We thank Dr. Zuccoli and Dr. Pipitone for their interest in our article. In our study, we evaluated the MR (1.5T or 3T) imaging findings of 23 patients with Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) at a university hospital: 13 nonalcoholic (NA) and 10 alcoholic (AL) patients. Although only 17% of the patients showed the classic symptom triad of WE, this percentage did not differ from that reported by other authors (16%–19%). Thus, MR imaging could be an important tool for early diagnosis and thus help reduce the associated morbidity and mortality, particularly when patients present with unclear clinical manifestations. We agree that the difference in the mean interval between symptom onset and MR imaging in the 2 studies may be responsible for some of the differences in brain MR imaging findings; in our study, the mean interval was 4.5 days, whereas in the study by Zuccoli et al, MR imaging was performed during the acute stage of WE. In our study, 14 patients underwent MR imaging within 3 days, 6 patients between 4 and 7 days, and 3 patients after 8 days following symptom onset. The involvement of typical and atypical sites, however, did not differ between the NA and AL groups at these time intervals. Little is known regarding the temporal progression in WE observed on MR images; in this regard, a large prospective study is warranted. Although cranial nerve nuclei (CNN) are located in the dorsal medulla, we could not specifically differentiate each nucleus from the parts of the dorsal medulla that were involved; therefore, we simply reported signal alteration in the dorsal medulla. In our study, the involvement of the dorsal medulla and the periventricular gray matter of the fourth ventricle—the sites of many CNN—was observed in 14 NA patients and 10 AL patients, and Zuccoli et al reported that CNN involvement was observed in 32% of NA patients but in none of the AL patients. Thus, CNN involvement may by more common in NA patients, but our study did not show a statistical difference between NA and AL patients in this regard. Furthermore, in our study, the involvement of other atypical sites, such as cortical involvement, was observed in both groups. These results are concordant with those of some other studies. We agree with Zuccoli et al that atypical MR imaging findings usually occur in association with the typical MR imaging findings of WE and that prompt treatment with thiamine can avoid a dismal prognosis. Therefore, radiologists need to be aware of the spectrum of both typical and atypical findings. Although the MR imaging findings did not differ between AL and NA patients with WE in our study, MR imaging could still be a helpful tool for supporting the early diagnosis of WE in both the AL and NA groups.


Severe anemia requiring blood transfusion may complicate falciparum malaria, but is rare in nonfalciparum malaria. We present a case of a young man with high fever, severe hemolytic anemia, and a blood film containing massive co-infection with Plasmodium vivax and with Borrelia. The possible importance of the co-infection on the magnitude of hemolysis will be discussed.


Characterizing relationships between people is fundamental for the understanding of narratives. In this work, we address the problem of inferring the polarity of relationships between people in narrative summaries. We formulate the problem as a joint structured prediction for each narrative, and present a general model that combines evidence from linguistic and semantic features, as well as features based on the structure of the social community in the text. We additionally provide a clustering-based approach that can exploit regularities in narrative types. e.g., learn an affinity for love-triangles in romantic stories. On a dataset of movie summaries from Wikipedia, our structured models provide more than 30% error-reduction over a competitive baseline that considers pairs of characters in isolation.


Background: The cause of maternal postpartum hemorrhage is atonic uterus or uterine subinvolusio. Uterine involution is the return of the uterus in a state of pre-pregnancy form and position.Oxytocin massage and parturition gymnastic are actions that can optimize the process uterine involution.  Oxytocin massage is an act of massaging the spine from fifth to sixth costa until the scapula. Parturition gymnastics is a kind of gymnastic performed by postpartum mothers indepently. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of oxytocinmassage and parturitiongymnastics in accelerating the process of maternal postpartum spontaneous uterine involusion. Methods: This study used Quasi Experiment with post test only design with three comparison treatments. Total sample was 39 people, divided into three groups and each group of 13 people. The sampling technique used consecutive sampling. Selection of therapy using the division of the group. Oxytocinmassage and parturition gymnastics performed two times, the first action performed 6 hours after birth and the second act was done after 4 hours. Measuring instrument used was the observation sheet uterine  involusion. Results: This study showed that oxytocin massage, parturitiongymnastics, oxytocin massage and parturition gymnastics, is an effective way to speed the processspontaneous uterine involusion postpartum mothers with p value of 0.000 (p <0.05).Conclusion: Oxytocin massage, parturition gymnastics, oxytocin massage and parturition gymnastics, effective to accelerate the process uterineinvolusion, however, doing both of oxytocin massage and parturition gymnastic was more effective. Suggestion: Both of these actions can be used as an alternative therapy to accelerate the process of spontaneous postpartum maternal uterine involusion.


We study a gas of N hard disks in a box with semi-periodic boundary conditions. The unperturbed gas is hyperbolic and ergodic (these facts are proved for N=2 and expected to be true for all N≥2). We study various perturbations by twisting the outgoing velocity at collisions with the walls. We show that the dynamics tends to collapse to various stable regimes, however we define the perturbations, and however small they are.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the levels of mRNA expression of cycooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in the digital laminae of normal horses and horses in the developmental stages of laminitis experimentally induced by administration of black walnut extract (BWE).

SAMPLE POPULATION
Samples of mRNA extracted from the digital laminae of 5 control horses and 5 horses at the onset of leukopenia after administration of BWE.

PROCEDURE
Specimens of laminae were collected from anesthetized horses prior to euthanasia. Expression of COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA in laminae of control and affected horses was evaluated via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques.

RESULTS
Expression of COX-2 mRNA was significantly increased in the BWE-treated group, compared with that in control horses. In contrast to COX-2 regulation, COX-1 mRNA expression was not significantly different between groups. Interestingly, despite consistent clinical signs such as leukopenia in all BWE-treated horses, distinct differences in COX-2 mRNA expression were detected among those 5 horses (compared with values for control horses, the increase in COX-2 mRNA expression ranged from no increase to a 30-fold increase).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results indicated that there was a significant upregulation of COX-2 mRNA expression during the developmental stages of laminitis, with no significant change in expression of the COX-1 isoform. These data appear to provide support for aggressive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in horses at risk for laminitis; further investigation into the clinical value of selective COX-2 inhibitors for treatment of laminitis in horses appears to be warranted.


In the late 19th century, a centuries-old preference for highly ornamented architecture gave way to a budding Modernism of clean lines and unadorned surfaces. At the same moment, everyday objects-cups, saucers, chairs, and tables-began to receive critical attention. Alina Payne addresses this shift, arguing for a new understanding of the genealogy of architectural modernism: rather than the well-known story in which an absorption of technology and mass production created a radical aesthetic that broke decisively with the past, Payne argues for a more gradual shift, as the eloquence of architectural ornamentation was taken on by objects of daily use. As she demonstrates, the work of Adolf Loos and Le Corbusier should be seen as the culmination of a conversation about ornament dating as far back as the Renaissance. Payne looks beyond the usual suspects of philosophy and science to establish theoretical catalysts for the shift from ornament to object in the varied fields of anthropology and ethnology; art history and the museum; and archaeology and psychology.


Current treatments for chronic pain are often ineffective. At the same as searching for novel therapeutics, there is growing interest in preventing acute pain becoming chronic. While the field is still in its infancy, its knowledge base is increasingly expanding. Certainly, biomedical factors, for example, the type of tissue damage, are important but they are often not modifiable. Psychosocial risk factors (e.g., thoughts and beliefs about pain, mood, social support, workplace problems) are modifiable. There is an increasing body of research that cognitive behavioral therapy can prevent transition. Internet-based delivery of cognitive behavioral therapy improves access. Clinicians need to be aware that they may inadvertently promote pain chronification in their patients by what they say and do.


Future smart factories feature flexible systems that can dynamically reconFigure manufacturing systems via near real-time system monitoring and learning-based self-optimization. Automated guided vehicles (AGVs), as a critical method of transporting goods and material within a factory, is vital for flexible automation in a smart factory. However, there is an urgent gap in the ability to dynamically schedule and assign tasks for AGVs in a dynamic environment. In this research, we propose a decentralized AGV fleet architecture and task allocation method to enable dynamic allocation/reallocation of tasks in an AGV fleet. The developed algorithm can also reconFigure AGV task allocations to adapt to system changes, such as AGV failure and new AGVs joining the system. The system modeling, setup and algorithms are presented with a case study in a lab environment that demonstrates flexible collaboration between an AGV fleet and a robotic assembly cell.


ABSTRACT The human papillomavirus oncoproteins E6 and E7 promote cell proliferation and contribute to carcinogenesis by interfering with the activities of cellular tumor suppressors. We used a small interfering RNA molecule targeting the E7 region of the bicistronic E6 and E7 mRNA to induce RNA interference, thereby reducing expression of E6 and E7 in HeLa cells. RNA interference of E6 and E7 also inhibited cellular DNA synthesis and induced morphological and biochemical changes characteristic of cellular senescence. These results demonstrate that reducing E6 and E7 expression is sufficient to cause HeLa cells to become senescent.


Clinicians and researchers increasingly recognize the importance of the patient's perspective in the evaluations of the effectiveness of treatment. The rapid growth in the number and types of patient-based outcome measures can be confusing. This supplement provides a state-of-the-art review of the available tools. In this paper, the key recommendations from the participating authors are summarized. A core set of measures should include the following five domains: back specific function, generic health status, pain, work disability, and patient satisfaction. Two commonly used measures of back-specific function are recommended: the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Oswestry Disability Index. Among the generic measures, the SF-36 strikes the best balance between length, reliability, validity, responsiveness, and experience in large populations of patients with back pain. Moreover, the SF-36 Bodily Pain Scale provides a brief measure of pain intensity and pain interference with activities. Health-related work disability should include at a minimum a measure of work status and work-time loss. For those who are still at work, new measures are being developed to measure health-related work limitations. No single measure of patient satisfaction is clearly preferred but guiding principles are provided to choose among available measures. In addition to the five recommended domains, preference-based health outcome measures, including patients utilities, may be useful when there is a need to value alternative health outcomes.


Migrants' houses are a common feature of many regions of emigration globally and are one manifestation of migrants' transnational ties. This paper explores why migrants' build houses in their country of origin, even when migrants are not planning to return. The paper aims to analyze migrants' houses as relational places located in transnational social space. This is done through an analysis of the reasons for building migrants' houses, which shows the significance of these houses as relational places, in practical and symbolic ways. This is supported by a transnational perspective that includes the different views on migrants' houses among involved actors across transnational social space: the migrants, their relatives, the local communities the houses are built in, and societies where migrants have settled. The data for this paper consist of 45 semi-structured interviews with Pakistani migrants in Norway and non-migrant relatives in Pakistan, informal conversations with local Pakistanis, and analysis of media reports in Norway. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Inspired by the experiments with the three strains of E. coli bacteria as well as the three morphs of Uta stansburiana lizards, a model of cyclic dominance was proposed to investigate the mechanisms facilitating the maintenance of biodiversity in spatially structured populations. Subsequent studies enriched the original model with various biologically motivated extension repeating the proposed mathematical
analysis and computer simulations.
The research presented in this thesis unifies and generalises these models by combining the birth, selection-removal, selection-replacement and mutation processes as well as two forms of mobility into a generic metapopulation model. Instead of the standard mathematical treatment, more controlled analysis with inverse system size and multiscale asymptotic expansions is presented to derive an approximation of the system dynamics in terms of a well-known pattern forming equation. The novel analysis, capable of increased accuracy, is evaluated with improved numerical experiments performed with bespoke software developed for simulating the stochastic and deterministic descriptions of the generic metapopulation model.
The emergence of spiral waves facilitating the long term biodiversity is confirmed in the computer simulations as predicted by the theory. The derived conditions on the stability of spiral patterns for different values of the biological parameters are studied resulting in discoveries of interesting phenomena such as spiral annihilation or instabilities caused by nonlinear diffusive terms.


Nanowire field-effect transistors (NWFETs) represent diverse and powerful nanostructures for achieving nanoscale electronic interfaces with biological systems. NWFETs exhibit exquisite sensitivity in chemical and biological detection and could form strongly coupled interfaces with cellular components. NWFETs also offer the hope of intervening with biological systems on a molecular scale for unprecedented studies of biophysical dynamics, in a nuanced way that has not been feasible up until this point.


Vinsky, M., Islam, K., Chen, L. and Li, C. 2013. Short Communication: Association analyses of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter of OLR1 with growth, feed efficiency, fat deposition, and carcass merit traits in hybrid, Angus and Charolais beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 193-197. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of oxidized low density lipoprotein (lectin-like) receptor 1 (OLR1) (c. -495 T>C) was identified and analyzed for associations with 10 traits related to growth, feed efficiency, body fat deposition and carcass merit traits in hybrid (n=456), Angus (n=567) and Charolais (n=423) beef cattle populations. Significant allele substitution effect (P=0.023) was found for residual feed intake (RFI) in the Angus population. The allele "C", which had a frequency of 0.24 in the Angus population, was associated with decreased RFI. The Angus steers with the "CC" genotype had a lower RFI value (i.e., more efficient) than the Angus steers carrying the 'TT' genotype. The SNP was also found to have significant dominance effects on final ultrasound rib-eye area (FUREA) (P=0.0004) and carcass rib-eye area (CREA) (P=0.009) in the Angus steer population. The Angus steers with the "CT" genotype had smaller rib-eye areas of both ultrasound and carcass measures than the average of the steers with the homozygous genotypes. However, the SNP did not show significant associations with the traits examined in either the hybrid or the Charolais steer population at P<0.05. OLR1 plays a role in lipid metabolism, and analyses of transcript binding site based on the transcription element search system revealed that the "T" allele of the c.-495T>C SNP introduces a presumptive binding site for CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPa). However, further investigation is required to delineate the possible regulatory role of the SNP on growth and efficiency of energy utilization in relation to different biological types of beef cattle.


In culture, the phytopathogenic fungus Phytophthora cryptogea secretes a protein which elicits hypersensitive-like necroses and protects tobacco plants against invasion by the pathogen Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. This protein, named cryptogein, has been purified and its amino acid sequence determined. In this work, we studied the effect of cryptogein on tobacco cell suspension cultures. Cryptogein was lethal at about 0.10 micromolar. When added at sublethal doses, it elicited the production of ethylene and phytoalexins. It also induced a rapid increase in pH and conductivity of the extracellular medium without affecting the integrity of the plasma membrane. Cryptogein reduced the fusicoccin-induced acidification of the extracellular medium. The concentration which inhibited the fusicoccin response by 50% was 0.8 nanomolar, while 1 micromolar erythrosine B, an ATPase inhibitor, was needed to produce the same inhibition. However, cryptogein did not inhibit the activity of a purified plasma membrane ATPase. Results of binding studies with whole cells suggested the presence of elicitor-binding sites with a high affinity for cryptogein. The involvement of the plasma membrane during the initial interaction between elicitor and cells is discussed.


The aim of this study has been to examine representations of Latino boys and young men in Latino American coming of age novels. Two concepts have been central to the study: positions of (in)betweenness and the ability to "fall in line" with norms and expectations. Three overarching themes are been explored in relation to masculinity. These are sexualities, ethnicities, and the representation of women. First, representations of queer sexualities are explored, focusing on the protagonists' "coming out" process and the varying reactions to this. The second part of this theme explores representations of disciplining strategies between boys and men as a means to regulating homosocial bonding and maintain the dominant masculinity ideal. The second theme, ethnicity, examines representations of "authentic" Latino identities in relation to language and bilingualism, and the link between location and identity. Disciplining measures aimed towards the protagonists, such as criminalization and dehumanization, are also explored. The final theme deals with the lacking representation of women in literature and research focused on men and masculinity. In the novels, women are depicted as confidants, present in the boys' lives mainly in order to provoke and facilitate their renegotiations of ideas regarding the previously discussed themes. The boys are represented as inhabiting positions of (in)betweenness throughout the novels, whether in relation to ethnicity, sexuality or gender. While (in)betweenness holds a potential to challenge and "worry" fixed categories, these positions are also characterized by unease, precariousness and the risk of being disciplined by other men.


- Visual secret sharing (VSS) is a kind of encryption, where secret image can be decoded directly by the human visual system without any computation for decryption. Secret image is reconstructed by simply stacking the shares together. Steganography using visual secret sharing (SVSS) is an improved version of visual secret sharing where it embeds the random patterns into meaningful images. One of the applications of SVSS is to avoid the custom inspections, because the shares of SVSS are meaningful images, hence there are fewer chances for the shares to be suspected and detected. The disadvantage of VSS is that the interceptors are able to identify that the secret image has been encrypted. Therefore we propose a method so that it is difficult for the interceptors to know about the presence of the shares. In this Paper, The secret image is encrypted by the corresponding VSS, and then we embed its shares into the covering shares.


As the number of bank failures increases, the set of assets available for acquisition by the surviving banks enlarges but the total amount of available liquidity within the surviving banks falls. This results in 'cash-in-the-market' pricing for liquidation of banking assets. At a sufficiently large number of bank failures, and in turn, at a sufficiently low level of asset prices, there are too many banks to liquidate and inefficient users of assets who are liquidity-endowed may end up owning the liquidated assets. In order to avoid this allocation inefficiency, it may be ex-post optimal for the regulator to bail out some failed banks. We show however that there exists a policy that involves liquidity assistance to surviving banks in the purchase of failed banks and that is equivalent to the bailout policy from an ex-post standpoint. Crucially, the liquidity provision policy gives banks incentives to differentiate, rather than to herd, makes aggregate banking crises less likely, and, thereby dominates the bailout policy from an ex-ante standpoint.


The emergence of low power consumption, high data rate and small size sensor network applications, has increased the demand for high-performance network services. To meet this challenge, we propose an Improved Distributed Scheduling Algorithm (IDSA), a novel heuristic scheduling technique that can provide effective collision free broadcasting, lower energy consumption, minimum message overhead and enhanced channel utilization. In contrast to earlier traditional scheduling algorithms of medium access control (MAC), which are generally designed for sequential slot assignments, this paper presents an improved algorithm for distributed scheduling. The IDSA has several unique features. First, it optimizes energy through collision free transmission by scheduling conflict-free slots. Second, it can adapt the changes in topology explicitly without reconstructing the global transmission schedule with minimum message overhead. Furthermore, the IDSA also provides improved performance in terms of message overhead, slot assignment per round and energy consumption. Simulation results show that the IDSA significantly outperforms a representative distributed random slot assignment algorithm (DRAND).


Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield response to narrow compared with wide rows in the southeastern USA has usually been greater for late than for optimal plantings. Identification of growth responses explaining this pattern could help develop criteria for acceptance of narrowrow culture. Narrow-row yield responses result from increased pod number created by greater light interception and crop growth rate between first flowering and seed initiation (R1 to R5). Lack of yield response to greater light interception in narrow rows in optimal plantings may be related to the association between pod number and total dry matter at harvest maturity (R8). Our objectives were to determine if total dry matter at R8 [TDM(R8)] could be used as a criterion for acceptance of narrow-row culture and to identify the morphological relation between pod number and TDM(R8). Field studies conducted in 1987 through 1990 used optimal and late planting dates, two soybean cultivars, and several row spacing-plant density combinations. Results indicate a quadratic response of pod number to TDM(R8). Narrow-row yield responses occurred when light interception (R1 to R5) increased crop growth rate (R1 to R5) to ≤ 15 g m −2 d −1 and increased TDM(R8) to ≤ 800 g m −2 . The ratio of pod number to TDM(R8) declined as TDM(R8) approached 800 g m −2 , because of a reduced ratio of branch nodes to branch dry matter. In conclusion, narrow-row yield responses can be expected if TDM(R8) in wide rows is < 800 G M −2


The use of materials in architecture has social, cultural, moral, and environmental implications. These implications, however, have largely been ignored. The issue of where materials come from or where they ultimately end up has had little impact on the practice of architecture as a whole. This paper is concerned with this issue. The main objective of the research presented in this paper is to examine the use of recycled materials in architecture practice by considering the reasons and benefits of using recycled materials, the problems with their use, the aesthetics of recycled materials, and the future potentially of their use. The research was conducted through literature review and interviews with a number of architects. The paper concludes that one of the most problematic barriers is a lack of knowledge and understanding of the use of recycled and reused materials by architects. If architects had a greater understanding and knowledge of the issues involved they would be in a position to inform their clients. To overcome this problem there needs to be education and support of architects and an acknowledgement by the profession of the imperative of sustainable approaches to architecture and of the impact design choices have on the environment. Conference theme: Architecture and the environment


ABSTRACT There are two different kinds of sickness absence in Norway: self-certified absence (SCA), and medically-certified absence (MCA). In this study of 6437 Norwegian employees, we applied logistic regression models for a dichotomous SCA variable on initially 38 independent variables including age and gender. Our findings showed that employees reporting long-term health issues but no record of MCA in the past 12 months (9.4% of the employees), had significantly higher odds of SCA than other employees. We claim that this constitutes a leakage of workplace absence from MCA to SCA, since these employees have long-term health issues. In addition, we found that women in this group were more likely to reduce their workload to part-time jobs, compared to other women. We suggest that basing MCA on diagnoses from a certified list contributes to leakage of employees with specific characteristics from MCA to SCA.


The Crusade taking place during two centuries (1095-1291 AD) was the beginning oflarge-scale confrontation between Islam and Western Christianity. Although the Crusades ended eight centuries ago, but it still lingers in the mind of Western Christians and some Muslims. The subsequent conflicts between both sides have been always linked to the Crusades. For example, colonialism and imprealism of Western to the East during the 18th, 19th, and20thcentury is considered as acontinuation of the Crusades. In addition, the war against terrorism that the United States campaigned for the post September 11, 2001 propagated as the 2ndCrusades. Similarly, the invasion of the United States and its allies against Iraq and Afghanistan is refering the arrogances of West against Islam. These facts indicate that a huge trauma caused by the Crusades still entrenched in the minds of most of the psycho-historical Western and Muslim. Therefore, to promote a harmonious relationship between the West and Islam, the perceptions and negative images of Islam in the eyes of the West and vice versa, should be neutralized. The history has proven that when peace and truce conducted during the period of the Crusades, both parties could work together in trade and economy. In the current global context, the cooperation must be expanded. Through good cooperation and mutual benefit, suspicion and prejudice to each other will eventually fade.


Eighty-two lactating Holstein cows received either one, three, or five concurrent, intramuscular injections of a unit dose (.6 g) of zinc methionyl bST (some-tribove) or five doses of the vehicle. Injections were administered at 14-d intervals from 60 d postpartum until the end of lactation or necropsy. Thirty-eight cows continued on the same treatment for a 2nd yr. Blood bST antibodies developed within the first 7 wk of treatment, and the number of cows with anti-bST binding generally declined with time. Thirteen out of 59 cows receiving bST developed binding activity > 25% (positives) during the 1st yr. At the .6-g dose level, no binding was detected after wk 15. Seven of the 13 positive cows were among the group randomly selected to continue on study during yr 2. In the 2nd yr, only 2 out of 24 bST-treated cows were positive. Binding activity was associated with the IgG fraction in serum. Binding capacities of antibodies ranged from .625 to 3.04 mg of bST/L, and affinities ranged from 1.14 x 10(8) to 3.14 x 10(8) L/mol. Cows considered to be clinically positive had performance similar to those of their herdmates having binding < 25%. No evidence of a pathologic effect of antibodies existed in treated cows, their calves, or fetuses. The presence of anti-bST antibodies did not affect milk production of the cow or growth of the calves conceived during bST treatment.


Objectives: Owing to the challenges in obtaining pancreatic biopsies, pancreatic resection for presumed malignancy is often performed without histological confirmation. As a result, benign lesions are sometimes surgically removed. One such condition, which is poorly defined in the literature, is referred to as lipomatous pseudohypertrophy (LPH) of the pancreas. Methods: Five cases of LPH were analyzed. Results: Four patients underwent surgical resection, 3 of which were diagnosed preoperatively by radiology as having ductal adenocarcinoma. The fourth case was correctly interpreted by magnetic resonance imaging as LPH, but the patient underwent resection because of the intractable pain due to pancreatitis. The fifth patient has been placed on watchful waiting. Two tumors were in the pancreatic head, one in the tail, one in the uncinate process, and one demonstrated diffuse involvement. Microscopically, they were characterized as having normal lipocytes without lipoblasts or inflammation. Within the adipose tissue, scattered microscopic foci of pancreatic parenchyma could be seen. Conclusion: Lipomatous pseudohypertrophy of the pancreas is a distinct entity characterized by localized/diffuse replacement of pancreatic parenchyma with mature adipose tissue. It forms a pseudotumor that may be difficult to distinguish clinically from pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This entity should be considered when evaluating patients with a new diagnosis of a hypodense pancreatic neoplasm on imaging.


Hydrological drainage/river basins constitute highly heterogeneous systems of coupled natural and anthropogenic water and pollutant flows across political, national and international boundaries. These flows need to be appropriately understood, quantified and communicated to stakeholders, in order to appropriately guide environmental water system management. In this thesis, various uncertainties about water and pollutant flows in drainage/river basins and their implications for effective and efficient water pollution abatement are investigated, in particular for mine-related heavy metal loadings in the Swedish Dalalven River basin and for nitrogen loadings in the Swedish Norrstrom drainage basin. Economic cost-minimization modeling is used to investigate the implications of pollutant load uncertainties for the cost-efficiency of catchment-scale abatement of water pollution. Results indicate that effective and efficient pollution abatement requires explicit consideration of uncertainties about pollution sources, diffuse contributions of the subsurface water system to downstream pollutant observations in surface waters, and downstream effects of different possible measures to reduce water pollution. In many cases, downstream load abatement measures must be used, in addition to source abatement, in order to reduce not only expected, but also uncertainties around expected pollutant loads. Effective and efficient environmental management of water systems must generally also consider the entire catchments of these systems, rather than focusing only on discrete pollutant sources. The thesis presents some relatively simple, catchment-scale pollutant flow analysis tools that may be used to decrease uncertainties about unmonitored water and pollutant flows and subsurface pollutant accumulation-depletion and diffuse loading to downstream waters.


This paper examines the use of the future periphrases be going to and aller + infinitive in conditional clauses introduced by if and si. Both monolingual and translated data is investigated. It shows that there is no equivalence between the two periphrases in such a constrained syntactic environment. The sequence if + be going to, which is not truly conditional as claimed throughout the analysis, is frequent in contemporary English, whereas aller + infinitive is hardly compatible with conditionals. Be going to in if-clauses is thus mainly translated by devoir, which emphasizes the inevitability component of the English periphrasis, or by vouloir when the intentional meaning of be going to is foregrounded. It is nevertheless argued that aller + infinitive can occur in conditionals, but only in very specific situations: when the si-clause is clearly attributable to a source of disourse distinct from the speaker.


The aim of this thesis is to explore innovative technical solutions of utilising Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OOFDM) in intensity modulation and direct detection (IMDD) based future access networks to provide multi-service capability with a minimum 1 Gb/s per user. This thesis extensively investigates and analyses the feasibility and performance of adaptively modulated optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing multiple access passive optical networks (AMOOFDMA PONs) upstream transmission systems by numerically simulating AMOOFDMA PONs using experimentally determined parameters. OOFDM transceivers incorporating reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOAs) and distributed feedback (DFB) lasers are utilised in the transceivers and intensity modulation and direct detection (IMDD) transmission systems are also employed to achieve a low complexity, high speed and large bandwidth PON as a solution for next generation access networks. Numerical simulations has also being undertaken to improve overall AMOOFDMA PON performance and power budget by incorporating optical band-pass filters (OBPFs) at the output of optical network units (ONUs). A major challenge of making PONs spectrally efficient has been addressed in this thesis by investigating the AMOOFDMA PON with ONUs on a single upstream wavelength. The performance of the single upstream wavelength AMOOFDMA PON is compared to the multiple wavelength AMOOFDMA PON. Another major challenge in AMOOFDMA PONs namely improving system capacity has also been addressed by implementing multiband transmission in an AMOOFDMA PON. Results show that for a multiple upstream OOFDMA IMDD PON system over 25 km single mode fibre (SMF) can achieve an aggregated data rate of 11.25 Gb/s and the minimum wavelength spacing between ONUs are independent of the number of ONUs. Results also show that a single upstream wavelength AMOOFDMA IMDD PON with multiband incorporated at the ONUs can achieve a aggregated line rate of 21.25 Gb/s over 25 km SMF.


We present a variational framework for rapid shape prototyping. The modeled shape is represented as a Catmull-Clark multiresolution subdivision surface which is interactively deformed by direct user input. Free-form design goals are formulated as constraints on the shape and the modeling problem is cast into a constrained optimization one. The focus of this paper is on handling multiresolution constraints of different kinds and on preserving surface details throughout the deformation process. Our approach eliminates the need for an explicit decomposition of the input model into frequency bands and the overhead associated with saving and restoring high-frequency detail after global shape fairing. Instead, we define a deformation vector field over the model and we optimize its energy. Surface details are considered as part of the rest shape and are preserved during free-form model editing. We explore approximating the solution of the optimization problem to various degrees to balance trade-offs between interactivity and accuracy of the results.


Immunoreactive serotonin was detected in the lumen of the proximal jejunum of food-deprived cats. During perfusion of this intestinal segment in vivo, there was a constant basal rate of intraluminal secretion of this amine. The rate of secretion was significantly increased during efferent electrical stimulation of the cut cervical vagal nerves. This stimulatory effect was not altered after bilateral adrenalectomy was performed in the same animals. A synchronous release of substance P into the gut lumen was also demonstrated during vagal stimulation. During the period of increased intraluminal secretion of immunoreactive serotonin, there was no demonstrable change in the portal or systemic blood levels of this amine.


Truing and dressing are time-consuming processes in precise finishing with super-abrasive wheels because of the hard super-abrasive grains which cause extensive wear of truer. In this paper, laser-assisted truing method for super-abrasive wheels is introduced. Feasibility of the proposed method is confirmed by fundamental experiments conducted with metal-bonded diamond wheel and pulsed Nd:YAG laser. On the surface of wheel irradiated with laser beam, it is found that the abrasive grains are degraded and the machinability of surface layer is remarkably improved.


The benefits of multicasting are becoming evermore apparent and its usage is getting more importance than ever. Providing security services for multicast, such as traffic integrity, authentication and confidentiality is challenging since it requires secure distribution of group key to each of the group members. Traditionally, the key distribution function has been assigned to a central network entity, or Key Distribution Center (KDC), but this method does not scale for wide-area multicasting. Our proposed scheme provides a scalable solution to multicast key distribution problem. The proposed scheme uses the core based tree (CBT) architecture to distribute the session key to group members. We use combination of public and secret key cryptosystem to improve speed and security of the scheme. We assume that the intermediate nodes in CBT are trusted. We have also introduced the concept of forwarding key to improve the performance of the scheme.


Abstract Purpose: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a second messenger for natriuretic peptide (NP) and nitric oxide pathways; its enhancement a target for heart failure and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We evaluated whether plasma cGMP was associated with change in left ventricular mass (LVM) among individuals free of CVD and if this differed by sex. Methods and Results: In 611 men and 612 women aged 45–84 years with plasma cGMP measured at baseline and cardiac MRI performed at baseline and 10 years later, we tested associations of cGMP [log-transformed, per 1 SD increment] with LVM, adjusting for CVD risk factors and N-terminal pro-B-type-NP (NT-proBNP). Participants had mean (SD) age of 63.1(8.5) years and cGMP 4.8(2.6) pmol/mL. Cross-sectionally, higher cGMP was associated with lesser LVM, non-lin- early. In contrast, longitudinally, higher cGMP was associated with increase in LVM [1.70g (0.61, 2.78)] over 10 years. Higher cGMP was associated with greater LVM change in men [2.68g (1.57, 3.79)] but not women [0.24g ((−0.92, 1.39); p-interaction < 0.001]. Conclusion: In conclusion, in a community-based cohort, higher cGMP levels were associated with increase in LVM over 10 years independent of CVD risk factors and NT-proBNP in men, perhaps reflecting compensatory changes. Further studies are needed to understand mechanistic roles of cGMP in LV remodelling and associated sex differences.


Traditionally, similarity method is used to predict the tire forces and moments at the tire/road interface. Because of advances in computer science, students have had an alternative method, the artificial neural net works, to the similarity method. Based on data from a set of experimental available data, we compared the prediction of the similarity model and the neural network model by genetic algorithm. The latter showed a slightly (about 9%, 18%) but significantly better performance. The accuracy of both approaches was low at the population level, but both models may be used to estimate longitudinal and lateral tire tread and sidewall deflections during braking, traction and cornering.


The integrated nature of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) calls for greater synergy, harmonization, and complementarity in development work. This is to be reflected in evaluation. Despite a long and diversified history spanning over almost three decades, joint evaluations have fallen out of fashion. Evaluators tend to shy away from joint evaluations because of timeliness, institutional and organizational differences, and personal preferences. As the SDGs call for more joint evaluations, we need to get them right. This article supports the appeal for more joint evaluations in the SDGs era by learning from the existing long and diversified experience. This article shares lessons from a joint evaluation that is relevant in the context of the SDGs for the United Nations Evaluation Group, the Evaluation Cooperation Group, and the wider international evaluation community.


Much of the initial work on Open Educational Resources (OER) has inevitably concentrated on how to produce the resources themselves and to establish the idea in the community. It is now eight years since the term OER was first used and more than ten years since the concept of open content was described and a greater focus is now emerging on the way in which OER can influence policy and change the way in which educational systems help people learn. The Open University UK and Carnegie Mellon University are working in partnership on the OLnet (Open Learning Network), funded by The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation with the aims to search out the evidence for use and reuse of OER and to establish a network for information sharing about research in the field. This means both gathering evidence and developing approaches for how to research and understand ways to learn in a more open world, particularly linked to OER, but also looking at other influences.


Context. This paper addresses the impulsive heating of very diffuse coronal loops, such as can occur in a nanoflare-heated corona with low filling factor. Aims. We study the physics associated with nanoflare heating in this scenario and aim to determine whether there exist any observable signatures. Methods. We derive an analytical model in order to gain some simple physical insights into the system and use a one dimensional hydrodynamic model that treats the electrons and ions as a coupled fluid to simulate nanoflare heating with time-scales of 30 s. Our analytical model also provide a means of verifying our numerical results. Results. We find that diffuse loops containing plasma at $T>$ 20 MK can be rapidly created and subsequently filled by the violent evaporation of chromospheric plasma driven by near-saturated thermal conduction. Most importantly, we find order-of-magnitude departures from equilibrium of the ionisation balance for iron and use this result to identify a potential signature of this heating mechanism. Conclusions. We conclude that nanoflare heating can account for the presence of extremely high temperature plasma in a corona with low filling factor. We find that near-saturated thermal conduction may play a key role at the onset of chromospheric evaporation and a non-equilibrium ionisation balance is absolutely inevitable. The high temperatures could never be directly measured in the corona due to the small emission measure and the most promising signature of such heating is blue-shifted plasma from the loop footpoints. We find reason for cautious optimism that this signature can be detected by future space-based spectroscopic instrumentation (e.g. SolarB-EIS).


The ratio between two serum components (α‐1 acid glycoprotein/prealbumin) may be useful as a cancer serum index (CSI). By use of scanning densitometry quantitation of serum components after separation by gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) precise measurements are obtained for protein content of thyroxin‐binding prealbumin levels, which decrease in cancer patient sera, and of α‐1 acid glycoprotein levels, which increase significantly in cancer patient sera. The conventional Mancini method was used for corroboration of these observations. The Mancini method, although reliable, is not as quantitative nor as sensitive in the evaluation of differences, particularly for a discrimination of values obtained from healthy adults, smokers, and benign diseased patient sera, all of which were used as controls. CSI, by densitometry quantitation, was determined for controls as well as for patients with early and late lung cancer, colon cancer, melanoma and breast cancer, with concomitant measurements of these same sera using the Mancini method. Independent observations using the Mancini method were made by the Leeds' group for patient sera from early and late colon cancer, and early and late prostate cancer groups. Both the G.W.U. and the Leeds' groups tested sera from patients with each stage of bladder cancer. The Leeds' Mancini method gave CSI for T2 of 3.6, for T2‐3 of 4.9, for T4 of 8.9 and for tumor‐free patients 3.5. Using the PAGE densitometry method, G.W.U. measurements of CSI for bladder cancer were as follows: T1 − 1.05, T2 − 2.40, T3 − 5.57, T4 − 11.0 and tumor‐free −1.73, respectively. Thus, independent measurements by two different laboratories (Leeds and G.W.U.) confirm the observation that CSI may provide a practical addition, similar to albumin measurements and other valuable indicators, for the clinician's armamentariam. Cancer 40:2993‐2998, 1977.


We present a new method in the synthesis of metal–organic framework (MOF) thin films using zinc oxide nanowires as the substrate. This facile method involves growing zinc oxide nanowires on a substrate (glass, transparent conducting oxide glass, Si wafer), followed by immersing the nanowire substrate in an iso-reticular metal–organic framework (IRMOF) precursor solution. The resulting 25 μm thick film is highly crystalline and covers the entire substrate. Growth of the IRMOF on the nanowire substrate allows for the film to be used in potential applications in sensing, membranes, photovoltaics, catalysis, and gas storage. We have also successfully used microwaves to rapidly produce these films with comparable film quality to our original method.


We report the case of a 28-year-old woman with primary intercostal leiomyoma who presented with a complaint of right chest pain. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a slightly enhanced solid mass in the right anterior fifth intercostal space. Percutaneous needle biopsy revealed spindle cells without evidence of malignancy. Wide en bloc excision of the chest wall, including the anterior fifth and sixth ribs and the upper costal arch, was performed. This way, the mass was completely resected without exposure, and the chest wall defect was reconstructed using a Gore-Tex(®) dual mesh. Histopathological analysis confirmed localized primary intercostal leiomyoma. The patient has been disease-free for more than 2 months since surgery.Primary leiomyomas of the chest wall are extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge, 9 cases of leiomyoma of the pleura have been reported till date, but this is the first case report of an intercostal leiomyoma of the chest wall. This case report describes the clinical course of this case and presents a review of the relevant literature.


The purpose of this work was to provide a scientific evaluation of the atmospheric fate of aromatic hydrocarbons, in particular, 1,2-dihydroxybenzenes and nitrophenols, which are important products in the oxidation of BTX. The data obtained within the present work will help to improve the knowledge on the atmospheric degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons.
       The rate coefficients of the OH and NO 3 radical initiated oxidation of some nitro/hydroxy substituted monoaromatic hydrocarbons improve the kinetic data base required to model the degradation mechanisms of aromatic compounds and to develop structure reactivity relationships for OH and NO 3 radical with VOCs.
       Relative rate coefficients have been measured for the first time for the reactions of NO 3 radicals with 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 3-methyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene and 4-methyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene. The investigations were performed in two chambers: the 1080 l quartz glass reactor in Wuppertal and in the EUPHORE chambers in Valencia at 1000 mbar total pressure and 298 ± 3K. The following rate coefficients were obtained:
 reactant k NO3 (cm 3 s -1 ) 1,2- dihydroxybenzene (9.80 ± 5.0) × 10 -11 1,2-dihydroxy-3-methylbenzene (17.2 ± 5.6) × 10 -11 1,2-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzene (14.7 ± 6.5) × 10 -11       This work has provided rate coefficients for the gas phase reactions of the OH radical with a series of methylated 2-nitrophenols (2-nitrocresols). The following rate coefficients were obtained at 1000 mbar total pressure and 298 ± 3K in the 1080 l quartz glass reactor:
 reactant k OH (cm 3 s -1 ) 3-methyl-2-nitrophenol (3.69±0.16) × 10 -12 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol (3.46±0.18) × 10 -12 5-methyl-2-nitrophenol (7.34±0.52) × 10 -12 6-methyl-2-nitrophenol (2.70±0.17) × 10 -12       Photolysis rates for the 2-nitrocresol isomers have also been determined. All the nitrocresols under investigation have a photolysis lifetime of less than 1 h. The results from this work have shown that photolysis will be the dominant gas-phase loss process for the 2-nitrocresols.
       The photolysis of nitrophenols was found to be a new gas-phase source of HONO. Previously, no observations of nitrous acid formation from the gas-phase photolysis of nitrophenols had been reported in the literature. A series of detailed experiments were performed to ensure that the gas phase photolysis of the nitrophenols was the source of HONO, these included: variation of the S/V ratio of the reactors, variation of the light intensity, testing the influence of the buffer gas and tests for a possible mechanism involing reactions of gaseous NO 2 . All the results were in line with gas-phase photolytic production of HONO from the nitrophenols.
       Since a linear dependence of the HONO yield on the nitrophenol concentration was observed, the results obtained here have been extrapolated linearly to atmospheric concentrations. Based on the experimental data obtained for 3-methyl-2-nitrophenol a photolytic HONO formation rate in the atmosphere of 100 pptV h-1 is estimated for a maximum J (NO2) value of 10 -2 s -1 in the presence of 1 ppbV of nitrophenols. Based on the HONO formation yields, a general photolysis mechanism has been proposed.
       The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the photolysis of a series of nitrophenols was investigated for the first time. The effect of NO x and the presence of an OH radical scavenger on the aerosol formation were also investigated. Significant aerosol formation was observed for the nitrophenols investigated. For 2-nitrophenol, the aerosol formation yield in the absence of an OH radical scavenger and NO x varied between 18 - 24%. The gas-phase/aerosol partitioning was fitted assuming the presence of only one compound in both phases. A possible mechanism to explain the aerosol formation observed in the photolysis of nitrophenols is proposed.


BACKGROUND
 Older adults often want to stay in a familiar place, such as their home, as they get older. This so-called aging in place, which may involve support from relatives or care professionals, can promote older people's independence and well-being. The combination of aging and disease, however, can lead to complex medication regimes and difficulties for care providers in correctly assessing the older person's health. In addition, the organization of health care is fragmented, which makes it difficult for health professionals to encourage older people to participate in their own care. It is also a challenge to perform adequate health assessments and to engage in appropriate communication between health care professionals.

 OBJECTIVE
 The purpose of this paper is to describe the design for an integrated home-based system that can acquire and compile health-related evidence for guidance and information-sharing among care providers and care receivers in order to support and promote medication self-management among older people.

 METHODS
 The authors used a participatory design approach for this mixed-methods project, which was divided into four phases. Phase I, Conceptualization, consists of the conceptualization of a system to support medication self-management, objective health assessments, and communication between health care professionals. Phase II, Development of a System, consists of building and bringing together the conceptualized systems from Phase I. Phase III, Pilot Study, and Phase IV, Full-Scale Intervention, are described briefly.

 RESULTS
 Participants in Phase I were people who were involved in some way in the care of older adults and included older adults themselves, relatives of older adults, care professionals, and industrial partners. With input from Phase I participants, we identified two relevant concepts for promoting medication self-management, both of which related to systems that participants believed could provide guidance for the older adults themselves, relatives of older adults, and care professionals. The systems will also encourage information-sharing between care providers and care receivers. The first is the concept of the Intelligent Age-Friendly Home (IAFH), defined as an integrated residential system that evolves to sense, reason, and act in response to individuals' needs, preferences, and behaviors as these change over time. The second concept is the Medication safety, Objective assessments of health-related behaviors, and Personalized medication reminders (MedOP) system, a system that would be supported by the IAFH, and which consists of three related components: one that assesses health behaviors, another that communicates health data, and a third that promotes medication self-management.

 CONCLUSIONS
 The participants in this project were older adults, relatives of older adults, care professionals, and our industrial partners. With input from the participants, we identified two main concepts that could comprise a system for health assessment, communication, and medication self-management: the IAFH and the MedOP system. These concepts will be tested in this study to determine whether they can facilitate and promote medication self-management among older people.

 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPOR
 DERR1-10.2196/12447


The high frequency resonant behavior of a winding disc is studied by measurements on a test setup, and by computer simulation of lumped-element circuit models. It is shown that in order to achieve satisfactory agreement between both, every turn must be described by several segments in the model. The reason is that the high frequency end of the spectrum is dominated by "azimuthal" resonance modes which are not present in models with lower resolution. The intermediate frequency range is characterized by "radial" resonances, present even in lower resolution models. The different physical character and properties of these modes are discussed. Our findings provide new insight into the interpretation of frequency response measurements on power transformers.


Cronobacter spp. (previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii) is a bacterial pathogen affecting all age groups, with particularly severe clinical complications in neonates and infants. One recognized route of infection being the consumption of contaminated infant formula. As a recently recognized bacterial pathogen of considerable importance and regulatory control, appropriate detection, and identification schemes are required. The application of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and analysis (MLSA) of the seven alleles atpD, fusA, glnS, gltB, gyrB, infB, and ppsA (concatenated length 3036 base pairs) has led to considerable advances in our understanding of the genus. This approach is supported by both the reliability of DNA sequencing over subjective phenotyping and the establishment of a MLST database which has open access and is also curated; http://www.pubMLST.org/cronobacter. MLST has been used to describe the diversity of the newly recognized genus, instrumental in the formal recognition of new Cronobacter species (C. universalis and C. condimenti) and revealed the high clonality of strains and the association of clonal complex 4 with neonatal meningitis cases. Clearly the MLST approach has considerable benefits over the use of non-DNA sequence based methods of analysis for newly emergent bacterial pathogens. The application of MLST and MLSA has dramatically enabled us to better understand this opportunistic bacterium which can cause irreparable damage to a newborn baby's brain, and has contributed to improved control measures to protect neonatal health.


The purposes of this research study were 1) to study cost and return on investment from rice RD41 farming of the farmers in Samchuk district, Suphanburi province 2) to analyze cost and return on investment from rice RD41 farming of the farmers in this area. The sample of 10 farmers who were member of Samchuk Agricultural Cooperative having rice farms which the area between 10 to 50 rai, drawn by the method of purposive sampling because the management methods of rice farm did not different. The study was conducted by collecting data and analyzing the data obtained by in-depth interviews, the tool was interview questions. Quantitative data were analyzed using the following cost, profit, Net profit to cost ratio, Net profit to sales ratio, Return on investment and break-even point. Results of cost and return indicated that total average cost was 4,420.25 baht per rai, while average net profit was 1,209.86 per rai. Net profit to cost ratio was 26.37%, while net profit to sales ratio was 20.01%. Return on investment (ROI) was 22.54% and break-even point was 0.21 tons per rai. Cost of rice RD41 comprised 3 important costs which were 12.06% of raw material cost, 35.59% of labor cost and 52.35% of overhead cost.


A trial was conducted to evaluate quality of quail eggs from two companies (A and B) at two storage times (5 and 15 days after packing). A total of 480 eggs were kept at room temperature and distributed in a completely randomized design in 2x2factorial arrangement  (companies and storage time). The results indicated that trays from company B presented higher weight, as well as mean egg weight. However, the eggs in trays from company A showed greater uniformity. Evaluating the external quality, we found that above 90% of eggshell were considered with total integrity, and no difference for this characteristic between companies was found. The eggs from company A presented lower average weight in comparison to those from company B, regarding storage time. No differences were observed between eggs from companies A and B for Haugh unit value. Storage time of 15 days after packing promoted reduction in Haugh unit value in comparison to those stored for 5 days. Quail eggs from company A presented lower variation in weight, although heavier eggs are produced by company B. Internal quality of quail eggs from both companies was similar. Storage time affected eggs quality. KEYWORDS: eggs standardization; Haugh unit value; shell integrity.


The influence of the fluence, intensity, and time on rate coeffs. and product yields in collisionless unimol. reactions induced by monochromatic IR is discussed in terms of the logarithmic reactant fluence plots. Model calcns. for several archetypes of such plots are presented, based on solns. of the Pauli master equation and solns. of the quantum mech. equations of motion for spectra involving many states at each level of excitation. Exptl. examples re-evaluated from the literature and new measurements on the laser induced decompn. of CF2HCl are reported which illustrate the various theor. possibilities. The role of the reducibility of the rate coeff. matrix is discussed in connection with turnovers and with the strong influence of initial temp. that is found in the laser induced decompn. of CF2HCl.


The main aspects and consequences of tobacco use resulting from a series of field surveys in Romania are reviewed. The proportion of smokers in middle-aged adults is about 10 per cent for women and 40 to 50 per cent for men. Cigarettes are practically the only form of tobacco consumed--cigars are very rarely smoked and pipe-smoking accounts for less than 1 per cent of tobacco use. Less than 10 per cent of smokers use more than 25 cigarettes a day. Age at starting to smoke is low, with a quarter of smokers taking up the habit by the age of 15. Ninety per cent of the smokers admit to inhaling, and about half the men and nearly all the women smoke filter cigarettes.


Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive disease which presents with a variety of cognitive, motor and sensory deficits. Rehabilitation strategies to help manage some of these deficits include increasing physical activity and undertaking therapeutic exercise. A literature review begins this thesis and where relevant gaps are highlighted. These include; minimal literature on the long-term effects of therapeutic exercise, the views of those with MS taking part in therapeutic exercise and the characteristics of outcome measures used to assess those with MS. To address these areas three studies are presented related to therapeutic exercise for those moderately affected with MS (defined as an Expanded Disability Status Score of 5 to 6.5).
In the first study, a 12-week therapeutic exercise programme was delivered to twenty people with MS, whilst 12 people acted as controls who received usual care. Clinical outcomes were assessed at five time points over the intervention and 12-month follow-up period of the study. No statistically significant results emerged to suggest the intervention was effective, however calculated effect sizes indicated the intervention had a positive effect on areas related to the physiological (strength, mobility, fatigue and body composition), functional (mobility, balance and activity participation) and psychological (mood and quality of life) status of participants.
The second study sought to establish the views and opinions of participants, who had attended the exercise intervention. Three inter-related themes emerged. These were (1) the Exercise Class, which developed as a bridge to allow participants to realise (2) the Benefits of the Class, helping them to overcome (3) Barriers to Exercise. Results suggested the benefits to participating in exercise and the exercise intervention included social support and symptom improvement. Barriers to exercise included perceived psychosocial factors, symptoms and lack of service.
A third study investigated the test re-test reliability of four outcome measures used in the first study, calculations were done to establish the clinically significant change and precision of the outcome measures. The test re-test reliability of the outcome measures was good, with the calculated clinical change and precision of the outcome measures in those moderately affected with MS highlighting the problems of assessing those with MS.
The overall investigation suggests that therapeutic exercise and monitoring its effect in MS is good. Clinical and research recommendations emerged from this work, these include that the heterogeneity of symptoms presented in MS should be considered in future research designs and that group therapeutic exercise may improve physiological, functional and psychological status of those with MS, with the social benefits important to participants.


Background: Dynamic balance keeps the vertical projection of the center of mass within the base of support while walking. Dynamic balance tests are used to predict the risks of falls and eventual falls. The psychometric properties of most dynamic balance tests are unsatisfactory and do not comprise an actual loss of balance while walking. Objectives: Using beam walking distance as a measure of dynamic balance, the BEAM consortium will determine the psychometric properties, lifespan and patient reference values, the relationship with selected "dynamic balance tests," and the accuracy of beam walking distance to predict falls. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study will examine healthy adults in 7 decades (n = 432) at 4 centers. Center 5 will examine patients (n = 100) diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and balance disorders. In test 1, all participants will be measured for demographics, medical history, muscle strength, gait, static balance, dynamic balance using beam walking under single (beam walking only) and dual task conditions (beam walking while concurrently performing an arithmetic task), and several cognitive functions. Patients and healthy participants age 50 years or older will be additionally measured for fear of falling, history of falls, miniBESTest, functional reach on a force platform, timed up and go, and reactive balance. All participants age 50 years or older will be recalled to report fear of falling and fall history 6 and 12 months after test 1. In test 2, seven to ten days after test 1, healthy young adults and age 50 years or older (n = 40) will be retested for reliability of beam walking performance. Conclusion: We expect to find that beam walking performance vis-à-vis the traditionally used balance outcomes predicts more accurately fall risks and falls. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03532984. © 2018 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger AG, Basel


At this early stage in the COVID-19 epidemic, researchers are looking for all possible insights into the new corona virus SARS-CoV-2. One of the possibilities is an in-depth analysis of X-ray images from COVID-19 patients. We first developed a new adapted classification method that is able to identify COVID-19 patients based on a chest X-ray, and then adopted a local interpretable model-agnostic explanations approach to provide the insights. The classification method uses a grey wolf optimizer algorithm for the purpose of optimizing hyper-parameter values within the transfer learning tuning of a CNN. The trained model is then used to classify a set of X-ray images, upon which the qualitative explanations are performed. The presented approach was tested on a dataset of 842 X-ray images, with the overall accuracy of 94.76%, outperforming both conventional CNN method as well as the compared baseline transfer learning method. The achieved high classification accuracy enabled us to perform a qualitative in-depth analysis, which revealed that there are some regions of greater importance when identifying COVID-19 cases, like aortic arch or carina and right main bronchus. The proposed classification method proved to be very competitive, enabling one to perform an in-depth analysis, necessary to gain qualitative insights into the characteristics of COVID-19 disease.


Findings from previous studies on smoking cues and argument strength in antismoking messages have shown that the presence of smoking cues undermines the persuasiveness of antismoking public service announcements (PSAs) with weak arguments. This study conceptualized smoking cues (i.e., scenes showing smoking-related objects and behaviors) as stimuli motivationally relevant to the former smoker population and examined how smoking cues influence former smokers' processing of antismoking PSAs. Specifically, by defining smoking cues and the strength of antismoking arguments in terms of resource allocation, this study examined former smokers' recognition accuracy, memory strength, and memory judgment of visual (i.e., scenes excluding smoking cues) and audio information from antismoking PSAs. In line with previous findings, the results of the study showed that the presence of smoking cues undermined former smokers' encoding of antismoking arguments, which includes the visual and audio information that compose the main content of antismoking messages.


Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a decapeptide widely known for its role in regulating vertebrate reproduction by serving as a signal from the hypothalamus to pituitary gonadotropes. The first form of GnRH to be identified was isolated from mammals (mGnRH) and the same form has been reported for all mammals studied, which includes marsupials and placental mammals. Later, another variant, chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II) was shown to be expressed together with mGnRH in the brains of all jawed vertebrates, including mammals such as rats, monkeys and humans. Our objective was to characterize a third form of GnRH that was isolated previously as mRNA from guinea pigs (gpGnRH), but has not been reported for any other mammal to date. Furthermore, the gonadotropic activity of gpGnRH has not been fully characterized. Our results, using chromatographical and immunological methods, show for the first time that gpGnRH is expressed together with mGnRH in some rodents (wild guinea pig and capybara), but not in others (mouse and hamster). Also, the gonadotropic activity of gpGnRH and mGnRH was tested in two different rat cell culture systems. Although there have been reports that the salmon(s) form of GnRH is present in mammals, we did not detect sGnRH in capybara, wild guinea pigs, hamsters, rats or mice. Taken together with previous reports, the present results support the idea that the expression of multiple GnRH variants in a single species is a common pattern in most vertebrate groups.


Inequalities in college access can be seen historically and in today's society through low expectations and racism towards students of color. The gap in access to college for students of color can, in part, be attributed to a lack of information and engagement in the college-going process. There is a need for programs that actively engage students of color in the college-going process. The purpose of this thesis is to illuminate the history and inequalities of college access in the United States and present a model for creating college access for students and families of color that is both collaborative and empowering. Iowa State University Science Bound, and its Countdown to College Program, fosters college access for students of color. The Countdown to College model was developed by the Science Bound program as a way to engage students and families in the college-going process in order to increase students of color enrollment and persistence in college. Countdown to College is an academic year-long program to create college access for students of color who participate in Science Bound. It is designed as a college-going community among Science Bound participants, many of whom will be the first in their family to enroll in higher education. This college-going community is comprised of the high school seniors and their parents/family members, Science Bound staff, and university enrollment staff. The Countdown to College program provides an ongoing series of large group, small group, and individual interactions among members of this college-going community throughout the students' senior year of high school to assist students and families in actualizing their college-going aspirations.


New rotational bands built on the ν(h_{11/2}) configuration have been identified in ^{105}Pd. Two bands built on this configuration show the characteristics of transverse wobbling: the ΔI=1 transitions between them have a predominant E2 component and the wobbling energy decreases with increasing spin. The properties of the observed wobbling bands are in good agreement with theoretical results obtained using constrained triaxial covariant density functional theory and quantum particle rotor model calculations. This provides the first experimental evidence for transverse wobbling bands based on a one-neutron configuration, and also represents the first observation of wobbling motion in the A∼100 mass region.


Take Me To The River is a project about change and exchange in the contemporary space of flows. Exploring the notion of "the current" within contemporary art, and the confluence of multiple temporalities within globalised culture today, it employs the metaphor of the river to examine the experience of being immersed in a world marked by an unprecedented diversity and depth of difference, by the coexistence of incommensurable viewpoints, and by the absence of an all-encompassing narrative (including those of modernity or post-modernity) that will enlist the participation of all. Within this convergence of different worlds that makes up the historical present, many different "currents" compete for ascendency, but with no clear vision of the future. At the same time, traditional notions of the self, as grounded in a communal sense of place, are being washed away, replaced by a "network culture" of emergent meanings and practices. The question arises, how will the singularity of the artist function and change in relation to these new conditions? What happens when the subjective self is set adrift in the "space of flows"-when you "take me to the river"?

Artists: Aki Sasamoto, Angus Fairhurst, Hito Steyerl, Melanie Gilligan, Melanie Jackson, Michael Stevenson, Peter Fend, Ryoji Ikeda, Shimabuku, Shitamichi Motoyuki, Simon Fujiwara, Superflex, The Play, Vermeir & Heiremans, Yuken Teruya


The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is amending its medical regulations by standardizing the delivery of care by VA health care providers through telehealth. This rule ensures that VA health care providers can offer the same level of care to all beneficiaries, irrespective of the State or location in a State of the VA health care provider or the beneficiary. This final rule achieves important Federal interests by increasing the availability of mental health, specialty, and general clinical care for all beneficiaries.


The aim of this paper is to better understand consumer implicit cognition and to contribute to the enlargement of ad efficiency measurement methods. Specifically, we try to measure the effects of an ad stimulus on automatic information memorizing processes as well as on consumer attitudes. To this end, we set up an implicit effects protocol, using the Reaction Time measurement method, a method that fits perfectly well a study of the fundamental implicit social cognition mechanisms and is known for generating obsjective and accurate observable results. The results of our experiment showed that an incidental exposure to an ad banner allows for forming an implicit positive attitude towards the advertised brand. Moreover, we found that an incidental exposure to an ad allows not only for the memorization of the advertised brand into implicit memory but also triggers its implicit positive assessment that activates, spontaneously, the advertised brand in memory.


This paper critically assesses the character of European (Union's) privacy law and policy in the field of online media and electronic communications. Contrary to current understanding, this field of law is more fragmented and ill-developed than is often assumed, in particular by those discussing privacy law and policy in an international and transatlantic context. In fact, some of the most challenging regulatory issues in the field of online media and electronic communications still lack a well-developed common European approach and remain the subject of regulation at the level of the different member states of the European Union. Drawing on historic insights, the paper shows how EU policy making in the field of privacy and data protection is and remains strongly influenced by the EU institutional setting. In particular, the paper shows that the specific substantive outcome of European privacy law and policy is strongly influenced by and can only be understood properly through the lens of the ongoing project of European integration more generally.The paper will develop its main thesis by focusing on three important and current privacy issues and their treatment by EU lawmakers and the EU legal system. These are: (I.) the question of retention of communications meta-data (e.g. traffic and location data) in the field of electronic communications; (II.) the legal framework for liability of search engines for privacy and reputational harms in the online environment, including a 'right to be forgotten', and (III.) the question of the security of and the potential lawful access by foreign governments to data in the cloud. After discussing these substantive privacy policy issues and the legal frameworks that have developed (and are developing) to address them at the EU level, the paper will analyze these frameworks in view of the apparent interplay of the substance of privacy law and policy at the EU level on the one hand and the broader constitutional and institutional dynamics related to EU competency and integration.The paper starts with a discussion of the basic underlying motivations, rationales and competences for addressing privacy issues at the European level, which until recently were predominantly economic in nature. The implication of this is that some of the most pressing data privacy issues which are primarily non-economic in character, have been addressed at the fringes of what could be called the European approach to data privacy, in which the establishment of a functioning European internal market and the free flow of personal data under sufficient safeguards relating to data privacy are the dominant concerns. More recently, the adoption of the Lisbon treaty, the establishment of a binding right to data protection and privacy in the EU Charter and a new legal basis for the establishment of data protection rules at the EU level, EU privacy law and policy has become increasingly connected to the furtherance of the protection of privacy and data protection as fundamental rights more generally. Through the case studies in the paper, this dynamic of how policy rationales end up playing out at the EU level and inform the substance of privacy policies adopted, is illustrated in detail. In particular, the analysis shows how EU policy making tends to strive towards a common and comprehensive European approach, but typically fails to take account of some of the leading concerns, and is often simply not equipped or even allowed to include them in the process. For instance, there is significant disagreement about the weight that should be attributed to freedom of expression concerns in the online environment and the role of the EU with respect to media and the proper balancing of freedom and privacy in the media remains limited. With respect to national security concerns there are no European harmonization of national approaches at all.The result is that important policy concerns from the perspective of privacy in electronic communications end up being addressed indirectly, inefficiently and incompletely, through the European data privacy frameworks that may aspire to be comprehensive but would need significant reforms to achieve this aim. The article will discuss possible reforms but will warn against aspirations of further harmonization and unification of European Privacy Law. In the absence of fundamental institutional reform of the EU, further harmonization could end up being detrimental to other important policy goals currently addressed largely outside of the EU legal framework, including the issues of media freedom, criminal procedural justice and the protection of privacy and information security in relation to foreign intelligence agencies specifically discussed in this paper.


Egg abundance of Anchoa mitchilli was studied in Laguna de Tamiahua, Veracruz during three annual cycles (84-85, 85-86 and 86-87). Our goal was to detect areas and seasons with high egg abundance and the possible association of such areas and seasons with covariates such as temperature, salinity, transparency, depth, location, season and year. The association was tested statistically using a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with Gamma type error. The results suggest that not all the covariates considered have a significant effect on egg abundance (Student's T, p > 0.005). The significant effects show the presence of a seasonal component and that the effect of salinity on egg abundance is conditional to location. High average egg abundances for the three annual cycles were observed during summer. The presence of significant interactions (Student's T, p < 0.05) during the last two annual cycles shows that the variability of egg abundance is associated to surface temperature and salinity, conditionally to year.


The synthesis of wavelength-tunable broadband chaotic signals is experimentally demonstrated by using a weak-resonant-cavity Fabry–Perot laser diode (WRC-FPLD) subject to filtered feedback. To perform the broadband tunability from 1544 to 1556 nm, a tunable optical filter is used for providing filtered feedback to drive the laser into chaos. With adjusting the central wavelength of the filter, about 20 longitudinal modes of the WRC-FPLD can individually realize the chaotic output within the tunable range of the filter. Moreover, by suitably selecting the feedback power, the chaos signal with a flat power spectrum and broad bandwidth up to ~30.0 GHz can be achieved.


Labor-force withdrawal programs such as government-subsidized early retirement programs are an important unemployment policy instrument in some European countries. Most economists, however, have expressed doubts concerning these programs' efficacy in combating unemployment, in part because they cause a reduction in effective labor supply, which in turn places undue upward pressure on the wage level. This paper analyzes the wage pressure effects of the early retirement program in France in 1984–86. In contrast to most existing studies of such programs, which have analyzed aggregate labor markets based on the country as the unit of observation, the empirical analysis in this paper employs a partial equilibrium framework and uses less aggregated, sectoral data. The findings suggest, consistent with results from most of the aggregate labor market studies, that the early retirement program had a slight positive impact on wage pressure.


Prestressed steel reinforced concrete structure, compared with other concrete structure has its unique advantages. So it is mainly used in large span and conversion layers. With the popularization of this structure,more attention should be payed on fire resistance performance. On the basis of reasonable assume,two steps model is used as concrete high strength calculation model. Simplified intensity decreased curve is used as rebar,steel and prestressed. Two ultimate bearing capacity formulas of prestressed steel reinforced concrete beam are established. One is for the beam whose tensile area is under fire, the other is for the beam whose compression area is under fire. Prestressed steel reinforced concrete structure has both prestressed concrete structure's advantages and steel reinforced concrete structure 's advantage. Steel reinforced concrete is used to improve the bearing capacity of the structure. Prestressed steel is used to improve the ultimate state of structure's performance during normal use. Thereby structure's performance is better to play. There are many similarities between prestressed steel reinforced concrete structure and steel reinforced concrete structure about fire resistance performance. Because of prestressed steel reinforced concrete structure's own characteristics, there are still many problems about fire resistance. This paper mainly presented bending terminal bearing capacity of prestressed steel reinforced concrete beam under fire. Established simplified formulae for calculation, it is meet the engineering accuracy requirement.


Amorphous silica (a-SiO2) surfaces, when grafted with select metals on the active sites of the functionalized surfaces, can act as useful heterogeneous catalysts. From a molecular modeling perspective, one challenge has been generating a-SiO2 slab models with controllable surface roughness to facilitate the study of the effect of surface morphology on the material properties. Previous computational methods either generate relatively flat surfaces or periodically corrugated surfaces that do not mimic the full range of potential surface roughness of the amorphous silica material. In this work, we present a new method, inspired by the capillary fluctuation theory of interfaces, in which rough silica slabs are generated by cleaving a bulk amorphous sample using a cleaving plane with Fourier components randomly generated from a Gaussian distribution. The width of this Gaussian distribution (and thus the degree of surface roughness) can be tuned by varying the surface roughness parameter α. Using the van Beest, Kramer, and van Santen (BKS) force field, we create a large number of silica slabs using cleaving surfaces of varying roughness (α) and using two different system sizes. These surfaces are then characterized to determine their roughness (mean-squared displacement), density profile, and ring size distribution. This analysis shows a higher concentration of surface defects (under-/overcoordinated atoms and strained rings) as the surface roughness increases. To examine the effect of the roughness on surface reactivity, we re-equilibriate a subset of these slabs using the reactive force field ReaxFF and then expose the slabs to water and observe the formation of surface silanols. We observe that the rougher surfaces exhibit higher silanol concentrations as well as bimodal acidity.


Lymphedema is swelling, particularly in the subcutaneous tissues, due to accumulation of lymph. Previous imaging techniques have demonstrated associated structural changes and have been used for evaluating the status of soft tissues. However, the reliability of measurements using ultrasonography has not been evaluated and the ultrasonographic method has been unable to show changes in tissue softness. There is a need to determine if ultrasonography is a reliable technique to assess skin and subcutaneous thickness in the upper extremities with or without pressure and if the measure of compliance in soft tissue thickness is also reliable. Two examiners measured tissue thicknesses using ultrasonography and calculated the compliance with and without pressure on the forearm and upper arm, independently. The intra- and inter-rater cross-correlation coefficients of measuring soft tissue thickness were excellent (> 0.75) in the forearm (p < 0.05). In the upper arm, the reliabilities were fair-to-good. The intraclass correlation coefficients of pressure compliance in the forearm and upper arm were excellent and fair-to-good, respectively (p < 0.05). This study suggests that measurement of thickness of soft tissues using ultrasonography may be reliable and pressure compliance may reflect tissue softness in the upper extremity.


SIR,-I was interested to read the editorial on hepatitis in pregnancy by Drs Roger Williams and R J Ede (24 October, p 1074). Our experience with hepatitis' has been rather similar in Tabouk, a town in the north of Saudi Arabia. From November 1977 to May 1978 we admitted 48 patients with acute hepatitis. Fifteen of these were pregnant (24 weeks or more), and nine developed fulminant hepatitis with grade 4 coma.2 The other six had normal pregnancies, delivery occurred at term, and the babies were all born live. None of the non-pregnant patients developed fulminant hepatitis, and there were no deaths in patients who did not develop this complication. Of the nine pregnant patients with fulminant hepatitis (four ofwhom were Australia-antigen positive), seven survived. All survivors showed an early and rapid improvement after delivery. Induction of labour was not practised, and all deliveries were spontaneous and premature. Three babies were stillborn and another died a few hours after birth. One baby, whose mother was in coma for 16 days, survived for six weeks, when it died following a series of apnoeic attacks. The other four babies survived. The very high incidence of fulminant hepatitis in pregnancy in places like the Middle East is probably a reflection of periodic epidemics in hyperendemic areas where the birth rate is unusually high. Malnutrition may also be a factor.3 The survival rate in our small series of patients with fulminant hepatitis with grade 4 coma (77%zO) is much higher than the generally quoted figures (10-300' ).4 We treated our patients along conventional lines; we also gave them liberal amounts of fresh frozen plasma at an early stage. We feel that this may have helped to prevent the haemorrhagic complications which are so frequently the cause of death in fulminant hepatitis.


The paper examined the potentials and benefits of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as a means of enhancing food security and alleviating poverty in Nigeria. Access to information and improved communication is a crucial requirement for sustainable development. The paper describes how ICTs could be utilized to enhance small holders production .This is done with a particular focus on the bourgeoning ICTs interface in Nigeria. The paper looked at the utility levels of ICT. The paper posit that ICT sector is cross-cutting and each sector has to find the best way of using ICTs to help meet the challenges in a globalize world. The paper concludes by ascertaining that much still need to be done to annex the communication for extension of agricultural messages in the rural areas. There is the need to pursue policy that would enhance usages of ICT to avoid being left in the digital world.


This article compares and contrasts the approach to merger issues in vertical and conglomerate cases including likely efficiencies, useful data, and the approach to looking at each of ability, incentive, and effect in turn. The paper considers when conglomerate mergers are more likely to mirror vertical cases and result in static price rises. The article considers the relationship between conglomerate foreclosure and predatory pricing to determine whether merger analysis is the most suitable place to intervene and stop short-term benefits that may harm competition in the longer term. Finally, potential amendments to the existing analysis framework are discussed.


This video demonstrates a novel imitation learning approach for learning human-robot interactions from human-human demonstrations. During training, the movements of two human interaction partners are recorded via motion capture. From this, an interaction model is learned that inherently captures important spatial relationships as well as temporal synchrony of body movements between the two interacting partners. The interaction model is based on interaction meshes that were first adopted by the computer graphics community for the offline animation of interacting virtual characters. We developed a variant of interaction meshes that is suitable for real-time human-robot interaction scenarios. During humanrobot collaboration, the learned interaction model allows for adequate spatio-temporal adaptation of the robots behavior to the movements of the human cooperation partner. Thus, the presented approach is well suited for collaborative tasks requiring continuous body movement coordination of a human and a robot. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated with the example of a cooperative Lego rocket assembly task.


ABSTRACT We report a combined computational and experimental study to investigate the influence of the solvent on the electronic and molecular structure of the bis-triazinyl-pyridine (BTP) ligand. Experimental measurements and quantum-chemical calculations using geometries from molecular dynamics simulations in different solvent methanol/water mixtures reveal a change in the UV/vis absorption spectra for the investigated BTP compound. This change is investigated further using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, both experimental and computational, to gain insight to ligand conformation. Comparison of experimental and computational results enables the analysis of relevant BTP conformers, which cannot be accessed using experimental measurements alone. Based on this approach, we conclude that the BTP ligands change conformation with decreasing solvent polarity to maximise the lipophilic accessible surface – a concept which is transferrable to various classes of compounds.


Accurate 3-D modeling of an underground structure is one the most important factor for precise simulation of seismic ground motion. Modeling of the basement structure using traveltime data only sometimes encounter the ray covarage problem. Certain parts of the model cannot be reached by rays. We develop 3-D joint inversion of refraction and gravity data to solve this problem. Beside that, we have improved finite difference calculation of seismic traveltimes. The method is applied to the data obtained around Osaka Basin, Japan. The result agrees well with geological setting in this region. The hidden Koyo fault and the extension of Ashiya fault are recovered clearly. The velocity and density of the basement are 5.341 km/s and 2.384 g/cm, respectively, which represent the elastic characteristic of the weathered granitic rocks which include ryolite and metamorphic rocks in this area. The instability due to the lack of data beneath Osaka Basin is improved by introducing depth constraints.


Preliminary results from seismic data collected at two sites on the Teton fault reveal shallow sub-surface fault structure and a basis for evaluating the post-glacial faulting record in greater detail. These new data include high-resolution shallow 2D seismic refraction and Interferometric Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Waves (IMASW) (O'Connell and Turner 2010) depth-averaged shear wave velocity (Vs). The Teton fault, a down-to-the east normal fault, is expressed as a distinct topographic escarpment along the base of the eastern front of the Teton Range in Wyoming. The average fault scarp height cut into deglacial surfaces in several similar valleys and an assumed 14,000 yr BP deglaciation indicates an average postglacial offset rate of 0.82 m/ka (Thackray and Staley, in review). Because the fault is located almost entirely within Grand Teton National Park (GTNP), and in terrain that is remote and difficult to access, very few subsurface studies have been used to evaluate the fault. As a result, many uncertainties exist in the present characterization of along-strike slip rate, down-dip geometry, and rupture history, among other parameters. Additionally, questions remain about the fault dip at depth. Shallow seismic data were collected at two locations on the Teton fault scarp to (1) use a non-destructive, highly portable and cost-effective data collection system to image and characterize the Teton fault, (2) use the data to estimate vertical offsets of faulted bedrock and sediment, and (3) estimate fault dip in the shallow subsurface. Vs data were also collected at three GTNP facility structures to provide measured 30 m depth-averaged Vs (Vs30) for each site. Seismic data were collected using highly portable equipment packed into each site on foot. The system utilizes a sensor line 92 m long that includes 24 geophones (channels) at 4 m intervals. At both the Taggart Lake and String Lake sites, P-wave refraction data were collected spanning the fault scarp and perpendicular to local fault strike, as well as IMASW Vs seismic lines positioned on the hanging wall to provide Vs vs. Depth profiles crossing and perpendicular to the refraction survey lines. The Taggart Lake and String Lake 2D P-wave refraction profile and IMASW Vs plots reveal buried velocity structure that is vertically offset by the Teton fault. At Taggart Lake, we interpret the velocity horizon to be the top of dense glacial sediment (possibly compacted till), which is overlain by younger, slower, sediments. This surface is offset ~13 m (down-to-the-east) across the Teton fault. The vertical offset is in agreement with the measured height of the corresponding topographic scarp (~12 - 15 m). Geomorphic analysis of EarthScope (2008) LiDAR reveals small terraces, slope inflections and an abandoned channel on the footwall side of the scarp. At String Lake, the shallow buried velocity structure is inferred as unconsolidated alluvium (till, colluvium, alluvium); this relatively low velocity zone (