The Dhammapada is probably the most frequently translated Buddhist text in the world today. This article looks at the history of translations of the Dhammapada since it was first translated into English in the nineteenth century. I start by comparing the little known first English translation by Daniel Gogerly from 1840 with the influential 1870 translation by Max Muller. The paper then examines the main translations which have appeared since the mid-twentieth century. I show how they represent Buddhist, Hindu and other views on the Dhammapada and that they continue to be influenced by the pioneering nineteenth-century translations. I argue that translations of the Dhammapada are conditioned not only by the viewpoints of the translators but also by the existence of a tradition of translating the Dhammapada. Both factors I conclude have contributed to the importance placed on the Dhammapada as a representative Buddhist text.


This thesis explores potential participatory approaches suitable for a municipal energy planning context. It also analyses the possibility of using those approaches in energy planning processes in ten Swedish municipalities. Swedish municipal energy plans display differences in terms of quality, comprehensiveness and implementation. According to participation literature, planning processes can be improved by stakeholder participation. This study was carried out in four steps: creation of a theoretical framework, survey investigating the municipal energy planners' views on participation, relating the planners' views with the theoretical framework and creating suggestions for which participatory approaches to use in the municipalities. Participatory approaches found in literature were categorised into: democracy based, social learning and policy driven participation. Literature states that stakeholder participation should be done as early as possible in a process, but findings from the survey show that those municipalities that have come furthest in their planning process are the ones most interested in stakeholder participation. Indicating that energy planning processes need to gain a sense of maturity before it is even possible to think about involving other stakeholders. Another result shows differences in objectives, central values and targeted stakeholders between the different municipalities. One conclusion from this thesis is the importance for municipalities to understand their objectives for stakeholder participation, since objectives partly determines what kind of participatory approach that will be suitable to use in a given situation.


The existing study keeps a broad discussion concerning the diverse determinants to impact organizational performance in the contemporary world. There are number of factors such as job satisfaction, training, and organizational learning that mobilizes to affect the organizational performance in order to attain an organizational goal. This study aimed to give a conceptual framework of the organizational performance which requires training as the vital instrument for an organization to preserve the organizational productivity and employees' development and performance to meet the set task of an organization. Moreover, proposed variables for instance job satisfaction and organizational learning and training can assist the employees to give the priority organizational targets to invest his/her human capital and apply the determination in the best interest of the organizational success. The designed conceptual frame model in this study develops a viewpoint regarding the organizational performance via the impact of training, job satisfaction, and organizational learning and the prevailing study also encompasses the limitations and future direction to urge the coming researchers to apply the present study as an empirical study.


In view of the anticipated climate change, many countries face increasing risks of flooding. Since the end of the 20th century, the traditional hard flood protection measures have been increasingly complemented with spatial flood risk reduction measures. These measures, though in the public interest and as such, benefitting many people, almost inevitably affect landowners adversely. In other words, spatial flood risk reduction measures affect private land. The impact may extend from mere decreases in property values as a result of changes to zoning plans and to obligations to tolerate certain acts related to the construction or maintenance of water defence structures. Most of the time, implementation of spatial flood risk reduction measures thus discriminates between landowners, as some profit from better protection but others are affected negatively by the measures. Spatial flood risk reduction measures thus raise issues of social justice. Compensation plays a crucial role in flood risk management to mitigate the impact on land. How and in which cases this compensation is paid differs from country to country. Some national jurisdictions compensate for loss as a result of lawful administrative acts if and to the extent that it is considered unreasonable for this loss to be the full responsibility of the affected party. In this paper, we compare two different legal compensation frameworks in two European countries: Austria and the Netherlands. Based on a comparative analysis, we discuss how these different compensation schemes affect social justice, both in terms of substantive distributions but also in terms of procedural justice.


Since 1976, benfluorex has been approved in Europe as a hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic drug, and is commonly used in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome. As a derivative of fenfluramine with an appetite suppressant action, benfluorex is preferentially used in overweight patients. In contrast to fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine, to date, benfluorex has not been reported to be associated with frequent cardiovascular side-effects. The present study reports five cases of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and one case of valvular heart disease occurring in patients exposed to benfluorex. These individuals were middle age, diabetic females with a body mass index ranging 24.2–49 kg·m−2. No definite causal effect for cardiovascular disease with benfluorex can be drawn from such case reports. However, as benfluorex, like dexfenfluramine and fenfluramine, is metabolised into active metabolite norfenfluramine, further extensive assessment of drug exposure in newly diagnosed pulmonary arterial hypertension or valvular heart disease patients is warranted.


The human mannose-binding protein (MBP) is a multimeric serum protein that is divided into three domains, a cysteine-rich NH2-terminal domain that stabilizes the collagen alpha helix of the second domain and a third COOH-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain. Previous studies have shown that both native and recombinant human MBP bind to wild-type virulent Salmonella montevideo that expresses a mannose-rich lipopolysaccharide. Interaction with MBP results in opsonization and killing by phagocytes. In this report we show that low concentration of MBP (less than 10 micrograms/ml) markedly enhance complement deposition via the alternative complement pathway on S. montevideo. Despite structural similarities between MBP and the C1q subcomponent of the first complement component, MBP did not restore classical pathway activity to C1q-deficient serum, nor did it activate C1s when added to a mixture of C1r and C1s. In the presence of MBP the C3 bound to S. montevideo during incubation in serum was in the form of C3b and iC3b at a ratio of 1:2. Presensitization of S. montevideo with MBP rendered this normally serum resistant organism susceptible to complement-mediated killing. These results emphasize that MBP and complement cooperate in first line defense of the nonimmune host.


The functional rehabilitation after orthodontical surgery, has a determinant role in achieving therapeutical aims. Author describes the principal rehabilitating active ways after orthodontical surgery to obtain an exact procedure of disgnatic problems. In the article, post surgical rehabilitation problems are explained and there is a description of maintenance appliances. Between these, there is "Prositioner" description which solves a lot of problems in dynamic rehabilitation after orthodontic-surgery.


BACKGROUND
This multicenter phase II study investigated the efficacy and feasibility of preoperative induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation and surgery in patients with esophageal carcinoma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients with locally advanced resectable squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus received induction chemotherapy with cisplatin 75 mg/m(2) and docetaxel (Taxotere) 75 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 22, followed by radiotherapy of 45 Gy (25 x 1.8 Gy) and concurrent chemotherapy comprising cisplatin 25 mg/m(2) and docetaxel 20 mg/m(2) weekly for 5 weeks, followed by surgery.

RESULTS
Sixty-six patients were enrolled at eleven centers and 57 underwent surgery. R0 resection was achieved in 52 patients. Fifteen patients showed complete, 16 patients nearly complete and 26 patients poor pathological remission. Median overall survival was 36.5 months and median event-free survival was 22.8 months. Squamous cell carcinoma and good pathologically documented response were associated with longer survival. Eighty-two percent of all included patients completed neoadjuvant therapy and survived for 30 days after surgery. Dysphagia and mucositis grade 3/4 were infrequent (<9%) during chemoradiation. Five patients (9%) died due to surgical complications.

CONCLUSIONS
This neoadjuvant, taxane-containing regimen was efficacious and feasible in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer in a multicenter, community-based setting and represents a suitable backbone for further investigation.


A dynamic world model is presented on which all planning, sensing, and control functions are based. A planning system that specifies how tasks are to be performed and the method used for sensing the state of the task are presented. The objectives of the control law and the algorithm used in the controller are given. Practical considerations are addressed, and some important details, such as the use of the null task, are explained. An example task of opening a door is examined.<<ETX>>


Despite the virulence and high fatality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), no specific antiviral treatment exists until the current moment. Natural agents with immune-promoting potentials such as bee products are being explored as possible treatments. Bee honey and propolis are rich in bioactive compounds that express strong antimicrobial, bactericidal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities. This review examined the literature for the anti-COVID-19 effects of bee honey and propolis, with the aim of optimizing the use of these handy products as prophylactic or adjuvant treatments for people infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Molecular simulations show that flavonoids in propolis and honey (e.g., rutin, naringin, caffeic acid phenyl ester, luteolin, and artepillin C) may inhibit viral spike fusion in host cells, viral-host interactions that trigger the cytokine storm, and viral replication. Similar to the potent antiviral drug remdesivir, rutin, propolis ethanolic extract, and propolis liposomes inhibited non-structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, and these compounds along with naringin inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero E6 cells. Propolis extracts delivered by nanocarriers exhibit better antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 than ethanolic extracts. In line, hospitalized COVID-19 patients receiving green Brazilian propolis or a combination of honey and Nigella sativa exhibited earlier viral clearance, symptom recovery, discharge from the hospital as well as less mortality than counterparts receiving standard care alone. Thus, the use of bee products as an adjuvant treatment for COVID-19 may produce beneficial effects. Implications for treatment outcomes and issues to be considered in future studies are discussed.


The influence of intersubsystem coupling on the cyclic adiabatic geometric phase in bipartite systems is investigated. We examine the geometric phase effects for two uniaxially coupled spin-(1/2) particles, both driven by a slowly rotating magnetic field. It is demonstrated that the relation between the geometric phase and the solid angle enclosed by the magnetic field is broken by the spin-spin coupling, in particular leading to a quenching effect on the geometric phase in the strong coupling limit.


Professionals involved in building construction and monitoring increasingly implement new practices made available by Building Information Modelling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR) and the Internet of Things (IoT). In spite of numerous efforts, most methods integrating BIM and IoT rely on Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) related to Closed Source Software (CSS), which practically exclude the basic BIM Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) standard. Within the fewer methods actively using the IFC data model to VR-enhanced interfaces, we can observe the loss of crucial IFC information. This article describes a workflow of a BIM-IFC to VR-enabled data management definition, articulating a Building Management Systems' (BMS) database or, as an alternative, an IoT system. This workflow is presented through four phases (model making, device inventory, protocol setting, and real-time VR interaction), which correspond to the actual sections of the information flow that we have successfully tested.


An original method of impedancemetry designed by the authors and applied in 88 cases of cerebral edema caused by brain aneurysm rupture (n = 23), by acute hemorragic stroke of hypertensive type (n = 13) and craniocerebral injury (n = 52) is described. Diagnostic value of the method, its safety and convenience for clinical practice are demonstrated.


This paper introduces a graphical modeling notation based on coloured petri nets for the performance and cost evaluation of mobile applications. When developing such an application some restrictions due to the low bandwith of mobile networks need to be considered. The notation can be used to model the workflow of an mobile application with just a small effort. The resulting model can be (automatically) transformed into a coloured petri net for simulating the communication behaviour depending on typical user interactions. The simulation results are an important basis for improving the applications performance and the occuring costs for using mobile networks.


Background Since an originally anti-ulcer stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) was shown to promote healing of injured striated muscle and smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract, we explored its therapeutic potentials for leak point pressure (LPP) recovery in rat stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after transabdominal urethrolysis (TU) and prolonged vaginal dilatation (VD). Material/Methods During a 7-day period, TU-rats and VD-rats (or healthy rats) received BPC 157, either (i) intraperitoneally, 10 μg/kg or 10 ng/kg, once daily (first administration 30 min after surgery, last 24 h before LPP-testing and sacrifice), or (ii) per-orally, 10 μg/kg in drinking water (0.16 μg/mL, 12 mL/rat/day). Vesicourethral segments were harvested for immunohistochemical evaluation. Results All BPC 157 regimens counteracted decrease of LPP values in TU-rats and VD-rats. Additionally, BPC 157-TU rats (μg-intraperitoneally or per-orally) and BPC 157-VD rats (μg intraperitoneally) reached LPP values originally noted in healthy rats. Conversely, in healthy rats, BPC 157 did not alter LPP. Immunohistochemical studies revealed higher desmin (delineates striated organization of skeletal muscle), smooth muscle actin, and CD34 (angiogenic marker) positivity within the urethral wall in BPC 157-treated rats vs. controls, as well as overall preserved muscle/connective tissue ratio assessed with Mallory's trichrome staining. Conclusions Pentadecapeptide BPC 157, applied parenterally or per-orally, appears to ameliorate the SUI in rat models, improving the otherwise detrimental course of healing after VD and TU, which may be analogous to human injury. These beneficial effects may possibly be selectively used in future strategies for treatment of SUI.


A simplified method for analyzing tryptophan (Trp) and its metabolites in human plasma was developed using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Trp and its metabolites have various chemical properties but have no common functional group for derivatization. Using a reversed-phase pentafluorophenyl (PFP) column for liquid chromatography separation, Trp and its 15 metabolites (3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, 3-hydroxy-kynurenine, 3-indoleacetic acid, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophane, anthranilic acid, indole-3-lactic acid, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, melatonin, nicotinic acid, picolinic acid, quinolinic acid, serotonin, and xanthurenic acid were successfully separated within 15 min without derivatization. Neopterin which is known as a biomarker for inflammation and is often evaluated with Trp metabolites in several reports could also be simultaneously analyzed. With this method, Trp and its metabolites were detected with good sensitivity and selectivity without derivatization and solid-phase extraction. The method was validated in this study, showing that the relative standard deviation of 14 Trp metabolites was <15%, and accuracy was within 100% ± 20%, with the exception of nicotinic acid. The quantification range was optimized to 0.0150–100 μM covering the concentration of Trp metabolites in human plasma. Overall, 12 Trp metabolites in healthy human plasma were quantified with good precision and accuracy.


Defining the reordering search space is a crucial issue in phrase-based SMT between distant languages. In fact, the optimal trade-off between accuracy and complexity of decoding is nowadays reached by harshly limiting the input permutation space. We propose a method to dynamically shape such space and, thus, capture long-range word movements without hurting translation quality nor decoding time. The space defined by loose reordering constraints is dynamically pruned through a binary classifier that predicts whether a given input word should be translated right after another. The integration of this model into a phrase-based decoder improves a strong Arabic-English baseline already including state-of-the-art early distortion cost (Moore and Quirk, 2007) and hierarchical phrase orientation models (Galley and Manning, 2008). Significant improvements in the reordering of verbs are achieved by a system that is notably faster than the baseline, while bleu and meteor remain stable, or even increase, at a very high distortion limit.


This paper analyses the nature and purposes of the Principles of Latin American Contract Law (PLACL), the most recent international instrument of contract law at a regional level. This work proposes that in addition to the usually assigned purposes of the uniform or harmonized law instruments, the PLACL can also fulfil de function of encouraging the study of comparative law in Latin America, making Latin American contract law visible in the frame of the study of comparative law, and promoting the reform of contract law in Latin America. The work also includes a description of the context and history of the PLACL.


A simple, inexpensive, and environmentally-friendly process for converting mixtures of clays and polymers has been developed. Polymer and clay are combined in water, and the mixtures are freeze dried to produce materials which have bulk densities typically in the range of 0.03 – 0.15 g/cm3. These low density polymer/clay aerogel materials possess good mechanical properties similar to those of traditional polymer foams, can be reinforced with fibers, modified with nanoparticles, biomineralized, or converted into porous ceramics.


Searching for an object among distracting objects is a common daily task. These searches differ in efficiency. Some are so difficult that each object must be inspected in turn, whereas others are so easy that the target object directly catches the observer's eye. In 4 experiments, the difficulty of searching for an orientation-defined target was parametrically manipulated between blocks of trials via the target-distractor orientation contrast. We observed a smooth transition from inefficient to efficient search with increasing orientation contrast. When contrast was high, search slopes were flat (indicating pop-out); when contrast was low, slopes were steep (indicating serial search). At the transition from inefficient to efficient search, search slopes were flat for target-present trials and steep for target-absent trials within the same orientation-contrast block-suggesting that participants adapted their behavior on target-absent trials to the most difficult, rather than the average, target-present trials of each block. Furthermore, even when search slopes were flat, indicative of pop-out, search continued to become faster with increasing contrast. These observations provide several new constraints for models of visual search and indicate that differences between search tasks that were traditionally considered qualitative in nature might actually be due to purely quantitative differences in target discriminability. (PsycINFO Database Record


The behaviour of HBsAg and hepatitis B in 86 patients and in 24 medical personnel of a hemodialysis Center during 5 years is described. Hepatitis B antigen was detected in 28 patients (32.55%); hepatitis B infection developed in 7 of them and in 2 of the medical staff. Some problems of prevention and therapy are discussed.


Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP1), encoded by the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 6 (ptpn6) gene, belongs to the family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and participates in multiple signaling pathways of immune cells. However, the mechanism of SHP1 in regulating fish immunity is largely unknown. In this study, we first identified two gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) ptpn6 homeologs (Cgptpn6-A and Cgptpn6-B), each of which had three alleles with high identities. Then, relative to Cgptpn6-B, dominant expression in adult tissues and higher upregulated expression of Cgptpn6-A induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), poly deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic (dA:dT) acid and spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) were uncovered. Finally, we demonstrated that CgSHP1-A (encoded by the Cgptpn6-A gene) and CgSHP1-B (encoded by the Cgptpn6-B gene) act as negative regulators of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)-mediated interferon (IFN) response via two mechanisms: the inhibition of CaTBK1-induced phosphorylation of CaMITA shared by CgSHP1-A and CgSHP1-B, and the autophagic degradation of CaMITA exclusively by CgSHP1-A. Meanwhile, the data support that CgSHP1-A and CgSHP1-B have sub-functionalized and that CgSHP1-A overwhelmingly dominates CgSHP1-B in the process of RLR-mediated IFN response. The current study not only sheds light on the regulative mechanism of SHP1 in fish immunity, but also provides a typical case of duplicated gene evolutionary fates.


Student-centered active learning requires the use of interdisciplinary strategies, which develop critical thinking, creativity, ingenuity. Based on the STE(A)M methodology, efficient solutions can be identified for various situations in the field of Natural Sciences. Through STE(A)M projects, students can build their own vision in the field, capitalizing on their personal skills through motivational learning activities based on the new concept included in the Biology Curriculum, 2019. The purpose of this type of learning is externalized by the applicability of skills and abilities in real life situations. The promotion of the new direction in education is supported by the Council of the European Union.


The present study was based on the investigations to determine whether the bactericidal effect of microwave radiations on bacteria was either thermal or due to microwaves. It was also investigated which bacterial sp is more sensitive to microwave. Five bacterial species, Proteus vulgaris PP25D, Staphylococcus aureus bgh010, Bacillu subtilis ase98, Escherchia coli TRE04 andCorynebacterium spN33 were exposed to microwave radiation. These cultures were selected as test organisms due to their importance in food industry as human pathogens. Bacterial suspensions were exposed to microwave radiations (2450 MHz and 800W) for 60, 120 and 180 s to study the effect of heat generated by microwaves. The second experiment was designed to study the effect of microwaves only by maintaining temperature below 40°C. The degree of inactivation at uncontrolled and controlled temperature was compared quantitavely. The viable counts of all cell suspensions were found to reduce greatly with an increase in microwave heating time and temperature. B. subtilis ase98 showed highest reduction at uncontrolled temperature. No significant reduction of cell density was observed in either cell suspension. The effect of microwave radiations was also studied in terms of morphological changes. No detectable change was observed in cell shape and morphology of colonies except S. aureus bgh010. Results indicated that the effect of microwave radiations on bacteria was purely thermal and no detectable change occurred in non-thermal treatment. B. subtilis ase98 were the most sensitive species for microwave radiations. B. subtilis ase98can be used as an indicator bacterium to assess microwaves for sterilization.

 Key words: Microwave radiation, thermal and non thermal effect, sensitive bacterial sp..


Working from a life course perspective, we develop hypotheses about age and gender differences in the link between marital quality and cardiovascular risk and test them using data from the first two waves of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. The analytic sample includes 459 married women and 739 married men (aged 57–85 in the first wave) who were interviewed in both waves. We apply Heckmantype corrections for selection bias due to mortality and marriage. Cardiovascular risk is measured as hypertension, rapid heart rate, C-reactive protein, and general cardiovascular events. Results suggest that changes in marital quality and cardiovascular risk are more closely related for older married people than for their younger counterparts and that the link between marital quality and cardiovascular risk is more pronounced among women than among men at older ages. These findings fit with the gendered life course perspective and cumulative disadvantage framework.


This report documents the process of designing a laboratory exercise in Fourier analysis at Vetenskapens Hus (House of Science) in Stockholm. The lab is designed for high school students studying science or technical education. It focuses on the physicalunderstanding and mathematical description of sound, in particular music. A model of such a lab is presented in this work; containing a review of the mathematical theory, summary of educational research in the field, descriptions of the design process and of the investigativework that led to the final result. The designed material for the lab includes developed computer programs, visit leader tutorial and description for teachers.


A lot of mileage has been made on the long and winding road towards seizure forecasting recently. Here, we briefly review some selected milestones passed along the way which were discussed at the International Conference for Technology and Analysis of Seizures - ICTALS 2022 - convened at the University of Bern, Switzerland. Major impetus was gained recently from wearable and implantable devices that record not only the electroencephalogram, but also data on motor behaviour, acoustic signals, and various signals of the autonomic nervous system. This multimodal monitoring can be performed for ultralong timescales covering months or years. Accordingly, features and metrics extracted from these data now assess seizure dynamics with a greater degree of completeness. Most prominently, this has allowed the confirmation of the long-suspected cyclical nature of interictal epileptiform activity, seizure risk, and seizures. The timescales cover daily, multi-day and yearly cycles. Progress has also been fueled by approaches originating from the interdisciplinary field of network science. Considering epilepsy as a large-scale network disorder yielded novel perspectives on the pre-ictal dynamics of the evolving epileptic brain. In addition to discrete predictions that a seizure will take place in a specified prediction horizon, the community broadened the scope to probabilistic forecasts of a seizure risk evolving continuously in time. This shift of gears triggered the incorporation of additional metrics to quantify the performance of forecasting algorithms, which should be compared versus the chance performance of constrained stochastic null models. An imminent task of utmost importance is to find optimal ways to communicate the output of seizure forecasting algorithms to patients, caretakers, and clinicians, so that they can have socioeconomic impact and improve patients' well-being.


Housing markets experience substantial price volatility, short term price change momentum and mean reversion of prices over the long run. Together these features, particularly at their most extreme, produce the classic shape of an asset bubble. In this paper, we review the stylized facts of housing bubbles and discuss theories that can potentially explain events like the boom-bust cycles of the 2000s. One set of theories assumes rationality and uses idiosyncratic features of the housing market, such as intensive search and short selling constraints, to explain the stylized facts. Cheap credit provides a particularly common rationalization for price booms, but temporary periods of low interest rates will not explain massive price swings in simple rational models. An incorrectly under-priced default option is needed to explain the formation of rational bubbles. Many non-rational explanations for real estate bubbles exist, but the most promising theories emphasize some form of trend-chasing, which in turn reflects boundedly rational learning.


In this paper we study international linkages when forecasting unemployment rates in a sample of 24 OECD economies. We propose a Global Unemployment Factor (GUF) and test its predictive ability considering in-sample and out-of-sample exercises. Our main results indicate that the predictive ability of the GUF is heterogeneous across countries. In-sample results are statistically significant for Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Ireland, The Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden and United States. Robust statistically significant out-of-sample results are found for Belgium, Czech Republic, France, The Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden and the United States. This means that the inclusion of the GUF adds valuable information to predict domestic unemployment rates, at least for these last seven countries.


Based on the betavoltaic and alphavoltaic effects, a 4H-SiC micronuclear battery was demonstrated. A Schottky barrier diode, in place of the previously used p-n junction diode, was utilized for carrier separation. A theoretical model was derived to predict the output electrical power. Using beta radioisotope 63Ni and alpha radioisotope 241Am as the radiation sources, the micro nuclear battery was tested and proved to be effective to transfer decay energy into electrical power. The experimental results show that the theoretical model can basically predict the performance of the micronuclear battery. Although the energy conversion efficiencies under illumination of 63Ni and 241Am are only 0.5% and 0.1% at current status, an improvement by an order of magnitude can be expected if the doping concentration of the epilayer can be decreased to the optimal value.


SUMMARY Community-based natural resource management has been accused of failing on social, economic or ecological grounds. Balanced assessments are rare, however, particularly in West Africa. This paper examines the first 10 years of Ghana's Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary using an evaluation framework that considers socioeconomic and ecological outcomes, as well as resilience mechanisms. Building upon traditional taboos against the killing of hippopotami, this initiative has attempted to conserve an imperilled large mammal, protect biodiversity and alleviate abject poverty amidst a bush meat crisis and complex ethnic diversity. Findings show that the Sanctuary has improved local livelihoods by spurring economic diversification and infrastructure development rates 2–8 times higher than in surrounding communities. Simultaneously, threats to biodiversity have subsided, hippopotamus numbers have remained stable and the Sanctuary's riparian habitats now harbour more bird species than comparable areas nearby. Improved social capital, true empowerment, an equitable distribution of benefits, ecological awareness among children and support for the Sanctuary, even amongst community members who were disadvantaged by its creation, speak to good long-term prospects. Risks remain, some of which are beyond the community's control, but evidence of socioecological resilience suggests that capacity exists to buffer risks and foster sustainability. Lessons learnt at Wechiau translate into recommendations for the planning, implementation and evaluation of future community-based conservation initiatives, including greater interdisciplinary integration and the use of adaptive co-management approaches.


Despite the substantial reduction in tariffs over the past few decades, the competitiveness of the Latin American and Caribbean region (LAC) has suffered due to a history of underinvestment in hard infrastructure. This paper specifically focuses on transport infrastructure, utilising statistics from the World Bank's most recent Logistics Performance Indicator (LPI 2010) and the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report (2009) to identify the infrastructural gap in the LAC region. Bolivia and Paraguay are flagged as particular areas of concern, with the quality of transport infrastructure significantly below the global and LAC average, particularly with regard to road and air infrastructure. Whilst efforts are being made to improve the situation (such as the upgrading of Encarnacion trading hub in Paraguay), enhanced regional connectivity will require not just more substantive infrastructure spend than at present, but also the assignation of funds to ensure the maintenance of existing infrastructure.


Abstract Honey samples obtained by beekeepers taken from thirty-five different apiaries in Turkey's region of Marmara were investigated for the presence of microorganism. Each honey sample was examined for the number of total aerobic mesofilic bacteria, coliforms, moulds and yeasts and the presence of Salmonella spp., Clostridium botulinum, along with other aerobic bacteriae such as Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius. In total, fifty-four honey samples of different botanical origins including unifloral (Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Trifolium, Onobrychis), multifloral and chestnut were evaluated in the means of microbiological properties. Microorganisms were isolated in twenty-eight samples (60.86%) of pure cultures and eighteen samples (39.13%) of mixed cultures. On the other hand, no microorganisms were isolated in eight samples. Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. C. albicans and Penicillium spp. were isolated and identified in other honey samples. The bacteria counts were 4×102 - 1.4×103 cfu/g for aerobic mesofilic bacteria and 1-185 cfu/g for the fungi. The application of sanitary practices (hand washing, avoidance of sneezing or coughing, etc.) may be effective in controlling contamination by microorganisms. On the other hand, air, equipment and dust may be contributing causes of microbiological contamination. Therefore it is important to take precautions in order to avoid such contamination, even though such factors are often difficult to control.


Nickel-based creep resisting alloys (strengthened by γ´) are the basic materials for high-temperature constructional parts in aircraft engines and energy units. These parts are exposed to combined effects of mechanical stresses, high temperature and dioxide-corrosion conditions. The microstructure changes of cast polycrystalline Ni-based superalloy IN713LC after creep exposure were studied. Three specimens with three different diameters were used for creep tests. The degradation stage (damage parameter π) was determined for all parts of specimens. Individual parts of specimens were metallographic observed and analyzed by image analysis after rupture. The results were compared with model of stress distribution in the specimen with potential damage in the centre of the specimen.


The paper proposes that for more reliable resection of cancer tumors and involved biological tissues during a surgical intervention, the structure of biological tissues should be evaluated by measuring its impedance at two frequencies: 2 and 440 KHz and by calculating the polarization coefficient (Cpolar). Examining Cpolar changes in intact and pathologically altered biological tissues allowed them to be distinguished during a surgical intervention by employing an impedance electrosurgical apparatus.


Let $G$ and $\bar{G}$ be complementary graphs. Given a penalty function defined on the edges of $G$, we will say that the rigidity of a $k$-coloring of $G$ is the sum of the penalties of the edges of G joining vertices of the same color. Based on the previous definition, the Robust Coloring Problem (RCP) is stated as the search of the minimum rigidity $k$-coloring. In this work a comparison of heuristics based on simulated annealing, GRASP and scatter search is presented. These are the best results for the RCP that have been obtained.


The evolution of Ti:Sapphire laser system named SILEX-I(Super Intense Laser for Experiments on eXtreme) with the peak power of 330 TW is presented [2]. SILEX-I includes the femtosecond oscillator, the Offner stretcher, the regenerative amplifier, the pre-amplifier, the main amplifier, the power amplifier, the vacuum compressor and the vacuum target chamber. SILEX-I has three order output power: 6 TW, 30 TW, and hundreds of terawatt. And there are corresponding target chamber at the different power output for the different physical experiments. Some technology are added to the laser system to decrease the deleterious effects such as gain narrowing, gain shifting, high order dispersion.·Now the peak power with 330 TW is obtained, and the pulse width with 29.8 fs after the compressor. The focal intensity is near 1×1021W/cm2 with the focal spot of 5.7 μm.


The northern part of Sweden is characterised by depopulation and relatively high levels of unemployment among young people. As a consequence, a number of projects have been established for the purpose of strengthening young people's creativity and spirit of enterprise. The aim of this article is to problematise the concept of 'enterprise education' as understood in Swedish schools. This is done by visualising the rhetoric that surrounds the effort of introducing Enterprise in Schools ('Företagsamhet i skolan') and by trying to understand what the concept means in practice from the perspective of apprenticeship theory. The authors' research involves classroom observations and interviews with teachers and students from different schools. The results show that the discourse about Enterprise in Schools is based on catchwords such as cooperation, power of initiative, creativity and activity. The authors' studies of the organisation and implementation of the teaching have visualised the collaborative aim and emphasis on learning through schoolwork.


The detailed mechanism of NO production in mouse vascular endothelial cells, END-D, was studied. The NO production in END-D cells was triggered by gamma interferon (IFN-γ), but not LPS. However, LPS augmented the NO production in IFN-γ-stimulated END-D cells. A high level of NO production was due to the expression of an inducible type of NO synthase (iNOS) in those cells. A significant amount of NO was detected 18 h after IFN-γ stimulation, accompanied by the delayed iNOS expression. The JAK/STAT signal pathway mediated IFN-γ-induced NO production, but did not participate in the LPS-induced augmentation. Further, no activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB was involved in the NO production in END-D cells stimulated with either IFN-γ and/or LPS. The mechanism of NO production in END-D cells was suggested to be different from that in mouse macrophages. The differential regulation of NO production in mouse vascular endothelial cells and macrophages is discussed.


We demonstrate the operation of a novel tunable wavelength surface emitting device. The device is based on a p-GaAs and heterojunction containing an inversion layer on the p-side, and GaAs quantum wells on the n-side, and is referred to as HELLISH-II (hot-electron light emitting and lasing in semiconductor heterojunction). The device utilizes hot-electron longitudinal transport and, therefore, light emission is independent of the polarity of the applied voltage. Because of this symmetric property, the device can perform light logic functions. The wavelength of the emitted light can be tuned with the applied bias from GaAs band-to-band transition in the inversion layer to e1 - hh1 transition in the quantum wells. The operation of the device requires only two diffused in point contacts. Therefore, a two-dimensional array of surface emitters can be fabricated very cheaply and easily. Theoretical modelling of the device operation is carried out and compared with the experimental results. An optimized structure for high-efficiency device operation, as based on our model calculations, is also proposed.


Understanding our subjects and the nature of subject knowledge and progression in learning are essential aspects of initial teacher education (ITE) but, in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, as in most areas, models of Citizenship Education (CE) are heavily dependent on the official definitions of citizenship developed by curriculum officials, with varying levels of political control and teacher consultation. Whilst there are networks of teachers bringing together CE teachers (for example the Five Nations network funded by the Gordon Cook Foundation) there has been little work developed by teachers to identify a comprehensive model of what it is that CE teachers actually do in the classroom and what young people do (and should) learn in the subject. We believe this makes CE particularly vulnerable to political influence and that it can become a repository for wider social policy concerns. Whilst there is always a need to identify a form of CE that suits the context in which it is being taught, this must be balanced by a more informed sense of what the core of the subject entails and how young people actually learn citizenship.

In other comparable subjects there have been teacher-led initiatives in the past such as the Humanities Curriculum Project (Stenhouse, 1983), and project CHATA (Lee & Ashby, 1987), which identify key concepts, skills, questions and areas of factual knowledge that together comprise the 'subject lens' that young people can apply to think about the world from a particular perspective. This project begins to develop such a model for CE, focusing on what is distinctive about seeing the world as a citizen, and thus developing a clear model for how teachers structure their teaching and how young people learn in CE. This will facilitate a discussion about attainment and progression within the subject as a school subject, and help to further distinguish CE from citizenship, as a political construct.

This small project, supported by SCOTENS, set out to generate a working model to underpin a larger scale research project, and as such it has allowed us to pilot a methodology and yield some initial working models for conceptual and skills progression. Whilst we do not claim to have discovered a universal model of progression in conceptual learning, we hope to have illustrated the value of thinking seriously about subject knowledge in CE and the complexities involved in asking students to use abstract concepts to think about citizenship.


Multiple-queen societies of ants are key subjects in the study of communal breeding. Societies of leptothoracine ants may be obligately monogynous (contain a single reproductive queen), functionally monogynous (only one of several mated queens lays eggs), or facultatively polygynous (some colonies contain more than one egg-laying, mated queen). This paper presents a framework for understanding these diverse social systems as a function of leptothoracine ecology. The framework is derived from a synthesis of empirical information - in particular, a link between the social system and the degree of habitat patchiness - with three bodies of theory. These are ecological constraints theory, ESS (evolutionarily stable strategy) models of dispersal, and kin selection models predicting the stable reproductive skew (allocation of reproduction). In contrast to several previous ecological hypotheses, multiplequeening in leptothoracines almost certainly results from high costs to single queens of dispersal and colony foundation (high ecological constraints), which select for queens to seek adoption in their natal colony. Factors raising these costs include nest-site limitation, cold climate, and habitat patchiness. ESS models suggest that high dispersal costs lead to a larger stable fraction of non-dispersers and hence to higher relatedness between queens. Skew models predict that high ecological constraints and high relatedness promote high skew (one or a few individuals dominate reproduction) and high within-colony aggression. Therefore, (i) extensive habitats with moderate costs of solitary colony foundation should promote multiple-queening with high dispersal levels, moderate queen relatedness, low reproductive skew, and low queen aggression. By contrast, (ii) patchy habitats should induce multiple-queening with less dispersal, higher queen relatedness, higher skew, and higher aggression. In addition, (iii) habitats with small or widely spaced nest-sites, or with low costs of founding colonies alone, should lead to universal dispersal without multiple-queening. These associations of traits occur in facultatively polygynous, functionally monogynous and obligately monogynous leptothoracines respectively. Therefore, the framework in this paper explains a substantial amount of the social and ecological diversity of leptothoracine ants.


Although there is considerable interest in the idea of using games for learning, success in this area has proven elusive. Clearly it is challenging to take established curricula developed for other media types and attempt to fit them into open-ended game contexts where content is secondary to experience. Digital games are very effective for learning, but they represent a type of productive play that does not fit neatly within established educational paradigms. Furthermore, play and learning take on new dimensions within the context of an increasingly participatory culture that blurs traditional boundaries between producers and consumers, as well as teachers and learners. In participatory contexts, learning is a systemic activity where the contributions of the individual contribute to the larger collective intelligence, and learning is often a by-product of play or creativity. Attempts to use games for learning must take this broader context into account and acknowledge the shifting expectations and emerging literacies of learners steeped in a digital culture that introduces and reinforces new standards for play and participation.


The purpose of this article is to highlight the role of ideas in shaping the form, dynamics and products of the employment relationship. This article differentiates between different types of ideas, emphasizes the various types of agency that are involved in the creation, maintenance and defence of ideas and identifies a number of mechanisms that help to understand how actors promote ideas, how ideas gain broader prominence and how ideas change. Finally, we discuss the importance of context and resources in shaping ideational processes.


ABSTRACT Previous research has shown that stimuli in which a moving object (A) contacts a stationary one (B) and stops, and object B then moves off in the same direction, give rise to a causal impression: object A is perceived as producing the motion of object B. This impression is weakened or does not occur if there is a delay between A contacting B and B moving, or if there is a spatial gap between B and the location at which A stops. It is shown that a strong causal impression can occur despite the presence of both gap and delay if there are cues to generative transmission of causal influence from A to B. The cues investigated were successive colour change of a series of objects filling the gap between A and B. Reported causal impressions were stronger with the colour change stimuli than with stimuli in which the objects were present but did not change colour, and stronger if the colour change proceeded from A to B than if it proceeded in the opposite direction. Reported causal impressions increased in strength as the number of objects involved in the colour change increased, consistent with the hypothesis that the colour change is a cue to a process of transmission, and inconsistent with the hypothesis that it is perceived or inferred as involving a chain of causal relations. Other kinds of changes to object properties—a small upward motion, shrinkage without moving, and disappearance—yielded similar results. It appears that any rapid sequential change in object properties in the direction of causal influence can function to give rise to the visual impression of generative transmission. The possible role of apparent motion is discussed.


Background This study investigates patient-centered mobile health (mHealth) technology in terms of the secondary user experience (UX). Specifically, it examines how personal mobile technology, under patient control, can be used to improve patient-provider communication about the patient's health care during their first visit to a provider. Common ground, a theory about language use, is used as the theoretical basis to examine interactions. A novel concept of this study is that it is one of the first empirical studies to explore the relative meaningfulness of a secondary UX for specific health care tasks. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the extent that patient-operated mHealth technology can be designed to improve the communication between the patient and provider during an initial face-to-face encounter. Methods The experimental study was conducted in 2 large Midwestern cities from February 2016 to May 2016. A custom-designed smartphone app prototype was used as the study treatment. The experimental design was posttest-only control group and included video-recorded simulated face-to-face clinical encounters in which an actor role-played a patient. Experienced clinicians consisting of doctors (n=4) and nurses (n=8) were the study participants. A thematic analysis of qualitative data was performed. Quantitative data collected from time on task measurements were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Three themes that represent how grounding manifested during the encounter, what it meant for communication during the encounter, and how it influenced the provider's perception of the patient emerged from the qualitative analysis. The descriptive statistics were important for inferring evidence of efficiency and effectiveness of communication for providers. Overall, encounter and task times averaged slightly faster in almost every instance for the treatment group than that in the control group. Common ground clearly was better in the treatment group, indicating that the idea of designing for the secondary UX to improve provider outcomes has merit. Conclusions Combining the notions of common ground, human-computer interaction design, and smartphone technology resulted in a prototype that improved the efficiency and effectiveness of face-to-face collaboration for secondary users. The experimental study is one of the first studies to demonstrate that an investment in the secondary UX for high payoff tasks has value but that not all secondary UXs are meaningful for design. This observation is useful for prioritizing how resources should be applied when considering the secondary UX.


Background: The use of exercise testing has expanded in recent decades and there is a wealth of information examining the prognostic significance of exercise variables, such as peak oxygen consumption or ventilatory measures whilst exercising. However, a paucity of research has investigated the use of recovery-derived parameters after exercise cessation. Heart rate recovery (HRR) has been considered a measure of the function of the autonomic nervous system and its dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular risk. Objectives: We aim to provide an overview of the literature surrounding HRR and its prognostic significance in patients with cardiovascular disease undertaking an exercise test. Data Sources: In December 2020, searches of PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were performed using key search terms and Boolean operators. Study Selection: Articles were manually screened and selected as per the inclusion criteria. Results: Nineteen articles met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Disagreement exists in methodologies used for measuring and assessing HRR. However, HRR provides prognostic mortality information for use in clinical practice. Conclusions: HRR is a simple, non-invasive measure which independently predicts mortality in patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease; HRR should be routinely incorporated into clinical exercise testing.


Ertyhro-1-(1-[2-(1,4-benzodioxan-2-yl)-2-OH-Et]-4-piperidyl)-2-benzimidazolinone (R28935), a new benzodioxanhydroxyethylpiperidyl derivative that is chemically but not pharmacologically related to pimozide, proved to possess potent central hypotensive activity when injected into the left vertebral artery of anaesthetized cats. Although almost as potent as clonidine, its hypotensive action is more prolonged. The central hypotensive effect is dose-dependent and stereospecific, the threo-isomer being much less effective than the erythro-form. In contrast to the effect of clonidine, the centrally induced hypotensive action of R 28935 is not diminished after pretreatment with piperoxane, yohimbine or desipramine. Accordingly, central alpha-adrenergic receptors are probably not involved in the central hypotensive action of R 28935. The following surgical interventions did not diminish the central hypotensive action of R 28935: bilateral vagotomy, bilateral cervical sympathectomy, bilateral extirpation of the stellate ganglia. Neuroleptic agents like pimozide, haloperidol, chlorpromazine and promazine were far less potent hypotensive agents. Promazine showed some central hypotensive action but the blood pressure-lowering effects of the other neuroleptic drugs are of peripheral origin and probably reflect the alpha-sympatholytic properties. From the results it si concluded that R 28935 depresses peripheral sympathetic tone via a centrally induced primary effect. Central alpha-adrenergic receptors do not play a role in this primary effect of R 28935, whereas they do play their part in that of clonidine or alpha-methyl-DOPA. As such, R 28935 is an example of a new class of centrally acting hypotensive compounds. Moreover, this compound provesthat it has been possible to separate the neuroleptic and hypotensive properties in benzimidazolinone derivatives.


Hartry Field distinguished two concepts of type-free truth: scientific truth and disquotational truth. We argue that scientific type-free truth cannot do justifica-tory work in the foundations of mathematics. We also present an argument, based on Crispin Wright's theory of cognitive projects and entitlement, that disquota-tional truth can do justificatory work in the foundations of mathematics. The price to pay for this is that the concept of disquotational truth requires non-classical logical treatment


Introduction Sentinel lymph node dissection is widely used in the staging of endometrial cancer. Variation in surgical techniques potentially impacts diagnostic accuracy and oncologic outcomes, and poses barriers to the comparison of outcomes across institutions or clinical trial sites. Standardization of surgical technique and surgical quality assessment tools are critical to the conduct of clinical trials. By identifying mandatory and prohibited steps of sentinel lymph node (SLN) dissection in endometrial cancer, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate a competency assessment tool for use in surgical quality assurance. Methods A Delphi methodology was applied, included 35 expert gynecological oncology surgeons from 16 countries. Interviews identified key steps and tasks which were rated mandatory, optional, or prohibited using questionnaires. Using the surgical steps for which consensus was achieved, a competency assessment tool was developed and subjected to assessments of validity and reliability. Results Seventy percent consensus agreement standardized the specific mandatory, optional, and prohibited steps of SLN dissection for endometrial cancer and informed the development of a competency assessment tool. Consensus agreement identified 21 mandatory and three prohibited steps to complete a SLN dissection. The competency assessment tool was used to rate surgical quality in three preselected videos, demonstrating clear separation in the rating of the skill level displayed with mean skills summary scores differing significantly between the three videos (F score=89.4; P<0.001). Internal consistency of the items was high (Cronbach α=0.88). Conclusion Specific mandatory and prohibited steps of SLN dissection in endometrial cancer have been identified and validated based on consensus among a large number of international experts. A competency assessment tool is now available and can be used for surgeon selection in clinical trials and for ongoing, prospective quality assurance in routine clinical care.


In this article we question recent psychological approaches that equate the constructs of citizenship and social identity and which overlook the capacity for units of governance to be represented in terms of place rather than in terms of people. Analysis of interviews conducted in England and Scotland explores how respondents invoked images of Britain as "an island" to avoid social identity constructions of nationality, citizenship, or civil society. Respondents in Scotland used island imagery to distinguish their political commitment to British citizenship from questions relating to their subjective identity. Respondents in England used island imagery to distinguish the United Kingdom as a distinctive political entity whilst avoiding allusions to a common or distinctive identity or character on the part of the citizenry. People who had moved from England to Scotland used island imagery to manage the delicate task of negotiating rights to social inclusion in Scottish civil society whilst displaying recognition of the indigenous population's claims to distinctive national culture and identity.


[[Abstract: Wireless sensor network are used in many fields now days like military application and ecolological area like flood detection and various other fields like health related. So the security of wsn is important issue. There are some constraints in wsn such as low battery and less memory which can lead to severe attacks in wsn. There are many attacks in wsn one of them is sybill attack. Sybill attack is an attack in which nodes illegally take multiple identities. In this paper we will discuss the taxonomy, classification of sybill attack and there defence mechanism.


The purpose of this study develops and validates a model of new donor decision-making in the charity sector. Drawing upon dual process theory, the model incorporates brand salience and brand attitude as antecedents of brand choice intention, moderated by donor decision involvement.,Study 1 generates measures using interviews with marketing, media and research managers, and new donors from two international aid and relief organizations. Study 2 uses an experimental design to first test scenarios of disaster relief, and then validate and confirm a new donor decision model using large-scale consumer panels for the international aid and relief sector in Australia.,The results replicated across four leading international aid-related charities reveal that brand salience is positively related to brand choice intention through the mediating effect of brand attitude. Furthermore, the effect of brand salience on brand choice intention is significantly stronger when donor decision involvement is low. Conversely, the effect of brand attitude on brand choice intention is stronger for higher levels of donor decision involvement.,Managers should understand the importance of brand salience/attitudes and the implications for the communication strategy. Managers should also strive to understand the level of decision involvement and the relative influence of brand attitude/salience on brand choice intention.,This study advances the literature on charitable giving by proposing and testing a moderated mediation model of donor choice when selecting a charity for donation. Findings provide new insights into the extent to which brand salience, brand attitude and donor decision-making influence how new donors choose between charities for donation.


Abstract A geometric analysis of lophophore shape and arrangement in the fenestrate dendroid graptolite genus Dictyonema reveals that the shape of the zooid domain in the majority of Dictyonema species colonies is highly elliptical, with the long axis of the ellipse perpendicular to the proximodistal axis of the stipe. A complex lophophore, bilaterally symmetrical and consisting of two tentaculated arms that are laterally directed and perpendicular to the stipe axis, provides the best geometric solution to completely filling the elliptical zooid domain seen in the majority of Dictyonema species. Working under the assumption that fenestrate graptolites, like fenestrate bryozoans, needed to form a continuous filtering surface with contact between adjacent lophophores, two optimum close-parking models exist for lophophores with elliptical zooid domains: either a proximodistal-row arrangement or a lateral-row arrangement of the lophophores. Of the two possible geometries, the most probable close-packing arrangement of hypothetical biplumed lophophores within the fenestrate graptolite meshwork is in proximodistal rows.


In 2009, the discovery of two planets orbiting the evolved binary star system HWVirginis (HWVir) was announced, based on systematic variations in the timing of eclipses between the two stars. The planets invoked in that work were significantly more massive than Jupiter, and moved on orbits that were mutually crossing - an architecture which suggests that mutual encounters and strong gravitational interactions are almost guaranteed. In this work, we perform a highly detailed analysis of the proposed HWVir planetary system. First, we consider the dynamical stability of the system as proposed in the discovery work. Through a mapping process involving 91 125 individual simulations, we find that the system is so unstable that the planets proposed simply cannot exist, due to mean lifetimes of less than a thousand years across the whole parameter space. We then present a detailed re-analysis of the observational data on HWVir, deriving a new orbital solution that provides a very good fit to the observational data. Our new analysis yields a system with planets more widely spaced, and of lower mass, than that proposed in the discovery work, and yields a significantly greater (and more realistic) estimate of the uncertainty in the orbit of the outermost body. Despite this, a detailed dynamical analysis of this new solution similarly reveals that it also requires the planets to move on orbits that are simply not dynamically feasible. Our results imply that some mechanism other than the influence of planetary companions must be the principal cause of the observed eclipse timing variations for HWVir. If the system does host exoplanets, they must move on orbits differing greatly from those previously proposed. Our results illustrate the critical importance of performing dynamical analyses as a part of the discovery process for multiple-planet exoplanetary systems.


Social media applications such as Twitter provide a powerful medium through which users can communicate their observations with friends and with the world at large. We have witnessed live reporting of many events, from soccer games in Johannesburg to revolutions in Cairo and Tunis, and these reports have in many ways rivaled the content provided by the official media. Tapping into this valuable resource is a challenge, due to the heterogeneity and noise inherent in realtime text, diversity of languages, and fast-evolving linguistic norms. In this paper we seek to analyze a tweet stream to automatically discover points in time when an important event happens, and to classify such events based on the type of the sentiments they evoke, using only non-textual features of the tweeting pattern. This results not only in a robust way of analyzing tweet streams independent of the languages used; it also provides insights about how users behave on social media websites. For example, we observe that users often react to an exciting external event by decreasing the volume of communication with other users. We explain this effect through a model of how users switch between producing information or sentiments and sharing others' news or sentiments. We develop and evaluate our models and algorithms using several Twitter data sets, focusing in particular on the tweets sent during the soccer World Cup of 2010. This data set has the feature that the underlying ground truth is welldefined and known whereby goals serve as events.


In the municipality of Colomi, in the highlands of Bolivia, market pressure leads small scale farmers to substitute their native landraces with commercial potato varieties. Organic cultivation might offer a channel for selling native potatoes to an emerging industry of coloured native potato crisps. Nevertheless, as the area is endemic for late blight (Phytophthora infestans), adequate cultivation practices that allow organic production must be defined. The present experiment compared four cultivation strategies (two organic, which included the use of beneficial microoorganisms applied in the soil and through foliar spray, one conventional, which included cymoxanil and mancozeb based fungicides and a control with the same soil treatment as the organic strategies but no foliar spray) and two planting dates (early and main season planting) on a native potato landrace locally known as 'pintaboca' (Solanum stenotomum). Our results showed that early planting resulted in significantly higher yields, although the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) of late blight did not differ significantly between planting dates. The lower yields in the plot planted during the main season were mainly due to the combined incidence of early and late blight. There was no significant difference in yields and quality of the tubers cultivated with conventional, organic or control treatment, with the exception that the largest tuber size category was produced only in the conventional treatment. We conclude that farmers in Colomi who want to shift to organic cultivation of the landrace ʻpintaboca' at altitudes around 3,300 m a.s.l. could benefit from practicing early planting, although additional trials covering several seasons are needed to confirm our results.


The GOTHIC code was validated using three experiments carried out in the PANDA facility in the framework of the OECD/NEA HYMERES project. These tests addressed the mixing of an initially stratified atmosphere by means of a vertical jet in the presence of on obstacle (circular plate). This paper reports on the simulations of three experiments, and complementary, quasi-steady-state tests without stratification, where the flow structure above the impingement plate could be observed by means of particle image velocimetry (PIV) velocity measurements in a region larger than that considered in the transient experiments. Moreover, simulations of similar tests without obstacle conducted during the OECD/SETH-2 project are also discussed. The reference, best-estimate model used for the analyses of the three experiments with different flowrates and initial and pressure boundary conditions was built on the base of a multistep approach. This was based on mesh and modeling sensitivity studies mostly performed for the complementary tests, to assess the capability to represent the flow structure produced by the jet–plate interaction with different meshes around the plate. Generally, the results show that the use of a coarse mesh and the standard k–ε turbulence model permits a reasonable representation of the erosion process, but with a systematic over prediction of the mixing time. The results with the reference model were more accurate for two experiments with two flowrates and same initial conditions and all complementary tests. For the third test with different initial and boundary conditions, however, poor results were obtained with the reference model, which could only be improved by further refining the mesh. These results indicate that a model "qualified" for certain conditions could be inadequate for other cases, and sensitivity studies are necessary for the specific conditions considered in the analyses.


PREFERENCE OF HONEY BEES, CARPENTER BEES, AND BUMBLE BEES FOR NEW CROPS IN VIRGINIA. Mark Kraemer & Harbans Bhardwaj, Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State Univ., Petersburg, VA 23806. Agricultural crops may provide important nectar and pollen resources for native bees and the European honey bee, especially during the mid to late summer period when forage resources are limited. In some cases pollination is essential for good yields. Bee visits to several new crops were recorded during late August 2012 to replicated quarter acre plots of sesame, pigeon pea, mung bean, and lablab bean. Only 3 species constituted 99% of the bees visiting the flowers: carpenter bee (Xylocoris flavipes), common eastern bumble bee (Bombus impatiens), and European honey bee (Apis mellifera). Bees were counted during a 3-minute walk through of the field plots, repeated 3 times in a 3-week period. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found in the mean number of bees visiting the different crops using the PROC GLM procedure of SAS. Sesame attracted significantly larger numbers of B. impatiens (113) than either carpenter bees (1.8) or honey bees (0.1). In contrast, pigeon pea and lablab bean attracted significantly more carpenter bees (15.5 and 16.8, respectively) than bumble bees (2.8 and 1.0, respectively). Mung beans attracted significantly more bumble bees (12.0) and carpenter bees (4.7) than honey bees. Honey bee populations were low despite the presence of 10 active hives within 1⁄2 mile. The large number of B. impatiens in the sesame plots was likely partially due to their good physical fit within the corolla of the flower whereas carpenter bees were too large to enter the flower and those present attempted to rob nectar by chewing holes in the base of the corolla.


Background: High throughput sequencing (HTS) has become one of the primary experimental tools used to extract genomic information from biological samples. Bioinformatics tools are continuously being developed for the analysis of HTS data. Beyond some well-defined core analyses, such as quality control or genomic alignment, the consistent development of cus- tom tools and the representation of sequencing data in organized computational structures and entities remains a challenging effort for bioinformaticians. Results: In this work, we present GenOO (jee-noo), an open-source; object-oriented (OO) Perl framework specifically devel- oped for the design and implementation of HTS analysis tools. GenOO models biological entities such as genes and tran- scripts as Perl objects, and includes relevant modules, attributes and methods that allow for the manipulation of high throughput sequencing data. GenOO integrates these elements in a simple and transparent way which allows for the creation of complex analysis pipelines minimizing the overhead for the researcher. GenOO has been designed with flexibility in mind, and has an easily extendable modular structure with minimal requirements for external tools and libraries. As an example of the framework's capabilities and usability, we present a short and simple walkthrough of a custom use case in HTS analysis. Conclusions: GenOO is a tool of high software quality which can be efficiently used for advanced HTS analyses. It has been used to develop several custom analysis tools, leading to a number of published works. Using GenOO as a core development module can greatly benefit users, by reducing the overhead and complexity of managing HTS data and biological entities at hand.


On-road remote sensing has the ability to operate in real-time, and under real world conditions, making it an ideal candidate for detecting gross polluters on major freeways and thoroughfares. In this study, remote sensing was employed to detect carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NO). On-road remote sensing data taken from measurements performed in six states, (Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Texas, and Utah) were cleaned and analyzed. Data mining and exploration were first undertaken in order to search for relationships among variables such as make, year, engine type, vehicle weight, and location. Descriptive statistics were obtained for the three pollutants of interest. The data were found to have non-normal distributions. Applied transformations were ineffective, and nonparametric tests were applied. Due to the extremely large sample size of the dataset (508,617 records), nonparametric tests resulted in "p" values that demonstrated "significance." The general linear model was selected due to its ability to handle data with non-normal distributions. The general linear model was run on each pollutant with output producing descriptive statistics, profile plots, between-subjects effects, and estimated marginal means. Due to insufficient data within certain cells, results were not obtained for gross vehicle weight and engine type. The "year" variable was not directly analyzed in the GLM because "year" was employed in a weighted least squares transformation. "Year" was found to be a source of heteroscedasticity; and therefore, the basis of a least-squares transformation. Grouped-years were analyzed using medians, and the results were displayed graphically. Based on the GLM results and descriptives, Japanese vehicles typically had the lowest CO, HC, and NO emissions, while American vehicles ranked high for the three. Illinois, ranked lowest for CO, while Texas ranked highest. Illinois and Colorado were lowest for HC emissions, while Utah and California were highest. For NO, Colorado ranked highest with Texas and Arizona, lowest.


The Effect of the Establishment of Reinforcement Value for Math on Rate of Learning for PreKindergarten Students Emmy N. Maurilus The objective of Experiment I was to determine whether establishing conditioned reinforcement for engaging in math for pre-kindergarten students was possible using the three conditioning procedures outlined in previous research for conditioning book stimuli. The purpose of Experiment II was to determine whether this change in preference for engaging in math had an effect on 6 pre-kindergarten participants' rate of learning math. In Experiment I a counterbalanced preand post-intervention ABAB/BABA functional analysis and a delayed multiple probe across dyads design, was used to measure the indirect and direct reinforcement value of math for each participant. Indirect measures referred to a functional analysis where the participants' rate of responding to a performance task during a 1-min session when Play-Doh was delivered as a reinforcer was compared to their rate of responding when math was delivered as a reinforcement operation. Direct measures referred to the number of 5-s intervals (out of 60) each participant engaged in math when given math worksheets and Play-Doh. The individualized reinforcement intervention consisted of a sequence of conditioning procedures until a defined successful outcome resulted. First learn units were delivered, then stimulusstimulus pairing, and then observational conditioning-by-denial. Learn unit instruction resulted in the establishment of conditioned reinforcement for the first dyad, while the stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure was necessary for the remaining dyad. The purpose of Experiment II was to test if establishing conditioned reinforcement for math would change rate of learning. The dependent variable was each participant's rate of learning as measured by the number of learn units required to meet mastery criterion for 4 units of the Multiple Exemplar Functional Math (MEF-Math) curriculum. The dependent variable, rate of learning, was tested using a multiple probe design. The independent variable was the establishment of conditioned reinforcement for math using individualized reinforcement procedures as detailed in Experiment I. The intervention also consisted of a multiple probe design on testing the effect of the individualized reinforcement procedures on establishing conditioned reinforcement. Three participants required learn units, 2 participants required the stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure, and 1 participant required observational conditioning-by-denial to establish conditioned reinforcement for math. Results showed an educationally significant acceleration of learning following the establishment of conditioned reinforcement for math across all 6 participants. Results are discussed in terms of the significance of early math instruction.


Human resources are critical component of an efficient and effective health care system. In many developing countries including India, there has been a long-term neglect in the planning and implementation of capacity building efforts for the public health workforce. Recently several states in India have launched variety of initiatives to address this challenge. Efforts for manpower development in Gujarat were initiated in 2000. Present manuscript attempts to document the initiatives taken up by the state government for health workforce development and understand its impact on public health indicators. The information regarding the state health indicators in the last decade and capacity building initiatives for health workforce development undertaken by the state government was collected from the official sources (Websites, Government documents), consultation with key stakeholders and literature. The state has witnessed improvement in key health and demographic indicators in the last decade. The state has scaled up its training facilities to produce adroit workforce in different cadres. However, critical shortage of manpower is evident in some of the cadres which need corrective measures. The state has also undertaken several innovative programs (state sponsored trainings for capacity building, financial incentives for medical officers, training of MBBS doctors in emergency obstetric care, anesthesia and essential newborn care, training of skilled birth attendants for normal deliveries, IMNCI trainings, formation of Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society and several other capacity building initiatives as a part of NRHM) to build the capacity of existing workforce in the system.


Ice surface profiles are reconstructed for 37 proposed mountain glacier localities in the northeastern United States, including sites in the Catskill and Adirondack Mountains, New York; the Green Mountains, Vermont; the White Mountains, New Hampshire; and the Longfellow Mountains and Mount Katahdin, Maine. The reconstructions, determined numerically from the shear-stress equation ϒ = ρgh sin α, show estimated ice thickness as a function of valley position and slope. In general, ice thickness increases from zero at the position of the glacier terminus (terminal position is a required input to the model) to some equilibrium "slab" thickness in the upper valley, where the slab thickness is inversely proportional to valley slope. Glacier reconstructions support the empirical evidence for former local glaciation in the Catskill and White Mountains and in some localities in the Adirondack Mountains. In several proposed glacier locations in the Adirondack and Green Mountains (in very shallow basins and in very gently sloping valleys), however, estimated ice thicknesses exceed the depth of their respective valleys or the elevation of up-valley cols, suggesting a re-evaluation of these localities as sites of local confined ice flow. Confirmed localities of local glaciation are mostly in valleys with mean gradients greater than about 5° where reconstructed ice thicknesses are less than about 200 m.


Knowledge spillovers and technical externalities play a fundamental role in basically all endogenous growth models. In a context of increasing returns to scale and transportation costs it seems reasonable to assume that regional agglomeration of production and R&D activities is linked to aggregate growth. This work is an empirical investigation of the predictions provided by some theoretical studies according to which agglomeration increases with growth and growth increases with agglomeration (Martin and Ottaviano, 2001, Baldwin and Forslid, 2000 and Fujita and Thisse, 2001). The behaviour of six European countries over twelve years (from 1984 to 1995) is analysed using panel data techniques. In particular, a "traditional" growth equation à la Barro, in which an index of regional agglomeration of industrial activities is added to the "typical" regressors, is estimated. Surprisingly, instead of concentration in a few areas, as theory predicts, equal dispersion of economic activities across regions seems to be good for national aggregate growth. Besides, there is also some evidence that regional dispersion of sectors with a high technological content is growth enhancing. © The Authors. All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced without the permission of the authors.


As water scarcity is alarmingly on the increase in national and international level especially in agriculture and due to the importance of examination of components influencing how water scarcity is dealt with by farmers, this research was carried out to analyze the situation of water scarcity by farmers of Zarindasht County and to examine influencing components on this challenge. A questionnaire was used for the collection of data which its reliability was confirmed through computing Cronbach's Alpha coefficient which was above 0.80. About 150 farmers were selected as a sample population through calculating Cochran's formula among 4648 farmers in this County and were sampled using multi-stage sampling technique. Findings revealed that more than 70% of farmers were highly faced with water scarcity, and there was a significant relationship but negative between farmers' perception of water scarcity (FPWS) and variables such as "the depth of water in the well", "income", and a positive significant relationship between this challenge and variables such as "length of water transmission canal" and "the volume of water decrease". In addition, the older farmers, the ones without a second job, the ones using soil canals for water transmission, and the ones with salty water irrigation were faced with water scarcity challenge more often. Also, geographical situation was recognized significant as there was a significant difference among villages and states. Finally, the results showed that, among all the examined components, the decrease of used water volume, having a second job and, the length of water transmission canal were the most important factors, explaining 40% of the variance, influencing on FPWS in Zarindasht County. It is suggested that to decrease the rate of water scarcity, farmers should be supported financially to change their irrigation method or transmission canals as the efficiency of irrigation be improved.

 Key words: Water scarcity, influencing factors, water transmission canals, Zarindasht County, Iran.


The rapidly ageing population has been identified as a major global challenge; within Wales there is a growing imbalance in the age-profiles of rural communities in particular. The demands of providing appropriate healthcare for a changing population are exacerbated by lifestyle changes associated with ageing, specifically low levels of physical activity, reduced exposure to the sun and compromised ability to synthesise vitamin D. This report focuses on two important health outcomes affected by these changes that are of increasing concern within Wales: diabetes (DM2: diabetes mellitus type 2) and falls incidence. The article critically reviews the evidence base pertaining to the relationships between physical activity, vitamin D, and both the pathogenesis of DM2 and falls incidence. Current interventions are discussed and a series of recommendations for service delivery within Wales' rural communities are presented. We argue that there is a clear role for targeting these modifiable lifestyle factors in reducing the prevalence and severity of falls and diabetes, two growing areas of social and economic concern within Wales.


Different levels of creativity are required during the design process. Since most creativity techniques rely on the interaction of several people, the aim of the project described in this paper was to introduce creativity tools into a design system for distributed designers working together on one task using a common, new type of design system. The different tools and their adaptation for designers in different location is described and the experiences with these sessions are discussed. It has been shown that creativity tools can be used for distributed designers with some limitations depending on the available means of communication but overall good results.


The Semantic Web technology needs to be thoroughly evaluated for providing objective results and obtaining massive improvement in its quality; thus, the transfer of this technology from research to industry will speed up. This chapter presents software benchmarking, a process that aims to improve the Semantic Web technology and to find the best practices. The chapter also describes a specific software benchmarking methodology and shows how this methodology has been used to benchmark the interoperability of ontology development tools, employing RDF(S) as the interchange language.


In quantitative laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis, spectral signals are usually represented by the linear combination of characteristic peaks with useful spectral information and unwanted noise components. All of the existing regression analysis methods are related to a spectral data matrix, which is composed of certified samples with different spectral intensity. Therefore, spectral data matrix processing is critical for quantitative LIBS analysis. A prevalent assumption when constructing a matrix approximation is that the partially observed matrix is of low-rank. Moreover, the low-rank structure always reflects the useful information and is regarded as a powerful data preprocessing method. In this paper, a novel and quantitative LIBS analysis method based on a sparse low-rank matrix approximation via convex optimization is proposed. Based on the sparsity of the spectral signals, we present a convex objective function consisting of a data-fidelity term and two parameterized penalty terms. To improve the accuracy of the quantitative analysis, a new non-convex and non-separable penalty based on the Moreau envelope is proposed. Then, the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm was utilized to solve the optimization problem. The proposed method was applied to the quantitative analysis of 23 high alloy steel samples. Both of the performances of the Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) regression models are improved by using the low-rank matrix approximation scheme, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Accurate expression for photoabsorption (photoionization) cross sections of high density system proposed recently is used to study the photoionization of solid gold. The results show that the present theoretical photoionization cross sections have good agreement both in structure and in magnitude with the experimental results of gold crystal. The studies also indicate that both the real part ε′ and the imaginary part ε′′ of the complex dielectric constant ε, and the dielectric influence function of a nonideal system have rich structures in low energy side with a range about 50 eV, and suggest that the influence of particle interactions of surrounding particles with the photoionized particle on the photoionization cross sections can be easily investigated using the dielectric influence function. The electron overlap effects are suggested to be implemented in the future studies to improve the accuracy of theoretical photoionization cross sections of a solid system.


Risk perception, i.e. the ability to "read the road" in relation to potentially dangerous situations in the traffic environment, is strongly related to accident involvement. Human driving behavior is strongly conditioned by the road environment in its entirety, as driving involves complex interactions between the driver and the environment. This study investigated the risk perception of roundabouts for young people in order to identify the major factors which influence such perception. A road users survey was developed to obtain young people feedback on roundabouts. Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) was used in order to understand how the young people features, the geometric characteristics and the traffic conditions of roundabouts affect the respondents' risk perception. Finally, a risk perception scale was defined for the configurations of roundabouts identified. The research findings provides insight into young people risk perception of roundabouts: traffic conditions strongly affect risk perception of roundabouts; the roundabouts with small circulatory roadway (smaller than 7 m), with a diameter less than 40 m and with one lane on the legs and on the circulatory roadway are generally perceived as more dangerous than those with a medium/large circulatory roadway (larger than 7 m), with a diameter longer than 40 m and with two lanes n the legs and on the circulatory roadway; the right-turn bypass lane affects the respondents risk perception, but not in a clear and unambiguous manner. The authors believe that the results presented on this paper provide updated findings which may be useful to improve roundabouts design.


Dependency structural matrix (DSM) is an approach originally developed for process optimization. It has been successfully applied to identify software dependencies among packages and subsystems. A number of algorithms have been proposed to compute the matrix so that it highlights patterns and problematic dependencies between subsystems. However, existing DSM implementations often miss important information to fully support reengineering effort. For example, they do not clearly qualify and quantify problematic relationships, information that is crucial to support remediation tasks. We propose enriched DSM (eDSM), which provides small‐multiple views and micro–macro‐readings by adding fine‐grained information in each cell of the matrix. Each cell is enriched with contextual information about (i) the type of dependencies (inheritance, class reference, etc.), (ii) the proportion of referencing entities, and (iii) the proportion of referenced entities. We distinguish independent cycles and stress potentially simple fixes for cycles by using coloring information. This work is language independent and has been implemented on top of the Moose software analysis platform. In this paper, we expand our previous work. We improved the cell content information view on the basis of user feedback and performed multiple validations: two different case studies on Moose and Seaside software; one user study for validating eDSM as a usable approach for developers. Solutions to problems identified with eDSM have been performed and retrofitted in analyzed software. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This thesis comprises a study of contemporary sculptural practice employed by the researcher to represent youth, including within socially engaged contexts. 'Youth' is interpreted here as a developmental stage between the ages of 12-20 and the research focuses on the iconography of sculptural representation of youth from Ancient Greece to present day. While existing studies of figurative sculpture recognise affinities with Ancient Greece, none have so far noted recurring motifs within the representation of youth, such as their relationship with site and the way they instantiate, or even demand, a combined studio and community-based practice. Conversely, although studies of socially engaged art analyse the complex relationships between diverse stakeholders, they lack detailed insight into artists' perspectives and practices in relation to specific local settings.
This research seeks to address these gaps, supported by Aby Warburg's findings that significant motifs permeate from Antiquity through to the present, and through the use of documentation and critical analysis of a large number of sculpture and relevant socially engaged practices in Merseyside. This is done in conjunction with the researcher's own creative practice consisting of 15 sculptures, 30 statuettes, a collection of drawings, works produced by young people and the permanent public artwork representing youth, Just wait for me (2012-13) in Central Park, Wallasey. All the works address motifs of youth that reflect uncertainty, awkwardness and bravado. The result is to fuse three iconographic motifs with a new hybrid method for 'local' artists working with communities, particularly young people, a local and artist-led approach that remains under-considered in the context of global 'curatorial-matchmaking' of socially engaged practice.
The documentation of and reflection upon the researcher's own sculptural work references and discusses the implications and strategies involved when reflecting on aspects of representation within making and interpretation of sculpture. The combination of the researcher's creative work and written text produces a thesis that demonstrates how key motifs, ur-experiences, the physical studio environment and the local community setting impact upon the sculptural representation of youth, culminating in a new locally engaged site-specific permanent sculpture.
The outcomes, also contributions to knowledge, are:
The portrayal of youth dating back to Ancient Greece is understood across three key motifs, namely the states of rehearsal, self-absorption and vulnerability.
The uses of the double figure as a form of three-dimensional reflection enhances this sculptural representation of youth as uncertain, awkward and being in limbo.
The knowledge of a 'local' artist from a different cultural background, enables the development of a new hybrid method for creating the socially-engaged site-specific permanent sculpture that regards all participation and engagement within a user-expert model.
A new public sculpture embodying and celebrating notions of youth's awkward presence and undetermined future has been added to the canon of public sculpture within Merseyside.
The reflective and transparent methodology employed in the studio, community engagement, exhibitions and specific site aligns this form of art practice to an artistic position concerned with the desire to reclaim public space for the celebration of uncertainty, awkwardness and bravado.


In addition to being T lymphocyte-driven, psoriasis may be due in part to abnormal integrin expression. Normal-appearing (uninvolved) skin from psoriatic patients was examined to determine whether altered fibronectin or its receptor expression is detectable before development of psoriatic lesions. In contrast to skin from normal subjects, we detect by immunofluorescence the abnormal presence of plasma fibronectin in the basal cell layer of the epidermis of psoriatic uninvolved skin. Furthermore, increased fibronectin exposure superinduces the in vitro cell cycle induction and expansion of psoriatic nonlesional keratinocytes in response to a cocktail of T cell lymphokines. Fibronectin alone also appeared to increase cell cycle entry among uninvolved but not normal keratinocytes. Concordantly, the alpha5 integrin fibronectin receptor, but not alpha2 or alpha3, is overexpressed in the in vivo nonlesional psoriatic epidermis. The involvement of alpha5beta1 in the early outgrowth of clonogenic keratinocytes in the ex vivo culture was demonstrated by the ability of anti-alpha5 mAb to inhibit keratinocyte growth on fibronectin. Thus, the fibronectin receptor appears to be one of the components required for the development of the hyperresponsiveness of psoriatic keratinocytes to signals for proliferation provided by lymphokines produced by intralesional T lymphocytes in psoriasis.