Objectives
Multilevel, multicomponent (MLMC) interventions are a promising strategy to address obesity, yet they are complex to implement with sufficient intensity. We report on the process evaluation of a MLMC to prevent/reduce obesity in Native American (NA) adults.

Methods
OPREVENT2 is a recently completed MLMC intervention in six NA communities (3 intervention, 3 comparison). OPREVENT2 worked with food stores to increase access to and promote healthy food choices, worksites to provide nutrition education and to improve physical activity (PA) opportunities, schools to educate children (grades 2-6) to act as change agents, media to reinforce key messages, and through a policy-oriented community action committee (CAC). OPREVENT2 was implemented in six phases targeting various foods, PA strategies and related behaviors. Implementation standards were set for each component and assessed reach, dose delivered, and fidelity. Data were collected using a combination of REDCap-programmed tablet computers, paper surveys and attendance sheets at the time of intervention delivery. Implementation was assessed by the degree to which each high standard was met: >100% was considered high, 50-99% moderate, and < 50% low.

Results
OPREVENT2 was implemented from June 2017 to December 2018, in 3 NA communities located in the Southwestern and Midwestern US. The worksite component was implemented with high reach and dose, but fidelity decreased over time from high to moderate. The food store component was implemented with high reach and dose throughout the intervention, and improved over time. The school component was implemented with low to moderate reach and dose, improving over time. Social media (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter) were implemented with high dose delivered, but implementation declined to the moderate level over time; whereas, reach and fidelity remained at the moderate level or declined to the low level. The CAC was implemented with high reach and dose, with slight declines over time, but remained at moderate to high levels.

Conclusions
OPREVENT2 implementation varied by intervention component, which will likely impact the overall study outcomes (BMI, diet, physical activity, psychosocial factors). Process evaluation is essential for understanding findings of MLMC interventions.

Funding Sources
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute R01.


Maintaining fluid balance, or hydration, is an important factor in preserving various body functions and supporting exercise performance in hot environment. During exercise, fluids are lost, mainly through sweating (some water will also be attributable to respiratory water loss, which can be substantial during hard work in hot environments). Prolonged bout of exercise in hot environment, can lead to excess of 1 litre of body fluid per hour to be lost. Dehydration and hyperthermia can adversely affect mental and physical performance. Unless the athlete consumes fluid to replace these losses, a fluid deficit will occur. Meeting water requirements under hot environmental conditions that promote large losses is not easy. Furthermore, water intake during exercise is usually inadequate and 'voluntary dehydration' occurs. A competing athlete may be near exhaustion despite absence of thirst. Specific precautions must be taken to prevent chronic dehydration. Prior dehydration has a negative effect even on exercise of short duration where sweat losses are small. The athlete must begin exercise fully hydrated and regular ingestion of fluids is beneficial where the exercise duration exceeds 40 min in the hot environment. It is therefore pertinent to drink enough fluids before the game and at rest breaks to avoid dehydration and fatigue. Dilute carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks are best for fluid replacement, which also supply some substrate for the exercising muscles. Even after exercise, thirst may not be sufficient stimulus to ensure full rehydration. What is ingested during recovery, especially in the first 2 h, could also markedly influence the rate of recovery and performance in a subsequent athletic event. Athletes, especially in the tropics are advised to drink to replace their sweat losses rather than simply to satisfy their thirst. The rehydration fluid must contain sufficient sodium to maintain the thirst stimulus and to promote the retention of the ingested fluid.


The combustion of fuel derived from municipal solid waste is a promising cheap retrofitting technique for coal power plants, having the added benefit of reducing the volume of waste disposal in landfills. co-combustion of waste-derived fuel (WDF) and coal, rather than switching to WDF combustion alone in dedicated power plants, allows power plant operators to be flexible toward variations in the WDF supply. Substituting part of the coal feed by processed high calorific value waste could reduce the NOx, SO2, and CO2 emissions of coal power plants. However, the alkaline content of WDF and its potentially harmful interactions with the coal ash, as well as adverse effects from the presence of chlorine in the waste, are important drawbacks to waste-derived fuel use in large-scale power plants. This chapter reviews these points and gives a centralized review of co-combustion experiments reported in the literature. Finally, this chapter underlines the importance of lab-scale experiments previous to any large-scale application and introduces the idea of combining waste and additives dedicated to the capture of targeted pollutants.


It has been suggested that substrate adhesion molecules of the tenascin family may be responsible for the segmented outgrowth of motor axons and neural crest cells during formation of the peripheral nervous system. We have used two monoclonal antibodies (M1B4 and 578) and an antiserum [KAF9(1)] to study the expression of J1/tenascin-related molecules within the somites of the chick embryo. Neural crest cells were identified with monoclonal antibodies HNK-1 and 20B4. Young somites are surrounded by J1/tenascin immunoreactive material, while old sclerotomes are immunoreactive predominantly in their rostral halves, as described by other authors (Tan et al. 1987--Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 7977; Mackie et al. 1988--Development 102, 237). At intermediate stages of development, however, immunoreactivity is found mainly in the caudal half of each sclerotome. After ablation of the neural crest, the pattern of immunoreactivity is no longer localised to the rostral halves of the older, neural-crest-free sclerotomes. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of affinity-purified somite tissue, extracted using M1B4 antibody, shows a characteristic set of bands, including one of about 230 x 10(3), as described for cytotactin, J1-200/220 and the monomeric form of tenascin. Affinity-purified somite material obtained from neural-crest-ablated somites reveals some of the bands seen in older control embryos, but the high molecular weight components (120-230 x 10(3] are missing. Young epithelial somites also lack the higher molecular mass components. The neural crest may therefore participate in the expression of J1/tenascin-related molecules in the chick embryo. These results suggest that these molecules are not directly responsible for the segmented outgrowth of precursors of the peripheral nervous system.


Background Use of psychotropic drugs is common among older adults. Population-based studies on the associations of psychotropic drug use with mortality are sparse. Objectives To investigate the associations between the use of specific psychotropic drug groups (opioids, antipsychotics, antidepressants and benzodiazepines) and all-cause mortality among community-dwelling older adults in Germany. Methods Participants of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998 were followed up for mortality from 1997 to 2011. Persons aged 60–79 years with complete data on psychotropic drug use at baseline and on mortality follow-up were considered as study population (N = 1,563). Associations between the use of opioids, antipsychotics, antidepressants and benzodiazepines and all-cause mortality were examined by Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for sociodemographics (sex, age, community size, region, socioeconomic status), life style (smoking, sports, risky alcohol drinking) and health conditions (obesity, disability, history of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, any cancers, any mental disorders) at baseline. Results After a median follow-up of 11.4 years, 21, 18, 23 and 26 deaths were documented among those who used at baseline opioids (n = 39), antipsychotics (n = 30), antidepressants (n = 53) and benzodiazepines (n = 54) with an unadjusted mortality rate (MR) of 57.7, 59.1, 44.6 and 53.7 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Meanwhile, 400 deaths were documented among 1,406 nonusers of any of the above mentioned psychotropic drugs with a MR of 26.7 per 1000 person-years. The age and sex adjusted mortality rate ratios in comparison with nonusers were 2.20 (95% confidence intervals 1.42–3.41), 1.66(1.03–2.70), 1.56(1.06–2.28), and 1.57(1.07–2.31) for the use of opioids, antipsychotics, antidepressants and benzodiazepines, respectively. In the fully adjusted Cox models, use of opioids (hazardous ratio 2.04, 95% confidence intervals 1.07–3.89), antipsychotics (2.15, 1.11–4.15) and benzodiazepines (1.76, 1.09–2.82), but not antidepressants, were significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality. Conclusions Use of opioids, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines is significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality among community-dwelling older adults in Germany. Clinicians should be careful in prescribing these psychotropic drugs to older adults while patients already under psychotropic therapy should well balance the risks and benefits of drug use. Further studies with a larger sample size and information on specific indications for psychotropic drug use and mental comorbidities are required to confirm the findings of the present study.


Jason Myers, D.O., and Lorah Wright, D.O, left a large, hospital-affiliated practice in Traverse City, Mich., to form their own family practice. Recognizing a growing market for cosmetic procedures, the enterprising doctors added a laser skin clinic with the hope of fattening the bottom line.


ABSTRACT The nexus between ageing and migration throws up a variety of situations. In this paper, we map out the various circumstances in which ageing and migration fuse together as entwined trajectories to produce situations of vulnerability, coping, active ageing and variable well-being. The ageing process is seen to be socially constructed and culturally embedded; hence, place – at 'home' or 'abroad', or some transnational mix – becomes a paramount structuring variable. Different models of successful ageing compete as migrants move and age in different countries and different cultures; the Western model of individual self-reliance should not necessarily be imposed on ageing migrant populations. In the final part of the article we challenge the prevailing trope of vulnerability applied to the perceived double disadvantage of being both an older person and a migrant, and present four case-studies in which older migrants enact agency and independence to achieve a greater level of material and subjective well-being.


Background: The aim of this study was to explore the associations between physical symptoms, sleep disturbances, and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling elderly individuals, comparing persons with and without heart failure (HF). Methods: A total of 613 older adults (mean age 78 years) underwent clinical and echocardiographic examinations. Questionnaires were used to evaluate sleep disturbances and depressive symptoms. A model was developed in those with HF (n = 107) and compared with those without HF (n = 506). Results: Cardiopulmonary symptoms (ie, dyspnea and nighttime palpitations) and pain had significant direct associations with sleep disturbances, which indirectly affected depressive symptoms. The model was essentially the same in those with and without HF except that the effect of sleep disturbances on depressive symptoms was stronger in those with HF (β = 0.64 vs β = 0.45, P = .006). Conclusion: In community-dwelling older adults, regardless of their diagnosis, physical symptoms had a direct effect on sleep disturbances and an indirect effect on depressive symptoms.


The process of designing jewelry is carefully explained. This second book follows the tremendous success of the author's book The Art of Jewelry Design: Principles of Design, Rings & Earrings. It has taken the combined talents of three top jewelry designers, including a professor who teaches their skill to jewelry students, to create this beautiful and practical step-by-step format. This volume presents progressive detailed text, sketches and finished drawings of many varieties of brooch, bracelet and necklace designs. From such drawings the manufacturing jeweler can assemble the objects themselves. This book teaches how to create those drawings.


This study aimed to scrutinize and analyze the novel On the Road by Jack Kerouac in the light of the political theory of Michel Foucault. The focus, however, would be specifically on the concepts of normalization, institutions and surveillance put forward in his book Discipline and Punish (1995), coupled with some other works that wrestle with the close links of power, society, and institutions. This research seeked to describe the real America in the 1950s, a decade that witnessed both conformism and radicality, represented in the novel. The study pointed out that the novel was a depiction of the American society in the 1950s in which distinct, overlapping institutions did a great deal in restricting the freedom of individuals who seeked liberation and authenticity. The American government draws on the power of the law, police, prison, academia, family, and different other overlapping and satellite institutions, working hand in hand to create a matrix. The concept of matrix, therefore, highlights the nexus through which the normalization and conformity of the individuals are guaranteed, leading to the creation of perfect institutionalized men who are reduced to the level of simpletons. The whole novel becomes the story of some men who advocate abnormality as their credo to live a free life. Quite the contrary, they are transitioned into meek and docile bodies whose identity hinges on being like others in fitting in and following the norms through different dominant fragmenting institutions.


The recent on-line availability of large-scale, wide-field surveys of the Galaxy and Magellanic Clouds in several optical and near/mid-infrared passbands has provided unprecedented opportunities to refine selection techniques and eliminate contaminants in PN surveys. This has been coupled with new surveys offering improved detection rates via higher sensitivity and resolution. This will permit more extreme ends of the PN luminosity function to be explored and enable studies of under represented PN evolutionary states. Known PNe in our Galaxy and LMC have thus been significantly increased over the last few years due primarily to the advent of narrow-band imaging in important nebula lines such as H$\alpha$, [O iii] and [S iii]. These PNe are generally of lower surface brightness, larger angular extent, in more obscured regions and in later stages of evolution than those in most previous surveys. A more representative PN population for in-depth study is now available, particularly in the LMC where the known distance adds considerable utility for derived PN parameters. Future prospects for Galactic and LMC PNe research are briefly highlighted.


The recent popularity of microblogging site Twitter raises regulatory concerns that outstrip the purview of emerging new media policy, such as the recommendations of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD's 2007 report, "Participative Web and User-Created Content: Web 2.0, Wikis and Social Networking," frames user-generated content as key to the development of public discourse. Yet the report tends to ultimately conceive of user creations in terms of their contributions to the production of market-based value. Sites like Twitter both challenge and uphold such a reading, which becomes apparent upon examining the ways that policy adheres to certain popular myths around the Internet and digital technology. These myths—including this paper's main concern, the myth of the "End of Geography"—work in the service of policy recommendations that reflect neoliberal, capitalist value systems. As such, new developments in new media regulation need to integrate critical perspectives on techno-myths in order to take a more nuanced approach to the structural inequalities that pervade online culture.


Objective: Estimates of the penetrance of LRRK2 G2019S vary widely (24%–100%), reflective of differences in ascertainment, age, sex, ethnic group, and genetic and environmental modifiers. Methods: The kin-cohort method was used to predict penetrance in 2,270 relatives of 474 Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) Parkinson disease (PD) probands in the Michael J. Fox LRRK2 AJ Consortium in New York and Tel Aviv, Israel. Patients with PD were genotyped for the LRRK2 G2019S mutation and at least 7 founder GBA mutations. GBA mutation carriers were excluded. A validated family history interview, including age at onset of PD and current age or age at death for each first-degree relative, was administered. Neurologic examination and LRRK2 genotype of relatives were included when available. Results: Risk of PD in relatives predicted to carry an LRRK2 G2019S mutation was 0.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.18–0.36) to age 80 years, and was almost 3-fold higher than in relatives predicted to be noncarriers (hazard ratio [HR] 2.89, 95% CI 1.73–4.55, p < 0.001). The risk among predicted G2019S carrier male relatives (0.22, 95% CI 0.10–0.37) was similar to predicted carrier female relatives (0.29, 95% CI 0.18–0.40; HR male to female: 0.74, 95% CI 0.27–1.63, p = 0.44). In contrast, predicted noncarrier male relatives had a higher risk (0.15, 95% CI 0.11–0.20) than predicted noncarrier female relatives (0.07, 95% CI 0.04–0.10; HR male to female: 2.40, 95% CI 1.50–4.15, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Penetrance of LRRK2 G2019S in AJ is only 26% and lower than reported in other ethnic groups. Further study of the genetic and environmental risk factors that influence G2019S penetrance is warranted.


Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a common extraintestinal manifestation of coeliac disease presenting with itchy papules and vesicles on the elbows, knees, and buttocks. Overt gastrointestinal symptoms are rare. Diagnosis of DH is easily confirmed by immunofluorescence biopsy showing pathognomonic granular immunoglobulin A (IgA) deposits in the papillary dermis. A valid hypothesis for the immunopathogenesis of DH is that it starts from latent or manifest coeliac disease in the gut and evolves into an immune complex deposition of high avidity IgA epidermal transglutaminase (TG3) antibodies, together with the TG3 enzyme, in the papillary dermis. The mean age at DH diagnosis has increased significantly in recent decades and presently is 40–50 years. The DH to coeliac disease prevalence ratio is 1:8 in Finland and the United Kingdom (U.K.). The annual DH incidence rate, currently 2.7 per 100,000 in Finland and 0.8 per 100,000 in the U.K., is decreasing, whereas the reverse is true for coeliac disease. The long-term prognosis of DH patients on a gluten-free diet is excellent, with the mortality rate being even lower than for the general population.


Hairy ball-like nanostructures assembled from nanowires, are synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The reaction time has a significant effect on the morphologies of the products. After calcination at 360 °C, the precursor can be transformed to hairy ball-like V2O5 nanostructures, which present an excellent electrochemical performance for lithium ion batteries.


Abstract: This study is based on the analysis of burrow casts of three species of armadillos from central Argentina: Chaetophractus villosus, Chaetophractus vellerosus, and Zaedyus pichiy (Chlamyphoridae: Euphractinae). The aim of this work was to identify key ichnologic signatures of Euphractinae armadillo burrows for application to the paleoecological and behavioral interpretation of fossil examples. A total of 15 active burrows from different biogeographic provinces were casted with polyurethane foam and then excavated. About two hundred uncasted burrows and foraging pits were also measured at the same localities. Euphractinae burrows are clearly distinguished from Chlamyphorinae burrows by its filling, surface ornamentation, and size. It is suggested that fossil armadillo (Euphractinae) burrows would be characterized by a single ramp with one entrance and massive or laminated fill, horizontal diameter larger than 100 mm, strongly marked sets of three claw traces that are arranged oblique to the ramp axis, and absence of feces or plant remains. The distinctive surface ornamentation present in the casted burrows is tentatively linked to a particular excavation mechanism involving rotation of the body along the antero-posterior axis. Burrow systems with a chamber are interpreted as permanent burrows, whereas those lacking chamber are considered as temporary/shelter burrows. Armadillo burrow systems (either temporary or permanent) are longer, less inclined, and have lower relative diameter indices (RDI) than armadillo foraging pits. Euphractinae burrows are linked to producers with solitary, fossorial, opportunistic omnivorous habits that excavate several burrows during their lives. They are left open after abandonment, and preferably located in xeric shrub lands and grasslands. The described morphological features of the burrows systems can be useful for the interpretation of fossil (post-Eocene) burrows.


Transformation of road transport sector through replacing of internal combustion vehicles with zero-emission technologies is among key challenges to achievement of climate neutrality by 2050. In a constantly developing economy, the demand for transport services increases to ensure continuity in the supply chain and passenger mobility. Deployment of electric technologies in the road transport sector involves both businesses and households, its pace depends on the technological development of zero-emission vehicles, presence of necessary infrastructure and regulations on emission standards for new vehicles entering the market. Thus, this study attempts to estimate how long combustion vehicles will be in use and what the state of the fleet will be in 2050. For obtainment of results the TR3E partial equilibrium model was used. The study simulates the future fleet structure in passenger and freight transport. The results obtained for Poland for the climate neutrality (NEU) scenario show that in 2050 the share of vehicles using fossil fuels will be ca. 30% in both road passenger and freight transport. The consequence of shifts in the structure of the fleet is the reduction of CO2 emissions ca. 80% by 2050 and increase of the transport demand for electricity and hydrogen.


OF THESIS The origins and development of a sense of Scottish national identity have long been a matter of critical importance for historians of medieval Scotland. Indeed, this was also the case for historians in medieval Scotland itself: this period saw the composition of a number of chronicles that sought to describe the history of Scotland and the Scottish people from their earliest origins until the chroniclers' own time. The dissertation explores ideas of national identity within two medieval Scottish chronicles, known today as Gesta Annalia I and Gesta Annalia II. Taken together, these two chronicles, one written before the Wars of Independence, the other after, can offer valuable insights into the development of the identity of the Scottish kingdom and its people, and the way in which this was affected by the Wars of Independence, providing evidence both of continuity and of contrast. This is of particular interest with respect to their portrayals of the role of the Scottish king and his relationship with the kingdom, given the way in which Robert I and his supporters later apparently attempted to shape the narrative of Scotland's past and the position of its king to their own ends. The dissertation therefore seeks to investigate how such issues of Scotland's identity are presented in Gesta Annalia I and Gesta Annalia II. The first section of the study discusses the construction of these texts. The second then looks at how terms such as 'Scotland' and 'Scot' are understood in the two chronicles, and the relationship between these ideas of the Scottish kingdom and the Scottish people. The third section examines the presentation of the crown, church and language in the chronicles, and the role of these elements in uniting the kingdom and fostering this sense of identity, arguing that the continuity of these ideas between the two texts suggests that many elements of Scotland's national identity were wellestablished by the later thirteenth century.


Infection of the lower part of the genital tract in girls presents many peculiar and exasperating problems. Although it is resistant to treatment and has a marked tendency to recurrence, it tends to disappear spontaneously at puberty. Its mode of spread is uncertain. The standard methods of diagnosis and the criteria of cure are unsatisfactory. Nevertheless, the lower part of the genital tract in girls receives less clinical attention than any other part of the body. Even in a girl with known pyuria, the presence of pus in the vagina is not uncommonly overlooked. Nor is the importance of this type of infection as a social problem widely enough appreciated, particularly that of the sporadic form in the patient who is treated in the clinic and in the private patient. While so-called gonorrheal vulvovaginitis is generally recognized as an important institutional problem, it is commonly neglected in the outpatient, the


The theory of thermal matching of a thermoelectric generator with the environment has been applied in this work to a wearable thermoelectric generator. This enabled evaluation of its top performance characteristics in typical environmental conditions. To correctly perform the modeling, the relevant properties of the human body as a heat generator for a small-size thermoelectric generator have been studied and presented in the paper as well. The results have been practically validated in different wearable thermoelectric generators. In particular, a power over 1 mW per square centimeter of the skin has been practically demonstrated on a walking person at ambient temperature of –2 °C. The comparison with wearable photovoltaic cells shows that in typical situations thermoelectric generators provide at least ten times more power.


Soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd is a destructive foliar disease of soybean (Glycine max L), which was first confirmed in North America in Louisiana during 2004 (4). Soybean rust (SBR) has also been reported late in the growing season as far north as Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa. SBR was first confirmed in Mexico in 2005 in the state of San Luis Potosi on soybean (3) and subsequently reported in the states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and the southwestern coast of Chiapas. Symptoms of SBR were observed on leaves of multiple, nearly mature soybean plants near the city of Campeche (19.72796°N, 90.0771°W) on the Gulf Coast of the Yucatan Peninsula during November 2008. Angular and irregular chlorotic lesions on leaves contained necrotic spots and pale brown, erumpent, cone-like uredinia with a central opening. Ellipsoid to obovoid, echinulate, light tan urediniospores (10 to 13 × 16 to 18 μm) were observed microscopically. DNA was extracted from leaf tissue containing uredinia and from asymptomatic tissue with the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). P. pachyrhizi was confirmed in the symptomatic leaves by a PCR assay with Ppm1/Ppa2 primers, but not from the asymptomatic leaves (1). Subsequently, the DNA extracted from symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf tissues was tested again in another laboratory by a specific quantitative PCR assay (1), and positive results for the presence of soybean rust were obtained only from the symptomatic tissue. As a final confirmatory step, amplified DNA from the PCR assay was sequenced, and the results matched P. pachyrhizi sequences in the GenBank database. To our knowledge, these observations confirm for the first time the presence of P. pachyrhizi in the state of Campeche of southern Mexico. Although it was confirmed on soybean during 2008, it is not known how long the pathogen has been present or which other hosts may be infected there. The presence of SBR on the Yucatan Peninsula is significant because of its potential effects on local plant hosts. In addition, the climate allows possible year-round survival of the pathogen and long-distance transport of urediniospores to the United States. Potential transport of SBR spores from this part of Mexico to the United States has been reported through the application of NOAA's HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Transport) model and atmospheric back-trajectory analysis (2). References: (1) R. D. Frederick et al. Phytopathology 92:217, 2002. (2) S. V. Krupa et al. Plant Dis. 90:1254, 2006. (3) A. C. Rodriguez et al. Plant Dis. 90:1260, 2006. (4) R. W. Schneider et al. Plant Dis. 89:774, 2005.


Introduction
Surgical site infections (SSIs) can increase mortality and morbidity in patients after surgery. Antibiotic prophylaxis is an effective measure to prevent SSIs, but inappropriate prescription is frequent. The objective of the study was to determine compliance with the clinical practice guideline for antibiotic prophylaxis in the general surgery and gynecology and obstetrics wards in the city of Huánuco, Peru.

Methods
An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on all surgical interventions in the general surgery and gynecology and obstetrics services during the year 2019. Compliance was determined based on the chosen antibiotic, dose, time of administration, and duration of prophylaxis. Related factors considered were age, presence of co-morbidities, surgery performed, duration of surgery, types of procedure, anesthesia, as well as years as a surgeon and anesthesiologist.

Results
A total of 557 medical records of patients with a median age of 33 years undergoing surgery were collected,. Antibiotic prophylaxis was correctly followed in all aspects in 14.6% of cases in the general surgery service and only in 5.6% of cases in the gynecology and obstetrics service. The correct duration of prophylaxis was 11.6% and 19.7% in general surgery and gynecology and obstetrics, respectively.

Conclusion
Low compliance with institutional clinical practice guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis was identified in both services. However, surgical interventions in the general surgery service presented better compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis compared to gynecology and obstetrics procedures.


Background: E-cadherin is expressed in most normal epithelial tissues. Selective loss of E-cadherin can cause dedifferentiation and invasiveness in human carcinomas, leading E-cadherin to be classified as a tumor suppressor. Loss of E-cadherin has been demonstrated in invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast, but the relationship between E-cadherin expression and breast cancer histopathology and prognosis is less clear. Aim: Our objective was to assess loss of E-cadherin as a diagnostic breast cancer biomarker and as an aid to the sub-classification of invasive breast cancer. We also correlated the loss of expression of E-cadherin with various clinical and pathologic prognostic factors. Material and Methods: Breast cancer specimens after modified radical mastectomy were obtained from women who underwent surgery at Grant Medical College and Sir J.J Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India between May 2007 and October 2010. We stained 276 breast cancers specimens with monoclonal antibodies to E-cadherin. The breast cancers were classified by histopathological type. Results: A statistical correlation of E-cadherin loss with a positive diagnosis of invasive lobular carcinoma was found, but there was no correlation with any prognostic tumor variables. A negative E-cadherin stain was a sensitive and specific biomarker to confirm the diagnosis of invasive lobular carcinoma (specificity 97.7%; negative predictive value 96.8%; sensitivity 88.1%; and positive predictive value 91.2%). Positive E-cadherin expression was also associated with tubulolobular carcinomas. Conclusions: E-cadherin immunohistochemistry is helpful in classifying breast cancer cases with indeterminate histopathologic features. E-cadherin loss is uncommon in non-lobular carcinomas but shows no correlation to currently established prognostic variables.


Abstract Łódź as a post-industrial city has great potential for post-industrial tourism. An attempt to utilise this has been the creation of the Łódź Industrial Architecture Trail, bringing together buildings related to its industrial past. According to the author, to make the trail a tourist attraction, the first people who should be aware of its value are the city's inhabitants. The survey confirmed the very important role of social participation in creating the image of a city, and providing the basis for further work on its improvement and promotion. The article does not cover social participation as part of the process of development, but can serve as a contribution to a discussion of the role of a city's inhabitants in shaping its tourism attractions. At the same time, the article confirms that social participation is an extremely important element of tourism research and forms an introduction to its effective use in practice.


This research provides a comparison of productivity of daughters in Iran sired by bulls from Canada, Europe, Iran, and the United States. Data were collected by the Animal Breeding Center of Iran on pedigree and first lactation performances of 10,192 Holsteins sired by 186 imported (including: 39 European, 73 American, 74 Canadian) and 133 Iranian bulls, which had their first calving in 35 dairy herds in Isfahan province. The results showed that American and European daughters had the highest performances for milk yield. The highest mean for fat yield was related to European daughters. American sires on average had the highest genetic potential for yield traits; however, they had the lowest fat percentage among compared sire groups. Canadian sire group was intermediate relative to American, European and Iranian groups. Higher intercepts and regression coefficients of conversion equations for American sires showed that more returns will be achieved from one genetic point superiority of American sires relative to Canadian sires in the environments of Isfahan province. The Iranian sire group had the lowest predicted transmitting ability means for both milk and fat yields and a negative predicted transmitting ability mean for fat percentage. This study showed that due to low to intermediate predicted transmitting ability correlations between foreign evaluations and the evaluations made by this study, direct selection based on foreign national evaluations would not lead to optimal results for the traits concerned. So, the genetic potential/expression of imported genetic materials needs to be reevaluated by the Animal Breeding Centers of Iran.


This thesis examines the performance of the Tanzanian judiciary in enforcing human rights both during the colonial period and after independence. The study focuses on the period after the enshrinement of the Bill of Rights in the Constitution, in 1985. The aim of this work is to appraise both the present attitude of the judiciary and the reaction of the government to court decisions relating to human rights issues. In order to achieve this I conducted a six months field study in Tanzania during which I examined more than a hundred cases (the majority unreported) and interviewed a large number of people involved with the administration of justice. The conclusion we draw from this research is that the government's reluctance to amend its laws to bring them into conformity with the Bill of Rights, underscores the need for judicial activism in Tanzania. It is a disservice to human rights for the majority of Tanzanian judges to adopt a positivist approach which prevents meaningful developments of human rights. Paradoxically, despite this conservatism, the government's attitude towards court decisions remains distrustful. Without a change in the attitude of both the courts and the government towards human rights, the Bill of Rights in the Constitution may not serve any meaningful purpose. Thus this thesis serves to remind both the Tanzanian judiciary, and the executive, of their obligation to protect individual fundamental rights. After four chapters dealing with the administration of justice prior to the enshrinement of the Bill of Rights in the Constitution, chapters five and six examine respectively, the relevant courts decisions in criminal and civil matters. Chapter seven considers the government's response to these judicial decisions and chapter eight contains our conclusions and also makes recommendations as to the way forward.


Extraocular muscle biopsies from normal individuals and five patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. Fibroblasts in normal extraocular muscle as well as Graves' extraocular muscles expressed HLA-class II antigens, but the muscle cells did not. There was an increase of interstitial tissue in Graves' extraocular muscles but no visible damage to the muscle cells. In four of the biopsies from Graves' patients the cellular reaction was very weak. In the fifth patient the reaction was more pronounced with macrophages predominating, but with few lymphocytes and almost equal amounts of B and T cells. We could not confirm the earlier described specific extraocular muscle antibodies in sera from Graves' patients and conclude that there seems to be an activation of orbital fibroblasts in Graves' ophthalmopathy. This may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:175-184,1988


The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of nutritional counselling and stretching exercises programs on nutritional intake and nutritional status at Indofood Sukses Makmur Company, Jakarta. The design of this study was used quasy experiment research using one group pre test and post test design and the subject used was purposive sampling on 35 employees by anthropometric measurement, body compotision and food recall 2x24 hours. Interventions provided are nutritional counselling through meetings once per month and social media by whatsapp apps 3-5 times per week and stretching exercises program 10 times per week for 14 weeks. The result showed that there were significantly decreased in weight (1.6 kg), Body Mass Index (BMI) of 0.7 kg/m 2 and Body Fat Percentage (BFP) of 0.8% with p-value<0.05. The increase nutrient intake (energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate) but only protein intake was significant effect (p<0.05) of intervention. This implied that combination of nutritional counselling and stretching exercises programs was effective to maintenance nutritional status.


We characterize the distributions of size and duration of avalanches propagating in complex networks. By an avalanche we mean the sequence of events initiated by the externally stimulated excitation of a network node, which may, with some probability, then stimulate subsequent excitations of the nodes to which it is connected, resulting in a cascade of excitations. This type of process is relevant to a wide variety of situations, including neuroscience, cascading failures on electrical power grids, and epidemiology. We find that the statistics of avalanches can be characterized in terms of the largest eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvector of an appropriate adjacency matrix that encodes the structure of the network. By using mean-field analyses, previous studies of avalanches in networks have not considered the effect of network structure on the distribution of size and duration of avalanches. Our results apply to individual networks (rather than network ensembles) and provide expressions for the distributions of size and duration of avalanches starting at particular nodes in the network. These findings might find application in the analysis of branching processes in networks, such as cascading power grid failures and critical brain dynamics. In particular, our results show that some experimental signatures of critical brain dynamics (i.e., power-law distributions of size and duration of neuronal avalanches) are robust to complex underlying network topologies.


: A sequence of biochemical reactions in yeast from moment of RNAse interaction with cell membrane to cell division has been studied. RNAse addition in growth medium causes the increase of Ca2+ entering rate in cells in 2.4 times. Under this condition the increase of membrane enzyme adenylate cyclase correlating with the growth of cAMP content in cell and rise of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity have been observed. A hypothetic scheme of cellular response on the RNAse effect is suggested.


The purpose of the Messages from AMIA section is to provide a forum for AMIA to inform and involve its current and potential members about the goals and the directions of the association. These messages, which reflect the directions and opinions of AMIA leaders only, are intended to inspire members and readers to connect with the association on strategic objectives and activities. See also http://www.amia.org/presidents-page.

New directions with new opportunities by definition carry risk but we pursue them because of the potential for new rewards. As Robert F. Kennedy said, 'Only those who dare to fail greatly can ever achieve greatly.' At a time when both the science and practice of informatics are poised to exert a powerful influence on the future of healthcare, the AMIA leadership embarked on a fact-finding mission to determine more clearly the state of the association and its future direction. In service to the Board of Directors and AMIA membership and as the President and CEO of AMIA, I am charged with the responsibility of sustaining the long term growth and stability of AMIA. As part of that responsibility, I wanted to share with you—at a high level—some new directions and new opportunities for AMIA.

Figure 1
The word cloud art in this article was derived from a survey results word cloud of the survey report. Noemie Elhadad, PhD, Assistant Professor, Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University created the cloud. Artistic modifications were made by the AMIA communications department for presentation.

The AMIA tag line says it best when describing the AMIA Board of Directors' approach to governance: leadership has been very thoughtful and deliberate as 'Informatics Professionals. Leading the Way.' The AMIA Board invested resources in conducting research under the direction of Association Management+Marketing Resources (AMMR), a consulting and research firm specifically focused on associations. AMMR recently …


Introduction:
 The use of the internet and new technologies to conduct electronic outreach and education (e-Outreach) will help to decrease stroke morbidity and mortality. Due to the near omni-presence of the internet and computers in society today, it is necessary to utilize these electronic resources to truly conduct outreach and educate the public.

 Background:
 In 2004, a phone-based survey of 800 households in Alameda County found that only 10% of those surveyed held a basic-level of knowledge about stroke. In that same year, 50% of stroke patients died before reaching the emergency department. Based on these data, a stroke outreach and education committee was created which did not limit its outreach to physical interactions but also incorporated e-Outreach. With at least 60% of the U.S. population owning a computer and 85% owning a mobile device, using the internet and electronic devices for stroke education can eliminate some of the barriers that prevent populations - which are not connected to health care facilities - from being educated about stroke.

 Purpose:
 To prevent strokes and educate the community on how to identify and react to the signs and symptoms of stroke. To provide guidelines on how to conduct e-Outreach in the area of stroke.

 Methods/Results:
 After an evaluation of the community's needs, different methods to conduct e-Outreach were chosen based on available educational materials and relevant technologies. Three chosen methods include: (1) publish a biannual newsletter through a web-based service (∼300 readers per issue); (2) produce a stroke film and then post it on YouTube (∼140 views per month and over 4000 views in total, worldwide); and (3) develop and pilot a "stand-alone touch-screen computer" (kiosk) program in a church (∼200 users in the first three months) to reach populations that do not regularly use the computer/internet nor attend regular medical appointments. Monthly goals were set at various stages of this process and evaluated to monitor the progress.

 Conclusion:
 The use of e-Outreach has been a huge success in conducting outreach and education. e-Outreach has proven to be far more effective in reaching a more broad population than was previously possible and automated tracking systems made the evaluation process more efficient. Leveraging the free resources available through these technologies has proven an excellent addition to our in-person outreach methods. Our plans to expand our e-Outreach efforts include using text messages for stroke education and developing a computer application that will allow users to do a self-examination using the Act F.A.S.T. test. Additionally, we plan to conduct another survey (incorporating e-Outreach methods) in Fall 2011 to gauge the level of stroke literacy and outcome of stroke death prior to reaching the emergency room.


Sequence-to-sequence models have lead to significant progress in keyphrase generation, but it remains unknown whether they are reliable enough to be beneficial for document retrieval. This study provides empirical evidence that such models can significantly improve retrieval performance, and introduces a new extrinsic evaluation framework that allows for a better understanding of the limitations of keyphrase generation models. Using this framework, we point out and discuss the difficulties encountered with supplementing documents with -not present in text- keyphrases, and generalizing models across domains. Our code is available at https://github.com/boudinfl/ir-using-kg


Attributing outcomes to your own actions or to external causes is essential for appropriately learning which actions lead to reward and which actions do not. Our previous work showed that this type of credit assignment is best explained by a Bayesian reinforcement learning model which posits that beliefs about the causal structure of the environment modulate reward prediction errors (RPEs) during action value updating. In this study, we investigated the brain networks underlying reinforcement learning that are influenced by causal beliefs using functional magnetic resonance imaging while human participants (n = 31; 13 males, 18 females) completed a behavioral task that manipulated beliefs about causal structure. We found evidence that RPEs modulated by causal beliefs are represented in dorsal striatum, while standard (unmodulated) RPEs are represented in ventral striatum. Further analyses revealed that beliefs about causal structure are represented in anterior insula and inferior frontal gyrus. Finally, structural equation modeling revealed effective connectivity from anterior insula to dorsal striatum. Together, these results are consistent with a possible neural architecture in which causal beliefs in anterior insula are integrated with prediction error signals in dorsal striatum to update action values. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Learning which actions lead to reward—a process known as reinforcement learning—is essential for survival. Inferring the causes of observed outcomes—a process known as causal inference—is crucial for appropriately assigning credit to one's own actions and restricting learning to effective action–outcome contingencies. Previous studies have linked reinforcement learning to the striatum, and causal inference to prefrontal regions, yet how these neural processes interact to guide adaptive behavior remains poorly understood. Here, we found evidence that causal beliefs represented in the prefrontal cortex modulate action value updating in posterior striatum, separately from the unmodulated action value update in ventral striatum posited by standard reinforcement learning models.


Ethanolic extract of dried Rumex cyprius Murb (polygonaceae) was tested against four pathogenic fungi: three dermatophytes, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum, and the causative agent of chalkbrood disease of bees, Ascophaera apis. The extract showed considerable activity against all these fungi. One of the main constituents of Rumex cyprius was isolated and tested for its antimycotic activity. It showed a significant activity against the test fungi and was identified as 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthracene-9,10-dione based on its IR, UV-V and 1 H NMR spectra.


The effect of colonic infusion of various solutions on submaximal pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion was determined in healthy volunteers. Hypertonic (823 mOsm/kg) glucose, mannitol, and saline, and also isotonic glucose significantly induced a marked and sustained inhibition of gastric acid secretion of 74%, 66%, 79%, and 54%, respectively. A similar degree of inhibition was obtained for pepsin secretion with hypertonic glucose and mannitol. Isotonic triglycerides and isotonic saline solutions had no significant effect on gastric acid secretion. Hypertonic glucose, mannitol, and saline infusions significantly increased plasma concentrations of enteroglucagon, whereas other solutions had no effect. No correlation, however, was found between the percentage rise of enteroglucagon and the percentage inhibition of gastric secretion obtained from any of the three hypertonic solutions. The physiological significance of these findings remains to be established.


Medicinal plants have been an important source of plant-based medicines, health products, phytochemicals, food supplements, cosmetics etc. In traditional systems of medicine, plant parts such as stem, stem bark, root, root bark, leaves, fruits and exudates are used in the treatment and prevention of various diseases and disorders. Cupressus sempervirens, also known as the Mediterranean cypress or Italian cypress, is native to the eastern Mediterranean region, North America and subtropical Asia at higher altitudes. Literature survey regarding its pharmacology revealed that Cupressus sempervirens has antiseptic, aromatherapeutic, astringent, balsamic or anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, astringent, antiseptic, deodorant and diuretic activities. Literature survey regarding chemistry showed that monoterpenes, diterpenes, flavonoid glycoside and biflavonoid compounds are found in this species. The present review aims to highlight the chemistry, traditional uses and biological activities of the Cupressus sempervirens plant.


In Monte Carlo simulation, samples are drawn from a distribution to estimate properties of the distribution that are too difficult to compute analytically. This has applications in numerous fields, including optimization, statistics, statistical mechanics, genetics, and the design of approximation algorithms.
In the Monte Carlo Markov chain method, a Markov chain is constructed which has the target distribution as its stationary distribution. After running the Markov chain "long enough", the distribution of the final state will be close to the stationary distribution of the chain. Unfortunately, for most Markov chains, the time needed to converge to the stationary distribution (the mixing time) is completely unknown.
Here we develop several new techniques for dealing with unknown mixing times. First we introduce the idea of a bounding chain, which delivers a wealth of information about the chain. Once a bounding chain is created for a particular chain, it is possible to empirically estimate the mixing time of the chain. Using ideas such as coupling from the past and the Fill-Murdoch-Rosenthal algorithm, bounding chains can also become the basis of perfect sampling algorithms. Unlike traditional Monte Carlo Markov chain methods, these algorithms draw samples which are exactly distributed according to the stationary distribution.
We develop bounding chains for several Markov chains of practical interest, chains from statistical mechanics like the Swendsen-Wang chain for the Ising model, the Dyer-Greenhill chain for the discrete hard core gas model, and the continuous Widom-Rowlinson mixture model with more than three components in the mixture. We also give techniques for sampling from weighted permutations which have applications in database access and nonparametric statistical tests. In addition, we present here bounding chains for a variety of Markov chains of theoretical interest, such as the k coloring chain, the sink free orientation chain, and the antiferromagnetic Potts model with more than three colors. Finally we develop new Markov chains (and bounding chains) for the continuous hard core gas model and the Widom-Rowlinson model which are provably faster in practice.


In this paper, we propose a hybrid symmetrical condensed node TLM approach for the simulation of optical media under femtosecond regime. The formulation is based on the piecewise linear recursive convolution (PLRC) technique, voltage sources and the introduction of the variable admittance concept. Optical solitons with Kerr and Raman nonlinearities are simulated using this novel approach.


Artesunate (ART) is a clinically approved antimalarial drug and was revealed as a candidate  of colorectal cancer chemopreventive agents in our drug screening system. Here, we aimed to understand the suppressive effects of ART on intestinal tumorigenesis. In vitro, ART reduced T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) promoter transcriptional activity. In vivo, ART inhibited intestinal polyp development. We found that ART reduces TCF1/TCF7 nuclear translocation by binding the Ras-related nuclear protein (RAN), suggesting that ART inhibits TCF/LEF transcriptional factor nuclear translocation by binding to RAN, thereby inhibiting Wnt signaling. Our results provide a novel mechanism through which artesunate inhibits intestinal tumorigenesis.


Isobutanol dehydration using γ-Al2O3 catalysts to produce isobutene was carried out by a fixed bed reactor at 0.1 MPa. The effects of temperature, weight hourly space velocity, and particle size of catalyst on the conversion of isobutanol and selectivity of isobutene were investigated to find the optimum reaction conditions and get the kinetics information. The experimental results indicated that higher temperature could improve the conversion of isobutanol while a peak of selectivity of isobutene can be monitored with the temperature increasing. Meanwhile, increasing the flow rate leads to a decrease in the conversion of isobutanol, but showed little effect on selectivity of isobutene. The intrinsic kinetics model of isobutanol dehydration over γ-Al2O3 was developed according to the experimental results. The adsorption of isobutanol was considered as a rate-determining step from the analysis results of reaction mechanism, and kinetics parameters were obtained by Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The calculated results agreed well with the experimental data. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved


This paper presents expressions for the linear crosstalk and the resulting error rate degradation in a photonic switch based on on/off gates, considering cyclostationary interference among digital signals. The periodically time-varying interference accounts for the dependencies of error probability both on the spectrum of transmitted signals and on random bit-skews between channels. This paper quantitatively verifies the intuitions that bit-aligned channels increase the crosstalk power penalty, and that a sharp modulating pulse improves error probability. These dependencies on spectrum and bit-skews become noticeable at high crosstalk levels caused by either a low contrast ratio or a large switch size.


The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) reported in 2011 that more than 2 million Americans are incarcerated. The report also indicates that 1 in 32 Americans are under some form of criminal justice supervision (parole, probation or prison), with statistics prognosticating that more than half will return to prison once released. Most of the individuals incarcerated are disproportionately poor people of color. Many have christened the period from the 1970's to present as "Mass Incarceration" (Alexander, 2010). Social Justice is often described as the "organizing value" or catalyst that drives the profession of social work. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW, 2008) Code of Ethics as well as the curriculum policy statement of the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) mandate that social workers and schools of social work education target their efforts towards economic and social justice inclusive of at-risk populations, paying particular attention to issues of diversity and oppression. Yet it is startling that critical discourse in schools of social work pertaining to mass incarceration, is marginal, or in some cases completely absent (Cnaan, Draine, Fraizer, & Sinha, 2008; Davis, 1978; Pray, 1949; Reamer, 2004; Roberts, 1997; Scheyett, Pettus-Davis, McCarter & Brigham, 2012; Wormer, Roberts, Springer & Brownell, 2008). Through a thorough examination of the history of the U.S. criminal justice system and an analysis of both the historical and contemporary relationship of criminal justice and social work, this dissertation introduces a two-semester MSW curriculum. The curriculum infuses social work education with issues relating to mass incarceration and it's various intersections with social work practice. The first semester illuminates the historical evolution of the criminal justice system in the United States and the current state of incarceration, including punitive policies such as the Rockefeller Drug Laws, Truth in Sentencing and 3 strike legislations. The second semester highlights systemic and personal challenges to practicing within, and around the criminal justice system. The second semester pays particular attention to evidence based clinical practice theories and interventions. The curriculum utilizes the Council of Social Work Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards to create an amalgamation of clinical and macro competencies. The output is the introduction of a criminal justice infused macro history, and a micro clinical practice course to the social work pedagogy in an attempt towards holistic practice and advocacy more in line with the profession's organizing value of social justice. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Social Work (DSW) First Advisor Ram Cnaan, Ph.D Second Advisor Joretha Bourjolly, Ph.D This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations_sp2/34 Third Advisor Carl Mazza, DSW


The left lung was reimplanted in 18 dogs. Failure of the venous anastomosis was the chief technical complication. Thirteen dogs survived until killed from eight days to 15 weeks after the operation. There was an immediate fall in total pulmonary compliance following the procedure, then a return to near normal within eight days. Surfactant and lung stability were normal. In each case there was a marked reduction in the gas volume of the reimplanted lung.


Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) help software engineers find novel solutions to complex problems. When automatic tools explore too many options, they are slow to use and hard to comprehend. GALE is a near-linear time MOEA that builds a piecewise approximation to the surface of best solutions along the Pareto frontier. For each piece, GALE mutates solutions towards the better end. In numerous case studies, GALE finds comparable solutions to standard methods (NSGA-II, SPEA2) using far fewer evaluations (e.g. 20 evaluations, not 1,000). GALE is recommended when a model is expensive to evaluate, or when some audience needs to browse and understand how an MOEA has made its conclusions.


We investigate quantum tunnelling methods for calculating black hole temperature, specifically the null-geodesic method of Parikh and Wilczek and the Hamilton-Jacobi Ansatz method of Angheben et al. We consider application of these methods to a broad class of spacetimes with event horizons, including Rindler and nonstatic spacetimes such as Kerr-Newman and Taub-NUT. We obtain a general form for the temperature of Taub-NUT-AdS black holes that is commensurate with other methods. We examine the limitations of these methods for extremal black holes, taking the extremal Reissner-Nordstrom spacetime as a case in point.


Alcohol reduction of wine has gained significance worldwide. There are several technologies available to reduce the alcohol content in a targeted way. This chapter explains the principles of alcohol reduction by physical methods. Different membrane processes such as osmotic distillation and the two-step dealcoholization process of reverse osmosis combined with osmotic distillation are compared with distillation processes such as vacuum rectification and spinning cone column. An alternative approach the membrane coupling of ultraand nanofiltration is described as well. All those technologies appear more or less suitable to reduce the alcohol content in a targeted way. Nevertheless improper handling can cause severe quality losses for the wine. Therefore, enologists should have a thorough understanding of the technologies to avoid negative impact on wine quality through the treatment.


Multimetallic plasmonic systems usually have distinct advantages over monometallic nanoparticles due to the peculiarity of the electronic structure appearing in advanced functionality systems, which is of great importance in a variety of applications including catalysis and sensing. Despite several reported techniques, the controllable synthesis of multimetallic plasmonic nanoparticles in soft conditions is still a challenge. Here, mono-, bi- and tri-metallic nanoparticles were successfully obtained as a result of a single step laser-induced deposition approach from monometallic commercially available precursors. The process of nanoparticles formation is starting with photodecomposition of the metal precursor resulting in nucleation and the following growth of the metal phase. The deposited nanoparticles were studied comprehensively with various experimental techniques such as SEM, TEM, EDX, XPS, and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. The size of monometallic nanoparticles is strongly dependent on the type of metal: 140–200 nm for Au, 40–60 nm for Ag, 2–3 nm for Pt. Bi- and trimetallic nanoparticles were core-shell structures representing monometallic crystallites surrounded by an alloy of respective metals. The formation of an alloy phase took place between monometallic nanocrystallites of different metals in course of their growth and agglomeration stage.


The store-operated calcium (Ca2+) channel Orai governs Ca2+ influx through the plasma membrane of many non-excitable cells in metazoans. The channel opens in response to depletion of Ca2+ within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Loss- and gain-of-function mutants of Orai cause disease. Our previous work revealed the structure of Orai with a closed pore. Here, using a gain-of-function mutation that constitutively activates the channel, we present an X-ray structure of Drosophila melanogaster Orai in an open conformation. Well-defined electron density maps reveal that the open pore is dramatically dilated on its cytosolic side in comparison to the slender closed pore. Cations and anions bind in different regions of the open pore, informing mechanisms for ion permeation and the exquisite selectivity of the channel for Ca2+. Opening of the pore requires the release of cytosolic latches. Together with additional X-ray structures of an unlatched-but-closed intermediate, we propose a sequence for store-operated activation.


This study examines tax and nontax determinants of the choice between Roth and deductible Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs). I find evidence that higher current tax rates relative to average tax rates are positively, but modestly, related to the probability that a taxpayer will contribute to a deductible IRA rather than a Roth IRA. I also find that taxpayers with greater liquidity are more likely to choose a Roth IRA, which is the option with a higher effective contribution limit. The results relate to the question of whether taxpayers behave in a tax‐efficient manner and the behavioral response to statutory tax rate changes.


Abstract We aimed to evaluate the effects of lactoferrin (LF) on the osteogenic differentiation and related gene expressions of mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells MC3T3-E1 under mechanical strain. MC3T3-E1 cells were randomly divided into control, strain loading, LF and strain loading + LF groups. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured. Cytoskeletal morphology was measured by rhodamine-phalloidin staining. Formation of mineralized nodules was observed by alizarin red staining. The expressions of differentiation-related genes type I collagen (COL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and osteocalcin (OCN) were determined by RT-PCR, and those of p-Runx2 and p-ERK1/2 proteins were detected by Western blotting. The number of ALP positive cells and expressions of OCN, COL-1 and IL-6 were significantly elevated (P<0.05). The optical density of strain loading + LF group was higher than those in strain loading and LF groups after incubation for 4 and 7 days (P<0.05). The cell volume and extension range were elevated in strain loading + LF group compared with those in strain loading group. The amount of mineralized nodules in strain loading + LF group was significantly higher than those in strain loading and LF groups, while it was slightly higher in LF group than that in strain loading group. The expressions of p-ERK1/2 and p-Runx2 in strain loading + LF group exceeded those in strain loading and LF groups (P<0.05). The synergistic action of LF and mechanical strain can effectively promote the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts, probably being associated with the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.


and Conzelmann for his discussion of 'eschatological existence' in the Synoptic Gospels. He describes St Paul's understanding of Christian freedom in a chapter headed 'Revisioning the bases of human life.' All this is of interest, and though necessarily selective is a valuable summary of various approaches to some of the biblical ethical material. In the last chapter, we are ready for the threads to be drawn together and some bridges built. This, to be sure, is Ogletree's aim. What we have, however, is a set of rather generalized summary comments on eschatology and a rather too brief attempt to relate a biblically informed ethic to the philosophical positions discussed earlier. The chapter's main value is as


Frequency spreading caused by forward scatter from a dynamic rough surface will degrade the performance of active acoustic systems that are attempting to identify slowly moving targets against a reverberation background. This paper addresses the sequence of calculations and the approximations made to the governing physics in a system performance model whose primary output is a measure of target detectability at all locations in a two‐dimensional grid. The relative frequency spreading resulting from system geometries and motion, active waveform shaping, and boundary interactions are compared and are related to Doppler detection performance as a function of environmental conditions. The received reverberation is characterized by the Q function, which is then convolved with an environmental spreading kernel based on the surface wave power spectral density. The scattering angles and frequency of boundary interaction are determined by shallow water propagation codes.


Nanostructured ZrO2 was prepared successfully by mechanically activated solid state reaction. The structural and microstructural of products were monitored using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects of ball milling speed and calcined temperature on products were monitored by XRD. The results of XRD show that the most suitable ball milling speed is 150r/min, and the calcined temperature is 600°C. TEM images show that ZrO2 particles prepare at heating rate of 5°C/min have several advantages in the morphology, spherical shape, narrow size distribution with no hard aggregation, and the particle size is about 15 nm, and at the heating rate of 2.5°C/min, a network structure ZrO2 can be prepared for the first time.


Results of 84 State of Origin rugby league matches were analysed to determine the extent of home advantage(HA). When the Queensland Maroons play at home in Lang Park/Suncorp Stadium they win 64% of the time (30 wins, 17 losses), with an average point spread of +4.32 points. However, they win only 43% of the time (16 losses, 21 losses) when they are away in New South Wales, with the average spread of-2.76. The contingencies for winning percentage (21 = 3.55, p < .06) and point spread (t1,83 = 2.5, p < .02) are significant, indicating that HA exists. Disciplines Business Publication Details Areni, C. S. (2011). Consumer co-creation of product quality: examining home advantage in State-of-Origin rugby. Proceeding of the ANZMAC 2011 Conference (pp. 1-7). This conference paper is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/gsbpapers/489


Many studies have been carried out on multimodal and collaborative systems in VR. Although these two aspects are usually studied separately, they share interesting similarities. This paper focuses on the reconfigurable aspect and the implementation of a multimodal and collaborative supervisor for Virtual Environments (VEs). The aim of this supervisor is to ensure the merge of pieces of information from VR devices in order to control immersive multi-user applications through the main communication and sensorimotor channels of humans. Beyond the architectural aspect, we give indications on the modularity and the genericity of our system, implemented in C++, which could be embedded into different VR platforms. Moreover, its XML-based configuration system allows it to be easily applicable to many different contexts. The reconfigurable features are then illustrated via two scenarios: a cognitive oriented assembly task with single user multimodal interactions, and an industrial assembly task with multimodal and collaborative interactions in a co-located multi-user environment.


The massive growing demands for radio wireless communications have resulted in a spectrum scarcity problem. Cognitive radios utilize a dynamic spectrum access to share the spectrum with licensed frequency bands in an opportunistic manner. The integration of cognitive radio with wireless sensor nodes can improve spectrum utilization and increase communication quality. Currently, clustering protocols have been developed to minimize energy consumption and to prolong network's lifetime. However, spectrum awareness in not considered. Thus, clustering protocols need to adapt to the changes in the surrounding environment and to optimally consider both energy efficiency and spectrum awareness. Therefore, this paper develops a fuzzy based energy efficient and spectrum aware clustering protocol (FEESA) to optimally elect cluster heads based on four conflicting parameters: residual energy, distance to base station, node degree, and channel availability. The performance of the proposed protocol is simulated using MATLAB and Mamdani fussy inference system. Two simulation scenarios and three performance metrics were used. The proposed fussy clustering protocol is compared with three different protocols: a basic energy efficient protocol, a spectrum aware protocol, and an energy efficient spectrum aware protocol which uses a weighting function. The simulation results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy based clustering protocol to extend network lifetime and reduce energy consumption.


We present the first results from our post-Newtonian (PN) smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code, which has been used to study the coalescence of binary neutron star (NS) systems. The Lagrangian particle-based code incorporates consistently all lowest-order (1PN) relativistic effects, as well as gravitational radiation reaction, the lowest-order dissipative term in general relativity. We test our code on sequences of single NS models of varying compactness, and we discuss ways to make PN simulations more relevant to realistic NS models. We also present a PN SPH relaxation procedure for constructing equilibrium models of synchronized binaries, and we use these equilibrium models as initial conditions for our dynamical calculations of binary coalescence. Though unphysical, since tidal synchronization is not expected in NS binaries, these initial conditions allow us to compare our PN work with previous Newtonian results. We compare calculations with and without 1PN effects, for NS with stiff equations of state, modeled as polytropes with $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=3.$ We find that 1PN effects can play a major role in the coalescence, accelerating the final inspiral and causing a significant misalignment in the binary just prior to final merging. In addition, the character of the gravitational wave signal is altered dramatically, showing strong modulation of the exponentially decaying wave form near the end of the merger. We also discuss briefly the implications of our results for models of gamma-ray bursts at cosmological distances.


The author reviews data about masters of obstetrics, physicians and surgeons nonphysicians, who worked in Vojvodina from the second half of the 18th till the beginning of the 20th century. They used to be the professional and time bridge as well as extremely important developmental link of continuity between the obstetrics of untrained and subsequently educated midwives and physicians gyneco--surgeons, later specialists gynecologists--obstetricians all as a part of integral discipline of gynecology and obstetrics in the area of Vojvodina. The existence of about 30 masters of obstetrics in the area of today's Vojvodina from the 18th to the 20th century, educated at medical faculties of Vienna, Budapest and Graz, points to the fact that obstetrics and gynecology in our regions in the 18th and especially 19th and 20th centuries, used to have similar, and somewhere identical trends and directions of development, like the obstetrics and gynecology of Central Europe of that time and that it used to be, just like it is today, a part of European gynecology and obstetrics.


Abstract Introduction Classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, usually due to a deficiency in the 21-hydroxylase enzyme, that results in impaired cortisol synthesis and excess androgen production. Recommended guidelines for management of CAH include assessment of androgen control by routine clinical investigations and patient examination for treating both disease-related and drug-related symptoms. The objective of this study was to identify treatment patterns in patients with classic CAH with reference to guideline-directed care in the United States (US). Methods A retrospective analysis of real-world data on patients with classic CAH was carried out using claims data between Oct 2012 and July 2020 (8 years) from the EVERSANA open claims database of 290 million US citizens. The initial cohort included patients with two or more CAH-related ICD 9/ICD 10 codes at least 28 days apart, and two or more oral glucocorticoids (GCs) prescribed at least 28 days apart within one year of CAH diagnosis. The final CAH cohort combined unique patients identified from two sub-cohorts based on GC adherence (sensitivity 1: patients with 60% proportion of days covered and sensitivity 2: patients with five or more GC prescriptions from date of diagnosis to end of study period or available data for that patient). Information on demographic and clinical characteristics, comorbidities, prescribed medications (including corticosteroids), procedures, and referrals were analysed. Results The final cohort included 11,765 patients (overall mean age 28.7 years) of which 36.9% (n=4,338) were pediatric (0-17 years of age; mean age 8.4 years) and 63.1% were adults (n=7,427; mean age 40.5 years). The majority of CAH patients (62%; n=7,260) reported hydrocortisone use, with a higher proportion of pediatric patients on hydrocortisone (96%; n=4,158) compared to adults (42%; n=3,102). Other frequently prescribed corticosteroids were prednisone (30% pediatric; 68% adults), fludrocortisone (65% pediatric; 34% adults), dexamethasone (25% pediatric; 50% adults), and methylprednisolone (6% pediatric; 43% adults). Among diagnostic procedures and labs, total testosterone (47% pediatric; 46% adults), thyroid stimulating hormone (29% pediatric; 55% adults), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (62% pediatric; 33% adults), androstenedione (55% pediatric; 20% adults), glycated hemoglobin (18% pediatric; 41% adults) and free thyroxine (23% pediatric; 36% adults) were most common. Furthermore, bone age studies were reported in 19% of pediatric patients (51% of pediatric CAH patient population). Only 44% of adult CAH patients and 34% of pediatric CAH patients visited an endocrinologist or pediatric endocrinologist between Oct 2012 and July 2020. Conclusions In line with guidelines, most pediatric patients received short-acting hydrocortisone. However, a large proportion of patients with classic CAH were not treated by an endocrinologist and did not receive guideline-recommended therapy or laboratory testing or bone age assessments, putting them at risk for poor disease control and GC-related adverse events. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m.


To elucidate regulatory mechanism(s) underlying differentiation of osteoblasts, we examined involvement of helix-loop-helix (HLH)-type transcription factors in osteoblast-specific expression of a phenotypic marker gene which encodes osteocalcin, a major noncollagenous bone matrix protein, exclusively expressed in osteoblasts. Overexpression of a dominant negative HLH protein, Id-1, decreased the activity of the 1.1-kb osteocalcin gene promoter cotransfected into rat osteoblastic osteosarcoma ROS17/2.8 cells. Analysis of deletion mutants revealed that a 264-bp fragment of osteocalcin promoter (-198 to +66) was sufficient for the Id-1-dependent suppression. Furthermore, the activity of the same promoter fragment (-198 to +66) was enhanced when antisense Id-1 expression vector was cotransfected. This osteocalcin gene promoter region contains two sites of an E-box motif, a consensus binding site for HLH proteins, which we refer to as OCE1 (CACATG, at - 102) and OCE2 (CAGCTG, at -149), respectively. Mutagenesis in OCE1 but not OCE2 led to greater than 50% reduction in transcriptional activity of the osteocalcin gene promoter. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay indicated that factors in nuclear extracts prepared from ROS17/2.8 cells bound to the 30-bp oligonucleotide probe containing the E-box motif of OCE1. This binding was competed out by OCE1 oligonucleotide but neither by OCmE1 oligonucleotide in which E-box motif was mutated nor by OCE2. The OCE1-binding activity in the nuclear extracts of ROS17/2.8 cells was reduced by 70% when bacterially expressed Id-1 protein was added to the reaction mixture, suggesting the involvement of HLH proteins in the DNA/protein complex formation. In contrast to the osteoblast-like cells, OCE1-binding activity in the nuclear extracts of C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts was very low. However, when these fibroblasts were treated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 which induced expression of osteocalcin as well as other phenotypic markers of osteoblasts, OCE1-binding activity was increased approximately 40-fold, indicating that OCE1 would be involved in the tissue-specific expression of the osteocalcin gene. These findings indicated for the first time that osteoblast-specific gene transcription is regulated via the interaction between certain E-box binding transcription factor(s) in osteoblasts and the OCE1 sequence in the promoter region of the osteocalcin gene.


The characteristics of dry land are high content of aluminum and low availability of N and P element are the important limiting factors for crop production. Hence, important efforts on management of dry land are increasing N and P availability for crop demand. Available nutrient on soil must influence on organic substrate, because organic substrat can repairing of soil. Organic content in soil was decrease for a long time, it cansolution with given organic fertilizer. This research used organic fertilizer as lamtoro compost and mycorrhizal biofertilizerwith application on sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt)plant. Main research is understand the influence of lamtoro compost fertilizer and mycorrhizal biofertilizer are source of organic matter used to increasing of growth and yield of sweet corn on dry land. The study was conducted in Agricultural Garden of Ujung Bandar Village, Pancur Batu Sub-district, Deli Serdang Regency, in 2016.This research uses factorial randomizedblock design with two factors: compost lamtoro (P) consisting of 4 levels : 0.5 kg/plot, 1 kg/plot, 1.5 kg/plot, and 2 kg/plot. The second factor is mycorrhizal (M), which consists of 3 levels: 5g, 8g and 11g for each plant and with three replicates. The parameters focus on plant height, the number of leaves, leaf area, cob length,cob weight with cornhusk/plot, cob weight without cornhusk/plot. The result showed that the interaction of fertilizer lamtoro compost and mycorrhizal biofertilizer and the main factor mycorrhizal there is no real effect to all the parameters, whereas the main factor ofcompost lamtoro significantly increased the number of leaf and cob weight with cornhusk/plot but no significant effect on plant height, leaf area, cob length,and cob weight without cornhusk/plot. The application of lamtoro compost 2kg/plant can increase the weights of cob with


1] In 1901, Chogyu Takayama (1871-1902), philosopher and literary critic, published a short article entitled "On the Aesthetic Life." Takayama's article, regarded as a manifesto of Nietzscheism by his contemporaries, triggered a great debate among a great many literary critics, including Shoyo Tsubouchi and Ogai Mori. This paper argues that Takayama's article constituted a framework for aesthetic thought in modern Japan and marked the Japanization of Western modern aesthetics. Takayama was not interested in the modern Western idea of autonomous art; instead, he tried to work out the aesthetic in one's way of living. What underlies Takayama's idea of the aesthetic life is, to my mind, a traditional Japanese view of art according to which beauty is to be sought inside the world, not beyond the world. In other words, the idea of the aesthetic was decontextualized from its Western context of autonomous art and recontextualized within the traditional concept of the art of living. This is why his idea of the aesthetic life caused a profound echo and became a keynote in twentieth-century Japanese aesthetics.


i Abstract Aim: The primary purpose of this study was to examine effects of a fan-induced airflow at standard room temperature (20-23°C) on 20-km cycling time trial performance. A secondary purpose was to investigate two fan speeds and whether a difference in performance existed with increased fan speed in intermediate duration indoor cycling tests. Methods: Seven trained cyclists completed three 20-km cycling time trials under three conditions in a randomized crossover design. The 3 conditions were: 1) control (no fan), 2) low speed fan, and 3) high speed fan. Results: A tendency for modest decreases in time to completion (TTC) were noted in the two experimental conditions compared to the control condition (-2.06% low speed fan; -3.29% high speed fan). There was also a tendency for small increases in power output during the experimental conditions, although neither time nor power output differences were statistically significant. No differences in mean heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were observed among the three conditions. Conclusion: These results suggest a relationship between fan use and 20-km indoor cycling time trial performance, specifically TTC and mean power output, but larger samples are needed to provide adequate statistical power. Further investigation into the effects of fan use in standard testing environments is recommended. No additional benefit was observed from increased fan speeds. Differences in the experimental conditions on average resulted in non-significant 1.2% improvement.


The paleoseismicity of a historic seismic gap on the Alpine fault of New Zealand has been estimated from an analysis of vertical movements along the fault. The average earthquake recurrence interval is based on 14 C-dated terraces that record river downcutting across the fault, and earthquake displacements are determined from young scarps along the fault. Large earthquakes with an average recurrence interval of 500 yr, a rupture length of 270 km, a maximum displacement of 9 m, and magnitudes of ∼8 are indicated for the central part of the Alpine fault. In addition to the coseismic movement, displaced and deformed surfaces indicate that some of the movement is by continuous, aseismic slip within hot schists to the southeast of the fault. When the aseismic part is considered, the earthquake throws and recurrence intervals are consistent with the rate of compressional movement between the Indian and Pacific plates.


In order to evaluate the structural integrity of the breech system used for a thick-walled cylinder subjected to pulsating high internal pressure, fatigue life simulation of a breech system was performed. A stress analysis of the breech was performed to locate the critical region vulnerable to crack initiation. Low-cycle fatigue behavior of the breech material was investigated to obtain the fatigue crack initiation properties. Elastic-plastic finite element stress analysis resulted in a stress concentration at the breech ring groove root. Strains at the breech ring and block were experimentally measured using strain gages and resulted in similar values compared to the calculated strains. Local strain approach was employed to estimate the fatigue life of the breech system for crack initiation at the groove root of the breech ring. Fatigue tests using simulation specimens were performed and an averaged fatigue life was obtained, showing a very good agreement with the calculated fatigue life within a factor of two.


OBJECTIVE
To extend our understanding of how primary health care team members characterize the effects of location on team functioning.

DESIGN
Qualitative study using grounded theory methodology, with in-depth analysis of data concerning the role of physical space in teamwork.

SETTING
Family health teams in Ontario.

PARTICIPANTS
A total of 110 team members from 20 family health teams in Ontario.

METHODS
Individual semistructured interviews were conducted. Interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim. Individual and group coding followed grounded theory processes of open, axial, and selective coding. Immersion in interview and field note data facilitated crystallization.

MAIN FINDINGS
Across sites, regardless of their physical space, team members commented spontaneously about the role of space in team functioning. An overarching theme of a "sense of place" developed from data analysis. A sense of place could be established through co-location (being in the same physical space), the allocation of team members' working spaces, coming together, and having a shared vision. Physical space often operated as a key facilitator or considerable barrier to creating a sense of place; however, some teams with suboptimal physical space functioned as highly integrated teams, creating a sense of place through various means.

CONCLUSION
Many interprofessional health care teams cannot physically change less-than-optimal spaces. However, teams can thrive and create a sense of place through various means, some of which relate to actual physical space, and some of which relate to promoting common activities and a shared vision-factors that are effective for team building in general. When there are economic limitations, as well as structural constraints, then it is essential that creating a sense of place be a priority. Future research should consider this lens as a means for expanding the discussion and possible solutions around traditional space issues.


Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been widely applied to solve many numerical and combinatorial optimization problems. A special paradigm of EAs has been promoted allowing several populations to co-evolve together. During evolution process these populations can be either cooperative or competitive. The cooperative co-evolution evolutionary algorithm (CCEA) has shown a great deal in solving large and complex problems. However, there are limited studies on parallelizing cooperative co-evolution evolutionary algorithms. In this paper, we propose an approach combining CCEA with a synchronous parallel model. The design especially facilitates solving large scale problems. We conducted a preliminary investigation with several experiments on benchmark large scale problems. The experimental results indicated a promising performance of the proposed algorithm on the selected problems.


The effect of the concurrent administration of sucralfate on the absorption of a single dose of ibuprofen was studied in nine normal volunteers using a random crossover design. Each participant received a single 600-mg dose of ibuprofen for the control phase, and a 600-mg dose of ibuprofen following 5 g of sucralfate given in 1-g divided doses for the treatment phase. Blood samples were obtained at regular intervals for 12 hours following the administration of ibuprofen, and pharmacokinetic and statistical analyses were performed. Analysis of time to peak serum concentration, maximum serum concentration, elimination rate constant, and half-life showed no significant difference between the control and treatment phases. Mean total area under the curve for ibuprofen decreased by 11.8% in the treatment phase, but this decrease was not statistically significant. The concurrent administration of sucralfate did not significantly alter the absorption of a single 600-mg dose of ibuprofen in healthy subjects.


The effect of phases and steel processing on hydrogen uptake (diffusible and residual), surface and internal damage were evaluated using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results have shown the fastest formation of blisters in ferrite-pearlite microstructure of strip, followed by equaixed ferrite-pearlite microstructure in normalised condition, then by ferrite-bainite microstructure. No blistering was observed in heat affected zone samples for up to 24 hrs charging. Analysis of hydrogen-induced cracking using electron back scattering diffraction has revealed that crack propagation has predominantly intragranular character without a clear preference on {001}, {110}, {112} and {123} planes and is independent of the steel microstructure and prior processing.


Abstract The risks and benefits of feeding preterm formula (PF) versus donor human milk (DHM) in preterm infants are uncertain, and studies evaluating the efficacy of DHM to the morbidities and growth of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit are confused by the need for milk fortification. We aimed to determine and compare the outcome of short-term morbidities in neonatal intensive care unit and growth between premature infants fed exclusively DHM only until a volume of 130 mL/kg/d of enteral feeding was achieved and infants fed with a PF mix after birth. The data of 132 infants with low birth weight of <1500 g and gestational age of less than 32 weeks were considered. Ninety infants were analyzed, of which 86 were discharged alive. The DHM group (n = 36) was made up of infants who were fed exclusively with DHM, whereas the PF group (n = 54) consisted of infants who were fed with a combination of PF and either DHM or human milk, until a volume of 130 mL/kg/d of enteral feeding was achieved. Once feeding in the DHM group progressed to volumes greater than 130 mL/kg/d, infants were fed fortified DHM and PF alternately. One infant (2.8%) in the DHM group had late-onset sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis compared with 21 (38.9%) in the PF group (adjusted odds ratio 0.05, 95% confidence interval 0.01–0.41); 13 (36.1%) infants in the DHM group had bronchopulmonary dysplasia compared with 38 (70.4%) in the PF group (odds ratio 0.18, 95% confidence interval 0.05–0.41). Although the DHM group demonstrated a comparatively lower rate of weight gain, head circumference increment, and height increment from birth to the age at which an enteral feeding volume of 130 mL/kg/d was achieved, there were no significant differences in these values at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age between both groups.


Each of the world's major fashion capitals has a unique and enduring identity that has in part been established through its photographic representation. Fashion magazines and advertisements have re-presented Paris, London, New York and Milan as cities at the fore-front of style and taste, not least by accessorizing fashion with iconic monuments and streetscapes. This paper questions the rhetorical devices used by photographers to establish fashion capitals as style sites. It will argue that this lexicon is so successful in representing cities as objects of fashion that locations not immediately associated with high-fashion status have been similarly posed so as to parti-cipate in the symbolic economy attributed to the renowned global fashion capitals. In analyzing fashion photographs of Melbourne from the 1950s and 60s this paper will establish that two conflicting images of the fashion city were prevalent in the metropolis' self-imaging at this time. Specifically, this paper contends that Paris and New York shaped the aesthetic and cultural aspirations of the city as well as inspiring the fashion photographers Bruno Benini, Henry Talbot and Helmut Newton. This paper will explore how alternate photographic fashion narratives—Paris as elegant and romantic, and New York as dynamic and modern—helped to cement Melbourne as Australia's fashion capital during this period.


Cells of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultured in the presence of acetate perform mixotrophic growth, involving both photosynthesis and organic carbon assimilation. Under such conditions, cells exhibit a reduced capacity for photosynthesis but a higher growth rate, compared to phototrophic cultures. Better understanding of the down regulation of photosynthesis would enable more efficient conversion of carbon into valuable products like biofuels. In this study, Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) and Flux Variability Analysis (FVA) have been used with a genome scale model of C. reinhardtii to examine changes in intracellular flux distribution in order to explain their changing physiology. Additionally, a reaction essentiality analysis was performed to identify which reaction subsets are essential for a given growth condition. Our results suggest that exogenous acetate feeds into a modified tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which bypasses the CO2 evolution steps, explaining increases in biomass, consistent with experimental data. In addition, reactions of the oxidative pentose phosphate and glycolysis pathways, inactive under phototrophic conditions, show substantial flux under mixotrophic conditions. Importantly, acetate addition leads to an increased flux through cyclic electron flow (CEF), but results in a repression of CO2 fixation via Rubisco, explaining the down regulation of photosynthesis. However, although CEF enhances growth on acetate, it is not essential—impairment of CEF results in alternative metabolic pathways being increased. We have demonstrated how the reactions of photosynthesis interconnect with carbon metabolism on a global scale, and how systems approaches play a viable tool in understanding complex relationships at the scale of the organism.


Compressive sensing (CS) with sparse random matrix for the random sensing basis reduces source coding complexity of sensing devices. We propose a downsampling scheme to this framework in order to further reduce the complexity and improve coding efficiency simultaneously. As a result, our scheme can deliver significant gains to a wide variety of resource-constrained sensors. Experimental results show that the computational complexity decreases by 99.95% compared to other CS framework with dense random measurements. Furthermore, bitrate can be saved up to 46.29%, by which less bandwidth is consumed.