The interactions between small dense particles and fluid turbulence have been investigated in a downflow fully developed channel in air. Particle velocities of, and fluid velocities in the presence of, 50 μm glass, 90 μm glass and 70 μm copper spherical beads were measured by laser Doppler anemometry, at particle mass loadings up to 80%. These particles were smaller than the Kolmogorov lengthscale of the flow and could respond to some but not all of the scales of turbulent motion. Streamwise mean particle velocity profiles were flatter than the mean fluid velocity profile, which was unmodified by particle loading. Particle velocity fluctuation intensities were larger than the unladen-fluid turbulence intensity in the streamwise direction but were smaller in the transverse direction. Fluid turbulence was attenuated by the addition of particles; the degree of attenuation increased with particle Stokes number, particle mass loading and distance from the wall. Turbulence was more strongly attenuated in the transverse than in the streamwise direction, because the turbulence energy is at higher frequencies in the transverse direction. Streamwise turbulence attenuation displayed a range of preferred frequencies where attenuation was strongest.


Crohn's disease Surgioailily, one of the most important pathologicall ,ohanges is the presence of crypt absceslses. ~hese deep ulcers penetrate into the muscle layers of the gut causing a tmnsmuml inflammatory reaotion which, in turn, causes the characterlisitic t:hiokenring of the small gut in Crohn's so aptly descrlibed as feeling like "an eel in rigor mortis". Other pathological consequences that have surgical significance are stenosis which may lead to sub-acute obstruotion, partiCUlarly in narrow parts of the gut suoh as the terminal Heum, the rectum and anastomoses, and finally ~isitulae which oocur when coils of inflamed gut adhere together or when a mobHe loop adheres to the peritoneal surface of an abdominal wound or to other viscera.


The process of coalescence of two identical liquid drops is simulated numerically in the framework of two essentially different mathematical models, and the results are compared with experimental data on the very early stages of the coalescence process reported recently. The first model tested is the "conventional" one, where it is assumed that coalescence as the formation of a single body of fluid occurs by an instant appearance of a liquid bridge smoothly connecting the two drops, and the subsequent process is the evolution of this single body of fluid driven by capillary forces. The second model under investigation considers coalescence as a process where a section of the free surface becomes trapped between the bulk phases as the drops are pressed against each other, and it is the gradual disappearance of this "internal interface" that leads to the formation of a single body of fluid and the conventional model taking over. Using the full numerical solution of the problem in the framework of each of the two models, we show that the recently reported electrical measurements probing the very early stages of the process are better described by the interface formation/disappearance model. New theory-guided experiments are suggested that would help to further elucidate the details of the coalescence phenomenon. As a by-product of our research, the range of validity of different "scaling laws" advanced as approximate solutions to the problem formulated using the conventional model is established.


Gamma-titanium aluminides present an attractive combination of low density, high melting temperature, good oxidation and burn resistance, high modulus and strength retention at elevated temperatures, and good creep properties. For this reason they are promising candidates as advanced structural materials for high temperature applications. However due to their high strength, high hardness and brittleness at room temperature, g-TiAl alloys are regarded as difficult-to-cut materials. Many efforts have been done during the last 20 years to introduce TiAl-based alloys into the aerospace and automotive market as engineering components. But for the application and diffusion of this new heat-resistant light-weight material for high performance components, a deeper knowledge of their machinability is still required. In this context, and given the increasing attention to the environmental aspects related to the manufacturing processes, the present research work is aimed at investigating two key aspects: the influence of cutting parameters and cooling conditions, on tool wear, surface finishing and power consumption in milling operations of a g-TiAl alloy.


In addition to environmental factors and intrinsic variations in base substitution rates, specific genome-destabilizing mutations can shape the mutational trajectory of genomes. How specific alleles influence the nature and position of accumulated mutations in a genomic context is largely unknown. Understanding the impact of genome-destabilizing alleles is particularly relevant to cancer genomes where biased mutational signatures are identifiable. We first created a more complete picture of cellular pathways that impact mutation rate using a primary screen to identify essential Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene mutations that cause mutator phenotypes. Drawing primarily on new alleles identified in this resource, we measure the impact of diverse mutator alleles on mutation patterns directly by whole-genome sequencing of 68 mutation-accumulation strains derived from wild-type and 11 parental mutator genotypes. The accumulated mutations differ across mutator strains, displaying base-substitution biases, allele-specific mutation hotspots, and break-associated mutation clustering. For example, in mutants of POLα and the Cdc13–Stn1–Ten1 complex, we find a distinct subtelomeric bias for mutations that we show is independent of the target sequence. Together our data suggest that specific genome-instability mutations are sufficient to drive discrete mutational signatures, some of which share properties with mutation patterns seen in tumors. Thus, in a population of cells, genome-instability mutations could influence clonal evolution by establishing discrete mutational trajectories for genomes.


Social work education plays a critical role in preparing social workers to lead efforts that improve health. Because of the dynamic health care landscape, schools of social work must educate students to facilitate health care system improvements, enhance population health, and reduce medical costs. We reviewed the existing contributions of social work education and provided recommendations for improving the education of social workers in 6 key areas: aging, behavioral health, community health, global health, health reform, and health policy. We argue for systemic improvement in the curriculum at every level of education, including substantive increases in content in health, health care, health care ethics, and evaluating practice outcomes in health settings. Schools of social work can further increase the impact of the profession by enhancing the curricular focus on broad content areas such as prevention, health equity, population and community health, and health advocacy.


A new method is proposed for machinability comprehensive evaluation of engineering ceramic materials based on digraph theory. Machinability attributes of the materials are taken as the nodes and the correlations between attributes are taken as the edges. The digraph model for machinability evaluation of ceramics is set up. According to the diagraph model, the machinability attribute matrix was constituted. Then machinability indexes of ceramic materials were calculated with permanent function and machinabilities of the ceramics were evaluated. In this paper, mechanical property parameters of ceramic materials, including hardness, fracture toughness and elastic modulus, were selected as machinability attributes. Machinability of four typical engineering ceramics were evaluated and ranked with machinability indexes. The grinding experiments give further proof of evaluation results.


Total hip arthroplasties using the Ring uncemented polyethylene to metal system were carried out in 84 hips with either protrusio or dysplasia of the acetabulum. The results of the operation, the stability and function of the acetabular implant, and radiologic changes in the medial wall of the acetabulum in the protrusio hips were assessed over a two- to five-year follow-up period. Annual assessment over the follow-up period showed that an excellent functional result was achieved in all patients. Six of the eight hips with severe protrusio showed an increase in the thickness of the medial acetabular wall one year from the time of operation. Lack of bony cover over the lateral surface of the acetabular cup in the dysplastic hips did not have any adverse effect on the stability and function of these hips.


This article deals with a theme to which Claude Lobry has been interested for a long time: what is the nature of mathematics motivated by biological sciences? It starts by presenting the subjective opinions of its author, illustrated by the simplest application one can think of: demonstrating that it is possible to produce cyclic evolutions on the simple basis of viability and inertia constraints, without using periodic differential equations. It is not impossible that this approach is foreign to an explanation of biological clocks (or economic cycles) in another field.


Biotinylated peptide amphiphile (Biotin‐PA) nanofibers, are designed as a noncovalent binding location for antigens, which are adjuvants to enhance, accelerate, and prolong the immune response triggered by antigens. Presenting antigens on synthetic Biotin‐PA nanofibers generated a higher immune response than the free antigens delivered with a cytosine‐phosphate‐guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) (TLR9 agonist) adjuvant. Antigen attached Biotin‐PA nanofibers trigger splenocytes to produce high levels of cytokines (IFN‐γ, IL‐12, TNF‐α, and IL‐6) and to exhibit a superior cross‐presentation of the antigen. Both Biotin‐PA nanofibers and CpG ODN induce a Th‐1‐biased IgG subclass response; however, delivering the antigen with Biotin‐PA nanofibers induce significantly greater production of total IgG and subclasses of IgG compared to delivering the antigen with CpG ODN. Contrary to CpG ODN, Biotin‐PA nanofibers also enhance antigen‐specific splenocyte proliferation and increase the proportion of the antigen‐specific CD8(+) T cells. Given their biodegradability and biocompatibility, Biotin‐PA nanofibers have a significant potential in immunoengineering applications as a biomaterial for the delivery of a diverse set of antigens derived from intracellular pathogens, emerging viral diseases such as COVID‐19, or cancer cells to induce humoral and cellular immune responses against the antigens.


BACKGROUND
Most cancer survivors receive follow-up care after completion of treatment with the primary aim of detecting recurrence. Traditional follow-up consisting of fixed visits to a cancer specialist for examinations and tests are expensive and may be burdensome for the patient. Follow-up strategies involving non-specialist care providers, different intensity of procedures, or addition of survivorship care packages have been developed and tested, however their effectiveness remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this review is to compare the effect of different follow-up strategies in adult cancer survivors, following completion of primary cancer treatment, on the primary outcomes of overall survival and time to detection of recurrence. Secondary outcomes are health-related quality of life, anxiety (including fear of recurrence), depression and cost.

SEARCH METHODS
We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, four other databases and two trials registries on 11 December 2018 together with reference checking, citation searching and contact with study authors to identify additional studies.

SELECTION CRITERIA
We included all randomised trials comparing different follow-up strategies for adult cancer survivors following completion of curatively-intended primary cancer treatment, which included at least one of the outcomes listed above. We compared the effectiveness of: 1) non-specialist-led follow-up (i.e. general practitioner (GP)-led, nurse-led, patient-initiated or shared care) versus specialist-led follow-up; 2) less intensive versus more intensive follow-up (based on clinical visits, examinations and diagnostic procedures) and 3) follow-up integrating additional care components relevant for detection of recurrence (e.g. patient symptom education or monitoring, or survivorship care plans) versus usual care.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We used the standard methodological guidelines by Cochrane and Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC). We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. For each comparison, we present synthesised findings for overall survival and time to detection of recurrence as hazard ratios (HR) and for health-related quality of life, anxiety and depression as mean differences (MD), with 95% confidence intervals (CI). When meta-analysis was not possible, we reported the results from individual studies. For survival and recurrence, we used meta-regression analysis where possible to investigate whether the effects varied with regards to cancer site, publication year and study quality.

MAIN RESULTS
We included 53 trials involving 20,832 participants across 12 cancer sites and 15 countries, mainly in Europe, North America and Australia. All the studies were carried out in either a hospital or general practice setting. Seventeen studies compared non-specialist-led follow-up with specialist-led follow-up, 24 studies compared intensity of follow-up and 12 studies compared patient symptom education or monitoring, or survivorship care plans with usual care. Risk of bias was generally low or unclear in most of the studies, with a higher risk of bias in the smaller trials. Non-specialist-led follow-up compared with specialist-led follow-up It is uncertain how this strategy affects overall survival (HR 1.21, 95% CI 0.68 to 2.15; 2 studies; 603 participants), time to detection of recurrence (4 studies, 1691 participants) or cost (8 studies, 1756 participants) because the certainty of the evidence is very low. Non-specialist- versus specialist-led follow up may make little or no difference to health-related quality of life at 12 months (MD 1.06, 95% CI -1.83 to 3.95; 4 studies; 605 participants; low-certainty evidence); and probably makes little or no difference to anxiety at 12 months (MD -0.03, 95% CI -0.73 to 0.67; 5 studies; 1266 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). We are more certain that it has little or no effect on depression at 12 months (MD 0.03, 95% CI -0.35 to 0.42; 5 studies; 1266 participants; high-certainty evidence). Less intensive follow-up compared with more intensive follow-up Less intensive versus more intensive follow-up may make little or no difference to overall survival (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.14; 13 studies; 10,726 participants; low-certainty evidence) and probably increases time to detection of recurrence (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.92; 12 studies; 11,276 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Meta-regression analysis showed little or no difference in the intervention effects by cancer site, publication year or study quality. It is uncertain whether this strategy has an effect on health-related quality of life (3 studies, 2742 participants), anxiety (1 study, 180 participants) or cost (6 studies, 1412 participants) because the certainty of evidence is very low. None of the studies reported on depression. Follow-up strategies integrating additional patient symptom education or monitoring, or survivorship care plans compared with usual care: None of the studies reported on overall survival or time to detection of recurrence. It is uncertain whether this strategy makes a difference to health-related quality of life (12 studies, 2846 participants), anxiety (1 study, 470 participants), depression (8 studies, 2351 participants) or cost (1 studies, 408 participants), as the certainty of evidence is very low.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Evidence regarding the effectiveness of the different follow-up strategies varies substantially. Less intensive follow-up may make little or no difference to overall survival but probably delays detection of recurrence. However, as we did not analyse the two outcomes together, we cannot make direct conclusions about the effect of interventions on survival after detection of recurrence. The effects of non-specialist-led follow-up on survival and detection of recurrence, and how intensity of follow-up affects health-related quality of life, anxiety and depression, are uncertain. There was little evidence for the effects of follow-up integrating additional patient symptom education/monitoring and survivorship care plans.


Introduction In the literature, service users and informal caregivers have been critical towards psychiatric inpatient care. However, little is known about their fears related to hospital care. Objectives We describe service users' and informal caregivers' experiences of fear in psychiatric hospital settings. Methods The data were collected from seven mental health associations located in six Finnish cities. Focus group interviews (f=8) were conducted (2015–2016) with service users (n=20) and informal caregivers (n=15), and were guided to focus on violence and challenging situations in psychiatric care. In a secondary analysis, experiences of fear were extracted from the transcriptions and analyzed using inductive content analysis. Results Both groups' experiences of fear focused on themes related to staff, treatment and fellow patients. Additionally, service users had experiences of fear related to the hospital environment. Fears related to staff involved intimidating personnel using force or acting in threatening ways. Participants also described staff seemingly being afraid of patients and care givers. Three types of fears related to treatment were described: fear of not being admitted to hospital even if needed, fear of being admitted to hospital, and fear of coercive methods used in care. Fear of fellow patients involved being afraid of aggressive, unpredictable behaviors, which could cause, e.g., a lack of sleep at night for service users. Fears related to the environment itself were also discussed. Conclusions Being hospitalized can be a difficult experience for service users and informal caregivers. These results can help psychiatric healthcare staff acknowledge areas in care that may potentially cause feelings of fear. Disclosure No significant relationships.


Embryological studies on living cod eggs in NUNCtrays showed that spontaneous malformations during embryo development are lethal. They are called natural egg mortality in contrast to external lethal factors, as predation, extreme physical conditions and pollution. The natural mortality in cod eggs, both coastal and Arcto-Norwegian, is significantly reduced from first to second spawning, from laboratory experiments. The same embryological method was used during field studies on natural egg mortality on planktonic cod eggs in the spawning area in Lofoten, Northern Norway, in the March April years 2000 and 2001. The types malformations which was found in a fild also corresponding to certain morphogenetic movements in embryodevelopment and equel discover in the experimental work. Most part of lehal malformations (more than 50 %) is identified after hatching only. The pattern of types malformations differ between spawning grounds and to be consistant during two years. The frequencies of malformations to the end spawning period significantly reduced of 29,7 to 9,8 % for Vestfjord. To demonstrate the higher natural egg mortality in eggs from first time spawners, two strategies were followed: 1. Comparing natural egg mortality in egg samples from 2000 and 2001, collected during same period and from the same areas. 2.On the basis of the acoustic survey of the spawning population of Arcto-Norwegian cod in Lofoten, areas of high frequency of first time spawners were compared. Luckily, in the year 2001 the proportion of first time


The scaling invariance for chaotic orbits near a transition from limited to unlimited diffusion in a dissipative standard mapping is explained via the analytical solution of the diffusion equation. It gives the probability of observing a particle with a specific action at a given time. We show the diffusion coefficient varies slowly with the time and is responsible for suppressing the unlimited diffusion. The momenta of the probability are determined and the behavior of the average squared action is obtained. The limits of small and large time recover the results known in the literature from the phenomenological approach and, as a bonus, a scaling for intermediate time is obtained as dependent on the initial action. The formalism presented is robust enough and can be applied in a variety of other systems including time-dependent billiards near a transition from limited to unlimited Fermi acceleration as we show at the end of the letter and in many other systems under the presence of dissipation as well as near a transition from integrability to non-integrability.


The stalk cell differentiation inducing factor (DIF) has the properties required of a morphogen responsible for pattern regulation during the pseudoplasmodial stage of Dictyostelium development. It induces prestalk cell formation and inhibits prespore cell formation, but there is as yet no strong evidence for a morphogenetic gradient of DIF. We have measured DIF accumulation by monolayers of isolated prestalk and prespore cells in an attempt to provide evidence for such a gradient. DIF is accumulated in the largest quantities by a subpopulation of prestalk cells that specifically express the DIF-inducible genes pDd56 and pDd26. Since it has been shown recently that cells that express pDd56 are localized in the central core of the prestalk cell region of the pseudoplasmodia, our current results suggest a morphogenetic gradient generated by this region.


In Mexico, the best preserved tropical rain forest is found in Calakmul Reserve, where fallow land management has been established. Fallow lands are developed as a consequence of a successional vegetation process after clearing the primary vegetation and milpa production. Forty-nine sites were studied, where 17 were managed fallow lands, 24 non-managed fallow lands, and 8 tropical rain forests. Earthworms were collected at the end of the raining season, and four monoliths of 25 × 25 × 30 cm were developed per site according to the TSBF method. We observed how Zapatadrilus siboney , a native species was dominant in managed and non-managed fallow lands. Earthworm's total biomass and density were not significantly different between the managed and non-man aged fallow lands. Earthworm's species richness was significantly low in non-managed fallow lands. We observed a strong correlation between earthworm density and richness with the age of the fallow lands (r 2 : 0.9 and 0.7; p < 0.05, respectively). The management type of the fallow land seems to affect earthworm biomasses (r 2 : 0.56; p < 0.05).


A recent editorial in the British Journal of Sports Medicine (BJSM) suggested instrumental var-iable (IV) analysis has advantages in estimating causal effects when there is low compliance. We originally submitted a version of this commentary to BJSM as an editorial (they do not have a letter to editor section) but it was rejected without review. The original BJSM editorial included several important errors, presented results that are inconsistent with the results of an IV analysis, and omitted definitions and important limitations. All of these factors contrib-uted to inappropriate interpretations. This commentary highlights the most important er-rors. We also believe the BJSM editorial serves as another reminder that appropriate statisti-cians should be included from the beginning of the study wherever possible. At the very least, they should be the co-authors responsible for calculating results and ensuring the write-up is consistent with the results.


In today's competitive world, customers are the central point of each occupation and their loyalty to a specific brand is considered as a good advantage of those companies enmeshed in a competition for providing more capitals especially banks. Beside the importance of the brand, one of the fundamental methods of creating loyalty to a specific brand is to improve the quality of the service and customer's satisfaction from the banks. Therefore, brand communication is consisted of a powerful paradigm which works as a mechanism to entangle the customers in an honest and perpetual relation. This study is done with the purpose of investigating the effect of emotional bond on customer's relation with the public banks. This paper studies the emotional effect by defining an analytical model which combines different variables. The method of this research is descriptive. The samples are selected from the banks' customers who use banks' services directly and indirectly. The number of the sample with regard to the unlimited sources is 387 persons. The sampling is wholly accidental. The tool of gathering the information has been questioners for which Cronbach's alpha coefficients has been used to calculate the results properly. Also, for narrative testing, content narrative and structural narrative have been used; for testing the research hypotheses, normal testing with regard to SPSS software version 23 has been conducted and for the analysis of the confirmatory factor and structural equation modeling, LISREL software and SMART PLS have been used. The results show that firstly, all the hypotheses other than the relation between the customer's emotion and loyalty have been confirmed and secondly, it had a positive effect on customer's relation with the banks. Moreover, the results show that there exists no direct relation between the emotional attraction and loyalty to bank. However, there exists a direct relation among customer's satisfaction, loyalty, emotional attraction and quality of banks services.


Layout planning of climbing formwork system is a prerequisite for executing efficient and costeffective structural framework in a high-rise building construction. However, most of the formwork system layout is operated manually under heuristic approach of the supervisor, and thus is prone to errors that affect constructability of the entire construction. Furthermore, inflexibility of the current method to changes in building design also results in unexpected variability during system utilization. Automated formwork layout method that considers essential factors such as configurations on unit module of the form as an input data, information on building parameters for specifying possible areas of system installation, and configurations on working platform for optimal arrangement of unit systems can be suggested as an alternative to the current manual execution of formwork layout. Therefore, this study proposes an automated layout planning method of climbing formwork system by using genetic algorithm. The method developed in this study is to be utilized for reasonable decision making of the construction worker in control of the automated layout planning.


Abstract The time series of volcanically produced sulfate from the GISP2 ice core is used to develop a continuous record of explosive volcanism over the past 110,000 yr. We identified ∼850 volcanic signals (700 of these from 110,000 to 9000 yr ago) with sulfate concentrations greater than that associated with historical eruptions from either equatorial or mid-latitude regions that are known to have perturbed global or Northern Hemisphere climate, respectively. This number is a minimum because decreasing sampling resolution with depth, source volcano location, variable circulation patterns at the time of the eruption, and post-depositional modification of the signal can result in an incomplete record. The largest and most abundant volcanic signals over the past 110,000 yr, even after accounting for lower sampling resolution in the earlier part of the record, occur between 17,000 and 6000 yr ago, during and following the last deglaciation. A second period of enhanced volcanism occurs 35,000–22,000 yr ago, leading up to and during the last glacial maximum. These findings further support a possible climate-forcing component in volcanism. Increased volcanism often occurs during stadial/interstadial transitions within the last glaciation, but this is not consistent over the entire cycle. Ages for some of the largest known eruptions 100,000–9000 yr ago closely correspond to individual sulfate peaks or groups of peaks in our record.


The terahertz (THz) spectrum of dl-alanine has been measured for the first time at cryogenic temperatures and with a pure sample. Several sharp absorptions are observed, over a wide frequency range (0.8-4.8 THz), at 8 K. The sample structure and purity were confirmed with both Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Temperature dependent spectra revealed redshifting, with increasing temperature, for all modes except one at 2.70 THz. This mode exhibits blueshifting until ≈120 K, where it starts to redshift. A Bose-Einstein distribution has been used to model the frequency shift with temperature for the four lowest energy modes. Strong correlations between the fits and data indicate that these modes are caused by phonon excitation in an anharmonic potential. Density functional theory has also been used to identify the origin of these low frequency modes. They are attributed to large scale molecular vibrations.


: The article provides an analysis of the state of technical equipment for cleaning fibrous materials, including raw cotton from fine and coarse litter. The scheme of the drive of the cotton-cleaning unit including belt drives with eccentric tension rollers with elastic elements is presented. The results of experimental studies of a belt drive with variable gear ratio, including a composite eccentric tension roller, used in the drive of a cotton-cleaning unit of installation cotton ginning complex (ICGC), are analyzed. On the basis of full-factor experimental studies, the optimal values of the drive parameters have been determined, which allow obtaining a high cleaning effect.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate effects of vaccination of feedlot steers against bovine neosporosis on weight gain, feed intake and efficiency (feed intake per gain), and carcass characteristics.

DESIGN
Longitudinal observational study.

ANIMALS
60 weaned Brangus steers seronegative for Neospora caninum.

PROCEDURE
Steers were assigned to age-matched control and treatment groups. Steers in the treatment group received N. caninum vaccine on days 79 and 106, while control steers received 2 placebo injections. For each steer, serologic status for N. caninum was determined on days 0 (weaning), 51, 79, 106, 135, 163, 191, 219, and 247 by use of an ELISA; body weight was determined on the same days and at slaughter (day 259). Daily feed intake per steer was measured from days 79 to 259.

RESULTS
Seroconversion occurred in 23 of 30 (76.7%) steers in the vaccinated group. Immediately after vaccination, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency were significantly greater in the treatment group than in the control group, but these differences did not persist. No differences between groups were found in regard to live weight at slaughter, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, or quality grade; however, steers in the vaccinated group had significantly lower yield grades than did control steers.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In feedlot steers, use of this vaccine against N. caninum was safe and did not affect overall feedlot performance or meat quality; effects on yield grade require further evaluation.


A review of the literature showed that Black and minority ethnic (BME) communities carry a disproportionately higher burden of illness than the general population and experience greater inequalities in health and health care provision. A growing body of research confirms that BME groups are under-represented in research. The main objective of the present study was to gain insights into the perspectives of BME community groups' experiences of accessing general and sexual health care services in Ayrshire. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 participants, n = 5 men (age range: 32-65; mean age = 52.4 years), and n = 6 women (age range: 27-60; mean age = 47.67 years). Data were analysed employing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The analysis is illustrated through the use of four super-ordinate themes: 'It's a Trust Thing', 'Minding the Gap(s)', 'Sexual Health: a Culture of Silence', and 'Personal Perception of Risk'. The findings both support and add to the existing trust literature by presenting a heuristic model of trust, and by showing that participants trust is dynamic in character, has a role, and serves various roles and functions that impact decisions about accessing health services. Significant gaps in knowledge about available health services and unique communication challenges that prevent full access to health care and health promotion information were found, resulting in unmet needs. Analysis charted culturally driven factors that prohibit discussions about sexual health concerns and found complex cognitions involved in the personal perception of risk that was meaningfully understood by participants that direct towards understanding risk in terms of a heuristic model. The implications for clinical practice, health promotion, health service development, and the direction of future research will be discussed.


Methods: A literature search on PUBMED with key words "esophageal cancer" and "brain metastases" was performed. A total of 138 manuscripts matching the keywords were found. Eleven papers met the study requirements and were included. Results: A total of 11 studies were identifi ed, that retrospectively analyzed the incidence of brain metastases in esophageal cancer. Out of those 11; 7 were conducted in the United States; 3 in Japan; and 1 in China. Th ese studies took place between 1982 and 2010. A total of 6,216 patients with esophageal cancer were identifi ed and retrospectively analyzed in their respective study groups for the development of brain metastases. A total of 174 patients of the 6,216 developed brain metastases; the incidence was 2.8%. In the U.S., population, 121 patients were aff ected, amounting to an incidence of 3.1%. Th e predominant histo-pathological cancers in all 11 studies were, as expected, either adenocarcinoma or squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC). Conclusion: Th e incidence of brain metastases from esophageal cancer is low, ranging from 2.8% to 3.1%. Formal and large-scale eff orts are necessary to confi rm the incidence and to demonstrate statistical interaction between the development of brain metastases and factors such as gender, staging, histology, treatment modality etc. Th is information will be helpful for the decision-making process regarding the recommendation for evaluation of brain metastasis in esophageal cancer.


Background: Contamination of baby's complementary food may occur with Escherichia coli from several sources including unclean utensils. We examined the relationship between socio-economic conditions, environmental factors, characteristics of food handlers and contamination of babies food-serving utensils with E. coli. Methods: The study was conducted in 21 villages of the Community Health Centre (CHC) Selayo in Indonesia. A cross-sectional design was used. A sample of 142 households, which had a 6-12 month-old baby on complementary food, was chosen randomly using midwives' registration books. Respondents were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Check-lists were used for observations. Standard laboratory methods were used for collection of specimen and confirmation of contamination with E. coli. Results: More than half of the respondents (59.2%) used water that had high risk of contamination and 61.3% of the latrines did not meet the criteria of a healthy latrine. Waste management practices of nearly all respondents (97.9%) were below the standards set by the Ministry of Health. More than half of the respondents (68.3%) did not wash their hands with soap for 20 seconds and 52.1% did not use flowing water for washing hands. Majority of the respondents' hands (57%, 81/142) and 72.2% (104/142) of the eating utensils were found to be contaminated by E. coli. Contaminated hands of food handlers were more likely to contaminate the babies food-serving utensils (OR: 3.7; 95%CI: 1.62-8.46, p 0.002). Conclusion: Contamination of the hands of food handler was associated with contamination of babies food-serving utensils by E. coli. Hence, food handlers should be trained on proper hand washing methods.


During the Japanese occupation of Korea in the early 1900s, approximately 200,000 young Korean women were coerced into serving as sex slaves for the Japanese soldiers. Known as comfort women, much of their existence and stories was obscured until recently. With only 55 of these women still surviving, the need to raise awareness of their experience has never been greater. What role has art played in this effort, and how has it been used to create a discourse between older and newer generations, as a physical evidence of their emotional scars, and as a healing mechanism? In addition, what does early modern Japanese erotica known as shunga reveal about attitudes toward sex and women in Japanese culture? Disciplines Art and Design | Asian History Comments This paper was part of the 2013-2014 Penn Humanities Forum on Violence. Find out more at http://www.phf.upenn.edu/annual-topics/violence. This other is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2014/7 "Comfort Women Wanted": Uncovering Violent Past And Entering New Age of Activism Through Visual Language Yae-Jin Ha 2013-2014 Penn Humanities Forum Andrew W. Mellon Undergraduate Research Fellowship University of Pennsylvania


Background: Hysterectomy is the most commonly performed gynecological surgery throughout the world.  Over the last several years reported cases of hysterectomy was increasing in numbers. However, similar studies from Etawah district with high prevalence of hysterectomy are lacking. Therefore, we have conducted this study to identify the pattern of pathologies identified in hysterectomy specimen and to correlate the pathological findings with the age group of the patient along with frequency of benign, malignant pathologies identified. Material and method:  This   study was conducted on 870 hysterectomy specimen who reported to pathology department .They were compared in terms of age of the patients and pathology of hysterectomy specimens. Result: Out of the hysterectomy specimens, pathological findings were seen in 850 hysterectomies.  Most common lesion was   leiomyoma (22.47%) followed by Adenomyosis (21.76%) ,Endometrial hyperplasia (14.00 %), ovarian cyst (9.29%), Endometrial atrophy (8.70%), Endometritis (7.76 %), Endo cervical polyp (5.64), Carcinoma intra epithelial neoplasm (3.52%), Endometrial polyp (3.17%), Carcinoma cervix (1.17%), Carcinoma ovary (1.05%), Benign ovarian tumor (0.58%),Carcinoma endometrium(0.35%), Myometritis (0.35%), Chorio carcinoma (0.11%) The most common age group was (40-49) years. Conclusion:  Our data suggest that leiomyoma was the most common pathology seen in hysterectomy .The common age group for hysterectomy was (40 -49) years. Benign pathologies are more frequent in hysterectomy than malignant. Histopathology is mandatory for ensuring diagnosis and thus management, in particular of malignant disease.


Great difficulties are met with in stating a clear and straightforward exposition of price theory because of the fact that the given conditions or data of the problem are so different according to the length of the time period which the explanation takes into account. The forces which immediately regulate prices are different from those which ultimately control, and there are degrees or stages in both immediateness and ultimateness. The average student of economics is likely to be quite baffled by these distinctions and to get no clear ideas at all; but he is still more baffled by differences in degree, where distinctions are not sharply drawn and statements are left in the form of "it depends." This paper looks to the problem of exposition from the standpoint of the student rather than to the correction of errors in accepted doctrine, but the course of the argument will have to note cases in which current phraseology is misleading to unwary readers if it does not represent fundamental misconceptions on the part of economists themselves.


It is a research of descriptive-exploratory character, with a qualitative approach, whose objective is to understand what the Nursing teachers see as integrality. The subjects of the study were seven teachers of a private higher education institution located in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul. The data collection was based in the focal group technique, whereby a content analysis technique in the theme modality was used for the data treatment, from which the great theme was obtained: Integrality construction, followed by the subtheme: Continuous process and construction and deconstruction. From the obtained results, it was possible to consider that integrality is a theme under construction, dynamics, it is flexible, passive of new reformulation, based on the experiences and constructions of the subjects themselves. It is concluded that the discussion about integrality encompasses the complexity of being and doing, once it is a process under construction. Descriptors: Faculty, Nursing; Nursing Rsearch; Comprehensive Health Care; Delivery of Health Care.


Several polymer inorganic nanocomposites were specially designed for protecting oil formation, enhancing oil recovery in the low permeable strata and solar cell efficicency. The inorganic phase with different load was introduced to the polymer matrix through either the intercalation process of the layered silicates or core-shell particle affinity.Several novel nanoeffects were discovered in such polymers as polyacrylamide, poly(ethylene terephthalate),starch, polynucleic aromatic resins–montmorrilonite or SiO2 nanocomposites. In the nanocomposites, the nano size was 10-70nm, the nanoeffects of particle encapsulation, dispersion, molecular weight growth, barrier, and specially solar absorption and solar power transformation efficiency,etc.were presented and reviewed. The tunable nanoeffects of the nanocomposites and some very obvious practical efficicnecy to traditional and new enenergy were first reported.


This study investigated the factors influencing gender inequality in secondary education in Temeke Municipal, Tanzania. Objectives of the study were to find out factors influencing gender inequalities in girls participation, examine barriers faced by girls on participation and identifying strategies to improve gender inequality in secondary education. The study was conducted in three secondary schools in Temeke District. An exploratory survey design was used where structured questionnaires captured both quantitative and qualitative information from sampled secondary schools. A total of 124 respondents participated in the study 12 were teachers, 3 heads of schools, 78 students and 34 parents.The results of the study revealed that 54% of respondents showed that despite many factors contributing to students' success in education, personal efforts (hard working) weighed much to their true success. Nature of inequalities among families determined girls' participation in secondary education. It was discovered that girls with both parents faced little challenges than girls with no or single parents. There is a need therefore for education stakeholders to eliminate gender inequality in secondary education through improving school environment and school culture.


We provide a model for induction of T cell-independent, polysaccharide-specific Ig secretion in response to bacterial challenge. Two predominant pathways are defined that require the concerted action of multivalent membrane Ig cross-linking by the polysaccharide Ag with 1) various B cell-activating moieties contained within the bacterial pathogen and/or 2) cytokines, such as IFN-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor produced by NK cells and macrophages, that become activated in a T cell-independent manner during bacterial infection.


Ferroelectric films epitaxially grown on vicinal substrates have been widely researched in recent decades for their unprecedented performance tuned by the surface-step-terrace (SST) induced strains of substrates. Here, BaTiO3 films are epitaxially grown on miscut (001) SrTiO3 substrates with different miscut angles of 0°, 0.2°, 1°, and 2°, and the impacts of SST-induced strains on the second-order nonlinear optical coefficients are discussed by fitting the measured second harmonic generation (SHG) signals from the films. The results show that different miscut angles of the substrates can bring about different SST strain states in the BTO films, which make different contributions on the second-order nonlinear optical coefficients. These results disclose that the second-order nonlinear optical coefficients can be effectively controlled by SST induced strains, which provides a new way to tune the optical properties of functional oxide thin films.


This experiment investigated the effects of a non-axisymmetric endwall contour and upstream purge flow on the secondary flow of an inlet guide vane. Three cases were tested in a transonic wind tunnel with an exit Mach number of 0.93-a flat endwall with no upstream purge flow, the same flat endwall with upstream purge flow, and a 3D contoured endwall with upstream purge flow. All cases had a backwardfacing step upstream of the vanes. Five-hole probe measurements were taken 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 Cx downstream of the vane row trailing edge, and were used to calculate loss coefficient, secondary velocity, and secondary kinetic energy. Additionally, surface static pressure measurements were taken to determine the vane loading at 4% spanwise position. Surface oil flow visualizations were performed to analyze the flow qualitatively. No statistically significant differences were found between the three cases in mass averaged downstream measurements. The contoured endwall redistributed losses, rather than making an improvement distinguishable beyond experimental uncertainty. Flow visualization found that the passage vortex penetrated further in the spanwise direction into the passage for the contoured endwall (compared to the flat endwall), and stayed closer to the endwall with a blowing ratio of 1.5 with a flat endwall (compared to no blowing with flat endwall). This was corroborated by the five hole probe results.


Objective:
 Evaluating stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is central to the anticoagulation decision. Our goal was to develop and internally validate a more accurate model to predict stroke in AF.

 Methods:
 We analyzed all person-time off warfarin from our large ATRIA community cohort of patients with AF treated in Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Patient demographics, clinical features, and thromboembolism outcomes (TE, 92% ischemic stroke) were obtained from health plan databases. Outcomes were adjudicated by medical record review and assigned a Rankin severity score. Utilizing a split-sample approach to permit internal validation, we used Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying covariates and bootstrap sampling to minimize overconfidence in selecting among candidate variables for the new model. Points were assigned proportional to regression coefficients. The score's 0-15 point range was collapsed into low risk (TE rate <1%/yr), moderate risk (TE rate 1- 2%/yr), and high risk (TE rate ≥2%/yr) categories. We compared our ATRIA score to the CHADS
 2
 and CHA
 2
 DS
 2
 -VASc scores in our cohort by c-index measure of discrimination and by net reclassification improvement (NRI).

 Results:
 10,927 patients accumulated 32,609 person-years off warfarin during follow-up, with 685 TE events. Age was the dominant univariate risk factor among those without prior stroke but all patients with prior stroke were at high risk. Eight variables,
 age, prior stroke, age*prior stroke interaction, female sex, diabetes, congestive heart failure, hypertension, proteinuria, and eGFR<45
 were included in the final ATRIA model (
 Table
 ). For the entire cohort, the c-statistic for the ATRIA score was 0.73 (95% CI 0.71-0.75) versus 0.69 (95% CI 0.67-0.71) for the CHADS
 2
 score and 0.70 (95% CI 0.68-0.72) for the CHA
 2
 DS
 2
 -VASc score. The c-statistic for the ATRIA score improved to 0.76 (95% CI 0.74-0.79) when the model was tested on Rankin 3+ (severe stroke) events. The ATRIA score led to an NRI of 20% compared to CHADS
 2
 and 9% compared to CHA
 2
 DS
 2
 -VASc, using cut-points for the latter scores optimized to fit ATRIA data. Using the scores' original published cut-points, NRI increased to 26.4% for CHADS
 2
 and 27.0% for CHA
 2
 DS
 2
 -VASc.

 Conclusion:
 Our new stroke risk score with 8 easily available clinical features showed improved performance in categorizing stroke risk in AF patients as compared to existing stroke risk scores. Its performance was even better for predicting severe strokes. The ATRIA score merits external validation.


In December 2019, a series of pneumonia cases with unknown etiology emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China (1-3). They were later identified to be caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (4). On February 11, 2020, the disease of pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus was officially named Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). By now, the outbreak of COVID-19 has spread rapidly to more than 150 countries worldwide. Epidemiological analysis of COVID-19 revealed that most confirmed cases initially developed fever and dry cough at the onset of illness, while very few showing gastrointestinal symptoms (5). Hereby, we report the clinical features as well as chest and abdominal CT findings of a case of COVID-19 infection confirmed in Jiangjunshan Hospital of Guizhou Province (a designated branch of Guiyang Public Health Center in Guiyang, Guizhou Province, for new coronavirus pneumonia treatment).


OBJECTIVE
The objective of our study was to determine the number and severity of allergic-like breakthrough reactions to i.v. gadolinium-containing contrast agents in children and adults after premedication with corticosteroids and antihistamines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Contrast material reaction forms from the department of radiology for pediatric (under 19 years old) and adult patients were reviewed for the time period from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2006. All documented allergic-like reactions to i.v. gadolinium-containing contrast media after premedication with corticosteroids and antihistamines were identified. Forms were evaluated for reaction manifestations, management, and patient outcome. Our institutional electronic medical record system was accessed for each individual patient to identify pertinent medical history, including demographic information, history of allergic-like reaction to contrast media (gadolinium- or iodine-containing), and additional factors that led to prophylactic premedication.

RESULTS
Eight patients experienced nine allergic-like reactions after the i.v. administration of gadolinium-containing contrast media despite premedication. A single patient had two breakthrough reactions. Six breakthrough reactions were mild, and three were moderate. No severe or fatal breakthrough reaction occurred. Eight of nine breakthrough reactions occurred in adults. All patients who experienced breakthrough reactions had a history of allergic-like reaction to either gadolinium- or iodine-containing contrast media.

CONCLUSION
Allergic-like reactions to gadolinium-containing contrast media can occur despite premedication with corticosteroids and antihistamines.


Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Young Men for 1966–81, this study examined the effect of military service on the highest grade of schooling completed. Fixed-effects estimators were used to generate estimates of the effect of military service on the schooling trajectories of veterans and nonveterans that are independent of unmeasured household-specific and person-specific factors that may bias the relationship. The results indicate that veterans educational profiles differ from those of nonveterans. The veteran-nonveteran difference in schooling is substantial at the time veterans are discharged from the military (on average, a deficit of about one year) but diminishes thereafter (on average, to about a half year). The results also indicate that the effect of veteran status varies according to draft status, schooling prior to military service, and age at entry into the military but not race.


&NA; The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of music therapy on readiness to change, depression, and treatment perceptions during a randomized effectiveness study utilizing psychometric instruments and 1‐month follow‐up. Participants (N = 140) were inpatients in a detoxification unit and were randomly assigned by group to a music therapy songwriting condition or a verbal therapy condition. At immediate posttest, results indicated no significant between group differences in change readiness or depression, although the music therapy condition tended to have slightly higher mean change and slightly lower mean depression scores. At immediate posttest, the music therapy condition had significantly higher perceptions of helpfulness, enjoyment (both p < .001), and comfort (p < .04) than the control condition. Results at 1 month follow‐up indicated that participants in the music therapy condition tended to have higher perceptions of mean enjoyment but slightly lower mean perceptions of helpfulness than the control condition. Furthermore, although not significant, the music therapy group tended to have slightly lower depression scores at follow‐up. Emerging themes from participants' comments at immediate posttest and follow‐up indicated the experimental group made more statements concerning enjoyment, thanks/appreciation, continuation of the music therapy program, and positive cognitive changes than the control group. Emerging themes from composed blues lyrics included consequences of using and insight/change. From the results of this study, it seems that music therapy can be as effective as verbal therapy in measures of change readiness, depression, and treatment perceptions for consumers in detoxification.


ABSTRACT The number of historically-significant concrete structures which require conservation and repair is ever-increasing. The use of unsuitable proprietary materials has led to poor quality repairs of historically-significant structures in the United Kingdom, some of which have resulted in damage to the historic character of the structure and accelerated deterioration of the substrate. As a result, the approach to the repair of historic concrete structures has shifted from the use of mass-produced proprietary repair materials to purpose-made 'like-for-like' replacements which, theoretically, have similar mechanical and aesthetic properties. In order to create like-for-like repair materials, the original mix proportions and water/cement (w/c) ratio of the substrate have to be established. However, there are concerns regarding the accuracy of existing techniques and standards used for the analyses of hardened concrete. Furthermore, due to a lack of available material, analyses are often carried out on samples that are much smaller than the minimum requirement for a representative sample, or from areas which are not representative. This paper discusses these issues and hopes to provide information to conservators and analysts on the limitations of techniques, the variability of the material and the importance of representative samples.


The adsorption of xylan on pulp fibers improves the strength properties of paper. However, the optical properties are decreased significantly. The objective of our research was to bleach hardwood kraft pulp with adsorbed birch xylan by hydrogen peroxide and study the effect of bleaching parameters on paper properties. The bleaching parameters studied included bleaching temperature, time, initial pH as well as MgSO4 dosage. The optical properties (whiteness, brightness, opacity) and physical properties (tensile index, tearing index, bulk) of handsheets made from the pulp bleached with different process variables were measured. The results showed that better optical properties were obtained with higher bleaching temperature, longer bleaching time, and more MgSO4 dosage. Bleaching from an initial pH of 11 provided the highest brightness value. On the other hand, strength properties were improved with decreasing of the bleaching temperature, and increasing the initial pH and MgSO4 dosage. The relationship between strength properties and bleaching time varied depending on bleaching temperature. According to the results, both good mechanical properties and optical properties could be achieved when the operating parameters were controlled properly. Therefore hydrogen peroxide bleaching was proved to be a suitable method for bleaching hardwood kraft pulp with adsorption of birch xylan.


Background: Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) should be used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in combination with conventional synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARD), preferably methotrexate (MTX). However a significant proportion of RA patients receive TNFi in combination with other csDMARD or in monotherapy. Objectives: To assess the effect of co-medication with MTX or other csDMARDs on drug survival of TNFi treated RA patients. Methods: All adult patients with RA followed in the Czech national registry ATTRA who started TNFi therapy after January 1st 2012 were considered. Six-year drug survival for patients on TNFi in combination with MTX, with other csDMARD or in monotherapy was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method, log rank test was used to compare differences between groups. Reasons for TNFi discontinuation were analyzed. ATTRA is a centralized prospective computerized registry of patients receiving biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARD) therapy for rheumatic diseases collecting data on efficacy, safety and quality of life of all patients treated with bDMARDs in the Czech Republic. TNFi therapy is indicated for patients with RA who have failed treatment with at least one csDMARD. Results: A total of 1841 RA patients initiated first bDMARD treatment during the studied period, with 1724 patients receiving TNFi. 1307 patients (76%) started TNFi therapy in combination with MTX, 267 patients (15%) with other csDMARD and 150 patients (9%) as monotherapy. Overall unadjusted TNFi drug survival was better in patients receiving MTX co-medication (median survival 53 months) compared to those receiving other csDMARD (median survival 36 months) or those being on monotherapy (median survival 21 months; p<0.001 for monotherapy vs MTX co-medication) (Figure). The most common reason for TNFi discontinuation was loss of efficacy (33%, 37% and 28% for MTX, csDMARD combination and monotherapy respectively) followed by primary inefficacy (20%, 19% and 27%) and adverse events (19%, 15%, 23%). Conclusion: In this registry study of patients with RA, use of MTX co-medication was associated with significantly better first TNFi drug survival compared to other csDMARD co-medication and to monotherapy.Figure Kaplan–Meier curves of 6-year drug survival of the first TNFi based on co-medication Acknowledgement: This study was supported by the project of MHCR for conceptual development of research organization 00023728 Disclosure of Interests: Heřman Mann Consultant for: Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Sanofi, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Roche, Pfizer, MSD, Eli Lilly, Sanofi, Lucie Nekvindova: None declared, Jakub Zavada Consultant for: Genzyme-Sanofi, Glaxo, Pfizer, Abbvie, Speakers bureau: Novartis, Sandoz, Biogen, Ladislav Šenolt Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Consultant for: AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene Corporation, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, Amgen, Takeda, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene Corporation, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, Pavel Horak Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Roche, Pfizer, MSD, Amgen, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Sanofi. , Zlatuse Kristkova: None declared, Jiří Vencovský Consultant for: Samsung, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Eli Lilly, Biogen, UCB, MSD, Werfen, Roche, Karel Pavelka: None declared


Two-dimensional nonequilibrium nematic steady states, as found in agitated granular-rod monolayers or films of orientable amoeboid cells, were predicted [Europhys. Lett. 62, 196 (2003)10.1209/epl/i2003-00346-7] to have giant number fluctuations, with the standard deviation proportional to the mean. We show numerically that the steady state of such systems is macroscopically phase separated, yet dominated by fluctuations, as in the Das-Barma model [Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1602 (2000)10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.1602]. We suggest experimental tests of our findings in granular and living-cell systems.


This project decreases CO2 emissions by installing a biomass boiler instead of a gas boiler to meet the heat demands of a new paper machine at a pulp and paper mill in Caieiras, Sao Paulo, Brazil. With the project, the use of ash as fertilizer in agriculture and forestry as well as the implementation of alternative ways to give value to biomass residues such as sludge from the pulp and paper production are being promoted, and local jobs are being created.


Between 5th May and 20th September 2010, Oxford Archaeology East carried out a further phase of archaeological excavation and watching briefs at Linton Village College, Cambridgeshire. These revealed activity of Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman and post-medieval date. Prehistoric remains included a Later Neolithic pit, containing Grooved Ware pottery and substantial quantities of struck flint, and a probable Early Bronze Age ring ditch. Iron Age field boundary ditches and two claylined pits containing burnt stone were also identified. A series of Roman ditches and several structural features were recorded, along with the burial of a neonate and partial remains of another. These ditches appear to mark the southern limit of the Roman settlement excavated in 2008. A postmedieval brick built building, with a rammed chalk floor, was also excavated. Four one-metre square test pits were also excavated by the students of the college, as part of a Young Roots, Heritage Lottery funded project, through the topsoil and subsoil in a garden area. These revealed pottery of Iron Age, Roman and post -medieval date along with struck flints. These finds add to those identified in previous phases of work in 2004-5 and 2008, producing a more complete picture of past land-use in Linton.


Russia's waste management system and legislative framework have undergone an ambitious revision process to fix Russia's pending waste crisis and push waste management towards the levels of its Western neighbours. While the reforms aim to tackle Russia's insufficient waste management, the local implementation realities of these central policy strategies, particularly in rural areas, are largely neglected. Rural communities throughout Russia are to implement a waste policy system which is not only unsuitable in its current form, but wherein local realities are in stark contrast to their representations in the realms of policy design. Obliged to implement nonetheless, these mismatches seem destined in building up a ruin to come of a waste management system that will be dysfunctional and locally contested, particularly in relation to its environmental impact. To scrutinise these developments, the paper is framed by a conceptualisation of policy mobility and translation, with an in-depth focus on localised assembling processes that implement Russian waste legislation in three local communities in the Karelian Republic. It analyses rural waste management in Russia through the Regional Waste Management Programme of the Karelian Republic and their processes of implementation. Based on qualitative analysis, the core focus is on local perceptions, waste management infrastructure and local spatial components that highlight the incompatibility between the current institutionalised planning documents and visions of waste policy in Russia and the geographical realities in the places of materialisation.


The proliferation of high performance workstations and the emergence of high speed networks have attracted a lot of interest in parallel and distributed computing (PDC). The authors envision that PDC environments with supercomputing capabilities will be available in the near future. However, a number of hardware and software issues have to be resolved before the full potential of these PDC environments can be exploited. The presented research has the following objectives: (1) to characterize the message-passing primitives used in parallel and distributed computing; (2) to develop a communication protocol that supports PDC; and (3) to develop an architectural support for PDC over gigabit networks.<<ETX>>


This study is motivated by the suggestion that the objectives of the AWB Ltd have changed since semi-privatisation of the Australian Wheat Board under the Wheat Marketing Act, 1989. Conceptualising this change of objectives as a shift from revenue maximization to profit maximization, this study examines the impact of such a change on the pricing policies of a multi-market price-setting firm. More specifically, this study investigates, for two hypothetical objective functions, a risk averse firm's price-setting behaviour in an "overseas" and a "domestic" market, given differing costs of supply, uncertain demand functions and differing price elasticities of demand in each market. The aim is to generate empirically testable hypotheses relating to the impact of a change of objectives on pricing behaviour.


Previous descriptions of Tucetona lack a consistent system using diagnostic characters and only two recent Caribbean 'species' are recognized. In this study, textural and structural features of the Tucetona shell are examined and used as the basis for comparison to other glycymerids and in the recognition of morphospecies. Standard diagnostic characters based mainly on the cross-sectional shape of ribs and on hinge teeth ontogeny are presented and used to distinguish six recent Caribbean morphospecies. The shell texture has been examined by light and scanning electron microscopy, showing the interior of glycymerid hinge teeth structured by two bundles of crossed lamellar texture. Whereas European Glycymeris examined for comparison correspond in their hinge plate textures to the one found in Tucetona, differences from a Caribbean Glycymeris sp. are described. Simple lamellar, crossed-lamellar and cone complex crossed-lamellar textures showed the same basic crystallite subunits.


Methods: Forty patients with paroxysmal AF, no recent infection and no acute myocardial ischemia, who underwent sinus rhythm restoration by drugs, were studied prospectively. Blood sampl ing for measurement of CRP and II-6, and 24.hour electrocardiographic recording for HRV analysis were obtained immediately after conversion to sinus rhythm. Statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA and Spearman correlation. Purpose: Atria1 fibrillation (AF) may be initiated by ectopic foci located in the pulmonary veins (Pv) and multiple reentry circuits may facilitate its persistence. These circuits require a critical mass of atria1 tissue inversely related to the refractory period. W e investigated whether specific refractoriness properties of the PV may be implicated in the pathogenesis of AF.


The rotary kiln process for iron ore pelletizing is one of the main methods to upgrade crude iron ore. The mining company LKAB runs four Grate-Kiln production sites in northern Sweden, where a grate and a rotary kiln are combined to thermally indurate the iron ore pellets. The high temperature needed for the process is provided by combustion of coal with a high amount of extremely preheated air, what creates an atmosphere inside the furnace of which the present theoretical understanding is low. So far, the high amount of excess air (λ = 5-6) made standard NOx mitigation strategies in the rotary kiln unsuitable. Environmental issues and need for fuel flexibility has enticed LKAB to carry out experimental campaigns in a test facility to characterize the combustion process. The results of the experimental campaign of 2013 and previous campaigns are reviewed in the present work. The measurement results were evaluated through gas-phase chemistry modelling with a detailed chemical reaction scheme. The evaluation of the 2013 experimental campaign suggests measurement problems of the temperature and the combustion behaviour inside the test furnace. Gas and oil flames showed to combust almost instantaneously within the first centimetres after the burner. Biomass and coal combusted significantly slower, but also had the highest reaction intensity close to the burner inlet. Measured exhaust NOx levels could not be achieved in the model with the measured temperature and modelling results proposed peak temperatures more than 500°C above the measured temperature inside the kiln for oil and gas combustion. For oil and gas it was found that thermal-NOx is the major contributor to the NOx formation inside the pilot scale kiln. The lower NOx emissions for coal and biomass were explained by lower temperatures inside the kiln and the relation fuel-N and thermal-N. Modelling fuel bound nitrogen for the solid fuels showed that the NOx is formed there in similar amounts via both the fuel-NO and thermal-NO formation route. By comparing the high NOx levels of the experimental to the lower levels in the full scale plant, it was concluded that the NOx formation differs between them, as in the experimental one significantly higher temperature prevail for all fuels. This showed that this facility does not resemble the actual kiln adequately.


: With current angiology, the chances of identifying and treating operatively and radically patients with nephrovascular hypertension are greatly increased. Extending indications and improving technique it has been possible to operate 84% of patients with verified diagnosis of stenosis of the renal artery, according to angiographic data. Positive results have been achieved in 78% of patients. Post-operative mortality with isolated lesions of the renal arteries was 5%. Advances have been made in the standardization of diagnostic tests in patients with high AD and as regards speedy operation in specialist angiological clinics.


ABSTRACT A long-term multi-parameter skill assessment of a 5-MHz Coastal Ocean Dynamics Applications Radar (CODAR) SeaSonde High-Frequency radar (HFR) network deployed along the Galician Coast (NW Iberian Peninsula) was attempted for 2014–2016. To this aim, wave estimations from two HFR sites, obtained directly by the CODAR radar proprietary software, were independently validated against hourly in situ observations from two moored buoys for two different periods. The accuracy assessment of significant wave height (Hs) revealed a consistent agreement with Pearson´s correlation coefficients (r) above 0.75 and normalized root mean squared errors below 0.4. An overall slight overestimation of Hs radar estimations was evidenced, likely due to spurious contributions to the directional spectra. The seasonal analysis revealed that the performance of this low mono-frequency radar was more precise for high-sea states during wintertime, whereas the quality and availability of radar data decreased under summer less energetic conditions, in accordance with previous works. In the case of the centroid wave period, HFR performance was consistent through the different years, with r values emerging in the range of 0.61–0.74. The directional accuracy was moderately good, with NW and W-NW as predominant sectors. Despite r values above 0.74, a tendency for CODAR HFR-derived incoming mean wave direction to be aligned more perpendicular to the coast compared to offshore in situ data was also observed. Furthermore, the relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and HFR wave estimations was explored. A subtle but statistically significant connection was found, with Hs and centroid wave period being positively correlated with NAO daily index. Complementarily, the skill of the Galician HFR system was evaluated under positive and negative NAO conditions in order to elucidate whether the radar accuracy is or is not NAO-phase dependent. No substantial differences could be found for each of the three parameters analysed as HFR accuracy remained mostly unaffected by swings in the NAO index. Finally, it can be concluded that properly treated CODAR radar-derived wave estimations can be potentially employed for operational coastal monitoring across a wide range of sea states.


Suppose that members of a society are accorded status as both economic and political agents. If the polity responds to the same actors for whom economic policy matters, a simultaneity of political and economic determination is introduced. The first goal of the research presented here concerns the microeconomic question, How does an agent choose economic and political behavior simultaneously when his or her political activity has an explicit effect on the economic environment? The second is to determine conditions under which an equilibrium will exist in a generic strategic lobbying situation. The third is to discover the effect of lobbying behavior on society's welfare position. The model of the thesis begins with an exchange economy in which agents are asked to make economic and political decisions simultaneously. A government mechanism sets relative prices by law in response to donations by political interests whose stakes in the price level are diametrically opposed, trading with a larger world economy to clear the distorted domestic markets. The first result is the demonstration that under certain conditions on the economy, the model possesses a lobbying equilibrium. The welfare properties of this equilibrium are evaluated by comparing agents' utility levels at the lobbying outcome with those which would obtain in corresponding competitive economies. Both agents may be worse off with lobbying than without it, but one agent is sometimes better off with the lobbying program. Using cooperative game theoretic techniques, the potential for agents to gain by forming a coalititon and overturning the intervention policy is studied. The potential for the government to achieve an analagous improvement by implementing a tax/transfer scheme is also evaluated. It is shown that cases in which agents could help themselves by cooperating coincide precisely with cases in which the government could help them by replacing the price policy of the model with a tax/transfer policy. In order to investigate these welfare properties, and to draw conclusions about the relationships between agents' characteristics and the pricing rule, numerical experiments are carried out in which equilibrium outcomes are calculated for example economies.


Evidence on the mode of action of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides is reviewed and discussed. DDT and its analogs act mainly at the nerve axon by interfering with Na+ and K+ conductance gating. Various analogs show excitatory, blocking or both kinds of action depending on whether they interfere with Na-inactivation, activation or both. These actions may be functionally related to inhibition of an ecto Ca2+ ATPase, but at this time there is insufficient evidence to draw that conclusion. Bicyclodienes, lindane and mirex and certain of its analogs act at presynaptic terminals to enhance the release of neurotransmitter. Direct evidence to this action by some compounds is available on cholinergic and glutaminergic junctions, but other kinds of junctions may be affected. This action may be functionally related to inhibition of Ca2+-Mg2+ ATPase which is thought to be identical with the Ca2+ ion pump that maintains low internal Ca+ concentrations.


Abstract The benefit of cryogenic cooling on the performance of millimeter-wave GaAs Schottky-barrier varactor-based frequency multipliers has been studied. For this purpose, a dedicated compact model of a GaAs Schottky-barrier varactor using a triple-anode diode stack has been developed for use with a commercial RF and microwave CAD tool. The model implements critical physical phenomena such as thermionic-field emission current transport at cryogenic temperatures, temperature dependent mobility, reverse breakdown, self-heating, and high-field velocity saturation effects. A parallel conduction model is employed in order to include the effect of barrier inhomogeneities which is known to cause deviation from the expected I--V characteristics at cryogenic temperatures. The developed model is shown to accurately fit the I--V --T dataset from 25 to 295 K measured on the varactor diode stack. Harmonic balance simulations using the model are used to predict the efficiency of a millimeter-wave balanced doubler from room to cryogenic temperatures. The estimation is verified experimentally using a 188 GHz balanced doubler cooled down to 77 K. The model has been further verified down to 14 K using a 78 GHz balanced doubler.


Objective: To determine the surgical outcome and factors of predictive value in patients undergoing reoperation for intractable partial epilepsy. Methods: The authors retrospectively studied the operative outcome in 64 consecutive patients who underwent reoperation for intractable partial epilepsy. Demographic data, results of comprehensive preoperative evaluations, and the seizure and neurologic outcome after reoperation were determined. All patients were followed a minimum of 1 year subsequent to their last operative procedure. Results: Fifty-three patients had two surgeries, and 11 patients had three or more operations. The first surgery involved a lesionectomy (n = 33), "nonlesional" temporal lobe resection (n = 28), and a "nonlesional" extratemporal resection (n = 3). The mean duration between the first and second procedure was 5.5 years. Fifty-five patients underwent an intralobar reoperation, whereas nine had a resection of a different lobe. After reoperation, 25 patients (39%) were free of seizure, 6 patients (9%) had rare seizures, 12 patients (19%) had a worthwhile improvement, and 21 patients (33%) failed to respond to surgery. Predictors of seizure-free outcome were age at seizure onset >15 years (p = 0.01), duration of epilepsy ≤5 years at the time of initial surgery (p = 0.03), and focal interictal discharges in scalp EEG (p = 0.03). Using a logistic regression model, two significant predictors emerged: duration of epilepsy ≤5 years (odds ratio, 3.18; p = 0.04) and preoperative focal interictal discharge (odds ratio, 4.45; p = 0.02). Complications of reoperation included visual field deficits (n = 9), wound infection (n = 2), subdural hematoma (n = 1), and hemiparesis (n = 1). Conclusion: Reoperation may be an appropriate alternative form of treatment for selected patients with intractable partial epilepsy who fail to respond to initial surgery.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Detecting incidence and enlargement of lesions is essential in monitoring the progression of MS. In clinical trials, lesion load is observed by manually segmenting and comparing serial MR images, which is time consuming, costly, and prone to inter- and intraobserver variability. Subtracting images from consecutive time points nulls stable lesions, leaving only new lesion activity. We propose SuBLIME, an automated method for segmenting incident lesion voxels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used logistic regression models incorporating multiple MR imaging sequences and subtraction images from consecutive longitudinal studies to estimate voxel-level probabilities of lesion incidence. We used T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, and PD volumes from a total of 110 MR imaging studies from 10 subjects. RESULTS: To assess the performance of the model, we assigned 5 subjects to a training set and the remaining 5 to a validation set. With SuBLIME, lesion incidence is detected and delineated in the validation set with an AUC of 99% (95% CI [97%, 100%]) at the voxel level. CONCLUSIONS: This fully automated and computationally fast method allows sensitive and specific detection of lesion incidence that can be applied to large collections of images. Using the explicit form of the statistical model, SuBLIME can easily be adapted to cases when more or fewer imaging sequences are available.


The goal of this work is to describe the cosmic micromechanics connection with irreversible deformation processes in spatially extended polycrystalline systems, where the nature of the crystalline structure of the universe in a relativistic framework at Max Plank scale and Edwin Hubble scale play and important role. In this physical construction by applying the theoretical model of Muñoz-Andrade the activation energy for irreversible deformation processes in spatially extended polycrystalline systems is obtained. Consequently, the main results of this work are analyzed in the context of the unified interpretation of Hubble flow, plastic flow and super plastic flow.


Motion estimation represents a key module in video compression. The Reconfigurable Video Coding context (RVC) requires proposing a flexible solution for motion estimation. The motion estimation performance should be modified to fit with the user or the environment's constraints. Depending on the required performances fixed by the application, a full search is sometimes not suitable, hence, alternative fast/reduced solutions should be considered. In this paper, an efficient Diamond Search motion estimation, described in RVC-CAL actor language, is introduced. Starting from a high level description based CAL language, an automatic translation of the proposed CAL module to HDL is performed. This is meant to give designers an edge over its market competitors by substantially reducing the Time to Market (TTM). A comparison between the generated HDL with a previous work supporting user search strategy and handwritten code is also provided. The results show substantial improvement in term of operating frequency and silicon area to previous work based CAL description.


Crowdsourcing allows human intelligence tasks to be outsourced to a large number of unspecified people at low costs. However, because of the uneven ability and diligence of crowd workers, the quality of their work is also uneven and sometimes quite low. Therefore, quality control is one of the central issues in crowdsourcing research. In this paper, we address a quality control problem of enumeration tasks, in which workers are asked to enumerate as many answers satisfying certain conditions as possible. As examples of enumeration tasks, we consider text collection tasks in addition to POI collection tasks. Since workers neither necessarily provide correct answers nor provide exactly the same answers even if the answers indicate the same object because of orthographic or numerical variations, we propose a two-stage quality control method consisting of an answer clustering stage and a reliability estimation stage. The answer clustering stage with a new constrained exemplar clustering method groups answers indicating the same object into a cluster and requires a representative answer from each cluster, and then the reliability estimation stage with a modified HITS estimates the reliabilities of representative answers and removes unreliable ones. Implemented with a new constrained exemplar clustering and a modified HITS algorithm, the effectiveness of our method is demonstrated as compared to baseline methods on several real crowdsourcing datasets of POI collection tasks and text collection tasks.


The effects of replacement of MgO by CaO, on the characterization and crystallization behavior of glas-ceramics in the CaO-MgO-SiO2 system were investigated by DTA, XRD and FTIR techniques and by density measurements. The results show that the glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystallization temperature (Tc) increase and glassy structural network becomes denser with increasing the CaO/MgO weight ratio. After certain heat-treatment procedure, the major crystal phases change from calcium magnesium silicate (diopside) to calcium silicate (parawollastonite) at the replace of MgO by CaO. Studying of density measurement shows that, the density of glass samples increase by increasing CaO content on the expense of MgO.


Abstract. In source regions of magmatic systems the temperature is above solidus and melt ascent is assumed to occur predominantly by two-phase flow which includes a fluid phase (melt) and a porous deformable matrix. Since McKenzie (1984) introduced his equations for two-phase flow, numerous solutions have been studied one of which predicts the emergence of solitary porosity waves. By now most analytical and numerical solutions for these waves used strongly simplified models for the shear- and bulk viscosity of the matrix, significantly overestimating the viscosity or completely neglecting the porosity-dependence of the bulk viscosity. Schmeling et al. (2012) suggested viscosity laws in which the viscosity decreases very rapidly for small melt fractions. They are incorporated into a 2D finite difference mantle convection code with two-phase flow (FDCON) to study the ascent of solitary porosity waves. The models show that, starting with a Gaussian shaped wave, they rapidly evolve into a solitary wave with similar shape and a certain amplitude. Despite the strongly weaker rheologies compared to previous viscosity laws the effect on dispersion curves and wave shape are only moderate as long as the background porosity is fairly small. The models are still in good agreement with semi-analytic solutions which neglect the shear stress term in the melt segregation equation. However, for higher background porosities and wave amplitudes associated with a viscosity decrease of 50% or more, the phase velocity and the width of the waves are significantly decreased. Our models show that melt ascent by solitary waves is still a viable mechanism even for more realistic matrix viscosities.


Summary
This study investigates antecedents of procrastination, the tendency to delay the initiation or completion of work activities. We examine this phenomenon from a self-regulation perspective and argue that depleted self-regulatory resources are an important pathway to explain why and when employees procrastinate. The restoration of self-regulatory resources during episodes of non-work is a prerequisite for the ability to initiate action at work. As sleep offers the opportunity to replenish self-regulatory resources, employees should procrastinate more after nights with low-quality sleep and shorter sleep duration. We further propose that people's social sleep lag amplifies this relationship. Social sleep lag arises if individuals' preference for sleep and wake times, known as their chronotype, is misaligned with their work schedule. Over five consecutive workdays, 154 participants completed a diary study comprising online questionnaires. Multilevel analyses showed that employees procrastinated less on days when they had slept better. The more employees suffered from social sleep lag, the more they procrastinated when sleep quality was low. Day-specific sleep duration, by contrast, was not related to procrastination. We discuss the role of sleep for procrastination in the short run and relate our findings to research highlighting the role of sleep for well-being in the long run. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Austen and Eliot register the turbulence and transformation of their respective historic moments in the portrayal of a young heroine on the cusp of adulthood with a number of potential paths ahead of her. The heroines, like their societies, are caught between old and new as they seek to acknowledge the ties that bind them to the past and simultaneously create a future of their own. This dilemma reveals the nineteenth-century novel's concerns of the individual's ability to grow while being enmeshed in a network of relationships, and the place of the past in an increasingly unstable future.  Beginning with Emma (1815) and The Mill on the Floss (1860), and concluding with a comparison of Persuasion (1817) and Middlemarch (1871), this thesis tracks Austen and Eliot's depiction of female development which moves from a focus on the centrality of the childhood home, and in particular the heroine's relationship with her father, to a narrative which ends on a more conscious note of ambiguity and broadening prospects. Emma and Mill both depict heroines who find their future in their past. Emma and Maggie develop and assert their own agency, but their circumstances and experiences of childhood bind them to their site of origin.  Conversely, both Austen and Eliot's later works enact a deliberate loosening of the hold the heroine's childhood has on her, and Anne and Dorothea end up in very different places to where they began. They both reject their position as part of the rural landed gentry to instead gain entry into a more dynamic and inclusive community. This personal transition is accompanied by a more explicit delineation of the evolving socio-political landscape, an increase in the heroine's mobility and fluidity, and an ending that frustrates a sense of stable closure in preference for one of more open possibility. Thus, so far from being read simply as 'marriage plots' Austen and Eliot subversively depict the young woman's changing position and prospects as a matter of national importance.


A wavelength-tunable mode-locked linear-cavity fiber laser was demonstrated using a Fabry–Pérot laser diode. By adding a tunable bandpass filter within the linear cavity, the wavelength-tunable fiber laser was easy to be tuned dynamically. This linear-cavity fiber laser output exhibited a good performance having the optical sidemode suppression ratio over 30 dB and the wavelength-tuning range up to 27 nm. Furthermore, this fiber laser generated pulses with pulsewidth between 53.2 and 80.4 ps at a repetition frequency of 908.39 MHz.


Evidence of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism (UHPM) of subducted Indian continental crust in the form of carbonate-bearing coesite eclogite is preserved in the Tso-Morari Crystalline Complex (TMC) in eastern Ladakh, India. These eclogites, which occur as boudins in kyanite/sillimanite—grade rocks of the Puga Formation, contain essential mineral assemblages (garnet, clinopyroxeneomphacite, phengite, rutile, epidote-zoisite/clinozoisite and quartz), as well as coesite, talc, kyanite, magnesite, aragonite, dolomite, and Mg-calcite. Coesite, magnesite, and dolomite occur as inclusions in zoned garnet. The carbonate-bearing coesite eclogite underwent three stages of metamorphism—prograde, peak, and retrograde. The prograde assemblage is characterized by the presence of magnesite and a SiO2 polymorph, which is stable throughout the metamorphic process from the prograde to retrograde stage. At ultrahigh-pressure (27 kbar) and a temperature of 650°C, quartz transforms to coesite. Peak metamorphism was characterized by the development of coesite in garnet coexisting with high-Si phengite, clinopyroxene, magnesite, aragonite, dolomite, zoisite/clinozoisite, kyanite, and talc at a pressure of >39 kbar and temperature of >750°C. This is in good agreement with the estimated peak pressure and temperature judging from the composition of phengite, jadeite barometry, and garnet-clinopyroxene, garnet-phengite thermometry. Enstatite formed with talc and kyanite at a pressure of >31 kbar and temperature of 750°C. With a subsequent decrease in pressure, retrogression is constrained by the development of chlorite and chloritoid, which surround the garnet at a minimum pressure of 4-5 kbar and temperature of <500°C. Mineral assemblages in the carbonate-bearing coesite eclogite reveal that prograde metamorphism started with greenschist-facies conditions and reached the ultrahigh-pressure eclogite facies, passing through the intermediate blueschist facies. During UHP metamorphism, pressure abruptly doubled with a slight change of temperature, defining a geothermal gradient of 6–7°C/km. The UHP material was brought back to the surface along a path by rapid and almost isothermal exhumation.


The aim of this research and development was to know the effect of the brainstorming model based on software graphmatica on spatial quotient research operation linear program. Graphmatica is a tool that plans calculationswith numbers and calculus facilities. Combining cartesian chart functions, relationships and equations, parameters, polarization and ordinary differential equations, has about 999 graphs. In addition Graphmatica also has the ability to break the sequence of numbers and display tangent, integral and clear lines. This tool can be applied from secondary school to college. Spatial intelligence is the ability to think someone mengimajinasikan an object in the form of images and space. The development of this product uses a literature study to strengthen the development of a product. This educational product is in the form of Brainstorming learning method and software (software) Graphmatica. Through this stage will examine the scope of Brainstorming and SoftwareGraphmatica methods, the breadth of use, supporting conditions for the product to be used or implementedoptimally, and its advantages and limitations. A literature study is also needed to determine the most appropriatesteps in the development of the product. In the results of the linear program exam as much as 19 muhammadiyah university students showed good learning outcomes after applying the development of software product graphmatica. This shows that there is an influence in the development of graphmatica software products with the brainstorming model of linear program learning outcomes.


The CD69 (Leu-23) activation Ag is a phosphorylated 28 to 32-kDa disulfide-linked homodimer that is rapidly induced after lymphocyte activation. CD69 is not present on the surface of peripheral blood resting T cells, but is constitutively expressed by CD3bright thymocytes. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by stimulation of the TCR/CD3 or by phorbol esters directly induces CD69 expression on T cells. In the attempt to elucidate the function of CD69 we investigated the ability of the CD69 glycoprotein to transmit an activation signal. Cross-linking of CD69 by mAb induced a prolonged elevation of intracellular [Ca2+], mostly due to an influx of extracellular Ca2+. This signal alone was unable to effectively activate PKC. When PKC was simultaneously activated by PMA, stimulation of CD69 induced IL-2 and IFN-gamma gene expression, enhancement of CD25 expression, and ultimately IL-2-dependent T cell proliferation. Both CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral T cells responded to CD69-mediated activation. Stimulation of CD69 induced proliferation of thymocytes as well as peripheral T cells, but both required independent PKC activation by PMA. Cyclosporin A, which does not prevent PKC-induced CD69 expression, completely suppressed CD69-induced IL-2 and IFN-gamma gene expression. Although the signal delivered by the CD69 initiates T cell proliferation, it is unable to trigger cytotoxicity programs in CD69+-activated T cells or T cell clones.


There is widespread evidence of parameter instability in the literature. One way to account for this feature is through the use of time - varying parameter (TVP) models that discount older data in favor of more recent data. This practice is often known as forgetting and can be applied in several different ways. This paper introduces and examines the performance of different (flexible) forgetting methodologies in the context of the Kalman filter. We review and develop the theoretical background and investigate the performance of each methodology in simulations as well as in two empirical forecast exercises using dynamic model averaging (DMA). Specifically, out - of - sample DMA forecasts of Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation and S&P500 returns obtained using different forgetting approaches are compared. Results show that basing the amount of forgetting on the forecast error does not perform as well as avoiding instability by placing bounds on the parameter covariance matrix.


Photophysical properties and photocatalytic activities for water splitting over KM(2)Nb(5)O(15) (M = Sr and Ba) and K(2)LnNb(5)O(15) (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, and Sm) with tungsten bronze-type structure were investigated. Single phases of KM(2)Nb(5)O(15) and K(2)LnNb(5)O(15) were successfully prepared by solid-state reaction (SSR) method and polymerizable complex (PC) method. The band gaps of these niobates were estimated to be 3.1-3.5 eV. These metal oxides loaded with an activated NiO(x) cocatalyst showed photocatalytic activities for water splitting into H(2) and O(2) under UV irradiation. When K(2)LaNb(5)O(15) was doped by Rh ions, a new visible-light absorption band was observed around 400-500 nm in addition to the band gap absorption band of the K(2)LaNb(5)O(15) host. K(2)LaNb(5)O(15):Rh showed photocatalytic activities for H(2) or O(2) evolution from an aqueous solution containing a sacrificial reagent under visible-light irradiation.


Myotomy and myectomy of the inferior oblique muscle have fallen into ill repute as technically inferior and less successful operations than recession of the muscle at its insertion; however, there is a simple, effective procedure which deserves more attention. Tenotomy of the inferior oblique muscle at its scleral insertion, which I have used successfully and to the exclusion of other procedures designed to reduce overactivity of this muscle, is the procedure of choice at the Mayo Clinic. It is my purpose not to condemn other procedures but to describe, stress, and reemphasize the value of this one. History of Operations on the Inferior Oblique Muscle Although Landolt 1 is credited with outlining the possibility of operating on the inferior oblique muscle, there is no evidence that he actually operated on it. Dunnington 2 thoroughly reviewed procedures used up to 1929 and named specific indications for tenotomy of the inferior oblique