SUMMARY
Culture filtrates and total water-soluble extracts (TWSE), including ultra-sonication products of Micropolyspora faeni were primarily fractionated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Other separations included chromato-graphy with Con A-Separose and human immunoglobulins from sera that contained precipitins to farmer's lung hay (FLH) antigen coupled to Sepharose 4B by the cyanogen-bromide method. Fractions were tested for their effects on the lung by the intranasal inoculation of non-immunised mice and of mice immunised with TWSE in Freund's complete adjuvant to give precipitin-negative and precipitin-positive groups. Particulate antigens of M. faeni did not induce respiratory disease in non-immunised mice, but TWSE produced negligible, sporadic lesions. Precipitin-positive mice developed symptoms of extrinsic allergic alveolitis when challenged with particulate antigens consisting of living or dead spores and mycelium of M. faeni or with TWSE. Elements of both Type III (Arthus) and Type IV (cell-mediated) hypersensitivities were identified histologically. The allergenicity of spores and mycelium was almost nullified by de-fatting, and activity was retained solely in a serologically inert ethanol-ether extract. Fractionation of soluble antigens produced immuno-logically-acti ve extracts, only some of which induced clinical disease. Alveolitis-inducing glycoprotein antigens obtained from Con A-Sepharose by desorption with α-methyl-D-glucopyranoside precipitated in the C region on immuno-electrophoresis. A disease-provoking group of antigens precipitating in the A region was isolated by electrophoresis in agar after primary fractionation in polyacrylamide gel. Antigens desorbed both by 3·0M acetic acid and 6·0M guanidine-HCl from immunoadsorbent columns also precipitated in the A region, but only those desorbed by guanidine-HCl induced alveolitis.
Most fractions inducing disease in precipitin-positive mice also did so in precipitin-negative, immunised animals. The formation of large hyper-sensitivity granulomata, indicative of the occurrence of a Type IV cell-mediated response, followed the introduction of bentonite particles coated with reactive fractions into the lung. Mean diameters of the granulomata did not correlate directly with the degree of alveolitis induced by the fractions. Skin reactions were bimodal and showed early Type III and late Type IV histology.


Librarians often feel that we understand the needs of our undergraduate users. Isn't it possible, however, that we make incorrect assumptions based on our perception of these learners? In 2009, representatives from four American style universities, the American University in Cairo, the American University of Sharjah, the Lebanese-American University, and the American University of Paris, conducted an ethnographic study on their respective campuses. These librarians undertook the project in order to learn more about how students use library and campus spaces for learning, and how they conduct academic research. For the mapping study, students marked a campus map as they moved throughout a typical class day, and then explained their movements in an interview with a librarian. In the photograph study, students responded to a series of prompts by taking a series of photographs and then described the significance of each in a follow-up interview. Librarians assessed the data and identified assumptions, surprises, and overall themes. Each library then developed action plans to address the needs of the users, and to make necessary changes. The study demonstrates the usefulness of ethnographic research in developing library policies and services. It also identified the differences and commonalities between individual students, and the specific cultures in which they are situated, both academically and socially.


Adipose deposits and their lipogenic enzymes were studied on 27 young Alpine male kids. They were weaned either at 28, 42 or 56 days of age and for each age at weaning, 3 animals were slaughtered unweaned (P 0), or 14 (P + 14) or 56 (P +56) days after weaning. They received milk replacer ad libitum from day 5 after birth to weaning and concentrate, hay and water from a week before weaning to slaughter. The adipose tissues were very developed in the abdomen in P 0 and P + 56 animals. Subcutaneous tissues were scarce. All adipose tissues in the P + 14 were lighter. The older the animals, the greater was the reduction in adipose tissue weight between P 0 and P + 14. But this loss was proportionally higher in younger animals. In all P + 14 animals the perirenal tissues showed higher loss. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was high in abdominal adipose tissues of P 0 and P + 56 kids, particularly in the omental tissue, but was very low in sternal adipose tissue. LPL activity had a low value 14 days after weaning but its specific activity roughly reached the unweaned LPL value 56 days after weaning. By contrast, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACX) activity was very low in omental adipose tissue but existed even in unweaned kids. Fifty-six days after weaning, this activity was high in 28-day weaned kids. The activity of both glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and malic enzyme (EM) was high in unweaned kids, particularly at 42 days. Surprisingly, EM activity was higher than G6PDH activity in kids weaned for 56 days. Thus, in ad libitum concentrate-fed kids, the ATP-citrate lyase EM pathway seemed to be active and important for lipogenesis.


Antibiotics and organic explosives are among the main organic pollutants in wastewater; their detection and removal are quite important but challenging. As a new class of porous materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as a promising platform for the sensing and adsorption applications. In this work, guided by a topological design approach, two stable isostructural Zr(IV)-based MOFs, Zr6O4(OH)8(H2O)4(CTTA)8/3 (BUT-12, H3CTTA = 5'-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2',4',6'-trimethyl-[1,1':3',1″-terphenyl]-4,4″-dicarboxylic acid) and Zr6O4(OH)8(H2O)4(TTNA)8/3 (BUT-13, H3TTNA = 6,6',6″-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(2-naphthoic acid)) with the the-a topological structure constructed by D4h 8-connected Zr6 clusters and D3h 3-connected linkers were designed and synthesized. The two MOFs are highly porous with the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 3387 and 3948 m(2) g(-1), respectively. Particularly, BUT-13 features one of the most porous water-stable MOFs reported so far. Interestingly, these MOFs represent excellent fluorescent properties, which can be efficiently quenched by trace amounts of nitrofurazone (NZF) and nitrofurantoin (NFT) antibiotics as well as 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) organic explosives in water solution. They are responsive to NZF and TNP at parts per billion (ppb) levels, which are among the best performing luminescent MOF-based sensing materials. Simultaneously, both MOFs also display high adsorption abilities toward these organic molecules. It was demonstrated that the adsorption plays an important role in the preconcentration of analytes, which can further increase the fluorescent quenching efficiency. These results indicate that BUT-12 and -13 are favorable materials for the simultaneous selective detection and removal of specific antibiotics and organic explosives from water, being potentially useful in monitoring water quality and treating wastewater.


In this article change in integration and social differentiation of elites in two regions is compared. Social network-analysis is applied to the board-members of numerous organizations, councils and institutions in the provinces of Groningen and Noord-Brabant. The results of these analyses are interpreted from an institutional and a social perspective. The integration of elite-groups had a strong institutional character, but the social composition of the elites differentiated after 1875. Variation in elite dynamics between the two regions are the results of different urban structures, religious orientation of the populations and differences in social mobilization of non-elite-groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Mens en Maatschappij is the property of Amsterdam University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)


Uncertainty as to the optimum extent of protection has generally limited the capacity of law and economics to translate economic theory into coherent doctrinal recommendations in the realm of copyright. The article explores the relationship between copyright scope and welfare from a theoretical perspective to develop a framework for evaluating specific doctrinal recommendations in copyright law. This analysis of copyright scope establishes that (1) the efficiency of private ordering is the key determinant of the ideal level of copyright scope; (2) the complexity of the welfare-scope relationship is such that we are unlikely to be able to ascertain a generalizable optimal level of copyright scope - the relationship will clearly be subject to substantial variation, both within and between industries; (3) doctrinal recommendations which aim to optimize copyright scope in the abstract but do not account for the effect of a doctrinal change on transaction costs or uncertainty are necessarily incomplete.

This article bridges the gap between the traditional law and economics of copyright and specific doctrinal analysis, applying the above conclusions as metrics for assessing doctrinal proposals. The usefulness of applying these metrics in either rejecting or improving doctrinal recommendations is illustrated with reference to the predominant law and economics theories of fair use.


INTRODUCTION: Mycophenolate induced colitis is an unexpected complication of the immunosuppression medication CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 36 year-old-female with a history of Epstein's anomaly underwent repeat orthotropic heart transplant in 2020 due to primary graft failure of the first transplant in 2019 Mycophenolate had been changed to Myfortic for abdominal complaints prior to retransplant She had early mild allograft dysfunction despite unremarkable prospective crossmatch and first surveillance right ventricular biopsy (RVB) She was empirically treated with rituximab, high dose intravenous steroids, serial plasmapheresis, and IVIG Despite improving cardiac function, she developed acute hypoxic respiratory failure, acute on subacute renal failure, and worsening anemia Repeat RVB revealed acute antibody and T-cell mediated rejection;the Myfortic dose was increased Two weeks later the patient developed abdominal pain and loose maroon-colored bloody stool Lab data showed a white blood cell count of 3 61k/ul and hemoglobin of 9 1g/dl Elevated liver tests: Alk Phos 143U/L and ALT 111U/L The CRP was normal however the fecal calprotectin was greater than 1250 ug/g The SARS-CoV-2 and stool studies including clostridioides difficile, serum CMV IgG yielded negative results A CT scan showed distension of the colon with an average amount of retained stool and gas No bowel inflammation was noted Colonoscopy showed diffuse edematous folds, loss of vascularity, and friable mucosa with dispersed aphthous ulcers and erosions from cecum to the sigmoid colon (Figure 1a, 1b, and 1c) The mucosa was biopsied with concern for inflammatory bowel disease, viral etiology, or undiagnosed inflammatory bowel disease On histology, the colon mucosa was noted to have interstitial edema, abortive mitosis, eosinophilia, and scattered dilated irregular shaped crypts, most consistent with Mycophenolate related colitis (Figure 2) There was no evidence of viral inclusion bodies Myfortic was replaced with renal dosing of Azathioprine There was a dramatic improvement in appetite, nausea, energy, and renal function with no subsequent bloody stools or abdominal pain DISCUSSION: There are very few reported cases of Mycophenolate induced colitis Our patient developed bloody stools, acute kidney injury and abdominal pain as was the case in other reports An elevated fecal calprotectin and the above biopsy findings helped clinch the diagnosis New-onset colitis can be noted even if the patient was previously on Mycophenolate (Figure Presented)


Basic metabolic pathways were studied of formation of the adaptive syndrome in the organism of patients with grave gestoses: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and pentosephosphate pathway of production of nicotinamide coenzymes. It has been found out that a stressful character of reconstruction of metabolic homeostasis tends to change the processes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis that had come to be formed by evolution. This warrants further study, its purpose being a specific correction of intracellular metabolism and prevention of complications. Ozonohemo- and antioxidant therapy in a complex of intensive treatment measures for patients with severe gestoses make for stimulation of pentosephosphate pathway and glycolysis.


Stratigraphic units with the potential for carbonate-hosted asbestos account for <3% of the land area of South Australia. Known asbestos occurrences are small, low grade and commonly weathered. The main mode of occurrence is as cross-fibre and slip-fibre veins of asbestiform magnesio-riebeckite (AMR) in metasomatised dolomites, and fibrous tremolite associated with talc mineralisation in the Adelaide Geosyncline. Small occurrences of chrysotile asbestos are hosted by dolomites in the Hutchison Group in the eastern Gawler Craton. Hyperspectral mapping could be used to locate additional asbestos mineralisation. Disturbance of natural asbestos-bearing materials in South Australia has been through mining, agriculture and natural weathering processes. Release of respirable asbestos fibres from rocks and soils is feasible and could potentially account for some cases of mesothelioma in South Australia. Only a very small portion of the population is considered at risk of being exposed to fibres from disturbance of natural asbestos fibres. Persons considered most at risk of potential exposure include: rural workers and communities residing close to areas of intense agricultural disturbance of asbestos-bearing soils; construction workers involved in large-scale earthworks projects in areas underlain by asbestos-bearing rocks and soils; and quarry workers who unwittingly disturb asbestos-bearing materials. Populations regularly exposed to amphibole fibres for a long period of time are at greatest risk with respect to mesothelioma. Epidemiological studies suggest that the risks of mesothelioma for those exposed to chrysotile fibres alone are negligible. Toxicological studies are required to better understand the potential health risks associated with AMR. Current medical reporting of asbestos in South Australia does not include detailed residential or occupational histories required to undertake a statistically significant study of the possible health effects of asbestos from natural sources. Government authorities and private enterprises need to take geological factors into account to reduce the likelihood of unplanned disturbance of natural asbestos-bearing materials.


Research has indicated how diverse books contribute to a more culturally responsive pedagogy, allowing children to identify themselves in the stories they read and gain an appreciation for others whose lives are different from theirs. Moreover, a sensitive discussion of and critical responses to diverse picturebooks is found to positively influence a child's social and emotional learning competecies, apart from increasing a child's cultural knowledge and serving as a catalyst for social justice. This paper is meant to broaden early childhood educators' repertoire of picturebooks that can be used in the classroom to also include international titles (translated into English from their original languages) and multicultural titles to facilitate affective engagement with these narratives and introduce social and emotional learning skills (self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management and responsible decision-making). This paper provides a list of diverse books (from the Netherlands, Japan, Lithuania, Spain, Germany, France, Argentina – among others) for students in early childhood (from preschool to third grade) thematically organized across the five social and emotional learning competencies. Strategies such as book-bonding and literacy bags for family engagement will be shared while using the framework of culturally responsive teaching in an early childhood setting. Recommendations for how family members can be more involved are included, along with critical literacy strategies that include conversations, multiple perspectives and the sharing of authentic experiences.


This issue brief examines the IMF's methodology for estimating potential GDP, and its pitfalls and problems. A number of economists have noted recent problems with overestimates of actual GDP in recent years in Greece, and the IMF's own research has found that the multipliers associated with fiscal tightening had been underestimated. But the policy and political implications of potential GDP estimates, which are not only forecasts but also continuously revised for past estimates, may be even more important.


With the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, a major turning point in all former Soviet Republics, Central Asian and Caucasian countries began to reflect on their history and identities. As a consequence of their opening up to the global exchange of ideas, various strains of Islam and trends in Islamic thought have nourished the Islamic revival that had already started in the context of glasnost and perestroika—from Turkey, Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, and from the Indian subcontinent, the four regions with strong ties to Central Asian and Caucasian Islam before Soviet occupation. Bayram Balci seeks to analyze how these new Islamic influences have reached local societies and how they have interacted with pre-existing religious belief and practices. Combining exceptional erudition with rare first-hand research, Balci's book provides a sophisticated account of both the internal dynamics and external influences in the evolution of Islam in the region.


Decreased taste sensitivity may be one of the many factors influencing the poor nutritional status of many patients with chronic renal failure. Several studies examining taste in chronic uremic and hemodialysis (HD) patients indicate decreased sensitivity; continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, however, warrant investigation. The aim of this study was to determine if the taste detection threshold for each of the four tastes (sweet, salty, sour and bitter) differs between CAPD patients and age and sex matched controls with normal renal function. The thresholds were determined using Cornsweet's staircase technique for increasing and decreasing stimulus concentration, in which the subject's response determines the next concentration to be tested. A forced-choice design using three samples was used to help minimize bias. The taste detection threshold for the CAPD patients was significantly higher than that of the controls for sodium chloride (salty)(P 5 0.001) and quinine (bitter) (P 5 0.01). This information may be useful when designing dietary supplements and devising meal plans to help patients consume nutritionally adequate diets. J. Nutr. 129: 122–125, 1999.


AbstractBACKGROUND: This study assesses the rate and predictors of treatment retention for primary care patients with opioid dependence-prescribed buprenorphine, a long-acting partial opioid agonist.
 METHODS: Observational cohort study of patients prescribed buprenorphine/naloxone and followed for 6 months in the period after the adoption of buprenophine/naloxone by a primary care practice in Rhode Island. Practice policy precluded patient discharges due to continuing drug use.
 RESULTS: Patients (n=41) had a mean duration of opioid use of 15.7 years and most had a history of heroin use (63.4%). Thirty-nine percent of patients transferred from methadone maintenance. At 24 weeks, 59% remained in treatment. Nearly half of dropouts occurred in the first 30 days. Participants with opiate-positive toxicologies at week 1 were more likely to drop out of the program (P<.01) and had a significantly shorter retention time (P<.01) on average. Among other drug use and drug treatment variables, employment and addiction counseling during treatment were significantly associated with treatment retention (P=.03).
 CONCLUSION: Retention rates in a real world, primary care-based buprenorphine maintenance practice reflect those reported in clinical trials. Abstinence during the first week of treatment and receipt of counseling were critical to patient retention.


– Achieving organisational learning and greater specificity for implementation action for health‐promoting schools requires detailed understanding of the necessary components. They include: preparing and planning for school development, policy and institutional anchoring, professional development and learning, leadership and management practices, relational and organisational context, student participation, partnerships and networking, and sustainability. This paper seeks to elaborate a theoretically based rationale for how these eight components of implementation that needs to be put into action., – Building on the narrative synthesis in the complementary paper ("Theoretical base for implementation components of health‐promoting schools", this issue), examples drawn from empirical research and evaluation reports in the field of health‐promoting schools are used to operationalise the function of the components., – This elaboration anchors specific implementation actions within their own theoretical and empirical base, a significant advance on previous guidelines. The eight components have been articulated separately. However, in practice they operate interdependently. Context and culture issues also need to be accommodated., – The level of specificity provided in this paper has the potential to enhance school staff professional learning, as it fulfils one of the characteristics for successful school‐based education, namely practical, detailed implementation and enough flexibility, allowing shaping to suit specific contexts., – The identification of this knowledge base should enable practitioners to develop an in‐depth understanding of the operational functioning of existing guidelines, thereby enhancing their practice. The specificity provided holds promise to enhance the science base and quality of implementation.


Design of diagnosis systems is a complex task that involves many different steps. Full understanding of all different parts of the design procedure requires deep knowledge on theory from a wide variety of subjects. Thus, to encourage the use of results from diagnosis research it is highly desirable to have software support in the design process. This paper describes ongoing work for determining an architecture for such a toolbox. The paper also describes software solutions in the toolbox. In industry as well as in universities, Matlab is probably the most widespread tool used by control engineers. Therefore the toolbox is primarily based upon Matlab but also some computer algebraic tools such as Mathematica and Maple are used.


Many concepts have been introduced into the classification of depression, including manic-depressive/bipolar disorder depression, etc. Kraepelin's original concept of manic-depressive disorder has evolved into the concept of polarity, and bipolar and unipolar disorders. Psychiatric classification is characterized by an inflation of the diagnostic categories, including subtypes of depression. This rapid multiplier effect is primarily descriptive, and there is a need to rethink, in a pragmatic fashion, the classification system, in order to develop one that is likely to be of utility and which has a scientific basis. Is the time now right to ask whether there are essential conditions relevant to depression? I think that it is, and here I will introduce the notion with two such conditions. The first is early life stress disorder, and the second vascular depression. These conditions have reached a point where the data supports them as distinct entities. In this paper, the rationale for this is discussed.


Conclusions: Significant improvement in physical and mental health related quality of life was observed in patients suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing TACE.


Abstract. This paper describes several simple positive degree-day models (hereafter referred as "PDD models") designed to provide past climatic reconstruction from tropical glacier paleo-equilibrium altitude lines (paleo-ELA). Several ablation laws were tested and calibrated using the monthly ablation and meteorological data recorded from 1997 to 2006 on the Zongo glacier (Cordillera Real, Bolivia, 16° S). The performed inversion analyses indicate that the model provides a better reconstruction of the mass balance if the ablation is modeled with different melting factors for snow and ice. The inclusion of short-wave solar radiations does not induce a substantial improvement. However, this type of model may be very useful to quantify the effects of local topographic (orientation, shading) and to take into account incoming solar radiation changes at geological timescale. The performed sensitivity test indicates that, in spite of the uncertainty in the calibrated snow-ice ablation factors, all models are able to provide paleotemperatures with ~1 °C uncertainty for a given paleoprecipitation. This error includes a 50 m uncertainty in the estimate of the paleoELA. Finally, the models are characterized by different precipitation-temperature sensitivities: if a similar warming is applied, model including different ablation factors for snow and ice requires a lower precipitation increase (by ∼15 %) than others to maintain the ELA.


This paper uses multivariate multilevel models with data from the British Crime Survey to investigate individual and neighbourhood influences on perceptions of local and national crime trends. In response to debates about the negative consequences of immigration and ethnic diversity, we specifically investigate the influence of ethnic heterogeneity on such perceptions. Results indicate that a person's socio-demographic background and their newspaper readership have the strongest association with perceptions of national trends whilst the strongest association with pessimistic views on localized crime is whether the individual has been a recent crime victim. Results suggest no negative effects for ethnic diversity. Moreover, the findings indicate that living in a mixed neighbourhood is associated with a reduced likelihood of perceiving rising levels of national crime.


We reported previously that influenza virus infection induces the apoptotic death of HeLa cells associated with activation of the Fas gene. In this report, we show that transfection with a PKR having a point mutation in the catalytic domain of K at 296 to R suppressed both the augmented expression of Fas and cell death by influenza virus infection. These results suggested the involvement of PKR in influenza virus-induced cell death.


In earlier papers of this series III and IV, poles of certain meromorphic functions involving Riemann's zeta-function at shifted arguments and Dirichlet polynomials were studied. The functions in question were quotients of products of such functions, and it was shown that they have ``many'' poles. The main result in the present paper is that the same conclusion remains valid even for finite sums of functions of this type.


The removal of chromium by living yeast biomass immobilized onto pozzolana was studied. The results obtained in batch experiments indicate that the immobilized yeast on to pozzolana is a excellent biosorbent of Cr(V) with a good removal rates of 85–90%. The initial concentration solution and agitation speed affected Cr(V) removal. The batch studies data were described using the Freundlich and Langmuir models, but the best fit was obtained with Langmuir model. The breakthrough curve from the continuous flow studies shows that immobilized yeast in the fixedbed column is capable of decreasing Cr(VI) concentration from 15mg/l to a adequate level. Keywords—Biosorption, yeast, chromium, kinetic biosorption, fixed biomass.


ABSTRACT The choline binding proteins (CBPs) are a family of surface proteins noncovalently bound to the phosphorylcholine moiety of the cell wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae by a conserved choline binding domain. Six new members of this family were identified, and these six plus two recently described cell wall hydrolases, LytB and LytC, were characterized for their roles in virulence. CBP-deficient mutants were constructed and tested for adherence to eukaryotic cells, colonization of the rat nasopharynx, and ability to cause sepsis. Five CBP mutants, CbpD, CbpE, CbpG, LytB, and LytC, showed significantly reduced colonization of the nasopharynx. For CbpE and -G this was attributable to a decreased ability to adhere to human cells. CbpG, a putative serine protease, also played a role in sepsis, the first observation of a pneumococcal virulence determinant strongly operative both on the mucosal surface and in the bloodstream.


We show that in graphene, modelled by the two-dimensional Dirac operator, charge distributions with non-vanishing dipole moment have infinitely many bound states. The corresponding eigenvalues accumulate at the edges of the gap faster than any power.


Speech, language and communication needs (SLCN) and social, emotional and behaviour difficulties (SEBD) commonly overlap, yet we know relatively little about the mechanism linking the two, specifically to what extent it is possible to reduce behaviour difficulties by targeted communication skills. The EPPI Centre systematic review methodology was applied to the intervention literature related to primary school aged children with both SLCN and SEBD. Studies were graded for study quality. Nineteen studies including 148 children met the inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity was high in terms of symptoms, methodology, interventions and outcomes. All studies reported positive effects of intervention on both communication and behavioural outcomes although the majority were graded as being of relatively low quality. Despite study limitations the findings suggest that this is a promising direction of enquiry. There remain many gaps in the evidence, for example study quality needs to improve, comparative work is rare and it is difficult to use these interventions to reflect on the type of systemic classroom models of service delivery recommended for many of these children. The results have implications for both clinical practice and further research.


Aims: This article describes young people's interpretation of HIV, AIDS and sexually transmitted illness in a rural South African community in Mankweng, Limpopo Province. Method: The study was based on 19 focus group discussions with adolescents aged 12—14 years. Results: Our participants had limited knowledge about HIV from a biomedical perspective. Their understanding and interpretations of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases were largely informed by traditional and religious belief systems that explain how and why people contract an illness via sexual intercourse. Based on these interpretations, they also expressed distrust towards the medical health system, and where to go for care, support and treatment. Local traditional healers were often mentioned as the only people who could cure several of the sexually transmitted diseases described by our informants. Conclusions: The ways of understanding HIV, AIDS and other sexually transmitted illnesses may weaken efforts of health education interventions based solely on a medical and modern notion of disease. The authors emphasise the importance of exploring traditional and religious belief systems and taking these into account when planning and designing behaviour change interventions.


[1] Here we develop a lherzolite melting model and explore the effects of variations in mantle composition, pressure, temperature, and H2O content on melt composition. New experiments and a compilation of experimental liquids saturated with all of the mantle minerals (olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and/or spinel) are used to calibrate a model that predicts the temperature and major element composition of a broad spectrum of primary basalt types produced under anhydrous to low H2O-content conditions at upper mantle pressures. The model can also be used to calculate the temperature and pressure at which primary magmas were produced in the mantle, as well as to model both near-fractional adiabatic decompression and batch melting. Our experimental compilation locates the pressure interval of the plagioclase to spinel transition on the solidus and shows that it is narrow (� 0.1 GPa) for melting of natural peridotite compositions. The multiple saturation boundaries determined by our model provide a method for assessing the appropriate mineral assemblage, as well as the extent of the fractional crystallization correction required to return a relatively primitive liquid to equilibrium with the mantle source. We demonstrate that an inaccurate fractionation correction can overestimate temperature and depths of melting by hundreds of degrees and tens of kilometers, respectively. This model is particularly well suited to examining the temperature and pressure of origin for intraplate basaltic volcanism and is used to examine the petrogenesis of a suite of Holocene basaltic lavas from Diamond Crater in Oregon's High Lava Plains (HLP).


Massification of tertiary education, growing share of student workers on labour market and consequently increased competition for low-skilled jobs gave rise to the theory of crowding out of the less educated workers. This paper contributes to better understanding of temporary skills-qualifications mismatch typical for student workers by analysing the preferences of employers in low-skilled jobs and student jobs. We take labour market demand perspective and carry out exploratory analysis of job offers posted online in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The results show that the student labour market is quite diverse as student job offers can be found in low-skilled, but also medium-skilled positions. We also find that although student vacancies require, on average, fewer skills than non-student positions, there is strong correlation between formal sophistication of a job vacancy and the required minimum educational level, as well as required skills for both student and non-student positions. It appears that low-educated workers and student workers do not compete for the limited number of positions, but rather fill employers' demands for different types of hard (e.g. language skills) and soft (e.g. flexibility, adaptability) skills. These results support the complementarity view of the coexistence of student employment and low-skilled employment rather than the crowding out theory.


We present the new catalog of principal galaxies (PGC2003). It constitutes the framework of the HYPERLEDA database that supersedes the LEDA one, with more data and more capabilities. The catalog is still restricted to confirmed galaxies, i.e. about one million galaxies, brighter than ≈ 18  B -mag.
In order to provide the best possible identification for each galaxy we give: accurate coordinates (typical accuracy better than 2 arcsec), diameter, axis ratio and position angle. Diameters and axis ratios have been homogenized to the RC2 system at the limiting surface brightness of $25 B-{\rm mag~arcsec}^{-2}$, using a new method, the EPIDEMIC method.
In order to provide the best designation for each galaxy, we collected the names from 50 catalogues. The compatibility of the spelling is tested against NED and SIMBAD, and, as far as possible we used a spelling compatible with both. For some cases, where no consensus exists between NED, SIMBAD and LEDA, we propose some changes that could make the spelling of names fully compatible.
The full catalog is distributed through the CDS and can be extracted from HYPERLEDA.


The modeling procedure for analyzing the rotating analyzer spectroellipsometric data using the linear regression analysis technique is examined. The best set of optical parameters which should be employed in the modeling procedure is searched out with the help of variance–covariance matrices and the correlation properties of optical parameters. It was found that α and β, which are the Fourier coefficients of sinusoidal components of the intensity, constitute the best set for such an analysis for the case of single-crystal silicon and gold film evaporated on glass substrate. Also suitable expressions of α and β in terms of the ellipsometric parameters Δ and ψ have been derived to enable a linear regression analysis using α and β.


We develop a generic representation of implicit induction proof procedures within the cover set induction framework. Our work further develops the approach of cover set induction on propositional orderings. We show that in order to represent a substantially wide range of implicit induction procedures it is necessary to generalize the induction on formulas (propositions) to the induction on formula instances. We present a generic induction procedure which captures virtually all the existing implicit induction procedures developed from the inductive completion framework. We establish the formal relationship between the generic induction procedure and the cover set induction scheme. We also demonstrate that the developed generic framework allows for easy generalization/modiication of the existing procedures.


The influence on renal ammoniagenesis of a high potassium diet and also of acute manipulation of ambient potassium concentration was investigated using both the isolated perfused rat kidney and incubated renal cortical tubules. Ingestion of a high potassium diet for 1 wk resulted in potassium adaptation but had no effect on ammonia production by the isolated kidney perfused with physiologic concentrations of glutamine. By contrast, perfusion with a high ambient potassium concentration (8.0-9.3 mM) significantly increased renal tissue potassium levels and concomitantly reduced the rate of ammonia formation by 30% in comparison with perfusions at a normal potassium concentration. NH3 production by tubules incubated with 1 mM glutamine was also decreased at a K+ concentration of 9.0 mM. Ammonia production was unchanged when kidneys were perfused with a potassium concentration of 2.0 mM despite a 16% decrease in renal tissue potassium levels, but ammonia production by tubules incubated in 2 mM K+ was slightly less than in control incubations at 5.0 mM. Thus, unlike earlier in vitro studies with outer medullary slices, these studies do not support the hypothesis that an adaptive change in ammoniagenesis results from a high dietary potassium intake. However, a high ambient and renal intracellular potassium concentration can depress ammonia production. Although potassium depletion causes an adaptive increase in ammonia production, a decrease in ambient potassium concentration does not increase ammoniagenesis. Accordingly, both a potassium surfeit and deficit can modify renal ammonia production, but the mechanisms involved appear to differ.


A number of diverse arrangements commonly are described as "bare trusts." Trustees are said to be bare trustees where, for example, they have no active duties, they are controlled by settlors or beneficiaries, or their trustee status is imposed on them for arrangements they create, actions they take or wrongs they commit. The question that arises is whether the bare trust designation describes a distinct legal form. Do these arrangements constitute a class of trust that is regulated in ways that other trusts are not, or is the bare trust designation no more than a convenient descriptor for a functional difference that has no substantive legal significance? I shall explain that bare trusts do not differ in kind from other trusts. They simply are trusts that have a narrow function. The function of the trustee is, or becomes, merely to hold legal title to the trust assets, whatever other relations or obligations might be involved ex ante or concurrently. I shall explain that bare trustees, to the extent of their trustee capacity, are not subject to unique rules. I will illustrate that primarily by refuting the assertion that bare trustees are not status fiduciaries. I will coincidentally refute the assertion that a controlled bare trustee is a novel amalgamation of trust and agency status.


Arsenic 2p core-level shifts at GaAs/Al2O3 interfaces are determined with respect to bulk GaAs through density functional calculations. Atomistic interface models are constructed in which As atoms are found in various chemical environments. Both Ga-terminated and As-terminated GaAs substrates are considered, but only the former are found to be consistent with experimental data. The shifts of several oxidation states of As are calculated and a good agreement with experiment is found for the As+3 and As+5 states. Interfacial As-As dimer atoms and AsGa antisites are investigated as candidates for the experimental photoemission line assigned to As-As bonds. The calculated shifts favor an assignment to AsGa antisites.


This guide helps all students of religion with how to search ATLA, free website resources, and help with Turabian citations style.


Ahmad, Manzoor. A study of genera and species of typhlocybinae(Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from west Pakistan( under the guidance of S. Hamid Mahmood).

This work constitutes taxonomic study of leafhoppers of the subfamily typhlocybinae AƒÂƒA'¢AƒÂ'A'€AƒÂ'A'"Cicadellidae, from West Pakistan. The area lies on the western border of the oriental region, and to-date no faunistic study of the subfamily form this area has been made. There also does not exist any significant information about its economic importance. The author has described or red scribed twenty genera including nine new genera and forty five species, including forty three new species, form west Pakistan. The tribe alebrini includes one genus, with one new species, the tribe dikraneurini four genera with five new species of late Distant, have been redesignated and described properly. The work also includes keys to the genera and species described. The descriptions of genera are followed by brief accounts of species included in them. All the new genera and species have been properly illustrated in eighteen plateAƒÂƒA'¢AƒÂ'A'€AƒÂ'A'™s ands ninety serially numbered figures. The relevant data of ht5e bionomics and distribution of leafhoppers has also been given.


The teaching camp is a program during the pandemic. This study aims to explore the university student's impression of the Teaching Camp program that is expected to challenge the university students to connect between universities and the real world or the world of work. This study applied qualitative descriptive research to summarize specific events experienced by individuals or groups of individuals in everyday words. This research was conducted in the Department of English Education, University of Bosowa, Makassar, Indonesia. Four university students participating in the Teaching Camp program were willing to support this study. There are three steps in qualitative analysis in this study using data reduction, data display, and conclusions, namely, to find out the interview answers that have been given to students, then each answer is analyzed using words and according to student answers. This study found that university students have an important role in implementing the ministry of education and culture program. The role referred to here is that university students are the driving force by providing new innovations in learning and being involved in implementing the learning process by teaching literacy and numeracy. Class 1 of the Teaching Camp program enables university students to have an academic and social experience while serving as education facilitators in suburban areas. With so many shortcomings, it is hoped that this first-class Teaching Camp program will become an in-depth evaluation material for the Ministry of Education and Culture and the university.


Within a predominantly pyroclastic succession are small-scale intrusive bodies and more extensive pillow lavas and pillow lava breccias of andesitic composition. Sedimentary structures in the vitric rhyolitic tufts intruded by magma, suggest contemporaneous deposition and intrusion. This seems to indicate that intrusion was close to the sediment-water interface. The juxtaposition of basic lavas and tuffs with the contemporaneous products of rhyolitic explosive activity is interpreted as evidence for a deep-water depositional environment, into which the bulk of the acid tufts were introduced by mass transport.


Fast development of technologies, economic globalization and many other external circumstances stimulate company's competitiveness. One of the major trends in today's business is the shift to the exploitation of the Internet and electronic environment for entrepreneurial needs. Latest researches confirm that e-environment provides a range of possibilities and opportunities for companies, especially for micro-, smalland medium-sized companies, which have limited resources. The usage of e-tools raises the effectiveness and the profitability of an organization, as well as its competitiveness. In the electronic market, as in the classic one, there are factors, such as globalization, development of new technology, price sensitive consumers, Internet, new distribution and communication channels that influence entrepreneurship. As a result of eenvironment development, e-commerce and e-marketing grow as well. Objective of the paper: To describe and identify factors influencing company's competitiveness in e-environment. Research methodology: The authors employ well-established quantitative and qualitative methods of research: grouping, analysis, statistics method, factor analysis in SPSS 20 environment, etc. The theoretical and methodological background of the research is formed by using scientific researches and publications, such as that from mass media and professional literature; statistical information from legal institutions as well as information collected by the authors during the surveying process. Research result: The authors detected and classified factors influencing competitiveness in e-environment. In this paper, the authors presented their findings based on theoretical, scientific, and field research. Authors have conducted a research on e-environment utilization among Latvian enterprises. Keywords—Competitiveness, e-environment, factors, factor analysis.


Some Korean terminologies on reproductive structures of seed plants in plant morphology, written incorrectly in many books, were analysed to propose accurately expressed terminologies. 31 books in areas such as general biology, plant biology, plant morphology, and biological dictionaries and glossaries were selected to analyse the accuracy of the terminologies for reproductive structures in gymnosperms, e.g., cone or strobilus, seed (or ovulate) cone and pollen cone, and conifer(s) or coniferous plants, and for flower structures in angiosperms, e.g., corolla, anther, filament, pistillate (or female) flower and staminate (or male) flower, apocarpous, and syncarpous. The definition and etymology of the terminologies were traced in 4 textbooks of plant anatomy and 2 dictionaries of biology and botany written in English. On the basis of the definition, etymology, and principles for terminology formation according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 704:2000), reasonably expressed Korean terminologies were proposed. All of the 8 terminologies examined in this study were included in the glossary of biological terminologies, published by the Korean Association of Biological Sciences in 2005, and designated as an editorial source for science and biology textbooks for middle and high schools by Ministry of Education in 2007. However, the only 1 of the 8 terminologies described in the glossary were consistent with the proposed expression in the present study. These inconsistencies indicated the need for a reassessment of this glossary of biological terminologies. The newly proposed terminologies would facilitate mutual understanding between teachers and students of plant biology.


Nerve growth factor (NGF) has important functions during embryonic development and on various tissues and organs under normal and pathological conditions during the extrauterine life. RT‐PCR analysis and immunological methods demonstrate that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) express the NGF receptors trkANGFR and p75NTR. NGF treatment caused a rapid phosphorylation of trkANGFR in HUVECs, determining a parallel increase of phosphorylated ERK1/2. Accordingly, NGF induced a significant increase in HUVEC proliferation that was abolished by the trkANGFR inhibitor K252a. Also, HUVECs express significant levels of NGF under standard culture conditions that were up‐regulated during serum starvation. Endogenous NGF was responsible for the basal levels of trkANGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation observed in untreated HUVEC cultures. Finally, NGF exerted a potent, direct, angiogenic activity in vivo when delivered onto the chorioallantoic membrane of the chicken embryo. The data indicate that NGF may play an important role in blood vessel formation in the nervous system and in several pathological processes, including tumors and inflammatory diseases. Unraveling mechanisms of NGF‐dependent angiogenesis could provide valuable tools for novel therapeutic approaches in antiangiogenic therapy.


The properties of the coupling between a point-defect cavity and a line-defect waveguide in three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystal are investigated theoretically using plane-wave expansion and 3D finite-difference time-domain methods. It is shown that for the symmetric structure where the point and line defects are on the same rod within the photonic crystal, a state is created in which the point- and line-defect modes are completely decoupled due to the mismatch in modal symmetry, while coupled states can be formed by introducing asymmetry. In these asymmetric structures, the strength of coupling between point- and line-defect modes is estimated as a function of the position of the end of the line-defect waveguide by estimating the quality factor of the point-defect cavity. The quality factor is found to oscillate with small changes in the position of the waveguide. For instance, the quality factor changes by a factor of up to ∼ 1.1 1×10 4 with small positional change. In addition, the quality factor and light extraction efficiency are estimated when the size of the photonic crystal is finite, as in experimental circumstances. These findings provide very useful design rules for controlling the transfer of light from the point-defect cavity to the line-defect waveguide. These coupling structures are thought to be an important component in 3D photonic crystal optical circuits.


FIRST AND SECOND PARAGRAPH

In order to give an account of the teaching of philosophy in schools in the UK (which is in fact very limited), I need to explain how the UK educational system is organised. By the end of my brief explanation, I am sure my francophone readers will consider terms such as 'system' and 'organised' to be wholly inappropriate descriptions.

First, we must distinguish between 'public' schools and state schools. Public schools are sometimes described as 'private' schools, because they charge fees and are independent of the state. This looks like a contradiction, because 'private' and 'public' are opposites. However, historically the contrast was between private education, when wealthy families would employ a tutor to teach their children at home, and public education, when families would send their children away to a school which was open to anyone who could pay the fees or obtain a scholarship. Most public schools are charitable foundations, with large endowments which enable them to charge less than the full economic cost of the education they provide, and to subsidise the education of some poor but able pupils. Nevertheless, the fees are very high, and only the wealthiest 8% of the population can afford to send their children to public schools. It is generally accepted that the best public schools are better than the best state schools, and there is much political debate about how to counterbalance the educational advantages that can be bought by money. Simply abolishing public schools is not an option, because of the European Declaration on Human Rights, which guarantees the right to opt out of state education.


Importance Nasal reconstruction after Mohs surgery is a unique challenge in that it must satisfy both functional and aesthetic goals. Despite some advocacy in the literature for using structural reinforcement to achieve both functional and aesthetic outcomes in soft-tissue reconstruction, no study has validated this claim by comparing reconstruction with and without structural support. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of and need for structural reinforcement when reconstructing the nasal alar and sidewall subunits. Design, Setting, and Participants This study was a retrospective review of the medical records of 190 patients 18 years or older who underwent nasal reconstruction after Mohs surgery in a tertiary care academic center between January 1, 2013, and August 31, 2015. Data on each patient included demographics, comorbidities, smoking status, details of the lesion, size of defect, subunits involved, and reconstructive technique. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts composed of those who had reconstruction with structural reinforcement (ie, cartilage grafting or suspension suture) and those with only soft-tissue reconstruction. Patients with nasal obstruction from the functional collapse of the reconstructed area and no history of nasal obstruction were included (n = 38). Patients who had a follow-up of less than 2 months, no alar or sidewall involvement, nasal obstruction secondary to turbinate hypertrophy, septal deflection or other nonstructural causes, and incomplete documentation for analysis were excluded (n = 102). Main Outcomes and Measures Rates of postoperative nasal obstruction secondary to nasal sidewall collapse and need for revision surgery. Results Of the 38 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 22 were men and 16 were women with a mean (range) age of 64.5 (35-92) years. Twenty-three patients (61%) underwent reconstruction by a facial plastic surgeon and 15 (39%) by 2 dermatologic surgeons. Three (8%) underwent reconstruction without reinforcement and experienced postoperative nasal obstruction. The mean size of reconstructed defects that resulted in nasal valve collapse was 2.1 cm in diameter (range, 1.2-2.6 cm). Defect size was associated with incidence of postoperative nasal obstruction. For defects greater than 1.2 cm in diameter, patients reconstructed without reinforcement had a statistically significant increase of nasal obstruction secondary to functional nasal collapse compared with patients reconstructed with reinforcement (3 of 14 [21%] vs 0 of 17; 95% CI, 0.005-0.358; P = .04). Conclusions and Relevance Nasal defects greater than 1.2 cm in diameter and involving the alar and sidewalls were associated with lower incidence of postoperative nasal obstruction when a structural reinforcement technique was used in reconstruction. The findings of this study support the structural reinforcement of the nasal functional subunits during Mohs reconstructive surgery to achieve optimal outcomes. Level of Evidence 3.


Strategic rivalry dyads facilitate conflict, while democratic dyads constrain conflict. Which effect is more powerful? Examining conflict (militarized disputes and war) in the major power subsystem (1816-1992), both types of relationships are statistically significant predictors of conflict, and both employed together are more powerful than either used separately. Of the two, rivalry information provides the more powerful predictor, but this explanatory advantage is eroding over time. Mixed dyads are also found to be more conflictual than either autocratic or democratic dyads. There are implications for monadic and systemic interpretations of the democratic peace that receive brief mention, but the main implication is that we need to be careful about not giving too much credit to regime type alone for bringing about more pacific interactions in dyadic relations. Domestic institutions operate within external environments that condition their effects on foreign policies. To best explain conflict, we need information on both domestic and external environments.


This paper develops a model of wage distribution and wage dynamics based on assignment and Pareto learning. The model matches a large number of key facts about wage distribution and wage dynamics. The tractability of Pareto learning allows us to derive joint implications on the wage distribution and wage dynamics as assignment becomes more important. Our model also provides a natural framework for decomposing the earning variance into a permanent component and a transitory one, and it helps explain why the growing importance in assignment can lead to both higher wage inequality and higher wage instability. JEL Classi…cations: C78, D83, J31


During the past forty years, a Judaising movement has taken root among the Chikim in Mizoram, Manipur, and the Chin State of North Burma. This movement has propelled a small segment of the Chikim to full conversion to Judaism, settlement in Israel, and adoption of a radically different lifestyle. As of August, 1994, there were around 150 such people living in Israel, mostly young adults between 18 and 30 years of age, and more are expected to arrive in the near future. These people are not the founders of the Judaising movement but represent its second generation, having themselves been raised in families which had already embraced some form of 'Judaism' before they were born … Certainly in this process there has been a 'stepping over the threshold' from one religious community, Christianity, to another, Judaism. Such a 'change of religious fellowship' would generally 'suggest dissatisfaction, restlessness, seeking something better' … While this is true for those who have now completed the process of conversion, in this paper we shall examine the beliefs and practices of the early followers of the Judaising cult, to show that many of them saw the path they were treading as one mandated by their faith in Jesus: somewhat ironically, in their endeavour to become better Christians, they have drifted in the direction of Judaism.


Law constrains our behavior, both individually and collectively. Legitimate law is that law that emerges from an inclusive process that identifies a governed community's collectively imagined future for a place, while respecting the concerns of necessarily oppressed minority interests. In the land use context, we use comprehensive land-use plans to identify and communicate a vision that motivates binding behavioral changes — i.e., plans create visions that are sufficiently attractive to motivate communities to act in meaningful ways. To the extent law emerges from an inclusive and effective community plan, it is legitimated by that plan. But a planning process that relies exclusively on letting visions emerge from a community necessarily prefers those visions that provide individual economic benefits to specific participants — e.g., the growth machine. Public goods — even public goods that might represent the "best" vision for a particular community — are not championed, supported, or developed in the planning process. Combined with a general trend toward neoliberal governance, and the weak legal position of comprehensive plans, this inherent preference for the growth machine over the public good yields land-use ordinances that are unrelated to what might be the best vision for a community. The remedy is twofold. If planning's purpose is to achieve public goods, planners must be willing to represent the unrepresented, potentially forcing particular visions on communities during the planning process rather than waiting for private-good-driven visions to emerge, at least initially. And the forced visions must be sufficiently specific so as to limit the universe of legal choices, and land-use consequences, that result. If the forced vision is useful — if it is a public good — the community will adopt it. Without the forced vision, it does not have that opportunity.


Eighty-two boys with severe haemophilia A who spent some time at Lord Mayor Treloar College during 1973-7 were studied. All episodes of bleeding that occurred during term time were recorded, along with the number of transfusions. The bleeding frequency among these boys, most of them aged 10-17 years, increased steadily from 8,31 episodes/100 days in 1973 to 12,63 episodes/100 days in 1977. At the same time there was a steady fall in bleeding frequency with age. Altogether 24% of bleeding episodes were into the elbow joint, 22% into the knee, and 15% into the ankle. As the boys grew older the proportion of bleeding episodes in the legs declined and that in the arms increased. The overall results reflect the fact that special schools now see only the severest cases of haemophilia. The pattern of bleeding during adolescence suggests that concepts of management of arm bleeding need modifying.


In Brazil, cervical uterine cancer is a major public health problem as it has high mortality rate indices among women of different ages. A cytopathological examination is recommended for preventing this type of cancer from the early stages of a woman's reproductive life. The scope of this study was both to give talks on sexual health education and establish the sexual health profile of women from St. Angelo/RS. The lectures included measures for prevention as well as identification of possible symptoms of the disease. The research into the sexual health profile of the participants was conducted by a structured questionnaire applied to 140 women aged between 15 and 60. It was found that even experiencing difficulties and apprehension, the majority of the women performed the preventive examination. The motivation for taking the exam is the appearance of symptoms and the habit of caring for their health. The participants mentioned the importance of health professionals and educators working together. The study sought to promote health and cancer prevention, seeking to avoid the disease and ensure better living conditions for women.


An asset sale by an insurance company or a health maintenance organization typically involves the transfer of a block of business and generally is accomplished by an "assumption" or "portfolio" reinsurance transaction (when risk is transferred from one insurer to another) covering part or all of the seller's existing business.


General Assistance (GA) programs are virtually unstudied. Yet, GA programs serve an economically vulnerable, non-trivial population that should be of interest. To begin to address this shortcoming, two welfare-to-work programs, in which GA recipients participated, are studied. Using a quasi-experimental approach, the effect of each program on welfare use and employment is estimated. The results indicate that each program significantly increased welfare exits and that the second program significantly increased employment (employment data was unavailable for the first program).


In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay's first paragraph. "When Martin Luther King Jr spoke these words, he was addressing the masses of mainly Black Americans who were fighting for freedom from discrimination and for the right to be treated as equally as any other human being. The struggle was long and hard. They had to endure abuse from the white men around them, who felt that they did not deserve to have equal rights. This was a struggle that easily erupted into physical violence. The white men fought the blacks and the blacks fought back. However, Dr. King was an advocate for peace and also a civil rights leader. He had to reassure his followers that this fight could only be won if done peacefully. In the quote above, he uses the word 'rise' which suggests that we are a better person or we are placing ourselves above the man who cannot use soul force instead of physical force. He was adamant in his position. Although he did not live to see the laws being passed, the battle was eventually won. Nevertheless even if these words applied to the situation at the time, his words should still live on. His words should be considered by everyone, no matter the race because violence is not bias to race. Everyone should always think about approaching any situation in a peaceful manner because it always brings about the best results." This diversity vision is available in Verbum: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/verbum/vol11/iss2/19


The objective of this study was to develop a standard mesh diagram for Filipino that would serve as a template guide for the cephalometric analysis interpretation. Purposive sampling technique was used in determining the target population. The study was limited to sixty subjects. Thirty males and thirty females who met the criteria set by the researcher: must be currently enrolled in Centro Escolar University, Manila ages 18 to 24 years old, with esthetically accepted soft tissue profile, no history of orthodontic treatment, with complete set of teeth up to second molar, 3rd molar is not considered, with 6mm or less dental crowding, with class I (angle) molar relationship and of Filipino decent up to 3rd generation. Lateral cephalogram were taken for each of them. Male tends to have a longer upper facial height compare with the female. Male measured with a longer cranial base length compare with the female, t –test showed that the discrepancy is insignificant. Both soft tissue profiles of the two groups showed minimal protrusion. Super imposition revealed that the male's soft tissue is a little protrusive than the female's, t-test revealed that the difference is insignificant. The study also proves that the male tends to have a longer facial height compare to female. Maxillary length of the male subjects is longer compare to the female group. However both maxilla of the two groups shows almost the same degree of inclination. The mandibular length of female when compared to the male subjects is the same. But the inclination of the mandible of the male group is steeper than of the female group. Upper incisors for male showed more labial tipping than the female. While lower incisors position are the same for both groups.


Deep in the Earth, thermodynamic behavior drives the geodynamo and creates the Earth's magnetic field. Determining how the strength of the field, its paleointensity (PI), varies with time, is vital to our understanding of Earth's evolution. Thellier-style paleointensity experiments assume the presence of non-interacting, single domain (SD) magnetic particles, which follow Thellier's laws. Most natural rocks however, contain larger, multi-domain (MD) or interacting single domain (ISD) particles that often violate these laws and cause experiments to fail. Even for samples that pass reliability criteria designed to minimize the impact of MD or ISD grains, different PI techniques can give systematically different estimates, implying violation of Thellier's laws. Our goal is to identify any disparities in PI results that may be explainable by protocol-specific MD and ISD behavior and determine optimum methods to maximize accuracy.
Volcanic samples from the Hawai'ian SOH1 borehole previously produced method-dependent PI estimates. Previous studies showed consistently lower PI values when using a microwave (MW) system and the perpendicular method than using the original thermal Thellier-Thellier (OT) technique. However, the data were ambiguous regarding the cause of the discrepancy. The diverging estimates appeared to be either the result of using OT instead of the perpendicular method or the result of using MW protocols instead of thermal protocols. Comparison experiments were conducted using the thermal perpendicular method and microwave OT technique to bridge the gap. Preliminary data generally show that the perpendicular method gives lower estimates than OT for comparable H lab values. MW estimates are also generally lower than thermal estimates using the same protocol.


The adoption of electric vehicles (EV) has to be complemented with the right charging infrastructure roll-out. This infrastructure is already in place in many cities throughout the main markets of China, EU and USA. Public policies are both taken at regional and/or at a city level targeting both EV adoption, but also charging infrastructure management. A growing trend is the increasing idle time over the years (time an EV is connected without charging), which directly impacts on the sizing of the infrastructure, hence its cost or availability. Such a phenomenon can be regarded as an opportunity but may very well undermine the same initiatives being taken to promote adoption; in any case it must be measured, studied, and managed. The time an EV takes to charge depends on its initial/final state of charge (SOC) and the power being supplied to it. The problem however is to estimate the time the EV remains parked after charging (idle time), as it depends on many factors which simple statistical analysis cannot tackle. In this study we apply supervised machine learning to a dataset from the Netherlands and analyze three regression algorithms, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting and XGBoost, identifying the most accurate one and main influencing parameters. The model can provide useful information for EV users, policy maker and network owners to better manage the network, targeting specific variables. The best performing model is XGBoost with an R2 score of 60.32% and mean absolute error of 1.11. The parameters influencing the model the most are: The time of day in which the charging sessions start and the total energy supplied with 22.35%, 15.57% contribution respectively. Partial dependencies of variables and model performances are presented and implications on public policies discussed.


Adoption of change management best practices continues to be offered as a route towards improved cost, quality and productivity of public services. These approaches are predominantly drawn from private sector research and their application by the public sector remains a relatively under-researched area. In this article we investigate with three case studies of local authorities one popular private sector change management approach – cross-functional team-based working. We analyse the varying success of three cross-functional teams and the organisational mechanisms that supported their implementation. We identify four requirements for success. The first three concur with established private sector research on cross-functional working (the need for the organisational leader to clearly support the team; cultural and structural issues that support cross-functional integration; funding support), although we find greater subtlety needed in their application in the public sector. Our research also uncovers a fourth critical requirement – the need to break the status-quo and overcome resistance to change. We find no evidence that these conditions cannot be met in the public sector and suggest cross-functional teams as a positive approach to be integrated in public sector change programmes.


A 69-year-old female was treated for hyperthyroidism and hypertension. In August 1984, she suddenly began suffering from polyuria and polydipsia. In October, she exhibited fever, headache, vertigo, and poor appetite, probably due to pituitary apoplexy. Her endocrine function was normal, except for partial diabetes insipidus. A contrast-enhanced CT brain scan revealed a pituitary adenoma with a ring-enhanced outer edge and a central low-density area. The MRI scan also indicated cystic adenoma. A CT scan examination repeated 6 months later showed an empty sella with a markedly decreased pituitary adenoma. This case report demonstrates that some empty sella are the final result of pituitary adenoma bleeding or infarction.


The control of cellular morphogenesis and differentiation at the molecular level in Rhodomicrobium vannlelii is investigated by biochemical and genetic analysis. Chemical characterization indicates that the R.vannlelll genome is 2.19 x 109 daltons, and is made up of 95 per cent unique DNA sequence.

Five per cent of the DNA consists of short inverted repeat sequences, 400 bp in length. No extrachromoscmal DNA is detectable. The DNA from each of the cellular expressions in R.vannielil does not show any major differences in sequence composition.

Kinetic analysis of nucleic acid synthesis during the obligate differentiation of the swarm cell shows a 'lag' or maturation period prior to the onset of DNA replication, whereas no lag occurs in RNA synthesis. The initiation of DNA replication during swarm cell differentiation occurs towards the completion of stalk synthesis.

Studies with the protein synthesis inhibitor chloramphenicol during swarm cell differentiation demonstrate a requirement for protein synthesis in the initiation, but not the elongation step of DNA replication. Nalidixic acid inhibits DNA synthesis in the swarm cell, and although a new daughter cell is produced, cell division does not occur. This implies that chromosome replication and cell division cure directly linked in a 'dependent pathway' of events. Daughter cell synthesis is under the control of the mother cell genome, the daughter cell genome becoming metabolically active just prior to cell division. Further 'cells' produced in nalidixic acid-treated cultures show gross cellular distortion and no stalk formation.

The development of a genetic system for R.vannielll is discussed. The promiscuous plasmid R.68.45 is transferred by conjugation from E.coll to R.vannlelll, where it expresses only one of three plasmid-bome antibiotic resistances, but may be maintained intact in the bacterium. This plasmid may now be used in mapping the R.vannielll chromosome.

Analysis of the R.vannlelli genome by restriction enzyme cleavage is described. Restriction fragments containing the coding sequences for 16s rRNA and 23s rRNA are Identified by 'Southern' hybridization, and their sizes estimated. Attempts to locate the origin of replication on a single restriction fragment are discussed. Preliminary data on the physiology of nitrogen fixation in R.vannlelli shows that the enzyme system is inducible.

The potential of this organism as a model system for further study on the molecular biology of microbial morphogenesis and differentiation is discussed.


Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) primarily infects the upper respiratory tract. However, it may cause severe lower respiratory tract infection, and the clinical course may be severe in immunocompromised patients. To our knowledge, child death due to HCoV-NL63 has not been reported. We present a fatal lower respiratory tract disease associated with HCoV-NL63 in a 7-month-old malnourished infant.


Deep resequencing of functional regions in human genomes is key to identifying potentially causal rare variants for complex disorders. Here, we present the results from a large-sample resequencing (n = 285 patients) study of candidate genes coupled with population genetics and statistical methods to identify rare variants associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia. Three genes, MAP1A, GRIN2B, and CACNA1F, were consistently identified by different methods as having significant excess of rare missense mutations in either one or both disease cohorts. In a broader context, we also found that the overall site frequency spectrum of variation in these cases is best explained by population models of both selection and complex demography rather than neutral models or models accounting for complex demography alone. Mutations in the three disease-associated genes explained much of the difference in the overall site frequency spectrum among the cases versus controls. This study demonstrates that genes associated with complex disorders can be mapped using resequencing and analytical methods with sample sizes far smaller than those required by genome-wide association studies. Additionally, our findings support the hypothesis that rare mutations account for a proportion of the phenotypic variance of these complex disorders.


Inter-enterprise collaboration to deliver a one-of-a-kind product is gaining momentum with the emergence of new information and communications technologies (ICT) to support information exchange and collaborative work amongst distinct geographically dispersed entities. Typically, the modus operandi of such collaborations is that of the virtual enterprise. While relatively new to some industries, this has been a common mode of operation for the construction industry for long. ICT support for the construction industry to support its ways and modes of operation has however been lacking. While organisation specific proprietary tools do exist, those supporting inter-enterprise collaboration are not up to a similar par.

This paper presents the IMS GLOBEMEN (Global Engineering and Manufacturing in Enterprise Networks) and some of its core findings and developments related to reference architecture for virtual enterprises and primarily distributed engineering in construction. After an overall presentation of the GLOBEMEN project, and some basics of inter-enterprise collaboration, the paper presents the main elements of the Virtual Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (VERAM) through identification of its main components and their constituents. This is followed by an exploration of distributed engineering. In this section the focus is on building construction where some very high level use cases are presented. The section is concluded with a presentation of an ICT architecture at both generic and specific levels for distributed engineering at large and product model based distributed engineering in construction in particular respectively.


Water quality degradation in the Illinois River Watershed (IRW) has been linked to excess nutrients, primarily phosphorus (P). A mass balance study was performed on the IRW in Oklahoma and Arkansas to quantify the magnitude of P entering the watershed between the closure of Lake Tenkiller's dam in 1954 to 2006. Results showed that a substantial mass of P was, and is, being imported into the watershed relative to the mass of P leaving the watershed. The study demonstrated that poultry production has been the major contributor of P imported to the watershed since 1964, and is currently responsible for more than 76% of the net annual P additions to the IRW. Between 1949 and 2002, more than 200,000 tonnes of P was added to the IRW. A P delivery ratio for the IRW was computed from the mass balance results and observed loads indicating that 4% of annual P applied to the IRW landscape reached Lake Tenkiller between 1999 and 2006. Allocation of P loads from 1949 to 2002 to Lake Tenkiller computed with the delivery ratio showed that wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges were responsible for more than 50% of P reaching Lake Tenkiller in 1949, followed by dairy cattle (32% of loads). Poultry contribution to P reaching Lake Tenkiller was 5% in 1949 but increased rapidly to become the largest source in 1969 at approximately 49%, and in 2002 at 54%. Both dairy and WWTP portions of the loads declined from 1949 levels with less than 4% attributable to dairy and less than 34% assigned to WWTP in 2002.


Despite the widespread use of replication-incompetent recombinant adenovirus (Ad) vectors as candidate vaccine platforms, the mechanism by which these vectors elicit CD8+ T cell responses remains poorly understood. Our data demonstrate that induction and maintenance of CD8+ T cell responses by Ad vector immunization is longitudinally dependent on CD4+ T cell help for a prolonged period. Depletion of CD4+ T cells in wild type mice within the first 8 d following Ad immunization resulted in dramatically reduced induction of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, decreased T-bet and eomesodermin expression, impaired KLRG1+ effector differentiation, and atypical expression of the memory markers CD127, CD27, and CD62L. Moreover, these CD8+ T cells failed to protect against a lethal recombinant Listeria monocytogenes challenge. Depletion of CD4+ T cells between weeks 1 and 4 following immunization resulted in increased contraction of memory CD8+ T cells. These data demonstrate a prolonged temporal requirement for CD4+ T cell help for vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cell responses in mice. These findings have important implications in the design of vaccines aimed at eliciting CD8+ T cell responses and may provide insight into the impaired immunogenicity of vaccines in the context of AIDS and other CD4+ T cell immune deficiencies.


This study investigates novel three-dimensional passive microwave components that make use of multilayer technology defined as a production process employing several alternately stacked layers of metal and dielectric structures. Components developed include conventional and equal delay Ruthroff transformers; Guanella baluns; stepped impedance lowpass filters; bandpass filters formed from quarter wavelength stubs and transmission line sections; and balanced transmission lines. The theory of operation of each component is described along with the required design procedures for fabrication in the form of a multilayer MMIC using the Caswell H40 process, or a multilayer MIC using the Hibridas photoimageable thick-film process. New practice includes the development of novel structures including a balanced transmission line with conductors arranged in a broadside configuration; a pseudo coplanar waveguide transmission line with a high characteristic impedance; and a new design of compensated microstrip T-junction with clearly defined reference planes between the three branch lines. An investigation into how certain components operate has resulted in two pieces of new theory which are: a design procedure for bandpass filters formed from quarter wavelength stubs and transmission line sections; and a new theory of operation of equal delay Ruthroff transformers and Guanella baluns which takes into account the parasitic common mode currents. Also included in the thesis are: a brief history of MICs and MMICs including an overview of the different fabrication processes used by industry; a comprehensive description of the Caswell H40 multilayer MMIC process, and the Hibridas photoimageable thick-film process; and a section devoted to test and measurement procedures for circuits fabricated in a MIC or MMIC form using microwave probes, which includes a critical analysis of different calibration and de-embedding methods, and details of suitable test equipment and procedures for testing multiport circuits and circuits with balanced ports.


Because of the imperfects of traditional induction control system neglecting iron loss, this paper introduced the parallel equivalent resistance of iron loss, and use new mathematical model of induction machine to establish a more accurate vector control system. However, the increased coupling of parameters in induction machine caused by iron loss is undeserved. We simplified the decoupled system and utilize fuzzy adaptive mechanism to make the speed tuning process more intelligent and robust. The load and non-load experiments show that fuzzy PID controller overcomes the shortcomings of the traditional, reduces the detrimental impacts of iron loss, take advantages of the active impacts from it as well. In the new control system, it adapts to both inner and environmental parameters well, the torque and exciting current are smoother and lower. So, it is extremely meaningful and conducive to the realization of the economical speed tuning.


In a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial experiment, protein intake, selenium supplementation, and intake of phosphorus were related to the incidence of retained placenta in cows fed varying concentrations of these nutrients during the dry period. The population incidence of 38% retained placenta in 26 control cows was independent of phosphorus intake which ranged between 39 and 95 g per day. When a protein supplement was included in the concentrate as soybean meal, the incidence of retained placenta was reduced to 20% for supplemented animals from 50% for the animals that received no soybean meal. This increased protein in the ration was reflective of a mean increase from .02 ppm of selenium to .06 ppm of selenium in the ration. By increasing the mean daily intake of selenium at least 3 wk prepartum from .23 mg to .92 mg daily, overall incidence of retained placenta was reduced from 38% to 0%. A positive prophylactic effect was achieved regardless of whether alpha tocopherol was supplemented as well. These mature dairy cows were deficient in selenium, and supplementation of selenium reduced the incidence of retained placenta.


The high prevalence of social, emotional and behavioural health problems in children and young people in Australia, and the high cost and relative ineffectiveness of treatments to 'cure' them, lead to the conclusion that the most efficient and cost effective approach is to prevent them from occurring. The challenge is in determining what to prevent and how to do so. While there are complex social and political aspects to prevention, it must also be guided by a solid scientific basis. This paper makes the case that prevention science provides a framework for ensuring that prevention initiatives are founded on robust evidence and implemented in a way that will allow progressive growth in knowledge of 'what works' in prevention. The paper examines some of the opportunities and challenges in a shift to an evidence-based prevention agenda to improve the lives of children and young people. Professor Ann Sanson (PhD) works in the Department of Paediatrics at the University of Melbourne. She is a developmental psychologist and, until recently, was the Network Coordinator for the Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth (ARACY). She has been an investigator on the Australian Temperament Project since its inception in 1983 and is the Principal Scientific Advisor for Growing Up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Dr Sophie Havighurst (PhD) is a clinical psychologist and Senior Lecturer teaching child and adolescent mental health professionals at Mindful, the Centre for Training and Research in Developmental Health at the University of Melbourne. She is an author and the principal investigator on the Tuning in to Kids parenting program which is both a universal and selective prevention program aimed at enhancing parent-child relationships and building children's emotional competence. Professor Stephen R. Zubrick (PhD) worked for over twenty years in Western Australian hospital and outpatient mental health settings before starting a career in research. He is currently a Winthrop Professor at the University of Western Australia and the Head of the Division of Population Sciences at the Telethon Institute for Child Health Research. 80 AUSTRALIAN REVIEW OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS


Gait disorders contribute to the risk of falls
and successive injuries, especially to elderly populations. The risk of falls
becomes higher for hip osteoarthritis (OA) and hip arthroplasties patients due
to poor balancing and gait impairment. Bone adaptation and bone loss are
fundamental issues in considering the changes of bone behavior and gait
pattern. In this study, computational analysis of the lower limbs was conducted
to estimate the bone adaptation after hip arthroplasties procedure. 3D
inhomogeneous model of lower limb was developed from computed topography (CT- based)
data of 79 years old patient with hip osteoarthritis problem in left limb. Two
types of arthroplaties were constructed in the left limb, namely total hip
arthroplasty and resurfacing hip arthroplasty using commercial biomedical
software, Mechanical Finder v6.1. Prosthesis stem and acetabular cup of THA
were modelled as titanium alloy material (E = 114 GPa, v = 0.34), femoral ball
and bearing insert as alumina properties (E = 370 GPa, v = 0.22). Meanwhile,
RHA implant was assigned as Co-Cr-Mo material (E = 230 GPa, v = 0.30). Contact
between both implants and bone were considered to be perfectly bonded at the
interface. A load case of quiet standing position was conducted in this
analysis with 60 kg of the patients' body weight. The load was applied at the
cross sectional lumbar vertebra and fixed at the distal of femoral shafts.
Results show different patterns of stress distribution in right and left
(operated) limbs for hip OA, THA and RHA models. An indication of stress alteration
on both limbs after arthroplasties suggested that the bone adaptation occurred.
The higher percentage of change in the left limb projected that the adaptation
was more critical in operated limb.


Background Many studies have looked at students' mathematics achievement in the middle and high school years and the kinds of factors that are associated with their achievement. Within this domain, however, most research utilized cross-sectional data. Cross-sectional designs have both statistical and conceptual limitations. A few studies that used longitudinal data typically included two time points, occasionally three. A pure longitudinal design is problematic as well because it does not take into account the multilevel nature of data derived from educational settings. In an attempt to account for differences in mathematics achievement, researchers have advanced different explanations, varying from affective/psychological factors (e.g., math attitude) to social factors (e.g., influences of parents, teachers, and peers). However, because of the division of psychology and sociology, subdivisions within these fields, and specialized individual research interests, a limitation of the research in this literature is that the variables are often studied in isolation rather than in concert. A promising way to resolve this problem, as Herbert Walberg argued in his psychological theory of educational productivity, is to include the chief known correlates of educational achievement derived from experimental and nonexperimental research and simultaneously analyze panel data collected on many individuals over multiple time periods on variables such as age or developmental level; ability, including prior achievement; social environment for learning; and home environment. Taken together, these studies provide a foundation for studying individual differences in secondary mathematics growth and end-of-high-school mathematics attainment and exploring various psychological and social factors that might predict such differences from a longitudinal and multilevel perspective. Building on this earlier research, the present study attempted to address these issues through longitudinal and multilevel analysis of a national probability sample of Grade 7 students who were followed until the end of high school. Focus of Study The present study attempted to investigate how high school seniors get to where they are in terms of end-of-high-school mathematics attainment. In addition, the study explored what factors might predict students' attainment and their growth trajectories in mathematics during secondary school years. Research Design The present study is a secondary analysis of longitudinal data that tracked a national probability sample of seventh graders until they graduated from high school. Three-level hierarchical linear models were fitted to the data using a Level 1 piece-wise linear growth model nested within students (Level 2) across schools (Level 3). Conclusions One of the important findings of this study was that on average, there was a drop in mathematics achievement during the senior year of high school for students in the sample regardless of student mathematics achievement in Grade 7. Additionally, the study found an inequitable distribution of mathematics attainment at the end of high school associated with initial differences in mathematics achievement. Several individual, school composition, and opportunities to learn variables, such as early tracking and course progress, were found to be strong predictors of students' mathematics attainment and growth. These empirical findings point to the further directions we may take to promote student achievement in mathematics.


The anaerobic methane fermentation is sensitive to temperature, the higher the temperature, the more vigorous microbial activity, higher gas production. Therefore, the temperature is the main factor of methane fermentation. Northern regions due to low temperatures, biogas will be difficult to operate on their own, the need for digester heating. Solar heating is a heating system, biogas fermentation method. Effect of solar heating on the methane fermentation is one of the hotspots in this field. Using MATLAB to provide dynamic system modeling and simulation package Simulink, solar heating methane fermentation system model and algorithm, select the appropriate module on the biogas fermentation solar heating simulation, the method for solar heating in north China to provide a methane fermentation system some new ideas.


Distributed memory programming is the established paradigm used in high-performance computing (HPC) systems, requiring explicit communication between nodes and devices. When FPGAs are deployed in distributed settings, communication is typically handled either by going through the host machine, sacrificing performance, or by streaming across fixed device-to-device connections, sacrificing flexibility. We present Streaming Message Interface (SMI), a communication model and API that unifies explicit message passing with a hardware-oriented programming model, facilitating minimal-overhead, flexible, and productive inter-FPGA communication. Instead of bulk transmission, messages are streamed across the network during computation, allowing communication to be seamlessly integrated into pipelined designs. We present a high-level synthesis implementation of SMI targeting a dedicated FPGA interconnect, exposing runtime-configurable routing with support for arbitrary network topologies, and implement a set of distributed memory benchmarks. Using SMI, programmers can implement distributed, scalable HPC programs on reconfigurable hardware, without deviating from best practices for hardware design.


We propose a family of nonlinear state feedback global stabilizers for all planar linear systems which are globally stabilizable by bounded inputs (namely, all non exponentially unstable linear systems). This family is parametrized by a nonlinear function whose selection can yield quasi time-optimal responses, where the ¿quasi¿ is required to achieve local exponential stability of the closed loop. The arising trajectories are quasi-time-optimal for arbitrarily large initial conditions; so, we expect the very simple proposed nonlinear control law to be very useful for embedded control applications with strong computational constraints.


BACKGROUND
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) have been successfully employed for movement deficit recovery in spinal cord injury (SCI) rat models. One of the unsettled problems in cell transplantation is the relative high proportion of cell death, specifically after neural differentiation. According to our previous studies, p75 receptor, known as the death receptor, is only expressed in BMSC in a time window of 6-12 hours following neural induction. Moreover, we have recently reported a decreased level of apoptosis in p75-suppressed BMSC in vitro. Therefore, our objective in this research was to explore the functional effects of transplanting p75:siRNA expressing BMSC in SCI rats.

METHODS
Laminectomy was performed at L1 vertebra level to expose spinal cord for contusion using weight-drop method. PBS-treated SCI rats (group one) were used as negative controls, in which cavitations were observed 10 weeks after SCI. pRNA-U6.1/Hygro- (group two, as a mock) and pRNA-U6.1/Hygro-p75 shRNA- (group three) transfected BMSC were labeled with a fluorescent dye, CM-DiI, and grafted into the lesion site 7 days after surgery. The Basso-Beattie-Bresnehan locomotor rating scale was performed weekly for 10 weeks.

RESULTS
There was a significant difference (P≤0.05) between all groups of treated rats regarding functional recovery. Specifically, the discrepancy among p75 siRNA and mock-transfected BMSC was statistically significant. P75 siRNA BMSC also revealed a higher level of in vivo survival compared to the mock BMSC.

CONCLUSION
Our data suggest that genetically modified BMSC that express p75:siRNA could be a more suitable source of cells for treatment of SCI.


Environmental and natural resource economics lies inherently at the interface between economic and natural dynamics (e.g., geological constraints, climate change, biodiversity evolution). Building models in that field often means building integrated models, calling on knowledge and methods from economics and physics, climatology, biology, or ecology. Howard Scott Gordon's 1954 article on fishery economics is considered to be seminal in the history of bioeconomic modeling, integrating biological and economic variables in a microeconomic model. Yet the precise role played by biology in Gordon's initial work remains unclear. On the basis of archival material and thorough analysis of Gordon's early research, this paper examines Gordon's model building and his persistent oscillation between two objectives—the production of a heuristic economic model with standard assumptions, and the conception of a predictive policy tool relevant from a fishery-biology standpoint—and how he finally favored the first over the second. Moreover, contrary to received wisdom, we show that it was not Gordon but biologist Milner B. Schaefer who transformed Gordon's model into an integrated model. These results shed new light not only on Gordon's 1954 contribution but also on a whole tradition of integrated environmental and natural resource economics models, based on his work.