The Corps of Marines 1755-1802 (after 1802, Royal Marines) was the smallest of the three military services of the late eighteenth century British Armed Nation. Because of this, their history has largely been marginalised or if dealt with, only in broad three hundred year studies. However, their importance has been largely underestimated. With the rise in the late eighteenth century of a more coherent 'Blue-Water Strategy', classified later by some historians as a uniquely 'British Way in Warfare', there was a need to have an operational organisation from which to implement Britain's grand strategy. The two other contemporary military organizations (Army and Navy) were too large, had internal resistance to, or simply had one-dimensional geographic identification which prevented the full pure operational implementation of British amphibious power. With the dawn of the Seven Years War the government gave this operational priority to the Navy, which began in earnest with the formation of the British Marine Corps. The Navy, and Marines, were able to do this by constructing an operational doctrine and identity for its new Marine Corps. With the forty-seven year construction of its operational doctrine and identity, the Marines not only assisted in the implementation of British grand strategy, but also were pivotal in the protection of the empire. This dissertation is separated into two distinct parts. The first part outlines the skeleton of the Marines; their past formations, administration and manpower construct. The second part outlines the trials and tribulations of construction and institutionalisation of the Marine Corps within the British nation of the late-eighteenth century. This part reveals the non-combat usage, operational development and imperial rapid reaction force aspects of the Marines. Marines were to carry out many protection and security related duties on land and at sea. Because of this they were given direct access to weapons which in the unfortunate event of mutiny might be used against the men. Naval and amphibious combat were the main justifications for why the Marine Corps existed to begin with. Marines were to develop their own special 'targeted' suppression fire and a reliance on the bayonet for both of these operations. Importantly Empire; its maintenance, expansion, and protection was an essential element of the Marines existence. Marines were to become an imperial rapid reaction force that could be sent anywhere a naval ship was and used to suppress disorders. Identity was the tool of three powers (Public, Admiralty and Marine Corps) in their construction of this body of men. Marines' identity allowed them to be relied upon for a multitude of duties, including the basic protection of order on ship. By understanding all of these areas not only will it expand historical scholarship on how the British state constructed and implemented its policy decisions, but also how an organisation creates and validates its own purpose of existence.


CD8 1 T cells are present at a higher frequency following a primary response, and these memory cells exhibit qualitative differences from naive cells. The importance of these differences vs increased precursor frequency in making a memory response more rapid and efficient has been unclear. Adoptive transfer of 2C TCR transgenic CD8 1 T cells into normal recipients, followed by i.p. challenge with allogeneic P815 tumor, results in a long-lived memory population that includes both endogenous host CD8 1 T cells and 2C cells. The 2C cells can be identified, using 1B2 mAb specific for the TCR, and thus used as an indicator of the properties of the memory cells. The memory cells have a heterogeneous surface phenotype, and their distribution in lymphoid organs, blood, and peripheral sites is distinct from that of naive cells. Upon rechallenge with Ag, memory cells access the peritoneal cavity much more rapidly than do naive cells (12 h vs 5 days). This appears to result from a requirement for naive cells to interact with Ag before they can efficiently migrate to inflammatory sites, while this is not required for memory cells. In addition, memory cells exhibit some cytolytic activity before rechallenge with Ag, and potent cytolytic activity is present in the peritoneal cavity within 12 h of rechallenge. Comparison of primary and memory responses in mice having similar frequencies of Ag-specific precursors demonstrated that the more rapid migration and the immediate effector function of at least some memory cells contribute very substantially to making a memory response at a peripheral site more rapid and efficient. The Journal of Immunology, 1998, 161: 674–683.


Interventional radiology is a relatively new field concerned with the non-operative treatment of many conditions and diseases. Since its introduction the role of the radiologist has changed from that of a pure diagnostician to that of a physician actively engaged in patient diagnosis, management and treatment.


WWP1 is a ubiquitin ligase, associated with the post‐translational regulation of several tumour‐promoting and tumour suppressor proteins. Here we show that WWP1 expression is up‐regulated in a subset of breast tumour cell lines and primary breast tumours. We overexpressed WWP1 in MCF10A breast epithelial cells and demonstrated increased cell growth and anchorage‐independent colony formation. RNAi knockdown of WWP1 expression in T47D and MCF7 breast tumour cell lines reduced anchorage‐independent colony formation. We used WWP1 protein expression levels, in combination with its sub‐cellular localization, to classify breast tumours into four categories. Surprisingly, a category with low/absent WWP1 expression displayed a consistently worse prognosis compared with WWP1‐expressing tumours. Importantly, the association with disease‐free survival was independent of the status of other commonly used prognostic indicators. Thus, WWP1 is a prognostic marker and may be a potential therapeutic target for a subset of breast tumours. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Selected operational conditions of activated sludge are investigated in relation to their effect on flocculation and dewatering. Semi-continuous reactors with 2 -L volume were operated at different mean cell residence times, C/N ratios, and three different influent cations. Results show that MCRT, C/N ratio, and the cation type affect the bioflocculation capacity of activated sludge measured by the quantity of extracellular polymeric substances. As the MCRT value operated in the reactors and the C/N ratio of the influent wastewater increase, total amount of polymers produced increases. High MCRT values and low C/N values cause good dewatering of the sludge. All cations are shown to stimulate the EPS production in a way that the highest total EPS concentrations are observed at the highest cation dosages. The dewaterability of the sludges improves only with increasing calcium and magnesium concentrations and deteriorates with increasing potassium concentration.


Mosapride is novel prokinetic agent which seems to exert its action via a high affinity and specifity for 5-HT4 receptor. In addition the principal metabolite has high affinity for 5-HT3 receptors and has proved to be potent 5-HT3 antagonist. Mosapride has been used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease, chronic gastritis, nonulcer dyspepsia and diabetic gastropathy. In the present study, an attempt has been made to formulate orodispersible tablets of Mosapride Citrate Dihydrate. The other objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of three different classes of superdisintegrants which are croscarmellose Sodium (Ac-Di-Sol), crospovidone (Polyplasdone XL), sodium starch glycolate (Primojel) in promoting disintegration and dissolution of Mosapride citrate dihydrate orodispersible tablets. At the optimum concentrations of 2% & 4% of selected superdisintegrants, their effect in the orodispersible tablet on the in vitro disintegration & in vitro dissolution was evaluated. It was concluded that, the formulation of Mosapride citrate dihydrate orodispersible tablets was made with functionality evaluation of selected superdisintegrants.


This document is a user guide for the deployment of the Transactional Network platform and agent/application development within the VOLTTRON. The intent of this user guide is to provide a description of the functionality of the Transactional Network Platform. This document describes how to deploy the platform, including installation, use, guidance, and limitations. It also describes how additional features can be added to enhance its current functionality.


Mango is a type of tropical fruit which popular among the consumers and have high commercial value. Moreover, this fruit also good for human health as contain lots of vitamins, mineral, and fiber. The largest production area of mangoes in Indonesia is East Java Province, followed by Central Java, West Java and West Nusa Tenggara. In West Nusa Tenggara Province, mangoes mostly cultivated in yards and in mixed gardens with conventional technological approaches. However, low quality of mangoes from West Nusa Tenggara Province was indicated due to lack of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). The one being developed is Cultivar Gedong Gincu which is native to Indonesia and acceptable for both local and export purposes. This study aims to observe the effects of pruning and fertilizing on the production of mangoes as well as its post harvest quality. The experiment was conducted at farmer's farm in the village of Mumbulsari, Sub District of Kayangan, North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia, from January 2010 until January 2011. It consisted of seven treatments. Each treatment was repeated five times; therefore the experiment was using 35 test trees. Test trees were mangoes cultivar Gedong Gincu, average 12 years old trees and have uniform appearances. The parameters observed were varied but more focus on total number of fruits, total production, and malformation. Mango production management through a combination of 500 gram ZA fertilizer/tree + 1500 gram of SP36/tree + 1000 gram of KCl/tree + 80 gram B/tree + pruning could increase total number of fruits by 240.60% and increase total production by 269.80% compared to control treatment. In addition, use of Boron could significantly reduce the fruit sitting (malformation) from 7.22% (control) to 3.12 %.


We study the relation among exchange rates, balance sheets, and macroeconomic outcomes in a small open economy. Because liabilities are dollarized,' a real devaluation has detrimental effects on entreprenurial net worth, which in turn constrains investment due to financial frictions. But there is an offsetting effect, int hat devaluation expands home output and the return to domestic investment, which are also components of net worth. We show that the impact of an adverse foreign shock can be strongly magnified by the balance sheet effect of the associated real devaluation. But the fall in output employment, and investment is stronger under fixed exchange rates than under flexible rates. Hence the conventional wisdom, that flexible exchange rates are better absorbers of real foreign shocks than are fixed rates, holds in spite of potentially large balance sheet effects.


Background: To date, breast cancer epidemiologic studies have relied on blood or tissue specimens sampled at the time of diagnosis or a few years prior to assess lifetime exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). In this study, we evaluated whether such PCB measurements are indicative of early-life levels by reconstructing lifetime toxicokinetic profiles for women included in the CECILE case–control study, using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Methods: We simulated lifetime toxicokinetic profiles of PCB-153 for 2,134 French women by incorporating information on body weight history, height, pregnancies, and breast-feeding in the PBPK model. Oral dose was calculated by considering measured blood PCB-153 and the temporal trend of environmental contamination. Area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) for each decade of life and maximum blood concentration (Cmax) were compiled and compared with measured levels, using Pearson partial correlation analyses adjusting for age at diagnosis. Results: When considering all individuals, simulated AUCs correlated with measured PCBs, with coefficients ranging from 0.735 to 0.981. The weakest correlations were obtained with AUCs for the first decades of life. Stratified analyses suggested that breast-feeding reduces the reliability of late-life blood levels in representing lifetime exposure. Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that PCB levels measured at the time of diagnosis do not fully represent early-life exposures. Impact: PBPK-derived estimates of early-life levels circumvent the limitations of current approaches in assessing PCB lifetime exposure and may be used to address hypothesized windows of breast vulnerability (e.g., puberty) in this population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(2); 281–6. ©2010 AACR.


Research on deep brain stimulation (DBS) for treatment‐resistant depression appears promising, but concerns have been raised about the decisional capacity of severely depressed patients and their potential misconceptions about the research. We assessed 31 DBS research participants with the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research (MacCAT‐CR), a well‐validated capacity measure, and with a scale to measure therapeutic misconception, which occurs when subjects do not recognize key differences between treatment and clinical research. Correlations with baseline depressive symptoms were explored. Subjects' performance on the MacCAT‐CR was excellent, but therapeutic misconception was still apparent. A trend toward significance was found in the correlation between baseline depression ratings and total therapeutic misconception score. Responses to open‐ended prompts revealed both reassuring and concerning statements related to expectations of risk, benefit, and individualization. Even severely depressed patients did not manifest impairments in their capacity to consent to DBS research. Therapeutic misconception, however, remained prevalent.


Functional recovery after adult CNS damage is limited in part by myelin inhibitors of axonal regrowth. Three molecules, Nogo-A, MAG, and OMgp, are produced by oligodendrocytes and share neuronal receptor mechanisms through NgR1 and PirB. While each has an axon-inhibitory role in vitro, their in vivo interactions and relative potencies have not been defined. Here, we compared mice singly, doubly, or triply mutant for these three myelin inhibitor proteins. The myelin extracted from Nogo-A mutant mice is less inhibitory for axons than is that from wild-type mice, but myelin lacking MAG and OMgp is indistinguishable from control. However, myelin lacking all three inhibitors is less inhibitory than Nogo-A-deficient myelin, uncovering a redundant and synergistic role for all three proteins in axonal growth inhibition. Spinal cord injury studies revealed an identical in vivo hierarchy of these three myelin proteins. Loss of Nogo-A allows corticospinal and raphespinal axon growth above and below the injury, as well as greater behavioral recovery than in wild-type or heterozygous mutant mice. In contrast, deletion of MAG and OMgp stimulates neither axonal growth nor enhanced locomotion. The triple-mutant mice exhibit greater axonal growth and improved locomotion, consistent with a principal role for Nogo-A and synergistic actions for MAG and OMgp, presumably through shared receptors. These data support the hypothesis that targeting all three myelin ligands, as with NgR1 decoy receptor, provides the optimal chance for overcoming myelin inhibition and improving neurological function.


This paper describes the collaborative learning environment, aligned with the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, provided by the European Project Semester (EPS). EPS is a one semester capstone project programme offered by eighteen European engineering schools as part of their student ex-change programme portfolio. In this international programme, students are organized in teams, grouping individuals from diverse academic backgrounds and nationalities. The teams, after choosing a project proposal, become fully responsible for the conduction of their projects. By default, project proposals refer to open multidisciplinary real problems. The purpose of the project is to expose students to problems of a greater dimension and complexity than those faced throughout the degree programme as well as to put them in con-tact with the so-called real world, in opposition to the academic world. EPS provides an integrated framework for undertaking capstone projects, which is focused on multicultural and multidisciplinary teamwork, communication, problem-solving, creativity, leadership, entrepreneurship, ethical reasoning and global contextual analysis. Specifically, the design and development of sustainable systems for growing food allow students not only to reach the described objectives, but to foster sustainable development practices. As a re-sult, we recommend the adoption of this category of projects within EPS for the benefit of engineering students and of the society as a whole.


This paper proposes a Time-Sensitive IoT Data Analysis (TIDA) framework that meets the time-bound requirements of time-sensitive IoT applications. The proposed framework includes a novel task sizing and dynamic distribution technique that performs the following: 1) measures the computing and network resources required by the data analysis tasks of a time-sensitive IoT application when executed on available IoT devices, edge computers and cloud, and 2) distributes the data analysis tasks in a way that it meets the time-bound requirement of the IoT application. The TIDA framework includes a TIDA platform that implements the above techn iques using Microsoft's Orleans framework. The paper also presents an experimental evaluation that validates the TIDA framework's ability to meet the time-bound requirements of IoT applications in the smart cities domain. Evaluation results show that TIDA outperforms traditional cloud-based IoT data processing approaches in meeting IoT application time-bounds and reduces the total IoT data analysis execution time by 46.96%.


In this paper we propose a spectrum of designs for filters in multi-mode communication systems. The proposed designs lie in between generic filter to fully optimized coefficient specific filter. For each design a reconfigurable section and a static section are defined. We propose an algorithm to optimize the size of the reconfigurable section of each design independently. We also propose another algorithm that optimizes the reconfiguration time overhead for a given sequence of designs. The results of our experiments show the trade-off between area and reconfiguration delay in the design space.


Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) agonists have been shown to have a therapeutic benefit in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which the PPARα agonist gemfibrozil induces immune deviation and protects mice from EAE. We demonstrated that treatment with gemfibrozil increases expression of the Th2 transcription factor GATA-3 and decreases expression of the Th1 transcription factor T-bet in vitro and directly ex vivo. These changes correlated with an increase in nuclear PPARα expression. Moreover, the protective effects of PPARα agonists in EAE were shown to be partially dependent on IL-4 and to occur in a receptor-dependent manner. PPARα was demonstrated, for the first time, to regulate the IL-4 and IL-5 genes and to bind the IL-4 promoter in the presence of steroid receptor coactivator-1, indicating that PPARα can directly transactivate the IL-4 gene. Finally, therapeutic administration of PPARα agonists ameliorated clinically established EAE, suggesting that PPARα agonists may provide a treatment option for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.


This paper discusses how executive function develops in individuals with ADHD as compared to neurotypical individuals. ADHD coaches trained in the area of executive function skills can be particularly helpful to individuals looking to strengthen their organizational and decision-making skills with supports that are unique to one's specific ADHD presentation. Coaching is a promising supplemental intervention for individuals with ADHD. Three case studies are presented.


Abstract : This is an annual report for the Center for Biobehavioral Research in Breast Cancer, a center of excellence that was initially funded in September, 2001. The Center was designed to support, stimulate, conduct, and disseminate research and research reports on the biological and behavioral interactions characterizing the development and progression of breast cancer as well as treatment and survivor effects. Behavioral variables, particularly those directly related to activity in biological regulatory systems and defense systems, appear to be key determinants of participation in early detection and prevention programs, effective use of chemoprevention agents, and in patient adjustment, caregiving, and quality of life. This multidisciplinary Center is devoted to the investigation of biobehavioral pathways underlying breast cancer prevention and control, including development of research and training, involving participation by behavioral scientists, oncologists, nurses, social workers, psychiatrists, immunologists, and molecular biologists. These activities are directed towards organization, stimulation, and facilitation of integrated biobehavioral research aimed at prevention and control of breast cancer. The Center has assembled an interacting group of behavioral, biological, and medical scientists to foster new collaborations and extend existing ones in the context of training and education about breast cancer. These training opportunities, free exchange of ideas, and regular interaction will supplement and connect research activity on proposed projects as well as research cores that support this research. Integration of theory, cross-cutting research themes, and multidisciplinary training has begun to produce novel ways of thinking about breast cancer research and innovative, patient-focused research activity.


Abstract. Ficana, the area of raw earth houses built in the 19th century in the town of Macerata, is an example of vernacular architecture. About ten years ago it was restored. The restoration work – ordered by the Municipality – concerned half of the about fifty houses that make up the neighbourhood. The restored houses have been used for some years by local associations for cultural activities. Recently, after a public competition, the nine houses belonging to the municipality were granted, free of charge, to a group of cultural associations in order to create an Ecomuseum. The Villa Ficana Ecomuseum of raw earth houses was initiated in May 2016. Currently, the activity is dedicated to the implementation of initiatives aimed at rediscovering and enhancing local culture and memory. The inhabitants of Ficana and the entire citizenship are involved in the initiatives. Another field of action for the Ecomuseum is the study and enhancement of the constructive technique of raw earth building. This activity is aimed at professionals, owners and all those involved in green building and sustainable development. An important aspect of the Ecomuseum's activity is the fact that management work is carried out by young volunteers: young people engaged in the experience of the European and National Community Service. This also makes a fruitful exchange between local and European realities possible.


This thesis analyses the fault-tolerant nature of Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) executed in a distributed environment which is subjected to malicious acts. Such actions are a common problem in Desktop Grids and Volunteer Computing Systems (DGVCS's) utilising idle resources shared by volunteers. Due to the vast computational and storage capabilities provided at a low cost, many large-scale research projects are carried out using such set-ups. However, this advantage is obtained at the expense of a challenging, error prone, heterogeneous and volatile environment of execution. In the volunteer-based systems, such as BOINC, the incentives offered to the contributors attract also malicious users, commonly called cheaters. A cheater typically seeks to obtain the rewards with little or no contribution at all. Additionally, this group may also include "crackers" or "black hat hackers" — users motivated by nothing more than a pure satisfaction from violating computer security. In this study we use and formalise cheating faults — a model for the behaviours described above, which are a subtype of byzantine (arbitrary) faults. They are mainly characterised by the alteration of outputs produced by some or all tasks forming a distributed execution. The approach differs from the arbitrary faults in its implementation, as usually they are introduced intentionally and from within the boundaries of a system. The innate fault resilience of EAs has been previously observed in the literature. However, this PhD manuscript offers the first, formal analysis of the impact of cheating faults in this area of optimisation techniques. In particular, the following contributions are proposed: • An in-depth formal analysis of the cheating-tolerance of parallel Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs), including proofs of convergence or non-convergence towards valid solutions in the presence of malicious acts. A step-wise approach is used, focusing firstly on the most simple variant of an EA that is still of theoretical and practical interest, i.e. a (1 + 1) EA. Then the results are extended to regular (population-based) EAs. The analysis shows that the selection mechanism is crucial to achieve convergence of EAs executed in malicious environments. • The extension of the study to cheating-resilience of spatially-structured Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) and gossip protocols. More precisely, we analyse Evolvable Agent Model (EvAg) relying on Newscast protocol to define neighbourhoods in the evolution and the communication layers. There, we provide the necessary conditions for convergence of the algorithm in a hostile environment and we show that the evolutionary process may be affected only by tampering with the connectivity between the computing resources. After that, we design an effective connectivity-splitting attack which is able to defeat the protocol using very few naïve cheaters. Finally, we provide a set of countermeasures which ultimately lead to a more robust solution. These results have been published in several international, peer-reviewed venues and well recognized international journals. By the variety of problems addressed by EAs, this study will hopefully promote their usage in the future developments around distributed computing platforms such as Desktop Grids and Volunteer Computing Systems or Cloud systems where the resources cannot be fully trusted. iii Dedicated to my parents


The most commonly used method for assessing the hydraulic erodibility of rock is Annandale's method. This method is based on a correlation between the erosive force of flowing water and the capacity of rock resistance. This capacity is evaluated using Kirsten's index, which was initially developed to evaluate the excavatability of earth materials. For rocky material, this index is determined according to certain geomechanical factors related to the intact rock and the rock mass, such as the compressive strength of intact rock, the rock block size, the discontinuity shear strength and the relative block structure. To quantify the relative block structure, Kirsten developed a mathematical expression that accounted for the shape and orientation of the blocks relative to the direction of flow. Kirsten's initial concept for assessing relative block structure considers that the geological formation is mainly fractured by two joint sets forming an orthogonal fractured system. An adjusted concept is proposed to determine the relative block structure when the fractured system is non-orthogonal where the angle between the planes of the two joint set is greater or less than 90°. An analysis of the proposed relative block structure rating shows that considering a non-orthogonal fractured system has a significant effect on Kirsten's index and, as a consequence, on the assessment of the hydraulic erodibility of rock.


Practices in public relations activities do not only arrive at the initial step of the meeting, which if the second party is impressed, the public relations work is finished. However, in reality it is only the first step taken so that the next steps can be taken. Public relations practice is not only limited to the creation of a pleasant first impression or what is better known today is imaging, but next is how the pleasant situation can continue in accordance with the objectives to be achieved for example in a company of course the thing to be achieved is to seek profit .
One of the main keys to the success of the PR of the Prophet is to build credibility or trust. This can be seen from his history before preaching. He is well-known as a very honest person in the midst of society, so it is called al-amin (trustworthy). Muhammad SAW's competence in preaching also cannot be doubted. This end-time prophet has all the keys to success in da'wah, both in terms of methods, communication techniques, mastery of material, and the ability to understand and explore who he faces. The Prophet Muhammad had the skills of effective communication and the ability to package the message he wanted to convey and was able to influence his interlocutors.


Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease
primarily manifesting in the synovial joints and associated
structures. In those patients with long-standing erosive disease,
foot impairments (pain, stiffness and deformity) are common.
Foot assessment is challenging in complex cases and may be
aided by newer investigative techniques including instrumented
gait analysis. Management requires multidisciplinary team input
but care pathways have yet to be established and the evidence
base is in its infancy. This case study highlights the assessment,
investigation and management of a patient with RA with longstanding
erosive disease with complex foot impairments. It
focuses on a number of key issues related to the assimilation of
clinical, disease and investigative data in the process of clinical
decision making, treatment planning and outcome. Particular
emphasis is placed on the use of instrumented gait analysis in
these processes.


The article analyzes the concept of an "interest" – a matter that is important to the person, a matter that he/she is concerned about, takes care of, aims at, and the realization of which may be beneficial and direct the person's activity in a particular direction, i. e. a social need. One of the varieties of interests is legal standing. Legal standing – an objectively existing social need protected by the law and protected by law enforcement institutions, which develops through social conditions and is satisfied by legal means. Legal standing is divided into substantive legal standing and procedural legal standing. It is impossible to analyze legal standing only in the light of procedural law provisions, since legal standing includes a substantive legal element. Judicial defense of legal standing that fails to embody the substantive legal element is meaningless. Procedural legal standing reflects the fact that the person not only reports on the infringement, but also requires judicial review, i. e. state defense. It is important for the judge handling the issue of admissibility of a lawsuit to establish the existence of both elements of legal standing. By handling the issue of a lawsuit's admissibility, it is important for the judge to determine whether the future decision will have an impact on the rights and obligations of the claimant at the stage of starting the civil proceedings. By stipulating that such a decision will have no impact on the rights and obligations, it may be concluded that the claimant has no substantive legal standing. Initiation of a case in the absence of substantive legal standing contradicts the objectives of civil procedure. The acceptance of a claim in absence of substantive legal standing at the stage of civil case initiation must be rejected. The determination of the absence of substantive legal standing would prevent abuse of the proceedings and decrease the workload of judges. An analysis of court cases clearly shows that admissibility of claims and civil case initiation is related only with the claimants' procedural legal standing.


Existing model-based processes for embedded real-time systems support the analysis of various non-functional properties, most notably schedulability, through model checking, simulation or other means. The analysis results are then used for modifying the system's design, so that the expected properties are satisfied. A rigorous model-based design flow differs in that it aims at a system implementation derived from high-level models by applying a sequence of semantics-preserving transformations. Properties established at any design step are preserved throughout the subsequent steps including the executable implementation. We introduce such a design flow using a process network model of computation for application design at a high level, which combines streaming and reactive control processing with task parallelism. The schedulability of the so-called FPPNs (Fixed Priority Process Networks) is well-studied and various solutions have been presented. This article focuses on the design flow's steps for deriving executable implementations on the BIP (Behavior - Interaction - Priority) runtime environment. FPPNs are designed using the TASTE toolset, a convenient architecture description interface. In this way, the developers do not program explicitly low-level real-time OS services and the schedulability properties are guaranteed throughout the design steps by construction. The approach has been validated on the design of a real spacecraft on-board application that has been scheduled for execution on an industrial multicore platform.


We executed the topological data analysis of labyrinth magnetic domain structure to visualize pinning site during the magnetization reversal process. We utilized persistent homology to extract the topological feature of the magnetic domain structure, and principal component analysis was used to construct the correlation between persistence diagram and magnetic hysteresis loop. As a result, we could automatically visualize the pinning site as topological defect on the original magnetic domain structure.


We study our approach of the C-method as an initial value problem for the efficient calculation of the N-dimensional scattering matrix of a grating. We apply this method to multilayer gratings with an arbitrary number of interfaces. The interfaces can have different functional form and amplitude and can be parallel or not.
For each interface separating two homogeneous media, we consider two horizontal planes above
and below the interface, and define a coordinate system such that the interface and both horizontal
planes correspond to coordinate surfaces. Inside the area delimited by the two horizontal planes,
the Maxwell's equations lead to an initial value problem which can be solved with initial conditions
satisfying the boundary conditions. Outside this area, the fields are represented by Rayleigh
expansion. The scattering matrix between two consecutive media is obtained by using continuity
relations between different components of fields on the horizontal planes.
We consider a n + 1 layer diffraction grating, thus there are n interfaces separating the layers.
From the uppermost to downmost, these layers are composed of medium 1 to medium n + 1.
Each medium has a constant optical index. Thus we can calculate the scattering matrix Si,i+1
which associate the incoming and outcoming waves from medium i and i + 1. Then we collect
all the scattering matrix of adjacent medium, Si,i+1, i = 1; : : : ; n and obtain the global matrix
S1,n+1 by combination of elementary matrices Si,i+1, i = 1; : : : ; n.
The proposed method gives the e±ciencies with a good accuracy. Experiments are performed
on a three layer grating with interfaces described by Trigonometric functions. We also study the
anomalies of coated dielectric gratings.


This second volume of the Handbook includes original contribution by experts in the field. It provides up-to-date surveys of the most relevant applications of game theory to industrial organization. The book covers both classical as well as new IO topics such as mergers in markets with homogeneous and differentiated goods, leniency and coordinated effects in cartels and mergers, static and dynamic contests, consumer search and product safety, strategic delegation, platforms and network effects, auctions, environmental and resource economics, intellectual property, healthcare, corruption, experimental industrial organization and empirical models of R&D.


This study investigates a largely ignored contributor to wealth inequality in the United States: damages from natural hazards, which are expected to increase substantially in coming years. Instead of targeting a specific large-scale disaster and assessing how different subpopulations recover, we begin with a nationally representative sample of respondents from the restricted, geocoded Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We follow them through time (1999–2013) as hazard damages of varying scales accrue in the counties where they live. This design synthesizes the longitudinal, population-centered approach common in stratification research with a broad hazard-centered focus that extends beyond disasters to integrate ongoing environmental dynamics more centrally into the production of social inequality. Results indicate that as local hazard damages increase, so does wealth inequality, especially along lines of race, education, and homeownership. At any given level of local damage, the more aid an area receives from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the more this inequality grows. These findings suggest that two defining social problems of our day – wealth inequality and rising natural hazard damages – are dynamically linked, requiring new lines of research and policy making in the future.


4.1 Introduction Heated solid bodies emit radiation that is particularly concentrated in the infrared region of the spectrum, roughly from 1 to 10 μm in wavelength. Such heated solid bodies emit their radiation in a continuum of wavelengths, rather than at a collection of discrete spectral lines characteristic of gaseous emission. To describe the radiation characteristic of a source which emits a finite total power over a range of wavelengths, we must introduce spectral quantities. Spectral quantities have units of microns in the denominator, and are denoted with a subscript λ to distinguish them from the corresponding integrated quantities. For example, spectral radiance L λ has units of W/(cm 2 sr μm), and is the radiance per micron of wavelength interval. For a measurement over a 1-μm spectral bandpass, the integrated radiance (also called the in-band radiance) numerically equals the spectral radiance. For spectral bandpasses larger or smaller than 1 μm, the integrated radiance scales with Δλ = λ 1 - λ 2 , as seen in Eqs. (4.1) and (4.2). The integration is usually carried out numerically, using the trapezoidal approximation seen in Fig. 4.1. This process can be made as accurate as desired, by choice of the interval size Δλ. As seen in Fig. 4.2, to maintain accuracy for a wider passband, individual intervals are summed together. It is necessary to choose interval locations properly if the desired passband includes a peak of the radiation curve.


With the ever increasing size and availability of web and social graph comes the need for compact and efficient data structures in which to store them. The problem of compact representations for sparse static graphs is a well studied problem in the domain of web and online social graphs, namely the WebGraph Framework and the Layered Label Propagation ordering for extending WebGraph to online social networks, among others. While these techniques do a satisfactory job in the context of static sparse graphs, there is little literature on how these techniques can be extended to dynamic sparse graphs. In this paper, we present algorithms and experimental analysis for five data structures for representing dynamic sparse graphs: LinkedList (LL), Batch Compressed Sparse Row (BCSR), Dynamic Adjacency Array (DAA), Dynamic Intervalized Adjacency Array (DIAA), and Dynamic Compressed Adjacency Array (DCAA). The goal of the presented data structures is two fold. First, the data structures must be compact, as the size of the graphs being operated on continues to grow to less manageable sizes. Second, the cost of operating on the data structures must be within a small factor of the cost of operating on the static graph, else these data structures will not be useful. Of these five algorithms, LL, BCSR, and DAA are baseline approaches, DIAA is semicompact, but suited for fast operation, and DCAA is focused on compactness and is a dynamic extension of the WebGraph Framework. Our results show that for well intervalized graphs, like web graphs, DIAA is superior to all other data structures in terms of memory and access time. Furthermore, we show that in terms of memory, the compact data structure DCAA outperforms all other data structures at the cost of a modest increase in update and access time. Keywords—dynamic, sparse, graph, network, data structures, compression, web graph, social graph


The Innovative Geophysical Approaches for the Study of Early Agricultural Villages of Neolithic Thessaly (ARISTEIA-IGEAN) Project made an extensive use of geospatial technologies in the study of the natural environment and social dynamics of Neolithic settlements within the coastal region of eastern Thessaly, Greece. The goal of the project was to offer a broad and non-destructive remote sensing coverage of a number of Neolithic settlements to study habitation practices that were developed in various ecological niches and to document site-specific cultural and environmental characteristics. The methods and techniques used in the IGEAN project included satellite remote sensing, Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), ground-based geophysical surveys exploring new generation prospection instrumentation, and soil analyses. The manifold research agenda proved to be effective for the detailed mapping of soils in which archaeological residues of past occupation reside. The full open-access geospatial data is served online at http://igean.ims.forth.gr/. The IGEAN project exposed a large degree of variation in the occupation of the landscape and the usage of space in both small and large settlements. The study was able to capture an integrated image of the habitation settings and highlight the large degree of divergence in the intra-site settlement patterns of these agrarian societies. The synthesis of the results opens up further research questions regarding early agricultural villages of Neolithic Thessaly.


Anion selective recognition plays pivotal roles in the environmental field. The polyol and boronic acid receptor classes are investigated here to recognize the chloride (Cl−); fluoride (F−); dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4−); acetate (AcO−); bromide (Br−); and hydrogen sulfate (HSO4−) anions. Energy Decomposition Analysis (EDA) shows that the anion–receptor interactions are predominantly electrostatic. Interestingly, the increase of the number of –CF3 groups or of the carbonic chain in the polyol structure favors Cl− recognition. The polyol–Cl− interactions are more attractive than the boronic acid–Cl− bond. Boronic acid recognizes F− and H2PO4− with the most attractive energies. The Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) method elucidated that the recognition of AcO−, Cl−, Br−, and HSO4− by the receptors is maintained through hydrogen bonds, while the recognition of F− and H2PO4− by boronic acid involves B⋯F− and B⋯O−–P bonds, respectively, showing a larger covalent character compared to other boronic acid–anion bonds, but with a primarily electrostatic nature.


Limb amputation is followed, in approximately 90% of patients, by "phantom limb" sensations during wakefulness. When amputated patients dream, however, the phantom limb may be present all the time, part of the time, intermittently or not at all.1 The absence of the phantom limb when dreaming has been taken as evidence for a pre-existing kinesthetic body scheme, unaffected by the amputation, that is accessible to the patient when asleep.2 Such dreaming experiences in amputees have usually been obtained only retrospectively in the morning and, moreover, dreaming is normally associated with muscular atonia so the motor counterpart of the phantom limb experience cannot be observed directly. REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD), in which muscle atonia is absent during REM sleep and patients act out their dreams,3 allows a more direct analysis of the "phantom limb" phenomena and their modifications during sleep.

A 58-year-old man had a history of erectile failure and abnormal ejaculation, a 5 year history of orthostatic hypotension and frequent somniloquy with excessive motor activity during sleep, usually accompanied by vivid striking dreams, sometimes of violent content but not causing self- or bed-partner injury. At the age of 39 years, his left arm was amputated at the level of the middle-third of the …


This article uses a gender lens to explore how conflict affects men and women differently. It examines issues related to the emergence of certain kinds of "hyper" masculinity in situations of conflict and how such masculinities continue to function in subsequent peace-building attempts. The article argues that a failure to account for and be cognizant of these specific masculinities has a significant effect for women in particular, and, more generally, on the success of the conflict transition process. Finally, we show how using a gender lens could make a difference by considering the specific example of the impact of violent masculinities on disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration programs.


BACKGROUND: There are many models to predict survival in patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH). The most commonly used are the modified Maddrey's index, the Glasgow scale and the Model for End stage Liver Disease (MELD). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate three prognostic scales ability to predict early mortality (first 30 days) in patients with AH. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the database of hospitalized patients with AH during a 3-years period. Seventy one patients were included. We calculated the modified Maddrey's index, the Glasgow scale and the MELD scores. We evaluated if the scales predicted early (30-day) mortality. For each scale we determined sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative values (PPV and NPV) and likelihood value of each scale. RESULTS: For modified Maddrey's index, the values obtained were sensitivity 98.8%, specificity 11.7%, PPV 61.6%, NPV 87.5% and likelihood ratio 1.12. For Glasgow scale corresponding values were sensitivity 98.8%, specificity 61.7%, PPV 78.7%, NPV 97.4% and likelihood ratio 2.64. For the MELD scale sensitivity 98.8%, specificity 0.1%, PPV 59%, NPV 50% and likelihood ratio 1. CONCLUSIONS: The three scales were very sensitive. Glasgow's scale was the most specific and, maybe, the most exact test.


ABSTRACT Sand-flow cross strata, formed by the avalanching of sand down slip faces, dominate the foresets of the shallow-marine tidal sands in the Lower Greensand (early Cretaceous) of southern England. The sand-flow cross strata dip steeply at angles between 20° and 32°, occur in trough and tabular crossbeds ranging between 0.3 and 10.0 m in thickness, and vary in style between tongue-shape and tabular forms, with various intermediate compound types. Narrow, tongue-shaped sand-flow cross strata, hitherto considered as characteristic of eolian crossbeds, are widespread in these marine sands. Similar structures and textures are observed associated with sand flows on small, experimental subaqueous dunes and dry talus slopes. Slow rates of bedform migration and locally increased rates of ediment supply to the slip face are considered prime factors controlling the formation of subaqueous, tongue-shaped sand flows. Swifter bedform migration and more uniform sediment supplies favor tabular sand flows. Discrimination between subaqueous and eolian cross beds cannot be made based on sand-flow characteristics. However, the rare occurrence of grain-fall laminae in subaqueous cross beds suggests that thick grain-fall deposits provide a criterion for distinguishing eolian from subaqueous cross beds.


This document defines the method for transporting PTP messages (PDUs)
over an MPLS network to enable a proper handling of these packets
(e.g. implementation of Transparent Clocks (TC)) in LSRs. The basic
idea is to transport PTP messages inside dedicated MPLS LSPs. These
LSPs only carry PTP messages and possibly Control and Management
packets, but they do not carry customer traffic. Two methods for
transporting 1588 over MPLS are defined. The first method is to
transport PTP messages directly over the dedicated MPLS LSP via UDP/IP
encapsulation, which is suitable for IP/MPLS networks. The second
method is to transport PTP messages inside a PW via Ethernet
encapsulation, which is more suitable for MPLS-TP networks.


The geography of soil is more important today than ever before. Models of environmental systems and myriad direct field applications depend on accurate information about soil properties and their spatial distribution. Many of these applications play a critical role in managing and preparing for issues of food security, water supply, and climate change. The capability to deliver soil maps with the accuracy and resolution needed by land use planning, precision agriculture, as well as hydrologic and meteorologic models is, fortunately, on the horizon due to advances in the geospatial revolution. Digital soil mapping, which utilizes spatial statistics and data provided by modern geospatial technologies, has now become an established area of study for soil scientists. Over 100 articles on digital soil mapping were published in 2018. The first and second generations of soil mapping thrived from collaborations between Earth scientists and geographers. As we enter the dawn of the third generation of soil maps, those collaborations remain essential. To that end, we review the historical connections between soil science and geography, examine the recent disconnect between those disciplines, and draw attention to opportunities for the reinvigoration of the long-standing field of soil geography. Finally, we emphasize the importance of this reinvigoration to geographers.


Effective evaluation of traffic conditions is a key issue involved in alleviating freeway congestion, improving operations and estimating travel time. Loop detectors can provide reliable traffic data sources for traffic conditions measurement and monitoring, however, the multiple influencing factors derived from loop data lead to a combined effect which complicates the measurement. Therefore, a novel traffic conditions evaluation method by utilizing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is proposed. The method can devise an overall traffic conditions evaluation based on the multiple performance measures. To illustrate our method, an experimental study was undertaken with dual-loop-detector data from 6 freeway sections for the year 2006, and 5 measures were selected for inclusion in this multivariate analysis to evaluate the traffic conditions. The conclusions indicate the stakeholders can gain new insight into the overall traffic conditions behind multiple performance measures with our method, and the evaluation results is helpful in identifying transportation investment priorities for specific regions and improving resource utilization among competing sectors.


Indonesia is continuously among the top ten countries worldwide in the number of people living with diabetes. Evidence-based practice (EBP) has the potential to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of diabetes care. However, the strategy to efficiently translate the best evidence into practice isof particular concern in developing countries. The overall aim of this thesis is to explore the status of knowledge translation on diabetes care in Indonesia. To answer that, we conducted various assessment on each of the stages on the knowledge translation process. Initially we conducted a survey to assess the degree of awareness, agreement, adoption and adherence of general practitioners (GPs) in Indonesia to type 2 diabetes mellitus guidelines, and their association with characteristics of the responders. The survey found that high awareness of the Indonesian type 2 diabetes guideline does not necessary lead to adoption or adherence to recommendations important for outcomes and quality of care. However, the awareness-to-adherence model helps in identifying barriers for the use of guidelines. We then evaluated the quality of an Indonesian type 2 diabetes guideline (Perkeni's guideline 2011) adapted from four international guidelines. We found that the process underlying the Indonesian type 2 diabetes guideline development is curtailed due to being under-resourced and the use of the cited suboptimal source guidelines might risk the validity of the recommendations it contains. Implementation of evidence-based practice principles such as those proposed by ADAPTE collaboration should be adhered to when guideline are derived from other guidelines to be used in other than its original context or circumstances. We also conducted an evaluation of the quality of reporting of the risk of bias of the Indonesian medical research. As we found only a small proportion of Indonesian studies which have high quality reporting or methods, we recommend to endorse and follow international reporting guidelines to improve the quality of future studies. In the end we learned that although EBP is a concept which originated from developed countries, its implementation in developing countries like Indonesia is highly relevant. The development of the knowledge and skills on EBP in Indonesia is progressing as there are efforts in integrating evidence-based practice in the medical curriculum along with continuing professional development activities. However, to achieve health benefits, the evidence must be moved into action. This thesis helps identified some gaps in the knowledge creation and application especially on diabetes care. The gaps on the knowledge creation include limited number and low quality of evidence on diabetes care, very little production of systematic reviews on the problems related to diabetes care which are relevant to Indonesian situation and low rigor of development as well as low applicability of the existing diabetes guidelines. The remaining gaps should be assessed thoroughly using rigorous methods which involve relevant stakeholders. The effort should be followed by the continuous action cycle of the knowledge translation process. Promoting the knowledge translation process should be done simultaneously with the evidence-based practice capacity building to achieve improvement in health care in a developing country like Indonesia.


Predicting the geographic spread of wildlife epidemics requires knowledge about the movement patterns of disease hosts or vectors. The field of landscape genetics provides valuable approaches to study dispersal indirectly, which in turn may be used to understand patterns of disease spread. Here, we applied landscape genetic analyses and spatially explicit models to identify the potential path of raccoon rabies spread in a mesocarnivore community. We used relatedness estimates derived from microsatellite genotypes of raccoons and striped skunks to investigate their dispersal patterns in a heterogeneous landscape composed predominantly of agricultural, forested and residential areas. Samples were collected in an area covering 22 000 km2 in southern Québec, where the raccoon rabies variant (RRV) was first detected in 2006. Multiple regressions on distance matrices revealed that genetic distance among male raccoons was strictly a function of geographic distance, while dispersal in female raccoons was significantly reduced by the presence of agricultural fields. In skunks, our results suggested that dispersal is increased in edge habitats between fields and forest fragments in both males and females. Resistance modelling allowed us to identify likely dispersal corridors used by these two rabies hosts, which may prove especially helpful for surveillance and control (e.g. oral vaccination) activities.


The aim of the recently published climate control by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) is a reduction of the German greenhouse gas emissions down to 20 % in 2050, compared to the generated greenhouse gas in 1990. To reach the given target a huge growth in renewable energy is necessary. One of the most potential possibilities to produce renewable energy in Germany will be the installation of offshore wind turbines.During the installation of offshore wind foundations such as monopiles, tripods, tripiles and jackets, mostly large tubular steel piles are impact driven to final penetration depth. In the process of impact driving, considerable underwater sound emissions will appear. In recent times, peak sound pressure levels above 190 dB re 1 μPa have been measured at a distance of 750 m away from the installation ground. These peak sound pressure levels, produced during the installation of any kind of driven offshore foundation, is potentially harmful to marine life, in particular to marine mammals such as harbor porpoises, harbor seals or grey seals.To protect the marine life the German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) set the maximum allowed underwater sound pressure level to 160 dB (SEL) at a distance of 750 m away from pile driving.To reach the given target by the BSH a new underwater piling noise mitigation system using so called hydro sound dampers (HSD) is presently developed at the Institute for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering at the Technische Universitat in Braunschweig (IGB-TUBS). After small scale tests in the so called 'large wave channel' in Hannover a full scale test was performed in the Baltic-Sea some weeks ago.The results of the measurements are very promising, as a reduction of 12 up to 20 dB could be generated. Besides existing noise mitigation systems one of the main advantage of the hydro sound dampers is, that the mitigation can be pre-adjusted to a predefined frequency range, as marine mammals are sensitive only for a certain sound frequency range.In this paper, the results of the small and large scale tests and some new research findings concerning the shape and the material of the hydro sound dampers will be presented.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


Abstract This paper attempts to articulate the essential nature of the notion 'root' in the morphosyntax. Adopting a realizational (Late Insertion) view of the morphosyntactic model, the question of whether roots are phonologically individuated, semantically individuated, or not individuated at all in the syntactic component are addressed in turn. It is argued that roots cannot be phonologically identified, since there are suppletive roots, and they cannot be semantically identified, since there are roots with highly variable semantic content, analogous to 'semantic suppletion'. And yet, they must be individuated in the syntax, since without such individuation, suppletive competition would be impossible. Roots must therefore be individuated purely abstractly, as independent indices on the √ node in the syntactic computation that serves as the linkage between a particular set of spell-out instructions and a particular set of interpretive instructions. It is further argued that the syntactic √node behaves in a syntactically unexceptional way, merging with complement phrases and projecting a √P. The correct formulation of locality restrictions on idiosyncratic phonological and semantic interpretations are also discussed.


A simmering question facing the scientist or engineer thinking about publishing a peer-reviewed paper is which journal to submit to. Hopefully, the question (and possibly its answer) is in the mind of the researcher from the beginning. Often, it is a last-minute choice after the paper is mostly or completely written. What factors should lead to a decision as to the most appropriate publication venue for your work? Historically, journal selection has involved relevance, acceptance rate, circulation, prestige, and publication time. But as more journals have moved online, and search engines have made finding and accessing articles much easier, some of these factors are less relevant today. 8.1 The Specialization Spectrum The first scientific journal was published over 350 years ago. The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society was a general journal of "natural philosophy" (as science was then called), and for over 100 years all regularly published journals were also similarly general. After all, there was no real specialization in science or scientists and so no need for specialized journals. The birth of chemistry as a modern scientific discipline changed that. Largely through the efforts of French scientist Antoine Lavoisier and colleagues, the "chemical revolution" of the late 18th century helped make chemistry a quantitative science involving the combination of elements into molecules. In 1789, they started the first permanent specialty science journal, Annales de Chimie . Since then, the growth of science has led inexorably to a growth in
specialization, both in scientific disciplines and the journals that serve them.
Today, there are about 30,000 peer-reviewed journals publishing more than 2
million articles a year. These journals run from the perfectly general to the highly specialized, but the vast majority of science journals today are specialized in narrow fields. The first decision facing prospective authors is where on the
specialization spectrum they should try to publish.


Improvisation, by definition, fuelled by the same creative energies that move life, and as a fluid variance on and constant trickster of form, embodies the subversive. As sound, this paradoxical force gives rise to the metaphoric renaming of the harmonic series as "Makam X," thereby coiling such intervallic gravity with musical and extra-musical messages: here, speculation on a "cradle-mode" leads to implications of the tetrachordal, and subsequently, the appreciation of shared principles among African American, Persian, Andalucian, and Filipino musical traditions. This inspired me, through several personal encounters that included masters Mahmoud Zoufonoun, Danongan Kalanduyan, and Ornette Coleman, to pursue the eventual convergence and consequent disintegration of such systems, seeking not only a drive towards shared source, but also the liberation from formal restraints that suppress shared empowerment. In consideration of all this, and in light of recent shape-shifting movements throughout the world, I present an omnivorous model for improvisation used towards the proposal of a Convergence Liberation Principle.


Optical hydrogen sensors are intrinsically safe since they produce no arc or spark in an explosive environment caused by the leakage of hydrogen. Safety remains a top priority since leakage of hydrogen in air during production, storage, transfer and distribution creates an explosive atmosphere for concentrations between 4% (v/v) - the lower explosive limit (LEL) and 74.5% (v/v) - the upper explosive limit (UEL) at room temperature and pressure. Being a very small molecule, hydrogen is prone to leakage through seals and micro-cracks. Hydrogen detection in space application is very challenging; public acceptance of hydrogen fuel would require the integration of a reliable hydrogen safety sensor. For detecting leakage of cryogenic fluids in spaceport facilities, Launch vehicle industry and NASA are currently relying heavily on the bulky mass spectrometers, which fill one or more equipment racks, and weigh several hundred kilograms. An optical sensor system can decrease pay load while monitoring multiple leak locations in situ and in real time. In this paper design of ormsoil approach for developing a completely reversible optical hydrogen sensors for aerospace application is being discussed.


This work investigates the integration of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and a small methanol/nitromethane fueled piston engine as a prospective hybrid powertrain for small unmanned aerial systems (UASs). The increased chemical energy density of a liquid fuel when compared to traditional batteries, along with ease of storage, accessibility, and refuel time make the use of a liquid fuel powered UAS preferable when compared to battery only power UAS'.
 Currently small UAS' of increasing interest as a research area, as they have a wide application to a variety of fields. UAS' are currently being used for precision agricultural crop management and water resource visual inspection. UAS' are a cost effective avenue to survey water resources and track water runoff that is contaminating water resources. UAS' can be easily automated and fitted with sensors and cameras capable of providing actionable feedback to the user. The use of UAS' for land management and survey is expected to continue to expand. However, nearly all UAS' are powered by a typical lithium polymer battery pack, giving an average endurance of approximately twenty minutes. This is acceptable to most hobbyists and for short filming duration; however, it limits UAS' to only being able to be operated in close proximity to the user. Current power plants for UAS' are not suited for long duration missions, such as the survey of water resources. Therefore, the development of a hybrid power plant is crucial for UAS' to be utilized to their full potential as a survey tool.
 This work introduces a small internal combustion engine to act as a partial oxidation fuel reformer, producing high temperature exhaust and syngas. The exhaust of this engine is then analyzed as a fuel source for tubular SOFC's. The SOFC is integrated into the exhaust of a 3.3 cm3 nitromethane fueled two-stroke engine, achieving a maximum power of 680 mW/cm2. A theoretical comparison of flight time indicates that the modular hybrid system could increase a typical small UAS' flight time beyond 1 hour. The system is capable of achieving a significantly higher energy density than traditional lithium polymer batteries.


Being able to learn an effective semantic representation directly on raw point clouds has become a central topic in 3D understanding. Despite rapid progress, state-of-the-art encoders are restrictive to canonicalized point clouds, and have weaker than necessary performance when encountering geometric transformation distortions. To overcome this challenge, we propose PointTree, a general-purpose point cloud encoder that is robust to transformations based on relaxed K-D trees. Key to our approach is the design of the division rule in K-D trees by using principal component analysis (PCA). We use the structure of the relaxed K-D tree as our computational graph, and model the features as border descriptors which are merged with pointwise-maximum operation. In addition to this novel architecture design, we further improve the robustness by introducing pre-alignment -- a simple yet effective PCA-based normalization scheme. Our PointTree encoder combined with pre-alignment consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods by large margins, for applications from object classification to semantic segmentation on various transformed versions of the widely-benchmarked datasets. Code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/immortalCO/PointTree.


Abstract The Nottingham caves have been artificially excavated in the Triassic sandstone. Some of their unsupported roofs, spanning up to 5 m, exhibit progressive collapse which can develop into crown holes. Nearly all recorded roof failures have occurred where and when the rock has become saturated by water from rainfall or pipe leakages. Saturation causes the sandstone to lose rapidly about half its strength as a consequence of the breakdown of clay bridges between the sand grains.


Abstract This article reviews the results of bone collagen stable carbon and nitrogen isotope paleodietary studies conducted in Australia. Stable isotopic analyses of prehistoric human and faunal bones and teeth provide a means to assess past Aboriginal dietary patterns and habitat use, palaeoclimate, and palaeoecology. In some cases, the relative consumption of marine versus terrestrial foods or use of C 3 - vs C 4 -based foods within terrestrial ecosystems and access to these various habitats can be inferred from stable isotope values. The relationship between mortuary variability and dietary differences can also be addressed. In addition, stable carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and strontium isotopes can provide information about changes in past rainfall patterns, climate and plant and animal distributions. Thus, stable isotope studies provide an independent method to assist with the reconstruction of prehistoric subsistence-settlement systems, social systems, and palaeoecology. These biochemical data can supplement information obtained from conventional archaeological studies. Potential contributions of stable isotope research to Australian archaeology and future research directions are discussed.


The nature of time has long been an obsession for philosophers, scientists, and laymen. This nearly universal interest in time is encapsulated by the fact that the quotation "Time is nature's way of keeping everything from happening at once" has been attributed to both Woody Allen and Albert Einstein! Although some argue that time is an illusion, ongoing work has revealed that most organisms possess an internal oscillator, the circadian clock, which has a pervasive influence on growth, development, and responses to the environment. Studies of circadian rhythms in plants reveal that because everything doesn't happen at once, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to partition physiological processes so that they occur at the most advantageous times, both on seasonal and daily scales.


Glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are two primary lines of defence against both acute and chronic toxicities of electrophiles and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. GSH confers cellular protection by directly or enzymatically reducing free radicals and reactive species (RS), and conjugating endogenous and exogenous electrophiles. GSTs are a superfamily of Phase 2 detoxification enzymes that detoxify both RS and toxic xenobiotics, primarily by catalysing GSH-dependent conjugation and redox reactions. Both GSH content and GST enzyme activities are under tight homeostatic control. Under normal conditions, neither GST enzyme activities nor GSH levels operate at their maximum capacity. Upon exposure to mild oxidative and electrophilic stress, they are concomitantly induced to achieve efficient protection. This chapter provides an updated understanding about GSH synthesis, the utilization of GSH for detoxification against RS, drugs and toxic xenobiotics, and its recycling from glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and GSH conjugates. This chapter also reviews the united classification/nomenclature system, structure, catalytic mechanism and functions of GST enzymes. Another focus of this chapter is the well-characterized antioxidant response element (ARE)/nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-Kelch-like ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1) signalling pathway that regulates the basal and induced expression of GST and GSH homeostasis genes in mammals.

Keywords:

antioxidant response element (ARE);
cytoprotection;
electrophiles;
glutathione (GSH);
GSH homeostasis;
glutathione-S-transferase (GST);
induction;
oxidative stress;
nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2);
reaction


Improved fuel consumption and lower emissions are two of the key objectives for future transportation. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), in which two or more power systems are combined, can meet these objectives through the capture and reuse of regenerated braking energy and through optimized use of the prime mover. However, more complicated power-management strategies are required for such vehicles. This paper explores the potential of applying to advanced power-management strategies for a diesel multiple-unit (DMU) train. These types of vehicles have multiple diesel engines that are commonly operated in a homogenous manner. This paper analyzes the potential energy savings that may be obtained through the independent operation of the engines. Two widely investigated power-management strategies that have been developed for HEVs have been applied to a typical DMU railroad vehicle. Dynamic programming (DP) strategies have been applied to the results produced by a single-train motion simulator to identify the optimal instant power distribution between the engines. An adaptive rule-based online strategy based on the optimization results from the DP solution is then proposed and realized using a nonlinear programming optimization algorithm. Both strategies indicate acceptable agreement and show a fuel cost reduction of around 7%, in comparison with the evenly split engine operation.


Pregnant women experience many different problems and difficulties with comfort and safety during car travel, which can be alleviated by accommodating pregnant women's anthropometry. There has been a dearth of information about pregnant anthropometry and subsequently women's needs have been neglected. This paper addresses the problem by presenting a detailed analysis of the anthropometric changes occurring throughout the body. The measurements have been selected for use in the vehicle design process, in order to best meet the needs of the automotive industry. The paper investigates the size and shape changes in pregnant women to calculate the possible exclusion rates for designs based on male and non-pregnant female data in order to help improving pregnant drivers' safety and comfort. The paper points out the importance of changes not only in the abdomen but also the chest and hip regions.


Background: Dyspepsia is a collection of symptoms in the forms of discomfort, pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, and early satiety in the stomach. This condition can be caused by various problems; one of them is Helicobacter pylori infection. Dyspepsia without organic problem is known as functional dyspepsia. H. pylori examination is recommended in functional dyspepsia patients. Method: In this study, we performed a diagnostic test study in dyspepsia patients in Community Health Centre of Koja District, North Jakarta, from February to April 2015. Samples were obtained through consecutive sampling method; 74 patients were included. The data was gathered by distributing questionnaires to patients, performing urea breath test (UBT) examination, serologic test, and urine test using rapid urine test (RAPIRUN). Results: Prevalence of H. pylori infection by using UBT examination reached up to 36.5%; meanwhile serologic and RAPIRUN tests showed positive results in 32.4% and 24.3% patients, respectively. Serologic test has sensitivity of 74% (95% CI: 55-87%), specificity 91% (95% CI: 80-97%), positive predictive value (PPV) 83% (95% CI: 64-93%), and negative predictive value (NPV) 86% (95% CI: 74-93%). Meanwhile, RAPIRUN has sensitivity of 63% (95% CI: 44-78%), specificity 98% (95% CI: 89-100%), PPV 94% (95% CI: 74-99%), and NPV 82% (95% CI: 70-90%). Conclusion: Sensitivity of serologic and RAPIRUN tests are still inadequate to be alternative to UBT examination. However, they have high specificity. Further studies are required with larger sample size and consideration of factors which may influence the results of both tests.


The therapeutic effect of acupuncture on epilepsies was evaluated in 4 experimental models. 24 acupuncture points were tried. In electroconvulsive threshold model, square wave electrical stimulus of 0.2 msec and 6 Hz was applied through a pair of cotton electrodes at the cornea of mice for 3 sec. The stimulus intensity to induce stun reaction of the mouse was compared. In 86 control animals, the stimulus threshold was 0.70 +/- 0.22 mA. In the acupuncture treated group (N = 80), the threshold was 0.75 +/- 0.14 mA. In maximal electroshock model, the stimulus parameters were 60 Hz, 0.4 sec and 75 mA. The tonic extensor response of the hindlimbs of the mice was observed. 75.7% of the 115 control mice and 77.5% of the 80 acupuncture treated mice were observed to have tonic extensor response. In the focal cortical penicillin model, penicillin was applied at the subpial space over the exposed cortex of 24 cats. After the appearance of repeated spikes in ECoG, acupuncture was performed. In 175 trials the interictal spikes were decreased in 16 times, increased in 82 times. In 99 trials during seizures, the ictal activity was decreased in 4 times, increased in 79 times. In the intravenous penicillin model, high dose penicillin (1,000,000-1,500,000 U/kg) was given to 20 cats. It induced repetitive spikes and frequently even seizure discharges in EEG. Acupuncture was then tried. In 192 instances, acupuncture reduced the spikes in 13, increased the spikes in 103 times. In 74 trials during seizures, the ictal activity was suppressed in 4 times and aggravated in 66 times.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


: To emphasize, clinical decision analysis rests on logic structures and data, all of which must be derived clinically. There are three reasons to dispute the conclusions of an exercise. The reader may dispute the logic (the construct of the decision tree), challenge the data that was utilized for the decision tree, or be unjustly stubborn. What is the role of decision analysis? It is a formal exposition of some of the subprocesses of medical reasoning, and it may serve as a check on the consistency of current medical practice, or be an excellent educational tool. By isolating the critical data needed for decisions, it can direct research or study. It is not, however, a full imitation of clinical judgment (it is usually too limited in both scope and data) and is not yet a primary guide to patient care, although it has been used, on a regular basis to examine care (e.g., Reference 2). When data are well justified for each node, and when the individual clinician utilizes sensitivity analysis to adjust for his own locale, then perhaps it can be a usual aid in clinical decision making. Until then, the current applications are too limited in scope and are confounded by the same variably adequate data that we presently deal with.


An investigation was made of the effect of various surface-finishing operations on the fatigue strength of two titanium alloys, RC 130B and Ti 140A. The types of finish studied included rough-machined, machined and mechanically polished, cold-rolled electropolished, and ground surfaces. Through the use of microhardness measuring techniques it was found that the different finishing methods introduced varying degrees and varying depths of cold work in the surface layers of the metal. Cold-rolling produced the highest hardness in the surface layer while grinding gave the lowest value; in one case the ground surface appeared to be slightly softer than the inner core metal. In general, the fatigue strength for lifetimes exceeding 2 × 107 cycles was found to vary according to the hardness of the surface layer with the highest hardness corresponding to the greatest fatigue strength. Roughness of the surface was also found to influence fatigue strength but to a much lesser degree than hardness. As a first approximation the relationship between surface hardness, surface roughness, and fatigue strength could be expressed by an equation of the form Z = KX−a Yb where Z is fatigue limit, X is surface roughness, Y is hardness, and K, a, and b are constants of the material. Data from the present study were evaluated in terms of this equation and the results are presented in the form of a nomograph. Results of tests made on notched specimens appear to indicate that titanium is less notch-sensitive in fatigue than was previously reported. Early reports of extreme notch sensitivity may have resulted from comparisons made between notched and smooth specimens having quite different surface preparations in the test section.


BACKGROUND & AIMS
Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with boceprevir, peginterferon, and ribavirin can lead to anemia, which has been managed by reducing ribavirin dose and/or erythropoietin therapy. We assessed the effects of these anemia management strategies on rates of sustained virologic response (SVR) and safety.

METHODS
Patients (n = 687) received 4 weeks of peginterferon and ribavirin followed by 24 or 44 weeks of boceprevir (800 mg, 3 times each day) plus peginterferon and ribavirin. Patients who became anemic (levels of hemoglobin approximately ≤10 g/dL) during the study treatment period (n = 500) were assigned to groups that were managed by ribavirin dosage reduction (n = 249) or erythropoietin therapy (n = 251).

RESULTS
Rates of SVR were comparable between patients whose anemia was managed by ribavirin dosage reduction (71.5%) vs erythropoietin therapy (70.9%), regardless of the timing of the first intervention to manage anemia or the magnitude of ribavirin dosage reduction. There was a threshold for the effect on rate of SVR: patients who received <50% of the total milligrams of ribavirin assigned by the protocol had a significantly lower rate of SVR (P < .0001) than those who received ≥50%. Among patients who did not develop anemia, the rate of SVR was 40.1%. Eleven thromboembolic adverse events were reported in 9 of 295 patients who received erythropoietin, compared with 1 of 392 patients who did not receive erythropoietin.

CONCLUSIONS
Reduction of ribavirin dosage can be the primary approach for management of anemia in patients receiving peginterferon, ribavirin, and boceprevir for HCV infection. Reduction in ribavirin dosage throughout the course of triple therapy does not affect rates of SVR. However, it is important that the patient receives at least 50% of the total amount (milligrams) of ribavirin assigned by response-guided therapy. ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01023035.


The magnetorheological loading unit of rowing simulator has been investigated by using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation by using SolidWorks and CosmosFloWorks software. The possibility to generate the variable resisting force, corresponding the force acting the oar handle during real rowing, by varying dynamic viscos-ity of the magnetorheological fluid in the rotational hy-draulic cylinder of the loading unit has been examined. It was defined that the necessary range of force generated by loading unit (20-1000 N force on simulator oar handle) can not be achieved by single channel in the 55x60 mm cross-section diaphragm separating chambers of the cylinder under research when the MR fluid viscosity is within the range of 0.28 to 70 Pa s (MRF-140CG). It was find out also that 25 channels of diameter 3.6 mm ensure solution of a problem.


Histamine H3 receptors (H3Rs) are autoreceptors that negatively regulate the release of histamine and other neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine in the central nervous system (CNS). Consistent with the wide-spread projection of histaminergic neurons from the lateral hypothalamus, H3Rs are widely distributed in the CNS and are believed to play a variety of physiological roles, including regulation of feeding, arousal, cognition, pain, and endocrine systems. To further understand the physiological roles of H3Rs in vivo, we produced H3R knockout (H3R-/-) mice and found that H3R-/- mice displayed hyperphagia and late-onset obesity associated with hyperinsulinemia and leptinemia, the fundamental marks of metabolic syndromes. A series of non-imidazole H3R antagonists/inverse agonists with improved selectivity and potency have been developed and were found to regulate feeding and body weight gain in laboratory animals. Taken together, these observations suggest that H3Rs are involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight. Several H3R inverse agonists targeting cognitive disorders and dementia have entered clinical trials. These trials will give critical information about the physiological functions of H3Rs in humans.


The way in which a complex trait varies, and thus evolves, is critically affected by the independence, or modularity, of its subunits. How modular designs facilitate phenotypic diversification is well studied in nonornamental (e.g., cichlid jaws), but not ornamental traits. Diverse feather colors in birds are produced by light absorption by pigments and/or light scattering by nanostructures. Such structural colors are deterministically related to the nanostructures that produce them and are therefore excellent systems to study modularity and diversity of ornamental traits. Elucidating if and how these nanostructures facilitate color diversity relies on understanding how nanostructural traits covary, and how these traits map to color. Both of these remain unknown in an evolutionary context. Most dabbling ducks (Anatidae) have a conspicuous wing patch with iridescent color caused by a two‐dimensional photonic crystal of small (100–200 nm) melanosomes. Here, we ask how this complex nanostructure affects modularity of color attributes. Using a combination of electron microscopy, spectrophotometry, and comparative methods, we show that nanostructural complexity causes functional decoupling and enables independent evolution of different color traits. These results demonstrate that color diversity is facilitated by how nanostructures function and may explain why some birds are more color‐diverse than others.


Purpose: Nurses are suffering from considerable work-related stress, which can result in disturbed sleep and depressive symptoms. Whereas, recovery experience can alleviate sleep disturbance and help maintain well-being in the working environment. The aim of this study was to examine whether recovery experiences play a mediating role in the relationship between sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms of female nurses in Chinese public hospitals. Methods: From December 2017 to May 2018, the study with proportional sampling of cross-sectional design was carried out in the public tertiary hospitals from Shenyang of Liaoning Province in China. A total of 1500 female nurses who had been working for one or more years participated in this study. A structural equation model (SEM) was applied to test the assumption that recovery experiences might function as a mediator in the relationship between sleep disturbance and symptoms of depression. Results: Sleep disturbance contributed most to the variance (32.9%) of depressive symptoms and had a signi fi cantly positive correlation with depressive symptoms ( P <0.01) among nurses. Psychological detachment in recovery experience had a signi fi cantly positive correlation with sleep disturbance ( P <0.01) and depressive symptoms ( P <0.01). Whereas, relaxation, mastery experience, and control in recovery experience were signi fi cantly and negatively correlated with sleep disturbance ( P <0.01) and depressive symptoms ( P <0.01). Recovery experience served as a mediator between sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms (a * b = 0.066, BCa 95% CI: 0.045, 0.095). Conclusion: Sleep disturbance was the predictor of depressive symptoms for female nurses. Moreover, recovery experience could combat the detrimental impacts of sleep disturbances on symptoms of depression. This study suggested that nurses might bene fi t from interventions on improving sleep quality to relieve depressive symptoms through mediating path of recovery experience.


This paper assessed the popularity and utilization of medicinal and nutritional products of plant origin in the south-east ecological zone of Nigeria. It classified some flora of African origin on the basis of their families; ascertained perception of value of these plants; identified constraints associated with use of these plant products; and recommend measures for promoting use of nutraceuticals. Secondary information sources were extensively reviewed. Findings showed a renewed interest in functional foods of plant origin in the study area. Respondents' acceptance and regular use of nutraceuticals was found to be supported by traditional belief and its economic appeal; and constrained by such factors as practice being shrouded in secrecy, non-standardization of dosage, seasonality of the herbs, and poor keeping quality of concoctions, plnt extracts among others. The paper recommends focusing research and extension towards improving the efficacy and potency of the herbs, in order to drive and enhance nutraceutical uptake in rural communities in Nigeria.


We are developing a novel framework, PRIDE (prediction in dynamic environments), to perform moving object prediction for unmanned ground vehicles. The underlying concept is based upon a multi-resolutional, hierarchical approach which incorporates multiple prediction algorithms into a single, unifying framework. The lower levels of the framework utilize estimation-theoretic short-term predictions while the upper levels utilize a probabilistic prediction approach based on situation recognition with an underlying cost model. The estimation-theoretic short-term prediction is via an extended Kalman filter-based algorithm using sensor data to predict the future location of moving objects with an associated confidence measure. The proposed estimation-theoretic approach does not incorporate a priori knowledge such as road networks and traffic signage and assumes uninfluenced constant trajectory and is thus suited for short-term prediction in both on-road and off-road driving. We analyze the complementary role played by vehicle kinematic models in such short-term prediction of moving objects. In particular, the importance of vehicle process models and their effect on predicting the position and orientation of moving objects for unmanned ground vehicle navigation are examined in this paper. We present the results using the field data obtained from different unmanned ground vehicles operating in a variety of unstructured and unknown environments.


Dehydration, a condition that characterizes excessive loss of body water, is well known to be associated with acute renal dysfunction; however, it has largely been considered reversible and to be associated with no long-term effects on the kidney. Recently, an epidemic of chronic kidney disease has emerged in Central America in which the major risk factor seems to be recurrent heat-associated dehydration. This has led to studies investigating whether recurrent dehydration may lead to permanent kidney damage. Three major potential mechanisms have been identified, including the effects of vasopressin on the kidney, the activation of the aldose reductase-fructokinase pathway, and the effects of chronic hyperuricemia. The discovery of these pathways has also led to the recognition that mild dehydration may be a risk factor in progression of all types of chronic kidney diseases. Furthermore, there is some evidence that increasing hydration, particularly with water, may actually prevent CKD. Thus, a whole new area of investigation is developing that focuses on the role of water and osmolarity and their influence on kidney function and health.


. Reshoring manufacturing is a strategic decision because of its cost, implications, and complexity. Existing models have largely focused on cost aspects in reshoring decisions and are considered limited in assisting practitioners in the reshoring decision-making process. Variables like cost and quality have been the most important, whereas environment and sustainability seem not a priority, arguing for the myopic nature of these decisions. Therefore, this study employs system dynamics (SD) to expand practitioners' mental models for the reshoring decision-making process. To do so, first, variables and heuristics are retrieved from the literature. Next, an industry expert is interviewed to have a practitioner's input. Finally, a descriptive SD model is built by connecting variables and heuristics. The findings indicate that the behavior of the variables in reshoring decisions is dynamic over time. Furthermore, the variables are inter-linked, resulting in non-linear, multi-caused reshoring decisions. The presented SD model allows incorporating the variables that are sometimes difficult to quantify and provides a holistic view of the variables, their relationships, complexities, and the dynamics involved in the reshoring decision-making process. This study contributes to reshoring literature by using SD perspective in the reshoring decision-making process and proposing an SD model for reshoring decision-making. This study assists practitioners in expanding their mental models regarding the reshoring decision-making process. It is further argued that the proposed SD model may work as a generic steppingstone to further develop company-specific feedback-oriented models to support in their reshoring decision-making processes and to support future research on the topic.


Routing is one of the most complex stages in the back-end design process. Simple routing algorithms based on two stages of global routing and detailed routing do not offer appropriate opportunities to address problems arising from signal delay, cross-talk and process constraints. An intermediate stage of track assignment between global and detailed routing proves to be an ideal place to address these problems. With this stage it is possible to use global routing information to efficiently address these problems and to aid the detailed router in achieving the wiring completions. In this paper we formulate routing as a three stage process; global routing, track assignment and detailed routing. We describe the intermediate track assignment problem and suggest an efficient heuristic for its solution. We introduce cost metrics to model basic effects arising from connectivity. We discuss extensions to include signal integrity and process constraints. We propose a heuristic based on weighted bipartite matching as a core routine. To improve its performance additional heuristics based on lookahead and segment splitting are also suggested. Experimental results are given to highlight the efficacy of the track assignment stage in the routing process.


Public organizations function in an environment of goal multiplicity and constantly juggle goal trade-off and synergy. However, little empirical research explores how the potential conflict between effectiveness and equity affects government agencies' decision making. This study examines the extent to which public agencies are committed to regulatory effectiveness and social equity in environmental policy management, and the circumstances under which administrative agencies engage in goal trade-off and synergy. Analyzing data on the Clean Air Act in New York State, this study finds that although regulatory effectiveness is salient to government's policy implementation, equity-oriented policy is likely to give rise to trade-off in this goal domain. The state agency manages environmental programs in an equitable way, and policy intervention has inconsistent effects on the equity goal achievement. The agency does, in some instances, synergize two goals in loci reflecting the convergence of task demands, but equity-oriented policy does not reinforce such behavioral pattern. Findings beg the question regarding how public policies and programs can be devised in ways that help avert goal trade-off and engender the maximum level of social outcomes.