Purpose - We explore the growth patterns and development trends of vertical mixed use (VMU) developments in a variety of cities. VMUs are defined as structures with two or more revenue producing uses or land use activities on a single site. One view is that sustainable city development requires densification via VMU construction on brown field sites (within the existing inner city footprint). Design/methodology/approach - After a systematic review of the notion of VMU buildings, we conduct a macro- analytical review of across an, albeit limited, selection of European and Asian cities (Helsinki and Manila). In the micro-urban phase, we investigate VMUs within the main study location (Brisbane CBD). Specifically, we audit VMUs number, location and relative financial and non-financial performance. To evaluate VMU planning merits in the light of local codes and regulations, we adapt and apply Hoppenbrouwer and Louw's model.Findings - We found urban sustainability a complex notion without simplistic solutions. Certainly, VMU is not a 'silver bullet'. The mixed-use notion though has gained ground in some urban regeneration circles. Developers concurred that VMU communities now appeal to an emerging demographic who values accessibility and entertainment. However, developers articulated some concerns about escalating VMU construction cost caused by - Design, staging and funding complexity, and;- Unfavourable regulatory and development controls Research limitations/implications - Further operation research needed on VMU buildings in range of cities.Practical implications - Need for collaboration between developers and planners to facilitate elegant and inexpensive VMU design for streamlined planning.Social implications - If poorly conceptualised and regulated, VMU rollout will detract from not enhance sustainability and reduce not increase housing affordability.Originality/value - The project is the first systematic study of VMU in a growing Sunbelt metropolis.


The blurring of professional boundaries between journalism and other communications roles is a contested issue in journalism scholarship. To date, much of the work has examined this topic in relation to the impact of digitization on journalism practice, and the challenges this presents to traditional conceptions of journalistic professionalism. Less attention has been paid to audience perceptions of the shifting margins between traditional journalism and non-journalism roles. Data from the Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2018 found 26% of news consumers from 33 countries knew that the responsibility for writing a press release belonged to a spokesperson of an organization, rather than a lawyer (3%). However, 40% thought that it was the role of news reporters or producers and a further 34% said they did not know. Regression analyses reveal that news consumers in countries with higher online news consumption, use of news alerts, trust in news on social media and lower press freedom are less likely to answer correctly. Drawing on theory of advocacy in journalism this article argues these findings point to a possible perception on the part of the audience of journalists being both marketers and providers of news. We suggest this partly stems from journalists and news organizations increasingly assuming marketing functions to publicize themselves and their stories on social media and other digital platforms; and that this promotional activity helps blur the distinction between journalism as a news provider from public relations and other marketing roles in the eyes of the audience.


The voltage against current curves of cation exchange membranes have been studied. They have a characteristic shape with a region of slow current variation (the plateau) followed by a region of accelerated current growth as the voltage is increased (the inflexion).For currents much greater than the "limiting" one determined by the value at the "plateau" of the (V, C) curve, the current is transferred across the membrane mainly by the cations of the salt; the contribution of "water splitting" is minor.Experiments on suppressing convection near the membrane with the aid of microporous filters have shown that such convection cannot be responsible for the inflexion of the voltage against current curves, and for the passage through the membrane of current much greater than the "limiting" value.It was shown on the basis of a simple theoretical model that formation near the membrane of a region of the volume charge, reflected in replacing the electroneutrality condition by the full Poisson equation, may lead to passage through the membrane of currents greater than the "limiting" one; the voltage against current curves of the general form described above with an inflexion, were then obtained using computation. The asymptotic behaviour of these voltage against current curves at large voltages was studied.


Hydrogen in metals has attracted much attention for a long time from both basic scientific and technological points of view. Its electronic state has been investigated in terms of a proton embedded in the electron gas mostly by the local density approximation (LDA) to the density functional theory. At high electronic densities, it is well described by a bare proton H^+ screened by metallic electrons (charge resonance), while at low densities two electrons are localized at the proton site to form a closed-shell negative ion H^- protected from surrounding metallic electrons by the Pauli exclusion principle. However, no details are known about the transition from H^+ to H^- in the intermediate-density region. Here, by accurately determining the ground-state electron distribution n(r) by the combination of LDA and diffusion Monte Carlo simulations with the total electron number up to 170, we obtain a complete picture of the transition, in particular, a sharp transition from short-range H^+ screening charge resonance to long-range Kondo-like spin-singlet resonance, the emergence of which is confirmed by the presence of an anomalous Friedel oscillation characteristic to the Kondo singlet state with the Kondo temperature T_K well beyond 1,000K. This study not only reveals interesting competition between charge and spin resonances, enriching the century-old paradigm of metallic screening to a point charge, but also discovers a long-sought novel high-T_K system, opening an unexpected route to room-temperature superconductivity in a Kondo lattice made of protons.


A Kampmann-Wagner type numerical precipitation model (KWN) has been implemented using NVIDIA's CUDA framework for numerical programming of the graphics processing unit (GPU). Different implementation strategies are discussed and subjected to performance When the KWN model is used in combination with other calculations that are processed by the CPU, the performance improvements can be such that the KWN model incurs only emph{negligible} additional execution time. Also if the KWN model is used standalone for a large case, the GPU implementation achieves good scalability and performance.measurements. We study two representative cases corresponding to a large and a small workload. The model is found to be well suited for a GPU implementation, provided that there is enough work to keep the device busy and the right parallelization strategy is chosen. For our hardware, we recommend a minimum work load of more than $2^{16}$ histogram bins (as the total of multiple histograms) which corresponds to 146 histogram bins per GPU core.


• Experiments are presented that test the relative importance, during ontogeny, of stomatal control and leaf area expansion to optimum seasonal water use in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). These parameters play a key role in the compromise between plant growth and water saving under unpredictable conditions of semiarid environments. • The response of growth and water use of crops to successive 15 d drought periods was measured under field conditions in Niger (West Africa). • From emergence to anthesis, biomass partitioning to stems and panicles depended strongly on leaf area development. Water use was linearly related to green leaf area duration in well watered plots, but was reduced proportionally more than green leaf area in drought-affected plots. The relations of crop growth rate and transpiration efficiency to leaf area depended on ontogenetic changes in biomass partitioning. • In P. glaucum, stomata play a dominant role in reducing crop water use under preanthesis drought, although this control becomes negligible after anthesis because of ontogenetic decline in the range of stomatal conductance. The rate of leaf senescence after anthesis is not drought-dependent.


The efficacy of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) inhibitors for patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) has now been firmly established1–3; however, identification of objective markers, predictive of treatment response, will be of considerable benefit in optimising patient outcomes and ensuring the most appropriate treatment prioritisation and resource allocation. We have investigated this further using the findings of EMBARK (effect of etanercept on symptoms and objective inflammation in nr-axSpA, a 104 week study) (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01258738), a phase IIIb, 104-week randomised controlled trial in >200 patients with nr-axSpA,4–6 which showed a possible association between higher baseline C reactive protein (CRP) levels or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sacroiliac joint (SIJ) scores and a placebo (PBO)-adjusted treatment effect. The objective of this post hoc analysis was to determine whether MRI sacroiliitis (positive/negative (+/−)) and/or high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) (elevated/normal (+/−)) at baseline are predictive of changes in measures of disease activity on etanercept (ETN) treatment in patients with nr-axSpA.

Eligible patients were randomised to 12 weeks' double-blind treatment with 50 mg ETN once weekly or PBO. Both groups continued stable non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy. MRI scanning of the SIJ and spine was performed at screening and …


The first sentence of the Fourteenth Amendment declares that "all persons born or naturalized within the United States . . . are citizens of the United States." This clause defined the criteria for United States citizenship and established birthright citizenship as a principle of constitutional law. Yet two years before the Fourteenth Amendment became law, the Reconstruction Congress had already declared "All persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed . . . to be citizens of the United States." This other Citizenship Clause is the preamble to the 1866 Civil Rights Act. This statutory clause directly contravenes the United States Supreme Court's ruling in Dred Scott v. Sanford that freed slaves could not be citizens. Yet the 1866 Act was based on Congress' power to enforce the Thirteenth Amendment, and before the Fourteenth Amendment's Citizenship Clause was ratified. How could the members of the Reconstruction Congress have believed that they had the power to enact the other Citizenship Clause? The answer to this question has implications for the original meaning of the Thirteenth Amendment and its enforcement clause. Scholars have generally linked citizenship rights to the Fourteenth Amendment, and not the Thirteenth. However, the other Citizenship Clause is evidence that either the Thirteenth Amendment established freed slaves as United States citizens, or the Amendment's enforcement clause empowered Congress to overturn the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Constitution in Dred Scott on its own. The 1866 Civil Rights Act was based in Congress' new power to enforce the Thirteenth Amendment pursuant to its enforcement clause, Section Two. Thus, the 1866 Civil Rights Act provides a glimpse of those fundamental rights which the members of the Reconstruction Congress believed to be inherent in freedom, and furthers our understanding of the original meaning of the Thirteenth Amendment and its enforcement clause. The Act's citizenship clause is evidence that many members of the Reconstruction Congress believed that free Blacks were United States citizens with fundamental rights. In their view, the Thirteenth Amendment not only ended slavery, but recognized the citizenship rights of freed slaves. For those members of Congress who did not equate freedom with citizenship, the other Citizenship Clause reflects the scope of their power to enforce the Thirteenth Amendment with "appropriate" legislation. Did they believe that the Amendment empowered them to overturn Dred Scott with a statute? If so, they thought that their enforcement power was broad indeed.


Aphids are economically important pest insects that damage plants by phloem feeding and the transmission of plant viruses. Their ability to feed exclusively on nutritionally poor phloem sap is dependent on the obligatory symbiotic bacterium Buchnera aphidicola, but additional facultative symbionts may also be present, a common example of which is Serratia symbiotica. Many Serratia species secrete extracellular enzymes, so we hypothesised that S. symbiotica may produce proteases that help aphids to feed on plants. Molecular analysis, including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), revealed that S. symbiotica colonises the gut, salivary glands and mouthparts (including the stylet) of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, providing a mechanism to transfer the symbiont into host plants. S. symbiotica was also detected in plant tissues wounded by the penetrating stylet and was transferred to naïve aphids feeding on plants containing this symbiont. The maintenance of S. symbiotica by repeated transmission via plants may explain the high frequency of this symbiont in aphid populations. Proteomic analysis of the supernatant from a related but cultivable S. symbiotica strain cultured in liquid medium revealed the presence of known and novel proteases including metalloproteases. The corresponding transcripts encoding these S. symbiotica enzymes were detected in A. pisum and in plants carrying the symbiont, although the mRNA was much more abundant in the aphids. Our data suggest that enzymes from S. symbiotica may facilitate the digestion of plant proteins, thereby helping to suppress plant defense, and that the symbionts are important mediators of aphid–plant interactions.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide and still a major cause of cancer-related death. Despite intensive research, therapy options are limited leaving an urgent need to develop new strategies. Recently, targeting cancer cell lipid and cholesterol metabolism came into focus especially in the context of HCC. Aberrantly increased cholesterol levels cause excessive proliferation, membrane-related mitogenic signaling and a reduction in cell stiffness - factors that favor tumor progression, malignancy and invasive potential. Yet, targeting cholesterol metabolism for cancer therapy is still challenging, leading to a sustained lack of effective therapy options. The V-ATPase inhibitor archazolid was recently implicated in cholesterol metabolism. We report for the first time a novel therapeutic potential of V-ATPase inhibition in cancer by influencing the mechanical phenotype of cancer cells thereby reducing oncogenic Ras signaling. Archazolid inhibits low density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake and induces lysosomal cholesterol trapping, which depletes free cholesterol from the cells and thus leads to an increase in cell stiffness and membrane polarity of cancer cells, while non-malignant hepatocytes remain unaffected. The deficiency of cholesterol in the plasma membrane decreases fluidity and leads to an inhibition of membrane-related Ras signaling resulting in decreased proliferation in vitro and in vivo. By simultaneous application of the lipid-lowering drug simvastatin, a well characterized inhibitor of de novo cholesterol synthesis, a potential escape mechanism by enhanced cholesterol production is prevented, thereby leading to a synergistic growth inhibition in vitro. Hence, we present a novel link between cell biophysical properties and proliferative signaling selectively in malignant HCC cells, which can be targeted synergistically by V-ATPase inhibition and blocking cholesterol synthesis, thus building the basis for an attractive and innovative strategy against HCC.


In this paper we measure the experimental performance of an energy-harvesting chain based on thin-film piezopolymers. We compare the optimal impedance-matched power output to the expected theoretical values and then measure the capacity of a commercial energy-harvesting electronic circuit (based on a rectifier and DC-DC buck converter) to optimize the energy-extraction from the sensor for a range of frequencies. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/122


This article examines the demographic and social profile of primary school teachers in Iceland over half a century, beginning with the introduction of mandatory elementary school attendance in 1908, with particular focus on changes between 1930 and 1960. During this period, Iceland developed from a rural to a predominantly urban society where most children attended classes in permanent school buildings, in contrast to the ambulatory schools most common at the outset. It is our hypothesis that these rapid social changes affected the composition of the teaching corpus in many ways, particularly as regards gender and class origin. Analysis shows that in the first half of the period, female teachers were more numerous in the capital of Reykjavik, and their social and educational status was higher than teachers outside the capital. Furthermore, female teachers in Reykjavik were less likely to marry and had longer teaching careers than their male colleagues. On the whole, the share of female teachers increased considerably between 1930 and 1960, by which time it had become easier for women to combine teaching with marriage.


We estimate a gravity model to address the question of whether Africa's bilateral trade with industrial countries is 'unusual' compared with other developing country regions. Our main finding is that the unusually low level of African trade is explained by economic size, geographical distance and population. This result holds after controlling for a country's access to the sea, composition of exports, linguistic ties with industrial countries and trade policies. If anything, the average African country tends to 'overtrade' compared with developing countries in other regions, although the degree to which Africa overtrades had steadily declined over the past two-and-one-half decades. Copyright 1999 by Oxford University Press.


This research was intended to find out types of politeness maxims in Big Hero 6 movie. When people communicate, there will be a principle, general truth, or pattern. Every communication contains politeness and violation. Therefore, the researcher formulated a question as a problem as follow: What kinds of politeness principle maxims are found in Big Hero 6 movie? To answer the question, some theories used in this research are Yule (1996), Levinson (1997) and Leech. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The source of the data of this research is the utterances that existed in Big Hero 6 movie's script. After analyzing the data, it was found that there were six politeness principle maxim found in Big Hero 6 movie. The data as follow: 32 Tact maxim, 16 Approbation maxims, 14 Generosity maxims, 11 Agreement maxims, 10 Sympathy maxims, and 7 modesity maxim. Furthermore, Tact maxim is the kind of politeness principle maxim that mostly found in Big Hero 6 movie because the characters in the movie are full of care to show their closeness so that they were not make the other undergo the cost.


ABSTRACT User experience evolves in accordance with users' attitudes, habits, and personality, as well as their prior experiences. Even though there are attempts to holistically frame the long-term experience of interactive products, there is still debate on how to guide designers in the design process of those products. To tackle this issue, this paper proposes the usage of Path of Long-Term User Experience (PLUX) model in design process. To interrogate the usefulness of the model, we conducted two studies. First, we adopted, adapted and tested the applicability of the backcasting approach, together with the visual materials that could be used in the design process. Following this, we tested the effectiveness of using the PLUX model as a guidance tool in designing interactive products. The PLUX model together with the backcasting approach helps designers to better ground their decisions in the design process and to find ways to enrich long-term user experience. The stages of user experience as well as the human and product-related qualities of the PLUX model facilitated in-depth reflection, and espoused creative interpretations of these qualities for ideation. However, the high level of detail is found limiting at times, depending on the ways the model is utilised.


Contents: Preface The divided tonic in the 1st movement of Beethoven's Op. 132, Frank Samarotto Types, tokens, and Figaro: musical structure and dramatic narrative in the Act I trio from Mozart's Marriage of Figaro, Matthew Shaftel Mahler's 3rd Symphony and the dismantling of sonata form, William Marvin Motivic design and coherence in the 1st movement of Schubert's 'Arpeggione' sonata, D. 821, Evan Jones Reading Mozart's piano sonata in D major (K. 311) 1st movement, Neil Minturn Design and structure in Schubert's sonata forms: an evolution toward integration, Gordon Sly On Chopins 4th Ballade, Edward Laufer Committing to opening theme possibilities: how Beethoven's sketchbook struggles are reflected in 2 symphonic movements, Alan Gosman A-Major events, Brian Alegant Index.


To estimate basal water storage beneath the Antarctic ice sheet, it is essential to have data on the three-dimensional characteristics of subglacial lakes. We present a method to estimate the water depth and surface area of Antarctic subglacial lakes from the inversion of hydraulic potential method. Lake Vostok is chosen as a case study because of the diverse and comprehensive measurements that have been obtained over and around the lake. The average depth of Lake Vostok is around 345±4 m. We estimated the surface area of Lake Vostok beneath the ice sheet to be about 13300±594 km2. The lake consists of two sub-basins separated by a ridge at water depths of about 200–300 m. The surface area of the northern sub-basin is estimated to be about half of that of the southern basin. The maximum depths of the northern and southern sub-basins are estimated to be about 450 and 850 m, respectively. Total water volume is estimated to be about 4658±204 km3. These estimates are compared with previous estimates obtained from seismic data and inversion of aerogravity data. In general, our estimates are closer to those obtained from the inversion of aerogravity data than those from seismic data, indicating the applicability of our method to the estimation of water depths of other subglacial lakes. Citation: Li Y, Lu Y, Zhang Z Z, et al. Characterizing three-dimensional features of Antarctic subglacial lakes from the inversion of hydraulic potential—Lake Vostok as a case study. Adv Polar Sci, 2019, 30(1): 70-75, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2019.1.00070


Abstract Squad management, injury and physical, tactical and technical match performance were investigated in a professional soccer team across five consecutive league seasons (2008–2013, 190 league games) with specific focus on a championship-winning season (2010/11). For each player, match participation and time-loss injuries were recorded, the latter prospectively diagnosed by the team's physician. Defending and attacking tactical and technical performance indicators investigated included ball possession and possession in opponents' half, passes, forward passes, completed passes and forward passes, crosses and completed crosses, goal attempts and goal attempts on target, successful final third entries, free-kicks and 50/50 duels won/lost. Physical performance measures included total distance and distance covered at high-speeds (≥19.1 km/h). Results showed that during the 2010/11 season, squad utilisation was lowest potentially owing to the observed lower match injury occurrence and working days lost to injury thereby increasing player availability. In 2010/11, the team won both its highest number of points and conceded its lowest number of goals especially over the second half of this season. The team also won its highest number of games directly via a goal from a substitute and scored and conceded a goal first on the highest and lowest number of occasions, respectively. While multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) detected a significant difference in some attacking and defensive performance indicators across the five seasons, these were generally not distinguishing factors in 2010/11. Similarly, univariate ANOVAs showed a significant difference in running distances covered across seasons, but the trend was for less activity in 2010/11.


Natural populations of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) have significantly decreased in recent decades especially due to human extraction activities. So that the environmental impact may be reduced, the restocking of fish and increase in fish production are enhanced. Genetic evaluations using molecular markers are essential for this purpose. Current study evaluates the genetic variability of two tambaqui broodstocks used in restocking programs. Sixty-five samples (33 samples from broodstock A and 32 samples from broodstock B) were collected. DNA was extracted from caudal fin samples, with the amplification of four microsatellite loci: Cm1A11 (EU685307) Cm1C8 (EU685308) Cm1F4 (EU685311) and Cm1H8 (EU685315). Fourteen alleles in the stock of broodstock A were produced, five alleles for Cm1A11 locus (230, 255, 260, 270 and 276 bp), three alleles Cm1C8 (239, 260, and 273 bp), two alleles Cm1F4 (211 and 245 bp), four alleles for Cm1H8 (275, 290, 320 and 331 bp) and two unique alleles were found for Cm1A11 loci (alleles 270 and 276 bp) and Cm1H8 (alleles 275 and 331 bp). In broodstock B, ten alleles were produced, the same alleles of the first stock except for alleles 270 and 276 bp in Cm1A11 locus and 275 and 331 bp in Cm1H8 locus. Broodstock A revealed low frequency alleles in Cm1A11 loci, Cm1C8, Cm1F4 and Cm1H8, whereas broodstock B had no locus with low allelic frequency. Loci Cm1A11, Cm1C8 and Cm1H8 exhibited significant deficit of heterozygotes in both broodstocks, revealing changes in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Genetic diversity between stocks was 0.1120, whilst genetic similarity was 0.894, with FST rate = 0.05, and Nm = 3.93, indicating gene flow between the two broodstocks. Results show that broodstocks are genetically closely related, with no great genetic variability. Strategies such as a previous genetic analysis of breeding with its marking, use of a large Ne crossing between the most genetically divergent specimens, and the introduction of new genetic material to broodstocks may maximize genetic diversity and minimize inbreeding within the next generation.


The intensity and deformation characterization of a rock mass is an important input parameter in any analysis of rock mass behavior. Field tests to determine this parameter directly are time consuming, expensive and the reliability of the results of these tests is sometimes questionable. Consequently, several authors have proposed empirical relationships for estimating the value of an isotropic rock mass deformation modulus on the basis of classification schemes. But the result is different by different people. Therefore, A new approaches to the mechanical characterization of jointed rock masses has been studied based on the test of little rock mass sample. But preparation of jointed rock mass samples in site is very difficult. In this paper, a method for collecting, preparing and describing samples with extremely to very closely spaced fractures is described where no cementing material is required.


PURPOSE
To compare the efficacy of the fixed dorzolamide 2%/timolol 0.5% combination (COSOPT) versus latanoprost 0.005% (XALATAN).

METHODS
Two 3-month, parallel group, randomized, observer-masked and patient-masked, multicentre, clinical trials were performed in patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. Study 1 (n=256) was conducted in the United States and Study 2 (n=288) was conducted in Europe/Israel. Patients could be included whether or not they were currently taking ocular hypotensive therapy, and regardless of the effectiveness of any previous therapy. Patients were washed out from their usual ocular hypotensive medications and then those with a baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) >/= 24 mmHg were randomized to either the dorzolamide/timolol combination eye drops twice daily or latanoprost eye drops once daily in both eyes. Efficacy was assessed by daytime diurnal IOP (the mean of measurements made at 0800, 1000, 1400 and 1600 h).

RESULTS
At baseline, the mean daytime diurnal IOP was 26.1 mmHg in the dorzolamide/timolol combination group versus 25.6 mmHg in the latanoprost group in Study 1, and 25.3 mmHg in the dorzolamide/timolol combination group versus 24.7 mmHg in the latanoprost group in Study 2. After 3 months, the mean daytime diurnal IOP was 18.9 mmHg for the dorzolamide/timolol combination versus 18.4 mmHg for latanoprost in Study 1, and 17.4 mmHg for the dorzolamide/timolol combination versus 17.5 for latanoprost in Study 2. The difference between treatments in mean IOP change at 3 months was -0.04 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI) -0.85, 0.77] in Study 1, and -0.57 mmHg (95% CI -1.31, 0.16) in Study 2. The probability that the true difference lay between -1.5 and 1.5 mmHg, the predefined bounds for equivalence, was >0.950 in both studies. Both treatments were well tolerated over 3 months, although ocular stinging occurred more frequently with the dorzolamide/timolol combination.

CONCLUSIONS
The dorzolamide/timolol combination and latanoprost were equally effective at lowering IOP.


A bed sheet with text and/or artwork used as a visual aid to a preacher's sermon. In this particular sermon chart, Mickey compares and contrasts two streams within the Stone-Campbell Movement. He marshals Biblical data in the center column under rubrics of name, organization, doctrine and worship. Against this data to its left he contrasts in bullet points the practice of "First Christian," or the emerging Christian Church (Disciples of Christ); to its right he compares the acapella Churches of Christ. This chart portrays how division in a religious tradition was perceived and communicated in sermonic form in a congregational setting.


Impact and dissemination strategies are key subjects for debate within geography and academia more broadly. Drawing on our experiences of a qualitative study in Hull, where we worked with 46 children and young people to explore their experiences of long-term flood recovery, we describe and evaluate the evolution of a creative methodology for disseminating research results in tandem with non-academic audiences. Reflecting on the strengths and weaknesses of this process, we draw three key conclusions: first, we highlight the importance of reciprocity in research. Second, we outline the role of dissemination in providing a means by which other topics can be discussed and explored. Crucially, we also argue that the impact agenda, though controversial, has the potential to provide positive benefits for those interested in working with rather than on research participants, provided researchers are attentive to developing appropriate processes and tools for dissemination. This is particularly the case for those working in children's geographies, where it is suggested that impact could pave the way for a more radical form of research that is able to address 'bigger issues' and audiences.


This paper provides empirical assessments of the two leading explanations of measured inter-industry wage differentials: (1) true wage differentials exist across industries, and (2) the measured differentials simply reflect unmeasured differences in workers' productive abilities. First, we summarize the existing evidence on the unmeasured-ability explanation, which is based on first-differenced regressions using patched Current Population Survey (CPS) data. We argue that these existing approaches implicitly hypothesize that unmeasured productive ability is equally rewarded in all industries. Second, we construct a simple model in which unmeasured ability in not equally valued in all industries; instead, there is matching. This model illustrates two endogeneity problems inherent in the first-differenced regressions using CPS data: whether a worker changes jobs in endogenous, as is the industry of the new job the worker finds. Third, we propose two new empirical approaches designed to minimize these endogeneity problems. We implement these procedures on a sample that allows us to approximate the experiment of exogenous job loss: a sample of workers displaced by plant closings. We conclude from our findings using this sample that neither of the contending explanations fits the evidence without recourse to awkward modifications, but that a modified version of the true-industry-effects explanation fits more easily than does any existing version of the unmeasured-ability explanation.


This paper reports on the adoption and diffusion of information technology in three UK universities. The authors draw upon detailed longitudinal case study research of UK universities utilising an analytic framework drawing upon computerisation movements and technology action frame perspectives. The technology in question is captured within the term Managed Learning Environment. The ambitions for this technology are considerable. The research highlights a range of constraints and affordances that help to explain some of the unpredictability of the trajectories of information technology adoption and diffusion in these universities. However, the research also explore the influence of ideology, and in particular the variety of ideological influences that can go unreported in studies of IT adoption. In this paper the authors explore the interplay of technology action frames, localised technology framing, institutions and professional groups around momentum for change, which in these cases was considered to be influenced by ideological strands prevalent not just in UK HE, but also in the UK public sector. The outcomes are twofold. First, the ways in which frame congruence and incongruence can influence outcomes. Second, the ways in which actions of key advocates, aligning with networks of influence, mobilised support for and limited opposition to IT vision.


In 1999, I made a complete census of the Arctic Skua population in the archipelago of Södermanland. I surveyed all parts at least three times between 10 May and 13 July. I found 15 breeding pairs (5 pairs with young, 2 incubating pairs, and 8 stationary pairs with unmistakable breeding behaviour), and two resident birds (probably a pair) that did not breed. The Södermanland population was estimated at 25 pairs in the 1970's. This decline is different from the assumption that the total Swedish population has increased. The population of Stockholm archipelago was estimated at 200 pairs in the mid 1980's and 300 pairs in the mid 1990's, and that of Västerbotten in the north of Sweden at about 10 pairs in the early 1980's and 40–45 pairs in 1994. The total Swedish population was estimated to be 370–380 pairs in the mid 1980's. Compiling the most recent estimates (most from the late 1990's), I found that the total population now is 546–571 pairs. In spite of this, I am not certain that these figures represent a real increase. The general ornithological activity in the archipelagos has also increased much, and some ornithologists have recently been particularly interested in skuas. Hence it is possible that the increase is only apparent. All skuas bred near gull colonies, and almost all gull colonies had a skua pair. This makes it unlikely that the skua population will increase unless the gull populations do the same.


As the proliferation of Internet, people getting used to search information online, consumers who need decision support for purchase also looking for advice through Internet, or ask for advice within virtual communities. In order to understanding the advice taking behavior provided by community members, this study tries to identify the antecedents of advice taking by normative social influence that is suitable in the context of virtual communities. The mediation layer, the informational influence utilizes to predict the consumers' advice taking intention. Based on these two kinds of social influence, the investigation would be conducted by testing two factors in each kind of social influence: advice rating and consistency conceive as normative factors whereas advice quality and advisor credibility represent the informational influence. According to the results the factors of social influence both exert significant effects on the informational factors. In addition, the informational factors also have salient impacts on the advice taking.


This sumptuously illustrated catalogue charts the history of drawing in Italy from 1400, just prior to the emergence in Florence of the classically inspired naturalism of the Renaissance style, to around 1510 when Michelangelo, Raphael and Titian were on the verge of taking the innovations of earlier masters, such as Leonardo and Pollaiuolo, in a new direction. The book highlights the key role played by drawing in artistic teaching and in how artists studied the human body and the natural world. Aspects of regional difference, the development of new drawing techniques and classes of graphic work, such as finished presentation pieces to impress patrons, are also explored. An extended introduction focusing on how and why artists made drawings, with a special emphasis on the pivotal role of Leonardo, is richly illustrated with examples from the two collections that elucidate the technique and function of the works. This is followed by catalogue entries for just over 100 drawings where discussion of their function and significance is supported by comparative illustrations of related works, such as paintings.


Background: It is essential to establish a strategy for second-line treatment for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive gastric cancer; however, HER2 expression status after chemotherapy treatment is not routinely determined. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 25 cases of gastric cancer that received preoperative chemotherapy and selected the six pre-treatment samples that were HER2-positive. Pre- and post-treatment tumor samples were examined for HER2 expression, and for HER2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET) gene amplification. Results: Three patients had been treated with trastuzumab plus chemotherapy, and three patients with cytotoxic chemotherapy alone. Only one case that had an initial HER2 score of 3+ and had received trastuzumab plus chemotherapy remained HER2-positive after treatment. Decrease or loss of HER2 expression and amplification was observed in the other five patients. Amplification of EGFR or MET was not observed in any pre- or post-treatment specimens. Conclusion: Our data suggest that trastuzumab plus chemotherapy or chemotherapy alone may induce loss of HER2 positivity.


Background: Many stroke survivors suffer from motor impairments such as upper limb hemiparesis accompanied by cognitive and emotional impairments that can affect their ability to function. Rehabilitation interventions are effective in promoting the return of function. However, patients' engagement is necessary in order to maintain the improvements, and research shows that stroke survivors need more opportunities to engage with rehabilitation outside of the clinic. Digital games can offer a solution by providing an engaging context for performing the exercises correctly and learning new skills.  Aims: This research aims to increase engagement with upper limb rehabilitation following a stroke through a custom digital game that facilitates effective rehabilitation methods, and is played with the Able-M, a game controller designed for upper limb rehabilitation by Im-Able.  Methods: The development process was based on a human-centred design approach that consisted of a literature review, personas generation, exploratory studies including field observations in a clinic and discussions with therapists, iterative design through qualitative studies including user observations, interviews with patients, and feedback from a neuro-physiotherapist.  Conclusions: Based on the design process, the game prototype includes the following elements: Adaptive gameplay for physical and cognitive challenge-skill balance, obstacles to increase challenge, feedback provision to enhance engagement and facilitate motor learning, rhythmic elements to facilitate rhythmic auditory stimulation, narrative based on user research to facilitate focus diversion, and different navigation mechanisms to promote neuroplasticity. High contrast, bird eye view, and third person perspective for ease of use. Limitations and directions for further research are discussed.


Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from the epididymal epithelium (epididymosomes) impart functional competence on sperm as they transit the epididymis by merging with sperm and releasing a complex repertoire of molecules. The cargo of epididymosomes includes small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) that are modified by external factors such as stress, nutrition, and drug use. If incorporated into sperm, the EV sncRNA cargo can affect offspring and lead to heritable phenotypes. In the current study we characterized the RNA contents of EVs collected from the caput epididymis of adult male rats in order to fill a gap in knowledge in this species and to establish a sncRNA profile. Small RNAs of EVs were isolated from the caput portion of the epididymis of adult male rats, and sequenced on a NovaSeq 6000 on a SP flow cell in a single-end 50 bp configuration. The resulting reads were checked for quality, trimmed for adapter sequences, aligned to the unmasked rat genome (Rnor 6), and assigned an annotation designation. The majority of RNA reads aligned to either tRNA fragments (79.1%) or piRNA (18.1%) loci. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) accounted for a surprisingly small proportion of reads (0.18%). The third largest category of aligned reads (1.5%) was in intergenic space and not strictly associated with canonical sncRNA loci. In-depth investigation determined these latter reads (∼19 nt) aligned strictly within the boundaries of known CpG islands (CpGi), which have not previously been reported to express any form of sncRNA. These newly described "CpGi sRNAs" could not consistently be accounted for by overlaying features of any other annotation type (including rRNA and piRNA). The CpGi sRNAs have characteristics of RNA fragments that can associate with the Argonaute/PIWI family of proteins and therefore could have regulatory function via RNA induced silencing or de novo DNA methylation. We propose that CpGi sRNAs constitute a new family of sncRNA that may represent an important and unreported class of regulatory RNA in gametes.


A novel method of dynamic ice forming, liquid-liquid circulating fluidized bed, was studied using direct contact heat transfer between drops and the coolant for ice storage system. In order to model multiphase flows and heat transfer in circulating fluidized bed, a numerical model was developed. Exergy discharge was discussed for liquid-liquid circulating fluidized bed based on the second law of thermodynamics. Numerical method was used to study the influence of operating parameters, such as the droplet diameter and the inlet temperature or velocity average of liquid phase, on the ice-making performance and total exergy discharge in the dynamic ice-making process.


We previously reported that inappropriate renal vasoconstriction in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats fed high NaCl diets may cause sodium retention. The present study examined the distribution and elimination of Na in DS and Dahl salt-resistant (DR) rats, and we determined whether an abnormality in renal function might also cause sodium retention in DS rats. Following an intravenous bolus of 4 mCi NaCl in prehypertensive DS and DR rats with similar blood pressures on low (0.23%) or high (8% for 4 days) NaCl diets, urinary clearance of Na in 1 hour was about 4 times less in DS than DR rats, and renal retention of Na was up to 8 times greater in DS than DR rats ( P,0.01), suggesting that a renal functional defect may contribute to salt retention in DS rats; however, its uptake in tail artery, heart, lungs, liver, and spleen was similar in DS and DR rats. Uptake in brain was up to 5 times greater in DS than DR rats ( P,0.01). Cerebrospinal fluidNa radioactivity (in counts per minute) revealed that the blood-brain barrier is 5 to 8 times more permeable to sodium in DS than DR rats ( P,0.01). Cerebrospinal fluid volume and brain water content increased significantly (P,0.01) in DS but not DR rats on an 8% NaCl diet. Intracerebroventricular bolus injection of 0.06 mL of 4.5 mol/L NaCl acutely and transiently induced the same degree of hypertension in DR and DS rats, whereas similar volume injections of isotonic saline, 4.5 mol/L Na-acetate, or 4.5 mol/L NaBr did not produce hypertension in either strain. We conclude that functional abnormalities in DS rat kidneys may cause retention of NaCl and that an increased blood-brain barrier permeability to NaCl may enhance its access to sites in the brain that are then activated and induce hypertension. (Hypertension. 1999;33[part II]:517-523.)


Impaired interpersonal, social, and occupational functioning is very often observed in patients with bipolar disorder, not only at the acute stages of the illness but in remission as well. This finding raises the question of multiple factors that might affect psychosocial functioning in bipolar patients, such as residual subsyndromal symptoms and neuropsychological deficits. Social cognition impairment, especially impaired Theory of Mind (ToM), might also play an important role in bipolar patients' every-day functioning, similarly to what was found in patients with schizophrenia. The present study aimed to investigate the potential effect of clinical and cognitive factors on the psychosocial functioning of patients with bipolar disorder during remission, assessing ToM along with a broad range of basic cognitive functions. Forty-nine patients with bipolar disorder type I in remission and 53 healthy participants were assessed in general intelligence, working memory, attention, speed processing, verbal learning and memory, and executive functions using a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. The Faux Pas Recognition Test was used to assess ToM. The two groups were matched for gender, age and education level. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) were also administered to the patients. Every-day functioning was assessed with the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). In order to examine the contribution of many factors in psychosocial functioning, we used hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Bipolar patients presented significant impairment compared to healthy participants in all the basic cognitive functions tested with the exception of verbal memory. Moreover, patients had significant poorer performance than healthy controls in overall psyand cognitive ToM but not in affective ToM as measured by Faux Pas. Psychosocial functioning in patient group was significantly correlated to symptom severity-especially depressive (p<0.001) and psychotic symptoms (p=0.001), history of psychotic episodes (p=0.031) and ToM, overall (p=0.001) as well as its cognitive (p=0.023) and affective (p=0.004) components. Only the contribution of ToM in psychosocial functioning remained significant in the final multiple regression model. The findings of the current study indicate that residual symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions, especially deficits in social cognition, negatively affect psychosocial functioning of remitted patients with bipolar disorder. Moreover, our results suggest that ToM may play a central role in these patients' functioning. ToM is a mediator of the relationship between other clinical or cognitive variables and functioning, while it has also significant effect on social skills independently of other factors. Therefore, specific therapeutic interventions targeting social cognitive dysfunction might improve functional outcome in bipolar disorder. Putative contribution of other clinical characteristics (comorbid personality disorders, substance abuse, anxiety) and psychosocial factors (stigma, self-stigma, lack of social network) in bipolar patients' functioning should be examined in future studies.


Although some countries around the world already started recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic, it is worth mentioning, as predicted by the World Bank's respective modeling, that the full recovery may not take place before the year 2025 for some of the world's regions. Consequently, it should be recognized that the world was, is, and will continue for quite some time, to be in a COVID-19 major recession, the worst global economic crisis since the US Great Depression. As of today, September 26, 2020 and in light of the aforementioned, especially the World Bank's modeling, all developed and developing economies are in either economic recession or even economic depression.

It is noticeable that the pandemic hit almost every part of the world, reaching to almost all industries and economic areas. However, the economic effect resulted of the pandemic varies from industry to another and from country to another, depending on the resilience of the respective country, its economy, and/or its relevant industry. Economic growth has been declined in all the sample countries and GDP% change in 2020 are shown as GDP contractions in all of these countries though with different percentages.


Covishield comprises the larger proportion in the vaccination program in India. Hence, it is of utmost importance to understand neutralizing capability of vaccine against the B.1.617.1 variant which is considered to responsible for surge of the cases in India. The neutralizing-antibody (NAb) titer against B.1.167.1 and prototype B.1 variant (D614G) was determined of the vaccine sera (4 weeks after second dose) of COVID-19 naïve subjects (n=43) and COVID-19 recovered subjects (n=18). The results demonstrated that sera of COVID-19 recovered subjects (n=18) who received two doses of Covishield have higher NAb response compared to the COVID-19 naive with a significant difference (p<0.0001) in NAb titer against B.1 and B.1.617.1 In-spite of reduction in the neutralizing titer against B.1.617.1 variant; Covishield vaccine-induced antibodies are likely to be protective to limit the severity and mortality of the disease in the vaccinated individuals.


An enhancer with two DNA elements, one containing the sequence CGTCA, is required for cyclic AMP- and phorbol ester-inducible transcription of the human proenkephalin gene. We report that an AP-2 element located adjacent to the enhancer acts synergistically with it to confer maximal response to cyclic AMP and phorbol esters.


Version control functionality has played an important role in the development of a variety of application areas including software development, computer aided design, and the authoring process. While version control technology has proven useful in these areas, its use to date has mainly been to support asynchronous development. There is a lot more potential in the technology, however, particularly in the area of supporting the development of applications that involve synchronous development activities. Through an expansion of existing version control functionality to include support for finer-grained objects, the potential of the technology can begin to be explored, and in particular its suitability for the support of the development of synchronous collaboration facilities can be studied.


A series of five europium(III) complexes has been prepared from heptadentate N5O2 ligands that possess a brightness of more than 10 mM(-1) cm(-1) in water, following excitation over the range λ=330-355 nm. Binding of several oxy anions has been assessed by emission spectral titrimetric analysis, with the binding of simple carboxylates, lactate and citrate involving a common ligation mode following displacement of the coordinated water. Selectivity for bicarbonate allows the rapid determination of this anion in human serum, with K(d)=37 mM (295 K). The complexes are internalised quickly into mammalian cells and exhibit a mitochondrial localisation at early time points, migrating after a few hours to reveal a predominant lysosomal distribution. Herein, we report the synthesis and complexation behaviour of strongly emissive europium (III) complexes that bind oxy-anions in aqueous media with an affinity and selectivity profile that is distinctively different from previously studied systems.


A study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of lice on sheep from October 2012 to March 2013 in three selected PAs of Tiyo District of East Arsi Zone. A cross-sectional study of sheep lice was used as subject of the study. Accordingly, 300 sheep were randomly examined to identify the species of sheep lice and record was made. In this study, two species of lice which grouped under two genera were identified. The study revealed that Damalinia ovis was the dominant lice followed by Linognathus ovillus with prevalence of 73.34%, 0.01% respectively and an overall prevalence of 83. 34% in 300 examined sheep was recorded. The difference in the prevalence of lice infestation between sex, age and body condition was found to be statistically non significant (p>0.05%). Statistically significant difference (χ 2 =29.389%, p=0.000) was observed between each PAs; Gorasilingo (96.8%), Konicha (73.6%) and Dosha (71.8%). Favorable climatic conditions, backward level of management, poor level of consciousness and awareness of farmers and weak animal health extension services are believed to have contributed for widespread distribution and occurrence of lice. Attention should be given to the control and prevention of lice, since they cause severe damage to the skins of sheep and thereby reduce the foreign exchange of the country. Keywords: Lice, prevalence, sheep, Tiyo district, south East Ethiopia.


For several decades there has been extensive migration from the small island states of the South Pacific and the eastern Caribbean to metropolitan countries, resulting in absolute population decline in some states and new social, economic and political relationships between these island regions and distant worlds. Early research on the consequences for island development of return migration and remittances dwelt upon the unproductive nature of expenditures and the various problems return migration and remittances cause. Questioning this view, a new conceptualization of the influences of migration, circulation and remittances on recipient families, communities and societies in the island states of the South Pacific and the Caribbean is presented. Regional similarities and differences are recognized, yet commonalities of island microstates' experiences emerge. Remittances are a very significant private transfer of capital and return migrants represent people endowed with human capital, capable of enriching the social and cultural capital stocks of their island communities. In both insular regions, the consolidation of transnational linkages emphasizes the significance of diaspora relations for migrant households at home and abroad and offers some prospects for sustainable development, beyond those offered solely by domestic economic opportunities. Copyright Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2000.


The direct prediction model for adiabatic film cooling effectiveness distribution and inverse prediction model for design parameters are studied in this paper. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are trained on a set of simulated adiabatic film cooling effectiveness contours parameterized by blowing ratio, density ratio, mainstream turbulence intensity, injection angle and compound angle. The direct model and the inverse model are able to approximate the data in test set with plausible accuracy. Absolute error of spatial averaged effectiveness no larger than 0.03 could be obtained in the test set by direct model with time consumption less than 1ms for single case. The inverse model is the first model of its kind which accomplished the inverse mapping from contours to parameters. It has been demonstrated that the concatenation of inverse model with pretrained direct model which can be treated as a complex loss function has preferable approximation performance compared with simple mean squared error (MSE) loss function in the training of inverse model, thus confirming the necessity of adopting specialized modeling strategies for inverse problems.


: - This study aims to collect information on the types of water consumed in Daloa in order to understand behavior of populations of this city with respect to the different types of water consumed in this locality of Côte d'Ivoire. Thus, it called for a survey in eleven districts of Daloa. The results identified four types of water commonly used in Daloa. This is water from natural springs, wells, fountains and that distributed by the Water Distribution Company of Côte d'Ivoire called in french ̏ Société de Distribution d'Eau de Côte d'Ivoire ̋ (SODECI). Spring water is most popular with the populations surveyed with a percentage of 78%, unlike the water distributed by SODECI (2%). Also, well water (8%) is better appreciated by the people surveyed than water distributed by SODECI (2%) because it is qualified by the latter as unsuitable for consumption as drinking water. Well water and that distributed by SODECI are widely used for laundry, personal hygiene and cooking with respective values of 35.45%, 34.55% and 35.45% for well water and 61 .82%, 58.18% and 50.91% for SODECI water. According to them, the consumption of water distributed by SODECI could be unhealthy for human consumption as drinking water without prior treatment because of the visible cloudiness of this water. A physico-chemical study followed by a microbiological analysis could better provide an answer to this concern and would at the same time make it possible to remove the fears related to the consumption of water distributed by SODECI-Daloa as human drinking water.


Corrosion of metallic materials by coal gasification atmospheres has been the subject of extensive study for over 20 years. While many alloys were found to be resistant to attack by high moisture content gases representative of fluidized bed gasifiers at temperatures up to 900 °C, good resistance could not be sustained for more than a few thousand hours as a result of changes in the structure and composition of oxide scales. A shift to use of entrained slagging gasifiers by the electric power industry during the past 12 years has largely eliminated the need for metallic materials to operate above 600 °C. However, the moisture content of the gas has been reduced greatly and nearly all materials form non-protective sulfide/oxide scales and can have high rates of surface recession, even at low temperatures. The challenge for the 90's is to develop a basic understanding of factors controlling the rate of surface recession in such atmospheres and to develop new alloys that will have adequate resistance to attack. Research should be directed to the effect of alloy and gas composition on corrosion mechanisms and kinetics in low moisture gas representative of entrained slagging gasification at high temperature reacting with metal surfaces at temperatures of 300-600 °C.


Today, there are a great number of investigations about alcoholism. The effects of alcohol had been studied in Medicine, Psychology, Biology, Biochemistry, Physiology or Pharmacology. Many investigations are carried out with humans, however, in most experiments is necessary to use animal models. Many experimental models of alcoholism in animals are usually used in the laboratories and they present several differences among them. In our investigation we have studied the hepatic alterations in an experimental model of alcoholism in the rat because the liver is a very sensitive organ which suffers the effects of alcohol and its metabolites. We try to demonstrate that there are hepatic lesions which allows the use of this experimental in the study of the behavioral and neural parameters in the rat. The experimental model of alcoholism that we propose has been considered appropriate to study the behavioral effects of alcohol, not only because the animals show the characteristic hepatic lesions, but also because they do not suffer manipulations that could alter them and as a consequence bias the behavioral data.


Generalized relativistic effective core potential (GRECP) calculations of spectroscopic constants of the HgH molecule ground and low excited states and the HgH+ cation ground state are carried out, with correlation included by the Fock-space relativistic coupled cluster (RCC) method. Basis set superposition errors (BSSE) are estimated and discussed. It is demonstrated that connected triple excitations of the 13 outermost electrons are necessary to obtain accurate results for mercury hydride. Spectroscopic constants derived from potential curves which include these terms are in very good agreement with experiment, with errors of a few mbohr in Re, tens of wavenumbers in excitation energies and vibrational frequencies, and proportionately for other properties. Comparison with previous calculations is also presented.


All too often leadership programs are developed in relative isolation; that is, they tend to be either academic or practitioner in nature. Arguably, much more effective leadership programs are possible through collaboration between academics and practitioners. This application brief describes one such successful collaboration to develop an inspirational leadership workshop based upon the leadership experiences of retired four-star U.S. Army General Tommy Franks. The result is an award winning leadership workshop designed for both students and professionals.


We assessed the murine Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) agonist, DMXAA, for anti-mesothelioma potential using the AE17-sOVA model that expresses ovalbumin (OVA) as a neo tumor antigen. Dose response experiments alongside testing different routes of administration identified a safe effective treatment regimen that induced 100% cures in mice with small or large tumors. Three doses of 25mg/kg DMXAA given intra-tumorally every 9 days induced tumor regression and long-term survival (>5 months). Re-challenge experiments showed that tumor-free mice developed protective memory. MTT and propidium-iodide assays showed that DMXAA exerted direct cytotoxic effects at doses >1mg/ml on the murine AE17 and AB1 mesothelioma cell lines. In-vivo studies using a CFSE-based in-vivo proliferation assay showed that DMXAA improved tumor-antigen presentation in tumor-draining lymph nodes, evidenced by OVA-specific OT-1 T cells undergoing more divisions. An in-vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay showed that DMXAA blunted the lytic quality of CTLs recognizing the dominant (SIINFEKL) and a subdominant (KVVRFDKL) OVA epitopes. DMXAA reduced tumor vessel size in-vivo and although the proportion of T cells infiltrating tumors reduced, the proportion of tumor-specific T cells increased. These data show careful dosing and treatment protocols reduce mesothelioma cell viability and modulate tumor vessels such that tumor-antigen specific CTLs access the tumor site. However, attempts to enhance DMXAA-induced anti-tumor responses by combination with an agonist anti-CD40 antibody or IL-2 reduced efficacy. These proof-of-concept data suggest that mesothelioma patients could benefit from treatment with a STING agonist, but combination with immunotherapy should be cautiously undertaken.


This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework within which housing and basic infrastructure services for all can be delivered in urban India. Public–private partnership (PPP) is the most prominent urban housing policy that has emerged in the last decade in India. Housing reforms in Kolkata, under the flagship of PPP has taken the city into a different league after decades of ineffective housing policy. Despite high and sustained GDP growth rates over the past two decades, the vast majority of Indians continue to live in substandard housing with few basic amenities or pay disproportionately high portions of their income for formal housing and services like water. The framework developed here stresses integration – an alignment of the economic, legal, planning, financial systems and a clear mapping of requirements – tenure mix, associated infrastructure in order to ensure targeted and productive investment. Above all it highlights that housing cannot be thought of in isolation but must be provided along with infrastructure – physical and social. Against the elements highlighted in the framework, the paper evaluates the current issues and challenges in the Indian urban housing market and makes recommendations for tools and approaches that can guide movement towards a more holistic approach. This paper investigates the dynamics of PPP policy in Kolkata, where public housing agencies have assumed both facilitator and regulator roles within a socialist institutional setting to achieve a balance between market forces and the needs of the low-income people.


The John S. Williams plantation in Georgia was operated largely with the labor of slaves--and this was in 1921, 56 years after the Civil War. Williams was not alone in using "peons," but his reaction to a federal investigation was almost unbelievable: he decided to destroy the evidence. Enlisting the aid of his trusted black farm boss, Clyde Manning, he began methodically killing his slaves. As this true story unfolds, each detail seems more shocking, and surprises continue in the aftermath, with a sensational trial galvanizing the nation and marking a turning point in the treatment of black Americans.


The Ah receptor is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates the biological and toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin). Recent evidence also suggests a role for the AhR in normal physiology and development. Although a variety of structurally diverse chemicals are reported to bind to and activate the AhR, the full spectrum of structural chemical classes that can interact with the AhR remains to be elucidated. Large-scale analysis of the ligand binding specificity of the AhR requires the use of a high-throughput AhR bioassay system for chemical screening. We have utilized a recombinant mouse hepatoma cell line (H1G1.1c3) containing a stably integrated TCDD- and AhR-responsive enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene to screen a 1,5-dialkylamino-2,4-dinitrobenzene combinatorial chemical library consisting of 155 parental amines and up to 12 090 combinatorial products in less than 7 days for novel AhR agonists. These analyses have identified numerous parental amines as relatively potent inducers of EGFP (with EC(50)s between 8 and 1000 microM) and also have revealed several novel products of the combinatorial chemical library synthesis with EC(50)s between 10 and 100 microM. Overall, these results have not only allowed the identification of novel activators of the AhR but also demonstrate the utility of the recombinant H1G1.1c3 cell bioassay for high-throughput chemical screening.


One week after a partial pancreatectomy, which did not affect glucose homeostasis, adult rats were autotransplanted with 500 isolated pancreatic islets beneath the renal capsule. Some rats were rendered diabetic with streptozocin (STZ) before being implanted with the islets, and other rats received no STZ and thus remained normoglycemic. The number of implanted islets was insufficient to revert hyperglycemia, but the STZ-induced diabetic animals were treated with insulin according to one of the following protocols: 1) one daily subcutaneous insulin injection for 28 days after transplantation; 2) insulin injection on days 1–14; 3) insulin injection on days 15–28; or 4) no insulin. Four weeks after transplantation, the blood perfusion of the islet grafts was determined by a microsphere technique. Continuous hyperglycemia after implantation of the islets significantly decreased the volume of the graft and the blood flow per volume compared with normoglycemic animals also receiving islet transplants. Insulin treatment counteracted the decrease in both of these values. This result was achieved regardless of whether the insulin treatment was maintained throughout the 4-wk period or only during the first or second half. The mechanism behind the impaired blood perfusion of the grafts during continuous hyperglycemia is unknown, but it may reflect an effect on the revascularization of the graft or on the intrinsic regulation of the blood perfusion of the graft.


Background: Textile cotton workers are at risk for occupational lung disease, including Byssinosis and chronic Bronchitis. Byssinosis is primarily associated with exposure to cotton dust. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of and factors associated with byssinosis and respiratory symptoms among workers in cotton mills of Akaki textile factory. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 417 randomly selected factory workers. Information was collected through interview using the modified American Thoracic Society standard respiratory symptoms questionnaires. Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC ratio were measured using portable medical spirometers. Area sampling for cotton dust concentration in the work environment was measured using Data RAM 4 real time measurement for 8 hours during a day shift. Results: The highest prevalence of respiratory symptoms was found in the carding section - cough 77%, phlegm 62%, chest tightness 46% and dyspnea 62%. The Overall prevalence of chronic bronchitis was 32%. Those working in the carding section appeared 13 times more likely to have chronic bronchitis compared to other sections (Adjusted OR=13.4, 95% CI 3.43-52.6). The prevalence of byssinosis was 38%; the highest being recorded in the carding section at 84.6%. High exposure to cotton dust was noted among those in the blowing and carding section at mean dust levels of 32.2 mg/m3 and 8 mg/m3, respectively. About 11% of byssinotics developed severe chronic FEV1 changes. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of a strong relationship between exposure to cotton dust and byssinosis and other respiratory impairments, which is mediated through chronic ventilator impairments. Preventive measures are warranted in order to reduce the high prevalence of byssinosis and other respiratory disorders in textile manufacturing. [Ethiop. J .Health Dev. 2010;24(2):133-139]


The blind reverse Bajo Segura Fault is located at the eastern extreme of the Trans-Alboran shear zone (Betic Cordillera, southeast Iberian Peninsula). The surface expression of recent activity of this blind ENE–WSW fault is represented by coseismic surface anticlines and growth synclines on both sides of the anticlines. In the synclines, the deformation of the most recent Quaternary materials is obscured by a sedimentary unit more than 30 m thick which was deposited during the later part of the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene. The present study reports three high-resolution seismic profiles made in the northern growth syncline, which was the one developed most by the Bajo Segura Fault. In these seismic profiles we recognize the boundary between pre-growth strata and growth strata. This marker, Early Pliocene in age, dates the start of the activity of this blind reverse fault. The geometry observed in the seismic profiles of the syntectonic strata, dating from the Late Pliocene and Quaternary, indicates a limb rotation folding mechanism. On seismic profile 2, the complex geometry of the Benejúzar anticline forelimb can be attributed to several splay faults close to the surface of Bajo Segura Fault.


Cloud computing is an emerging paradigm shifting the shape of computing models from being a technology to a utility. However, security, privacy and trust are amongst the issues that can subvert the benefits and hence wide deployment of cloud computing. With the introduction of omnipresent mobile-based clients, the ubiquity of the model increases, suggesting a still higher integration in life. Nonetheless, the security issues rise to a higher degree as well. The constrained input methods for credentials and the vulnerable wireless communication links are among factors giving rise to serious security issues. To strengthen the access control of cloud resources, organizations now commonly acquire Identity Management Systems (IdM). This report presents that the most popular IdM, namely OAuth, working in scope of Mobile Cloud Computing has many weaknesses in authorization architecture. In particular, authors find two major issues in current IdM. First, if the IdM System is compromised through malicious code, it allows a hacker to get authorization of all the protected resources hosted on a cloud. Second, all the communication links among client, cloud and IdM carries complete authorization token, that can allow hacker, through traffic interception at any communication link, an illegitimate access of protected resources. We also suggest a solution to the reported problems.


Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios exist in various domains and due to the vast changes in technology and systems modernization, they are constantly evolving. In order to cope with this dynamicity, there is a need to provide a robust yet flexible way to design, develop, and evaluate the IoT architecture and implementation. We present IoTGolog, a formal task modeling language to define and evaluate IoT scenarios. Using IoTGolog, characteristics of the IoT scenario as well as the tests to evaluate it are formalized. This provides accuracy and better control over the IoT evolution. IoTGolog extends our previous work on TaMoGolog and MobiGolog for general and mobile-based scenarios respectively. We illustrate IoTGolog for the case of car emergency response system.


Abstract Groundwater nitrate concentrations in the Permo-Triassic aquifer of the Eden Valley vary from less than 4 mg l−1 to in excess of 100 mg l−1 (as NO3). A significant number of boreholes exhibit rising trends in nitrate concentration that either approach or exceed the CEC Directive 80/778 Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) of 50 mg l−1. The main source of the nitrate is believed to be the nitrogen applied to grassland, both as slurry and as inorganic fertilizers. The variability in groundwater nitrate concentrations is thought to be due in part to land use, particularly where low-yielding boreholes derive their water from a limited/localized area, and in part due to the variability in the travel times for water and solutes to migrate from the soil to the water table and then to the borehole. This variability in travel times is a function of surficial geology, depth to water table, depth of borehole and superficial deposit thickness, amongst other factors. It is surprising, given the considerable storage within the saturated zone of the aquifer and the slow groundwater movement, that some relatively deep boreholes pump groundwater with nitrate concentrations in excess of 20 mgl−1. Simple numerical modelling suggests that the fraction of modern water pumped is sensitive to the presence of fissures close to the abstraction boreholes and the location of the boreholes relative to superficial deposits. For some scenarios, using realistic superficial deposit geometries and aquifer hydraulic parameters, the proportion of modern water (water that is derived from infiltration that reached the water table since pumping started) could exceed 40% within 15 years of pumping.


Leaf morphology in angiosperms is not constrained by the leaf's important function of providing energy through photosynthetic reactions. In just one family, Vitaceae, it is easy to observe among it's over 900 species, various leaf shapes and sizes even among closely related species as well as within individual species. Observation of these leaf forms within species can be used to determine, for example where a vine transitions from the juvenile state to the adult state as well as their relationship to the spatial and temporal patterning of inflorescence initiation. Analysis of two species within the Ampelopsis clade, one that retained ancestral leaf characters, Nekemias arborea, was compared with a species containing derived leaf characters, Ampelopsis aconitifolia, so that leaf shape relationships between members of the grape family could be assessed. Knowledge about the members of the Ampelopsis clade can help to reveal a better understanding of the development of the very important commercial species, Vitis vinifera (grape). Leaf development along the vines of each species was tracked to draw comparisons and divergences in leaf shape. Structures along the vine, such as tendrils and axillary buds, were also noted to establish a vine pattern and to help determine whether a correlation exists between these traits and leaf shape changes. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe leaf initiation and shape elaboration from the shoot apical meristem. Landmarks on mature leaves were established using vein and dissection patterns and were statistically analyzed. Morphometric analysis using Elliptic Fourier Descriptors (EFD) was performed to establish relationships in leaf form between two species of within Vitaceae. MORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF NEKEMIAS ARBOREA AND AMPELOPSIS ACONITIFOLIA (Vitaceae) A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Sally Rose Gray University of Northern Iowa May 2019


We prove upper and lower bounds for the eigenvalues of the Dirac operator and the Laplace operator on 2-dimensional tori. In particluar we give a lower bound for the first eigenvalue of the Dirac operator for non-trivial spin structures. It is the only explicit estimate for eigenvalues of the Dirac operator known so far that uses information about the spin structure.
As a corollary we obtain lower bounds for the Willmore functional of a torus embedded into S_3.
In the final section we compare Dirac spectra for two different spin structures on an arbitrary Riemannian spin manifold.


The present study explored bystanders' behavior in cyberbullying (CB) episodes among children and youth, focusing on active and passive behavior patterns. The study examined prevalence and characteristics of bystanders' behavior following CB episodes, and their active–passive intervention patterns in relation to personal (age, gender) and socio-emotional (self-efficacy, social support, sense of loneliness) factors. Of the 1,094 participants (ages 9-18), 497 (46.4%) reported they were bystanders to CB episodes. Of the bystanders, 55.4% were identified as having a passive pattern of behavior—they did not provide any help to cyber-victims, whereas 44.6% were identified as having an active pattern—helping the cyber-victim. In line with the "bystanders' effect," only 35.6% of the bystanders offered direct help to cyber-victims after witnessing CB. When studying the personal–socio-emotional differences between active and passive bystanders, it was found that the "active bystanders" are more often girls, older, have more social support from significant others, and have lower levels of emotional loneliness than bystanders in the passive group. Differences within the passive and active patterns were studied as well. A logistic regression revealed the unique contribution of each predictor to the probability of being an active bystander. It was found that gender and age predicted the probability of being an active bystander: Girls are more likely than boys, and older bystanders are more likely than younger ones, to choose an active pattern and provide help to cyber-victims. In addition, implications for CB prevention and intervention involvement programs to encourage bystanders to help cyber-victims are discussed.


Knowledge flows are the lifeblood of any R&D organisation. These firms are increasingly discovering that the knowledge they require is often located beyond their boundaries. In this paper, we investigate how R&D groups acquire and diffuse external knowledge and the role Internet technologies play in this process. The focus of our study is on the technological gatekeeper. Previous studies have found that gatekeepers are key nodes in the innovation process. These sporadic individuals have the skills to identify useful knowledge outside the firm and disseminate this among their local colleagues. However, much of the seminal gatekeeper research has been conducted over two decades ago. In the time since, there have been huge advances in ICT and especially Internet technologies. These technologies have dramatically altered how knowledge workers source and share their information. Our objective is to advance the gatekeeper theory into an era where the knowledge worker is saturated with information. Using case study methods, we examine knowledge flows in the R&D group of an Irish medical devices firm. Our results indicate that due to advances in Internet technology, the traditional gatekeeper no longer exists to any great extent. Instead, the modern R&D lab acquires and diffuses external knowledge through a combination of a 'web gatekeeper' and a 'knowledge transformer.'


Coordinated shifts on the order of ∼100 meV were found in the interfacial energy levels of ruthenium dye molecules and the conduction band of nano-crystalline TiO2. The shifts were induced by potential-determining additives used in highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. The observation of comparable shifts of interfacial energy levels in dye/TiO2 films is beyond the conventional understanding of the varied quantum efficiency of interfacial electron injection, which had been derived under the assumption of the band shift only in TiO2. Based on general physical concepts, we advanced the understanding of the electron injection mechanism and attributed the variable electron injection efficiency to the influence of potential-determining additives on the interfacial electronic structures of both the dyes and TiO2. Our results revealed that the interfacial dipole layer affected the electronic coupling between the donor states in photo-excited dyes and the acceptor states in TiO2, which led to changes in electron injection. The present model also explains the correlation between the radiative recombination, an important loss mechanism in solar cells, of photo-excited states of the anchored dye/TiO2 in operational cells and that of free dye molecules in solution. We also found the amount of coordinated shifts to be most likely related to the number of COOX groups in ruthenium dyes and metal-free organic dyes. This relationship implies that the effect of coordinated shifts in ruthenium dyes/TiO2 is one of the most probable reasons why these dyes enable higher performance than do metal-free organic dyes, in which the latter only have relatively small coordinated shifts. This discovery provides deeper insight into the interfacial electron injection mechanism and points out the importance of the realignment effect on interfacial energy levels in highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.


 Abstract— The purpose of the paper is to redefine the levels of structure of corporate, business and functional strategies that were established over the past several decades, to a conceptual model, consisting of corporate, business and operations strategies, that are reinforced by functional strategies. We will propose a conceptual framework of different perspectives in the role of strategic operations as a separate strategic place and reposition the remaining functional strategies as supporting tools, existing at all three levels. The proposed model is called 'the strategic engine', since the mutual relationships of its ingredients are identical with main elements and working principle of the internal combustion engine. Based on theoretical essence, related to every strategic level, we will prove that the strategic engine model is useful for managers seeking to safeguard the competitive advantage of their companies. Each strategy level is researched through its basic elements. At the corporate level we examine the scope of firm's product, the vertical and geographical coverage. At the business level, the point of interest is limited to the SWOT analysis' basic elements. While at operations level, the key research issue relates to the scope of the following performance indicators: cost, quality, speed, flexibility and dependability. In this relationship, the paper provides a different view for the role of operations strategy within the overall strategy concept. We will prove that the theoretical essence of operations goes far beyond the scope of traditionally accepted business functions. Exploring the applications of Resource-based theory and Market-based theory within the strategic levels framework, we will prove that there is a logical consequence of the theoretical impact in corporate, business and operations strategy – at every strategic level, the validity of one theory is substituted to the level of the other. Practical application of the conceptual model is tested in automotive industry. Actually, the proposed theoretical concept is inspired by a leading global automotive group – Inchcape PLC, listed on the London Stock Exchange, and constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.


Recent proposals for a new scheme of radiation protection leave little room for collective dose estimations. This article discusses the history and present use of collective doses for occupational, ALARA, EIS and other purposes with reference to practical industry papers and government reports. The linear no-threshold (LNT) hypothesis suggests that collective doses which consist of very small doses added together should be used. Moral and ethical questions are discussed, particularly the emphasis on individual doses to the exclusion of societal risks, uncertainty over effects into the distant future and hesitation over calculating collective detriments. It is concluded that for moral, practical and legal reasons, collective dose is a valid parameter which should continue to be used.


Government thinking, in terms of public policy development and related services and programme delivery, is evolving from the command and control end of the continuum towards a more inclusive, shared ownership format. Consequently, if community organisations generally, and Not-For-Profits (NFPs) specifically, intend to play a significant role as governments move in this direction, they will need to ensure they are appropriately prepared. This preparation involves understanding the pitfalls, developing sufficient capability to play the role and being able to assure quality management. This context statement, with a concentration on reflection and review, considers my 25 years as a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of an NFP. In particular, it notes my 20-year role in guiding and supporting the organisation for which I worked to play a significant role as the Victorian (State) Government has moved progressively from 'command and control' to 'devolved' for the provision of emergency services in the state. The creation of Life Saving Victoria (LSV) via a merger and its subsequent evolution has delivered an organisation that is quite unique in the lifesaving and emergency services fields, in terms of its method of operation. Through this context statement, my aim is to share my experiences and learnings with like-minded administrators. This includes those in NFPs who are seeking to develop their own organisations' operations, as well as current LSV stakeholders who may be interested in my interpretation of the organisational context for LSV's initiatives and actions during my time as CEO. Put simply, my contribution is to provide a perspective on devolved government – a perspective from the point of view of an NFP. In seeking to make this perspective both relevant and relatable, I have endeavoured to illustrate both organisational and personal learnings that have been determined through a considered and structured (although at times spontaneous) contemplative endeavour.

To frame and assure my contribution, I have prepared a critically reflective, narrative-style account of my work with Life Saving Victoria. To support the preparation of this account, I reviewed and then used elements of thinking borrowed from academic approaches such as action research, action learning, work-based learning and reflective practice, together with business techniques such as project management, management by objectives and quality assurance.

To present my work, I have divided this statement into four sections. The first provides background elements and situational context as well as noting my personal influences and shaping forces. In the second, I review and reflect on the events and actions that actually took place throughout the journey. For the third section, I look to locate my work within the existing body of knowledge relating to the operation of NFPs in the context of devolved government. From the work embodied in sections two and three, I came to recognise that my work was comprehensively trans-disciplinary. For me, as I had not previously chosen to characterise or describe my work (other than that I was the CEO of LSV), it became clear that, as a consequence of being a leader in an NFP, I needed to be across and be involved with many different areas of knowledge and practice. Through the research and reflection embodied in this context statement, I have been able to identify core areas of knowledge (viz NFP management, governance – inter and intra organisational – and the development of public policy) as well as the overlaps of these areas that are required in the field, by leaders seeking to enable their NFP to make a broader contribution. In section four, I consider alternative courses of action, concerns and considerations for both my own organisation's future (LSV) and those individuals and organisations that might be considering playing a significant role in the concept of devolved government. As a means of further learning from my experience, I have developed an emerging, transitional model to represent the pathway that could be considered by any NFP that is seriously considering developing closer ties with government. As a final point (and to reiterate a point made earlier), although much has been written on this subject (i.e. devolved government), it has mostly been from a government perspective; this thesis, quite specifically, addresses the subject from an NFP/community organisation's point of view.


An anti-collision and energy absorbing device is generally placed at the front end of railway vehicles to provide controlled collapse and sufficient energy absorbing capacity. In the conventional way, the energy absorbing device is usually designed as an integrated part of the carbody that can't be easily replaced nor maintained after crash. To increase the maintainability and energy absorbing capacity of the energy absorbing device, a Multi-stage Crashworthiness Energy Absorbing Device has been developed, in which the first-stage and the second-stage energy absorbing units can be replaced or repaired under the collision that is not severe enough to initiate the third-stage energy absorbing unit. The Crashworthiness Energy Management (CEM) has four stages: coupler energy absorbing components (stage 1), honeycomb in the sliding center anti-climber (stage 2), metal peeling tubes mounted at the back of the fixed anti-climber (stage 3) and the structural components in the cab area (stage 4). By comparing the simulation results and test results, it is concluded that the finite element simulation model can provide dependable and accurate prediction for collision behaviors. Based on the design, simulation and test data, a safe, reliable and maintainable Multi-stage Crashworthiness Energy Absorbing Device has been verified and validated, which can provide valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the crashworthiness and railway vehicle industry.


A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Liberal Arts,
Department of Florida Studies,
College of Arts and Sciences,
University of South Florida St. Petersburg


In this work, the forced Duffing equation with secondary resonance will be considered our subject by assuming that the initial values has uncertainty in terms of a fuzzy number. The resulted fuzzy models will be studied by three fuzzy differential approaches, namely, Hukuhara differential and its generalization and fuzzy differential inclusion. Applications of fuzzy arithmetics to the models lead to a set of alpha-cut deterministic systems with some additional equations. These systems are then solved by the extended Runge-Kutta method. The extended Runge-Kutta method is chosen as our numerical approach in order to enhance the order of accuracy of the solutions by including both function and its first derivative values in calculations. Among our fuzzy approaches, our simulations show that the fuzzy differential inclusion is the most appropriate approach to capture oscillation behaviors of the model. Using the aforementioned fuzzy approach, we then demonstrate how to estimate parameters to our generated fuzzy simulation data.


The discovery of numerous non-nuclear X-ray point sources with luminosities L>1039 erg s−1 in several starburst galaxies has stimulated speculation about their nature and origin. The strong variability seen in several sources points to massive black holes as the central engines. If the flux is isotropic, the luminosities range up to ≈1041 erg s−1, implying masses of M≳103 M⊙ if the luminosity is sub-Eddington. Here we explore a model for these sources. We suggest that in some tens of per cent of globular clusters a very massive black hole, M≳50 M⊙, is formed. This black hole sinks in ≲106 yr to the centre of the cluster, where in the ∼1010 yr lifetime of the cluster it accretes ∼103 M⊙, primarily in the form of lighter black holes. Unlike less-massive black holes in binaries, which are flung from clusters by recoil before they can merge gravitationally, a ≳50 M⊙ black hole has enough inertia that it remains bound to the cluster. We suggest that ∼103 M⊙ black holes may be common in the centres of dense globular clusters, and may therefore exist in some tens of per cent of current globulars. If the cluster later merges with its host galaxy, accretion from young star clusters in molecular clouds by the black hole can generate luminosity consistent with that observed. We also consider the detectability of massive black holes in globular clusters with gravitational wave detectors, and speculate on future observations that may test our predictions.


Nowadays, different types of electronic data transfer are supported by applications due to the expansion of Internet. These applications may run on desktop machines (PCs, servers, etc.) or mobile devices (PDAs, smartphones, etc.). A prerequisite and a critical issue for these transfers is the assurance of security properties. HTTPS, based on SSL/TLS, offers these properties but SSL/TLS is high-energy consuming and the properties are provided as a block. This has an important impact on the battery life of mobile devices and thus, solutions are needed. In this paper, we propose a security management architecture, based on adaptable security components, externalizing security functionalities from mobile devices. Our security management architecture is a first step towards an effective and energy efficient management of distributed systems.