It is accepted that tax treaties should allocate primary taxing rights over immovable property and income from immovable property to the situs state; the state in which a taxpayer has a permanent establishment (PE) should have priority over the state of its residence in so far as the taxation of income attributable to that PE is concerned. However, structural inconsistencies within tax treaties prevent these policies from being reconciled, which may enable tax avoidance. In analysing the relevant historical documents, one discovers a previously discarded solution, which allocates primary taxing rights to the situs state, secondary rights to the PE state and tertiary rights to the residence state.


Some bis-benzimidazoles derivatives bearing allyl, crotyl, cinammyl, furfuryl, and thenyl groups were synthesized and their in vitro antimicrobial activity determined against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and fungi by disk-diffusion method. The structures of all new compounds were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. All the compounds synthesized in this work were examined for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus megaterium) and gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli), and the yeasts like fungi (Candida globrata and Candida tropicalis). Compared to the reference substances, Cefozine and nystatin, most of the compounds showed high antibacterial and antifungal activities against studied strains with inhibition zones between 8 and 28 mm.


Place and landscape are increasingly important intersecting concepts within musicology, and this paper will make reference to both in relation to the Orkney-inspired music that Peter Maxwell Davies composed between 1971 and 2016. The geography, environment, history, politics, people, language, literature and native music of Orkney – the terroir of the Islands – profoundly affected the production of a vast array of Davies's works during this period. A number of these compositions will be selected for discussion in relation to several basic topics or categories. The paper will also consider Davies's spoken and written words, such as his essay 'Pax Orcadiensis', written in the mid-1970s. This details his move to Hoy, his close association with the Orcadian writer and poet, George Mackay Brown, and the intense impact that Orkney's landscape and seascape had on Davies's compositional philosophy and resulting music.


: 25 men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia and 40 men with idiopathic normogonadotropic oligozoospermia were treated for three months by systemic pentoxifylline administration (1,2 g per day orally). In the asthenozoospermia group a statistically significant increase of progressive sperm motility was observed. Conception rate within the asthenozoospermic group was calculated to be 37%. In the oligozoospermic group semen parameters were not affected. There was only a small transitory increase of the ejaculate volumen an seminal plasma fructose level. The conception rate within this group of oligozoospermic men was calculated to be 17%. As mode of action of systemic pentoxifylline treatment an improvement of the microcirculation within the epididymis and the male accessory sexual glands is discussed which may lead to an improved epididymal sperm maturation and an amelioration of the biochemical composition of the secretions of the male accessory sexual glands.


Two years prior to a 1995 comprehe.isive evaluation visit by the North Central Association, Iowa's Hawkeye Community College initiated a self-study process and began developing a strategic plan to effect a transition from a technical institution to a comprehensive community college. Staff involvement and open communication were identified as essential elements early in the process and due to the effects of the major institutional change, faculty and staff wgre very interested in becoming involved. The self-study steering committee and five criterion committees that were developed included broad representation of faculty, students, administrators, and classified staff. In addition, institutional assessment surveys were administered to staff in 1992 and again in 1994 to allow staff input regarding college mission and the transition. To effectively communicate with faculty and staff during the self-study process, the college used formal presentations at college and faculty in-service programs, the publication of committee meetings, formal presentations to the Board of Trustees, discussions at divisional staff meetings, distribution of survey results to faculty and staff, and periodic updates presented in the weekly college newsletter. In January of 1995, multiple copies of the final self-study report were distributed to the college community, and activities changed to focus on the upcoming evaluation visit.


— Even before Hegel, theology has had to face the true dialectical question: is Christianity the true religion that all other religions aspire to be? Do we perceive other religions (i.e. Judaism) as an earlier stage in the fulfillment of Christian revelation, and Christianity, therefore, as the ultimate synthesis or summit of human religious expression? Or, are all religions to be regarded on a plane of equivalence such that they are equally valid? In specific reference to the Christian tradition, what criteria are available to us, as Christians, to discern such a measure of religious perfection? Salvation, it can be said, points forward, toward a state of perfection not yet achieved, and, in this sense, cannot exist outside the Church because it would be (from the Christian viewpoint) a step backwards, a step away from the summit of what is possible for human religious experience. One of the major insights of the past century, however, is that progress, as a historical and political concept, was an all-pervasive, yet perhaps fatally flawed idea, something which only fueled racist and genocidal policies to greater, tragic depths. Discerning the difference, then, between the dialectics of history and politics from the dialectics of religious being is no easy task, for the two have been consistently intermingled from the earliest origins of religious and political practice. Yet what are we to do with the notion that progress, in historical terms, is not always a productive model upon which to base our religious configurations? By seeing things thus, we must begin to ask new questions, such as: what multiple understandings of progress are we working with today? What exactly does a religious dialectics seek to achieve as its end (or ultimate) goal? In religious terms, what would constitute a backwards step or decline of spiritual perfection/harmony? Moreover, what is the role of violence in discerning these distinctions? And what is the role of love?


Reduction of free fatty acid (FFA) in used palm oil was determined after treatment of waste cooking oil with an adsorbent derived from coffee bean husk ash. Coffee husks were burned at 600 ºC for 12 hrs to obtain the adsorbent ash. Free fatty acid removal efficiency was optimized with respect to ash dosage, contact time and temperature. It was found that shaking ash (1 g) with waste palm oil (50 g) at 250 rpm and 30°C for 330 min gave the highest reduction in free fatty acids (FFA) (1966 mg/g). The adsorption isotherm was followed by Temkin (R 2 = 0.9283) and Freundlich models (R 2 = 0.9146). The adsorption of FFA at all adsorbent doses followed pseudo-second order kinetics (R 2 = 0.9817-0.9999). A thermodynamic study revealed that the changes in enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy were 89.07 kJ/mol, -0.25 kJ/mol.K and -5.15 to -12.17 kJ/mol, respectively. The coffee husk ash (5 g ash / 50 g waste palm oil) was found to reduce FFA by 100% at 30°C.


We consider a model where each individual (or ethnic minority) is embedded in a network of relationships and decides whether or not she wants to be assimilated to the majority norm. Each individual wants her behavior to agree with her personal ideal action or norm but also wants her behavior to be as close as possible to the average assimilation behavior of her peers. We show that there is always convergence to a steady-state and characterize it. We also show that different assimilation norms may emerge in steady state depending on the structure of the network. We then consider an optimal tax/subsidy policy which aim is to reach a certain level of assimilation in the population. We believe that our model sheds light on how the pressure from peers, communities and families affect the long-run assimilation decisions of ethnic minorities.


Library and information resources collected in support of "Energy: From the Last to the Next 150 Years", a symposium presented in celebration of the 150th anniversary of the founding of Boston College 1863 - 2013.


The former National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education, now the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation, has placed considerable emphasis on the importance of teacher candidate dispositions. Many physical education teacher education programs continue to struggle with the resultant challenge of positively influencing professional dispositions in the area of teacher education. Given this emphasis on dispositions as a program accreditation requirement and the apparent difficulties associated with facilitating positive change, the teacher candidate admissions process merits increased attention as a critical program component. The purpose of this paper is to provide recommendations regarding the use of dispositions during the teacher candidate admissions process. This paper includes (a) an overview of current practices in teacher candidate admissions in PETE, (b) identification of desirable dispositions in teacher education, and (c) related recommendations for improving teacher candidate selection.


This CREST review draws on research evidence to give an overview of Muslims and Islam in the UK. It is fully annotated, but is produced in association with a number of shorter CREST Guides intended for those who want the information without the details of where it all comes from. The review and guides together are intended for practitioners, policy-makers, academics, journalists and a wider interested public. The review synthesises open source, humanities and social science research on British Muslims and Islam, and draws on academic literature from Islamic studies, religious studies, history, sociology, anthropology, political science, education, social psychology, and policy and security studies, as well as information from a variety of websites produced by Muslim and Islamic groups, and material from news websites. The review is divided into eight sections, on (1) the history and demography of British Muslims and their communities, (2) mosques, (3) families, gender and generation, (4) education, (5) transnational connections, (6) Islamic movements and networks, (7) representative bodies, civil society organisations and campaigning groups, and (8) cultural, secular and ex-Muslims.


ABSTRACT During the last several years, new multi- and single-layered archaeological sites, in which the most ancient Neolithic pottery in the Eastern Europe had been found, were excavated in the region of Lower Volga. Animal bones and organic materials were sampled from these sites for radiocarbon (14C) dating and diet investigations. The evidence from these studies suggests that the first domestic animals in the Lower Volga region appeared in the Cis-Caspian culture of the Early Eneolithic. Lipid analysis of food crusts from pottery allowed the cooked food to be characterized. The detailed chronology from Neolithic (6500–5400 cal BC) to Eneolithic (5300–4700 cal BC) cultures, as well as the diet of these ancient people, were reconstructed.


Abstract This article presents a simple analysis of cones which are used to generate a given conic curve by section by a plane. It was found that if the given curve is an ellipse, then the locus of vertices of the cones is a hyperbola. The hyperbola has foci which coincidence with the ellipse vertices. Similarly, if the given curve is the hyperbola, the locus of vertex of the cones is the ellipse. In the second case, the foci of the ellipse are located in the hyperbola's vertices. These two relationships create a kind of conjunction between the ellipse and the hyperbola which originate from the cones used for generation of these curves. The presented conjunction of the ellipse and hyperbola is a perfect example of mathematical beauty which may be shown by the use of very simple geometry. As in the past the conic curves appear to be very interesting and fruitful mathematical beings.


This volume brings together research principles with the practical issues of carrying out research to provide a clear and fascinating guide to the reality of contemporary criminological research. The experience of leading experts is combined with first-hand accounts from new scholars, to provide a text that students can refer to throughout their criminological studies. Doing Research on Crime and Justice is divided into five parts, and covers practice and politics in criminology; theory, data and types of criminological research; research on crime, criminals and victims; research on criminal justice agencies and institutions, and concludes with four case studies from new scholars. Incorporating a new international perspective, this volume also addresses contemporary issues such as cyber crime, and provides guidance on conducting research in situations of cultural diversity.


Abstract Background The goal of this study is to identify the pathological findings and expression of immune checkpoint marker (PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4) in the tumor microenvironment of both primary and chemoreduced retinoblastoma and correlate with clinicopathological parameters and patient outcome. Methods Total of 262 prospective cases was included prospectively in which 144 cases underwent primary enucleation and 118 cases received chemotherapy/radiotherapy before enucleation (chemoreduced retinoblastoma). Immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and western blotting were performed to evaluate the expression pattern of immune checkpoint markers in primary and chemoreduced retinoblastoma. Results Tumor microenvironment was different for both primary and chemoreduced retinoblastoma. Expression of PD-1 was found in 29/144 (20.13%) and 48/118 (40.67%) in primary and chemoreduced retinoblastoma respectively, whereas PD-L1 was expressed in 46/144 (31.94%) and 22/118 (18.64%) in cases of primary and chemoreduced retinoblastoma respectively. Expression pattern of CTLA-4 protein was similar in both groups of retinoblastoma. On multivariate analysis, massive choroidal invasion, bilaterality and PD-L1 expression (p = 0.034) were found to be statistically significant factors in primary retinoblastoma whereas PD-1 expression (p = 0.015) and foamy macrophages were significant factors in chemoreduced retinoblastoma. Overall survival reduced in cases of PD-L1 (80.76%) expressed primary retinoblastoma, and PD-1 (63.28%) expressed chemoreduced retinoblastoma. Conclusion This is the first of its kind study predicting a relevant role of the immune checkpoint markers in primary and chemoreduced retinoblastoma with prognostic significance. Differential expression of these markers in both group of retinoblastoma is a novel finding and might be an interesting and beneficial target for chemoresistant tumors. Legal entity responsible for the study The authors. Funding Has not received any funding. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


Abstract The proton bunch-driven plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA) has been proposed as an approach to accelerate an electron beam to the TeV energy regime in a single plasma section. An experimental program has been recently proposed to demonstrate the capability of proton-driven PWFA by using existing proton beams from the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) accelerator complex. At present, a spare Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) tunnel, having a length of 600 m, could be used for this purpose. The layout of the experiment is introduced. Particle-in-cell simulation results based on realistic SPS beam parameters are presented. Simulations show that working in a self-modulation regime, the wakefield driven by an SPS beam can accelerate an externally injected ~10 MeV electrons to ~2 GeV in a 10-m plasma, with a plasma density of 7 × 1014 cm−3.


Multi agent systems comprise multiple, deliberative agents embedded in and recreating patterns of interactions. Each agent's execution consumes considerable storage and calculation capacities. For testing multi agent systems, distributed parallel simulation techniques are required that take the dynamic pattern of composition and interaction of multi-agent systems into account. Analyzing the behavior of agents in virtual, dynamic environments necessitates relating the simulation time to the actual execution time of agents. Since the execution time of deliberative components can hardly be foretold, conservative techniques based on lookahead are not applicable. On the other hand, optimistic techniques become very expensive if mobile agents and the creation and deletion of model components are affected by a rollback. The developed simulation layer of JAMES (a Java Based Agent Modeling Environment for Simulation) implements a moderately optimistic strategy which splits simulation and external deliberation into different threads and allows simulation and deliberation to proceed concurrently by utilizing simulation events as synchronization points.


Environmental as well as cultivation factors may greatly influence the chemical composition of plants. The main factors affecting chemical composition of foodstuff is level and type of fertilizer (conventional and organic cultivation systems), location or soiltype and year of harvest. Organic foods are defined as products which are produced under controlled cultivation conditions characterized by the absence of synthetic fertilizers and very restricted use of pesticides.
Dietary carbohydrates constitute a major fraction of most feedstuffs and can be divided according to glycosidic linkage into sugars (mono- and disaccharides), oligosaccharides, starch and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). The bulk of disaccharides and starch will be broken down by the action of pancreatic and mucosal enzymes in the small intestine, while there are no enzymes capable of cleaving some types of oligosaccharides and NSP. A fraction of starch (resistant starch) may also pass the small intestine undegraded either because the starch is physically inaccessible, the starch has a structure that resist amylolysis or the starch is retrograded after heat treatment. Lignin is not a carbohydrate but is tightly associated to cell wall polysaccharides. The term dietary fibre (DF) is used for cell wall and storage NSP and lignin. Adequate intake of dietary fibre are generally accepted as linked to health benefit into a protective role in large bowel cancer, diabetes, coronary heart disease and the issue of faecal bulking.
Linoleic (C18:2 n-6) and α-linolenic (C18:3 n-3) are essential fatty acids, which cannot be synthesized in the mammalian organism, and therefore must be supplied in the diet of animals and man. These fatty acids are precursors for the important longer chain higher polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 families. Although fats are essential part of the diet, but if consumed in excess, they may exert negative effects on human weight change.
Potatoes, carrots, peas, green kale, apple, and rapeseed were grown by three different cultivation strategies, i.e. organic (ORG), conventional (CON), or semi-organic (ORG+) farming system. Each ingredient was treated as for application for human consumption: potatoes, mature, soaked peas and kale were boiled and raw carrots and apples were shredded, and the food was then freeze-dried and packed into airtight bags. Rapeseed oil was produced from the air-dried rapeseeds of the three cultivation treatments, and the residual was discarded.
The carbohydrate fraction of the ingredients except rapeseed oil was analysed into: starch, sugars, oligosaccharides and all its constituents and lignin. Likewise the dietary lipids of all ingredients were extracted and the long-chain fatty acids determined by GLC.
The ingredients were mixed with a standard synthetic mixture and were formulated to meet the NRC requirements for rats and used in a balance experiments for measuring the bioavalability of the ingredients.
Carbohydrate and lignin were predominant dietary constituents with value from 584 g/kg DM in kale to 910 g/kg DM in potatoes. Triacylglycerol was the major lipid class in pea with 82 % of total fatty acids in contrast to apple with only 35 % of fatty acids of the ether extract.


The Rayleigh–Taylor instability of a system of three fluids separated by one unstable and one stable interface has been investigated experimentally. The experiments were gravitationally driven and conducted with miscible liquids consisting of salt solutions and fresh water. The lower two layers are initially gravitationally stable and are formed by depositing the lighter fluid on top of a thicker layer of the heavier one. The relatively thick top layer is initially separated from the two lower layers by a rigid barrier that is removed at the start of an experiment. In situations where the density of the bottom-layer fluid equals that of the top-layer fluid, the resulting turbulent flow is found to be self-similar as demonstrated by the collapse of the mean concentration distributions as well as the behaviour of the decay of the peak of the mean concentration profiles. In this configuration, the erosion of the bottom layer by the turbulence generated by the upper unstable interface is found to be small. When the density of the bottom-layer fluid is increased above that of the top-layer fluid, the degree of erosion is further decreased. In the cases where the lower interface is stably stratified at late-time, the entrainment rate E at the lower (statically stable) interface is found to follow a power law of the Richardson number, i.e. $E \propto Ri^{-n}$, with $n {\approx} 1.3$, a result in agreement with studies of mixing induced by oscillating grids. When the density of the bottom-layer fluid is decreased below that of the top-layer fluid, the erosion increases as expected. However, in this case, the overall density distribution is such that it is globally Rayleigh–Taylor unstable at late time. In this situation, the turbulent mixing region at late times grows similarly to that of single-interface Rayleigh–Taylor instability with approximately the same value of the growth constant. In these late-time unstable experiments the density profile approaches that of an equivalent two-layer Rayleigh–Taylor unstable system.


Although wireless broadband technologies have evolved significantly over the past decade, they are still insufficient to support the fast-growing mobile traffic, especially due to the increasing popularity of mobile video applications. Wireless multicast, aiming to exploit the wireless broadcast advantage, is a viable approach to bridge the gap between the limited wireless capacity and the ever-increasing mobile video traffic demand. In this paper, we propose MuVi, a Multicast Video delivery scheme through joint optimal resource allocation and adaptive modulation and coding scheme in OFDMA-based 4G cellular networks. MuVi differentiates video frames based on their importance in reconstructing the video and incorporates an efficient radio resource allocation algorithm to optimize the overall video quality across all users in the multicast group. MuVi is a lightweight solution with most of the implementation in the gateway, slight modification in the base station, and no modification at the clients. We implement MuVi on a WiMAX testbed and compare its performance to a Naive wireless multicast scheme that employs the most robust Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS), and an Adaptive scheme that employs the highest MCS supportable by all clients. Experimental results show that MuVi improves the average video peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) by up to 13 and 7 dB compared to the Naive and the Adaptive schemes, respectively. MuVi does not require modification to the video encoding scheme or the air interface. Thus, it allows speedy deployment in existing systems.


Primary focal hyperhidrosis (PFHH) is a medical condition characterised by overactivity of the eccrine sweat glands, primarily occurring on palmar, plantar and axillary regions. PFHH can have a significant adverse impact on a patient's quality of life. Multiple intradermal injections of a commercial formulation of botulinum toxin A (BTX A) (Botox®) is the most effective non-surgical treatment currently licensed in the UK for cases of severe PFHH. Although effective, intradermal BTX A injections are associated with considerable pain and discomfort for the patient and are time-consuming for the administering clinician. This study aims to evaluate the potential of using pocketed microneedle devices for minimally invasive intradermal delivery of BTX A, as a liquid formulation, into human skin.
Pocketed microneedles, metallic 700 μm-long needles containing a cavity within the needle shaft, were selected as an appropriate and relatively untested intradermal
delivery device. Pocketed microneedle devices (PMDs) were liquid loaded by immersion into a 'Botox® like' formulation that mimicked the composition of the commercial Botox® formulation, with the exception of BTX A, which was replaced
by the model macromolecular protein β-galactosidase (~465 kDa). A water-soluble dye was also included to enable visualisation. Microneedles were assessed for loading uniformity by light microscopy and the formulation residency time was evaluated by monitoring evaporation using a digital camera. The microneedle loading capacity was determined using an established quantitative assay for β-galactosidase. Studies using excised human breast skin, maintained in organ culture, examined delivery of the model β-galactosidase from liquid loaded PMDs and the
time-dependent diffusion of the protein within the dermal tissue. A more clinically representative model of BTX A, formaldehyde inactivated BTX A, i.e., botulinum
toxoid, was used to determine the deposition pattern of the therapeutic within the skin. Following skin delivery the toxoid was detected by immnohistochemical staining and fluorescence imaging, following its conjugation to an appropriate fluorophore.
Immersion of the PMD into a 'Botox® like' formulation resulted in successful uptake and retention of the model protein solution. Quantitative studies indicated that
nanogram quantities (~100 ng/microneedle array) of the β-galactosidase model can be loaded and retained on individual microneedles, in a liquid state. These results
suggest that the loading capacity of the microneedle device is appropriate for therapeutic botulinum toxin formulations, although loading uniformity will need to
be addressed. Histological analysis revealed effective delivery of the model β-galactosidase from a PMD to the epidermal and the dermal layers of the skin. Rapid
and extensive diffusion of the protein within the deeper dermis was also demonstrated. Further, immunohistochemical and fluorescence studies indicated effective PMD loading and successful delivery of botulinum toxoid to the dermis of
human skin. These data suggest that it should be possible for BTX A to access its therapeutic target (the eccrine sweat glands) following delivery via PMDs.
This study has demonstrated for the first time that pocketed microneedles represent a viable, minimally invasive alternative, for the intradermal delivery of botulinum toxin A (Botox®). Future pre-clinical and clinical studies are now required to test and optimize a microneedle-based delivery system that is most suited to clinical practice.


A combined experimental and numerical investigation of the solidification process during gravity casting of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is conducted. Focus is placed on the interplay between the freezing front propagation and particle sedimentation. Experiments were performed in a rectangular ingot using pure substances as the matrix and glass beads as the particle phase. The time evolutions of local particle volume fractions were measured by bifurcated fiber optical probes working in the reflection mode. The effects of various processing parameters were explored. It is found that there exists a particle-free zone in the top portion of the solidified ingot, followed by a graded particle distribution region towards the bottom. Higher superheat results in slower solidification and hence a thicker particle-free zone and a higher particle concentration near the bottom. The higher initial particle volume fraction leads to a thinner particle-free region. Lower cooling temperatures suppress particle settling. A one-dimensional solidification model was also developed, and the model equations were solved numerically using a fixed-grid, finite-volume method. The model was then validated against the experimental results, and the validated computer code was used as a tool for efficient computational prototyping of an Al/SiC FGM.


Obesity is rising in the obstetric population, yet there is an absence of services and guidance for the management of maternal obesity. This systematic review aimed to investigate relationships between obesity and impact on obstetric care. Literature was systematically searched for cohort studies of pregnant women with anthropometric measurements recorded within 16‐weeks gestation, followed up for the term of the pregnancy, with at least one obese and one comparison group. Two researchers independently data‐extracted and quality‐assessed each included study. Outcome measures were those that directly or indirectly impacted on maternity resources. Primary outcomes included instrumental delivery, caesarean delivery, duration of hospital stay, neonatal intensive care, neonatal trauma, haemorrhage, infection and 3rd/4th degree tears. Meta‐analysis shows a significant relationship between obesity and increased odds of caesarean and instrumental deliveries, haemorrhage, infection, longer duration of hospital stay and increased neonatal intensive care requirement. Maternal obesity significantly contributes to a poorer prognosis for mother and baby during delivery and in the immediate post‐partum period. National clinical guidelines for management of obese pregnant women, and public health interventions to help safeguard the health of mothers and their babies are urgently required.


This paper introduces a Theme Issue on discrete–element modelling, based on research presented at an interdisciplinary workshop on this topic organized by the National Institute of Environmental e–Science. The purpose of the workshop, and this collection of papers, is to highlight the opportunities for environmental scientists provided by (primarily) off–lattice methods in the discrete–element family, and to draw on the experiences of research communities in which the use of these methods is more advanced. Applications of these methods may be conceived in a wide range of situations where dynamic processes involve a series of fundamental entities (particles or elements) whose interaction results in emergent macroscale structures. Indeed, the capacity of these methods to reveal emergent properties at the meso– and macroscale, that reflect microscale interactions, is a significant part of their attraction. They assist with the definition of constitutive material properties at scales beyond those at which measurement and theory have been developed, and help us to understand self–organizing behaviours. The paper discusses technical issues including the contact models required to represent collision behaviour, computational aspects of particle tracking and collision detection, and scales at which experimental data are required and choices about modelling style must be made. It then illustrates the applicability of DEM and other forms of individual–based modelling in environmental and related fields as diverse as mineralogy, geomaterials, mass movement and fluvial sediment transport processes, as well as developments in ecology, zoology and the human sciences where the relationship between individual behaviour and group dynamics can be explored using a partially similar methodological framework.


In 2007, an estimated 33.2 million people in the world were living with HIV, and despite twenty years of prevention programmes, an estimated 2.5 million new infections occurred in that year. Underpinning the shortcoming in the prevention response is the inadequate use of evidence to inform the response. The result has been largely ineffective prevention interventions, with non-optimal use of available resources and the loss of early opportunities to address the unique factors driving infection in the populations most at risk within the country. The overall objective of this study is: 'to contribute to the ongoing efforts to understand the epidemic and response in Kenya and thus help the country improve the scope (doing the right kind of activities), relevance (with the right populations) and comprehensiveness (reaching all members of target populations) with HIV prevention efforts', with an ultimate goal of helping Kenya make more effective HIV/AIDS-related decisions. The report then assesses the relevance, comprehensiveness and cost of major HIV responses in relation to the epidemiological analysis and policy environment, and draws some conclusions about the state of the epidemic and about whether the prevention responses (and the resources allocated to them) are congruent with the evidence on where resources should best be directed. This study describes the epidemiology of HIV in Kenya over time: trends in HIV prevalence and incidence, magnitude and current phase of the epidemic, the main transmission pathways for new infections; and the heterogeneity of the HIV epidemic (by sex, geography, age group, and risk behaviors).


Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. With an ageing population, the prevalence of such a condition has resulted in a large proportion of the population relying on peripheral vision to undertake activities of daily living. Peripheral vision is not a scaled‐down version of the fovea, simply requiring larger print or increased contrast for detection of objects or reading text. Even when print size is scaled and eye movements are minimised, the peripheral retina cannot perform at the level of the foveal region. Understanding how and why reading performance is limited as a function of eccentricity has important implications for how we approach rehabilitation of patients with central visual loss. This brief review of the extensive literature on reading with peripheral vision and the research aimed at better reading rehabilitation for low vision patients focuses on why many of the problems associated with the reduced reading capability of peripheral vision cannot be completely solved with magnification, reducing eye movements or modifying print.


: Phencyclidine (PCP) is a drug that is frequently misused by smoking. Recent popularity of PCP abuse by this method probably stems from the fact that smoking allows users to titrate themselves as well as reduce the incidence of adverse reactions. PCP is pyrolyzed at high temperatures to form predominantly 1-phenyl-1-cyclohexene (PC). Piperidine and related products are formed in smaller quantities. Smoke from cigarettes impregnated with PCP contains approximately equimolar concentrations of PCP and PC. It has been shown that PCP and PC are present in the circulation of individuals after they smoke PCP-laden cigarettes. In addition, PCP and PC can be found in plasma as well as in all major organs of mice exposed to smoke from PCP-containing cigarettes. The brain concentrations of PC in mice are comparable to those of PCP immediately after exposure but the PC levels decline somewhat more rapidly. Actually the time course of behavioral activity correlates better with PCP levels than with PC levels. In addition, PC and its major metabolites, as well as piperidine, are considerably less active behaviorally than PCP, which suggests that pyrolysis represents an inactivation process for PCP. However, a total lack of contribution of pyrolysis products to PCP's actions has not been ruled out.


A detailed study of bedding geometry in the Triassic strata of the Crawford Field, South Viking Graben, has revealed steep-bedding dips, in excess of 40° towards the west, sandwiched between Permian and Middle Jurassic to Cretaceous strata dipping gently eastwards. Reconstructions show an area of Triassic strata to be cut out at a high angle against the underlying Permian. This bedding geometry has been interpreted to indicate the presence of a detachment horizon towards the top of the Permian section onto which faulting within the Triassic has flattened. This faulting is pre-Middle Jurassic in age and affects the entire Triassic section in the region of the Crawford Field. The extent of bedding rotation is such that a considerable thickness of Triassic section has been cut out against the fault and detachment surface. The formation of planar shear fractures is associated with faulting in the Triassic strata. Most of these fractures parallel the fault trend and are interpreted to have formed during the early stages of fault movement, as they presently dip at a low angle towards the east. Cataclastic processes have dramatically reduced porosity along the fractures which may now represent permeability baffles. Recognition of this intra-Triassic structure means fault and roll-over geometries must be carefully modelled before any attempt at stratigraphic correlation within the Triassic can be made. Equally, if this style of faulting is more widespread, then areas of Triassic strata previously considered internally 'uncorrectable' may well benefit from a closer examination of bedding attitude and structure.


Cuckoldry is a complex of terms, ideas, injunctions and stereotypes attached to the notion that a wife's infidelity transformed her husband into a horned beast called a "cuckold." This complex, or lore of cuckoldry, was not merely a literary tradition but a popular conception which was beneficial to the medieval family structure with its wide kinship bonds and relatively cold husband-wife relationships. During Shakespeare's time, however, the family was changing, placing a greater stress on mutual society and paternal authority in such a way as to be incompatible with traditional cuckoldry. Consequently during the English Renaissance, literary treatments of cuckoldry also changed. Shakespeare, participating in some of these changes, created his own brand of cuckoldry, denying its universal validity. A chapter apiece is devoted to Shakespeare's four major cuckold plays--The Merry Wives of Windsor, Othello, Cymbeline and The Winter's Tale--and his two minor cuckold plays in which cuckoldry has a significant role in the sub-plot or background of the play--Much Ado About Nothing and Troilus and Cressida. Also slight references to cuckoldry can be found in several other plays. In general, Shakespeare utilizes the language of cuckoldry to debunk the stereotypes and lore of cuckoldry as he received it; especially the saws in cuckoldry which state that all husbands are virtual cuckolds, wives, especially amiable and socially active wives, are naturally wanton and given the chance will horn their husbands, and paramours who know the lore of cuckoldry can utilize it to seduce any wife at will. For Shakespeare, cuckoldry is chimerical, born of male jealousy and perpetuated by society and slander. Shakespeare's cuckoldry plays do not depict wifely adultery at all; rather, they reveal cuckoldry to be a male delusion. In this way, the plays deny cuckoldry's veracity, portraying the propensity to commit adultery to be foreign to the majority of women. Shakespeare's cuckoldry suggests that if men banish their fears of being horned, they can live fuller and more secure lives, their wives can be more active social partners, and society can be more stable.


A bifunctional gene xylanase of B. subtilis RSKK243 encoding detectable beta(1,4) glucanase (CMCase) activity in addition to a high level of main xylanase activity was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli with pUC18 plasmid and in various Bacillus subtilis strains with pUB110 vector. For enzymatic analysis and plasmid isolation, the gene was also expressed in xylanase and beta glucanase negative B.subtilis YB886 strain with pUB110 vector. The pUB110 with bifunctional xylanase gene was transferred into B. subtilis RSKK243 for maximizing the enzyme yield, as well as into other RSKK strains to create novel strains with multiple enzyme capacities. Recombinant strains were compared with their original counterparts with respect to their enzyme yield and multiple enzyme activities. In addition, molecular size determination and zymogram analysis were performed on SDS-PAGE and SDS-CMC-PAGE and SDS-Xylan-PAGE gels. The temperature and optimum pH of the enzyme were determined to be 50oC and 5 respectively. The enzyme was totally inactivated when it was exposed to a temperature of 90oC for 15 minutes.


Engineering design teams face many challenges, one of which is the time pressure
on the product creation process. A wide range of Information and Communications
Technology solutions is available to relieve the time pressure and increase
overall efficiency. A promising type of software is that which automates a design
process and generates design candidates, based on specifications of required behavior.
Visual presentation of multiple solutions in a "solution space" provides
insight in the trends, limitations and possibilities. This higher-level knowledge
enables the use of "design intent" and tacit experience knowledge to select the
best design for a specific application.
This thesis focuses on software support for (engineering) design processes that
use existing technologies and knowledge, with parametric information and quantitative
data. This covers continuous and discontinuous parameters, as well as a
mix of linear and non-linear equations, logic and fuzzy estimations, for static and
dynamic topologies. The scope includes the design of machine elements, product
components and product systems.
Academic research has explored the automation of design processes for a wide
range of engineering problems, including the scope of this thesis. A variety of
theories, frameworks and techniques are developed to automate models of design
problems. Sophisticated software support is made possible with advanced
functionalities to navigate and explore design solutions. Although the technical
feasibility appears to be proved, the intended software support is not present in
industry to the extent that it could.
The goal of this thesis is to increase the use of design automation software
in industrial environments. The focus lies on efficient development of the models
that are required for automation, with the emphasis on expert knowledge for the
design creation phase. A method is proposed to acquire the necessary models
and determine the software functionality. The functionality of the software is
described in advance to discuss the added value with the engineers that will use the software.
The method integrates concepts from existing domains of knowledge acquisition,
modeling, automation and software development. The input and output
of each step are standardized to allow a predictable development method. Standardization
is done by using generic models of the design process and expert
knowledge. Observations "how" designers design are used to define these models.
The result is a generic procedure that starts with a design process and ends with
software that generates multiple designs.
The first step of the method is to bring overview to the design environment.
The original design context is divided, or decomposed, into distinct levels of abstraction,
each with their own expressiveness and characteristics. The levels of
abstraction discriminate between issues of higher or lower importance. A suitability
check is provided to determine if the procedures from this thesis are applicable.
After the levels of abstraction are identified, the sub-process of analysis is used
to prescribe the further breakdown into sub-processes and information. Analysisoriented
decomposition identifies three distinct types of information: performance,
scenario and embodiment. The design process is divided in sub-processes of analysis,
synthesis, evaluation and adjustment.
The decomposition phase is a key aspect for predictable and efficient modeling
and software development. Decomposition allows fast knowledge acquisition, less
complex modeling, automation with a generic and predictable software functionality.
The generic model of the design process is used to provide a standardized
description of a design process. The functionalities of the software modules, as
well as the complete system, are known at this point.
The step after decomposition acquires the expert knowledge and models it
in a format called PaRC (acronym for Parameters, Resolve rule and Constrain
rule). PaRC consists of entities to define the design artifact (parameters and
topological elements) and knowledge rules that enable design generation (resolve,
constrain and expand rules: R-, C- and X-rules). The acquired model describes
the design expert's experience and know-how in solving design problems. The last
steps of the procedure involve automation of the knowledge models and software
development.
A generic software architecture mimics the model of the design process and
has generic interfaces to the PaRC knowledge models. As a result, software development
effort is reduced when building multiple software programs.
The proposed development method is applied to two industrial expert design
cases and four cases with explicitly documented knowledge. The design process
and expert knowledge are both modeled, and software prototypes are developed.


This paper describes a series of car crash tests into Wire-rope, W-beam, Concrete median barriers and Pipe-fence roadside barrier systems. A general description of the car setup, the driver remote control system, data acquisition, dummies and barrier test layout and general overview of the test outcomes are described. The tests investigate the performance of barriers used on Victorian state roads in Australia, particularly in relation to how severe a roadside barrier crash is to the front seated occupants in a small car. Another objective was to determine for which barriers and test configurations the on-board crashworthiness systems such as the airbags would fire. Results indicate clearly that barriers need to be ductile and absorb energy, and need to be installed properly, if they are to provide adequate protection for vehicle occupants. Results also indicate vehicle manufacturers must consider impacts into such systems when tuning pretensioner and airbag occupant protection systems.


Volume 1 [462pp] D.C. Cloud, "Monopolies and the People" (1873) Volume 2 [568] Henry Demarest Lloyd, "Wealth Against Commonwealth" (1894) Volume 3 [501] Arthur Twining Hadley, "Economics: An Account of the Relations Between Private Property and Public Welfare" (1896) Volume 4 [322] John P. Davis, "Corporations", vol. 1 (1905) Volume 5 [319] John P. Davis, "Corporations", vol. 2 (1905) Volume 6 [238] Louis Brandeis, "Other People's Money and What the Bankers Do With It" (1914).


Studies have demonstrated that a fecal flora with a predominance of bifidobacteria develops in infants fed a nucleotide-supplemented commercial formula, closer to that in breast-fed infants. In contrast, enterobacteria predominate in the fecal flora of infants fed an unsupplemented formula. When given parenterally, nucleotides promote recovery from injuries caused by hepatotoxic agents. These results suggest that dietary nucleotides may potentially play a significant role in nutrition.


OBJECTIVES
To evaluate long-term virological failure (VF) and drug resistance among HIV-infected Ugandan children on first-line ART.

METHODS
In a multicentre prospective cohort study, viral load (VL) and drug resistance mutations (DRMs) were investigated at baseline and 6 monthly intervals in children (age ≤ 12 years). VF (two consecutive VLs >1000 copies/mL or death after 6 months of ART) was defined as early VF (0-24 months of ART) or late VF (25-48 months of ART). An active regimen was defined as partially active if the genotypic susceptibility score (GSS) was <3.

RESULTS
Between 2010 and 2011, 316 children were enrolled. Viral suppression was achieved in 75.8%, 71.5%, 72.6% and 69.2% at 12, 24, 36 and 48 months. VF occurred in 111/286 (38.8%), of which 67.6% was early and 32.4% late VF. Early VF was associated with a partially active regimen at baseline (OR 6.0, 95% CI 1.9-18.5), poor adherence (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3-7.4) and immunodeficiency (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.1-10.2). Late VF was associated with age >3 years (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.0-6.6) and WHO stage 3/4 (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.4-13.4). Acquired DRMs were detected in 27.0% before 24 months, versus 14.4% after 24 months (P < 0.001). A total of 92.2% of the children with early VF, versus 56.2% with late VF, had a partially active regimen (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
VF rates were high, occurred predominantly in the first 24 months and appeared to increase again in year four. Risk factors and patterns of early VF/DRMs were different from those of late VF/DRMs. Virological control may improve by close monitoring and prompt switching to second-line therapy in the first 24 months. Late VF may be prevented by early start of ART.


International and New Zealand research continues to identify student underachievement in writing. The present study examines whether co-constructed goal setting can improve primary-aged students' writing achievement. An intervention was implemented at a low-decile, urban contributing primary school, mid-way through the 30-week study. The intervention was delivered in the form of a professional development session, and was evaluated by comparing progress after the implementation with progress made in an equal period prior to it. The intervention sought to improve the teacher participants' (=4) understanding of how to effectively implement the practice of co-constructed learning goals. A quasi-experimental research design was used to identify the effect of co-constructed goals on the 86 year 4, 5, and 6 students' writing achievement.
A quantitative approach was first taken to monitor students' writing achievement; data were collected using the e-asTTle revised 2012) online learning and assessment tool. A questionnaire administered at the beginning and end of the study was used to gain insight into teachers' perspectives on their own practice, and to monitor any changes resulting from the intervention.
The data suggested that the co-constructed goal-setting intervention was successful in raising the writing achievement of low-achieving students, although there was no significant effect on the achievement of the remaining participants. This is possibly because three out of the four participating teachers were found to have been employing co-constructed learning goals prior to the commencement of the study, which contributed to their students making consistently good progress over the 30-weeks duration of the study, including the period prior to the intervention.
The findings of the present study indicate that if implemented correctly, co-constructed learning goals can assist in raising the writing achievement of lower-achieving students.


Uveal melanomas are the most common primary intraocular. We report a case of melanoma of the ciliary body from the left eye of a 21 y old patient. Ophthalmological examination of the left eye revealed the presence of a poorly pigmented tumor that presses back the lower temporal equatorial lens. The bottom of the eye is uninterpretable. The ultrasound measurements of the tumor were 3.5 mm thick over 10 mm in diameter. The diagnosis of ciliary body melanoma was posed. However, the patient has atypical karyotypic abnormalities that might suggest an ocular metastasis of another unknown primitive tumor.


The idea for creating Your Grammar Companion came as a result of the interest among learners of English in a grammar book that explains and offers exercises for English verb forms. It offers opportunities for noticing regularities and raising grammar awareness as well as practicing. The topics and the language are chosen so as to meet the interest of teenagers and young adults. It is a useful book for all those who have been learning English for several years and still feel uncertain about the use of tenses or just want to get more practice for the fun of it.
The book explains how to form different tenses when to use them and offers step by step exercises. It also contrasts tense forms that are sometimes confused by intermediate learners. The explanations of form and usage are given in both English and Macedonian. All exercises can be done by learners working on their own. At the back of the book there is a key so that they can check their answers. It can be also used as supplementary material in class. Some of the exercises have been designed so as to offer opportunities for further practice and transfer.
Your Grammar Companion has been made on the basis of the authors' extensive experience with young people in Macedonia. As a result, it reflects the needs of Macedonian speakers and covers the areas in which they need more practice.


Optical networks are evolving from initially static optical circuits and subsequently optical circuit switching towards optical packet switching in order to take advan- tage of the high transport capacity made available by WDM systems in a more °exible and e±cient way. Optically labeling of packets and routing the packets's payload optically under control of its label allows the network nodes to route and forward IP data without having to process the payload, thus keeping it in the optical domain; this is a promising solution to avoid electronic bottlenecks in routers. All-optical label switching can therefore be used to route and forward packets independent of their length and payload bitrate. Several optical signal labeling techniques have been proposed in previous re- search reported in literature; orthogonal labeling and time-serial labeling have been studied in this thesis. This thesis studies two orthogonal modulation label- ing techniques: one based on FSK labels with an IM payload, and another one on SCM labeling for a DPSK modulated payload. A time-serial labeling method based on IM labels with IM or DPSK payload is also presented and studied. The ¯rst two techniques assume electronic processing of the labels in the node, and hence assume that labels can be transmitted at a much lower bitrate than the payload data rate. The third technique assumes all-optical signal processing in the nodes, capable of handling a label at the same bitrate or slightly lower than the payload data. Labels at low bitrate in comparison with the payload bitrate are desirable in systems where the label processing will be conducted in the electrical domain, while labels at the same bitrate as the payload can be used in systems where the processing is conducted in the optical domain, exploiting all-optical processing techniques. These three techniques have been chosen because they are compatible with the existing networks, since the modulation format, bitrates, transmission properties, and other features of the signals are similar to the ones used for commercially available applications. Thus, they can be considered important candidates for migration scenarios from optical circuit switching towards optical burst switching networking. Orthogonal labeling based on FSK/IM is a promising scheme for implementing the labeling of optical signals, and it is the technology of choice in the STOLAS project. This technique o®ers advantageous features such as a relaxed timing de- lineation between payload and label, and ease of label erasure and re-writing of new labels. By using wavelength-agile tunable laser sources with FSK modula- tion capability, wavelength converters, and passive wavelength routing elements, a scalable modular label-controlled router featuring high reliability can be built. In this thesis, several aspects of the physical parameters of an FSK/IM labeling scheme within a routing node have been studied and presented. Optical ¯ltering requires special care, since the combined FSK/IM scheme has a broader spectrum than that of pure intensity modulated signals. The requirements on the limited extinction ratio for the IM signal can be relaxed at low bitrates of the label signal or, alternatively, by introducing data encoding. Optical labeling by using FSK/IM represents a simple and attractive way of implementing hybrid optical circuit and burst switching in optical networks. Architecturally, similar advantages can be mentioned for the second orthogo- nal labeling technique studied in this thesis, based on SCM labels and a DPSK payload. In-band subcarriers carrying low bitrate labels located at a frequency equal to half the bitrate of the payload signal can be inserted introducing only low power penalties. Wavelength conversion can be implemented by using passive highly nonlinear ¯bers and exploiting the four-wave mixing e®ect. This thesis also studies the design of two functional blocks of an all-optical core node proposed in the LASAGNE project, namely the all-optical label and payload separator and the wavelength converter unit for a time-serial labeling scheme. The label and payload processor can be realized exploiting nonlinear e®ects in SOAs. An implementation using polarization division multiplexing to transport the external control light for an IM/IM time-serial scheme was demon- strated. Label and payload processors with self-contained control signals were also demonstrated, either using a DPSK signal to simultaneously transport the payload data and the control signal or inserting a CW dummy in between the label and the payload, which were based on IM-RZ format. A study on single- and multi- wavelength conversion based on FWM in a HNLF was presented. This approach allows transparent wavelength conversion (independent of the data format used) at high bitrates (the nonlinear e®ects in a ¯ber are obtained at ultrafast speeds). The labeling techniques explored have indicated a viable way of migration towards optical burst packet switched networks while signi¯cantly improving the throughput of the routing nodes.


This document provides a review of approaches, methods, and tools that can be used to evaluate how freight improvements contribute to economic competitiveness and the cost of goods. The information within is intended to serve as a point of reference to assist practitioners, particularly state and regional transportation decision makers, in considering how freight improvements contribute to the economy. The document provides an overview of the methods used in this area that is not overly technical and is designed to be accessible to a range of practitioners in different disciplines, including engineers, planners, and policymakers. It is expected that this document will be of interest to members of State departments of transportation (DOTs), metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), Federal agencies, and other stakeholders interested in freight transportation and economic development.


This article highlights trends in the comparative value of Australia's merchandise trade with China and considers the relative importance of Australia for China's international merchandise trade and vice versa. The composition of the merchandise trade between Australia and China is also examined. Trade in services between Australia and China is of increasing importance and its composition and balance is discussed. As a result of global economic reforms, international mobility of capital has increased. China has become the world's major destination for foreign direct investment (FDI) and is now itself an important source of FDI. However, Australia is not a major investor in China nor a major outlet for China's FDI. Reasons for this, and for the other features observed in economic and business relations between Australia and China, are outlined. Prospects are explored for future economic relations between Australia and China, particularly in the light of a proposed Australia-China Free Trade Agreement.


A dataflow model to obtain parallelism in the evaluation of Datalog is presented. This model performs query evaluation as a dataflow through a network of communicating concurrent processes capable of solving the query. This process network is based on the intensional database definition, plus the concrete query to be evaluated. A cost model to cope with the load balancing problem is described. A load balancing algorithm is presented and discussed. An algorithm to optimize the evaluation is described which is based on process network rewriting. This utilizes information in the query bindings to be evaluated in order to optimize the dataflow graph.


Business Rule Management (BRM) is a means to make decision-making within organizations explicit and manageable. BRM functions within the context of an Enterprise Architecture (EA). The aim of EA is to enable the organization to achieve its strategic goals. Ideally, BRM and EA should be well aligned. This paper explores through study of case study documentation the BRM design choices that relate to EA and hence might influence the organizations ability to achieve a digital business strategy. We translate this exploration into five propositions relating BRM design choices to EA characteristics.


Contemporary mainstream economics cannot be seen as disconnected from philosophical concerns. On the contrary, it should be understood as a defence for a specific philosophy, namely, crude quantitative hedonism where money would measure pleasure and pain. Disguised among a great mathematical apparatus involving utility functions, supply, and demand, lies a specific hedonist philosophy that every year is lectured to thousands of economic and business students around the world. This hedonist philosophy is much less sophisticated than that in ancient hedonist philosophers as Epicurus or Lucretius. Furthermore, it does not solve any of the systematic difficulties regularly faced by hedonist philosophy. However, the argument that economics is detached from philosophy works as a rhetorical artifice to protect its dominant underlying philosophy: Philosophical disputes would have to be addressed within the biased mathematical apparatus of quantitative hedonism. Economists and business students must learn to identify the underlying philosophy in mainstream economics and alternative philosophical systems.


Cultivating Dissent: Work, Identity and Praxis in Rural Languedoc. Winnie Lem. Albany: SUNY Press, 1999; 268 pp. One of the first books to come out in the SUNY Series in National Identities, Lem's study of a rural, wine-growing population in Southern France focuses on individual and collective agency of small-scale farmers in the context of large-scale historical and economic processes that have influenced French agriculture. She examines the social, cultural and economic logics behind the persistence of small, family farms and regional cultures in the face of market forces and French national politics that should, in theory, have made local economies and cultural forms less viable. The overall argument of the book is that small-scale agriculture and local/regional identity and political consciousness persist both as forms of resistance to large-scale capitalism and French nationalism, and as techniques of accommodation to market and political forces brought on by "modernization" and government policies. While Lem's materialist focus emphasizes the material conditions under which local cultures and economies are produced and changed, she also pays attention to cultural discourses about collective identity and agency. The book is divided into two parts. The first, "Place, Politics and identity" deals with the relationship between political action and collective action, and is comprised of three chapters. Chapter One provides a historical introduction to viniculture in "Broussan," the village in Southern France where Lem's fieldwork was conducted. While there have always been class distinctions between large landholders and other wine growers and laborers, Lem shows how capitalist transformations in the last century have increased social and economic differentiation between different participants in this market. In Chapter Two, Lem explores the history of political practice and class consciousness in the area, where people are "heirs to a vigorous tradition of what can only be called class struggle" (11). This class struggle includes a history of a number of different forms of resistance to government policies favoring "modernization" and the interests of large landholders. These include collective action within political structures (such as mobilizing candidates for election to the Chamber of Agriculture), collective action outside due political process-riots, strikes, demonstrations and guerilla tactics (smashing bottles of foreign wine in supermarkets)-and "everyday" or "clandestine" forms of resistance such as "partial compliance" with government rules against planting high-yielding vines and not declaring money made in the informal economy. These forms of resistance, Lem points out, have taken place alongside forms of accommodation to government policies: acceptance of government subsidies and participation in the government programs of agricultural modernization. Chapter Three identifies the range and occasional ambiguities of collective identities that are mobilized in Broussan. These include identification with the working class and its experience of being exploited, regional/ethnic identification as Occitan, and regional identification as Southern (vs. Northern) French. Overall, the chapter makes the important point that both "elements of local cultural participation and elements of a universalistic, class participation as members of the French working class...[have] configured political praxis in ways that forcefully challenge state hegemony" (99). However, while Lem shows that Occitan culture plays a significant role in the rhetoric and symbolism of mass protest, the extent to which the people of Broussan participate in the regionalist movement (and engage with its goals of linguistic and political autonomy) is less clear. Lem's critique of previous anthropological work on rural farmers also seems to me to overstate the extent to which those farmers are depicted in "fixed," "eternal" and traditional images. …


Objectives: The Adherence in Schizophrenia (ADHES) initiative aimed to assess physicians' perspectives about treatment adherence in people with schizophrenia, and assess strategies to improve adherence. Methods: Between March and April 2012, a 20-question survey was delivered to Australian psychiatrists (n = 3400). These anonymous surveys were returned by mail. The survey asked about the demographics of participating psychiatrists and the respondents' perceptions of different factors that affect the adherence of people with schizophrenia to their treatment with antipsychotic medications. Adherence was defined by the proportion of prescribed doses taken: non-adherence, if < 30%; partial-adherence, 30%–90%; and adherent, > 90%. Data were reported descriptively and were not weighted. Results: Respondent psychiatrists (n = 406; response rate 12%) reported that one-half (51%) of people with schizophrenia were either non-adherent (20%) or only partially adherent (31%). This was despite most (72%) psychiatrists' reporting that they assessed adherence to medication at every visit. The main reported reasons for medication discontinuation were: lack of insight (45%), drug or alcohol abuse (3%), or side effects (29%). The preferred strategies for improving adherence were switching to or adding a long-acting antipsychotic (40%), or simplifying the medication regimen (30%). Conclusions: Lack of adherence to antipsychotic medication remains a problem. More proactive management is required, to improve adherence and long-term outcomes.


ABSTRACT Lysimachia rupestris F. H. Chen & C. M. Hu is reported for the first time in Vietnam, in Cat Ba National Park. The supplemental description of its floral characters is applied. It has glabrous yellow corollas divided near to base, and stamens with short filaments connate basally into a ring and basifixed anthers opening by apical pores. The systematic position of L. rupestris F. H. Chen & C. M. Hu and its closely related species is also discussed.


Remote pair programming encapsulates the benefits of well-researched (co-located) pair programming. However, its effectiveness is hindered by challenges including pair incompatibility, imbalanced roles, and inclinations to work alone. Recent research has explored pedagogical methods to alleviate these challenges, but none have considered the integration of machine learning agents to facilitate remote pair programming. Therefore, we investigated the capabilities of popular text classification algorithms on identifying three facets of pair programming: dialogue acts, creativity stages, and pair programming roles. We collected a dataset of 3,436 utterances from a lab study of 18 pair programmers in a simulated remote environment. We found that pair programming dialogue poses a challenge as it is often unpremeditated and inadequately structured. Despite this, the accuracy of our machine learning classifier was improved by the choice of contextual dialogue features. Our results have implications for facilitating pair programming in global software development and online computer science education.


Evolvable hardware refers to a self reconfigurable electronic circuit, where the circuit configuration is under the control of an evolutionary algorithm. Evolvable hardware has shown one of its main deficiencies, when applied to solving real world applications, to be scalability. In the past few years several techniques have been proposed to avoid and/or solve this problem. Generalized disjunction decomposition (GDD) is one of these proposed methods. GDD was successful for the evolution of large combinational logic circuits based on a FPGA structure when used together with bi-directional incremental evolution and with (1+lambda) evolution strategy. In this paper a modified generalized disjunction decomposition, together with a recently introduced multi-population genetic algorithm, are implemented and tested for its scalability for solving large combinational logic circuits based on programmable logic array (PLA) structures


In this descriptive study, the use of a professional e-communication tool, Congredi, is evaluated. Ninety-six Congredi records of patients with dementia could be divided into the subgroups low-complex care (n = 43) and high-complex care (n = 53). If Congredi is an adequate communication tool for professionals, the changing involvement of caregivers must also be reflected within the two subgroups. We hypothesized that use would be more intensive in the high-complex group in comparison with the low-complex group. Data were gathered during 42 weeks. Results showed that the mean number of care activities in the high-complex group was significantly higher than in the low-complex group (10.43 vs 5.61, P = .001). The number of professionals involved with the high-complex care group (3.58) was higher compared to the low-complex care group (2.51) (P = .000). The most frequent use was by case managers and nurses (43.4%) in the high-complex group and by several case managers (41.9%) in the low-complex group. It was concluded that professionals used Congredi adequately in the multidisciplinary care of patients with dementia because the changing involvement of caregivers and the level of care activities were reflected in the use of Congredi.


Direct observations by phase microscopy have demonstrated that small numbers of pathogenic staphylococci survive prolonged periods of time within living human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Non-pathogenic microorganisms are rapidly destroyed in similar preparations. Leukocytes in which staphylococci remained viable often appeared less vigorous after ingesting microorganisms, but intracellular survival could not be correlated with obvious leukocyte damage with any consistency. Both pathogenic and non-pathogenic cocci were seen to divide within living granulocytes during the first few minutes after ingestion. Occasionally pathogenic staphylococci multiplied in dying cells after long periods of intracellular residence. Phagocytosis of more than one pair of staphylococci by a single leukocyte appeared to act as a stimulus to bacterial destruction. Multiple ingestions of pathogenic staphylococci reduced the incidence of survival of the total microbiol population contained within the cell.


Three broadband laser pulses are used to drive transitions between three levels in Sr vapor. A four-wave mixing signal is monitored as a function of the delay time t12 between two of the pulses. For sufficiently strong fields, it is found that the signal, as a function of t12, can possess a dip or a spike which is narrower than the correlation time of the radiation fields. A theoretical interpretation of the results is presented in terms of the so-called dark resonance.


The large scale release of raw Arabic news related videos from many sources over the internet has only been increasing. The videos released are uncategorized, and unused. The majority of work aimed at classficiation of Arabic videos is based on textual annotation or closed caption text extraction and processing. We propose a system design that implements multimodal video classification such that annotations and caption processing is excluded. The domain targetted is the news domain. The system consists of audio features extraction and classification, combined with speech-to-text conversion and processing, by utilizing Arabic Named Entity Recognition tools. We also propose to develop a new Arabic dataset based on news channel videos as well as raw videos from various online sources for testing and evaluation. Results are to be documented and graphed.


The plastic deformation and damage behavior of coarse-grained commercially pure iron containing grain boundary micro-voids were investigated at room temperature with different strain rates ranging from 1.0×10-5s-1 to 1.0×10-2s-1 under uniaxial tension. It is found that, with increasing strain rate, the lower yield stress and ultimate tensile strength increase normally, and abnormally the elongation increases as well. By comparison with the similar cases of other materials, the present phenomenon of anomalous strain rate effect on elongation is thought to be related to the pre-existence of GB micro-voids in the raw CP iron material. The extending deformation of GB micro-voids towards the tensile direction would contribute more to the total elongation, as the strain rate increases; this should be the most possible reason for the anomalous strain-rate dependence of elongation.


Reversal Learning could be an essential tool for dogs to accomplish a favorable adaptation to the human environment. Some dimensions of the social context, such as the presence of humans as choice stimuli, might influence dogs' achievement in reversal learning tasks. Our goal was to assess the influence of the human presence on dogs' ability to solve these tasks. For that purpose, we compared the performance of the same subjects in a social and non-social condition. Dogs had to choose between two passive humans (social reversal task) and between two apparatuses (non-social reversal task) as the discriminative stimuli. Our results showed no significant differences in the mean number of trials before giving the first correct response and mean number of correct responses comparing the social and non-social reversal conditions. This could indicate that reversal learning is independent of the social nature of the acquired stimulus, and that the human presence might not facilitate dogs' performance. However, in the last block of trials, dogs made significantly more correct responses in the social task than in the non-social task. This result must be considered with caution. Further research is required to compare social and non-social tasks applied to the same subjects and including distinct dimensions of the social context. In addition, future work should address other factors that potentially shape dogs' ability to learn reversals.


We constructed a rotary-valved four-cylinder PDR system (flight vehicle) for the flight demonstration. Total length and weight of the vehicle were 1910mm and approximately 33 kg with propellant and purge gas, respectively (detonation tube inner diameter and length: 37 mm and 800 mm, respectively). We investigated the thrust performance of the PDR system and the thrust-to-weight ratio on grand test. Propellant-based specific impulse of 131 s, time-averaged thrust of 256 N and thrust-to weight ratio of 0.8 were achieved [32]. The flight test using the newly-developed launch-recovery system was proposed and carried out. The system operated perfectly, and we successfully recovered the PDR without damage. It was confirmed that the rolling by rotating the rotary valve and significant vibration by pulse detonation had a low impact on the flight. The stable PDR operation and the detonation engine thrust in real flight condition (6-degree-of-freedom condition) were validated.


Shared Traditions: Southern History and Folk Culture. By Charles Joyner. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999. Pp. xiii, 361. Acknowledgments, introduction, illustrations, notes, index. $49.95, cloth; $19.95, paper.) A central concern of Charles Joyner's scholarly career has been to characterize the nature of the South. In this effort, he unites the concerns of the disciplines of history and folklore, both by studying southern folk culture from a historical perspective and by applying folkloristic and anthropological analysis to historical topics. Joyner is perhaps uniquely qualified to approach the intersection of these disciplines, as he holds separate doctorates in both fields. Shared Traditions consists largely of essays researched or published over the course of Joyner's career. After an introductory essay on southern folk culture, the anthology is broken into five parts, which include several considerations of the Old South, a group of essays on the work of three scholars (David Potter, David Hackett Fischer, and Henry Glassie), four examinations of the New South, three essays on the dialogue between folklore and history, and a single chapter on "The Future of Folk Culture," which looks at cultural conservation on the Sea Islands. Dates and publication information are provided for some but not all the chapters of Shared Traditions. Joyner notes that most have been revised, some substantially, in order to unify the book. Still, the essays would have benefited from some additional contextualization, particularly an introduction to each chapter or section that gives the reader further information on when and why an essay was written. For instance, it might not be clear to all readers why a consideration of Henry Glassie's research on Northern Ireland is relevant to a book on southern history and folk culture. Other chapters appear dated, either because they lack consideration of more contemporary scholarship or because they represent an approach as current that now seems outdated. Shared Traditions is most successful if viewed as an anthology of Joyner's research and writings, though its organization sometimes works against this approach. In grappling with the nature of southern culture, Joyner ranges from the broad sweep to the microscopic. In general, Joyner concludes that the South is unique in its biracial culture. Although few scholars would now question the multiculturalism of the South, whether it is uniquely this way is more a matter of debate. …


Using hypothetical lottery choices to measure risk preferences, Frederick (2005) finds that higher cognitive ability is associated with less risk aversion. This paper documents, however, that when using an incentive compatible measure of risk preference, attitudes towards risk are not associated to cognitive ability as measured by Frederick's (2005) three-item cognitive reflection test. This is a new finding that adds weight to the claim that lack of proper financial incentives can sometimes be a source of bias. In addition, we show that this lack of association between risk preferences and cognitive ability is robust to using a broader measure of cognitive ability that takes into account both verbal and non-verbal reasoning skills. Our results suggest the possibility that whether cognitive ability relates to attitudes towards risk is sensitive to instruments used to measure both of them.


BACKGROUND
Cryptococcus neoformans is a ubiquitous encapsulated yeast that causes significant infections which range from asymptomatic pulmonary colonization to the life threatening meningoencephalitis, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Cryptococcal meningitis is one of the AIDS-defining illnesses. Recent data have indicated that, the incidence of the cryptococcal infection is high in developing countries like India. We conducted this study to find out the incidence of cryptococcosis in this area.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) specimens were collected from known HIV positive cases that had a clinical diagnosis of meningitis and they were processed by standard microbiological procedures. The cryptococcal isolates were identified by microscopy, their cultural characteristics, sugar assimilation and by the hydrolysis of urea.

RESULTS
The incidence of cryptococcal meningitis was 12.9%. All the strains were susceptible to amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole.

CONCLUSION
The cryptococcal infection should be suspected in all cases of meningitis, especially among HIV infected persons. An early diagnosis and treatment may alter the prognosis of these patients and hence, an examination of the CSF for cryptococcosis should be considered in all the HIV infected persons who have the symptoms of meningitis.


1. A health incentive program can be an effective intervention for reducing employee population risk and altering health care utilization patterns. 2. An incentive based health promotion program rewards employees for performing a selected set of behaviors. 3. Collecting supporting data (benchmarking, needs assessment, organization data, published data) provides the foundation for the health incentive program design. 4. Choose an incentive appropriate to the employee population and worksite culture.


Synchronized artificial insemination was used to inseminate cows using different types of sire genetics, including low-accuracy, calving-ease, and high-accuracy. These three calf sire groups were compared to calves born to cows bred using natural service. We found substantial production efficiency grains, carcass merit improvement, and economic value to calves born to cows following a synchronized artificial insemination program with high-accuracy semen included. The economic advantage to the high-accuracy calf sire group was computed to be in the neighborhood of $40 to $80/head, relative to the natural service calf sire group.


We prove that CdS nanocrystals can be thermodynamically stabilized in both wurtzite and zinc-blende crystallographic phases at will, just by the proper choice of the capping ligand. As a striking demonstration of this, the largest CdS nanocrystals (similar to 15 nm diameter) ever formed with the zinc-blende structure have been synthesized at a high reaction temperature of 310 degrees C, in contrast to previous reports suggesting the formation of zinc-blende CdS only in the small size limit (< 4.5 nm) or at a lower reaction temperature (<= 240 degrees C). Theoretical analysis establishes that the binding energy of trioctylphosphine molecules on the (001) surface of zinc-blende CdS is significantly larger than that for any of the wurtzite planes. Consequently, trioctylphosphine as a capping agent stabilizes the zinc-blende phase via influencing the surface energy that plays an important role in the overall energetics of a nanocrystal. Besides achieving giant zinc-blende CdS nanocrystals, this new understanding allows us to prepare CdSe and CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals in the zinc-blende structure.


Air pollution has become a central public health issue following a series of environmental calamities, which occurred in Europe during the second half of the XXth century and had an enormous impact on peoples' health and mortality. Since then, abundant scientific evidence has reported on the specific health effects determined by exposure to environmental air pollutants, notably ozone and particulate matter. More recently, worldwide large population-based cohort studies showed positive associations between levels of exposure to common air pollutants and systemic illnesses irrespective of age. Reports in children exposed to airborne hazards showed decreased lung growth and function, increased rates of respiratory allergies and early onsets of asthma, and aggravation of respiratory symptoms and asthma. In adults, the available evidence reports on the increased incidence of acute and chronic respiratory diseases, and also on the early cardiovascular morbidity risk factors, such as arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, decreased heart-rated variability, which may further lead to myocardial infarction and stroke. As a consequence, increased utilization of medical care, outpatient visits to emergency rooms and hospitalizations with a significant impact on individuals' health-related quality of life and costs have been shown. Individual susceptibility to environmental pollutants is an important determinant of the health effects. A number of personal conditions have been associated with the detrimental effects of air pollutants, including sex, nutrition, associated comorbidities, tobacco smoke, occupational exposure and genetic predisposition. In the last years, new policy regulation measures to reduce fine particle emissions and limit involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke proved beneficial, notably in susceptible persons. The present work aimed to 1) provide an overview of the consistent literature on the effects of outdoor and indoor air pollution on human's health, and 2) examine the evidence on the individual's factors of susceptibility to environmental air pollutants, further focusing on three articles from the author addressing the effects of passive smoking in susceptible individuals.


For the first two thirds of the twentieth century, British government was among the most stable in the advanced industrial world. In the last three decades, the governing arrangements have been in turmoil and the country has been a pioneer in economic reform, and in public sector change. In this book, Michael Moran examines and explains the contrast between these two epochs. What turned Britain into a laboratory of political innovation? Britain became a formal democracy at the start of the twentieth century but the practice of government remained oligarchic. From the 1970s this oligarchy collapsed under the pressure of economic crisis. The British regulatory state is being constructed in its place. Moran challenges the prevailing view that this new state is liberal or decentralizing. Instead he argues that it is a new, threatening kind of interventionist state which is colonizing, dominating, and centralizing hitherto independent domains of civil society. The book is essential reading for all those interested in British political development and in the nature and impact of regulation.


The current world crisis in the demand for water is a real problem for all forms of life on our
planet. For years, scientists have tried to propose various technologies which might be able to
clean and reuse contaminated water. It is crucial to develop a sustainable low cost form of
technology. This is especially important for Third World countries, where the ability to get high
level technology is difficult and ideally, the form of technology should be cheap, simple and
based on the local resources. One of the most available local resources is a polysaccharide
such as starch, pectin, cellulose or alginic acid. The major goal of this dissertation is to develop
a green form of technology to capture potentially harmful, toxic or valuable compounds from
waste water using mesoporous carbonaceous materials based on the local polysaccharide
resources.
To achieve this target, a novel and improved method of synthesis of mesoporous carbonaceous
materials from starch (hereafter referred to as Starbon® ) and alginic acid (hereafter referred to
as Algibon) was established at the beginning of the project. Based on this method, a number of
mesoporous materials with different textural and surface properties have been generated and
characterised by various techniques including nitrogen porosimetry, solid state NMR, DRIFT
spectroscopy, electron microscopy, elemental analysis and ash content tests.
Some of the major water pollutants in industrial wastes are dyes from textile industry and heavy
metals from mining, steel industry, welding, batteries, refinery, fertiliser and other processes.
Therefore, the produced materials were systematically tested as dye adsorbers. Bulky azodyes,
which represent 75% of the current cotton industry market, were selected as model
absorbates. A wide range of Algibons and Starbons materials with different properties (from the
completely hydrophilic to completely hydrophobic and with different micro/mesopore volumes
and ratios) enabled the optimum material to be found for certain types of adsorption process. It
was found that in this type of adsorption, Starbons materials cannot compete with commercially
available adsorbents. In contrast, Algibon has demonstrated great potential and significantly
outperformed the commercially available adsorbents such as activated carbon (up to 6 times
more) for the uptake of a range of bulky dyes.
The adsorption data reveals that the BET specific surface area (N2-adsorption) was not the only
governing factor and that the dominant mesoporous character of these materials, the
accessibility of the pores versus the bulkiness of the dyes and the nature of the surface
functionality (hydrophobic versus hydrophilic) also played key roles.
The maximum adsorption capacity of Algibon prepared at 800o C (A800) is markedly higher than
the one recorded for A450 and outperforms Norit as a commercially available activated carbon
(AC) adsorbent. It was found that the higher adsorption capacity of A800 relates to a higher
surface area in the mesoporous region. Moreover, it was found that the energy of adsorption is
smaller for A800 than for AC. This shows that A800 is not only the preferred adsorbent but will
also enable a more effective and easier recovery of the dyes.
In addition, the project involved the use of the developed Starbon materials to recover metals.
This application is crucial not only for the cleaning of waste waters but also for recovering the
valuable and critical metals from solid wastes. Some of these metals are in the EU critical list of
elements due to their significant demand in modern economy technologies or are substantial
components of industrial waste. These elements are in short supply because of their large
demand in growing economy and their scarce abundance in the world. Therefore, a variety of
Starbons were screened to test the selectivity of the polysaccharide derived carbonaceous
materials towards the high value metals from digested solid wastes consisting of Pulverised fly
ash (PFA), Red Mud (RM), Bottom ash (BA), Titano gypsum (TiG), Red Titano gypsum (RTiG)
and Phospho Gypsum (PG).
Further investigation of metals adsorption based on Algibon was systematically conducted.
A800 which demonstrated the most promising results early on and was found to be the most
stable material, and was used as the adsorber. A solution containing four high value metal ions
(i.e. Co, Cu, Ag and Cd) were selected for the adsorption experiment. Investigation focused on
the nature of the metal ions and how they affect the kinetic parameters of adsorption in a
detailed experimental analysis of the model system. Different types of adsorption isotherms
were applied. The maximum adsorption capacity for each metal was found from the fit isotherm
type. Kinetic adsorption was tested and kinetic order model study was carried out.


A class of supercolloidal particles that controllably spin about their central axis in AC electric fields is reported. The rational design of these "microspinners" enables their rotation in a switchable manner, which gives rise to several interesting and programmable behaviors. It is shown that due to their complex shape and discrete metallic patches on their surfaces, these microspinners convert electrical energy into active motion via the interplay of four mechanisms at different electric field frequency ranges. These mechanisms of rotation include (in order of increasing frequency): electrohydrodynamic flows, reversed electrohydrodynamic flows, induced charge electrophoresis, and self‐dielectrophoresis. As the primary mechanism powering their motion transitions from one phenomenon to the next, these microspinners display three directional spin inversions (i.e., from clockwise to anticlockwise, or vice versa). To understand the mechanisms involved, this experimental study is coupled with scaling analyses. Due to their frequency‐switchable rotation, these microspinners have potential for applications such as interlocking gears in colloidal micromachines. Moreover, the principles used to power their switchable motion can be extended to design other types of supercolloidal particles that harvest electrical energy for motion via multiple electrokinetic mechanisms.


In recent decades, murals have become a common phenomenon in urban landscapes, weaving artistic and cultural expressions into the city. They have become a major avenue for public expression, reflecting and influencing the social, political, cultural, and aesthetic values of the city. Some murals are created as acts of resistance while others are promoted by local governments as means of promoting urban development and social reconstruction. Because of their artistic character, location, and public exposure, murals incorporate tensions that present challenges to policymakers, owners, and those involved in their creation. For instance, murals are both a public and private phenomenon, situated in the public domain but located on specific properties and created by specific individuals.
Through the years, the importance of the visualization and design of urban environments has grown.  Local governments are seen in many places around the world as responsible for the city's public spaces, taking on the role of regulators, mediators, and facilitators. Furthermore, they have the difficult task of balancing public and private rights and interests, such as maintaining public order and protecting individual rights and freedoms.
But do cities want to be able to control all of their public spaces? The answer to this question is not simple and contains many considerations. Their ability to control public spaces is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, as the level of control increases, local governments are granted stronger tools to shape their murals to better suit the city's vision, but on the other hand, this ability may collide with the freedoms of property owners and artists, weakening the city's creative forces and emasculating informal activities.
In this paper we focus on the regulation of murals. We will look at the cities of Portland, which recently re-establish its mural policy and Tel Aviv, known for its many street art and graffiti. We will examine their approaches towards murals and who they view their role in governing public spaces, and address the amount of control they choose to have over the city's murals. By doing so, we will highlight the dilemmas local governments face when promoting mural policy and how mural policies affect the ability of property owners and initiators to promote murals. We believe this information will also aid artists and activists to better understand the framework in which they are working in and the decision-making process of municipalities.


QUINN, J. A. (Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1582) and S. J. Meiners (Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920-3099). Growth rates, survivorship, and sex ratios of Juniperus virginiana on the New Jersey Piedmont from 1963 to 2000. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 131: 187-194. 2004.-Studies of the growth, survival, and sex ratios of dioecious species have been predominantly short-term. This research investigated growth rates, survivorship, and sex ratios among cohorts of Juniperus virginiana L. from 1963 through 2000. Males (M) and females (F) in six old-fields of different ages on the New Jersey Piedmont were analyzed, starting with the initial data on height and sex expression collected by John Small on labeled recruits from 1963 through 1976. These plants were relocated and censused during the summer and fall of 2000. No changes in sex expression were recorded between 1976 and 2000. The overall sex ratio was almost 1:1 (333 M, 332 F); only one of the fields showed a significant departure from 1:1. Males grew slightly, but significantly, faster in height than females, but relative growth rates dropped by approximately 50% for both males and females once they became reproductive. Female trees were on average 23 cm taller (and older) than males at first reproduction. Heights in those males and females surviving to 2000 were not significantly different. There was no effect of an individual's sex on its likelihood of dying, but plants that became established later were shorter, often non-reproductive, and had an increased risk of mortality. These long-term results strongly support genetically-determined sex ratios and a lack of major differences between males and females in growth rates and survival, which had been suggested by single-year studies elsewhere in the species' range.