BACKGROUND
Vaginal microbicides are in development to provide new options for the prevention of sexually transmissible infections. Although promoted as a female-initiated product, men may influence the decision to use a microbicide and the way that it is used, so it is important to explore their views.

METHODS
Men (n = 36) enrolled in a 7-day, phase 1 clinical safety trial of SPL7013 Gel were interviewed pre- and post-use of the gel. The trial did not include use of the gel during sex. Interviews were digitally-recorded and transcribed verbatim, and analysed using a framework approach.

RESULTS
The men (mean age 37 years) were interested in the idea of vaginal microbicides, had little knowledge about them, and varied beliefs about how they work. They tended to assess microbicide use in relation to condoms and lubricants. Many would want a microbicide to be as effective as condoms. Participants did not anticipate difficulties discussing use with their partners. Many thought that a microbicide would be less intrusive than condoms; some anticipated that the lubricating properties might enhance sexual pleasure. Some anticipated using a microbicide with a condom or with a lubricant, and a few raised questions about the timing of use and use during different types of sexual activity.

CONCLUSIONS
No major barriers to microbicide use were found in this sample of Australian men, who anticipated being willing to use them if they are shown to be safe and effective. Our findings should help to inform the design of further studies as well as future information materials and anticipatory guidance.


Fourth Amendment law is transactional: it focuses on the one-off interaction typified by the singular investigatory search against a particular suspect for a specific crime. Yet surveillance is increasingly programmatic. It is ongoing and cumulative, and the scope of the executive's search and seizure power is determined by administrative practice. Vindicating Fourth Amendment values today requires more than what the conventional transactional approach has to offer. This Article recasts problems of surveillance as problems of governance and develops an administrative framework to help address them. Administrative law suggests a way to flesh out the requirement for Fourth Amendment "reasonableness" in the exercise of agency discretion, where today's Fourth Amendment often punts. Administrative law also provides a mechanism, independent of criminal procedure, through which courts can impose more systemic safeguards on privacy. Finally, administrative law points to a set of extrajudicial strategies for addressing surveillance at the level of governance.


Abstract Objective: Housing for people with acquired brain injury (ABI) or spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a significant issue in Australia and internationally. This review examined the current research evidence regarding the efficacy of housing alternatives for adults with ABI or SCI in relation to four principal outcomes of interest: the person's (1) community integration/participation, (2) independence, (3) psychosocial well-being and (4) quality of life. The review also sought to identify how the reported efficacy of the housing alternatives might be impacted by individual factors. Method: For this systematic review, quantitative empirical, peer-reviewed research published after 1 January 2003 was sought. Ten journal articles met the eligibility criteria. None of the included studies comprised an adult SCI sample. Results: The research identified lower levels of community integration/participation, independence, psychosocial well-being and quality of life for adults (particularly younger adults) with ABI living in 'structured settings' (i.e., residential care) compared to those living in 'home-like' environments (i.e., private homes) and 'disability-specific' settings (i.e., shared supported accommodation, group homes, foster care homes, cluster units). Conclusion: More research is needed to compare 'home-like' and 'disability-specific' settings, and individual housing models more generally (i.e., living at home with friends vs with family vs living in shared supported accommodation vs living in residential care). This review identified a number of limitations in the current evidence base and several important directions for future research. Policymakers, architects, designers, builders, developers, funding agencies, international researchers as well as people with ABI or SCI and their families may benefit from the findings of this review.


The mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are regulated by a family of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), particularly IGFBP-3. In vitro studies have demonstrated the importance of the IGF-1 axis in regulating the growth of breast cancer cells. Little is known, however, about the IGF-independent role of IGFBP-3 in breast cancer and the mechanisms regulating its production. We investigated the expression of IGFBP-3 in malignant and paired adjacent normal (n=53), and healthy normal (n=17) breast tissue samples using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and ELISA. We compared IGFBP-3 expression with other members of the IGF-I axis, other known tumorigenic genes and clinicopathological parameters. We also developed a novel tissue explant system using fresh normal and malignant breast tissue, with which we examined the in vitro effects of IGFBP-3 alone and in combination with known apoptotic agent, doxorubicin (n=6), on tissue viability and apoptosis. Results demonstrated universal high level of expression of IGFBP-3 mRNA in all types of breast tissue. There was no difference in level of expression between any of the three groups of breast tissue (approaching those seen in the liver where it is predominantly produced). 96% of samples also expressed IGFBP-3 protein. High levels of IGFBP-3 mRNA were associated with the presence of high grade ductal carcinoma-in-situ (p<0.0001), the pre-invasive stage in breast cancer. A significant correlation was also found between IGFBP-3 negative/weakly positive tumours and lymph node negativity (p<0.05), thereby supporting an association between IGFBP-3 and the development of invasive disease. There was, however, no significant correlation between IGFBP-3 expression and other clinicopathological parameters. The in vitro tissue explant system demonstrated that IGFBP-3 had little effect by itself on apoptosis. However, when used in combination with doxorubicin, a marked enhancement of apoptosis was seen in breast tumours. In contrast, less apoptosis was seen in normal breast tissue suggesting a protective effect. These divergent effects suggest a potential novel chemotherapeutic approach in the treatment of breast cancer. These findings suggest that IGFBP-3 may play a role in tumorigenesis. It may therefore be possible in future, that IGFBP-3 levels could be used in cancer risk assessment and prevention or infact, as markers of response to cancer treatments.


All managers plan, but many managers of small organizations limit their planning activities to developing and guiding discrete projects. This decision stems from two erroneous assumptions: strategic planning is useful only in large organizations, and it is too complex for a small organization. As a result, these managers deprive their organizations of an essential tool for long-term survival and prosperity. Strategic planning helps any organization effectively use its scarce resources by relating every decision to the organization's mission. The process for doing this consists of a sequence of decisions that applies in all cases. However, the effort involved in reaching each of these decisions varies with the size and complexity of the organization. Consequently, leaders of small units need not forego using this essential managerial tool. In this article, each decision is described and illustrated with an example from a typical small enterprise.


A natural, fatal case of cytauxzoonosis in a tsessebe is reported. The macroscopic and histologic pathology are described, the most significant lesion of which was severe, focal disseminate necrosis and haemorrhage in the liver. Similar but less severe lesions were present in the heart, skeletal muscles, kidneys and spleen in conjunction with a moderate interstitial pneumonia. Schizonts were found within mononuclear phagocytes and multi-nucleated syncytial cells in the liver, lungs, spleen and kidneys. Parasitised erythrocytes with up to 4 piroplasms per cell were seen. The ultrastructural features of the parasite are consistent with those of Cytauxzoon spp.


We report the case of an octagenerian who presented with leukocytoclastic vasculitis as the first symptom of Crohn's disease. The patient was admitted with skin rash on the lower extremities and ankles and episodes of bloody diarrhea. Skin and colon biopsies revealed acute leukocytoclastic vasculitis and moderate Crohn's disease, respectively. The patient was treated with intravenous corticosteroids in conjunction with antibiotics and per os mesalazine. Symptoms resolved rapidly within 5 days, and the patient was still asymptomatic on follow-up 3 months later.


After a prolonged drought period in the early 2000s, the Canadian prairie experienced a remarkably wet year in 2010. Five stations near the edge of the Saskatchewan boreal forest recorded historically high cumulative precipitation (from April to September). The exceptional wet year causes the public concerns on flood controls and land use management in the region. Using the Canadian National Climate Data Achieve, characteristics of six-month cumulative precipitation sums over Saskatchewan prairie are investigated by the Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) Theory. Based on the unconstrained GEV distribution, the 2010 event is outside the estimated 95% confidence intervals for the five Canadian prairie stations. On the contrary, the exceptional high 2010 cumulative perception sums for the five stations are still bounded by the estimated confidence bounds if the GEV distribution is constrained to the Gumbel distribution (i.e. setting the shape factor of the GEV distribution to be zero). These results demonstrate that the classical extreme analysis is useful for planning unprecedented extreme events in the Canadian Prairie, if the GEV distribution is constrained to the Gumbel distribution with the estimated uncertainty bounds based on the order statistics.


This thesis reports on research to develop the first adaptive learning system for the Arabic language. The research also develops the first robust translation of the Felder-Soloman Index of Learning Styles (ILS) instrument into Arabic. Literal translation of the ILS applied to a pilot study resulted in lower internal validity in the instrument than found in the English language versions. The research discusses the development of a translation protocol undertaken to improve the validity and internal reliability of the Arabic version of the ILS. The new Arabic version of the Felder-Soloman Index of Learning Styles (ILS) instrument has been applied to two Arabic speaking groups in different Faculties at the King Abdul-Aziz University in Saudi Arabia: The Arts and Humanities Faculty and the Economics and Administration Faculty a total of 1204 students. Further analysis indicates that the Arabic version of the Felder-Soloman Index of Learning Styles (ILS) seems to be an appropriate psychometric instrument to identify learning styles in Arabic speaking communities.
The second major part of the research was to use the Felder-Soloman Index of Learning Styles (ILS) instrument to develop an adaptive learning styles system and evaluate its effectiveness. The Teacher Assisting and Subject Adaptive Material System (TASAM) was tested out on different cohorts of students. Results showed that students taught using the learning style adaptive system performed significantly better in academic achievement than students taught the same material without adaptation to learning style. The feedback of student's Survey overall students seemed to have enjoyed using the TASAM system and there seemed to have been a positive impact on learning performance. The thesis also provides guidance on translations of psychometric instrument and developing adaptive learning system.


A finishing study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding 27% inclusion of condensed distillers solubles (CDS) and 40% inclusion of modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) with and without corn oil removal. Deoiled CDS or MDGS did not impact performance or carcass characteristics compared to normal fat. Cattle fed CDS or MDGS, regardless of fat content, had greater final BW, ADG, and HCW compared to controls. Feed conversion, regardless of fat content, was greatly improved for CDS or MDGS compared to controls. These data suggest that cattle fed de-oiled distillers or solubles have comparable performances to normal fat concentration using the centrifugation process removing oil from solubles.


Due to the significant demand for land resources and rapid urbanization, reclamation has become one of the essential choices for developing coastal cities. However, the intensive reclamation projects lead to the high vulnerability of the delta. Attention to the general discussion of ecological security, vulnerability, and sustainability has proliferated in recent years, but insufficient attention has been paid to a detailed explanation of the specific human activities' impact on the overall delta from a narrative historical aspect. In this article, the Deltas of Netherlands and Pearl River Delta (PRD) in multiple scales are selected as cases. The two deltas share similarities in geography, physical system description, ecological system, management Issues, and human activities. The comparative analysis offers a means to improve the understanding of mechanisms for addressing ecological vulnerability by comparing two deltas in social and environmental aspects.The analysis section elaborates the similar reclamation history of two deltas by the sequence of three stages. By comparing the diverse responses of respective projects in macroscale and microscale with similar morphological and ecological features, it is effortless to improve the understanding of reactive mechanisms of systems, which directly affect the vulnerability index. The Vulnerability index will also be listed and elaborated corresponding to the historical stages. Moreover, successful examples of the Netherlands show the advanced experiments in guild thinking, governance, strategies. Thus, the comparative analysis provides comprehensive syntheses, mechanistic insights, and feasible alternatives to PRD. And beneficial guidance to develop a sustainable urban delta could be proposed.


The moral panic over the impact of so-called predatory publishers continues unabated. It is important, however, to resist the urge to simply join in this crusade without pausing to examine the assumptions upon which such concerns are based. It is often assumed that established journals are almost sacrosanct, and that their quality, secured by peer review, is established. It is also routinely presumed that such journals are immune to the lure of easy money in return for publication. Rather than looking at the deficits that may be apparent in the practices and products of predatory publishers, this commentary invites you to explore the weaknesses that have been exposed in traditional academic journals but are seldom discussed in the context of predatory publishing. The inherent message for health and medical services staff, researchers, academics, and students is, as always, to critically evaluate all sources of information, whatever their provenance.


In the present mainstream cosmology, matter and space-time emerged from a singularity and evolved through four distinct periods: early inflation, radiation, dark matter, and late-time inflation (driven by dark energy). During the radiation and dark matter dominated stages, the universe is decelerating while the early and late-time inflations are accelerating stages. A possible connection between the accelerating periods remains unknown, and, even more intriguing, the best dark energy candidate powering the present accelerating stage ( -vacuum) is plagued with the cosmological constant and coincidence puzzles. Here we propose an alternative solution for such problems based on a large class of timedependent vacuum energy density models in the form of power series of the Hubble rate, 1⁄4 ðHÞ. The proposed class of ðHÞ-decaying vacuum model provides: (i) a new mechanism for inflation (different from the usual inflaton models), (ii) a natural mechanism for a graceful exit, which is universal for the whole class of models; (iii) the currently accelerated expansion of the universe, (iv) a mild dynamical dark energy at present; and (v) a final de Sitter stage. Remarkably, the late-time cosmic expansion history of our class of models is very close to the concordance CDM model, but above all it furnishes the necessary smooth link between the initial and final de Sitter stages through the radiationand matterdominated epochs.


The results of plentiful research indicate a positive relation between corporate social responsibility and financial results of companies, which should make investors focus on these companies which represent high CSR standards and events indicating changes in the level of these standards should be considered by them as important information and should be reflected in the asset price, which affects the rate of return. In order to find out whether this phenomenon exists on the emerging markets, the research applying the event study methodology was conducted to determine the impact of the inclusion of companies in or exclusion from the ethical RESPECT Index operating on the Warsaw Stock Exchange on the rate of return on equity . The results confirm that investors take into account the information about changes in the level of corporate social responsibility and respond positively to its growth and negatively to its decline. In this respect they correspond to the reactions of investors on more mature markets. The obtained results, besides the contribution made into the development of theory, have also practical implications as they show that the presence in an ethical index helps to communicate higher standards of corporate social responsibility and indicating it to investors may exert an impact on the company market value. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.27.4.13377


We measure multidimensional poverty in India using National Sample Survey Organization data from 2014–15 to 2017–18. We use income, health, education, and standard of living to measure the multidimensional poverty index (MPI). The MPI headcount declined from 26.9 to 13.75 per cent over the study period. The all-India estimates indicate that 144 million people were lifted from poverty during this period. We include different health dimensions, factoring in insurance, institutional coverage, antenatal care, and chronic conditions. Income is the dominant instrument with the highest contribution to the MPI, followed by insurance. Cooking, sanitation, and education also have significant weights. The decline in deprivation is steeper in rural areas than urban areas. Our state-level estimates reveal that 20 states report less than 10 per cent headcount poverty, up from six states. COVID-19 may lead to reversals of these gains, with poverty rising to pre-2014–15 levels, rising more steeply in rural areas.


Community participation is an integral part of a comprehensive approach to road safety, however it is challenging to foster. The City of Stirling in Western Australia has taken up this challenge to engage meaningful participation from residents in road safety. The City was the first local government in Western Australia to employ a Road Safety Officer whose sole responsibility is road safety issues, resulting in the establishment of a Road Safety Advisory Committee. The Committee has started implementing its first project - Drop Five and Save Lives in the City of Stirling with the objective of fostering community participation in strategies that encourage motorists to reduce travel speeds. This paper will examine research into the barriers to facilitating community participation, using the establishment of the Road Safety Advisory Committee and the management of the Drop Five and Save Lives project as practical examples of strategies to address these.


In recent years, MIMO technology which uses multiple antennas has been introduced in mobile terminal to increase communication capacity. However, if MIMO antennas are put closely, a strong mutual coupling occurred. Then it causes decreasing radiation efficiency and channel capacity. Therefore, reducing the mutual coupling is required. In previous study, connecting MIMO antennas by inductor L or added branch elements to antennas instead of L. In this paper, we propose a novel decoupling method by using a short stub and confirm that proposed model performed decoupling, increased radiation efficiency.


In addressing the psychosocial effects of the HIV and AIDS pandemic among vulnerable children, the issue of bereavement appears inadequately addressed. Amid the global discourse on children orphaned and made vulnerable by HIV and AIDS, this paper explores how cultural contexts and social environments in South Africa shape children's experience of grief. The argument draws on a number of qualitative studies and uses empirical evidence from an evaluation of a peer-led HIV/AIDS-prevention strategy aimed at providing psychosocial support for 10- to 13-year-old South African children living in resource-poor communities. The paper reveals a central paradox regarding how the intervention's objective of talking about death and eliciting memories of deceased loved ones with young children is confounded by cultural practices located in notions of silence and the need to protect children. The paper acknowledges the 'culture of silence' surrounding death in some African contexts, but concludes that peer-led strategies have the potential to naturally circumvent these cultural taboos, simultaneously creating a much-needed space for young children to cry and talk among themselves, even if remaining silent at home in the presence of adults.


The bipolar plates were fabricated using compression molding of graphite (GR), carbon black (CB), multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), carbon fibers (CF) and powder type epoxy resin. The electrical conductivity and flexural properties of the composites was increased with increasing the content of fibrous conducting fillers e.g., MWNTs and CF. However, when particulate fillers such as CB and GR were used, the electrical conductivity was increased, but the flexural properties deteriorated with increasing filler content up to certain content. A comparison was also made between the current-voltage (I-V) performances of fabricated composite bipolar plates and commercial graphite bipolar plate. The I-V characteristic in single cell test exhibited more uniform power density at both higher and lower current density and single cell performance increased with increasing the electrical conductivity.


This article will analyze the challenge of handling material information from different sources and different phases in the development process of the automotive industry. The needs for various kinds of material information are analyzed by different subjects (legislative regulations, construction design, strategically requirements). The information sources are examined in order to understand the differences and the reasons for the difficulties that occur when integrating the material information into the systems and sources. As a result the main problem will be identified, which is the different semantics or naming of the materials. Two possible solutions to overcome the difficulties and to make the available information accessible are evaluated and compared. These approaches are a data warehouse and an intelligent search engine. On the basis of the evaluation the search engine approach will be identified as the preferred one. While a more sufficient solution to solve the problem of the many sources is presented, this article also provides a solution to overcome the problem of the different semantics.


A new method of eye extraction from facial image using deformable template is presented in this paper. In the new method, we makes full use of prior knowledge of the eye by employing the tracking ability, which is a good feature measurement proposed by Tomasi (April 1991) for selecting features for tracking, in the energy function. With this new proposed energy term, a special energy function is designed to locate the iris, and the eye template would be attracted to their real location more accurately. In order to let the new energy term react on the image, a three-epochs minimizing process is also applied. Some experimental results show that the new method works well.


In this study we have compared the use of PCR and conventional tissue culture methods to detect Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and throat wash samples. The study population included 29 healthy adult and 20 immunocompromised EBV-seropositive donors. The results show significantly higher EBV detection rates by PCR than the tissue culture methods in throat wash samples from both donor groups (P < 0.01 in healthy donors and P < 0.009 in the immunocompromised donors) and in peripheral blood from the immunocompromised but not from the healthy donors (P < 0.008). Furthermore, when EBV DNA detection rates in throat wash cell pellet and supernatant fluid were compared, a higher positive result was obtained with the cell pellets which reached statistical significance in the immunocompromised group (P < 0.02). No correlation was found between positivity in throat wash and peripheral blood from the same donors.


Whereas roots of globalization are far reaching, it is primarily a modern age phenomenon. Modern business operation and the world economy are characterized by domination of multinational corporations, strong presence of the government in economy and the long-term tendency towards globalization in manufacturing, trading and consumption in the world. Containing both risks and opportunities, globalization is a problem of manifold nature. For some it means regression and falling into "neocolonialism", the others glorify it. It is logical to ask the following questions: What are the consequences of globalization for governments, nations, companies and individuals? What are the business, social and ethical issues it causes? In one word, is it possible to be ethical, to avoid and correct "bad" and keep "good" consequences of total phenomena as the globalization, and whether it is rewarding in the increasing market competition?


Recent advancements in the brain sciences have enabled researchers to determine, with increasing accuracy, patterns and locations of neural activation associated with various psychological functions. These techniques have revived a longstanding debate regarding the relation between the mind and the brain: while many authors now claim that neuroscientic data can be used to advance our theories of higher cognition, others defend the so-called 'autonomy' of psychology. Settling this signicant question requires understanding the nature of the bridge laws used at the psycho-neural interface. While these laws have been the topic of extensive discussion, such debates have mostly focused on a particular type of link: reductive laws. Reductive laws are problematic: they face notorious philosophical objections and they are too scarce to substantiate current research at the interface of psychology and neuroscience. The aim of this article is to provide a systematic analysis of a dierent kind of bridge laws| associative laws|which play a central, albeit often overlooked, role in scientic practice.


The increasing number of radio access technologies and the availability of multi-radio devices boost the need for novel resource allocation schemes in cellular networks. This paper uses a cooperative game theoretic approach for resource allocation at the network level, while utilizing simultaneous use of available radio interfaces at the device level. We model resource allocation management using the well known bankruptcy model and apply Kalai-Smorodinsky bargaining solution method to find a distribution rule, based on which we propose resource allocation and call admission control schemes. Performance analysis of our allocation and control schemes demonstrates significant improvements over previous approaches in terms of utilization of the available bandwidth and the number of call drops.


Indoor air quality is a significant factor influencing occupant comfort, health and productivity. Indoor air comfort and its relationship to occupant comfort and productivity are widely documented. Statistical correlation between the two has been highlighted in scientific literature. This paper investigates any unique correlations between non-air quality parameters (such as lux level, temperature, and noise level) and indoor air comfort and presents a study investigating the effect of indoor environmental quality on occupant air comfort and productivity. This study was conducted by collecting data on indoor environmental parameters using remote sensors and an online survey for occupant responses for twelve months. Data analysis was performed using Response Surface Analysis to present mathematical relationships between indoor environmental quality parameters and occupant air comfort. Results show that carbon dioxide up to 600 ppm, VOC up to 25% (by volume) and humidity up to 60% have a positive impact on occupant air comfort and productivity. Our research highlighted that some non-air quality parameters, such as outdoor temperature and lux levels, affect occupant air comfort. These results would enable built environment professionals to design and operate offices (subtropical desert climate) conducive to occupant comfort and productivity.


Climate change-driven Dendroctonus ponderosae outbreaks in semi-naïve Pinus albicaulis may result in rapid natural selection for trees with genotypes and phenotypes associated with survival. In this study, we investigated whether survivors were genetically and chemically different from a living cohort of trees that escaped predation due to smaller size and estimated genetic diversity. We also examined how growth rate and climate sensitivity varied between beetle-killed and surviving trees. Dendroctonus ponderosae predominantly kills large diameter trees; therefore, we predicted that large surviving trees would have distinctive genetic profiles and, due to bottlenecking and drift, survivors would have lower genetic diversity than the abundant smaller mature trees that escaped predation. We found survivors were indeed genetically divergent from the smaller trees but, contrary to expectations, the smaller trees had lower diversity. This suggests that while beetles may select for trees with particular genotypes, other factors are also driving population genetic sub-structuring. Individual tree terpene profiles were diverse and varied by population but showed no clear relationship to survivorship. Two groups of trees with divergent sensitivities to climate were observed in each population, but neither was a clear indicator of survivorship or susceptibility to beetle attack. Growth rate was the best predictor of survivorship with survivors growing significantly slower than beetle-killed trees over their lifetimes although growth rates converged in years just prior to increased beetle activity. Overall, our results suggest that P. albicaulis forests show considerable divergence among populations and within-population genetic sub-structuring, and that they may contain complex mosaics of adaptive potentials to a variety of stressors including D. ponderosae. To protect the ability of this tree to adapt to increasing pressure from beetles, blister rust, and climate change, a top priority should be the maintenance of standing genetic diversity and adaptive shifts in allele frequencies.


The article deals with the proposal of methodology for
measuring the customer satisfaction with the logistics
services. The methodology reflects mostly the subjective
quality evaluation which is based on the directly and
indirectly measurable characteristics. Researched
characteristics result from the customer feelings, wishes,
requirements and the experiences of experts which studied the
answers from the questionnaire survey. Answers from the
questionnaire survey evaluate the quality of logistics services
and the importance of evaluation criteria. Objective quality
evaluation is verified by the methods for measuring the
customer satisfaction. These methods for determining the
weights of selected criteria were verified on the basis of
proposed flowchart as well.


The dispersion behavior of a waveguide-shielded microstrip line is investigated using the finite-difference time-domain method. The result is a frequency-dependent effective dielectric constant. Structures having a centred strip are examined to determine the effects of a top cover alone and the effects of two symmetrically placed sidewalls. Structures with an off-centred strip are used to investigate the effects of a single sidewall alone and the combined effects of a single sidewall plus the top wall. The differences between the effects of a single sidewall alone and those of the two symmetrically placed sidewalls are identified. In addition, new results on the combined effects of the top wall plus one sidewall, which are important when considering the placement of the outermost elements of a packaged circuit, are also discussed. >


Fetal alcohol exposure may impair growth, development, and function of multiple organ systems and is encompassed by the term fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Research has so far focused on the mechanisms, prevention, and diagnosis of FASD, while the risk for adult-onset chronic diseases in individuals exposed to alcohol in utero is not well explored. David Barker's hypothesis on Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) suggests that insults to the milieu of the developing fetus program it for adult development of chronic diseases. In the 25 years since the introduction of this hypothesis, epidemiological and animal model studies have made significant advancements in identifying in utero developmental origins of chronic adult-onset diseases affecting cardiovascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and psychobehavioral systems. Teratogen exposure is an established programming agent for adult diseases, and recent studies suggest that prenatal alcohol exposure correlates with adult onset of neurobehavioral deficits, cardiovascular disease, endocrine dysfunction, and nutrient homeostasis instability, warranting additional investigation of alcohol-induced DOHaD, as well as patient follow-up well into adulthood for affected individuals. In utero epigenetic alterations during critical periods of methylation are a key potential mechanism for programming and susceptibility of adult-onset chronic diseases, with imprinted genes affecting metabolism being critical targets. Additional studies in epidemiology, phenotypic characterization in response to timing, dose, and duration of exposure, as well as elucidation of mechanisms underlying FASD-DOHaD inter relation, are thus needed to clinically define chronic disease associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. These studies are critical to establish interventional strategies that decrease incidence of these adult-onset diseases and promote healthier aging among individuals affected with FASD.


Samples of rectal faeces were collected immediately after slaughter from 400 cattle each month for a 1-year period and from 1000 each of sheep, pigs and poultry over the same period. Samples were examined for Escherichia coli O157 by enrichment culture in buffered peptone water with vancomycin, cefixime and cefsulodin followed by immunomagnetic separation and culture of magnetic particles onto cefixime tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar. E. coli O157 was isolated from 752 (15·7%) of 4800 cattle, 22 (2·2%) of 1000 sheep and from 4 (0·4%) of 1000 pigs, but not from any of 1000 chickens. Of the cattle sampled, 1840 (38·4%) were prime beef animals, 1661 (34·6%) were dairy animals being culled and the status could not be determined for the other 1299 (27%) animals. E. coli O157 was found in 246 (13·4%) of the 1840 beef cattle and 268 (16·1%) of the 1661 dairy cattle. The monthly prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle was 4·8–36·8% and was at its highest in spring and late summer. Seventeen of the 22 isolates from sheep were also made over the summer period. All E. coli O157 isolates from sheep and 749 (99·6%) of the 752 E. coli O157 isolates from cattle were verocytotoxigenic as determined by Vero cell assay and DNA hybridization, eaeA gene positive, contained a 92 kb plasmid and were thus typical of strains causing infections in man. In contrast isolates from pigs were non-toxigenic, eaeA gene negative and did not contain a 92 kb plasmid and would, therefore, be unlikely to be a source of infection for man.


OBJECTIVES
To determine whether β-adrenergic blockade inhibits choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a mouse model of laser-induced CNV and to investigate the mechanism by which β-adrenoreceptor antagonism blunts CNV.

DESIGN
Mice were subjected to laser burns, inducing CNV, and were treated with daily intraperitoneal injections of propranolol hydrochloride. Neovascularization was measured on choroidal-scleral flat mounts using intercellular adhesion molecule 2 immunofluorescence staining. The effect of β-adrenoreceptor signaling on expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was investigated using primary mouse choroidal endothelial cells (ChECs) and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. These cells were incubated with β-adrenoreceptor agonists and/or antagonists and assayed for Vegf messenger RNA and protein levels.

SETTING
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health.

PARTICIPANTS
Wild-type 6-week-old female C57BL/6j mice.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Inhibition of CNV after propranolol treatment and Vegf messenger RNA and protein expression after treatment with β-adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists.

RESULTS
Propranolol-treated mice demonstrated a 50% reduction in laser-induced CNV. Treatment with norepinephrine bitartrate stimulated Vegf messenger RNA expression and protein secretion in ChECs and RPE cells. This effect was blocked by β2-adrenoreceptor antagonism and mimicked by β2-adrenoreceptor agonists.

CONCLUSIONS
Attenuation of CNV is achieved by β-adrenergic blockade. The β2-adrenoreceptors regulate VEGF expression in ChECs and RPE cells.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Antagonists of β-adrenoreceptors are safe and well tolerated in patients with glaucoma and cardiovascular disease. Thus, blockade of β-adrenoreceptors may provide a new avenue to inhibit VEGF expression in CNV.


Aluminium alloys have found usage in numerous industries due to some superior properties, such as high strength-to-weight ratios and high oxidation resistance. Aluminum alloys can be strengthened by some techniques. One of them, the most practical one, is precipitation hardening in aluminum alloys. By adding Cu, aluminum gains strength and hardness. In this work the machinability of unalloyed aluminum and aluminum alloyed with 4% and 8% of Cu have been investigated. Machinability assessment was executed in terms of surface roughness during turning operation. Specimens were manufactured by sand casting method, which is a commonly utilized casting operation. In machinability experiments, three different cutting tool materials were employed. Three different cutting speeds and three different feed rates have been used. Effect of these feeds, speeds and cutting tool materials on surface roughness has been studied. In addition, effect of Cu addition to aluminum alloys on surface roughness has been examined.


To best promote animal wellbeing and the efficacy of biomedical models, scientific, husbandry, and veterinary professionals must consider the mechanisms, influences, and outcomes of rodent thermoregulation in contemporary research environments. Over the last 2 decades, numerous studies have shown that laboratory mice and rats prefer temperatures that are several degrees warmer than the environments in which they typically are housed within biomedical facilities. Physiologic changes to rodents that are cage-housed under standard temperatures (20 to 26 °C) are attributed to 'cold stress' and include alterations in metabolism, cardiovascular parameters, respiration, and immunologic function. This review article describes common behavioral and physiologic adaptations of laboratory mice and rats to cold stress within modern vivaria, with emphasis on environmental enrichment and effects of anesthesia and procedural support efforts. In addition, potential interventions and outcomes for rodents are presented, relative to the importance of repeating and reproducing experiments involving laboratory rodent research models of human disease.


[Purpose] The purpose of this case series was to determine the effects of robot-assisted hand rehabilitation with a Gloreha device on skeletal muscle perfusion, spasticity, and motor function in subjects with poststroke hemiparesis. [Subjects and Methods] Seven patients, 2 women and 5 men (mean ± SD age: 60.5 ±6.3 years), with hemiparesis (>6 months poststroke), received passive mobilization of the hand with a Gloreha (Idrogenet, Italy), device (30 min per day; 3 sessions a week for 3 weeks). The outcome measures were the total hemoglobin profiles and tissue oxygenation index (TOI) in the muscle tissue evaluated through near-infrared spectroscopy. The Motricity Index and modified Ashworth Scale for upper limb muscles were used to assess mobility of the upper extremity. [Results] Robotic assistance reduced spasticity after the intervention by 68.6% in the upper limb. The Motricity Index was unchanged in these patients after treatment. Regarding changes in muscle perfusion, significant improvements were found in total hemoglobin. There were significant differences between the pre- and posttreatment modified Ashworth scale. [Conclusion] The present work provides novel evidence that robotic assistance of the hand induced changes in local muscle blood flow and oxygen supply, diminished spasticity, and decreased subject-reported symptoms of heaviness and stiffness in subjects with post-stroke hemiparesis.


Developers often make multiple changes to software. These changes are introduced to work cooperatively or to accomplish separate goals. However, changes might not interact as expected or may produce undesired side effects. Thus, it is crucial for software-development tasks to know exactly which changes interact. For example, testers need this information to ensure that regression test suites test the combined behaviors of changes. For another example, teams of developers must determine whether it is safe to merge variants of a program modified in parallel. Existing techniques can be used to detect at runtime potential interactions among changes, but these reports tend to be coarse and imprecise. To address this problem, in this paper, we first present a formal model of change interactions at the code level, and then describe a new technique, based on this model, for detecting at runtime such interactions with accuracy. We also present the results of a comparison of our technique with other techniques on a set of Java subjects. Our results clearly suggest that existing techniques are too inaccurate and only our technique, of all those studied, provides acceptable confidence in detecting real change interactions occurring at runtime.


ABSTRACT Many construction projects are perceived to perform badly since the majority of them suffer cost overruns. This paper analyses cost estimates produced by two most commonly used estimation methods for building projects in Turkey, namely unit area cost (UAC) and unit price analysis (UPA). It also investigates whether reference class forecasting (RCF) method can be used to provide the client with more certainty in the final project cost forecasts compared to those two methods. Data from 369 public building projects in Turkey were collected and cost overruns were analysed. Part of the data representing 14% of the projects were randomly selected and used as control group for testing the reliability of the forecasts produced using RCF. The results have shown the estimates of the final project cost produced using the UAC and UPA methods in Turkey are either too pessimistic or optimistic. The results have also shown that it is possible to use the reference class as a basis to produce a reasonably accurate prediction of the actual cost of a project in a similar class for various levels of acceptable risks. This is achieved by adding uplifts/reductions to the estimates produced by the two traditional methods.


e11520 Background: Trastuzumab can result in sub-clinical and clinical cardiac failure manifesting as congestive heart failure (CHF), and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).

METHODS
Data was reviewed from 9837 patients in four randomized trials (NCCTG 9831, NSABP B-31, HERA, and BCIRG-06) that supported trastuzumab HER2 overexpressing adjuvant breast cancer approval.

RESULTS
Trastuzumab can cause left ventricular cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, hypertension, disabling cardiac failure, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac death. Herceptin can also cause asymptomatic decline in LVEF. There is a 4-6 fold increase in the incidence of symptomatic myocardial dysfunction among patients receiving trastuzumab as a single agent or in combination therapy compared with those not receiving trastuzumab. The highest absolute incidence occurs when trastuzumab is administered with an anthracycline. Clinical trials NCCTG 9831, NSABP B-31, and BCIRG-06 included arms with doxorubicin- cyclophosphamide (AC) followed by a taxane plus trastuzumab. Among 32 patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy from studies NCCTG 9831 and NSABP B-31 who developed CHF, one patient died of cardiomyopathy and all other patients were receiving cardiac medication at last follow-up. Approximately half of the patients recovered to a normal LVEF (defined as ≥ 50%) on continuing medical management at the time of last follow-up. In BCIRG-06 the incidence of CHF was six (6) fold higher in the AC followed by docetaxel plus trastuzumab arm as compared to AC followed by docetaxel. There was a lower incidence of CHF in the non-anthracycline TCH (docetaxel, carboplatin and trastuzumab) arm in BCIRG-06 comparable to trastuzumab monotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS
Cardiotoxicity manifesting as sub-clinical and clinical cardiac failure is a known side effect of trastuzumab. In an era where trastuzumab is given earlier in the treatment of breast cancer (adjuvant setting), the safety of continuation or resumption of trastuzumab in patients with trastuzumab-induced left ventricular cardiac dysfunction has not been studied. No significant financial relationships to disclose.


A spore assay was developed to measure the relative density of spores of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis in soil. Orchard soil containing H. rhossiliensis-parasitized Criconemella xenoplax was placed in vials and incubated for 0-120 days before the addition of probe nematodes, Heterorhabditis heliothidis juveniles. After 18 hours, H. heliothidis were extracted from the soil and examined for adhering spores of H. rhossiliensis. No spores were detected when H. heliothidis were added to freshly mixed soil, but the percentage of H. heliothidis with spores increased rapidly if soil was incubated undisturbed. Because mixing soil detaches spores from phialides, the results indicate that spores must be attached to phialides to adhere to nematodes. The spore assay was compared with a plate assay that measures the population density of H. rhossiliensis-parasitized C. xenoplax. Results from the two assays were highly correlated, suggesting that spores occur in three phases: reserves in nematodes that may be converted into spores; spores on phialides and therefore capable of adhering to nematodes; and spores detached from phialides and thus incapable of adhering to nematodes.


Navigation and positioning systems depend on both the operating environment and the behavior of the host vehicle or user. The environment determines the type and quality of radio signals available for positioning, and the behavior can contribute additional information to the navigation solution. In order to operate across different contexts, a context-adaptive navigation solution is required to detect the operating contexts and adopt different positioning techniques accordingly. This paper focuses on determining both environments and behaviors from smartphone sensors, serving for a context-adaptive navigation system. Behavioral contexts cover both human activities and vehicle motions. The performance of behavior recognition in this paper is improved by feature selection and a connectivity-dependent filter. Environmental contexts are detected from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) measurements. They are detected by using a probabilistic support vector machine, followed by a hidden Markov model for time-domain filtering. The paper further investigates how behaviors can assist within the processes of environment detection. Finally, the proposed context-determination algorithms are tested in a series of multicontext scenarios, showing that the proposed context association mechanism can effectively improve the accuracy of environment detection to more than 95% for pedestrian and more than 90% for vehicle.


Cooperative game theory is a branch of (micro-)economics that studies the behavior of self-interested agents in strategic settings where binding agreements among agents are possible. Our aim in this book is to present a survey of work on the computational aspects of cooperative game theory. We begin by formally defining transferable utility games in characteristic function form, and introducing key solution concepts such as the core and the Shapley value. We then discuss two major issues that arise when considering such games from a computational perspective: identifying compact representations for games, and the closely related problem of efficiently computing solution concepts for games. We survey several formalisms for cooperative games that have been proposed in the literature, including, for example, cooperative games defined on networks, as well as general compact representation schemes such as MC-nets and skill games. As a detailed case study, we consider weighted voting games: a widely-used and practically important class of cooperative games that inherently have a natural compact representation. We investigate the complexity of solution concepts for such games, and generalizations of them. We briefly discuss games with non-transferable utility and partition function games. We then overview algorithms for identifying welfare-maximizing coalition structures and methods used by rational agents to form coalitions (even under uncertainty), including bargaining algorithms. We conclude by considering some developing topics, applications, and future research directions. Table of Contents: Introduction / Basic Concepts / Representations and Algorithms / Weighted Voting Games / Beyond Characteristic Function Games / Coalition Structure Formation / Advanced Topics "This manuscript was a pleasure to discover, and a pleasure to read -- a broad, but succinct, overview of work in computational cooperative game theory. I will certainly use this text with my own students, both within courses and to provide comprehensive background for students in my research group. The authors have made a substantial contribution to the multiagent systems and algorithmic game theory communities." --Professor Jeffrey S. Rosenschein, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel "With the advent of the internet, the computational aspects of cooperative game theory are ever more relevant. This unique and timely book by Chalkiadakis, Elkind, and Wooldridge gives a concise and comprehensive survey of the subject, and serves at the same time as a one-stop introduction to cooperative game theory." --Professor Bernhard von Stengel, London School of Economics, UK "In recent years, research on the computational aspects of cooperative game theory has made tremendous progress, but previous textbooks have not included more than a short introduction to this important topic. I am excited by the thorough treatment in this new book, whose authors have been and continue to be at the very forefront of this research. Newcomers to the area are well advised to read this book carefully and cover to cover." --Professor Vincent Conitzer, Duke University, USA "Cooperative game theory has proved to be a fertile source of challenges and inspiration for computer scientists. This book will be an essential companion for everyone wanting to explore the computational aspects of cooperative game theory." --Prof Makoto Yokoo, Kyushu University, Japan "An excellent treatise on algorithms and complexity for cooperative games. It navigates through the maze of cooperative solution concepts to the very frontiers of algorithmic game theory research.The last chapter in particular will be enormously valuable for graduate students and young researchers looking for research topics." --Professor Xiaotie Deng, University of Liverpool, UK


Crit Care Med 2016 • Volume 44 • Number 12 (Suppl.) α was 0.469 and mean (SD) IDC was 0.115 (0.318). After removing 7 poorly performing questions, the final mean (SD) score was .83 (0.12); Cronbach's α was 0.719; and mean (SD) IDC was 0.23 (0.28) without any negative values. Conclusions: Initial evidence supports CritCare-Opoly as a preferred learning method capable of delivering appropriate exam-style questions. It can serve as an engaging alternative to the standard lecture or mid-year exam.


Periglacial polygons, 100 ft. above timberline, are restricted to soil in an alpine meadow on a diorite dike which cuts massive quartzite weathering to felsenmeer. The nets appear inactive because of lichen-covered surface blocks, a distinctive "A" soil horizon, deeply penetrating roots, and lack of frost churning or frozen pockets.


Purpose – The purpose of this study was to investigate market power of soybeans exported by the United States to Korea. Particularly, this paper considered dichotomous characteristics of genetically modified (GM) soybeans and non-GM soybeans and conducted empirical analysis of these two segregated soybean markets to understand key tenets of market power in international soybean trade.

Design/methodology – The difference in market power between GM and non-GM soybeans was analyzed using Residual Demand Elasticity (RDE) and Residual Supply Elasticity (RSE) models over the period of 2008~2018. RDE and RSE models under an imperfect competition condition were used to estimate market margins and determine whether GM and non-GM exporters or importers exercised market power in the destination market.

Findings – Empirical results suggested that the U.S. had a market power on both GM and non-GM soybean exports. GM exports had greater market power than non-GM exports (14% vs. 9%). By contrast, Korea showed an inability to grab market margin or exert market power in soybean imports. Both export supply by the U.S. and import demand by Korea were found to be more responsive to price changes of GM soybeans than to prices changes of non-GM soybeans. This might be due to a self-interested, profit-seeking strategy by the exporter and many concerned consumers regarding potential adverse effects of GMOs in the importing country.

Originality/value – This paper fills the literature gap by exploiting market power in both GM and non-GM markets with explicit consideration of price correlations between GM and non-GM soybeans in Korea. A number of existing studies have provided evidence for market power broadly embedded in international commodity trade. However, studies focusing on Korean markets are limited. No study has explored the country's soybean trade. Furthermore, the majority of prior studies have almost exclusively focused on the market power from a standpoint of exporting countries without discussing importers' market structure. This paper also sought to understand potentially distinguished patterns of market power between GM and non-GM markets.


years. I believe one of the greatest causes of this increase in deaf children is inadequate treatment with antibiotics. After twenty-four hours of oral penicillin the pain of otitis media disappears and the child feels better. This leads to a premature cessation of treatment. Too often children with measles are given antibiotics to prevent " complications," whereas they frequently mask otitis media. Because the ear drum is not red it does not mean all is well in the middle ear. The retracted drum, the white drum with a few vessels coursing over it, the yellow drum, the black drum, or the drum with a " hairline " across its middle all indicate underlying disease. These are all physical signs that are becoming more and more common but are infrequently recognized. Simple tests for hearing should always be carried out after treating otitis media.-I am, etc.,


The tourism sector is one of the most profitable non-technology-based-economic sectors and, more so in the case of Third World nations, which will remain as this research paper's prime focus. At that, we should keep in mind the hurdles embedded in such countries – abject poverty, dearth of educational and employment opportunities and lack of capital, to name but a few. This paper primarily deals with the relative plusses of progress in the tourism sector over advances in the technological sector, insofar as Third World nations are concerned. So, a dependence of such nations (and/or local communities, as the case may be) on the tourism department gives them an upper hand over the technology-based-economic sectors. Such nations have unharnessed and unexploited natural resources and scenic landscapes which attract tourists massively, especially from the First World nations. Also, in such time of unchecked economic expansion, life as such becomes exceedingly hectic. Thus, such tourist destinations become, though temporarily, the much needed escape from this monotonous lifestyle that we lead, as has been further elucidated in the paper. Furthermore, this paper also discusses how alternative tourism policies and strategies that put the interests of local ethnic and indigenous communities to the fore can profit dually – one, by benefitting the tourism sector and two, by bestowing upon such communities an opportunity to be self-sufficient. This, in turn, would foster the process of nation building and help in reduction of soaring rates of poverty and unemployment. This paper is researched upon secondary external data taken from various journals and research theses, with due regard, salutations and proper citations to the source of the data, as and when required.


Drinking water quality of Bhaktapur district was analyzed after massive earthquake of 2015. Water samples were randomly collected from the groundwater and surface water sources across the study area. Samples were analyzed for physical (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and turbidity), chemical (hardness, chloride, ammonia, and nitrate), and microbiological ( E. coli and total coliform bacteria) parameters using standard methods. The results demonstrated that the water samples were contaminated mostly with E. coli and total coliform (TC) bacteria. The bacterial population enumerated for E. coli (100 CFU/100 ml) and TC (300 CFU/100 ml) exceeded the National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS). Physical and chemical parameters analyzed for temperature, pH, conductivity, hardness, chloride, ammonia, and nitrate were within the acceptable limit of the NDWQS. However, the turbidity and ammonia was 34.6 NTU and 3.6 mg/l, were within the maximum values recommended by the NDWQS. This study exhibits that the groundwater and surface water quality of Bhaktapur district is contaminated with E. coli and TC bacteria hence, is vulnerable to drink. The water contaminated with bacteria ( E. coli and TC), presence of ammonia and turbidity more than the limit of NDWQS may pose health risks and cannot be accepted for drinking purpose without purification following appropriate scientific methods.


Architecture and health are closely dependent. Architecture more positively influences human health as appropriating to its needs. However, humanization of hospital spaces wasn't always evident. Since the end of Second World War, in fact, the hospitals are good buildings if they meet only the technological and functional requirements. Dealing with humanization and its architectural quality means to focus the human needs and understand their interaction with the environment. In these terms, it is not easy to define the architectural quality, because it is based on principles, which in turn are not quantifiable. Although, there are several studies from different disciplines which allow choices in terms of "added value that can be achieved". In this paper, we propose the results of a research about this issue. Focusing on the psychological need of man, treasuring contributions of these disciplines (particularly about environmental psychology, expressive arts, Ergonomics, Evidence-based Design, the art of gardening, the studies on the perception of shape and color) and analyzing the functional and formal features of contemporary hospital, we developed a system evaluating architectural design choices, and a methodology defining guidelines to direct the choices aimed at the humanization of hospital space. Conference theme: On Approaches


Abstract: In the eastern Pacific Ocean, whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) have mostly been studied off the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, and Baja California, Mexico. Recently, satellite telemetry data revealed connectivity between whale sharks off the Galápagos Islands and Peru. Historic and some recent observations have reported rare occurrences of whale sharks in waters off northern Peru. However, no current detailed information on the occurrence of whale sharks in Peruvian waters has been published. In this study we compiled 27 records of whale sharks along the Peruvian coast as a first step to better understand their use of Peruvian waters. Northern Peru was identified as the main area of occurrence for whale sharks, and reports were more frequent during the austral summer (January to March) and spring (October to December). Moreover, presence of neonatal whale sharks reported in this study, in addition to that of previously satellite-tracked presumably pregnant females, suggests use of northern Peruvian waters as a pupping ground. Interactions occurred only with net fisheries and were evident in most (89%) of the records, but further studies should evaluate the extent of fisheries-shark interactions. As whale shark population numbers decline, effective conservation measures will require understanding of whale shark occurrences, and waters of northern Peru may play an important role in the species' biology and ecology. Systematic research is recommended to improve our understanding of habitat use of individuals present in Peruvian waters.


The publication of Cambodia's First Socio-economic Development Plan, (FSEDP) 1996-2000 is a significant event representing a major step in the country's re-emergence from Pol Pot's Killing Fields and long years of civil war. Moreover, the document is, technically speaking, a competent, realistic product, crafted by Cambodia's donors, to put that unfortunate country back on the road to reconstruction and sustainable development. Technical quality aside, however, Cambodia is bedevilled by deep-rooted political, cultural and historical problems which cast serious doubts about future prospects. Indeed, precisely because these problems remained unresolved, and in particular because the donors assume that aid alone can save Cambodia, the country could, once again, slide back into chaos and civil war. Before sustainable development can take hold in Cambodia, its history, culture and political legacies need to be analysed realistically, and the lessons of the past must be effectively incorporated into its development strategy. This paper is a small contribution towards that end. The paper is organised in five parts. After this introduction, part two briefly highlights the principal targets and priorities of the FSEDP 1996-2000. Part three is a brief historical survey to provide the bare-bones context for the genocide of 1975-79, dealing with its external and internal causes. The fourth part presents an analysis of Cambodia's present coalition politics, which contain the same seeds of disunity that led to the civil war in the early 1970s and the tragedy of Pol Pot. The final part concludes with a brief review of challenges and future prospects.


: Successful control of diabetes mellitus requires that the patient assume primary responsibility for treatment of his or her disease. The University of Southern California Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, using the Pico Rivera Health Center as a teaching site, instituted an educational program for diabetic members of the community. Pretests and posttests showed that there was an increase in knowledge for those who participated in the classes. The pharmacist and physician interns also gained experience in providing community education.


COVID-19 has claimed several human lives to this date. People are dying not only because of physical infection of the virus but also because of mental illness, which is linked to people's sentiments and psychologies. People's written texts/posts scattered on the web could help understand their psychology and the state they are in during this pandemic. In this paper, we analyze people's sentiment based on the classification of tweets collected from the social media platform, Twitter, in Nepal. For this, we, first, propose to use three different feature extraction methods—fastText-based (ft), domain-specific (ds), and domain-agnostic (da)—for the representation of tweets. Among these three methods, two methods ("ds" and "da") are the novel methods used in this study. Second, we propose three different convolution neural networks (CNNs) to implement the proposed features. Last, we ensemble such three CNNs models using ensemble CNN, which works in an end-to-end manner, to achieve the end results. For the evaluation of the proposed feature extraction methods and CNN models, we prepare a Nepali Twitter sentiment dataset, called NepCOV19Tweets, with 3 classes (positive, neutral, and negative). The experimental results on such dataset show that our proposed feature extraction methods possess the discriminating characteristics for the sentiment classification. Moreover, the proposed CNN models impart robust and stable performance on the proposed features. Also, our dataset can be used as a benchmark to study the COVID-19-related sentiment analysis in the Nepali language.


Isoprenoids, a diverse group of compounds derived from the five-carbon building units isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), are essential for survival in all organisms. Animals synthesize their isoprenoids from mevalonic acid (MVA), whereas most pathogenic bacteria and the malaria parasites utilize a completely different pathway for IPP and DMAPP synthesis, the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. Plants use both pathways for the synthesis of isoprenoid precursors. The recent elucidation of the MEP pathway has opened the possibility to develop new strategies against microbial pathogens. Novel immunotherapeutic agents can be developed based on the MEP pathway intermediates known to activate the proliferation of human V-delta-9 V-gamma-2 T-cells after infection by many pathogenic bacteria and protozoa. Moreover, the design of specific inhibitors of MEP pathway enzymes (which are highly conserved but show no homology to mammalian proteins) should result in herbicides and drugs with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity without mechanism-based toxicity to humans. A good example is the cure of bacterial infections and malaria with fosmidomycin, a highly stable inhibitor of the MEP pathway. The use of plants as test systems has led to the identification of additional inhibitors such as ketoclomazone. Biochemical, genetic and crystallographic approaches with the MEP pathway enzymes are now starting to characterize the inhibition kinetics and identify which residues play a structural or catalytic role. Current efforts should eventually contribute to an effective drug designed to fight against microbial pathogens that show resistance to currently available agents.


This paper introduces a new structural phase field crystal (PFC) type model that expands the PFC methodology to a wider class of structurally complex crystal structures than previously possible. Specifically, our new approach allows for stabilization of graphene, as well as its coexistence with a disordered phase. It also preserves the ability to model the usual triangular and square lattices previously reported in 2D PFC studies. Our approach is guided by the formalism of classical field theory, wherein the the free energy functional is expanded to third order in PFC density correlations. It differs from previous PFC approaches in two main features. First, it utilizes a hard-sphere repulsion to describe two-point correlations. Second, and more important, is that it uses a rotationally invariant three-point correlation function that provides a unified way to control the formation of crystalline structures that can be described by a specific bond angle, such as graphene, triangular or square symmetries. Our new approach retains much of the computational simplicity of previous PFC models and allows for efficient simulation of nucleation and growth of polycrystalline 2D materials. In preparation for future applications, this paper details the mathematical derivation of the model and its equilibrium properties, and uses dynamical simulations to demonstrate defect structures produced by the model.


How do artistic teams from the performing arts deploy their creative and dissemination activities on their home territory? Through what strategies do they consolidate their local roots or do they promote mobility, within and beyond the regional territory?From the use of administrative data and a qualitative survey conducted in Alsace and Lorraine, the study distinguishes two delivery networks which structure regional cultural space: a primary network which includes large private rooms and State-approved rooms, and a secondary network where we will find institutions supported by the State and local authorities, and private rooms on a smaller commercial scale. Furthermore, a qualified parallel network also offers dissemination opportunities for artists, for satisfactory employment and payment conditions: school network and occasional employers in the private sector, for musical entertainment, for example.Predominantly residing in regional cities which also focus on cultural facilities and employers, the artistic teams from the performing arts deploy differentiated logics which strengthen the attachment or mobility, experienced or chosen as the case may be. Whilst the local roots of the artistic teams are necessary for them to be awarded funding by the local authorities and may also be a sign of positive attachment, mobility beyond their home territory allows them to access the primary delivery network, diversify their employers and broaden awareness.


Objectives: The study explored the dimensions of antecedents of abuse, such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional abuse, which leads to the consequences of child abuse. The data were examined for model fitness towards the causes and effects of child abuse. Methods: The research underwent an empirical study analysing and testing through a structured questionnaire, and the purposive sampling technique was adopted. As many as 500 questionnaires were dispersed among children in various government schools in OMR, Chennai, Kanchipuram district, and finally 325 questionnaires were considered to be usable for analysis. The survey was conducted in the year 2016; the study data were collected over a period of 3 months. The participants chosen for the study were in the age group of 11 to 17 years and were students from high schools and higher secondary schools. The final sample consisted of 325 students. The schools where the participants studied catered mainly to families who belong to lower-middle socioeconomic class. The questionnaire was structured in such a way to elicit demographic details and determine variables to pose questions through different formats, such as Likert Scale, dichotomous questions, and rating scale questions. The secondary data used in our study were gathered from the reports of the primary health care centres functioning near the schools covered in our study. Findings/ application: Reliability of the items in the questionnaire was above 0.65, and on final consolidation, Multiple Regressions and SEM were used to test the hypotheses; statistical analysis was carried out using software such as SPSS 2.0 and AMOS 2.1. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed, taking Physical Abuse, Sexual Abuse, and Neglect and Emotional Abuse as the independent variables and Child Abuse as the dependent variable. All the dimensions of antecedents emerged as significant predictors to child abuse. The collinearity statistics revealed the absence of multicollinearity between independent variables. As for relative importance of each variable, physical abuse (0.71), sexual abuse (0.88), neglect (0.83), and emotional abuse (0.75) made the strongest contribution in exploring the dependent variable. This resulted in the rejection of null hypothesis. Multiple determination factor R2 (Goodness of fit) value was 0.39, and F value of the regression, 79.87 (p < 0.01). Factor R of multiple cross-correlations showed high cross-correlation, which is less than the acceptable level of 0.01; the results of CFA suggest that the factor loadings for all major variables range between 0.89 and 0.98. SEM was performed to test the goodness of fit using large sample size, and the following values were obtained: Goodness of fit (GFI) indices = 0.98, AGFI = 0.90, CMIN = 77.8, PGFI = 0.37, RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = 0.999, GFI = 0.99, and IFI = 0.99.Keywords: Child Abuse, Antecedents, Consequences, Physical, Emotional, Sexual Abuse


Biochemical methods were used to analyze the glucidic and lipidic components of the clitellar epithelium and the cocoon's albumen in Eisenia fetida. In the clitellum, the sugar concentration increased dramatically (about 5-fold) during differentiation. The assays showed increases in several monosaccharides during puberty. In addition, glucose was prominent in immature clitella, whereas mannose was the main sugar in the mature ones. About 50% of the dry weight of recently deposited cocoons was carbohydrates. The sugar concentration decreased in the albumen as hatching approached. The amount of total lipids in the clitellum increased during maturation. The levels of neutral lipids, however varied very little. Phospholipids began at low levels at the beginning of differentiation, and increased dramatically thereafter. The amount of fatty acids in the clitellar epithelium reached a maximum during the submature stage. Large amounts of fatty acids were stored in the cocoon. Palmitic, stearic, oleic and vaccenic acids were preponderant in both the clitellum and cocoon.


Abstract: Students of the Central and Eastern Europe long saw Hungary as a leading post-1989 "success story"—both because the country's exit from communism was smoothly negotiated and because it appeared to have consolidated its democracy so quickly. Yet the "electoral revolution" unleashed by Viktor Orban's Fidesz party following its April 2010 parliamentary-election victory—including the adoption of a new constitution and passage of some 350 bills that have profoundly affected the very foundations of the rule of law—has scholars of democratization in the region now considering the possibility of a transition away from democracy.


In order to solve the problem of business decreasing resulted from inconsistency for accounts payable, the conflict detection of billing rules has become a hot topic in the current research of telecommunications billing system. This paper proposes a policy-based billing rule model using object constraint language. Based on this model, we describe a conflict detection method with multidimensional vectors. Availability and consistency between rules are supported well in this system. Moreover, a prototype system has been developed based on our model.


Electron capture detectors (ECDs) are widely used in gas chromatography to detect electronegative compounds. In this work, we examine the connections between the ECD response and the cross sections for dissociative electron attachment (DEA) determined from low energy electron beam studies in the chloroalkane family, stressing in particular the role of temporary anion state energies. We show that attachment rate coefficients computed from these cross sections are well correlated with ECD response, and that the latter decreases exponentially with increasing energies of the lowest anion states. ECD measurements are also carried out in monochloroalkanes substituted with unsaturated ethenyl and phenyl moieties, and the response is shown to depend strongly on the mixing between the unsaturated pi* and the C-Cl sigma* temporary anions as exhibited by the vertical attachment energies (VAEs) of these states. The results show good correlations between the chloroalkene and phenyl chloride ECD responses and the VAEs for the mixed states.


This work presents a new method of dynamic impedance matching for use in fixed-frequency resonant wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. In particular, a six channel MicroElectromechanical System (MEMS) based switch is used to obtain variable shunt capacitance in a double-L matching network topology. A brief overview of the MEMS switch is provided and attention is then focused on its use in the context of resonant capacitive coupling WPT systems operating at 13.56 MHz and 27.12 MHz. Consideration of the MEMS switch voltage and current handling capabilities then leads to practical design limits. Measurements are carried out at a power level of 75 W and WPT impedance matching is demonstrated over a resonator displacement range of 100 mm – 200 mm. The performance of the proposed MEMS based double-L matching network is then compared against modelled results and analyzed in terms of matchable impedance range, impedance match accuracy, node voltages, and efficiency.


By determining the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) released in cultures of peritoneal macrophage cells from Swiss mice, we evaluated the action of 27 vegetable compounds (pristimerin, tingenone, jatrophone, palustric acid, lupeol, cladrastin, ocoteine, boldine, tomatine, yohimbine, reserpine, escopoletin, esculine, plumericin, diosgenin, deoxyschizandrin, p-arbutin, mangiferin, and others) using a 2 mg/ml solution of each compound (100 microg/well). Macrophages are cells responsible for the development of the immunological response reaction, liberating more than one hundred compounds into the extracellular environment. Among these are the various cytokines and the intermediate compounds of nitrogen (NO) and oxygen (H2O2). This coordinated sequence of biochemical reactions is known as the "oxidative burst." When we compared the results with those obtained with zymosan (an important stimulator of H2O2) we observed that the compounds showing the highest activity were substances 2 (tingenone), 16 (reserpine) and 20. Other substances such as compounds 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 23, 24, 26, and 27 also showed a certain activity, but with less intensity than the aforementioned ones. Compounds 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 18, 21, 22 and 25 presented no activity. These results suggest that natural products (mainly tingenone and reserpine and others) with different chemical structures are strong immunological modulators. However, further tests are needed to determine the 'oxidative burst' in future studies.


INTRODUCTION
The risk of urolithiasis post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is higher when compared to the general population. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is routinely prescribed to these patients, yet compliance with these supplements is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of symptomatic de novo urolithiasis post-RYGB and compliance with calcium and vitamin D supplementation.

METHODS
A standardized telephone questionnaire was administered to patients who underwent RYGB between 1996 and 2011. Personal and medical histories were obtained with emphasis on episodes of symptomatic urolithiasis and calcium and vitamin D supplementation.

RESULTS
The response rate was 48% with 478 patients completing the telephone questionnaire. After a mean follow-up of 7.0 years (range: 1-15), the incidence of post-RYGB symptomatic urolithiasis was 7.3%, while the rate of de novo symptomatic urolithiasis was 5%. The overall median time to present with symptomatic urolithiasis was 3.1 years, with 3.3 years for de novo stone-formers, and 2.0 years for recurrent stone-formers (p = 0.38). In de novo stone-formers, 33% presented with symptomatic urolithiasis 4 to 14 years postoperatively. Compliance with calcium and vitamin D supplementation was 56% and 51%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite recall bias and lack of confirmatory imaging studies, a high postoperative incidence of symptomatic urolithiasis was found in a large sample of post-RYGB patients. A third of patients with de novo stones, presented with symptomatic urolithiasis 4 to 14 years postoperatively. Compliance with postoperative calcium and vitamin D supplementation was poor and needs improvement.


Abstract. Combined Cluster EFW and EDI measurements have shown that cold ion outflow in the magnetospheric lobes dominates the hydrogen ion outflow from the Earth's atmosphere. The ions have too low kinetic energy to be measurable with particle instruments, at least for the typical spacecraft potential of a sunlit spacecraft in the tenuous lobe plasmas outside a few R E . The measurement technique yields both density and bulk velocity, which can be combined with magnetic field measurements to estimate the centrifugal acceleration experienced by these particles. We present a quantitative estimate of the centrifugal acceleration, and the velocity change with distance which we would expect due to centrifugal acceleration. It is found that the centrifugal acceleration is on average outward with an average value of about of 5 m s −2 . This is small, but acting during long transport times and over long distances the cumulative effect is significant, while still consistent with the relatively low velocities estimated using the combination of EFW and EDI data. The centrifugal acceleration should accelerate any oxygen ions in the lobes to energies observable by particle spectrometers. The data set also put constraints on the effectiveness of any other acceleration mechanisms acting in the lobes, where the total velocity increase between 5 and 19 R E geocentric distance is less than 5 km s −1 .


Psychological services, as a part of the health-care system, have been "embedded in specific configurations of cultural meanings and social relationships," and the role of patients and healers cannot be understood apart from that context. This article explores the failure of psychology to effectively address the inhibiting impact of racism on human development, and it suggests a corrective agenda for the training of socially responsive and responsible psychologists, an agenda derived from the literacy education model of Paulo Freire.


It was found that below the room temperature both parent Nd2/3Ca1/3MnO3 and doped (Nd0.9Y0.1)2/3Ca1/3MnO3 compounds exhibit a sequence of phase transformations: charge ordering, structural transformation of O-O type within the orthorhombic structure, and three magnetic transitions. Three different types of long-range magnetic order co-exist in (Nd0.9Y0.1)2/3Ca1/3MnO3 at low temperatures (as it was earlier found in Nd2/3Ca1/3MnO3): the antiferromagnetic orderings of PCE and DE types existing below ~110 K and ~60 K, respectively, and the ferromagnetic one of B type existing below ~42 K. Charge ordering occurs at 290 K in the doped compound. Diluting of Nd subsystem by Y in the parent perovskite has opposite effects on the temperatures of magnetic and charge orderings: the temperatures of all magnetic transformations are reduced in the doped compound by 20-30 K, while the charge ordering one increases by 80 K. A relationship between evolution of the phase transformation temperatures and crystal and electronic structures of the compound are analyzed.


J. KWANG, E.T. LITTLEDIKE AND J.E. KEEN. 1996. A primer set of oligonucleotides (S18 and S19) from the ompC gene of Salmonella has been evaluated for specific detection of Salmonella by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This primer set successfully amplified 40 Salmonella serovars (60 isolates), but not 24 non‐Salmonella bacteria (42 isolates) that have been tested so far. The uniqueness of these primer sequences was also confirmed. The sensitivity of PCR detection in extracted chromosomal DNA for Salm. typhimurium was 1 pg. The sensitivity for boiled whole bacteria was 400 cells. The detection of Salm. typhimurium in ground beef samples required 4–6 h enrichment with an initial inocula of 100 bacteria.


Direct Bonded Heterogeneous Integrated (DBHi) silicon-bridge packages use known standard bond and assembly processes but require special considerations with regards to the selection of bonding materials for the bridge chip. The DBHi chip-bridge subassemblies are prepared using thermocompression bonding (TCB) with non conductive paste (NCP). In this study, we identified that the NCP encapsulated micro joints in the DBHi silicon-bridge structure are under a unique stress condition through assembling experiments and thermomechanical analysis. We evaluated and compared the properties of different NCP materials using the test vehicles specially designed to emulate the unique stress condition. We demonstrated a reliable micro solder joint structure by selecting a NCP material showing optimal chemical reaction processes and by methodically designing the bonding conditions to mitigate the fracture failures of the solder joints in the DBHi silicon-bridge.


It has been proposed that North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) evolution was intimately linked to North Atlantic climate oscillations during the last glacial-interglacial transition. However, during the early deglaciation and the Last Glacial Maximum, the SST development in the subarctic northwest Pacific and the Bering Sea is poorly constrained as most existing deglacial SST records are based on alkenone paleothermometry, which is limited prior to 15 ka B.P. in the subarctic North Pacific realm. By applying the TEXL86 temperature proxy we obtain glacial-Holocene-SST records for the marginal northwest Pacific and the Western Bering Sea. Our TEXL86-based records and existing alkenone data suggest that during the past 15.5 ka, SSTs in the northwest Pacific and the Western Bering Sea closely followed millennial-scale climate fluctuations known from Greenland ice cores, indicating rapid atmospheric teleconnections with abrupt climate changes in the North Atlantic. Our SST reconstructions indicate that in the Western Bering Sea SSTs drop significantly during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), similar to the known North Atlantic climate history. In contrast, progressively rising SST in the northwest Pacific is different to the North Atlantic climate development during HS1. Similarities between the northwest Pacific SST and climate records from the Gulf of Alaska point to a stronger influence of Alaskan Stream waters connecting the eastern and western basin of the North Pacific during this time. During the Holocene, dissimilar climate trends point to reduced influence of the Alaskan Stream in the northwest Pacific.


Lyon, France has the opportunity to distribute in abundance a groundwater resource with a good quality for drinking water. However, the length and the complexity of the distribution network can lead to consumer complaints in some areas of the water distribution system. In order to improve the organoleptic quality of distributed water, the water supplier wants to get a better understanding of potential taste and odour formation and to succeed in controlling it. Since 2006, activities have been taken with targeted analyses and sensory evaluation of water, taking into account both the consumers' private networks and the citywide distribution network. The first results were focused on the occurrence of bromophenols along the water distribution system, the understanding of the mechanisms of formation of such compounds, as well as their incidence on taste-and-odour events at the consumer's home.


The economics of climate change involves a vast array of uncertainties, complicating both the analysis and development of climate policy. This study presents the results of the first comprehensive study of uncertainty in climate change using multiple integrated assessment models. The study looks at model and parametric uncertainties for population, total factor productivity, and climate sensitivity. It estimates the pdfs of key output variables, including CO2 concentrations, temperature, damages, and the social cost of carbon (SCC). One key finding is that parametric uncertainty is more important than uncertainty in model structure. Our resulting pdfs also provide insights on tail events.


The missing teeth of edentulous adults are most commonly replaced with complete upper and lower dentures. The most prevalent problem regarding complete dentures is the retention of the mandibular one.
The testing of most denture retention systems has usually employed in-vivo testing with no prior in-vitro tests being carried out. In addition, in-vitro tests that have been carried out did not replicate the natural real situation of the oral cavity.
The aim of this study was to design and develop an artificial edentulous mandibular jaw model, with the associated soft-tissue structure (artificial mucosa and reflected tissue) based on real patient parameters, to facilitate testing the retention of mandibular complete dentures. This would enable us to optimise the design and manufacture of novel systems prior to testing on real patients in a clinical trial.
The objectives for this study were to firstly conduct a clinical evaluation of patients' satisfaction with complete denture and to correlate the effect of loose mandibular denture with patient satisfaction.
The second objective was to evaluate and identify the most appropriate synthetic materials that would replicate the soft tissue properties. Twelve elastic materials were assessed. These are representative of the following categories of materials: Addition and condensation-reaction silicone, polysulphide, polyether, alginate, maxillofacial impression material, soft lining material and non dental materials-chair side artist materials.
Suitable substitute materials to the oral mucosa were used to construct the model. Testing of the model was conducted using a series of protocols to measure and compare the retention of mandibular dentures of varying designs (well-fitting, over- and under-extended) with and without denture adhesives (PoliGrip®, GlaxoSmithKline; Fixodent®, Procter & Gamble; Super Wernets®, GlaxoSmithKline).
In conclusion, an in-vitro model of a mandibular ridge can be created to approximate the biophysical characteristics of the covering mucosa, and can be used to assess differences in the retention of various denture designs and different denture adhesives.


Various non-linear wave equations are found to possess solitons - stable solitary waves which only undergo a change of position on collision with each other. It is shown in chapter 1, how the various soliton properties of the sine-Gordon equation, u(_xy) = F(u) sin u, May be derived from its Backlund Transformation. Most of the rest of the thesis consists of several attempts to find Backlund Transformations for other equations of the form u = F(u) by generalizing the usual form of the Backlund Transformation. The only exception to this is in chapter 2 where equations of the form u(_xy) = A(x,y,u).u(_x) + B(x,y,u).u(_y) + C(x,y,u) are considered. The rest of chapter 2 considers the effect of allowing the Backlund Transformation to depend explicitly on the independent variables or on integrals of the dependent variables. The rest of this thesis concentrates on allowing the Backlund Transformation to depend on derivatives only of the "old" and "new" variables, u and u'. It is found that if u and u' satisfy u(_xy) = F(u) where F'''(u) = K.F''(u) and F''(u) = K.F(u) then there are no Backlund Transformations of the following form. Chapter 3. u'(_x) = P(u,u';p(_1),.., ,P(_N);q(_1),...,q(M)) u;(_y)= Q(u,u';p(_1),...,P(_N);q(_1),...,q(_M)) except possibly when M = 1 , N > 7 and F(u) = A(_1).e(^cu) + A(_2).e(^-2cu). Chapter 4. u'(_xx) = P(u, u', u(_x), u'(_x), x(_y), u(_xx), u(_yy) u'(_y) = Q(u, u', u(_x), u'(_x), x(_y), u(_xx), u(_yy) Chapter 5 (^1)/(_2) (p'(_N+1) p(_N+1) – P(P(_0), P(_1),…,P(_N);P'(_0),…,P'(_N) N <5 (^1)/(_2)(q' +q) = Q(P(_0), P(_1),…,P(_N);P(_0),…,P'(_N)


The behaviour of the plasmonic modes of supported strongly coupled silver nanocubes is studied. Silver nanocube monolayers with controlled particle density were fabricated via the Langmuir-Blodgett technique and deposited on substrates with varying refractive indices. Substrates include glass, thin films of silicon, and titanium oxide on glass. The dipolar and bonded dipolar modes are red shifted with increasing refractive index of the substrate. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is used as a tool to probe the electric field enhancements of the silver nanocube monolayers. SERS enhancement of silver nanocube monolayers is found to be highly substrate dependant, typically decreasing with increasing refractive index of the underlying substrate. This work aims to find the source of this enhancement decrease, and distinguishes between effects related electromagnetic enhancement and effects caused by the optics of the Raman spectroscopy system itself.


Clinicians differ regarding the value of percussion of the heart borders. Many feel that accurate determination of the borders is well nigh impossible, especially in the obese and in women, while others maintain that a high degree of accuracy may be obtained by percussion. However, difficulties are recognized when percussion for the heart borders is attempted in persons with greatly enlarged hearts and those having pulmonary emphysema. With the advent of the roentgen ray, much accurate information has been obtained in determining the borders of the heart. One is now able to learn the position of the heart in relation to the transverse diameter of the thorax. It is also possible, by means of the orthodiagram or teleroentgenogram, to determine to a high degree of accuracy the absolute size of the heart. However, the front view of the heart and aorta fails to give us the position of the heart


Abstract By studying parliamentary proposals, debates, and reports as well as governmental inquiries and proposals from the first half of the twentieth century, the authors analyse the status of the allemansrätt – 'every man's right' to public access - in Sweden. The founding principles of this use-right have been generally accepted since the late nineteenth century, but for almost as long there has been a feeling that it has been used (and abused) for commercial as well as personal interest, first by 'for-profit' berry harvesters and later on by tourist companies. These uses have been questioned by a minority of conservative and (to a less extent) liberal landowners, who have tried to limit the right of public access to private land by addressing the issue in the parliament. At the same time, a political majority of socialists, liberals, and conservatives has defended the right from being either limited or regulated by law. This resistance is explained by the economic characteristics of the resources at stake, and by the difficulties associated with transferring a customary right into law, i.e. an informal institution to a formal institution.


The Binnie family may be traced back many generations to the Eastern Lowlands of Scotland, early records of the surname being associated in the 13th century with Uphall, West Lothian. The Armorial Bearings granted to a distant ancestor, a 'horse's head furnished with a wagon proper', and an ambiguous motto, 'virtute doloque' (by courage and policy [or deceit]), recall an incident of history–or myth—of the year 1313 in which a yeoman farmer, William Binny, who supplied hay to Edward II of England's garrison troops of a peel, Linlithgow Castle, adopted the ruse of stalling his wagon on entering the castle so that neither could the drawbridge be raised nor the portcullis lowered. Scottish soldiers emerged from beneath the hay and, with local irregulars, took the castle in the name of Robert the Bruce of Scotland.