding which has alienated the Alevi citizens and seen them as the "others". The Directorate of Religious Affairs was established to introduce and promote a specific understanding of religion, namely Sunni Islam. In this study, the concept of "otherness" in the constitution of Turkish national identity will be employed as an analytical tool in exploring how state-religion relationship in Turkey has been an important factor producing inequalities between citizens leading to discrimination towards the Alevi identity. In this regard, the role of the Directorate of Religious Affairs will also be discussed while focusing on the rise of Sunni Islam.


Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL

Introduction: The NSABP P-1 and P-2 breast cancer prevention trials have demonstrated that the SERMs tamoxifen and raloxifene can reduce the risk of breast cancer in high risk women.

Methods: We performed a nested matched case-control GWAS utilizing DNA from participants enrolled in P-1 and P-2. 592 participants developed invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ, and were matched with 1171 controls who did not. Genome-wide genotyping with the Illumina 610-Quad chip and CYP2D6 genotyping for pertinent alleles were performed. Functional genomic studies involved the use of cultured cells, with siRNA knockdown, followed by qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses.

Results: Eleven SNPs with p-values < 3E-05 were identified. Twenty one additional SNPs with p < 4E-05 were identified by imputation around the genotyped SNPs on chromosomes (Chrs) 4, 8, 9, 13, 16 and 22, which were then genotyped with the Invader platform. Initial functional genomic studies focused on 6 SNPs on Chr16 (p-values 1.81-9.55E-06), all of which were in ZNF423, a gene encoding a putative zinc-finger protein. The Chr16 minor variant SNP sequences had less risk than the common variant (OR=0.7). Our functional studies showed that incubation of Hs578T cells stably transfected with estrogen receptor (ER) α with 0.1 nM estradiol (E2) induced expression of ZNF423, BRCA1/2 for WT but not variant SNP sequences. There was also a striking difference between E2-induced ZNF423, BRCA1/2 expression for variant and WT SNPs in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) stably transfected with ERα, with only WT showing induction. ChIP assay showed that ZNF423 could bind to the 5'-flanking region of BRCA1, and reporter gene assays showed that ZNF423 could regulate BRCA1/2 transcription. In LCLs stably transfected with ERα and genotyped for ZNF423 SNPs, estrogen-dependent expression of all 3 genes occurred only in the presence of the WT, but not variant ZNF423 SNP sequences. Blockade of ERα with 4-OH tamoxifen prevented induction of expression in cells with WT sequences, but resulted in gene dose-dependent increases in BRCA1/2 expression in cells with variant SNP sequences-suggested that the minor variant has a "protective" effect during clinical SERM therapy and verified by ChIP assays.

Conclusions: The SNPs in ZNF423 identified during GWAS were associated with differential E2-dependent induction of ZNF423, BRCA1 and BRCA2-implying that ZNF423 is "upstream" for the estrogen-dependent induction of BRCA1/2 expression. However, LCLs with variant SNP sequences showed greatly enhanced expression of ZNF423, BRCA1/2 during 4-OH tamoxifen exposure, while cells with WT sequences did not. These results may reveal a novel mechanism for SERM-dependent regulation of BRCA1/2 expression and may have implications for patient selection for SERM therapy.

Funded by U10-CA37377, U10-CA69974 and U14-GM61388.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4727. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4727


In this note, we develop algebraic approaches for fault identification in discrete-event systems that are described by Petri nets. We consider faults in both Petri net transitions and places, and assume that system events are not directly observable but that the system state is periodically observable. The particular methodology we explore incorporates redundancy into a given Petri net in a way that enables fault detection and identification to be performed efficiently using algebraic decoding techniques. The guiding principle in adding redundancy is to keep the number of additional Petri net places small while retaining enough information to be able to systematically detect and identify faults when the system state becomes available. The end result is a redundant Petri net embedding that uses 2k additional places and enables the simultaneous identification of 2k-1 transition faults and k place faults (that may occur at various instants during the operation of the Petri net). The proposed identification scheme has worst-case complexity of O(k(m+n)) operations where m and n are respectively the number of transitions and places in the given Petri net.


For almost two decades, Sidney Coleman has been giving review lectures on frontier topics in theoretical high-energy physics at the International School of Subnuclear Physics held each year at Erice, Sicily. This volume is a collection of some of the best of these lectures. To this day they have few rivals for clarity of exposition and depth of insight. Although very popular when first published, many of the lectures have been difficult to obtain recently. Graduate students and professionals in high-energy physics will welcome this collection by a master of the field.


All foreign direct investment (FDI) projects should prudently be evaluated in terms of a full set of criteria, i.e. holistically, rather than purely on the narrow financial basis which is too often the case. This paper considers a schema or screening device (an 'FDI-screen') designed to deliver such a holistic approach when operated in conjunction with normal financial appraisal tools. Although initially designed for use by firms to evaluate individual projects or project clusters (i.e. looking outwards), it can also be readily adapted for other uses such as host countries assessing their potential attractiveness to would-be investors, or by external agents seeking to gain an overall perspective of a host's desirability for FDI (i.e. an inbound view). The schema is used in this second way, applied to data from three developing countries, China (the PRC), Pakistan and Burma. The paper thereby both illustrates the summarising and presentational power of models such as the FDI-screen, a fairly simple multi-criteria decision making model, and also highlights just how varied the picture may be for differing developing (or even LDC) economies.


Summary We present an approach for analyzing internal dependencies in counting processes. This covers the case with repeated events on each of a number of individuals, and more generally, the situation where several processes are observed for each individual. We define dynamic covariates, i.e., covariates depending on the past of the processes. The statistical analysis is performed mainly by the nonparametric additive approach. This yields a method for analyzing multivariate survival data, which is an alternative to the frailty approach. We present cumulative regression plots, statistical tests, residual plots, and a hat matrix plot for studying outliers. A program in R and S‐PLUS for analyzing survival data with the additive regression model is available on the web site http://www.med.uio.no/imb/stat/addreg. The program has been developed to fit the counting process framework.


This paper presents a way to get around the information problem facing outside analysts who want to scrutinize competition authorities' decisions. A formal model of how decisions are taken is applied to infer information that is available to the authorities but not to the outside analyst. If the information thus inferred from several decisions is incompatible, it is claimed that the policy executed by the competition authorities is inconsistent. A case study is presented of two recent decisions by the Norwegian Competition Authority on proposed mergers in the Norwegian insurance industry, indicating they most likely were mutually inconsistent. Copyright 1997 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd


SUMMARY: Cephaloridine has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, but certain Gram-negative organisms (e.g. Aerobacter aerogenes, Proteus morgani) are resistant by reason of their ability to destroy the antibiotic. Methicillin and cloxacillin do not inhibit Gram-negative organisms but are resistant to the βbT-lactamases which some strains produce and can protect cephaloridine from destruction by such enzymes. This protection effect towards cephaloridine has been demonstrated in vitro and on experimentally infected mice. In vitro, a relatively small proportion of the penicillin exerted a maximal protecting effect towards cephalosporin and enhanced its bactericidal action against the Gram-negative organisms which produce °bT-lactamase. The clinical use of a combination of cloxacillin or methicillin with cephaloridine for the treatment of intractable systemic infections with °bT-lactamase-producing Gram-negative organisms is suggested, even though laboratory tests may show the organisms to be resistant to both cephaloridine and the penicillins when they are tested separately.


We present an algorithm that integrates multiple region segmentation maps and edge maps. It operates independently of image sources and specific region-segmentation or edge-detection techniques. User-specified weights and the arbitrary mixing of region/edge maps are allowed. The integration algorithm enables multiple edge detection/region segmentation modules to work in parallel as front ends. The solution procedure consists of three steps. A maximum likelihood estimator provides initial solutions to the positions of edge pixels from various inputs. An iterative procedure using only local information (without edge tracing) then minimizes the contour curvature. Finally, regions are merged to guarantee that each region is large and compact. The channel-resolution width controls the spatial scope of the initial estimation and contour smoothing to facilitate multiscale processing. Experimental results are demonstrated using data from different types of sensors and processing techniques. The results show an improvement over individual inputs and a strong resemblance to human-generated segmentation. >


13 years after the first Lancet Series on maternal and child undernutrition, we reviewed the progress achieved on the basis of global estimates and new analyses of 50 low-income and middle-income countries with national surveys from around 2000 and 2015. The prevalence of childhood stunting has fallen, and linear growth faltering in early life has become less pronounced over time, markedly in middle-income countries but less so in low-income countries. Stunting and wasting remain public health problems in low-income countries, where 4·7% of children are simultaneously affected by both, a condition associated with a 4·8-times increase in mortality. New evidence shows that stunting and wasting might already be present at birth, and that the incidence of both conditions peaks in the first 6 months of life. Global low birthweight prevalence declined slowly at about 1·0% a year. Knowledge has accumulated on the short-term and long-term consequences of child undernutrition and on its adverse effect on adult human capital. Existing data on vitamin A deficiency among children suggest persisting high prevalence in Africa and south Asia. Zinc deficiency affects close to half of all children in the few countries with data. New evidence on the causes of poor growth points towards subclinical inflammation and environmental enteric dysfunction. Among women of reproductive age, the prevalence of low body-mass index has been reduced by half in middle-income countries, but trends in short stature prevalence are less evident. Both conditions are associated with poor outcomes for mothers and their children, whereas data on gestational weight gain are scarce. Data on the micronutrient status of women are conspicuously scarce, which constitutes an unacceptable data gap. Prevalence of anaemia in women remains high and unabated in many countries. Social inequalities are evident for many forms of undernutrition in women


The vertebral column of fishes has traditionally been divided into just two distinct regions, abdominal and caudal. Recently, however, developmental, morphological, and mechanical investigations have brought this traditional regionalization scheme into question. Alternative regionalization schema advocate the division of the abdominal vertebrae into cervical, abdominal, and in some cases, transitional regions. Here, we investigate regional variation at the level of the vertebrae and intervertebral joint (IVJ) tissues in the striped bass, Morone saxatilis. We use gross dissection, histology, and polarized light imaging to quantify vertebral height, width, length, IVJ length, IVJ tissue volume and cross‐sectional area, and vertical septum fiber populations, and angles of insertion. Our results reveal regional differences between the first four (most rostral) abdominal vertebrae and IVJs and the next six abdominal vertebrae and IVJs, supporting the recognition of a distinct cervical region. We found significant variation in vertebral length, width, and height from cranial to caudal. In addition, we see a significant decline in the volume of notochordal cells and the cross‐sectional area of the fibrous sheath from cranial to caudal. Further, polarized light imaging revealed four distinct fiber populations within the vertical septum in the cervical and abdominal regions in contrast with just one fiber population found in the caudal region. Measurement of the insertion angles of these fiber populations revealed significant differences between the cervical and abdominal regions. Differences in vertebral, IVJ, and vertical septum morphology all predict greater range of motion and decreased stiffness in the caudal region of the fish compared with the cervical and abdominal regions. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Quantitative and accurate measurement of in vivo mechanical properties using dynamic elastography has been the scope of many research efforts over the past two decades. Most of the shear-wave-based inverse approaches for magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) make the assumption of isotropic viscoelasticity. In this paper, we propose a quantitative gradient method for inversion of the shear wave equation in anisotropic media derived from a full waveform description using analytical viscoelastic Green formalism and automatic differentiation. The abilities and performances of the proposed identification method are first evaluated on numerical phantoms calculated in a transversely isotropic medium, and subsequently on experimental MRE data measured on an isotropic hydrogel phantom, on an anisotropic cryogel phantom and on an ex vivo fibrous muscle. The experiments are carried out by coupling circular shear wave profiles generated by acoustic radiation force and MRE acquisition of the wave front. Shear modulus values obtained by our MRE method are compared to those obtained by rheometry in the isotropic hydrogel phantom, and are found to be in good agreement despite non-overlapping frequency ranges. Both the cryogel and the ex vivo muscle are found to be anisotropic. Stiffness values in the longitudinal direction are found to be 1.8 times and 1.9 times higher than those in the transverse direction for the cryogel and the muscle, respectively. The proposed method shows great perspectives and substantial benefits for the in vivo quantitative investigation of complex mechanical properties in fibrous soft tissues.


It is shown that prophase chromosomes of oocytes in Anopheles messeae ovaries do not form local chromocenters, unlike spermatocytes, in which chromosomes fuse in a joint centromeric assembly. This fact reflects the dynamic nature of the system of chromocenter formation in generative tissues. During analysis of interspecific hybrids F{sub 1} A. maculipennis x A. subalpinus, no conjunction of homeologous chromosomes was observed, and the latter remained separated from one another. 6 refs., 1 fig.


IRGA 431 CL is an early rice variety, and its main characteristic is the resistance to Imidazolinones herbicides. The variety stands out for its excellent plant architecture, strong stems, high yield potential, good grain quality, and resistance to blast and high levels of toxic iron in the soil. It is recommended for exploitation in the rice fields of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.


The Adani Carmichael Coal Mine in the Galilee Basin of Queensland is
one of the largest open cut coalmine proposals in the world. The
development approval process for the mine has been deeply contentious,
with opposition raised by environmental, farming and indigenous groups.
Federal government approval of the mine has been successfully challenged
in the Federal Court through judicial review. This led to a reconsideration
and subsequent re-approval of the project, combined with the Federal
Government proposing statutory changes to standing rules to restrict the
capacity of civil society groups to bring judicial review actions. Given the
broad standing provisions for judicial review that have been present in the
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (Cth) ('EPBC
Act') since its inception in 1999, what are the reasons behind this proposal
for significant change in Australian environmental law? Drawing on
phronetic legal enquiry methodology, this article provides a case study of
the ways in which societal discourses intersect with law and political
economy in shaping the ability of civil society to challenge the approval
processes for major resource projects. This case study shows that the
Federal Government's agenda to reduce standing under the EPBC Act
represents a decisive attempt to assert power and control by reducing the
capacity of dissentients to oppose economic development. In doing so, this
case study highlights the value of phronetic legal inquiry as methodology
for analysing processes of change, and attempted change, in law.


Background Aging is becoming a major global challenge. Compared with younger adults, the older population has greater health needs but faces inadequate access to appropriate, affordable, and high-quality health care. Telehealth can remove geographic and time boundaries, as well as enabling socially isolated and physically homebound people to access a wider range of care options. The impacts of different telehealth interventions in terms of their effectiveness, cost, and acceptability in aging care are still unclear. Objective This scoping review of systematic reviews aimed to provide an overview of the domains of telehealth implemented in aging care; synthesize evidence of telehealth's feasibility, effectiveness, cost benefits, and acceptability in the context of aging care; identify gaps in the literature; and determine the priorities for future research. Methods Guided by the methodological framework of the Joanna Briggs Institute, we reviewed systematic reviews concerning all types of telehealth interventions involving direct communication between older users and health care providers. In total, 5 major electronic databases, PubMed, Embase (Ovid), Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and PsycINFO (EBSCO), were searched on September 16, 2021, and an updated search was performed on April 28, 2022, across the same databases as well as the first 10 pages of the Google search. Results A total of 29 systematic reviews, including 1 post hoc subanalysis of a previously published large Cochrane systematic review with meta-analysis, were included. Telehealth has been adopted in various domains in aging care, such as cardiovascular diseases, mental health, cognitive impairment, prefrailty and frailty, chronic diseases, and oral health, and it seems to be a promising, feasible, effective, cost-effective, and acceptable alternative to usual care in selected domains. However, it should be noted that the generalizability of the results might be limited, and further studies with larger sample sizes, more rigorous designs, adequate reporting, and more consistently defined outcomes and methodologies are needed. The factors affecting telehealth use among older adults have been categorized into individual, interpersonal, technological, system, and policy levels, which could help direct collaborative efforts toward improving the security, accessibility, and affordability of telehealth as well as better prepare the older population for digital inclusion. Conclusions Although telehealth remains in its infancy and there is a lack of high-quality studies to rigorously prove the feasibility, effectiveness, cost benefit, and acceptability of telehealth, mounting evidence has indicated that it could play a promising complementary role in the care of the aging population.


True perpetrators—those who commit crimes that others were wrongfully convicted of—are a danger to society. Left unapprehended, these individuals often continue to commit crimes that could have otherwise been avoided. Despite the risk they pose, only about half of true perpetrators in DNA exoneration cases have been identified. Further, only 50% of those who have been identified have been charged with the wrongful conviction crime(s) they committed. Previous research on wrongful convictions, prosecutorial discretion in charging decisions, and prosecutors' treatment of post-conviction innocence claims provide a starting point for investigating what factors underlie the identification and charging of true perpetrators. To explore these factors, we analyze 367 DNA exoneration cases and the resulting 161 identified true perpetrators. Results revealed that prosecutorial misconduct as a contributor to the wrongful conviction decreased the odds that a true perpetrator would be identified, but the odds increased if the victim was White and the exoneree was Black compared to if both were White. Odds of identification also decreased when, compared to murder, the most severe wrongful conviction crime type was child sex abuse or sexual assault. These factors were not significantly associated with the odds of an identified true perpetrator being charged with a wrongful conviction crime. A qualitative study revealed both definitively prohibitive and potentially influential factors that could influence a prosecutor's decision not to charge an identified true perpetrator with these crimes. These findings indicate policy solutions that could hold true perpetrators of wrongful convictions crimes responsible for their actions.


BACKGROUND
Despite changes in technique, morbidity after surgical treatment for vulvar cancer is considerable and mainly related to the groin dissection. Primary radiotherapy to the groin is expected to result in lower morbidity. However, studies on the efficacy of primary radiotherapy for the groins in terms of groin recurrences and survival show conflicting results.

OBJECTIVES
To determine whether the effectiveness and safety of primary radiotherapy to the inguino-femoral lymph nodes is comparable with surgery

SEARCH STRATEGY
The literature search was carried out using the criteria set by the Cochrane Gynaecological Cancer Group. A MEDLINE and EMBASE search using the Mesh Heading 'vulvar neoplasms' and textword 'vulva' was performed. Publications on the effectiveness of primary radiotherapy treatment of early squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva were selected.

SELECTION CRITERIA

TYPE OF STUDY
Randomized clinical trials, case-control and observational studies of primary radiotherapy of the groin Type of participants: Patients with early squamous cell cancer of the vulva Type of interventions: inguino-femoral lymph node dissection and primary radiotherapy of the inguino-femoral lymph nodes. Type of outcome measurements: incidence of groin recurrences, survival and morbidity

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two reviewers independently assessed study quality and extracted results

MAIN RESULTS
Out of nine reviewed papers only three met the selection criteria. From these studies, (one randomised controlled trial [RCT] one case-control and one observational study) it became clear from the RCT that the incidence of groin recurrences after primary radiotherapy is higher compared with surgery. survival was also worse in the radiotherapy group. The other two studies showed a higher than expected number of groin recurrences after primary radiotherapy. Morbidity after primary radiotherapy was lower compared with surgery. The conclusion of the RCT was criticized on the grounds of the depth of the radiotherapy administered. The depth of 3 cm used in the RCT, is too shallow to administer an optimal dose to the deeper groin nodes.

REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS
As shown in an RCT, primary radiotherapy to the groin results in less morbidity but also in a higher number of groin recurrences compared with surgery. Although the technique of radiotherapy in the RCT was criticized, other uncontrolled data do not give evidence for a similar or better groin control for radiotherapy when compared to surgery. This means that surgery is still to be considered the cornerstone of therapy for the groin nodes in women with vulvar cancer. Individual patients not fit enough to withstand surgery can be treated with primary radiotherapy.


Rasburicase has been defined as a potent urolytic agent for management of malignancy-associated hyperuricemia. We reviewed the data of 26 children with malignancy at risk for TLS who received rasburicase for treatment or prophylaxis of acute hyperuricemia, producing a significant decrease in uric acid level in all the patients. Tolerance of treatment was excellent. Rasburicase is a safe, highly and rapidly effective agent in the treatment and prevention of malignancies-associated acute hyperuricemia.


Probiotics (Pro-life live entities) provide the health and well being with multitude of beneficial effects on humans and animals (and relief against varied disorders). Probiotics may manage lactose intolerance, elevate immune profile, prevent colorectal cancers, reduce cholesterol and triglyceride profile, lowering blood pressure and inflammatory process. They also prevent osteoporosis, allergic reactions and help suppress H. pylori infections and other pathological manifestations.
Microbial metabolites (even in the absence of live entities) may exert (analogous) effects on signal pathways and barrier functions. Such substances are referred as 'Postbiotics' (the plain metabolic byproduct of probiotics, bioactive manifestations in the host). Generally, postbiotics include secondary metabolites such as bacteriocins, organic acids, ethanol, acetaldehyde, reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such metabolites are inhibitory against pathogenic strains of different broad spectrum drug resistant microbial groups (MDR, XDR etc). Postbiotics are safe, apathogenic which may resist hydrolysis by enzymes of mammalian origin. It has been described that micro-RNA profile of human milk may exert the inhibitory effects of probiotics.
Our research group has been investigating the merits of mammalian milk as a viable source of probiotics that secrete bioactive peptides against MDR/biofilm producing strains (ref. Streptococcus thermophilus and Enterococcus faecalis, a GIT probiont). These peptides are in the range of 10-16KDa molecular mass (sensitive to proteolytic enzymes as well). Genes coding for these peptides are plasmid associated. Mode of action of these peptides is bacteriostatic. Molecular identification of these Probiotic strains is being followed. This, on the whole marks an emphasis on biological operation of novel strains of Probiotic and their applications in medico-clinical areas to improve the human health and wellness.


Cognitive abilities are good predictors of safety performance in many occupations. However, this correlation has not been studied from the perspective of high-speed railway (HSR) dispatchers who play a vital role in ensuring the safety and punctuality of HSR transportation system. Therefore, studying factors affecting HSR dispatchers' safety performance is not only of great importance in filling the theoretical gap, but also conducive to the selection and training of dispatchers, contributing to the reduction of human errors and the prevention of railway accidents. In this study, a total of 118 HSR dispatchers from a branch of China Railway were recruited to complete the tests that examined their cognitive abilities related to the dispatching job, including logical reasoning, visual multiobject tracking, working memory, task switching, and cognitive flexibility. Safety performance, including both the safety evaluation score obtained from the dispatchers' monthly safety performance record of the Railway Bureau and the emergency disposal performance indicated by train delay time, was evaluated with a dispatch simulator. The results suggested that better abilities in visual multiobject tracking, working memory, task switching, and cognitive flexibility were correlated with higher safety evaluation score (reflecting daily safety performance) and shorter train delay time (reflecting safety and efficiency in emergency disposal). No significant correlation was found in logical reasoning. These findings support the recommendation that cognitive abilities investigated as predictors of safety performance could be useful for the selection and training of HSR dispatchers.


Securing SQL Server, Second Edition explores the potential attack vectors someone can use to break into your SQL Server database as well as how to protect your database from these attacks. Written by Denny Cherry, a Microsoft MVP for the SQL Server product, a Microsoft Certified Master for SQL Server 2008, and one of the biggest names in SQL Server today. In this book, you will learn how to properly secure your database from both internal and external threats using best practices and specific tricks the author uses in his role as an independent consultant while working on some of the largest and most complex SQL Server installations in the world. This edition includes new chapters on Analysis Services, Reporting Services, and Storage Area Network Security.

Presents hands-on techniques for protecting your SQL Server database from intrusion and attack.

Provides the most in-depth coverage of all aspects of SQL Server database security, including a wealth of new material on Microsoft SQL Server 2012 (Denali).

Explains how to set up your database securely, how to determine when someone tries to break in, what the intruder has accessed or damaged, and how to respond and mitigate damage if an intrusion occurs.


The changing landscape of policing in most mature democratic countries, fuelled in part by the economic recession, has meant a refocusing and questioning by communities and others regarding the attitudes and behaviour of their police service. In England and Wales there has been concerted questioning within the media and from other sources regarding the way the police deal with people as part of their day to day activities. In particular the question of the use of integrity in decision making by police officers has been a constant theme. Recent changes in the accountability processes have and will continue to focus upon how the police deal with their customers. This article seeks to examine the concept of police integrity and discusses why its use is so important for any country that utilises the democratic policing model, whereby the police work within communities. In doing so it considers what is meant by the terms police and democratic policing and examines the importance of police integrity in supporting these ideas. Further, this paper argues that without the use, maintenance and increase of integrity within policing organisations, the future of any true democratic policing model would be under jeopardy.


In an attempt to decrease weight, new commercial and military aircraft are designs with unitised monolithic metal structural components which contains of thinner ribs (i.e., walls) and webs (i.e., floors). Most of the unitised monolithic metal structural components are machined from solid plate or forgings with the start-to-finish weight ratio of 20:1. The resulting thin-walled structure often suffers a deformation which causes a dimensional surface error due to the action of the cutting force generated during the machining process. To alleviate the resulting surface errors, current practices rely on machining through repetitive feeding several times and manual calibration which resulting in long cycle times, low productivity and high operating cost. A finite element analysis (FEA) machining model is developed in this project to specifically predict the distortion or deflection of the part during end milling process. The model aims to provide an input for downstream decision making on error compensation strategy when machining a thin-wall unitised monolithic metal structural components. A set of machining tests have been done in order to validate the accuracy of the model and the results between simulation and experiment are found in a good agreement.


The Reuse Description Formalism (RDF) is a generalization of the faceted index approach to classification. It was initially designed as a tool to help increase reusability of software components at the code level (e.g. functions or subroutines). The goal of this work is to show that RDF can also be used effectively to represent and reuse other types of software knowledge. The emphasis here is on those proprieties of RDF that facilitates the representation of these objects, and not on how to define similarity distances for these objects. The problem of designing and using similarity distance comparators is addressed in another paper.
This paper demonstrates RDF's representation power by constructing sample classification taxonomy for software components to explaining informally the RDF's concepts. After that, it includes taxonomy for describing components of a commercial software library called EVB GRACE library.


Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been used against especially soil borne insect pests. EPNs are feasible and attractive for biological control, because of their virulence against various insect pests, host seeking ability, being usable with standard equipment, and long-term efficacy. In addition EPNs can be applied simultaneously with some pesticides. These properties make EPNs ideal biocontrol agent in integrated pest management. In the present study, effects of 4 widely used pesticides (Glyphosate, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Captan, Fosetyl-al) on virulence and mortality of three EPN strains (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Alman, H. bacteriophora HbH and Steinernema carpocapsae DD-136) were examined at 24 and 48 h periods. All strains were able to infect Galleria mellonella larvae averagely above 90 % rate, after 24 and 48 h treatments with all pesticides. However, some of the pesticides showed negative impact on the viability of the strains. Especially, DD-136 and Fosetylal seemed like incompatible, as the mortality rates were significantly higher than control for both 24 and 48 h. The results of the present study showed that it may be possible to use some EPN strains with some pesticides. It is expected that the results of the study will provide useful information for future integrated pest management programs.


Importance Although research suggests an association between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and other neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring, consensus is lacking. Given the increasing prevalence of hypertension in pregnancy, it is important to examine the association of HDP with neurodevelopmental outcome. Objective To synthesize the published literature on the association between HDP and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Data Sources On the basis of a preprepared protocol, a systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science was performed from inception through June 7, 2017, supplemented by hand searching of reference lists. Study Selection Two investigators independently reviewed titles, abstracts, and full-text articles. English-language cohort and case-control studies were included in which HDP and neurodevelopmental disorders were reported. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data extraction and quality appraisal were performed independently by 2 reviewers. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were followed throughout. Main Outcomes and Measures Random-effects meta-analyses of estimated pooled odds ratios (ORs) for HDP and ASD and for HDP and ADHD. Stand-alone estimates were reported for all other neurodevelopmental disorders. Results Of 1166 studies identified, 61 unique articles met inclusion criteria. Twenty studies reported estimates for ASD. Eleven of these (including 777 518 participants) reported adjusted estimates, with a pooled adjusted OR of 1.35 (95% CI, 1.11-1.64). Ten studies reported estimates for ADHD. Six of these (including 1 395 605 participants) reported adjusted estimates, with a pooled adjusted OR of 1.29 (95% CI, 1.22-1.36). Subgroup analyses according to type of exposure (ie, preeclampsia or other HDP) showed no statistically significant differences for ASD or ADHD. Thirty-one studies met inclusion criteria for all other neurodevelopmental disorders. Individual estimates reported for these were largely inconsistent, with few patterns of association observed. Conclusions and Relevance Exposure to HDP may be associated with an increase in the risk of ASD and ADHD. These findings highlight the need for greater pediatric surveillance of infants exposed to HDP to allow early intervention that may improve neurodevelopmental outcome.


The therapeutic efficacy of two novel short antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory peptides (RR and RRIKA) was evaluated in a mouse model of staphylococcal skin infection. RR (2%) and RRIKA (2%) significantly reduced the bacterial counts and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6, in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300-0114 skin lesions. Furthermore, the combined therapy of RRIKA (1%) and lysostaphin (0.5%) had significantly higher antistaphylococcal and anti-inflammatory activity compared to monotherapy. This study supports the potential use of these peptides for topical treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections.


This article places two texts on the pursuit of public housing in parallel. Empty Words Build Empty Homes is the script of a site-specific play that was performed with a small cast of residents at the soon-to-be demolished Haggerston West Estate in Hackney, East London on 22 September 2012. It takes architecture as storyteller, drawing on the physical structure of the estate's last standing block to determine narrative and express the position of those who have conceived, perceived and represented it. Telling Stories is a short commentary that promotes and problematises the act and ethics of sharing research publicly by critically reflecting on the production of the script and play.


The motivation of this work is to lessen the dependence on non-degradable plastic packaging which can lead to waste disposal problems. In this paper, the alternative biodegradable material developed by using local available sago starch in the present of biodegradable glycerol as plasticizer, as well as a set of composition added with citric acid as co-plasticizer is reported. Starch was added with 15-30 w/w% of glycerol to prepare workable bioplastics. The samples were characterized by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and tested for mechanical properties. The results reveale that, the tensile strength of the bioplastic is increasing with the increasing of glycerol until the optimum amount of 30 w/w%. The similar trend is also observed upon the addition of the citric acid. The decrease of the strength after the optimum point, however is obvious in the specimens with the addition of citric acid which is about 50% lower than the specimen without citric acid.


The publication of several relatively accurate and simple micro-methods for the determination of calcium in the blood has opened the way for many interesting lines of investigation in the field of calcium metabolism. About two years ago, inspired by the acquisition of a new weapon, we embarked on the study of an old and much investigated problem, viz., the calcium metabolism of children. The obvious connection between rickets, and probably infantile tetany, and some error of calcium metabolism, has naturally led us to lay special stress on the study of patients suffering from these disorders, but we also have attempted to collect data on the calcium content of the blood of children suffering from a variety of pathological conditions. Our calcium determinations have been made by the method of Lyman, 1 which we have modified in a few minor details. Lyman's method for the determination of calcium in blood consists


This thesis describes the history of the scientific Left beginning with the period of its most extensive influence in the mid-1940s as a movement for the planning of science and ending with the Labour Party's programme of 1964 claiming to harness science and socialism. Its central theme is the external and internal pressures involved in the project to align left-wing politics, trade unions and social responsibility in science. The problematic aspects of this project are examined in the evolution of the Association of Scientific Workers and the World Federation of Scientific Workers as organisations committed to trade union and science policy objectives. This is presented also in the broader context of the Association's attempts to influence the Trade Union Congress's policies for science and technology in a more radical direction. The thesis argues that the shift in the balance of political forces in the labour movement, in the scientific community and in the state brought about by the Cold War was crucial in frustrating these endeavours. This led to alternative, but largely unsuccessful attempts, in the form of the Engels Society and subsequently Science for Peace to create the new expressions of the left-wing politics of science. However, the period 1956-1964 was characterised by intensive interest within the Labour Party in science and technology which reopened informal channels of political influence for the scientific Left. This was not matched by any radical renewal within the Association or the Trade Union Congress and thus took place on a narrower basis and lacked the democratic aspects of the earlier generation of socialist science policy.


Millimeter-waves offer promising opportunities and interesting challenges to silicon integrated circuit and system designers. These challenges go beyond standard circuit design questions and span a broader range of topics including wave propagation, antenna design, and communication channel capacity limits. It is only meaningful to evaluate the benefits and shortcoming of silicon-based mm-wave integrated circuits in this broader context. This paper reviews some of these issues and presents several solutions to them.


Abstract.
 We examine the morphological variation of a Paleozoic pterineid during a time of relative ecological and taxonomic stability in the Middle Devonian Appalachian Basin in central and eastern New York. We discuss the taxonomic status of the Middle Devonian bivalve Actinopteria boydi (Conrad, 1842) and quantify the variability of its shell disk as well as the width and angle of the auricles and sulci of this otherwise character-poor bivalve species using geometric morphometric techniques employing Cartesian landmarks. We compare variants from three stratigraphic levels (Skaneateles, Ludlowville, and Moscow formations) and from different habitats characterized by lithofacies. The phenotypic variation observed in our data does not amount to an overall directional shift in morphology, i.e., they constitute reversible changes of morphology in a single variable taxon. Our study finds small-scale variation in morphology that represents evidence for ecophenotypic variation through ~3–4 Myr. Differences in substrate coupled with water energy seem to impact this taxon's morphology. Although no clearly separated groups can be observed, material from muddy facies develops variants with, on average, rounder and broader shell disks than are found in material from silty facies. This morphology could have increased the flow rate of water channeled over the posterior shell portion thereby improving filtration rate, which is especially beneficial in environments with low water energy.


The family physician should follow the small premature infant in the neonatal intensive care center and review the baby's problems and risk factors. In the office, special attention is required in monitoring the infant. Proper hospital and office care greatly improve the prognosis.


ABSTRACT This article demonstrates that involuntary sterilisation procedures are generally a manifestation of intersectional discrimination and the medical profession's use and abuse of power. Accordingly, the article uses the example of involuntary sterilisation to illuminate the multiple forms of discrimination experienced by society's most marginalised and vulnerable people and to discuss the role of social hierarchy and existing power structures in compounding and perpetuating the expression of discrimination. It begins by referencing the power of law before considering the power of the medical profession in the context of society in general. It then analyses the gendered dimension of this power, specifically considering the example of involuntary sterilisation and discussing the importance of adopting an approach which views this issue through an intersectional lens. Finally, the article invokes a number of specific examples of involuntary sterilisation procedures being performed on marginalised groups of women to make the discussion more tangible.


Every dentist can meet peculiar radiographic images that require a further investigation by a specialist in buccal pathology. This one can ensure the way to determine for example the tumoral or systemic character of the suspected lesion. Other morphological radiographic appearances include a risk of misinterpretation and thus inopportune, inadequate or hazardous operative procedures. This limited review with selected examples presents some occurrences the practitioner must keep in mind. Finally, this review demonstrates the need of correct radiographic knowledges and applications.


The relationships between muscle length, fractional change in length (strain) and work output during cyclic contraction were examined in scaphognathite levator muscle L2B of the green crab Carcinus maenas (L.). The muscle was subjected to sinusoidal strain at 2 Hz and to phasic stimulation in the strain cycle. At an average length and stimulus phase which are optimum for net work output, the work from muscle L2B during shortening rises to a peak or a plateau with increasing strain. The failure of shortening work to increase continuously with strain is due, in part, to the greater shortening velocity associated with greater strain, and to the consequent reduction in muscle force during shortening at higher velocity. The work required to re-lengthen a muscle following contraction is a complex function of strain, with an initial peak followed by a work minimum and then a monotonic rise in work with further increase in strain. The early work minimum is a result of shortening inactivation which reduces muscle force and thus the work which must be done to re-lengthen the muscle. Because shortening work rises to a peak or plateau with increasing strain while lengthening work, for the most part, increases with strain, there is a sharp optimum strain (about 8%) for net work output. Muscle relaxation becomes slower with increasing muscle length. As muscle length is increased, fusion of tension from cycle to cycle becomes more pronounced and shortening inactivation becomes a more important determinant of optimum strain.