Abstract The application of state-of-the-art signal processing often differs between offline and online real-time application domains. Offline processing techniques may be used to accurately reduce signal noise and spot errors before analysis. However, without the global signal information available to offline processes, such techniques can be difficult to reproduce in online real-time applications. This paper presented methods that were developed to support a state-of-the-art computer-based speech therapy system. These methods included online head correction and low-pass filtering and aimed to reproduce offline processing data quality when using a real-time clinical feedback application. The adequacy of these methods was evaluated relative to the offline processing 'gold' standard and in a context of computing a specific kinematic parameter (i.e. articulatory working space). The results showed that the online real-time output values were highly correlated with the offline manually-processed values.


Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop and test a scale assessing students' moral thinking and communication (MTC) functioning as well as to explore the implications for moral development and education. The rationale of MTC functioning, including interaction of four independent competencies: moral awareness, moral judgement, moral discourse, and moral decision-making, is primarily adapted from L. Kohlberg's theory, Neo-Kohlbergian theory, J. Habermas's and K.-O. Apel's discourse ethics, and L. Hinman's ethical pluralism. There were two studies in the development of the measure. The resulting instrument contained four moral dilemmas differing by a focus on micro-moral and macro-moral levels. Findings from the studies indicated the MTC scale has acceptable psychometric properties and describe Taiwanese students as attending to the difficult problems of integrating local and international cultural norms. Additionally, the measure provides a detailed picture of students' moral thinking and communication functioning. These results are discussed in terms of implications for moral theory and assessment of moral education.


The sustainability paradigm implies a cultural shift in order to really change the world and society. Education, and specifically higher education, plays the crucial role of preparing students to be not only responsible citizens but also actors and promoters of processes and actions for a sustainable development. This is important in general and even more significant in architecture and engineering fields, as those students will be the designers of the built environment of tomorrow. This paper draws inspiration from the author's practical experience for more than twenty years in teaching university courses in building technology and sustainable design for undergraduate and graduate students in civil and building engineering, tutoring their stages at professional studios, and supervising their theses. Moving from these premises, the author reports on and discusses some theoretical and practical outcomes concerning the: interpretation of built environment, design process, knowledge related to sustainability, use of a holistic approach in teaching sustainability, and collaboration among professionals. Finally, conclusions sketch potentials of new professionalisms for the sustainable future of built environment. Keywords: Sustainability Education, Built Environment, Building Engineering, Design Process


Despite the rich diversity of cultures, language and musical tradition in the Latin American world, the vast lands of Central and South America have often been considered a monolithic cultural area when viewed from a European perspective. While some scholars have suggested that concepts of Latin American identity remain fluid, others have observed that the fascination for European culture generated anxiety about the perceived cultural and historical gap between the Old continent and the New, a tension which resulted in the pendular movement between servile imitation and militant rejection of European influences that has become a feature of the Latin American cultural consciousness since the early twentieth century. Exploring a range of European musical influences, this essay considers issues of identity through a Cuban lens by investigating the music criticism of Alejo Carpentier who was not only one of the most influential writers of twentieth-century Latin America and uniquely placed through birth, education and up-bringing to question the European-Latin American dichotomy, but also a vigorous champion of European modernism, this providing a paradoxical catalyst for his advocacy of a distinctive Latin American identity.


Research on mental disability in the Sub-Sahara African context has recently stagnated, and is in need of a revival. The objectives of this study was to examine (i) the current situation of children and youth with mental disabilities in the Morogoro Region, Tanzania, and (ii) how to create more community awareness on rights of people with mental disabilities in the society, to put the discussion of mental disabilities back on the agenda. To fully grasp the cultural context, we have used interviews with local professionals working with children and youth with mental disabilities, in order to gain knowledge of efficient ways to create more community awareness. Over time there has been a change of attitudes due to improved knowledge, mainly through the increased visibility of people with mental disabilities in the society. However there is still a need to create awareness of the rights of people with mental disabilities, especially in rural areas. In order to influence the current situation for this group, we have concluded, within the frames of social constructionism, that networking through a bottom-up approach could be appropriate to share the burden.


A 16-year-old professional female ballet student sustained a plantar flexion-inversion injury to her left ankle while dancing. Clinical examination and MRI suggested subluxation of the tibiotalar joint. However, accurate diagnosis was hampered by a transient palsy of the common peroneal nerve. It was subsequently established that she had also sustained a dislocation of her calcaneocuboid joint, a rare injury, which was successfully stabilised by using a hamstring graft. The presentation and management of this rare condition are discussed.


Although first described over a century ago, invasion of the breast by malignancy primary elsewhere in the body is regarded as an unusual lesion. The cases reported in the literature number 41 at present, of which four have been primary in the ovary. The following report represents the fifth such case, and the first reported case of a secondary malignancy of the breast presenting clinically as an inflammatory carcinoma of the breast. Report of Case A 37-year-old gravida I para I white female was admitted to the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania for the first time on July 1, 1962, with an eight-week history of lower abdominal pain. Her past history was unremarkable except for dysmenorrhea over a number of years. On physical examination in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen a tender cystic mass appearing to originate from the pelvis was palpated. Pelvic examination revealed a tender


A new covalent organic framework material (NWNU-COF-1) linked with –NH– bonds is synthesized by the condensation reaction of melamine and 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine and its structure and properties are characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), N2 adsorption–desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The BET specific surface area of NWNU-COF-1 is 301.149 m2 g−1, and the pore size is about 1.41 nm. The preparation is also simple and cheap. This material exhibits a significant pseudocapacitance characteristic in a 6 M potassium hydroxide electrolyte, and the highest specific capacitance value of 155.38 F g−1 at 0.25 A g−1 current density in a three electrode configuration. This COF also demonstrates about 100% capacitance retention after 20 000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles, which is equal, even better compared with the COF materials reported previously, the nano/mesoporous carbon materials and even nitrogen doped carbons.


This paper presents clinical protocols for the emergency, early and post treatment complications of the avulsed tooth. The biological basis for these protocols is presented so that the reader understands the clinical decisions that have been made. Most of the protocols described in this article, but not all, have been adopted in the official guidelines of the International Association of Dental Traumatology. Some experimental results are promising and they have therefore been included in the review to stimulate colleagues to further research.


The effects of diazepam (DZP) on mitosis and the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton in the live diatoms Hantzschia amphioxys and Surirella robusta were followed using time-lapse video microscopy. Similarly treated cells were fixed and later examined for immunoflouresence staining of MTs or for transmission electron microscopy. DZP treatment (250 microM) had no effect on interphase cells but affected mitosis, resulting in the majority of prometaphase and metaphase chromosomes releasing from one or both spindle poles and collecting irregularly along the central spindle. Chromosomes remaining attached to one pole continued to display slight prometaphase oscillations; however, this activity was never observed in metaphase spindles. Following removal of DZP, some chromosomes still bipolarly attached, immediately released elastically from one pole. Within the first 2 minutes of recovery, all chromosomes recommenced spindle attachment, exhibiting normal prometaphase oscillations and proceeded through mitosis. DZP treatment during anaphase had no detectable effect on chromosome motion or cell cleavage. These results suggest that DZP acts as an anti-MT agent, selectively affecting polar MTs at prophase, prometaphase and metaphase, and thereby weakening kinetochore connection to the poles. From these and other results (unpublished), its mode of action is different to that of most anti-MT agents.


State oil and gas conservation agencies are the gatekeepers to oil and gas development: as the agencies charged with granting drilling permits, they decide if, when, where, and how oil and gas will be developed. As such, oil and gas conservation agencies sit on the front lines in the emerging, and increasingly irresolvable, struggle between fossil energy development and the environment. Current oil and gas conservation regulation is designed to promote development, maximize recovery of the resource, and protect the individual property rights of mineral owners. However, advocacy by environmental constituencies, including surface owners and local governments, has challenged the entrenched paradigm whereby production must be maximized at the expense of all other interests. These efforts are pushing courts to redefine oil and gas conservation according to twenty-first century environmental values. This Article examines the emergent environmental regulation function of oil and gas conservation agencies and identifies opportunities for these agencies to regulate according to their historic mandates in a manner that is inclusive of public values.


We analyze analytically and numerically the stress distribution along the plug-rock interface and within an axially loaded plug emplaced in a borehole in rock. Experiments show that the interface strength increases with decreasing plug radius and with increasing plug length. Axial strength decreases as a power law of plug radius. An increase in the modulus ratio (ratio of plug modulus to rock modulus) increases the interface strength, until it levels off at a ratio of about 5.0. For short plugs, the tensile stresses may reach a magnitude significant to be of concern for long-term stability of the plug and of the host rock. Our studies suggest designing friction plugs with a length to radius ratio of at least 8.0. In practice, especially for short-term performance, e.g., emergency flood control or temporary diversions, a ratio of 8.0 may not be necessary or justified. For permanent abandonment plugs, it is essential to reduce the tensile stresses in the plug and in the host rock to a level that will minimi...


To deal with the high level of unemployment during the Great Recession, lawmakers extended the availability of unemployment benefits—all the way to 99 weeks in the states where unemployment was highest. A recent study has found that the extensions served to increase unemployment significantly by putting upward pressure on wages, leading to less jobs creation by firms. We replicate the methodology of this study with an updated and longer sample and find a much smaller impact. We estimate that the impact of extending benefits on unemployment through wages and job creation can, at its highest, account for only one-fourth of the increase in the unemployment rate; an impact that is much lower than other estimates in the literature.


We studied the source process of a large (Ms = 7.9) intraplate earthquake that occurred on November 8, 1997, at 1002 UT in a remote region of northern Tibet. We used four distinct methods to investigate the broadband source process and thereby better understand the tectonic implications of this event. We relocated aftershocks using a master event technique and found that the distribution of aftershocks covers a region of 200 km in lateral extent. We also employed a surface wave spectral inversion technique to estimate the mainshock moment, depth, centroid location, and centroid time and utilized an empirical Green's function technique to extract rupture directivity information and a detailed source time function from observed seismograms. We also inverted body waves to estimate the moment release along the fault and the source time function. The 1997 earthquake ruptured a strike-slip fault that appears to be an extension or splay of the Kun Lun fault system. This fault is one of the most seismically active strike-slip faults within the Tibetan plateau and has had events with surface wave magnitudes of 6.1, 7.4, and 7.9 in this region since 1973. The rupture released most of the energy within the first 20 s and propagated bilaterally initially, with the later rupture propagating westward for 20–30 s. The absence of large aftershocks suggests that the earthquake efficiently released the stored strain. Comparing mainshock to the largest aftershock energy ratios for this event and other large strike-slip events shows that faulting within the plateau has the characteristics of weak faults (e.g., fracture zone faulting).


Pathogenesis of dengue fever has been associated with the activation of the cytokine cascade that triggered inflammatory responses. The inflammatory reactions in dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) are the main cause of haemorrhagic manifestations, coagulation disorders, vascular permeability, hypotension and shock which could exacerbate the condition of the disease. In an earlier study, extracts belonging to Lignosus rhinocerotis, Pleurotus giganteus, Hericium erinaceus, Schizophyllum commune and Ganoderma lucidium mushrooms were screened for antidengue virus activities. We found that hot aqueous extract (HAE) and aqueous soluble separated from ethanol extract (ASE) exhibited their potential to reduce dengue viral load which were observed in plaque reduction assay and real-time RT-PCR. In continuation of our previous findings, this study was initiated to further investigate the other aspect; the anti-inflammatory activities of HAE and ASE of L. rhinocerotis, P. giganteus, H. erinaceus, S. commune and G. lucidium on human monocytes infected with dengue virus-2 (DENV-2) New guinea C strain. Human monocytes infected with DENV-2 were treated with mushroom extracts for 48 hours. The cytokine profile coincides with dengue infection, i.e. IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were measured by BD OptEIATM Elisa Kit. The expression of these cytokines was significantly elevated in untreated infected cells two days after infection. However, after treated with mushroom extracts prominent anti-inflammatory effect were detected towards IFN-γ, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. The most significant anti-inflammatory effects were detected in HAE of G. lucidium, S. commune, P. giganteus and ASE of L. rhinocerotis and the effects were comparable with dexamethasone, the reference inhibitor. These results demonstrated that mushroom HAE or ASE could successfully have suppressed cytokine production in dengue-infected monocytes and has a great potential to develop an antiinflammatory agent from mushroom extract for the treatment of dengue infection.


A rail geometry with a convex cross section instead of a rectangular one provides a higher contact area, uniform current density, and less transition on the contact surface, and it increases the performance in electromagnetic launchers. In addition, the design of convex rails should be considered together with armature structure, the distance between rails, rail length, and parasitic masses that all have an influence on the overall efficiency and armature/rail transition. A novel complete rail and launch package optimization method is presented in this article. In the first part of this article, the optimum convex rail cross sections for five different separation values are found to obtain uniform current density distribution on rail cross section. For this part, a transient finite element (FE) model in 2-D is developed to calculate the current density distribution and combined with a real-coded genetic algorithm (GA). Then, the armature and sabot petal masses are calculated for each optimized rail geometry and each separation values. In the second part, the efficiency of each optimum design with different separation values is evaluated by a transient 3-D FE model with transient solver taking the calculated armature and sabot petal masses into account. Finally, the length of the rails of the final design is investigated for the transition phenomena. It is observed that 48-mm rail separation with 12.9- and 21-mm elliptical cross-sectional parameters has the highest exit velocity (2355 m/s) for 400-g projectile with uniform current density at inner rail surfaces.


Previous work has shown that doping the TiC (001) surface with early transition metals significantly affects CO 2 adsorption and activation which opens a possible way to control this interesting chemistry. In this work we explore other possibilities which include non-transition metals elements (Mg, Ca, Sr, Al, Ga, In, Si, Sn) as well as late transition metals (Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir) and lanthanides (La, Ce) often used in catalysis. Using periodic slab models with large supercells and state-of-the-art density functional theory (DFT) based calculations, we show that, in all the studied cases, CO 2 appears as bent and, hence, activated. However, the effect is especially pronounced for dopants with large ionic crystal radii. These can increase desorption temperature by up to 230 K, almost twice the value predicted when early transition metals are used as dopants. However, a detailed analysis of the results shows that the main effect does not come from electronic structure perturbations but from the distortion that the dopant generates into the surface atomic structure. A simple descriptor is proposed that would allow predicting the effect of the dopant on the CO 2 adsorption energy in transition metal carbide surfaces without requiring DFT calculations.


We report on experiments to measure the shock-induced growth of sinusoidal perturbations on thick interfaces separating two gases of different densities. The results show that the growth rates are reduced as the interface thickness is increased. A model that accounts for the growth rate reduction caused by the presence of a finite density gradient on the interface is proposed and good agreement is obtained with the experimental results.


An enhancer is located immediately 3' to the A gamma globin gene. We have used DNase I footprinting to map the sites of interaction of nuclear proteins with the DNA sequences of this enhancer. Eight footprints were discovered, distributed over 600 base pairs of DNA. Three of these contain a consensus binding site for the erythroid specific factor GATA-I. Each of these GATA-1 sites had an enhancer activity when inserted into a reporter plasmid and tested in human erythroleukemia cells. Other footprints within the enhancer contained consensus binding sequences for the ubiquitous, positive regulatory proteins AP2 and CBP-1. An Sp1-like recognition sequence was also identified. Synthetic oligonucleotides encompassing two of the footprints generated a slowly migrating complex in gel mobility shift assays. The same complex forms on a fragment of the human gamma globin gene promoter extending from -260 to -200. The DNaseI footprint of this protein complex with the enhancer overlapped a sequence, AGGAGGA, found within the binding site for a protein that interacts with the chicken beta globin promoter and enhancer, termed the stage selector element. We propose that this complex of proteins may be involved in the human gamma globin promoter-enhancer interaction.


Individuals with severe disabilities are very dependant upon carers, even for the simplest of everyday acts. However, suitable assistive technology can give such individuals improved independence. The ability to control environmental and other ICT devices in the home is an important factor for individuals with severe movement impairments and the development of an eye-operated control system for such individuals is described. This allows an individual firstly to identify a device and then choose to operate it primarily by using their eye gaze. A user focussed approach was used by first identifying what devices a user with restricted mobility would want to operate as well as involving potential users, carers and associated professionals through the development process. Whilst such a system does not represent the best interactive approach for all users in all situations it does represent an important and useful option for individuals with movement restrictions.


I explain why at-the-money implied volatility is a biased and inefficient forecast of future realized volatility using the insights from the empirical option-pricing literature. First, I explain how the risk premia, which manifest themselves through disparity between objective and risk-neutral probability measures, lead to the disparity between realized and implied volatilities. Second, I show that this disparity is a function of the latent spot volatility, which I estimate using the historical volatility and high–low range. An empirical exercise that is based on at-the-money implied volatility series of foreign currencies and stock market indexes, is supportive of my risk premia-based explanation of the bias.


We develop a statistical method for identifying induced seismicity from large data sets and apply the method to decades of wastewater disposal and seismicity data in California and Oklahoma. The study regions are divided into grid blocks. We use a longitudinal study design, seeking associations between seismicity and wastewater injection volume along time series within each grid block. In each grid block, we find the maximum likelihood estimate for a model parameter that relates induced seismicity hazard to total volume of wastewater injected each year. To assess significance, we compute likelihood ratio test statistics in each grid block and each state, California and Oklahoma. Resampling with permutation and random temporal offset of injection data is used to estimate p values from the likelihood ratio statistics. We focus on assessing whether observed associations between injection and seismicity occur more often than would be expected by chance; we do not attempt to quantify the overall incidence of induced seismicity. The study is designed so that, under reasonable assumptions, the associations can be formally interpreted as demonstrating causality. Wastewater disposal is associated with other activities that can induce seismicity, such as reservoir depletion. Therefore, our results should be interpreted as finding seismicity induced by wastewater disposal and all other associated activities. In Oklahoma, the analysis finds with extremely high confidence that seismicity associated with wastewater disposal has occurred. In California, the analysis finds moderate evidence that seismicity associated with wastewater disposal has occurred, but the result is not strong enough to be conclusive.


The major constituents of the myelin sheath are lipids, which are made up of fatty acids (FAs). The hydrophilic environment inside the cells requires FAs to be bound to proteins, preventing their aggregation. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are one class of proteins known to bind FAs in a cell. Given the crucial role of FAs for myelin sheath formation we investigated the role of FABP7, the major isoform expressed in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), in developmental myelination and remyelination. Here, we show that the knockdown of Fabp7 resulted in a reduction of OPC differentiation in vitro. Consistent with this result, a delay in developmental myelination was observed in Fabp7 knockout animals. This delay was transient with full myelination being established before adulthood. FABP7 was dispensable for remyelination, as the knockout of Fapb7 did not alter remyelination efficiency in a focal demyelination model. In summary, while FABP7 is important in OPC differentiation in vitro, its function is not crucial for myelination and remyelination in vivo.


Significance: Jiadifenolide is one of a number of secondary metabolites with neurotrophic activity isolated from the Illicium genus. The authors present a short route towards this natural product relying on a diastereoselective coupling of two butenolides. The strategy might allow for the synthesis of structurally related neurotrophic natural products. Comment: Chiral bicycle D was prepared from (+)-citronellal via a short dehydration–ozonolysis– hetero-Pauson–Khand sequence. The lithium dienolate derived from D was diastereoselectively coupled with building block F to give the entire carbon skeleton G upon treatment with excess LDA and Ti(Oi-Pr)4. Four more steps allowed the isolation of considerable amounts of jiadifenolide. O O OH O O O H OH


Background: Honour-related violence and oppression (HRVO) became a public and a state concern in Sweden in the wake of murders of three young women of foreign origin in the late 90's and early 20's. The Swedish society's focus on girls' and women's exposure to honour-related restrictions and reprisals, overshadowed to some extent, boys' and young men's condition in the honour context. Yet in recent years boys' and young men's dual role as both victims and potential perpetrators in honour culture has received increasing attention in Sweden. In the discussion on how HRVO must be combated, attitude change interventions targeting boys and young men have been emphasized as an important measure. Purpose: The overall aim of this study is to elucidate and compare the participants' attitudes towards honour, masculinity and virginity in a retrospective perspective i.e. before and after their attendance in an attitude change program. Method: The study is based on a content analysis of individual in-depth and focus group interviews with participants and leaders of an attitude change project called "Sharaf Heroes". Findings: This study indicates that honour-based norms and values are very persistent which requires both an uncompromising and an arduously intervention targeting attitude change.


We have demonstrated diode-pumped continuous-wave self-Raman operation in Nd:GdVO4 with output at 1173 nm and intracavity doubled output at 586 nm. We have generated up to 2 W at 1173 nm and 678 mW at 586 nm, limited by thermal lensing in the gain medium. Operating at 50% duty cycle allowed generation of 1.85 W of quasi-CW power at 586 nm. It is expected that by managing the thermal loading and collecting all the generated yellow emission, CW yellow output powers of greater than 3 W will be obtained.


Backgrounds and Purpose Transfemoral approach for carotid artery stenting (CAS) is a common technique, but patients must be bedridden for several hours following CAS. If CAS can be performed through the brachial artery route, it is less invasive for patients. The purpose of our study was to investigate the feasibility, efficacy and safety of transbrachial approach for CAS. Materials and Methods Transbrachial approach for CAS was started at October 2010 and data was collected prospectively. Included for analysis were patients who underwent transbrachial elective CAS from October 2010 to July 2011. Every CAS was started through the right brachial route with a 6Fr (ID) guiding sheath specifically designed for the brachial approach under local anesthesia. Technical success, periprocedural complications, 30-day major cardiovascular events (stroke, myocardial infarction and death) and 3- month stent restenosis were investigated. Results Forty-five patients underwent transbrachial CAS. Procedures were successful through the brachial route in every case. Periprocedural complications occurred in three cases; confusion following CAS in one case, hypotension in one case and gastrointestinal hemorrhage in one case. Three patients returned to the previous state within a few days and had no neurological deficits. No access-site related complications occurred. Patients were free on the bed immediately after CAS even during hemostasis. Neither 30- day major cardiovascular events nor 3-month stent restenosis occurred. Conclusions Transbrachial CAS is feasible and safe, and has the same efficacy as transfemoral CAS.


Sonography with a high-frequency transducer is the modality of choice for imaging the scrotum. Most intratesticular lesions are hypoechoic. Differentiation of intratesticular hypoechoic lesions as either malignant or benign is important because the treatment of these lesions vary. In this paper, we review the sonographic features of different types of intratesticular hypoechoic lesions, such as testicular cysts, testicular tumors, testicular inflammatory lesions, segmental testicular infarction, and testicular trauma.


INTRODUCTION Driver turnover has persistently plagued for-hire truckload (TL) motor carriers since deregulation in 1980. Many trucking firms have tried higher wages, bonus programs, family incentives, guaranteed time-home schedules, and a variety of other plans, but the problem persists--drivers switch firms or leave the industry, a process that costs trucking firms $6,000-$15,000 per driver lost (Min and Lambert 2002; ATA 2007). Although driver turnover fluctuates, on average it has risen to 121% average for large TL firms and 102% for small firms (annual revenue of $30 million or less) (ATA 2007). Some large firms have turnover rates above 200% annually. To put this in perspective, the annualized turnover rate for all jobs in the U.S. was 23.7% in 2006 (BLS 2007). Driver turnover adds to the cost of consumer goods, cuts profits for trucking firms, and lowers logistics productivity. In 2005, Ozark Motor Lines reported a 66% annual turnover rate for 750 drivers. They hired 495 drivers that year, estimating the turnover cost to be $2.5 million (Paz-Frankel 2006) and those costs were likely passed down the supply chain. As the U.S. economy faltered in 2008, an influx of workers from other industries alleviated the driver shortage and slowed turnover (CSCMP 2008). The trucking industry welcomed the new hires, but experienced managers know that bringing in new drivers puts additional pressure on training and education. New, less-experienced drivers are more likely to miss customer appointments and disrupt operations. Even experienced drivers can create these problems when they are new to a company and unfamiliar with local procedures. An important gap in the literature revolves around understanding the differences between experienced drivers and new drivers. Managers often struggle to understand drivers' perspectives and attitudes concerning job satisfaction. But no research to date has compared different perspectives between new drivers, experienced drivers, and managers. What attitudes do they share? What attitudes are different? Does management understand one group better than the other? Understanding the difference between these groups and how management perceives this situation is important for retention strategies. The purpose of this research is to compare job satisfaction for new drivers and experienced drivers, and then to compare to them to perceptions of management. In short, we will attempt to answer the following question: For different job satisfaction attributes, are there differences between new drivers and experienced drivers, and managers' interpretation of driver satisfaction? To reach these objectives, we report our findings of a literature review. Then, we discuss our research method and analysis, followed by our results. Finally, we discuss both theoretical and managerial conclusions, and outline the next steps to further this research stream. TRUCK DRIVER TURNOVER RESEARCH Research on turnover has taken three primary approaches: 1) surveys of managers that focus on characteristics of the firm and how management decisions affect turnover; 2) surveys of drivers that focus on attitudes, job satisfaction, and how they impact retention; and 3) surveys of drivers that focus on career commitment and the likelihood of staying in the industry. This research will bridge the gap among these different research streams, bringing together research results of both managers and drivers, comparing and contrasting the results. Surveys of Managers Southern et al. (1989) analyzed 148 responses to a survey questionnaire sent to managers of truckload (60%), less-than-truckload (21%), truckload and less-than-truckload combined (10%), and other (9%). The questionnaire asked personnel directors what methods they used to recruit drivers, what benefits they stressed in recruiting, and what experience and other qualifications they demanded of drivers. …


Factors controlling the production and partitioning of seed phenolics within soybean are not understood. Understanding these factors may justify selection for higher levels of seed phenolics because of their beneficial impact on human health and soybean defense mechanism against diseases. The objective of this research was to investigate the partitioning of seed phenolics (phenol, lignin, and isoflavones) along the main stem of soybean genotypes. A repeated green- house experiment was conducted on different soybean genotypes of different maturity and different stem archi-tecture (determinate and indeterminate). Genotypes were DT 97-4290, maturity group (MG) IV; Stressland, MG IV; Hutcheson, MG V; and Tracy-M, MG VI. Seed were harvested from top and bottom nodes at seed-fill stage (R6) and harvest ma- turity stage (R8). At R6, seed phenolic compounds (phenol, lignin, and isoflavones daidzein, genistein, and glycitein) were greater in the bottom seed than the top seed. This trend was observed in DT 97-4290, Tracy-M, and Hutcheson, but not in Stressland. Also, this trend was more obvious with daidzein and genistein isoflavones than glycitein. The maximum phenolic compounds were recorded at R8. The higher phenolic compounds concentration in bottom seed than in top seed was accompanied by higher cell wall boron (B) percentage and lower total B in bottom seed. The current research demonstrated that phenolic compounds partitioned differently between the top and bottom seed nodes. This trend cannot be generalized in soybean genotypes unless enough germplasm is tested. The partitioning of higher phenolic compounds concentration along the main stem would allow for single seed selection in the breeding program for higher levels of phenolic compounds and for accurate measurements of seed phenolics in breeding lines. The associa- tion of B trend with phenolic compound trend may suggest B involvement in phenolic metabolism, and support the structural role of B. Breeding for higher levels of phenolics, especially isoflavones, would benefit human health, pro- vide higher nutritional value of soy meal, and increase plant disease resistance.


This paper presents channel measurements for wireless body area network (WBAN) and provides performance evaluation using the model derived from measurement and the model in the final document of the IEEE802.15.6 channel modeling subcommittee. We measure the radio propagation from 3.0GHz to 5.0GHz which falls in ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range in an anechoic chamber and give out a static model. 10 positions for medical entertainment and sports application are chosen to conduct measurement on a fat body, a normal body and a thin body in order to compare different path loss of different types of body for Chinese people. Moreover, we compare the bit error ratio (BER) of a single carrier UWB (SC-UWB) system which employs different receiving policies such as rake, equalizer and channel coding. The results show that slimmer people cause less path loss in the valid distance from 100mm to 1000mm. The measured model we derived has less multi-path effect than that of the model in the final report given by IEEE802.15.6 channel modeling subcommittee. Even though, rake receiver, equalizer and channel coding are needed to get a satisfying system performance.


This paper analyzes the legitimacy of investor-state arbitration under international investment agreements in sovereign debt restructuring. The paper presents mechanisms governing sovereign default generally, namely collective action clauses and informal negotiation in the London and Paris clubs and then discusses how sovereign debt restructuring is governed by IIAs, looking at how the clauses affect restructuring. Taking the conception of legitimacy in global governance by Buchanan and Keohane as a theoretical framework, the legitimacy of IIAs as a mechanism of governing sovereign debt disputes is questioned, looking at the aspects transparency, accountability, minimal moral acceptability, institutional integrity and comparative benefit. It is concluded that investor-state dispute settlement on the basis of IIAs lacks legitimacy to decide on sovereign debt restructuring.


The unsteady flow through normal triangular tube arrays is simulated applying the Cloud-in-Element method. The scheme realizes time-stepping via a Langrangian vortex method using random-walk to model diffusion in the flow. The vortex particle velocities are computed on a fixed unstructured grid at each time step. Zero normal velocity on solid boundaries is enforced by a source panel method and zero slip is achieved by introducing vorticity into the flow at each time step. Simulations have been carried out for normal triangular tube arryas with pitch ratios of 1.32, 1.61, 2.08, 2.63 at Reynolds numbers of 1000, 3000, 5000 and 10000. Single vortex shedding frequencies have been observed for the smaller pitch ratios while two Strouhal numbers are obtained for the sparse arrays. This is consistent with experimental data in the literature. Also the overall flow structures were captured successfully.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


The F/A-18 incorporates a digital fly-by-wire primary flight control system (FCS). An emergency mechanical backup/linkage to the horizontal stabilators (stabs) is provided in the event of a major FCS failure. Unfortunately, mechanical backup (MECH) mode reversion incidents have increased dramatically in recent years. A flight test program was performed to identify MECH reversion trigger mechanisms and identify a minimum single engine power setting (RPM) above which reversion was improbable, To do so required forcing in-flight MECH reversions while operating single engine. This was achieved by inducing substantial hydraulic demand through cycling the control stick and/or ancillary equipment such as flaps and landing gear. Risks associated with attempting to force the aircraft into an emergency mode with vigorous flight control inputs while single engine are addressed in this paper along with the risk mitigation, test method, conclusions and lessons learned.


The influences of the ways in which the surface cracks were made and fillings in the surface cracks on the fracture behavior of the jointed rock masses were studied by a number of experiments. In the experiments the surface cracks were made in different methods such as placing polyester and aluminum thin plate, cutting. The experiment results show that the surface crack made by placing polyester thin plates and cutting may well simulate the natural cracks in jointed rock masses, but the specimens can't initiate and fracture through the surface cracks formed by placing aluminum thin plate. In order to study the influences of the fillings in the cracks on the fracture behavior of the jointed rock masses polyester and aluminum thin plates were placed in the surface cracks to simulate different fillings. Compare with the surface crack without fillings those with fillings initiated and coalescence at a higher load. However the influences of fillings on the crack growth were very complex, which required to be studied further.


The surface circulation of the Marmara Sea was studied with satellite-tracked drifters during 2 field experiments. A total of 29 drifters were released in September 2008 and February 2009 at key locations south of the Bosphorus and in the central part of the sea. The spatial structures and temporal variability are described together with the atmospheric conditions of the Marmara Sea during the period of study. The behavior of drifters with respect to the wind was qualitatively analyzed. The pseudo-Eulerian velocity statistics were computed from the interpolated positions and maps of the mean currents were produced using the data sorted by experiment. The results are the first of their kind in the area and complement previous findings obtained by means of hydrographic and ADCP measurements. The overall surface flow is westward oriented from the Bosphorus Strait to the Dardanelles Strait. A jet-like flow that enters the Marmara Sea from the Bosphorus Strait and, meandering, crosses the sea prevailed during the entire study period. The surface circulation of the Marmara Sea is quite complex and displays very high variability. For example, the drifter data reveal that during the study period the mean flow was confined immediately north of Marmara Island in the western part of the sea. This was due to the presence of a large anticyclone in the northwestern area of the sea that had never been observed before. Additionally, sudden reversals and a complex eddy activity (mainly anticyclonic) were observed. Wind plays an important role in the surface circulation. The upper layer currents seem to respond very rapidly to the direct and indirect effect of the wind forcing.


Abstract. The availability of Geographic Information System (GIS) data has increased in recent years, as well as the need to update its data. One way of updating GIS vector data is by deleting and inserting data to the databases by manually defined unique value. Other one is by deleting and adding data manually. These methods all require manual predefined unique values or manual operations which is not suitable for updating data in a timely and fast way, especially large numbers of data are updated. Therefore, an automated vector data updating method has the potential to significantly increase productivity, particularly as existing GIS vector data application increase in size, the data become outdated more quickly. In this paper, we consider the difference between GIS vector data and other data that GIS vector data have spatial coordinates and topology relationships, propose an approach to updating of vector features based on clustering algorithm. First, the minimum bounding box and its center point of vector features are calculated, and then clusters the center points with DBSCAN to get some clusters. In the end, extract the smallest bounding box of every cluster and update vector features with the boxes. This approach uses smallest bounding box to update features is to reduce database query cost and improves the data update efficiency. Experiments show that the method is effective and feasible.


This paper presents insights into the design process acquired during the implementation and evaluation of an interactive art installation for two very distinct public environments. Issues of scalability, robustness and performance became progressively interwoven with the concern of creating an overall user experience sustaining consistent high engagement levels. Contextual factors such as audience size, dimensions of the interactive space and length of exposure to the artwork had to be handled gracefully in order not to interfere with the interaction flow. Adopting a research by and through design approach, the work uncovered a series of findings that are pervasive to the design of adaptive interactive experiences.


This comprehensive volume examines contemporary life and history in Beijing, covering such topics as culture, politics, economics, crime, security, the environment, and more.
 While it is not China's most populated city, Beijing serves an important role as the political and cultural capital of the country. This volume examines Beijing's long history, contemporary society, and current challenges the city faces as we move further into the 21st century.
 Geared toward high school readers, undergraduates, and general readers interested in learning about Beijing, this volume consists of 12 narrative chapters focused on geography, history, and culture. Coverage includes location, people, history, politics, economy, environment and sustainability, local crime and violence, security issues, natural hazards and emergency management, culture and lifestyle, popular culture, and the future. "Life in the City" sidebars feature interviews and memories transcribed by people who are from, lived in, or traveled through Beijing, while other sidebars offer cultural fun facts and travel tips.
 This volume is the perfect read for anyone looking to get a better idea of what life is like in Beijing and how its culture has arrived at this point.


·tercova E., D. Haas, A. Krasa, R. Lepkova, J. ·terc: Eff ect of Intensive Fattening of Bulls Fed a High-grain Diet on Selected Health Indicators. Acta Vet. Brno, 2006, 75: 209-218. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of intensive fattening of bulls with a high-grain diet on selected health parameters. Metabolic indicators under study were compared with those in bulls receiving a traditional diet based on maize silage. The trial included 18 Czech pied bulls that were fed a diet containing from 75.0% to 83.6% concentrate on dry matter basis. As a control, 18 Czech pied bulls were used, given total mixed ration based on maize silage. The experiment was started after weaning when the treated group averaged 114 days of age and the control group 115 days of age. Bulls were slaughtered at an average age of 473 days in the treated group and 474 days in the control group. The experiment lasted 359 days. In the fattening period, blood and rumen fluid samples were withdrawn to evaluate rumen fermentation, acid-base balance and selected biochemical indicators. After the slaughter, samples of tuber coxae cancellous tissue were collected for the bone metabolism assessment. Among indicators under study, the rumen fermentation ones were the most affected by feeding the high-grain diet. Bulls fed the high-grain diet showed (P ≤ 0.05) lower rumen fluid pH and a higher total titration activity, a higher (P ≤ 0.01) total level of VFA and propionate proportion, and a lower (P ≤ 0.01) acetate proportion than the control bulls. Counts of infusoria were also lower (P ≤ 0.01). Acid-base balance was not significantly influenced by feeding the high-grain diet. The high-grain diet fed bulls showed increased serum levels of AST and phosphorus, but the differences from the control group were non-significant in most cases. In 1 g bone ash of the samples of tuber coxae cancellous tissue in the treated group calcium content was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower than in the control group; no significant differences were observed between other indicators under investigation. Feeding, concentrate, rumen fermentation, acid-base balance, bone metabolism


Thank you for reading best freezer cookbook freezer friendly recipes tips and techniques. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their favorite novels like this best freezer cookbook freezer friendly recipes tips and techniques, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some malicious bugs inside their desktop computer.


To evaluate the genotoxic and nongenotoxic effects of short-term exposure to glycidyl mathacrylate (GMA) on human lung fibroblast cells (2BS cells) in vitro. Methods DNA strand breakage was determined by single cell gel electrophoresis, and DNA ladder formation assay and flow cytometric analysis were carried out to detect apoptic responses of cells to GMA exposure.The HPRT gene mutation assay was used to evaluate the mutagenicity, and the effect of GMA on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in the exposed cells was examined with the scrape loading/dye transfer technique. The ability of GMA to transform 2BS cells was also tested by an in vitro cell transformation assay. Results Exposure to GMA resulted in a dose-dependent increase in DNA strand breaks but not apoptic responses. GMA was also shown to significantly induce HPRT gene mutations and morphological transformation in 2BS cells in vitro. In contrast, GMA produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of GJIC. Conclusions GMA elicits both genotoxic and nongenotoxic effects on 2BS cells in vitro. The induction of DNA damage and gene mutations and inhibition of GJIC by GMA may casually contribute to GMA-induced cell transformation.


ABSTRACT Amid growing concerns about misinformation on social media, scholars, educators, and commentators see news literacy as a means to improve critical media consumption. We use a nationally-representative sample to investigate the relationship between news literacy (NL), seeing and posting news and political content on social media, and skepticism toward information shared on social media. This study finds NL and related orientations contribute to who is seeing and sharing information on social media, with those who are more knowledgeable about media structures seeing and sharing less content. Moreover, those who are more news literate and value NL are more skeptical of information quality on social media. Seeing and posting news and political content on social media are not associated with skepticism. This study suggests that NL plays an important role in shaping perceptions of information shared online.


Power allocation between pilot and data symbols is investigated for multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) spatial multiplexing (SM) system with zero-forcing receiver and minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimation under flat block-fading channel. Based on a modified zero-forcing receiver, which takes channel estimation error into account, a new power allocation scheme to maximize the average post-processing signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) is proposed. This scheme only requires the computation of scalars and does not need any form of channel coefficients feedback. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms simple equal power allocation with an improvement of around 3 dB and 2 dB for QPSK and 16-QAM modulations when FER = 10-2, respectively.


Origins of calderas may differ according to their subsurface structure that may be characterized by high or low density deposits that may be observed as high or low gravity anomalies, respectively. In the Introduction, the pioneering work of Fouque[1879] on Santorini caldera is referred to in relation to definition of calderas. First, our discussion is focused on four calderas that were seen forming during the period from 1815 (the Tambora eruption) to 1991 (the Pinatubo eruption). Coincidently, these four calderas are all low-gravity-anomaly type. Their formation processes and subsurface structure are summarized by the existing data analyzed by various authors. These results are confirmed by results of drillings at some other calderas. Then, caldera formation of both types is discussed: High-gravity-anomaly-type calderas are expected to originate from subsidence of high-density ejecta into the summit magma reservoir. On the calderas of this type, the genetic eruption s believed to be accompanied by subsidences were not actually observed, and consequently three examples are mentioned only briefly. The low-gravity-anomaly-type calderas are discussed from standpoint of both the models of collapses and explosions. It is also emphasized that dynamic pressure ofexplosions is an important factor in the caldera formation, not only volume of the ejecta. To confirm the possibility that volcanic ejecta and edifices collapse into magma reservoirs, we discuss stress propagation from a depleted reservoir upward towards the Earth surface. Formation mechanisms of large calderas of this type are speculated; large calderas measuring about 20 km across may develop by successive merging of component calderas over a long period of times. A Kamchatka caldera under enlargement during the Holocene period is interpreted by successive merging of five component calderas.


T-type Ca2+ channels are believed to play an important role in pain perception, and anesthetic steroids such as alphaxalone and allopregnanolone, which have a 5α-configuration at the steroid A, B ring fusion, are known to inhibit T-type Ca2+ channels and cause analgesia in a thermal nociceptive model (Soc Neurosci Abstr29:657.9, 2003). To define further the structure-activity relationships for steroid analgesia, we synthesized and examined a series of 5β-reduced steroids for their ability to induce thermal antinociception in rats when injected locally into the peripheral receptive fields of the nociceptors and studied their effects on T-type Ca2+ channel function in vitro. We found that most of the steroids completely blocked T-type Ca2+ currents in vitro with IC50 values at a holding potential of -90 mV ranging from 2.8 to 40 μM. T current blockade exhibited mild voltage-dependence, suggesting that 5β-reduced neuroactive steroids stabilize inactive states of the channel. For the most potent steroids, we found that other voltage-gated currents were not significantly affected at concentrations that produce nearly maximal blockade of T currents. All tested compounds induced dose-dependent analgesia in thermal nociceptive testing; the most potent effect (ED50, 30 ng/100 μl) obtained with a compound [(3β,5β,17β)-3-hydroxyandrostane-17-carbonitrile] that was also the most effective blocker of T currents. Compared with previously studied 5α-reduced steroids, these 5β-reduced steroids are more efficacious blockers of neuronal T-type Ca2+ channels and are potentially useful as new experimental reagents for understanding the role of neuronal T-type Ca2+ channels in peripheral pain pathways.


This article provides a brief introduction to a seven-week series of articles that are underpinned by a competence-based genetics education framework. The series of articles aims to raise awareness of genetics and help readers develop confidence in dealing appropriately with genetic issues that arise in their area of practice.


Introduction In the two replicate, 52-week, placebo-controlled INPULSIS® trials, nintedanib 150 mg twice daily significantly reduced the annual rate of decline in forced vital capacity compared with placebo and had a side-effect profile that was manageable for most patients. After the US approval of nintedanib for the treatment of IPF in October 2014, post-marketing surveillance was initiated to obtain additional information on the safety and tolerability of nintedanib in the real-world clinical setting. Methods Data were collected from the drug safety database from the time of drug launch (15 October 2014) to 23 October 2015. Data on adverse events in patients treated with nintedanib were collected both via proactive patient communications, as part of a patient support programme, and by the spontaneous reporting system. Adverse events were coded according to preferred terms in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities. Serious adverse events were defined according to International Conference on Harmonisation criteria as adverse events that were fatal or life threatening, required or prolonged hospitalisation, were associated with a congenital anomaly, or resulted in a disability. Results In the period from drug launch to 23 October 2015, 6,758 patients were treated with nintedanib, with duration of exposure 6 to 390 days (median 113 days). This analysis will present 1-year adverse event data collected both via proactive patient communications, as part of a patient support programme, and by the spontaneous reporting system. Previously reported data collected from drug launch up to 31 May 2015, from 3,838 patients, were consistent with the safety profile described in the product label. In this dataset and as observed in the Phase III trials, the most frequently reported adverse events with nintedanib were gastrointestinal in nature and non-serious in severity. Conclusion Data from post-marketing surveillance in the US are consistent with the safety profile of nintedanib as described in the label. Treatment with nintedanib in the real-world clinical setting appears to have an acceptable safety and tolerability profile, with no new safety concerns identified.


This paper addresses the problem of non-disjoint decomposition of multiple-valued functions. First, we show that the problem of computing non-disjoint decompositions of a multiple-valued function is related to the problem of finding multiple-vertex dominators of a logic circuit, representing the function. Second, we present an O(n/sup k/) algorithm for computing all multiple-vertex dominators of a fixed size k, where n is the number of gates of the logic circuit. Our result is important because no polynomial-time algorithm for finding all possible non-disjoint decompositions of multiple-valued functions is known. The presented approach allows us computing a certain subset of non-disjoint decompositions (all reflected in a given circuit structure) in polynomial time. A set of experiments on benchmark circuits illustrates the efficiency of our approach.


Currently, nearly 130,000 Chinese students are
studying at higher education institutions in America
(Xueqin par. 1). In a case study of 13 student visits to
the Rutgers University Writing Center, Renee Pistone
observes that the five ESL students in this group
"indicated a high level of frustration (by a perceived
lack of caring on the part of their Professors) who
made comments on their assignments" (10). The
students visiting Pistone's center were looking for
more than just help with their papers; they were
looking for reassurance, kindness, and a clearer
understanding of their professors' expectations (10).
While Pistone's study does not deal specifically with
Chinese ESL students, her observations reflect the
kinds of interactions consultants in the writing center
at my small Midwestern liberal arts college have
encountered with the Chinese students that rely on us
for writing assistance since our school has not yet
instituted any language-specific support after the ESL
sequence—a choice entirely common in American
higher education institutions. As a new writing center
coordinator in the midst of a growing China-based
International Program, I struggle to train my
consultants to work with a population that, aside from
the financial gain to the institutions they attend, is
largely ignored in terms of support services and
trained personnel that meet their specific linguistic and
cultural needs.


Ordinary Americans often bring family and neighborhood problems to court, seeking justice or revenge. The litigants in these local squabbles encounter law at its boundaries in the corridors of busy city courthouses, in the offices of court clerks, and in the church parlors used by mediation programs. "Getting Justice and Getting Even" concerns the legal consciousness of working class Americans and their experiences with court and mediation. Following cases into and through the courts, Sally Engle Merry provides an ethnographic study of local law and of the people who use it in a New England city. The litigants, primarily white, native-born, and working class, go to court because as part of mainstream America they feel entitled to use its legal system. Although neither powerful nor highly educated, they expect the law's support when they face intolerable infringements of their rights, privacy, and safety. Yet as personal problems enter the legal system and move through mediation sessions, clerk's hearings, and prosecutor's conferences, the citizen plaintiff rapidly loses control of the process. Court officials and mediators interpret and characterize the meaning of these experiences, reframing and categorizing them in different discourses. Some plaintiffs yield to these interpretations, but others resist, struggling to assert their own version of the problem. Ultimately, Merry exposes the paradox of legal entitlement. While going to court allows an individual to dominate domestic relationships, the litigant must increasingly yield control of the situation to the court that supplies that power.


Abstract Background There exist controversies about the health effects of coconut. Fresh coconut consumption on human health has not been studied substantially. Fresh coconut consumption is a regular part of the diet for many people in tropical countries like India, and thus there is an increasing need to understand the effects of fresh coconut on various aspects of health. Aim To compare the effects of increased saturated fatty acid (SFA) and fiber intake, provided by fresh coconut, versus monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and fiber intake, provided by a combination of groundnut oil and groundnuts, on anthropometry, serum insulin, glucose levels and blood pressure in healthy adults. Materials Eighty healthy volunteers, randomized into two groups, were provided with a standardized diet along with either 100 g fresh coconut or an equivalent amount of groundnuts and groundnut oil for a period of 90 days. Assessments such as anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, blood sugar and insulin levels were performed before and after the supplementation period. Results Results of this study showed a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar (FBS) in both the groups. However, a significant reduction in body weight was observed in the coconut group, while a significant increase in diastolic pressure was observed in the groundnut group. Conclusions Results of this study suggest that fresh coconut-added diet helps reduce blood glucose levels and body weight in normal healthy individuals.


Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs have two advantages, namely, fast maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding and full diversity. Rate 1 real (pulse amplitude modulation-PAM) space-time codes (real orthogonal designs) for multiple transmit antennas have been constructed from the real Hurwitz-Radon families, which also provides the rate 1/2 complex (quadrature amplitude modulation-QAM) space-time codes (complex orthogonal designs) for any number of transmit antennas. Rate 3/4 complex orthogonal designs (space-time codes) for three and four transmit antennas have existed in the literature but no high rate (>1/2) complex orthogonal designs for other numbers of transmit antennas exist. We present rate 7/11 and rate 3/5 generalized complex orthogonal designs for five and six transmit antennas, respectively.


Evidence of phosphorus limitation of algal C- and N-uptake in a NW Mediterranean coastal area (Gulf of Lions) was obtained from a field survey of inorganic and organic N, P and C and from bioassays carried out during the late winter-early spring 1998. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (ΣDIN = NO3 + NO2 + NH4) and phosphorus (DIP) distributions showed a clear DIP depletion in the inorganic fractions available for primary production. While below the 150 m depth, the mean ΣDIN to DIP ratio was close to the typical Mediterranean ratio of 22, while values found in the upper layer (0 to 150 m) were about 3 times higher (68.4:1 on average). In this upper layer, N:P (19.9:1) and C:P (159.7:1) ratios in the particulate organic matter were higher than the Redfield ratio and also indi- cated P depletion in this fraction. In the dissolved organic pool, P depletion was higher than in the particulate organic pool, since the mean C:N:P ratios were 1674:75:1 in the photic layer. Dissolved organic forms of C and N represented the bulk (ca 94 and 86%, respectively) of the total organic matter, while ca 31% of the organic P was in particulate fraction. The apparent imbalance between N and P in the inorganic fraction was partly attributed to an imbalance in the corresponding nutrient utilization by the phytoplanktonic community, and partly due to the influence of the Rhone River. Additions of small amounts of DIP to surface samples led (1) to a decrease in C-uptake (o30%) dur- ing the first 24 h incubation, (2) to a rapid increase in chlorophyll biomass and (3) to stimulate nitrate uptake (o60%), suggesting DIP limitation of new production and of algal biomass during the spring 1998 in the Gulf of Lions.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the development of planned organisational change models (POCMs) since Lewin's three-step model and to highlight key linkages between them.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 13 commonly used POCMs were identified and connections with Lewin's three-step framework and associated process attributes were made, reflecting the connections between these models and Lewin.

Findings

The findings show that first Lewin's three-step model represents a framework for planned change; however, these steps could not be viewed in isolation of other interrelated processes, including action research, group dynamics, and force field analysis. These process steps underpin the iterative aspects of his model. Second, all 13 POCMs have clearly identified linkages to Lewin, suggesting that the ongoing development of POCMs is more of an exercise in developing ongoing procedural steps to support change within the existing framework of the three-step model.

Research limitations/implications

The authors recognise that the inclusion of additional POCMs would help strengthen linkages to Lewin. The findings from this paper refocus attention on the three-step model, suggesting its ongoing centrality in planned organisational change rather than it being dismissed as an historical approach from which more recently developed models have become more relevant.

Practical implications

This paper presents opportunities for organisational change management researchers to challenge their thinking with regard to the ongoing search for model refinement, and for practitioners in the design and structure of POCM.

Originality/value

An analysis of the ongoing relevance of Lewin and his linkage with modern POCMs assist in rationalising the broadening, and often confusing literature on change. This paper therefore not only contributes to filtering such literature, but also helps clarify the myriad of POCMs and their use.


Message delivery protocols are among the most important mechanisms in a mobile Agent system since cooperating mobile Agents need to communicate with each other. In this paper, a generic framework is presented for designing mobile Agent message delivery protocols. The framework uses a flexible and adaptive mailbox-based scheme, which associates each mobile Agent with a mailbox while allowing the decoupling between them, i.e., a mobile Agent can migrate to a new site without bringing its mailbox. By separating the concerns of locating the mailbox of a mobile Agent and delivering a message to the Agent, a large space of protocol design with flexibility is obtained. Using a three-dimensional model based on the scheme, the generic framework not only covers, as particular cases, several known protocols, but also allows for the design of new ones suited for various application requirements. By extensive simulation experiments, trade-offs between design parameter selection and their impact on the performance of derived protocol are analyzed. The conclusion of analysis can be used to guide applications of the framework.


A supercapacitive-storage-based substation for the compensation of resistive voltage drops in transportation networks is proposed. It allows to feed as a current source in any voltage conditions of the line. The system has been designed as a compensation substation to be placed at weak points like end-of-line stations, instead of additional feeding substations. A dedicated power-electronic converter with an associated control system for the stabilization of the voltage level at the point of coupling in case of strong perturbations is proposed. Practical results are also presented, which have been recorded from a reduced size prototype.


A study of the educational and employment aspects of drug use, which was carried out in 1980 in Singapore, included 100 drug users randomly selected from those who had been, because of drug addiction, registered for treatment and rehabilitation by some major voluntary organizations dealing with drug abuse problems, and 100 non-users individually matched for sex, approximate age, ethnic group, education and neighbourhood. The respondents were interviewed on the basis of a questionnaire designed to collect data for this study. Data on 11 items of the questionnaire were available in official records which were used to check the truthfulness of the responses of the drug users. The agreement between the two sources of data ranged from 83 to 100 per cent. The drug users were found to have significantly lower levels of educational attainment and poorer scholastic results than the non-users. Similarly, significantly more drug users than non-users had a lower career status, higher instability in employment and greater job dissatisfaction. The author suggests that educational and vocational guidance, counselling service, welfare schemes and in-service training should cater to this group of people.


The Galerkin discretization of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind on a closed, piecewise analytic surface Γ ⊂ R 3 is analyzed. High order, hp-boundary elements on grids which are geometrically graded toward the edges and vertices of the surface give exponential convergence, similar to what is known in the hp-Finite Element Method. A quadrature strategy is developed which gives rise to a fully discrete scheme preserving the exponential convergence of the hp-Boundary Element Method. The total work necessary for the consistent quadratures is shown to grow algebraically with the number of degrees of freedom. Numerical results on a curved polyhedron show exponential convergence with respect to the number of degrees of freedom as well as with respect to the CPU-time.


This paper explores the educational benefits of introducing the aspect-oriented programming paradigm into a programming course in a study on a sample of 75 undergraduate software engineering students. It discusses how using the aspect-oriented paradigm, in addition to the object-oriented programming paradigm, affects students' programs, their exam results, and their overall perception of the theoretically claimed benefits of aspect-oriented programming. The research methodology, consisting of automating the analysis of student-created computer programs, administering surveys, and collecting exam results, provided an objective measurement of the benefits of the paradigm for novice programmers, as well as evaluating their perception of its usefulness. The results show that the use of aspect-oriented programming as a supplement to object-oriented programming enhances the productivity of novice program code software engineering students and leads to increased understanding of theoretical concepts. Students readily accepted the new paradigm and recognized its benefits.


Background:As the HIV epidemic continues to expand in India, empiric data are needed to determine the course of the epidemic for high-risk populations and the general population. Methods:Two probability surveys were conducted in Chennai slums among a household sample of men and alcohol venue patrons ("wine shops") to compare HIV and other sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevalence and to identify STD behavioral risk factors. Results:The wine shop sample (n = 654) had higher rates of HIV and prevalent STDs (HIV, herpes simplex virus 2 [HSV-2], syphilis, gonorrhea, or chlamydia) compared with the household sample (n = 685) (3.4% vs. 1.2%, P = 0.007 and 21.6% vs. 11.8%, P < 0.0001, respectively). High-risk behaviors in the household sample was rare (<4%), but 69.6% of wine shop patrons had >2 partners, 58.4% had unprotected sex with a casual partner, and 54.1% had exchanged sex for money in the past 3 months. A multivariate model found that older age, ever being married, ever being tested for HIV, and having unprotected sex in the past 3 months were associated with STD prevalence in wine shop patrons. Conclusions:Prevalent HIV and STDs, and sexual risk behaviors are relatively low among the general population of men. We found that men who frequent alcohol venues practice high-risk behaviors and have high rates of STDs, including HIV, and may play an important role in expanding the Indian epidemic.


This record of the proceedings of this meeting includes an introduction and concluding remarks outlining the history of studies and theories of the physiologic mechanisms of sleep. The current importance of the thalamus and hypothalamus in sleep control is stressed. Subsequent chapters are divided into four sections: (1) ascending brain-stem projections, (2) hypothalamic regulation of sleep and wakefulness, (3) thalamic mechanisms in the sleep-wake cycle, and (4) chemical factors and peripheral events in sleep processes. There is a concluding section of posters presented at the meeting. There is a distinctly European flavor to the chapters, many of which consider neuroanatomic and neurochemical experiments affecting sleep mechanisms in animals.


Hybrid networks constructed from cellular networks and delay- and disruption-tolerant networks (DTNs) are able to provide reliable communications to mobile nodes in base-station-starved areas regardless of node mobility or density. However, no routing scheme in DTNs has considered the adaptation to other networks, i.e., cellular networks. Thus, the reliability of message delivery is dependent on the position relationship between source nodes and base stations. In this paper, we propose an advanced routing scheme that controls the maximum number of replicas according to the distance between the source node and the nearest base station. Furthermore, we show how to decide the maximum number of replica messages for the distance from the base stations by analyzing the message delivery reliability of an existing DTN routing scheme. Additionally, we execute extensive computer simulations to evaluate the performance of our proposed routing scheme. Our results show that our proposed routing scheme keeps the required reliability regardless of the source node location.


This paper describes three techniques that have been found useful in the teaching of a human genetics course for students not oriented toward the biological sciences. These techniques are based on thirteen years of teaching such a course under an unusual academic calendar.


Black phosphorus (BP) is a layered semiconductor with a high mobility of up to ∼1000 cm2 V−1 s−1 and a narrow bandgap of ∼0.3 eV, and shows potential applications in thermoelectrics. In stark contrast to most other layered materials, electrical and thermoelectric properties in the basal plane of BP are highly anisotropic. To elucidate the mechanism for such anisotropy, we fabricated BP nanoribbons (∼100 nm thick) along the armchair and zigzag directions, and measured the transport properties. It is found that both the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient increase with temperature, a behavior contradictory to that of traditional semiconductors. The three-dimensional variable range hopping model is adopted to analyze this abnormal temperature dependency of electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient. The hopping transport of the BP nanoribbons, attributed to high density of trap states in the samples, provides a fundamental understanding of the anisotropic BP for potential thermoelectric appl...


Adaptive tuned mass absorbers, which are based on magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) have been widely accepted for vibration absorption due to their frequency shift capability. Wider frequency bandwidth indicates more effectiveness in reducing vibrations. In order to broaden the effective bandwidth of the MRE-based absorber, this study proposes a new design consisting of an eccentric mass. This design enables the absorber to have two natural frequencies: the rotational natural frequency and the translational one. These two natural frequencies can be controlled separately by adjusting the MRE stiffness and the eccentric length. This design not only broadens the effective bandwidth of the absorber, but enables the absorber to suppress vibrations with multiple dominant frequencies. The characterization experiment verifies the existence of the two natural frequencies and draws the conclusion that the translational natural frequency is under the influence of the applied current, while the rotational natural frequency is controlled by both the applied current and the eccentric length. The vibration reduction effectiveness is then evaluated experimentally by mounting the MRE-based absorber on a primary system.


Mg2Si particle reinforced in-situ Al-Si composite is prepared by melt superheating, and the microstructure and properties of the composite are researched. The results indicate that it is feasible that the melt superheating is applied to preparing Mg2Si particle reinforced in-situ Al-Si composite, and the suitable preparing parameters of melt superheating on the alloy are obtained. When the superheating temperature is 860°C and holding time is 25 min, the average size of Mg2Si particle in the alloy will be reduced to 11μm compared with 34μm without melt superheating, and the mechanical properties of the composite is obviously improved.


Anti-Catholicism is a generic term for discrimination, hostility or prejudice directed against Catholicism, and especially against the Catholic Church, its clergy or its adherents. The term also applies to the religious persecution of Catholics.


In conversations about Latina/o immigration, such as the one that took place at LLEADS #2: The U.S. Immigration Crises: Enemies at Our Gates or Lady Liberty's Huddled Masses?, there is one issue that we tend not to address. There exists a Latina/o immigration cuento normativo (normative narrative) that obscures and denies an entire group of Latinas/os. This cuento normativo is not only insufficiently attentive to, but is downright erasing of GLBT Latinas/os. In this Article, I want to urge participation in a movement for cultural change within the various and varied comunidades Latinas (Latina/o communities) to embrace a new, inclusive cuento normativo about Latina/o immigration that eschews the erasures and exclusions effected by the existing cuento normativo.The embrace of a new, inclusive narrative is not an easy task, particularly in light of the cultura Latina's (Latina/o culture's) rather negative views of, even derision towards, GLBT identities and people. In this work, I will reveal what I hope is compelling information that will take us in the direction of a new cuento normativo, and I will do this in three parts. First, I will provide a glance into the condition of life in law and society for GLBT persons around the world, with a special emphasis on the Latina/o experience, which I will contextualize in the culture. Next, I will present the two primary contexts in which the issue of immigration arises for GLBT Latinas/os: bi-national couples and persecutions in their home country. In this part, I will briefly consider the U.S. historical exclusion of GLBT persons in the immigration context and the possibilities presented by the Uniting American Families Act (UAFA). Finally, I will share some positive trends that are evident in the regional and international contexts that can provide the framework for the creation of our nuevo cuento normativo.


This study is designed to evaluate the roles of oxidative and nitrosative stress in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients. Oxidative stress markers thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 8-epi-PGF2α, conjugated diene and nitrosative stress markers nitrotyrosine, nitrit-nitrate were analysed in serum and CSF of 20 newly diagnosed RRMS patients before and after methyl prednysolone (MP) therapy (1000 mg/day i.v., for 5 days) and in healthy control group.TBARS and conjugated diene were analysed spectrophotometrically, nitrite-nitrate fluorometrically, 8-epi-PGF2α and nitrotyrosine were measured by ELISA. Serum conjugated diene (p < 0.001) and 8-epi-PGF2α (p < 0.05) levels were significantly higher in RRMS patients before MP therapy with respect to control group. MP therapy caused a significant decrease only in 8-epi-PGF2α level (p < 0.05). Serum nitrotyrosine levels were significantly lower in RRMS patients both before (p < 0.001) and after (p < 0.001) MP therapy with respect to controls. Serum nitrite-nitrate levels were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in RRMS patients before therapy compared to controls. Nitrotyrosine and nitrite-nitrate levels in CSF of RRMS patients were significantly higher (p < 0.001) before therapy compared to normal pressure hydrocephalia control group. Our findings reveal increased oxidative stress in serum of RRMS patients and the benefical role of MP therapy in relieving oxidative stress.As to nitrosative stress, nitrotyrosine and nitrite-nitrate levels were increased in CSF and decreased in serum.


Climate is the atmosphere of the organization, a "relatively enduring quality of the internal environment of an organization, which is experienced by its members and influences their behavior." The organizational climate can be measured in terms of trust, morale, conflict, equity in rewards, leader credibility, resistance to change and scapegoating. Using a factor analysis, we found that the organizational climate can be described in two dimensions: "tension" and the resistance to change for a group of 245 Danish companies. High tension involves strained relationships, stress and a balance of the combined factors. High resistance to change is a preference for tomorrow to be like today. Change management has a long history and rests fundamentally upon Lewin's three phases: unfreeze, change and re-freeze. More recently, change management is seen as sensemaking and the creation of an organizational reality in which change is more usual and continuous. Using the competing values framework, four organizational climates emerge: S internal process, which is high on tension and resistance to change, S rational goal, which is high on tension and low on resistance to change, S developmental, which is low on tension and low on resistance to change, and S group, which is low on tension and high on resistance to change. The managerial implications are complex For a fast paced world, the resistance to change must be low. Lewinian episodic change is difficult, slow and costly. Continuous change can be managed, where change becomes the norm of the organization. However, tension does not have to be low. Individuals may prefer a low tension organization, but it may not be necessary for a fast paced world. Further, since the two dimensions are independent, managers cannot reduce tension as a means to reduce the resistance to change.


Muon colliders and neutrino factories are attractive options for future facilities aimed at achieving the highest lepton-antilepton collision energies and precision measurements of parameters of the Higgs boson and the neutrino mixing matrix. The performance and cost of these depend on how well a beam of muons can be cooled. Recent progress in muon cooling design studies and prototype tests nourishes the hope that such facilities can be built starting in the coming decade. The status of the key technologies and their various demonstration experiments is summarized, with emphasis on recent results from the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE).


CCE: Cognitive Chrono-Ethnography Muneo Kitajima National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Makoto Toyota T-method Abstract: We, human beings, select next behaviors that should maximize our satisfaction by making use of meme that stores our past experiences and by processing input from environment and individual by appropriately allocating available cognitive resources. The underlying processes are simulated by Model Human Processor with Real Time Constraints, MHP/RT (to be presented at CogSci2010). On the basis of MHP/RT, this paper proposes a new study method for understanding human behavior selections in daily life, Cognitive Chrono-Ethnography, CCE. When a study field is specified, CCE defines critical parameters by conducting qualitative MHP/RT simulations, then designs ethnographical field observations and recordings of elite monitors' behaviors in the space defied by the critical parameters. Structured interviews follow in order to obtain the descriptions of the participants' history of behavioral development. By analyzing the results of interviews, models of present behavior selections and chronological changes will be built. http://staff.aist.go.jp/kitajima.muneo/organic-self-consistent-field-theory/index.html


Diamond fragments with {111} surfaces, thin enough for examination by transmission electron microscopy, have been prepared. The fragments have been heated under non oxidizing conditions in the temperature range of 1500 to 1900 °C. Subsequent examination by transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction has shown that under some conditions very slight graphitization of the diamond can be detected after heating for 45 min at 1500 °C. Higher temperatures produce an increase in the rate of graphitization until at 1900 °C almost all the areas suitable for examination have been converted to graphite after heating for 5 to 10 min. At the initial stages of graphitization the c axis of the graphite crystallites is oriented perpendicular to the underlying diamond surface with the a axes lying parallel to the <110> directions in the diamond surface. As the amount of graphitization increases the c axis is mainly oriented in a cone around the <111> direction which is perpendicular to the diamond surface. Heavy graphitization produces a wide variation in the orientations of the c axis with a tendency for it to be parallel to all four <111> directions of the diamond. The graphite has a crystallite size which varies between 100 and 150 A in linear dimensions. Ev aporated carbon films which are almost amorphous have been heated in the temperature range of 1500 to 1800 °C. Grain growth occurs to a crystallite size of 100 to 130 A with the c axis of the graphite crystallites oriented perpendicular to the film surface. Carbon films have also been evaporated on thin diamond fragments and heated to 1500 °C. G rain growth of the carbon film again occurs with the c axis of the crystallites oriented perpendicular to the diamond substrate. It is suggested that during the graphitization of diamond, grain growth occurs which produces the graphite crystallites that are examined after the diamonds have been heated. During the growth of the crystallites the nature of the underlying diamond surface determines the orientations of the crystallites. Because the structures of diamond and graphite are so dissimilar it is considered very unlikely that a direct phase transformation occurs in the graphitization process. The diamond in the neighbourhood of regions where graphitization has occurred is highly strained and evidence is presented for the nucleation and glissile movement of dislocations in diamond at 1750 °C.


Digitalization has a transformative impact on innovation in firms and markets, and new business models based on digital platforms are disrupting traditional industries. However, understanding the impact of digital platforms on the supply side of manufacturing industries, where Japan's industrial competitiveness is based, is insufficient. This paper conducts and discusses a review of existing studies on digital platforms and the relationship between digitalization and Japan's industrial competitiveness. A platform business can be categorized into three groups, type 1 (internet platformer type), type 2 (producer ecosystem type) and type 3 (IoT data-use type), depending on the existence of direct and/or indirect network effects on the producer and consumer sides of the platform. We have compared these three types of platforms together with "pipeline businesses" (with a traditional supply chain model) regarding the impact of digitalization on each business model. Our analysis found that digitalization does not directly affect the existing pipeline model, as is shown in the automotive industry, for example. However, the convergence of virtual and physical environments (CPS: Cyber-Physical System) redefines the boundaries of existing markets, which introduces a chance of existing pipeline models being displaced by new integrated services, based on platform models.


In the paper, the experimental study of grinding process of 2024Al/SiCp composites with the electroplated diamond wheel was conducted. The results indicate that the surface roughness of the workpiece is between 0.554 μm and 1.2 μm. Increment of the spindle speed, reduction of the cut depth and decrease of the feed speed make the surface roughness value reduce. After grinding, compressive stresses on the machined surface can be obtained. During grinding, the normal grinding force is greater than the tangent force and the grinding forces increase as the increase of the feed speed and depth of cut.


This study evaluates the model simulation of interaction between convectively coupled tropical disturbances in the South China Sea (SCS) and Maritime Continent (MC). The Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) is used to simulate the major interaction events in December 2016 with a fixed 60-km horizontal resolution and a variable 60–15-km resolution. Compared with an observational analysis, the overall spatial and temporal evolution of simulated rainfall and circulation reveals the capability of MPAS for reproducing equatorial Kelvin waves (KWs), and the interactions with equatorial Rossby waves and off-equatorial mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG)/TD-type waves up to a 5–7-day lead in both fixed 60-km and variable 60–15-km resolutions. Two interaction events are further examined. One involves an MRG/TD wave, prevailing northeasterlies, and a Borneo vortex developed in SCS during 6–11 December. The other involves a KW converging with the easterly trade wind that led to an MRG/TD-type wave and the formation of Typhoon Nock-ten during 16–20 December. The MPAS 60–15-km resolution tends to produce stronger precipitation and more coherent vorticity structures in both interaction events. Increasing the resolution to 15 km contributes to better representation of finer spatial vorticity and rainfall structures.


Instrumental variables (IV) is an indispensable tool for establishing causal relationships between variables. Recent work has focused on improving bounds for cases when an ideal instrument does not exist. We leverage a principle, "Intransitivity in Correlations," related to an under-utilized property from the statistics literature. From this principle, it is straightforward to obtain new bounds. We argue that these new theoretical bounds become increasingly useful as instruments become increasingly weak or invalid.


It is known that fracture characteristics are changed due to the geometric configuration. Also, it is known that toughness data obtained from the standard specimen test are conservative to predict fracture behavior of the real piping. Thus fracture behavior by tests of pipes would to be applied to the integrity evaluation for the piping system. However, fracture test with real pipe is not only difficult to perform but also very expensive, and requires lots of experience. So an estimation method of pipe's fracture behavior is necessary to solve this problem. The objective of this thesis is to propose a method to estimate the fracture behavior of a pipe from the result of the standard specimen fracture test. For this, fracture tests for standard specimens and pipes are conducted. The resultant load - load-line displacement record of the standard specimen was transformed to that of a pipe by load separation method. To begin with, the load versus load-line displacement curve of a standard specimen extracted from a pipe is normalized by a geometry function of the CT specimen. Then this normalized curve was converted to pipe's load versus displacement curve by a geometry function of pipe. To verify the constraint factor and the geometric function of pipe, finite element analyses were performed. To demonstrate the proposed method, experimental results of pipes are compared with predicted results. Calculated results from CT specimens are similar to experimental results of pipes. Therefore the transformability from a CT specimen to a pipe by load separation method is proved. Consequently the applicability of the proposed method was proved.


This short paper offers a comparison of two accounts of the same trip done by a group of Europeans who travelled to Persia at the beginning of the twentieth century, one of the first trips ever done by car. These accounts were written by a well-known journalist and an even more famous French writer of the Belle Époque. While the latter's account is centered upon her aesthetic feelings with no chronicle whatsoever, the former's account is a mere chronicle of events.


There are a good many researches carried out to be able to find out the species of phytoplanktonic organisms which are widely met in the inland waters of Turkey and make up the first link of food chain in nature. In addition to this, there are lots of water sources the phytoplanktonic composition (one of the most effective methods of identifying drinking water in Turkey in which inland waters cover a huge area) and biodiversity of which have not been found out and listed. Ergene River is among the richest water basins in Turkey in terms of freshwater and there is not a comprehensive research carried out to determine the algae composition in this area. For that reason, Bacillariophyta members which are met in main streams supporting Ergene River, have been gathered seasonally; and systematic positions of these algae have been identified and photographed. As a consequence of this study; 114 different taxa species belonging to Coscinodiscophyceae (4) and Bacillariophyceae (110) taxa have been observed and found out in Ergene River and other watercourses along with water basins supporting this river. After these taxa have been gathered, how these are spread with regard to seasonal and sample points have been determined. All of these taxa, which have been identified with respect to freshwater algal flora of Turkey, have been recorded for the first time for that region while 22 of these taxa have been recorded for the first time for Turkey.


The discovery of plume activities on geologically-active icy bodies, such as Enceladus, Europa, and Ceres, has provided essential windows to directly reveal the chemical and isotopic compositions of volatiles within their subsurface oceans. Surface ices and salts also would preserve building materials of these bodies and reactants of water-rock interactions on the seafloor. Although these observational data could contain critical information on the origin, evolution, and habitability of these bodies, the interpretation of the observations critically depends on our understanding of the nature of geochemistry in these planetary bodies. To address the primary questions regarding the origin and habitability of these bodies, a research at interactions of astronomy, planetary science, and Earth science is highly required. The present paper will discuss some proxy indicators in millimeter/sub-millimeter observations to constrain the disk temperature where these icy bodies formed and to reveal the presence of hydrothermal environments on the seafloor. We also discuss how we can promote this interdisciplinary research in Japan in the upcoming age of large ground-based telescopes, such as ALMA and TMT, and spacecraft missions, such as Europa Clipper and JUICE.