Research shows that students are likely to experience novelty (unfamiliarity) at field trip locations, resulting in extended, unproductive disorientation and inhibition of learning. Carefully-planned preparatory units, delivered prior to the field trip experience, have been shown to mitigate the negative effects of novelty. Anonymous online surveys and written responses to critical thinking questions were used to assess the effect of full (comprehensive) pre-field trip preparatory units on measures potentially influenced by novelty during a 25-day college study abroad program. Survey responses indicate that full preparatory units did not significantly affect student perception of readiness or location familiarity. While few statistically-significant differences were detected, data suggests that full preparatory units probably enhanced student satisfaction with the field trip experience and fostered better performance on critical thinking assessments. These findings support the conclusion that full preparatory units were, on the whole, more beneficial to learning during study abroad field trips than were minimal preparatory units. Findings also suggest that college students may not suffer the negative effects of novelty as intensely as younger students and that the physical size and complexity of the field trip location may reduce student confidence in navigating the location and slow student completion of on-location tasks.


SUMMARY Diverse chemical and biological processes in the oceans and atmosphere, the planet's most global domains, determine the fate and effects of marine contaminants and outbreaks of marine nuisance species. Understanding these problems requires the identification of environmental variables that influence ecological and human effects, the ability to predict spatial and temporal occurrences, and development of integrative interdisciplinary and mechanistic models for predicting their occurrences and severity. These endeavours require collaborative efforts of physical, chemical, biological and biomedical scientists working in interdisciplinary teams. There are numerous examples of interdisciplinary research conducted in marine systems on marine contaminants, including those contaminants released from the Earth's crust by human activities, those that are almost exclusively man-made in origin, and those that are biological contaminants often exacerbated by human activities. While interdisciplinary teams of researchers have greatly advanced the study of marine systems in some of these areas, there are still many barriers to interdisciplinary approaches in marine science, including disciplinary biases and institutional structures. A number of mechanisms are recommended that could support and enhance the ability of researchers to conduct interdisciplinary research in marine science, including the establishment of core facilities that can be used to support different teams of collaborating scientists, establishment of appropriate organizational structures, and promotion of seminars and symposia that emphasize interdisciplinary approaches.


Although upper GI
endoscopy is considered to be a gold standard in diagnosis of many pediatric
gastrointestinal disorders, there is limited data about its utility from
developing countries. We carried out this retrospective study at Aga khan
University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan from 2008-2012. During the study period,
a total of 200 procedures were performed. Mean age of patients was 8.5 years.
66% of patients received general anesthesia for the procedure. Failure to
thrive with suspected coeliac disease was the most common indication for the
procedure, seen in 31% of patients. Gastritis was the most common abnormal
endoscopic finding, seen in 14.5% of patients. Gastritis was the most common
histopathological finding on biopsy, seen in 31% of the patients (n = 62).
Findings were consistent with
coeliac disease in 18% (n = 36), duodenitis, 10.5% (n = 21) and esophagitis, 4% (n = 8) of patients. No immediate post
procedure complication was noted in our study.


Existing theory and empirical evidence suggest that body size should have a profound influence upon the composition of flight muscles and the performance of inter- mittent flight in birds. I examine the relationships between functional morphology and intermittent flight behavior within a closely-related group of birds using six species of woodpeckers (Picidae): Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens, 27.2 g), Red-naped Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis, 47.4 g), Hairy Woodpecker (P. villosus, 70.5 g), Lewis' Woodpecker (Me- lanerpes lewis, 106.6 g), Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus, 148.1 g), and Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus, 262.5 g). In woodpeckers with a body mass less than 100 g, the pectoralis muscle was composed mostly of red (R) fibers, with intermediate (I) fibers either absent or restricted to lateral regions. R and I fibers were found in all regions of the pectoralis in the larger species. Positive scaling of the percent and cross-sectional diameter of I fibers may explain why species larger than 100 g flap-bounded when theory predicts they should not have sufficient power. Differences were evident in staining characteristics of I fibers among (but not within) species. Phylogenetic effects were apparent because hypothesized sister taxa shared similarities in muscle composition. Internal and external wing dimensions scaled according to the predictions of geometric similarity, but the Red-naped Sapsucker and Lewis' Woodpecker possessed slightly higher wing-shape indices (narrower, more-pointed wings) than the other species, which may reflect migratory and flycatching behavior as well as phylogeny. All of the species exhibited flap-bounding. The number of flaps in a flapping phase, wingbeat frequency, flapping-phase duration, and bounding-phase duration all scaled negatively with body mass, whereas the percent time spent flapping and flight speed scaled slightly positively. Lewis' Woodpecker was unusual in its intermittent flight behavior by spending more time flapping, using lower wingbeat frequencies and flying slower than would be expected for its body mass. It was the only species to pursue flying insects using highly maneuvered flights including extended glides, although the Red-naped Sapsucker was ob- served to flycatch without gliding. Slow flight speed, rather than wing design, was related to gliding in the Lewis' Woodpecker. I fibers in the pectoralis of the Lewis' Woodpecker were unique in showing intense glycolytic potential, perhaps reflecting the species' foraging style. Received 2 May 1995, accepted 21 August 1995.


The imposition of a 'fourth hurdle' of cost-effectiveness is becoming a common feature of the regulation of pharmaceuticals in several European countries. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), which operates in England and Wales, is one of the most visible examples of this phenomenon and represents an influential model for reform elsewhere. This paper considers the lessons which may be drawn from NICE, focusing in particular upon the issue of legitimacy. It will be argued that regulatory legitimacy may be enhanced by giving institutional effect to procedural values which are of central importance to public law.


This master thesis has been developed at POWERTECH Engineering S.R.L., an engineering consulting company, specialized in the field of 1D and 3D CFD analysis, in collaboration with McLaren Automotive Ltd., high end performance car manufacturer. The subject of this thesis is a high specific output, V6, S.I. engine currently under development at McLaren Automotive Ltd., which will equip a future, high performance vehicles. Numerical simulation allows a significant reduction in the need for physical testing, which in turn reduces costs and cuts time to market. It has become an essential tool in the development and optimization of new engines. In this perspective, this project was developed using GT-SUITE, a 1D CFD software, which also includes extensive tools for mechanical simulation. The aim of the thesis is to develop an engine model that includes all internal mechanical components, to perform a sensitivity study in order to evaluate the impact of the different parameters and elements on simulated results and to carry out a calibration of the model in order to correlate the experimental measured data and simulated results. This study will also be used to develop methodology for torsional model that could be used for future projects. The starting point for the activity were the GT-ISE models and properties of the components and high-frequency data provided by McLaren Automotive Ltd. The first step consisted of integrating all standalone models together with the dynamometer modelling into a comprehensive model, defining boundary conditions, elaborating the experimental data and setting the model suitable for torsional analysis. As an intermediary step toward the calibration, a sensitivity study was performed in order to evaluate the impact of the each parameters on the analysis results. This study is essential for both calibration procedure and future torsional models development. In fact it helps to define the main parameters that affect the under-study phenomenon. The final step of the activity was the calibration of the model. The cranktrain model was calibrated over full load steady-state curve, this procedure was carried out by comparing instantaneous rotating speed profile and their amplitude spectrum during the entire engine cycle. The Fourier analysis was implemented into the model in order to study the impact of each frequency on the results. The Fourier analysis is essential to understand the impact of specific component on the result, since it is possible to associate each component to a specific speed oscillation order. The outcome of the activity was a complete engine model that is able to reproduce the main speed oscillation of the engine with a satisfactory level of accuracy. It could be then used to further investigate on the remaining differences observed, mainly related to the simplification presents into the current approach: in fact, the model was set to perform only a torsional analysis (bending is not allowed) and the torsional stiffness of the crank throw was automatically calculated with an empirical approach that does not take into account the actual shape of the component.


This paper assesses the effect on total factor productivity (TFP) of a change in the status of a firm from domestic producer to either exporter or subsidiary of a multinational firm. It is an extension of earlier work that looks solely on the effect of exporting on TFP (Girma et al, 2003 and 2004 and Wagner, 2002). In particular, it estimates the differences in TFP between domestic, exporting firms or subsidiaries of multinationals after controlling for the likely presence of endogeneity using the Multiple Treatment Approach (Blundell and Costa Dias, 2000 and Lechner, 2001). Results show that firms that have become exporters experience higher TFP, between 7.8% and 8.8%, with respect to domestic producers. Productivity gains were also experienced for firms acquired by multinationals relative to domestic producers ranging from 11.5% to 13%. Finally, exporters have a lower annual TFP compared to firms acquired by multinationals by around 10 percentage points.


Secret sharing is critical to most applications making use of security and remains one of the most challenging research areas in modern cryptography. In this thesis, we propose a novel efficient multi-secret sharing scheme based on the Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) with two verification methods, while the previous works are mostly based on the Lagrange polynomial. Key management schemes play an important role in communication security in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). While the previous works mainly targeting on two different types of WSNs: distributed and hieratical, in this thesis, we propose our flexible WSN key management scheme, which is based on (n,t,n) multi-secret sharing technique, to provide a key management solution for heterogeneous architecture. The powerful key managers are responsible for most of the communicational and computational workload. They can provide Peer-to-Peer pair-wise keys for a pair of sensors to establish a secure communication session, and in the same time, they can also form communication clusters as cluster heads according to different application requirements. Internet of Things (IoT) becomes more and more popular and practical in recent years. Considering the diversity of the devices and the application scenarios, it is extremely hard to couple two devices or sub-networks with different communication and computation resources. In this thesis, we propose novel key agreement schemes based on (n,t,n) multi-secret sharing techniques for IoT in order to achieve light weighted key exchange while using Host Identity Protocol (HIP). We refer the new schemes as HIP-MEXs with different underlying multi-secret sharing techniques. We analyzed the computational and communication costs of the extremely resource constrained device which is referred to as Initiator, and CRT based HIP-MEX successfully outsource the heavy workload to the proxy, which are considered more powerful, when establishing new secret key.


A time-scale decomposition (TSD) algorithm of a class of generalized stochastic Petri net (GSPN) models of systems comprising activities whose duration differ by orders of magnitude is presented. The GSPN model of a system can be decomposed into a hierarchical sequence of aggregated subnets, each of which is valid at a certain time scale. These smaller subnets are solved in isolation and their solutions are combined to get the solution of the whole system. A degradable multiprocessor system which would be intractable using conventional techniques, is analyzed using TSD. The complexity of the TSD algorithm can be orders of magnitude smaller without any significant loss in the accuracy of the result. In general, the error due to aggregation is proportional to the maximum degree of coupling between aggregates. An expression of the error due to aggregation is also given in terms of the ratio of fast and slow transitions in the GSPN model. The algorithm is easy to use and can be easily automated. >


A behavioural study of the domoic acid (DOM)-induced convulsive behaviour after intracerebroventricular administration was carried out in rats and mice. DOM-induced behaviours were compared to those elicited by other excitatory amino acid (EAA) agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alpha-amino-3- hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) and kainic acid (KA), in such a way as to assess the possible similarities between DOM-induced effects and EAA subtype receptor activation in vivo. In rat, DOM (0.03-3 nmol/rat) caused a complex pattern of convulsive behaviour, quantified by means of a 15-point rating scale. DOM-induced behavioural profile was characterized at the lower doses by "preconvulsive" behaviours as wet dog shakes, hypermotility, mild facial clonus. At higher doses, DOM caused clonic convulsions followed by the "status epilepticus" syndrome (wet dog shakes, forelimb clonus, rearing, salivation). Rats treated with KA (0.3-10 nmol/rat) showed an almost identical behavioural profile. AMPA (1-10 nmol/rat)-induced convulsive behaviour was similar to DOM and KA only at the higher doses. NMDA (0.25-10 nmol/rat) caused clonic convulsions but not "status epilepticus". In mice, similar results were obtained: all the tested drugs induced generalized seizures, but only animals treated with DOM, KA and AMPA showed a prolonged sequence of seizures with forelimb clonus. Our results confirm the findings reported in the literature and support the hypothesis that DOM and KA act at the same EAA receptor.


2 5 Abstract: Hay-Wells syndrome is a rare form of ectodermal dysplasia initially described by Hay and Wells in 1976. It is an autosomal dominant disorder with varying forms of expression featuring congenital abnor- malities of the skin, hair, teeth, nails and sweat glands. The present report describes the case of a 17-year- old white boy, the son of nonconsanguineous parents, who presented ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum, ectodermal dysplasia and a cleft palate at birth, which are considered cardinal signs of this syndrome by most authors. We also highlight the importance of implementing multidisciplinary follow-up of these patients.


Travel recommender systems (TRSs) are developed as information filtering tools to provide travel decision-making support. They make personalised recommendations based on the user's preferences. People tend to make group travel decisions based on trip-specific motivations. The current Group Travel Recommender Systems (GTRSs) exploit individual user's preferences and make group recommendations by aggregating profiles or aggregating recommendations. Although aggregation is a straightforward way to combine the preferences of different group members, it has been critiqued on overlooking of the group dynamics. Interaction needs among tourists' have a great influence on group travel preference. This proposed study explores a conceptual framework for a hybrid group travel recommender system based on this consideration.


We propose a matrix model to describe a class of fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states for a system of (N1 + N2) electrons with filling factor more general than in the Laughlin case. Our model, which is developed for FQH states with filling factor of the form νk1k2 = k1+k2 k1k2 (k1 and k2 odd integers), has a U(N1) × U(N2) gauge invariance, assumes that FQH fluids are composed of coupled branches of the Laughlin type, and uses ideas borrowed from hierarchy scenarios. Interactions are carried, amongst others, by fields in the bi-fundamentals of the gauge group. They simultaneously play the role of a regulator, exactly as does the Polychronakos field. We build the vacuum configurations for FQH states with filling factors given by the series νp1p2 = p2 p1p2−1 , p1 and p2 integers. Electrons are interpreted as a condensate of fractional D0-branes and the usual degeneracy of the fundamental state is shown to be lifted by the non-commutative geometry behaviour of the plane. The formalism is illustrated for the state at ν = 2 5 . E-mail: email@example.com E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * Second Life is a virtual world with education, public relations, and economic implications. CPA Island is the center of the public accounting profession in Second Life. * At a minimum, CPA Island presents a creative communication medium to appeal to a new generation. This generation has grown up with high-speed Internet connectivity, instant messaging, and multiplayer online gaming. * The spirit behind CPA Island goes beyond clearly demonstrating an awareness of the different skill set of this new generation. It embraces and celebrates these skills as important to the future of the accounting profession. * The economic implications of Second Life are just now unfolding. Suspend disbelief, log on, and experience CPA Island and the other aspects of Second Life for yourself. ********** Thanks to the pioneering efforts of the Maryland Association of Certified Public Accountants (MACPA) and Katz, Abosch, Windesheim, Gershman & Freedman PA (KAWG&F), a Maryland CPA firm, the public accounting profession has joined the ranks of leading corporations, organizations, universities and millions of individuals with a presence on Second Life (www.secondlife.com). Second what? Second Life is a virtual 3-D world on the Internet. Think. of it as the marriage of online video game technology and social networking tools, like MySpace and Facebook, with e-coramerce potential. It is not really a game and isn't intended for children. Public accounting's presence in Second Life is called CPA Island. CPA Island may be a way to attract the next generation of young professionals to careers in public accounting. (Figure 1 shows the welcome sign outside the MACPA headquarters on CPA Island in Second Life.) In this article we introduce readers to Second Life via CPA Island and describe the emerging importance of Second Life to accountants, as it goes beyond recruiting and continuing professional education. Second Life is just one example of emerging virtual worlds developing on the Internet that may be a catalyst for a new range of public accounting business opportunities. It has attracted mainstream business media attention, including coverage in BusinessWeek and The Wall Street Journal, and a CNN blog featuring stories about Second Life. The Reuters news agency has a bureau in Second Life. IBM, Pontiac, Toyota, H&R Block, Sears and many other corporate groups are found there. On the education front, Ohio University, Princeton University, and other universities have established virtual Second Life campuses. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] SECOND LIFE ORIGIN AND BASICS An interesting folklore surrounds the origins of Second Life. A quick Google search indicates that the inspiration for Second Life is the science fiction novel Snow Crash, by Neal Stephenson, in which he coins the term "metaverse." The definition of metaverse can't be found in a paper dictionary, but online Wikipedia describes it as "a user-defined world of general use in which people can interact, play, do business, and otherwise communicate" under its definition for Second Life. Second Life was introduced in 2003 by Linden Research Inc. (also known as Linden Lab), a privately held corporation based in San Francisco. Accountants may recognize its Chairman of the Board Mitch Kapor, who developed the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet in the 1980s. While Linden Lab owns Second Life, inhabitants design, build and own most everything in it using software tools provided by the company. Free memberships in Second Life provide general citizenship rights, but paid memberships are required to own land and other objects. Humans are represented by animated characters, called avatars, that walk, fly, and teleport (instantly travel) through a rich geography with features that parallel our real world. Specific destinations are found either with a map searching feature or by entering the specific map coordinates. …


The importance of apprenticeships for early labour market transitions varies across countries and over time. In recent times, there has been a policy drive to increase the number of people undertaking apprenticeships in England. This is regarded as important for addressing poor productivity. We investigate whether there is a positive return to undertaking an apprenticeship for young people. We use detailed administrative data to track recent cohorts of young school leavers as they transition to the labour market. Our results suggest that apprenticeships lead to a positive average earnings return (at least in the short run), although there is stark variation between sectors. This is an important driver of the gender gap in earnings.


High-temperature geothermal energy is a renewable energy that can be used for generating electricity. In this study, the volumetric method was used to evaluate geothermal resources in combination with the geothermal resource investigation and the evaluation results were used to calculate the high-temperature geothermal resource potential in China, and the economic and environmental perspective of high-temperature geothermal resources were predicted. The results showed that high-temperature geothermal resources are very abundant in China, with total reserves of 10-20 billion tons (t) of standard coal; can produce economic benefits of 60 billion USD/year (y); and can lower CO2 emissions by 1.19 billion tons. High-temperature, hydrothermal-type geothermal resources are an efficient, stable, safe, clean, and renewable source of energy. To increase the intensity of resources exploration, drilling, power conversion, groundwater recharge, and anticorrosion technology innovation is needed to ensure an energy revolution.


ABSTRACT A petrographic study was made of the rocks near the boundary of the lower Pennsylvanian Quadrant and the Permian Phosphoria formations. The mineralogy is described in detail and some of the detrital minerals, quartz, chert, tourmaline, and zircon, are subdivided into a variety of species. The chemical minerals described in detail are chert, calcite, dolomite, collophane, kaolinite, and illite. The Quadrant in this area is composed largely of fine-grained siltstones (dolomitic, illitic, and kaolinitic) and carbonate rocks. There is little significant difference in the detrital minerals of the two formations. However, the Phosphoria contains a much larger percentage of chemical rocks than the Quadrant. The detritus of the two formations was primarily derived by the reworking of older sediments. The minerals of the two formations, in this basin-edge area, comprise a quartzite-limestone series and are typical of a period of near peneplaination in the source area and belong in the shallow water marine facies of sedimentation. It is indicative of epeirogenic tectonic control both in the source area and in the locus of deposition. The rocks in the Phosphoria are modified by the deposition of an abundance of authigenic minerals and a decrease in detrital minerals. This modification was likely caused by an abundance of volcanic material in the source area.


This paper presents two experiences of collaboration between university and industry through the implementation of the Project-based Learning (PBL) model in the University of Navarra. One of them has been developed by third year students of the Industrial Management Engineering Degree, and the participation is voluntary. The other one is carried out by students of the Master of Industrial Engineering, and it is mandatory. In both cases, the students visit a company, and it is the enterprise that poses them a challenge to solve or a project to be developed. After working in groups for several weeks, students present their project to the company managers. The main objective of this paper is to examine the benefits of developing PBL in a company context. It also aims to analyze the development of students' skills, motivation and commitment in comparison with other similar activities where the problem to be solved is defined by the teachers. It pretends as well to know the opinion of the enterprises regarding the university-industry collaboration and the work done by the students. The students value this experience, in both cases, positively, as it allows them to work on a real case, in which they test their knowledge and capabilities. The companies also appreciate this experience, as it is valuable for them. Apart from all the advantages that active learning methods entail for students, developing it in the context of university-industry collaboration leads to many other benefits. We have verified that when the project consists of solving a real problem proposed by a company, the engagement and motivation of students increases. Moreover, this experience provides a rich learning environment, closer to what their professional life will be.


: This paper is an attempt to analyse the role of pre-trial processes in the criminal justice system in Malaysia as far as the speedy justice is concerned. Before 2010, Malaysia faced a huge backlog of criminal cases in the court; however, it made amendments in the code of criminal procedure and introduced the pre-trial processes in the criminal justice system of Malaysia to resolve the huge backlog and to promote the speedy trial. The researcher in this research has determined and explored that how pre-trial processes work in the way of disposal of criminal justice, and how it has reduced the huge backlog of criminal cases from the courts. The researcher has explained many case laws, provisions of criminal procedure code and described the opinions of judges and legal entities in Malaysia.


ABSTRACT The presence of turbid, sediment-rich fast ice in the Arctic is a major factor affecting transport of fine-grained sediment. Turbid ice was found to be present in a zone 10 to 20 km wide along the coast of the Beaufort Sea. Sediment concentrations observed in cores taken in seasonal fast ice ranged from 3 to more than 1,600 g/m3. Finely disseminated silt and clay-sized particles dominated, discoloring the upper segments of the cores in a layer up to 1 m thick. In almost all of the cores the upper-most 10 cm of ice was relatively less turbid, and the relief at the base of the turbid layer was 10 to 20 cm over distances of 1 to 2 m. Observers have documented the widespread, sporadic occurrence of sediment-rich fast ice in both the Beaufort and Bering Seas. The known sources a d transport relations of suspended sediment did not explain this distribution of turbid ice. The occurrence of sediment in only the upper part of the seasonal fast ice indicates that sediment-rich ice forms early during ice growth. The most likely mechanism for the formation of sediment-laden ice and preferential sorting of fine sediments requires resuspension of nearshore bottom sediment during storms, accompanied by formation of frazil ice and subsequent lateral advection before the fast ice is stabilized. We estimate that the sediment incorporated in the Beaufort ice canopy formed a significant proportion of the seasonal influx of terrigenous fine-grained sediment. The dominance of fine-grained sediment suggests that in the Arctic and sub-Arctic these size fractions may be ice rafted in greater volumes than the coarse fraction of traditionally recognized ice-rafted sediment. The incorporation and transport mechanism may be a significant factor in the transport of fine-grained sediments in the Arctic basin.


My poetry portfolio is 75 pages long, and consists of single poems as well as two series. The first series includes the 'Good Work' poems, which explore different ideas of 'good work' based on characters' occupations, preoccupations and mental perspectives. The second series is the 'Makar' poems, depicting an imagined world in which the poet is a guardian angel or guiding force. The style of my poetry varies from lyric to prose poetry, with a few language-focused abstract poems, and more formal styles, like a villanelle. Dreaming and waking are two themes that reflect aspects of reality and perception. Much of my portfolio is rooted in reflections of identity: Identity in terms of work, and the story we tell to the world about what we do; identity in terms of inter-personal relationships and how those connections form who we become; identity in terms of memory, and the story of who we have been; and identity in terms of the stories we tell ourselves about who we think we are. And if none of those stories align, what kind of fragmented self-identity does that reveal? The narrative poems often use different characters and personas in order to enact these lenses of identity. Even with only a few epistles in the collection, my poetry has been influenced by the epistolary ideas of separation and reunion (as critic Altman describes them: 'bridge' and 'distance'). Similarly, the prose poems often riff on the unification and distancing of various themes, in a mediation of togetherand apart-ness. I have used letters and diary-entries as addresses to the audience, and also as invitations for the reader to access the poem through different points of entry. My academic thesis focuses on the utilisation of epistles in contemporary American prose poetry. It is 26,000 words, and is divided into three sections: focused on Epistles: Poems by Mark Jarman; Letters to Kelly Clarkson by Julia Bloch, and The Desires of Letters by Linda Brown; and Dear Editor: Poems by Amy Newman. Why are we still writing poems as letters when we don't habitually write letters for personal correspondence anymore? The poem-as-letter, or epistle, offers the ability to craft complex relationships within the reader/author, writer/recipient, and open/closed dynamics of intimacy in literature. The criticism is framed within the methodology of reader-response theory, and draws upon examples of epistles in history and literature to connect and establish themes.


Indigenous Australians represent 2.2% of the working age population, yet account for only 1.4% of all university enrolments. In relation to higher degree research students, Indigenous Australians account for 1.1% of enrolments, but only 0.8% of all higher degree research completions. This paper reports on findings that emerged from an Australian Research Council-funded study which aimed to establish a model of best practice for the supervision of Indigenous doctoral students. The project identified the dissertation examination as one of the critical factors underpinning the success of doctoral candidates. Whilst research into the examination process for doctoral students is limited, the research that specifically explores the examination of dissertations submitted by Indigenous students is entirely inadequate. Our research identified key epistemological concerns that impact approaches to the examination process, to demonstrate how the dominance of Western methods of research impact the examination process for Indigenous doctoral students. This paper explores the experiences of 50 successful Indigenous Australian doctors with a specific focus on their examiner preference and disciplinary requirements. It highlights the limitations that some Indigenous students and their supervisors experience in finding an appropriate examiner.


Purpose
This study aims to identify research gaps on workplace relocation, through investigating and critiquing the published literature, in the facilities management (FM) and real estate management (REM) domains, over three decades.

Design/methodology/approach
An extensive literature review was conducted, using academic search engines, using qualitative analysis software, in the domains of FM and REM, on workplace relocation, from 1990 to 2020, chronologically. The paper proposes future research directions through a maturity matrix.

Findings
Several gaps in workplace relocation research were identified, including the need for a wide-ranging coverage of workplace relocation lifecycle, a review and assessment of factors affecting workplace relocation over its lifecycle, studies on large organizations mobility, studies of international experiences on workplace relocation, absence of a holistic framework for the workplace relocation process and digital tools and solutions to facilitate the processes. A three levels maturity matrix for future research, proposing the adoption of qualitative, quantitative and applications research approaches, was presented.

Practical implications
This study enlists a chronological comprehension of knowledge obtained from the review of the internationally published literature. The research investigated and identified gaps, gripping for future research efforts.

Originality/value
This study reviews 30 years of published literature on workplace relocation and proposes topics for advancing future research, collectively.


This research thesis was developed as a planning and design reference for mental health treatment centres. This text is intended to assist planners, designers, and health practitioners to optimize patient health and comfort by providing suitable environments to facilitate care and treatment. This thesis examines and provides guidance on security issues, environmental design, the cognitive environment, and site development. Sample facility plans are also provided to demonstrate the design principles advocated.

The foreword examines the historical background of mental health treatment facilities in relation to the context of care. The continuing problem of the alienating and dehumanizing effects of psychiatric hospitals on patients is also addressed. Security requirements are investigated in relation to patients' rights and personal needs. This text also examines related fire safety requirements and design measures to minimize the risks of suicides, self injuries, and assaults. Environmental design issues, including lighting, color, acoustics, construction materials, air quality, and spatial relationships, are examined in relation to mental and physical health.

Cognitive issues such as wayfinding, mental maps, symbolism, and perceptions of physical environments and architectural design are explored in relation to mental health treatment facilities. Earlier research suggests that patients have difficulty making the cognitive adjustment to typical mental health treatment facilities, and this can negatively effect their therapy and potential recovery. An illustrated questionnaire was developed to help determine the types of facilities patients can relate to and experience relative comfort. This questionnaire was used to examine perceptions of buildings and designs in relation to the provision of comfortable and healthy environments.

The survey revealed that patients, health care providers, and students shared similar perceptions of the built environment, and that buildings possessing features generally associated with domestic buildings (houses) were considered more comfortable than other building types. In particular, buildings with pitched roofs and brick exteriors were considered most suggestive of comfort. Horizontal windows were preferred to more common vertically oriented windows. This effect was more pronounced when windows framed a pleasant natural view. Curved interior forms were also found to be suggestive of comfort.

Past, current, and emerging patterns of site and facility development are reviewed in association with their environmental context. The role of nature in the healing process, from ancient Greece to recent discoveries, is also examined.

The final chapter of this thesis is a demonstration of design principles with annotated drawings of a hypothetical inpatient unit and outpatient clinic. These drawings are provided to demonstrate an integration of thesis findings and design principles. These drawings are not a definitive design or prototype, because every site and building program are…


Accurate paleogeographic reconstructions of past supercontinents are necessary to test models of supercontinent cyclicity, secular variation in plate tectonics, and mantle geodynamics. However, numerous factors limit our ability to reconstruct past supercontinents as is evident in the ongoing debates regarding the construction phase and geometry of Earth's most recent supercontinent, late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic Pangea. An important factor in these debates, and a focus of our study is how best to palinspastically restore, in section and in plan-view, the orogenic belts along which supercontinents were stitched together. We utilize the orogenic belts spanning Baffin Island, Greenland and Fennoscandia that are inferred to record the assembly of the Paleoproterozoic supercontinent Columbia to test the accepted reconstruction of the Nuna core of Columbia. We show that as reconstructed in the Nuna model, each of Baffin Island, Greenland (with some complications) and Fennoscandia are characterized by an older cratonic backstop that gives way to younger accretionary complexes toward the inferred oceanic domain that lay to the south and which is inferred to have closed by subduction beneath northeastern Laurentia / Fennoscandia during Columbia assembly. This southward transition from cratonic backstop to accretionary orogen is a hallmark of upper plates in modern convergent plate margins and is consistent with the construction of the Columbia supercontinent, including its Nuna core, through plate tectonic processes, and provides a broad validation of the Nuna reconstruction and hence for Columbia as a whole. Map view curvature of the cratonic backstops is restricted to long wavelength, open bends consistent with the Archean crust having been characterized by significant lithospheric strength. The more accretionary southern portions of Nuna are, however, characterized by sinuous orogens that developed by oroclinal bending of formerly more linear belts, significantly complicating their palinspastic restoration and rendering detailed correlation of juvenile orogenic belts across Nuna problematic.


In many countries reed is considered as invasive or unnecessary plant, because it is spreading rapidly, causing decrease in biodiversity and creating unacceptable living conditions for many bird species in their natural habitats. Due to environmental considerations it is necessary to cut reed, to decrease their over exceeding growth. Reed burning or leaving for decomposition on fields, that has been practiced until now, creates additional carbon dioxide air pollution. Therefore, the question on what to do with cut reed has become vital from environmental protection perspective. In addition, this question applies to bioeconomy principles in compliance with their use in national economy, which makes it clear, that solutions for the use of reed biomass for production have to be found. But any production process can leave a negative effect on surrounding environment. Further to product production, economic motivation, possible market and availability of resources are primarily essential to see whether it is worth to produce the product at all. Therefore, reed biomass use possibilities in production have to be analysed as a complex question, taking into account environmental and climate, economic and technological aspects. In this study, solutions to perspective reed biomass use are evaluated, considering environmental protection requirements. For this task, multi-criteria analysis method TOPSIS is used, which includes 11 environmental and climate, economic and technological criteria. Evaluation includes both already existing and new products that are divided in 3 sectors: power industry, construction and other products. Results of the research clearly state, which of reed biomass made products are perspective, taking into account not only traditional economic and technological aspects, but also environmental and climate aspects.


This manuscript presents a survey of the extended short wavelength infrared (SWIR) FPA technologies with the emphasis on InxGa1-xAs imagers. We discuss the limitations of 2.5 μm cut-off extended InxGa1-xAs photodetector technology arising from the lattice mismatch between the absorber material and the InP substrate, as well as presenting the characteristics of molecular beam epitaxy grown In0.83Ga0.17As photodetectors on InP substrates with different buffer layers. It is possible to achieve desirable pixel and large format focal plane array (FPA) characteristics with In0.83Ga0.17As epilayers on linearly graded AlxIn1-xAs buffer layer. No considerable difference was detected in the G-R components of the dark currents of the detectors with graded AlInAs and InGaAs buffers. Therefore, the utilization of these materials as the buffer layer seems to generate similar trapping centers in the In0.83Ga0.17As absorber layer. While no considerable 1/f noise was observed in the extended SWIR In0.83Ga0.17As detectors operating under small reverse bias at 200 K, the signal to noise ratio of the detectors was limited by 1/f noise for higher reverse bias voltages. The 1/f noise was found to be related with the shunt leakage and the generation-recombination processes in the depletion region with a relatively larger shunt leakage noise coefficient in the order of 10-3. We also present a comparison of extended SWIR InGaAs and HgCdTe detector technologies and discuss the potential of these technologies for future developments. While 2.5 μm cut-off mesa type In0.83Ga0.17As FPA pixels exhibit dark current densities in the same order with those of the best planar-type HgCdTe sensors on CdZnTe substrates near room temperature, HgCdTe on CdZnTe sensors provide more than an order of magnitude smaller dark current density at the typical operation temperature of these detectors. On the other hand, In0.83Ga0.17As sensors on InP substrates and HgCdTe detectors on Si substrates display dark current densities in the same order with different dominancy levels of shunt and G-R leakage currents. High noise coefficient of the shunt leakage is an important limitation for the lattice mismatched detectors narrowing the operation range of these sensors.


Introduction
Malabsorptive bariatric techniques are associated with nutritional deficiencies. However, when patients do not respond to supplemental intensive treatments they should be closely followed because they can hide other pathological conditions. We present the case of a 47-year-old man with morbid obesity (body mass index [BMI]: 48 kg/m2) who underwent bariatric surgery. In 2016, he presented severe pneumonia and hospitalization at the Intensive Unit Care was required. After this episode, his nutritional state impaired, presenting 6-7 diarrhea/steatorrhea events per-day and requiring several hospitalizations due to the persistence of severe hypoproteinemia. He was given parenteral high-protein associated with low-fat oral diet. He presented a temporary biochemical improvement, but the hypoproteinemia recurred. Finally, tests revealed the presence of Tropheryma whipplei as protein-losing enteropathy. Whipple's disease (WD) is a rare cause of diarrhea and malnutrition, and these symptoms can be confused with the postoperative status of malabsorptive bariatric techniques. WD requires early diagnosis with prolonged antibiotic treatment to avoid severe complications.


A hindered urea bond (HUB), recently reported as a new type of dynamic chemical bond, can be facilely constructed by mixing an isocyanate and a hindered amine. Here, we report the use of the HUB in the design of degradable hydrogel materials for applications of stem cell encapsulation and delivery. Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) diamine was end-capped with a HUB and an allyl group in a one-pot synthesis. The resulting polymer was cross-linked to form a hydrogel under UV with the addition of a 4-arm PEG thiol and a photoinitiator. The degradation properties of the hydrogels were confirmed with NMR, GPC, weight loss, and protein release studies. We found that the degradation kinetics is dependent on the size of the N-substituents, and the one with the tert-butyl group shows complete degradation within 2 days. The new hydrogel materials were also demonstrated to be biocompatible with hMSCs, and the cell release kinetics can be facilely tuned over 5 days.


Although some oral lesions, such as torus palatinus, are normal variants, and others, such as benign migratory glossitis, are self-limited, several common oral conditions require prompt diagnosis and treatment to reduce the potential for serious complications. Treatment of dental and periodontal abscesses may include incision and drainage, antibiotic therapy, pain control and dental extraction. Treatment of sialolithiasis (blockage of the salivary gland ducts) may require application of moist heat, antibiotics and surgical removal of impacted stones. Hyperkeratosis, a white patch on the oral mucosa that does not rub off or bleed (as does the white patch of candidiasis) commonly occurs in persons who use smokeless tobacco products. The lesion may require biopsy if it still persists two to four weeks after discontinuation of the tobacco product. Squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for 95 percent of all oral cancers and is most commonly associated with alcohol and tobacco use, is usually asymptomatic until the late stage of the disease. Suspicious lesions should be biopasied to confirm the diagnosis.


—Depression severely limits daily functioning, diminishes quality of life and possibly leads to self-harm and suicide. Noninvasive electroencephalography (EEG) has been shown effective as biomarkers for objective depression diagnose and treatment response prediction, and dry EEG electrodes further extend its availability for clinical use. Even though many efforts have been made to identify depression biomarkers, searching reliable EEG biomarkers for depression detection remains challenging. This work presents a systematic investigation of capabilities of emotion EEG patterns for depression detection using a dry EEG electrode system. We design an emotion elicitation paradigm with happy, neutral and sad emotions and collect EEG signals during film watching from 33 depressed patients and 40 healthy controls. The mean activation levels at frontal and temporal sites in the alpha, beta and gamma bands of the depressed group are different to those of the healthy group, indicating the impacts of depressive symptoms on the emotion experiences. To leverage the topology information among EEG channels for emotion recognition and depression detection, an Attentive Simple Graph Convolutional network is built. The deep depression-health classifier achieves a sensitivity of 81 . 93% and a specificity of 91 . 69% on the happy emotions, suggesting the promising use of the emotion neural patterns for distinguishing the depressed patients from the healthy controls.


Six Sigma and Lean Manufacturing are quality improvement and productivity approaches which have been implemented with great success in large global companies in the field of manufacturing and services. But now researchers and experts in the field have found that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have difficulties in implementing such approaches. For this reason, this paper aims to develop a methodology for the implementation of an integrated approach, commonly called Lean Six Sigma (LSS), which is adapted to the needs and characteristics of SMEs. The methodology consists of four phases: the first phase establishes the key factors in which SMEs must be prepared to implement LSS, secondly the identification of improvement areas and definition of a project portfolio is set; as third phase, prioritized projects are executed, and finally, the results are evaluated. The methodology was validated in a SME dedicated to the manufacture of wooden furniture, where the execution of the first two LSS projects provided important savings in poor quality costs, reduction of product returns in addition to achieving the implementation of best practices in the process management.


An alt-alt (altitude-altitude) mounting for an 8-metre telescope has several operational advantages over an alt-az (altitude-azimuth) design. In this alt-alt arrangement the yoke (or major) axis, which is horizontal, lies East-West and the second (or minor) altitude axis is located across the yoke and lies in the North-South plane. By comparison, the alt-az has a vertical, azimuth axis pointed at the zenith and its minor axis is always horizontal. Consequently, the altaz telescope cannot track through the zenith because of the infinitely high rotation rate required about the vertical (azimuth) axis, thus it cannot be used to observe at the zenith where the images are sharpest and the atmospheric transmission highest, and its axle and field rotation speeds are disadvantageously high throughout a considerable area of sky in the vicinity of the zenith. The rapid rotation of spectrographs at folded Cassegrain and Nasmyth foci can cause the spectrum to drift on the detector during an exposure because of fiexure within the spectrographs. By comparison, the alt-alt telescope tracks readily through the zenith at slow rotation speeds, and the field rotation rate is zero when tracking along the Celestial Equator where the telescope becomes pseudo-equatorial because one axis (the minor axis) is then parallel to the axis of the Earth. It is at the Eastern and Western horizons where the rate of rotation about the horizontal axis becomes excessive, which is not critical because telescopes are not scheduled to observe there, where the seeing and transparency are very poor, and where in practice the light is usually obstructed by the building enclosing the telescope. When pointed at the zenith, the primary mirror in an alt-alt mounting is suspended over the cooled observing floor, thus minimizing seeing degradation caused by heat generated in the bearings and drives. (It is when the telescope is pointed closer to the horizon that the light path within the telescope tube is over a bearing.) Because of the rapid rotation and acceleration during tracking the alt-az mountings are specified to have exceptionally high resonant frequencies to enable quick response to the drive motors. The alt-alt telescope does not need such high resonance frequencies because its rotation speeds are low, usually even lower than for an equatorial mounting. In summary, the characteristics of the alt-alt mounting are in phase with the astronomical requirements, whereas the alt-az mounting is 90 degrees out of phase with these requirements in the sense that its worst performance is at the zenith instead of at the horizon.


Memories of the past are crucial for human rights work in the present. They provide justifications for the promotion of universal human rights values and serve as basis for the principle of 'never again'. However, in order to ensure the preservation of memories over time and across generations, the ways of mediating them need to be constantly adapted and readjusted. For the digital age this means that new forms of mediation need to be developed which are capable of transmitting memories of the mainly analogue past to generations of a digital present, digital natives. The questions this thesis seeks to answer therefore revolve around how and to what extent virtual tours through memorial sites can and do serve as mediators of memory in a digital age, this way adding a transnational dimension to the notion of memory itself. Two such virtual tours will be analyzed according to Mayring's technique of structuring content analysis through deductive category application.


Objective: The aim of this study was to compare technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (Tc-MIBI) chest single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) results, immunohistochemical analyses of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) expression and response to paclitaxel in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Before chemotherapy with paclitaxel, 30 patients with stage IIIb or IV NSCLC were enrolled in this study. Early chest SPECT was performed 10 min after intravenous injection of Tc-MIBI. Tc-MIBI chest SPECT images were qualitatively interpreted. Early tumor-to-normal lung ratios (T/NL) were calculated quantitatively. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on multiple nonconsecutive sections of the biopsy specimens to determine Pgp expression. Chemotherapy response was evaluated in the third month after completion of treatment by clinical and radiological methods. Results: All 15 (100%) cases with good response and negative Pgp expression had positive results of early Tc-MIBI chest SPECT. Ten of 15 (67%) cases with poor response and positive Pgp expression had negative results of early Tc-MIBI chest SPECT. These early T/NL ratios (3.3 ± 0.8 for the 15 patients with good response and 2.0 ± 0.2 for the 5 patients with poor response) in lung cancer could be detected on early Tc-MIBI chest SPECT. The difference was significant (p < 0.05) by an independent Student t test. However, no significant differences were found for other prognostic factors (age, sex, body weight loss, performance status, tumor cell type, and tumor stage) between the good and poor response groups. Conclusion: Early Tc-MIBI chest SPECT can be used to understand the Pgp expression in NSCLC and to quickly predict chemotherapy response to paclitaxel.


BACKGROUND. Left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) remodeling are associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). The prospective associations of impairment in cardiac mechanical function, as assessed by speckle-tracking echocardiography, with incident AF are less clear. METHODS. In the Cardiovascular Health Study, a community-based cohort of older adults, participants free of AF with echocardiograms of adequate quality for speckle tracking were included. We evaluated the associations of indices of cardiac mechanics (LA reservoir strain, LV longitudinal strain, and LV early diastolic strain rate) with incident AF. RESULTS. Of 4341 participants with strain imaging, participants with lower LA reservoir strain were older, had more cardiometabolic risk factors, and had lower renal function at baseline. Over a median follow-up of 10 years, 497 (11.4%) participants developed AF. Compared with the highest quartile of LA reservoir strain, the lowest quartile of LA reservoir strain was associated with higher risk of AF after covariate adjustment, including LA volume and LV longitudinal strain (Hazard Ratio [HR], 1.80; 95% CI, 1.31–2.45; P < 0.001). The association of LA reservoir strain and AF was stronger in subgroups with higher blood pressure, NT-proBNP, and LA volumes. There were no associations of LV longitudinal strain and LV early diastolic strain rate with incident AF after adjustment for LA reservoir strain. CONCLUSION. Lower LA reservoir strain was associated with incident AF, independent of LV mechanics, and with stronger associations in high-risk subgroups. These findings suggest that LA mechanical dysfunction precedes the development of AF. Therapies targeting LA mechanical dysfunction may prevent progression to AF. FUNDING. This research was supported by contracts HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268201800001C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, and N01HC85086 and grants KL2TR001424, R01HL107577, U01HL080295, and U01HL130114 from the NIH's National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Additional support was provided by R01AG023629 from the National Institute on Aging (NIA). A full list of principal CHS investigators and institutions can be found at CHS-NHLBI.org.


This study examined the relationship among burnout, social support, and coping in volunteers. In this study, 30 volunteers from Rape Crisis Center of Bloomington, Illinois, anonymously completed four questionnaires: the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the UCLA Social Support Inventory, a coping survey, and a demographic survey. The Maslach Burnout Inventory contains three subscales, Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment. A question is asked on the demographic questionnaire regarding the respondent's perception of the turnover rate among the volunteers of the group. This response was correlated with the three subscales of the burnout measure in order to establish if perception of turnover is related to burnout. Also, the respondents' scores on the subscales of the burnout inventory was correlated with the total support received and the rape crisis group support to determine the impact of social support on burnout. In addition, two different coping styles, control and escapist, was computed and correlated with the three subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory to measure the relationship between coping and burnout. The correlations for escapist coping and emotional exhaustion and escapist coping and depersonalization were significant (p < .05). Explanations for the findings and directions of future studies are presented.


Recently, functional multilayer scaffolds with controlled drug release ability come into prominence for wound healing applications to mimic the layered structure of skin tissue and prevent the possible infections at the defect site. In this study, controlled antibiotic releasing zein bilayer membranes were fabricated for treatment of acute skin infections. Gentamicin loaded fibers were prepared by electrospinning on the membrane surface. Membranes were characterized with scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, mechanical analysis, swelling, degradation, and water vapor permeability studies. In vitro cytotoxicity, cell attachment, and proliferation were investigated. Cell attachment on fiber layer was observed with fluorescence imaging. Fabricated fibers showed structural similarity to the skin tissue layers with a fiber diameter range of 350-425 nm and film thickness in the range of 311-361 μm. Mechanical properties were found compatible with the skin tissue. In addition, membranes showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The sustained release was achieved with a cumulative release of 94%. Membranes did not show any cytotoxic effect. NIH/3T3 and HS2 cell lines were proliferated on each layer mimicking the multilayer skin tissue. Hence, zein-based bilayer membrane showed promising properties to be used as a potential antimicrobial wound dressing for skin tissue regeneration. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res B Part B: 00B: 000-000, 2018.


This essay is informed by five different but interrelated conversations all focusing on the relationship between the city and the university. Suggesting the clown as metaphor, I explore the particular role of the activist scholar, and in particular the liberation theologian that is based at the public university, in his or her engagement with the city. Considering the shackles of the city of capital and its twin, the neoliberal university, on the one hand, and the city of vulnerability on the other, I then propose three clown-like postures of solidarity, mutuality and prophecy to resist the shackles of culture and to imagine and embody daring alternatives.


Purpose
To fill this gap, this paper aims to translate the children's scale of hostility and aggression: reactive/proactive (C-SHARP) into French and then tested its psychometric properties and established the first French standards.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper assess the aggressive behavior of 305 children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID). This paper tested the scale's factor structure (confirmatory factor analysis), internal consistency and inter-rater reliability.

Findings
The results support a factor structure similar to the US version. Factor analysis yielded a five-factor solution, namely, verbal aggression (12 items), bullying (12 items), covert aggression (11 items), hostility (9 items) and physical aggression (8 items). The French-speaking version of the C-SHARP shows good reliability (internal consistency) and good inter-rater reliability. The French version demonstrated encouraging evidence of validity. This paper also established French norms that were similar to US norms. This paper concludes that the French-speaking version of the C-SHARP must benefit from additional psychometric analyzes to confirm its adaptation for research and the clinic.

Originality/value
There is no tool currently available in France for the evaluation of aggressive behavior in children and adolescents with ID. The C-SHARP (Farmer and Aman, 2009) is the only questionnaire that specifically assesses aggression in children and adolescents with ID, its form, frequency and its proactive or reactive qualities. The French version of the C-SHARP could be a useful diagnostic tool to assess aggressive behavior in children and adolescents with ID and to identify and set up appropriate support strategies.


In defending Queen Caroline in the House of Lords, Henry Brougham declared, "[a]n advocate, by the sacred duty of his connection with his client, knows, in the discharge of that office, but one person in the world, that client and none other." Brougham's ethic of advocacy has been cited repeatedly as stating the American lawyer's duty of zealous representation of a client. It has often been called the "classic statement" of zealous representation and representing the "traditional view of the lawyer's role." This essay challenges these conclusions. Brougham's rhetoric was neither a classic statement of the duty of loyalty to a client, nor did it represent a traditional view within the American legal profession. It was consciously rejected in nearly all writings of American lawyers for most of American history, and was not explicitly embraced until the 1970s. Reminding lawyers of the duty of zealous representation was promoted in the 1960s in part to solidify the Supreme Court's Constitutional Criminal Procedure revolution, for only zealous lawyers could protect the rights of the criminally accused. Brougham's ethic of advocacy was used to provide a historical justification for a revived zeal in criminal defense practice, an effort to make those lawyers more professional. This justification was transformed in the 1970s by two events: first, the American legal profession became enmeshed in a professionalism crisis as a consequence of the Watergate affair. Second, that professionalism crisis was exacerbated by a fear of diminishing economic prospects for American lawyers. This essay is divided into three parts. First, it offers a full assessment of Brougham's representation of Queen Caroline. Second, it traces the published and negative reaction of American lawyers to Brougham's statement of the duty of zealous representation from the 1840s on. Third, the essay explains why the consistent rejection of Brougham by American lawyers became the "classic statement" of the duty of the advocate beginning in the 1970s.


In accordance with EU regulations, payment levels for several measures of rural development programs are calculated on the basis of standard cost approaches, using 'typical' or average figures for costs incurred and income forgone. Resulting uniform payment rates have been frequently discussed and criticised as being inefficient, having a low cost-effectiveness and generating excessive windfall profits. However, few empirical studies exist which quantitatively examine potentials of a more differentiated standard cost approach. By using German farm accountancy data, this study analyses effects of a payment differentiation according to regional and farm individual characteristics on producer rents, budget expenditures and economic efficiency. Preliminary results show that though overcompensation could be reduced in most cases, savings in budget expenditure are often small and might be even offset by increasing administration costs. Generally our analysis indicates that potential benefits of differentiated standard cost approaches can be partly exploited if a) variances of the cost of participation in the universe of farms are high and the discriminatory natures of differentiation are significant, and b) positive correlations between costs and environmental benefits are strong.


Due to a new law that enforces distribution companies to install AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) meters, new possibilities are opened. Not only the primary purpose of AMR meters, i.e. measure the consumption at the customer side, can be beneficial but also outage management which can help reduce the unavailability of a grid. These meters have been further developed lately and new areas of use are under investigation.Distribution automation is a term that normally connects to middle voltage level substations. This technology is used to monitor and remotely control power distribution, where for example outage management is an important part. Historically, implementation of distribution automation at low voltage level has never been interested since investments have been given priority to middle voltage level which covers more customers.This thesis investigates the possibilities to use AMR meters in order to reduce customer outages, identify limits in present construction and suggest necessary modifications to improve the performance of the system. A reliability analysis of the different proposed solutions and a sensitivity analysis of the most attractive solution are also included. An investment analysis is performed, to get an idea how much the investment would cost on an implementation The result from the thesis has shown, that one of the proposed solutions which consists of a number of breakers implemented strategically in a grid, not contribute to any major improvements. The investment cost is relatively high, and the reliability analysis has shown that the amount of outages increase, while the average repair time of interrupted customers decrease. If the breakers are less expensive and their fault rate reduced, a new investigation may be of interest in the future.


The mutual funds are one of the important classes of financial intermediaries enabling tens of thousands small and large savers across India to participate in and get the benefits of the capital market. The involvement of mutual funds in the transformation of India's economy makes it all the more important to review their services for their role in mobilization and allocation of funds in the markets. The mutual funds have a lot of potential to grow but to capitalize the potential fully, however, the need is to create and market innovative products and frame distinct marketing strategies. Moreover, the equity culture has not yet developed fully in India as such, investor education would be equally important for greater penetration of mutual funds. As such mutual funds are expected to perform better than the market, therefore calls for a continuous evaluation of the performance of funds. In an academic perspective, the goal of identifying superior fund managers is of great interest due to the challenges it provides to the efficient market hypothesis. The present study looks into the risk and return analysis of the select mutual funds in India. Keywords: Mutual funds, risk, returns


The ability of medical students to empathize often declines as they progress through the curriculum. This suggests that there is a need to promote empathy toward patients during the clinical clerkships. In this article, the authors attempt to identify the patient interviewing style that facilitates empathy and some practice habits that interfere with it. The authors maintain that (1) empathy is a multistep process whereby the doctor's awareness of the patient's concerns produces a sequence of emotional engagement, compassion, and an urge to help the patient; and (2) the first step in this process—the detection of the patient's concerns—is a teachable skill. The authors suggest that this step is facilitated by (1) conducting a "patient-centered" interview, thereby creating an atmosphere that encourages patients to share their concerns, (2) enquiring further into these concerns, and (3) recording them in the section traditionally reserved for the patient's "chief complaint." Some practice habits may discourage patients from sharing their concerns, such as (1) writing up the history during patient interviewing, (2) focusing too early on the chief complaint, and (3) performing a complete system review. The authors conclude that sustaining empathy and promoting medical professionalism among medical students may necessitate a change in the prevailing interviewing style in all clinical teaching settings, and a relocation of a larger proportion of clinical clerkships from the hospital setting to primary care clinics and chronic care, home care, and hospice facilities, where students can establish a continuing relationship with patients.


In this paper, we introduce a statistical method for examining and adjusting chemical-transport models. We illustrate the findings with total column ozone predictions, based on the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2- D (UIUC 2-D) chemical-transport model of the global atmo- sphere. We propose a general diagnostic procedure for the model outputs in total ozone over the latitudes ranging from 60 South to 60 North to see if the model captures some typi- cal patterns in the data. The method proceeds in two steps to avoid possible collinearity issues. First, we regress the mea- surements given by a cohesive data set from the SBUV(/2) satellite system on the model outputs with an autoregressive noise component. Second, we regress the residuals of this first regression on the solar flux, the annual cycle, the Antarc- tic or Arctic Oscillation, and the Quasi Biennial Oscillation. If the coefficients from this second regression are statistically significant, then they mean that the model did not simulate properly the pattern associated with these factors. Systematic anomalies of the model are identified using data from 1979 to 1995, and statistically corrected afterwards. The 1996- 2003 validation sample confirms that the combined approach yields better predictions than the direct UIUC 2-D outputs.


Two-phase swirling bubbly flow is a complex phenomenon which occurs in several industries such as a nuclear reactor. Its characteristic is indispensably necessary to be investigated especially the multi-dimensional velocity distribution. This present paper describes the development of Ultrasonic Velocity Profiler (UVP) method which is a noninvasive measurement and needless of optical access, to obtain a two dimensional (2D) velocity distribution of the bubble and liquid phase in swirling bubbly flow simultaneously. The measurement result is represented in the form of the 2D velocity vector. To achieve the target, the multiple transducers and developed signal processing have been applied to the UVP system to measure a 2D velocity vector affected by bubble and liquid separately. For confirming the ability of Developed-UVP, the experiment was conducted on a vertical pipe co-current flow apparatus. The UVP measurement was demonstrated non-intrusively and without the optical requirement. The measurement applicability of Developed-UVP was evaluated by comparing with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method on liquid flow and bubbly flow. Then, it was applied to obtain the 2D velocity vector in swirling bubbly flow. The velocity vector of the bubble and liquid could be separated clearly. Also, velocity distribution in swirling motion which was interacted of both phases was investigated understandably by using this measurement technique.


Recent research has confirmed that Australian children and pregnant women are mildly iodine deficient. A considerable proportion of the pregnant population is moderately to severely iodine deficient. Even subclinical hypothyroidism in the mother, occurring as a consequence of iodine deficiency, can cause irreversible brain damage in the fetus, making it essential to avoid iodine deficiency in pregnancy. The proposal of Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ) - Mandatory Iodine Fortification for Australia (P1003) - has been implemented. FSANZ openly admits P1003 is inadequate for covering the needs of pregnant women. Therefore, health professionals and the public must be properly informed about the limitations of this proposal. Views differ about the most effective measures to prevent iodine deficiency in Australia. We propose that women planning a pregnancy, and pregnant and lactating women should be advised to take an iodine supplement. Women with pre-existing thyroid disease should exercise caution and seek medical advice before taking a supplement.


Aims—To evaluate intraand interobserver variability in measurements on normal and astigmatic corneas with keratometry and computerised videokeratography. Methods—Keratometric readings with the 10 SL/O Zeiss keratometer and topographic maps with the TMS-1 were obtained by two independent examiners on 32 normal and 33 postkeratoplasty corneas. Interand intraobserver coeYcients of variability (COR) for measurements of steep and flat meridian power and location, in addition to the magnitude of astigmatism, were assessed. Results—Compared with TMS-1, the 10 SL/Okeratometershowedasuperiorrepeatability in measuring normal corneas (intraobserver COR for keratometry and TMS-1 respectively: 0.22 and 0.30 D for steep meridian power; 0.18 and 0.44 D for flat meridian power; 0.26 and 0.40 D for astigmatism; 5° and 26° for steep meridian location; 5° and 13° for flat meridian location). Astigmatism intraobserver COR (0.20 D and 0.26 D for the two observers) and interobserver COR (0.28 D) of the keratometer for normal corneas was very good and not aVected by observers' experience. Repeatability of the TMS-1 on normal corneas was found to be: (a) observer related, and (b) astigmatism related. A novice observer showed a much greater COR (1.62 D for astigmatism, 30° for flat meridian location) compared with the experienced examiner (0.40 D for astigmatism, 13° for flat meridian location). Higher deviation scores were observed for corneas with higher astigmatism. For the postkeratoplasty corneas, again the keratometer achieved superior reproducibility (astigmatism interobserver COR 1.12 D for keratometry, 4.06 D for TMS-1; steep meridian location interobserver COR 10° for keratometry, 34° for TMS-1). Conclusion—Keratometric readings are more reproducible than topographic data both for normal and postkeratoplasty corneas. The two instruments should not be used interchangeably especially on highly astigmatic corneas. For the TMS-1, users with the same level of experience should be employed in clinical or experimental studies. (Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:637–642) Measurement is a scientific method used in every aspect of clinical or experimental medicine. The terms precision, reproducibility, repeatability, or variability of an instrument refer to the agreement between repeated observations with the given instrument. On the other hand accuracy of a method refers to how close the measured values are to the real value. Computer assisted videokeratoscopes (CAVK) are instruments that measure the corneal slope, calculate the corneal power, and reproduce the corneal profile with a certain level of accuracy and precision. It is important, and clinically useful, to know the reproducibility of these relatively new instruments, especially in comparison with the previously available "gold standard" ones such as the keratometer. Previous studies have shown an acceptable level of accuracy and reproducibility for diVerent commercially available models of CAVK, mainly on calibrated spherical test surfaces and normal corneas. However, in practical clinical terms we often use both keratometry and CAVK when measuring abnormal corneas such as those seen after penetrating keratoplasty (PKP). It would, therefore, be useful to know and compare the performance of these instruments not only in normal non-astigmatic corneas, but also in postoperative, highly astigmatic corneas. A way of assessing the precision of instruments is either by examining the measurement agreement, or by looking at the intraand interobserver variability of measurements. We have previously reported on the results of measurement agreement between keratometry and CAVK on both normal and post-PKP corneas. The aim of the present study was to assess the intraobserver and interobserver variability for both the keratometer and CAVK in normal as well as postkeratoplasty corneas. Evaluation of the variability was conducted in terms of dioptric power and axis of the two principal corneal meridians, as well as magnitude of corneal astigmatism. Materials and methods


Is there a possibility talking about the environment by telling stories?
Starting from the pretext of a planning exercise promoted by the Authority of Po River Basin, for the "maintenance" of mountain and hill territories of the basin; the research inquires the cogency and effectiveness of planning instruments facing to environmental changes, often triggered to solve emergencies, that affecting the socio-ecological regimes. It thus seeks to investigate, how institutions, in particular weak institutions (the IT Basin Authority and the IT Mountain Communities), coping with the unpredictability of accidental events, overwhelming (unknowingly) not only "instrumental" deficits (implementation and misfit), but also operative uncertainty and cultural productions equally unexpected.
The problems, related to ecosystems and resources management or climate change, soil conservation, and the cooperative action global-local (and many others), are coming out with prominence on the political agendas as well as on technical one; moreover their approach is often independently, their approach is often, independently, by sector and / or hierarchically, than to socio-ecological regimes, that allow and provide a different "narrative" of the problems and weave unusual web. If the institutional challenge related to environmental policies is facing the cross-cutting approaches, it may not take into account the relevance of no-institutional agents, building networks and sharing knowledge, not only "expert" one. Therefore the shift towards this complexity of relationships, between different kinds of knowledge and different actions, not only institutional or technical, is the subject of inquiring, testing the settlement of an unprecedented political (environment) space.
So, methodologically, it is alternating between "analysis" and "narrative" approach. Analysis, focusing on the use of tools to solve the so called environment crisis (MANUMONT Project, promoted by the Authority of Po Basin and the Alpine Convention as an example of Regional Environmental Governance); on the other side, Narration rised the prominence of "stylized facts" (no methods), stories (no big numbers), not merely interpretive, but explanatory emergence of smart players (who have staged unusual outcome for the creation of new spaces). Relating to the modernization and its different epistemological, and investigating them qith misty eyes is perhaps unprecedented fact, to build a new relationship between modernization and the environment.
Is there a possibility to solve the relationship between modernization and environmental crisis? This work try to come out a different perspective, raising this relationship in tension and turning the terms of the relationship in: modernization crisis - environment. Three different epistemological modernizations are looking deeply, matching three different approaches to environmental problems: the instrumental one (the PdM of ADB Po), the reflective and self-consciousness one with institutional uncertainties following, and finally the discoursive comes from the overlapping stories and different scales (CA and eco-villages). A tension between speeches, which sees new political subjectivity for the environmental space, getting onto the pragmatic regimes its most convincing valiance. Therefore, challenges, faced by environmental - crisis - modernization, mustn't be address solving the environmental crisis, but considering the crisis, not something to contain or reduce, rather than be questioned.


Risk factors for premature coronary heart disease in China can be multiple; we investigated Chinese Han patients with premature coronary heart disease and a possible association with CD36 polymorphism at rs1049673, rs7755, and rs321159 sites. Outpatients were recruited according to chest X-ray coronary arteriography results; they were divided into two groups: early coronary artery lesions (premature coronary heart disease group, test group) and a control group. Coronary arteriography and laboratory blood examinations were conducted to analyze risk factors for coronary heart disease and CD36 polymorphisms. Seventy nine test and 56 control group patients were recruited. Compared with the control, the test groups had a significantly higher proportion of male patients, smoking, diabetes and metabolic syndromes, significantly higher levels of TG, LDL-C, ox-LDL, WBC, UA, FBG, and significantly lower levels of HDL-C. For rs1049673, rs7755, and rs321159 sites, patients with premature coronary heart disease have family genetic predisposition at high LDL-C level with GA, AA, and TT genotypes. Unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that gender, diabetes, high TG, LDL-C level and C carriers of rs1049673 significantly affected risk for premature coronary heart disease.


The growing prevalence and associated risk of arterial stiffness provide a major challenge to better understand the underlying causes and the resultant physiological impact of this condition. Structural components within the arterial wall, mainly collagen and elastin, are considered to be major determinants of arterial stiffness. Thus, quantitative and qualitative alterations of collagen and elastin fibers are involved in arterial stiffening that is associated with the aging process and disease states such as hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and chronic renal failure. Elucidation of mechanisms leading to the above alterations will aid in more specifically targeted therapeutic interventions because currently available cardiovascular medications fall short at reducing the stiffness of the large arteries. Reduction of arterial stiffness will likely have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality of older adults, as well as subjects suffering from cardiovascular and renal diseases.


High Speed Lines (HSL) in rail passenger services are regarded as one of the most significant projects in many countries comparing to other projects in the transportation area. According to the EU (European Council Directive 96/48/EC,2004) , high-speed lines are either new-built lines for speeds of 250km/h or greater, or in some cases upgraded traditional lines. At the beginning of 2008, there were 10,000 km of new HSL lines in operation, and by taking into account the upgraded conventional lines, in total, there were 20,000 km line in the world. The network is growing fast because of the demand for short travelling time and comfort isincreasing rapidly. Since HSL projects require a lot of capital, it is getting more important for governments and companies to estimate and to calculate the total costs and benefits of building, maintaining, and operating of HSL so that they can decide better and more reliable in choosing between projects. There are many parameters which affect the total costs and benefits of an HSL. The most important parameter is dimensional speed which has a great influence on other parameters. For example, tunnels need larger cross section for higher speed which increases construction costs. More important, higher speed also influences the number of passengers attracted from other modes of transport. Due to a large number of speed-dependant parameters, it is not a simple task to estimate an optimal dimensional speed by calculating the costs and benefits of an HSL manually. It is also difficult to do analysis for different speeds, as speed changes many other relevant parameters. As a matter of fact, there is a need for a computational model to calculate the cost-benefit for different speeds. Based on the computational model, it is possible to define different scenarios and compare them to each other to see what the potentially optimal speed would be for a new HSL project. Besides the optimal speed, it is also possible to analyze and find effects of two other important parameters, fare and frequency, by cost-benefit analysis (CBA). The probability model used in the calculation is based on an elasticity model, and input parameters are subject to flexibility to calibrate the model appropriately. Optimal high-speed line (OHSL) tool is developed to make the model accessible for the users.


The article is devoted to the analysis of socio-cultural prerequisites for the origin of scientific and philosophical thought in Russia. Turning to the history of St. Petersburg, the authors point to the symbolic meaning of the emergence of a new capital, which predetermined the continental-marine fate of the Russian civilization, combining both the protective principle and the principle of progressive modernization. In this regard, the authors point to the specific feature of the Russian revolutionary, which implies socio-cultural renewal through regular return to the primordial principles of civilizational construction. An integral element of modernization, the authors see the development of scientific and philosophical knowledge in Russia, which, on the one hand, seeks to ensure that the updating of the technologicalcapacity of the corresponding estestvennosti-cal bases of the Russian civilization, and with another — to express our values and the activities of Teleostei the contents of national identity. Reconstructing the vector of development of Russian scholarship, the authors distinguish the studies of M. V. Lomonosov and V. V. Dokuchaev, on the example of which show how the comprehensive restoration of the integrity of the universe took a priority place in the scientific and philosophical experience of Russia. In the end, the authors put forward the hypothesis that the Russian Eurasians, N. S. Trubetskoy in his "Personology", P. N. Savitsky, in his "Russian Studies", purposefully reproduced the principle of spatial and temporal involvement of elements adopted by Lomonosov. This principle can be put on the basis of methodological synthesis, which cultivates not the physics of abstract quantities and not the chemistry of refined substances, but the nature of its integrity and obvious representation. And at the base of the updated system of knowledge can be located not chemistry or physics, botany or zoology, but-soil science, forestry, crop production, subsoil use, etc.


Substoichiometric TiO2 (TinO2n−1, 4 ≤ n ≤ 10) is a promising and cost-effective material, that is being investigated for many applications, such as information storage, energy storage and conversion, and water treatment. Upon extended anodic polarization, TinO2n−1 reportedly suffers from gradual loss in conductivity and electrochemical reactivity. In this study, the surface deactivation and reactivation mechanisms were examined on a TinO2n−1 monolithic electrode in three different electrolyte solutions (i.e., H2SO4, HClO4, HCl). The intrinsic electronic properties, charge transfer kinetics, crystalline structure, and surface composition were examined experimentally after anodic and cathodic polarizations. Statistically equivalent results were obtained from local scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and bulk electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement, which indicate that spatially resolved SECM data accurately characterized charge transfer kinetics of the TinO2n−1 electrode at the micron-scale. Results indicate that decreases in conductivity and charge transfer kinetics after anodic polarizations in all three electrolytes were primarily attributed to the loss of charge carriers, such as H+ discharge at Ti3+ point donor sites, and the process was reversible during cathodic polarization via H+ intercalation. In the H2SO4 electrolyte reversible surface passivation also occurred, which was attributed to the formation of TiOSO4 surface species whose presence were supported by experimental measurements and density functional theory calculations. It was also determined that the TinO2n−1 crystal structure directly affected the hydroxyl radical formation rate, with the highest rate observed for Ti4O7, which also possessed the highest charge carrier density.


Being the sixth most diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, liver cancer is considered as a serious disease with a high prevalence and poor prognosis. Current anticancer drugs for liver cancer have drawbacks, such as limited efficacy in later stages of the disease, toxicity to healthy cells, and the potential for drug resistance. There is ample evidence that coumarin-based compounds are potent anticancer agents, with numerous analogues currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies. The current study aimed to explore the antitumor potency of a new class of 8-methoxycoumarin-3-carboxamides against liver cancer. Toward this aim, we have designed, synthesized, and characterized a new set of N-(substituted-phenyl)-8-methoxycoumarin-3-carboxamide analogues. The assessment of antitumor activity revealed that the synthesized class of compounds possesses substantial cytotoxicity toward Hep-G2 cells when compared to staurosporine, without significant impact on normal cells. Out of the synthesized compounds, compound 7 demonstrated the most potent cytotoxic effect against Hep-G2 cells with an IC50 of 0.75 µM, which was more potent than the drug staurosporine (IC50 = 8.37 µM). The investigation into the mechanism behind the antiproliferative activity of compound 7 revealed that it interferes with DNA replication and induces DNA damage, leading to cell cycle arrest as demonstrated by a significant decrease in the percentage of cells in the G1 and G2/M phases, along with an increase in the percentage of cells in the S phase. Flow cytometric analysis further revealed that compound 7 has the ability to trigger programmed cell death by inducing necrosis and apoptosis in HepG-2 cells. Further explorations into the mechanism of action demonstrated that compound 7 displays a potent dual-inhibitory activity toward cytochrome P450 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) proteins, as compared to sorafenib drug. Further, detailed computational studies revealed that compound 7 displays a considerable binding affinity toward the binding cavity of VEGFR2 and CYP450 proteins. Taken together, our findings indicate that the newly synthesized class of compounds, particularly compound 7, could serve as a promising scaffold for the development of highly effective anticancer agents against liver cancer.


Objective: COPD is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The health and economic burden of COPD may in part be reduced by early disease case finding and a correct therapy. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of a community pharmacy programme for COPD case finding among previously undiagnosed subjects and for monitoring and enhancing adherence to prescribed pharmacological therapies among patients with confirmed COPD. Methods: The intervention was conducted in hundred community pharmacies in Piedmont (northwest Italy) and developed in two different arms: a case finding one through the administration of a specific questionnaire and the spirometry measurement and the adherence one through the administration of a questionnaire exploring the impact of the disease and the therapy adherence. Persons considered at risk to develop the COPD disease or non-controlled patients were referred to the GP or were invited to return in the pharmacy for a follow-up interview. Results: Overall, 844 subjects, out of 934 enrolled, completed the baseline interview. 103 subjects (25.7% of the 401 enrolled in the case finding arm) were considered at risk of suffering from COPD. Lower educated subjects and those without social support were more frequently at very high risk. Five returned to the pharmacy with a confirmed medical diagnosis. Among the 443 patients interviewed we found non-adherence value (depending on the drug) varying from 31% to 46%. A significant protection from non-adherence to bronchodilators was found among patients with comorbidities and among people living alone. Conclusions: We showed that opportunistic screening for COPD is feasible in community pharmacies. Concerning adherence to therapy in pharmacies, it would be necessary to identify different methods of enrolment in order to involve only those patients who are less adherent or who have difficulties in the management of therapy and chronic pathology.


We examined the incidence of bent or collapsed dorsal fins of eight species of odontocetes observed in the nearshore waters of Maui Nui, Hawaii. Between 1995 and 2017, 1,312 distinctive individual odontocetes were photographically documented. Our photo-identification catalogs include 583 spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris longirostris), 164 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), 132 short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), 253 pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata), 82 false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens), 70 melonheaded whales (Peponocephala electra), 15 pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata), and 13 rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis). Of these, two false killer whales (2.44% of catalog), two spinner dolphins (0.34% of catalog), and three pantropical spotted dolphins (1.19% of catalog) displayed major dorsal fin disfigurements. Both spinner dolphins and two of the spotted dolphins had multiple resights spanning several years, with one spotted dolphin having a 16-year span between resights. The two false killer whales with bent dorsal fins did not have any resights and were only sighted once throughout the study period. We also present the first progression of dorsal fin collapse after a significant injury to the leading edge of a spinner dolphin. Results from this research expand our knowledge on injuries to marine mammals and the survivorship of wild dolphins with dorsal fin injuries and contribute to the management of odontocetes in Hawaii, where interactions with fishing gear are a significant conservation issue.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the experience of family care to women with breast cancer during treatment from the perspective of caregivers in the Mexican context.

METHOD
Qualitative phenomenological study. In-depth interviews were conducted with caregivers of women who survived breast cancer. Participants were selected by intentional, cumulative and sequential sampling. A conventional content analysis was performed.

RESULTS
Participation of seven caregivers, who reported their positive and negative experiences when assuming their role as informal caregivers in the family context. On the strength of the reciprocity of care and its reward, prevailed critical moments, negative feelings, and lack of support resources during the experience. This enables the understanding of the informal care bond in order to enhance it with coping strategies and specific guidance from the nursing staff.

CONCLUSION
Participants experienced a transformation in their identity as caregivers and by being aware of their experience, they could describe their qualities, which increased their coping strategies with the disease and the care challenges.


ABSTRACT We will present a literature review of the vertebral location of hydatidosis. It is a rare, locally aggressive condition with a high recurrence rate that requires clinical treatment (antihelminthic drugs) and surgery, with decompression of the spinal canal. We report a case with more than 11 years of follow-up, which required surgical treatment on 4 occasions. Level of Evidence V; Therapeutic-investigational study of treatment results.