Botswana, like many African countries, has a significant number of orphaned children whose parents died as a result of HIV and AIDS. These children face several challenges that affect their wellbeing. The challenges are educational, psycho-social and economic. Despite these challenges, some of the orphaned children are resilient and manage to thrive in the face of adversity. The purpose of this article is three-fold: based on findings of Botswana AIDS Impact Survey (BAIS IV) as well as insights from existing literature, the paper analyses factors associated with the decline in the number of households with orphaned children who received external support twelve months prior to the collection of data for BAIS IV. The article also explores factors that account for the relatively low levels of school attendance for female orphans compared to their male counterparts. It concludes by outlining implications for further research.


A significant proportion of pupils move school during their school career for reasons other than standard structural moves between educational stages. Little is known about the underlying causes of these moves and the characteristics and experiences of mobile pupils are challenging to research. There is currently a large disconnect between the macro level of system structures, data and policy and the individual experiences and journeys of mobile pupils. This article brings together international literature around school mobility and mobile pupils, with analyses of the English National Pupil Database (NPD), tracking a cohort from age 5 to 16, to better understand when school moves occur and the characteristics of mobile pupils. Findings reveal a sizable underlying rate of moves in England of about 1.5 – 2% per term and identify differences in mobility related to disadvantage, school phase, ethnic group and SEND status. The predictive power of the data, however, is low, highlighting the need for more research, policy and practice in this area to better understand individual mobility circumstances. By bringing together the literature and the data, the article concludes with a discussion of what is known about school mobility and recommends further areas for research into the characteristics, experiences and outcomes of mobile school pupils.


Using data from over 300,000 visits to an emergency department (ED), we study the accuracy of gatekeeping decisions—the choices that physicians make regarding patient discharge or admission to the hospital. In our study context, we focus specifically on the effectiveness of a second gatekeeping stage in the ED—a clinical decision unit (CDU). Although only 9.9% of patients in our sample are routed through the CDU, we find that had the unit not been in place during the observation period, the rates of unnecessary hospitalization and wrongful patient discharge from the ED would have increased by 14.3% and 29.6%, respectively. We also find that the CDU is especially beneficial for patients with a high ex ante risk of experiencing unnecessary hospitalization, with the rate for the most high-risk patients reduced from 14.0% without the CDU to just 4.8% had all such patients been routed through the CDU. The appropriateness of referrals is therefore a key contributor to the CDU's effectiveness: We estimate that random allocation of patients in our study hospital to the CDU would have reduced the unit's effectiveness by more than half. Finally, we investigate a critical trade-off in designing a two-stage gatekeeping system: Resources must be split between the two stages, increasing congestion in the first stage when the second stage is enlarged. We demonstrate that in the study hospital, the combination of an ED and CDU performs better than a pooled system that combines the capacity of both stages to enlarge the ED but does not have a designated CDU. In fact, we estimate that in this specific case, reducing the size of the first-stage ED in order to expand CDU capacity from the current 9.9% of ED patients to 25% would further reduce unnecessary hospitalizations by up to 33%. We discuss the insights that these results provide as to the circumstances under which it may be advantageous to add a second stage to a gatekeeping system. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, operations management.


Innovation and entrepreneurship have become important fields of management research. Their relevance in research is a reflection of their importance in practice. Silicon Valley is not an outlier anymore. Valleys are emerging throughout the world. Governments have understood the importance of entrepreneurship to having dynamic economies and have created funds to support the creation of new companies. However, a large number of promising new ventures are failing at the growth stage; precisely when managerial accounting becomes an important element. Moreover, these new entrepreneurship and innovation clusters are based on networked communities, where information exchange is a key aspect of their functioning; given the information-based nature of accounting, researching its role in these communities is of relevance. Venture capital has also become a global industry with its own accounting challenges, for instance, how are returns measured when there is no liquidity and high levels of uncertainty? Innovation has become the source of competitive advantage that various actors refer to in order to compete in the global arena. But medium and large companies don't get the level of innovation that they are looking for. Incremental innovation crowds out radical innovation putting the long-term survival of the company at stake. Often the use of certain performance measures such as financial tools are responsible for this bias. In other cases the incentives explain the lack of innovation. Yet in other companies it is lack of systems and processes or a social system that suppresses risk taking. All these issues are intimately related to accounting and control. But accounting has traditionally been perceived as hindering innovation and thus better to be ignored. Is it true? How does accounting help innovation efforts? European Accounting Review Vol. 16, No. 4, 871–872, 2007


Background: There is a need to identify proactive, evidence-based interventions to support informal palliative caregivers. Mindfulness-based interventions, evidenced in the literature as providing physical and mental health benefits for diverse populations, may have application in the setting of palliative caregiving. Aim: To describe, evaluate and synthesise the peer-reviewed literature on the effects of mindfulness-based interventions for informal palliative caregivers. Design: A Systematic Literature Review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analyses guidelines and a Narrative synthesis. Data sources: The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and EMBASE databases, searched from inception to February 2014 and references of included studies. Results: A total of 13 articles, reporting 10 studies (n = 432 participants) were included. All studies were conducted in the last 5 years. Dementia caregivers were the most frequently researched population (n = 7). Results suggest that mindfulness-based interventions are feasible and acceptable to offer to informal palliative caregivers and may provide benefit, particularly in terms of reducing depression and caregiver burden and increasing quality of life. However, effects were not as robust as findings in the wider mindfulness intervention literature. Conclusion: This is the first systematic literature review on this topic. Results suggest both feasibility and potential benefit. Further qualitative research is required to explore the outcomes identified by informal caregivers themselves as the reduced magnitude of effect may suggest that we are not measuring the right outcomes in this context. This would inform more sensitive outcome measures for future intervention studies and guide the development and application of mindfulness-based models in this area.


Atlantic salmon Salmo salar has shown declines in abundance associated with re duced survival during marine life stages. Key impacts on survival may include a changing ocean environment and salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis infestation from aquaculture. A 26 yr record from the Erriff River (Western Ireland) was used to evaluate the contribution of sea lice from salmon aquaculture to declining returns of wild 1 sea-winter (1SW) salmon. Statistical models suggested that returns were >50% lower in years following high lice levels on nearby salmon farms during the smolt out-migration. The long-term impact of salmon lice was explored by applying predicted annual loss rates as a multiplier to observed 1SW salmon returns. This produced a 'lice-corrected' return time series, i.e. an estimate of how returns might have looked in the absence of a serious aquaculture lice impact. The corrected time series was adjusted to account for some reduction in recruitment due to lost spawners. Comparing observed and lice-corrected time series suggested that salmon lice have strongly reduced annual returns of 1SW Erriff salmon, but that the salmon lice impact does not explain a declining trend in this population.


Brain tumours are a serious concern among both physicians and patients. The most feared brain tumour is glioblastoma (GBM) due to its heterogeneous histology, substantial invasive capacity, and rapid postsurgical recurrence. Even in cases of early management consisting of surgery, chemo-, and radiotherapy, the prognosis is still poor, with an extremely short survival period. Consequently, researchers are trying to better understand the underlying pathways involved in GBM development in order to establish a more personalised approach. The latest focus is on molecular characterisation of the tumour, including analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanostructures derived from both normal and pathological cells that have an important role in intercellular communication due to the various molecules they carry. There are two types of EV based on their biogenesis, but exosomes are of particular interest in GBM. Recent studies have demonstrated that GBM cells release numerous exosomes whose cargo provides them the capacity to facilitate tumour cell invasion and migration, to stimulate malignant transformation of previously normal cells, to increase immune tolerance towards the tumour, to induce resistance to chemotherapy, and to enhance the GBM vascular supply. As exosomes are specific to their parental cells, their isolation would allow a deeper perspective on GBM pathogenesis. A new era of molecular manipulation has emerged, and exosomes are rapidly proving their value not only as diagnostic and prognostic markers, but also as tools in therapies specifically targeting GBM cells. Nonetheless, further research will be required before exosomes could be used in clinical practice. This review aims to describe the structural and functional characteristics of exosomes and their involvement in GBM development, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.


Today healthcare is facing many challenges in a volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous environment. There is a need to develop strong leaders who can cope with these challenges. This article describes the process of a leadership training program for healthcare professionals in Belgium (named 'Clinical Leadership Program' or 'CLeP') in order to develop the future generation of strong healthcare leaders. The process over the past 3 years, refining time frame, content and format & faculty will be discussed. At the start of 2013 a literature study and round up of existing programs were made. Furthermore, a preliminary program was constructed and adapted by different stakeholders. Their feedback taken into account, CLeP was launched 6 months later. From there, 9 different hospitals and 10 groups fulfilled the program. In total 179 healthcare professionals are educated (100 physicians, 37 nurses and 42other healthcare staff). After the completion of the program, in depth interviews served as an evaluation and suggestion for further development of our program. The 'Clinical Leadership Program' consists of 2 modules spread over 5 days of training, each covering a different theme. These themes incorporate 'Me', 'Team', 'Organization', 'Institution' and 'Societal impact' respectively. The first module covers the first two days, while the second module covers day 3-5. After applying, groups of 20 participants follow the 4 months program under the guidance of a senior mentor. They can choose to follow either only the first or both of the modules and whether or not to perform an assignment within their program. In order to develop the future generation of strong healthcare leaders, CLeP was worked out. This article describes the experiences and learnings of our program over the past 3 years. In the future, similar programs will be needed even more.


van der Waals heterostructures employing graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) crystals have emerged as a promising platform for plasmonics thanks to the tunability of their collective modes with carrier density and record values for plasmonics figures of merit. In this paper we investigate theoretically the role of moire-pattern superlattices in nearly aligned graphene on hBN by using a continuum-model Hamiltonian derived from ab initio calculations. We calculate the system's energy-loss function for a range of chemical potential values that are accessible in gated devices. Our calculations reveal that the electron-hole asymmetry of the moire bands leads to a remarkable asymmetry of the plasmon dispersion between positive and negative chemical potentials, showcasing the intricate band structure and rich absorption spectrum across the secondary Dirac point gap for the hole bands. © 2019 American Physical Society.


Abstract The experimental nuclear structure data available through October 1992 have been reviewed. A summary of information obtained in various reaction and decay experiments is presented, together with adopted level schemes.


Traditional Iznik tiles are known as "unproducable" due to its high quartz content. Iznik tiles contain four different layers as "body, engobe (slip), decors and glaze" and each one has some different starting materials. Recent studies have showed that the production techniques and the particle size of pigments are important parameters in development of colours. TUBITAK MRC and Iznik Foundation carried out an experimental work to improve and understand the effects of nanotechnology application to Iznik tiles. High quartz content was kept as it is and pigments were applied in decoration as nano-sized pigments. Iznik tiles were produced and comparison was carried out between traditional and modern Iznik tiles in colour and brightness. Characterization techniques were used in order to understand and compare the results and also the effects of nano-sized pigments to Iznik tiles


Introduction (Stephen Hodkinson and Ian Macgregor Morris) Part I. Medieval and Early Modern Europe 1. The lode-star of chivalry: Sparta and Spartans in the medieval imagination (Ian Macgregor Morris) 2. Sparta and Rome in early modern thought: a comparative approach (Kostas Vlassopoulos) Part II. Enlightenment to Post-Revolutionary France 3. Sparta and the French Enlightenment (Haydn Mason) 4. Spartans and savages: mirage and myth in eighteenth-century France (Michael Winston) 5. Spartan land tenure and French socialism from Mably to Fustel de Coulanges (Paul Christesen) Part III. Germany: From Pre-unification to National Socialism 6. Spartanic verses: the role of Sparta in German literary hellenism around 1800 (Uta Degner) 7. The Spartan tradition in Germany, 1870-1945 (Volker Losemann) 8. The role of Sparta in the educational ideology of the Adolf Hitler Schools (Helen Roche) Part IV. Cold War and Contemporary Political and Popular Culture 9. Sparta and the Soviet Union in U.S. Cold War foreign policy and intelligence analysis (Stephen Hodkinson) 10. The positive portrayal of Sparta in late twentieth-century fiction (Lynn Fotheringham) 11. "This is Cake-Town!": 300 (2006) and the death of allegory (Gideon Nisbet)


Accessibility is a major challenge of machine learning (ML). Typical ML models are built by specialists and require specialized hardware/software as well as ML experience to validate. This makes it challenging for non-technical collaborators and endpoint users (e.g. physicians) to easily provide feedback on model development and to gain trust in ML. The accessibility challenge also makes collaboration more difficult and limits the ML researcher's exposure to realistic data and scenarios that occur in the wild. To improve accessibility and facilitate collaboration, we developed an open-source Python package, Gradio, which allows researchers to rapidly generate a visual interface for their ML models. Gradio makes accessing any ML model as easy as sharing a URL. Our development of Gradio is informed by interviews with a number of machine learning researchers who participate in interdisciplinary collaborations. Their feedback identified that Gradio should support a variety of interfaces and frameworks, allow for easy sharing of the interface, allow for input manipulation and interactive inference by the domain expert, as well as allow embedding the interface in iPython notebooks. We developed these features and carried out a case study to understand Gradio's usefulness and usability in the setting of a machine learning collaboration between a researcher and a cardiologist.


Hurricane Hugo struck Puerto Rico on 18 September 1989. Coastal zone resources as diverse as offshore sand deposits, recreational beaches and coral reefs were affected. Initial observations made during the week of the storm and subsequent observations are part of an ongoing shelf and coastal resources monitoring project. Cores and aerial photographs reveal that at least 100,000 m 3 of sand was removed from the Escollo de Arenas, a large offshore sand deposit (90 x 10 6 m 3 ). The berms of the beaches along the eastern and northern coast of the island were severely eroded. Wave impact and coastal flooding were augmented by a 0.6 m high tide and a 0.7 m storm surge in San Juan. Overwash fans containing about 5 x 10 5 m 3 of sand were deposited behind the frontal dune line in Pinones (east of San Juan). Approximately 90%, of this material is considered to be unrecoverable, deposited in mangrove swamp or removed as part of street clearing efforts. At other sites, material lost from the berm was moved offshore and deposited in the nearshore zone. Follow-up profiling shows that Hugo provided only a minor perturbation in the seasonal cycle of beach changes at most sites. In areas where a large volume of sand was deposited inland or below the seasonal wave-base, the recovery has been slow. Reconnaissance surveys in eastern Culebra show almost total destruction of the shallow coral, Acropora palmata whereas only partial destruction occurred to the corals off western Culebra and in Vieques Passage. Tens of square kilometers of highly productive seagrass meadows were destroyed by the formation of large sediment "blowouts."


The 3D encapsulation of cells within hydrogels represents an increasingly important and popular technique for culturing cells and towards the development of constructs for tissue engineering. This environment better mimics what cells observe in vivo, compared to standard tissue culture, due to the tissue-like properties and 3D environment. Synthetic polymeric hydrogels are water-swollen networks that can be designed to be stable or to degrade through hydrolysis or proteolysis as new tissue is deposited by encapsulated cells. A wide variety of polymers have been explored for these applications, such as poly(ethylene glycol) and hyaluronic acid. Most commonly, the polymer is functionalized with reactive groups such as methacrylates or acrylates capable of undergoing crosslinking through various mechanisms. In the past decade, much progress has been made in engineering these microenvironments - e.g., via the physical or pendant covalent incorporation of biochemical cues - to improve viability and direct cellular phenotype, including the differentiation of encapsulated stem cells (Burdick et al.). The following methods for the 3D encapsulation of cells have been optimized in our and other laboratories to maximize cytocompatibility and minimize the number of hydrogel processing steps. In the following protocols (see Figure 1 for an illustration of the procedure), it is assumed that functionalized polymers capable of undergoing crosslinking are already in hand; excellent reviews of polymer chemistry as applied to the field of tissue engineering may be found elsewhere (Burdick et al.) and these methods are compatible with a range of polymer types. Further, the Michael-type addition (see Lutolf et al.) and light-initiated free radical (see Elisseeff et al.) mechanisms focused on here constitute only a small portion of the reported crosslinking techniques. Mixed mode crosslinking, in which a portion of reactive groups is first consumed by addition crosslinking and followed by a radical mechanism, is another commonly used and powerful paradigm for directing the phenotype of encapsulated cells (Khetan et al., Salinas et al.).


Consciousness, declares Robin Fox, is "out of context." Useful as an adaptation in the Stone Age, it brought humanity to the top of the food chain but has now created a world it cannot control. The Passionate Mind explores this paradox not through academic demonstration but through satiric dialogues, blank-verse ruminations, lyric, narrative and comic verse, and Aesopian fables. This mix of genres and styles forces us out of our usual linear modes of thinking to confront a harsh thesis. Because of consciousness we cannot operate without ideas, but once in thrall to ideas--whether of love, power, religion, or ideology--we cannot operate without destructiveness lest we become imprisoned by them. The range of subjects and genres Fox covers includes a verse summary of the key points of human evolution, a conference of farm animals ruminating on their social problems, visions of a desperate future from a neolithic hunter and a shaman at Lascaux, Kafkaesque trial scenes, and a new version of "God is dead." George Washington, having lost at Yorktown is put on trial with Adams, Jefferson, and Benedict Arnold giving evidence. Through the persona of Humbert Humbert as decadent Europe, the new world of Lolita/America is faced with the consequences of its pursuit of happiness. Scandinavian utopianism and salvation through romantic eros get their turn, and the basic "design failure" of humanity is examined in a Platonic dialogue. A bullfight and the struggle for existence in New Jersey farming lead up to a monologue from a decidedly unlikely Jesus who turns out to be part of an alien plan to control an otherwise out of control human race. Through this kaleidoscopic mix, Fox mounts a case for a thorough revision of consciousness that breaks "realistic" boundaries between science, the humanities, religion, and myth.


We have shown previously that the severity of handling-induced convulsions during ethanol withdrawal was reduced in A2Areceptor knock-out (A2AR−/−) mice. In the present report, we further characterize the role of adenosine A2A receptors in ethanol consumption and neurobiological responses to this drug of abuse. Male A2AR−/− mice showed increased consumption of solutions containing 6 and 20% (v/v) ethanol compared with wild-type (A2AR+/+) control mice; female A2AR−/− mice showed increased consumption of solutions containing 6 and 10% ethanol. This slightly higher ethanol consumption was also related to increased ethanol preference. In contrast, A2AR−/− mice showed normal consumption of solutions containing either sucrose or quinine. Relative to A2AR+/+ mice, A2AR−/− mice were found to be less sensitive to the sedative effect of 3.0 gm/kg ethanol, as measured by more rapid recovery from ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex, and to the hypothermic effects of 1.5, 3.0, and 4.0 gm/kg ethanol, although plasma ethanol levels did not differ significantly between the two genotypes. The selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ZM 241385 (4-(2-[7-amino-2-(2-furyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-ylamino]ethyl)phenol) (10–30 mg/kg) significantly attenuated ethanol-induced (4.0 gm/kg) hypothermia in CD1 mice. To assess whether ethanol administration would induce differential tolerance in A2AR−/− and wild-type mice, we administered ethanol (3.0 gm/kg) over 4 consecutive days and found no difference in the development of tolerance; however, female A2AR−/− mice showed a lower tolerance-acquisition rate. These data suggest that activating the A2A receptors may play a role in suppressing alcohol-drinking behavior and is associated with the sensitivity to the intoxicating effects of acute ethanol administration.


Background Feral populations of cultivated crops can pose challenges to novel trait confinement within agricultural landscapes. Simulation models can be helpful in investigating the underlying dynamics of feral populations and determining suitable management options. Methodology/Principal Findings We developed a stage-structured matrix population model for roadside feral alfalfa populations occurring in southern Manitoba, Canada. The model accounted for the existence of density-dependence and recruitment subsidy in feral populations. We used the model to investigate the long-term dynamics of feral alfalfa populations, and to evaluate the effectiveness of simulated management strategies such as herbicide application and mowing in controlling feral alfalfa. Results suggest that alfalfa populations occurring in roadside habitats can be persistent and less likely to go extinct under current roadverge management scenarios. Management attempts focused on controlling adult plants alone can be counterproductive due to the presence of density-dependent effects. Targeted herbicide application, which can achieve complete control of seedlings, rosettes and established plants, will be an effective strategy, but the seedbank population may contribute to new recruits. In regions where roadside mowing is regularly practiced, devising a timely mowing strategy (early- to mid-August for southern Manitoba), one that can totally prevent seed production, will be a feasible option for managing feral alfalfa populations. Conclusions/Significance Feral alfalfa populations can be persistent in roadside habitats. Timely mowing or regular targeted herbicide application will be effective in managing feral alfalfa populations and limit feral-population-mediated gene flow in alfalfa. However, in the context of novel trait confinement, the extent to which feral alfalfa populations need to be managed will be dictated by the tolerance levels established by specific production systems for specific traits. The modelling framework outlined in this paper could be applied to other perennial herbaceous plants with similar life-history characteristics.


The circadian clock comprises transcriptional feedback loops of clock genes. Cryptochromes are essential components of the negative feedback loop in mammals as they inhibit CLOCK-BMAL1-mediated transcription. We purified mouse CRY1 (mCRY1) protein complexes from Sarcoma 180 cells to determine their roles in circadian gene expression and discovered that Myb-binding protein 1a (Mybbp1a) interacts with mCRY1. Mybbp1a regulates various transcription factors, but its role in circadian gene expression is unknown. We found that Mybbp1a functions as a co-repressor of Per2 expression and repressed Per2 promoter activity in reporter assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed endogenous Mybbp1a binding to the Per2 promoter that temporally matched that of mCRY1. Furthermore, Mybbp1a binding to the Per2 promoter correlated with the start of the down-regulation of Per2 expression and with the dimethylation of histone H3 Lys9, to which it could also bind. These findings suggest that Mybbp1a and mCRY1 can form complexes on the Per2 promoter that function as negative regulators of Per2 expression.


Summary form only given. An electron emission from the wall facing the plasma can reduce the sheath potential drop increasing the electron energy flux to the wall. As the flux of cold emitted electrons becomes comparable to the flux of incident plasma electrons the sheath saturates due to the space charge of slow emitted electrons. These effects were studied both theoretically and experimentally in laboratory plasmas and in applications to divertors effusion devices. Recent theoretical studies have suggested that a space-charge saturated sheath regime can be also realized in Hall thrusters. Typical electron temperatures in these crossed-field discharge devices are on the order of cross-over energy of the secondary electron emission yield (SEE) from ceramic channel walls. Therefore, the walls can act as an effective energy sink limiting the electron temperature. We report here first direct experimental validation of these theoretical predictions by measuring plasma potential, electron temperature and density with emissive and biased probes. A 2 kW Hall thruster with a boron nitride ceramic channel was operated in the discharge voltage range of 200-800 V. A discharge voltage threshold (/spl sim/400 V) was found to separate two different plasma regimes of the thruster. Below this threshold, electron temperature and potential distributions yield a linear fit T/sub e/(z)/spl ap/0.1/spl middot//spl phi/(z) along the acceleration region. The maximum electron temperature, T/sub emax/, increases linearly with the voltage, but always exceeds (almost twice at 400 V) the cross-over energy of SEE (/spl sim/18 eV) expected for Maxwellian electron energy distribution (EDF). This result appears consistent with predictions of that the EDF is depleted at high energy due to electron wall losses. Above 400 V, T/sub emax/ saturates (/spl sim/50 eV), the acceleration region expands, but the linear fit is still valid outside the thruster. At the discharge voltages of larger than 500 V, T/sub emax/ tends to increase again, but its placement appears outside the thruster. This result indicates that the wall sheaths are space-charge saturated.


OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents of Shandanshaoyao Decoction. METHOD The sample was prepared by boiling water, then precipitated by 75% of ethanol. The ethanol soluble fraction was extracted by chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, respectively. The extracts were isolated using macroreticular resin, silica gel and polyamide column chromatography, and then the chemical constituents were identified by chemical and spectroscopic methods. RESULT Nine compounds were isolated from the n-butanol extract and water soluble fraction, and elucidated as vitexin, quercetin, hyperoside, rutin, paeoniflorin, protocatechaldehyde, (+)-catechin, danshensu and citric acid respectively. CONCLUSION The chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicinal preparations Shandanshaoyao Decoction were reported for the first time.


A consensus appears to have emerged among American lawyers that globalization and information technology are transforming the practice of law in fundamental ways. In particular, non-lawyers are increasingly involved in what has traditionally been defined as the practice of law. Scholars such as Richard Susskind, in the United Kingdom, and Thomas Morgan, in the United States, have hypothesized that lawyers may be going the way of wheelwrights, cordwainers or mercers (traders in fine cloths and silks), and that one day in the not-so-distant future we will consider the profession of lawyer as something to be studied historically, wonder why lawyers were once needed by society, and speculate as to the cause of their demise as a distinct occupational group. Like the demand for fine cloths and leather goods, the demand for legal services will still exist, but new technologies and means of delivering these services will develop and displace the traditionally organized guilds that previously enjoyed a monopoly in this market. Many lawyers have been receptive to proposed changes in the structure and regulation of the market for legal services, but their more traditionally minded colleagues have expressed concerns -- sometimes in fairly apocalyptic terms -- about the erosion of the core values of the legal profession.The trouble with the idea of core values is that it is often invoked in a question-begging way, and when the rhetoric of professionalism is probed more carefully, it often turns out to be merely a cover for a rearguard action to protect the profession's monopoly rents. Having observed the debate over multidisciplinary practices and, more recently, the ABA Ethics 20/20 Commission's alternative business structures proposal, it is apparent that the position of many of the opponents of change is not empirical, but is essentially a conceptual argument, that terms such as "lawyer" or "legal profession" refer to natural kinds, not conventionally designated categories. Prior to the US Supreme Court's decisions in Bates and following cases, one might have said that American lawyers had the property of being unable to advertise their services. Contingent fees are regarded as anathema to the concept of lawyer in most countries, but accepted as unproblematic by American lawyers. More closely related to alternative practice structures, the organized bar in the United States once vigorously fought against the providers of group legal services plans, offered by organizations like unions and automobile clubs, which made lawyers available to low- to middle-income consumers. Now no lawyer would seriously contend that providing services under a legal services plan is conceptually incompatible with the core values of her profession. Experience with regulatory reform in the U.K. similarly shows that it may be possible to increase access to justice and the efficiency with which legal services are delivered, while preserving the core values of the legal profession. This essay therefore argues for a conception of professional core values that is compatible with reform that addresses the concerns of clients as well as those of lawyer.This paper is part of a symposium in the journal Legal Ethics on the regulatory challenges facing the American legal profession.


Study on soybeans morpho-physiological responses in artificial or natural shade are beneficial to determine the effects of shade on morpho-physiology and yield of soybean. This research was aimed to study the morpho-physiological responses of soybean varieties under shading of maize and cassava compared to arficial shading. The research was conducted in Kendalpayak Research Station, ILETRI, from February to May 2016 used split plot design with three replications. The main plot was three shade sources: N1:black paranet 50%, N2: maize shade, and N3: cassava shade, while the sub plot was five soybean varieties: Dena 1, Dena 2, Argopuro, Panderman, and Grobogan. Soybean varieties showed morpho-physiology differences depending on the shade source. Soybean grown under shading of cassava had plant height, leaf area ratio, and leaf area lower than under shading of paranet and maize. Cassava shade also caused soybean had higher growth rate, net assimilation rate, and yield than those under paranet and maize shade. Shade-tolerant varieties (Dena 1 and Dena 2) had high yield on all kind of shade. Less tolerant varieties (Panderman and Grobogan) had higher yield under cassava shade and lower yield under paranet and maize shade. Maize crop had similar shade effects with 50% paranet shade. Keywords: Glycine max (L) Merr., intercropping, Manihot esculenta Crantz, paranet, Zea mays L.


In shallow lakes, environmental warming and nutrient loading are important influences on the likelihood of a shift between clear and turbid ecosystem states. With temperatures and nutrient runoff predicted to increase within the next decades, climate change poses a threat to lake communities. However, current predictions on the effect of these environmental factors on the abundance and timing of peak zooplankton numbers are based on correlations rather than on experimental isolation of thermal from other confounding effects. We present results of warming (4°C above ambient) and increased nutrient loading on plankton communities in 48 outdoor mesocosms, simulating fishless and hypertrophic ponds. The timing of the chlorophyll a peak and crustacean zooplankton peak abundance, dominated by Daphnia pulex, responded strongly to temperature and nutrient addition. Daphnia numbers reached peaks 22–24 days earlier in heated than in unheated mesocosms. The chlorophyll a peak abundance advanced by 15–19 days with heating. Phytoplankton, total zooplankton and D. pulex reached peak abundance 12–19 days later when doses of nitrogen and phosphorus were added; this finding contradicts predicted earlier phytoplankton and zooplankton spring peak abundances with nutrient enrichment. Peak zooplankton and D. pulex abundances did not differ with temperature treatment, contrary to our expectations, but peak abundances occurred at similar actual temperatures. Nutrient additions had no effect on the peak zooplankton and D. pulex abundances in our mesocosms. Overall, climate warming is likely to advance plankton phenology in fishless ponds; however, this advance could be dampened in systems with high nutrient concentration. We found very high zooplankton abundances with warming and high nutrient loadings inducing a clear water state in all our tanks owing to heavy zooplankton grazing despite high nutrient concentrations


A survey was conducted to determine the sources and delivery of technical information to smallholder dairy farmers in Kiambu District. Sixty-three farmers in three wealth groups (rich, medium, poor) of 21 farmers each from three different locations, were selected at random from maps drawn by communities. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect information on farmers' level of exposure to different dairy information sources and their involvement in extension activities during 1997. Preliminary results indicate that most poor farmers (66%) relied on neighbors as their primary information source. Field days run by dairy cooperative societies were the most important organized information delivery channel for poor (28%) and medium (38%) farmers. Private and co-operative veterinary services concentrated on rich farms with 33% of these households having contact compared with only 14% of poor households. The government veterinary or livestock services contacted less than 20% of households either in farm visits or field days. Besides visits by private veterinary officers to wealthy farmers the frequency of contact with livestock professionals was therefore limited for all communities. Preliminary conclusions are that for Kiambu, which has a well established smallholder dairy industry, group meetings organized by cooperatives are more likely to reach the poorer sectors of the community. This coupled with frequent neighbour-to-neighbour discussions may currently be the most effective dairy information delivery channel.


Collisionless shocks are well-known structures in astrophysical environments which dissipate bulk flow kinetic energy and accelerate large fraction of particle. Spacecrafts have firmly established the existence of the so-called terrestrial foreshock region magnetically connected to the shock and filled by two distinct populations in the quasi- perpendicular shock region (i.e. for 45 ≤ ΘBn ≤ 90 , where ΘBn is the angle between the shock normal and the upstream magnetic field) : (i) the field-aligned ion beams or " FAB " characterized by a gyrotropic distribution, and (ii) the gyro-phase bunched ions or " GPB " characterized by a NON gyrotropic distribution. The present work is based on the use of two dimensional PIC simulation of a curved shock and associated foreshock region where full curvature effects, time of flight effects and both electrons and ions dynamics are fully described by a self consistent approach.
Our previous analysis (Savoini et Lembege, 2015) has evidenced that these two types of backstreaming populations can originate from the shock front itself without invoking any local diffusion by ion beam instabilities. Present re- sults are focussed on individual ion trajectories and evidence that "FAB" population is injected into the foreshock mainly along the shock front whereas the "GPB" population penetrates more deeply the shock front. Such differ- ences explain why the "FAB" population loses their gyro-phase coherency and become gyrotropic which is not the case for the "GPB". The impact of these different injection features on the energy gain for each ion population will be presented in details.


Abstract The Department of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems at the Warsaw University of Technology is one of six organizational units of the Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography. The photogrammetry has been under interest of scientists in Faculty for over 90 years. The last decades has been characterized by the incredible development of photogrammetric technologies, mainly towards wide automation and popularization of derivative products for processing data acquired at satellite, aerial, and terrestrial levels. The paper presents achievements of scientists employed in Photogrammetric Research Group during last decades related to projects that were carried out in this department.


STUDY QUESTION
Do specific transcriptome dynamics in human oocytes from primordial and primary follicles identify novel pathways in oocyte activation?

SUMMARY ANSWER
The transcriptomic profiles in oocytes from primordial and primary follicles, respectively, revealed several new canonical pathways as putative mediators of oocyte dormancy and activation.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Cellular signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT and AKT/mTOR as well as TGF-β and IGF signaling are known to regulate the primordial-to-primary transition in mammalian follicle development.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
We performed a class comparison study on human oocytes from primordial (n = 436) and primary (n = 182) follicles donated by three women having ovarian tissue cryopreserved before chemotherapy.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
RNA was extracted from oocytes from primordial and primary follicles isolated by Laser Capture Microdissection, and submitted to the HiSeq Illumina platform. Data mapping, quality control, filtering and expression analysis were performed using Tophat (2.0.4), Cufflinks (2.0.2), BWA (0.6.2) and software R. Modeling of complex biological systems was performed using the IPA® software. Finally, qPCR and immunohistochemistry were employed to explore expression and localization of selected genes and products in human ovarian tissue.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
We found 223 and 268 genes down-regulated and up-regulated, respectively, in the oocytes during the human primordial-to-primary follicle transition (P < 0.05 and/or FPKM fold-change >2). IPA® enrichment analysis revealed known pathways ('mTOR Signaling', 'PI3K/AKT Signaling' and 'PTEN Signaling') as well as enriched canonical pathways not previously associated with human ovarian follicle development such as 'ErB Signaling' and 'NGF Signaling' in the down-regulated category and 'Regulation of eIF4 and P70S6K Signaling' and 'HER-2 Signaling in Breast Cancer' in the up-regulated group. Additionally, immunohistochemistry on human ovarian tissue explored the intraovarian localization of VASA, FOXO1 and eIF4E.

LARGE SCALE DATA
http://users-birc.au.dk/biopv/published_data/ernst_2017/.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
This is a descriptive analysis and no functional studies were performed. The study was based on a limited number of patients and the experimental design could not take into account the natural biological variance in human samples. Therefore, qPCR was used to confirm selected genes alongside immunohistochemical stainings.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
This study shows, for the first time, a detailed molecular description of global gene transcription activities in oocytes from primordial and primary follicles, respectively. Knowing the global transcription profiles of human oocyte dormancy and activation are important in developing new clinical applications.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
E.H.E. was supported by Health Faculty, Aarhus University and Kong Christian Den Tiendes Fond. K.H. and S.F. were supported by an MRC (UK) project grant MR/M012638/1. K.L.H. was supported by grants from Fonden til Lægevidenskabens Fremme, Kong Christian Den Tiendes Fond. K.L.H. and L.S. were supported by the IDEAS grant from Aarhus University Research Foundation (AUFF). There are no conflicts of interest.


We have recently developed a closed-loop environment in which we can test the ability of primates to control the motion of a virtual device using ensembles of simultaneously recorded neurons /29/. Here we use a maximum likelihood method to assess the information about task performance contained in the neuronal ensemble. We trained two animals to control the motion of a computer cursor in three dimensions. Initially the animals controlled cursor motion using arm movements, but eventually they learned to drive the cursor directly from cortical activity. Using a population vector (PV) based upon the relation between cortical activity and arm motion, the animals were able to control the cursor directly from the brain in a closed-loop environment, but with difficulty. We added a supervised learning method that modified the parameters of the PV according to task performance (adaptive PV), and found that animals were able to exert much finer control over the cursor motion from brain signals. Here we describe a maximum likelihood method (ML) to assess the information about target contained in neuronal ensemble activity. Using this method, we compared the information about target contained in the ensemble during arm control, during brain control early in the adaptive PV, and during brain control after the adaptive PV had settled and the animal could drive the cursor reliably and with fine gradations. During the arm-control task, the ML was able to determine the target of the movement in as few as 10% of the trials, and as many as 75% of the trials, with an average of 65%. This average dropped when the animals used a population vector to control motion of the cursor. On average we could determine the target in around 35% of the trials. This low percentage was also reflected in poor control of the cursor, so that the animal was unable to reach the target in a large percentage of trials. Supervised adjustment of the population vector parameters produced new weighting coefficients and directional tuning parameters for many neurons. This produced a much better performance of the brain-controlled cursor motion. It was also reflected in the maximum likelihood measure of cell activity, producing the correct target based only on neuronal activity in over 80% of the trials on average. The changes in maximum likelihood estimates of target location based on ensemble firing show that an animal's ability to regulate the motion of a cortically controlled device is not crucially dependent on the experimenter's ability to estimate intention from neuronal activity.


Jatropha curcas belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae and is distributed in many tropical and subtropical countries. The toxicity of the whole seed Jatropha curcas has been known for a long time. Jatropha plant is used as a source of biodiesel. In addition to being a source of oil, Jatropha also provides seed-cake and is a by-product of oil extraction that serves as a highly nutritious and economic protein supplement in animal feed. It also contains many toxic components like phorbol ester, lectins, saponin, curcin, HCN etc. In the present study, we detoxified whole Jatropha cake by subjecting to various solvent extraction, alkali and heat treatment. After processing, cake was dried and animal baits were prepared by mixing different percentage of detoxified (JCMD) and non detoxified cake (JCM). Long term (90 days) animal feeding trials and toxicological evaluations was carried out. Animals were sacrificed at various time intervals for toxicity evaluation. The toxicity study result revealed that 10% (w/w) detoxified (JCMD) baits fed group animals survived till the 90 days and did not show any significant changes in various clinical parameters related to hepatic and renal function while in 10% non detoxified (JCM) fed groups mortality starts on 6th day of feeding and no animal was survived beyond 9th day. The result of long term feeding trials and toxicity study reveals that 10% detoxified Jatropha cake can be supplemented in animal's diet after detoxification.


Transgenic bioenergy crops have shown the potential to produce vegetative oil by accumulating energy-rich triacylglyceride molecules that can be converted into biofuels (biodiesel and biojet). These transgenic crops cater to improved biofuel yield by providing lipids along with cellulosic sugars. Efficient bioprocessing technologies are needed to utilize these transgenic plants to their maximum potential. To this end, this study investigates a low- and high-severity chemical-free hydrothermal pretreatment of transgenic oilcane 1566 bagasse with in situ lipids to maximize the recovery of lipids for biodiesel and fermentable sugars for ethanol with minimal inhibitor generation. Hydrothermal pretreatment at 170°C recovered ∼25% of total lipids in the pretreatment liquor, leaving the remainder in bagasse residue for hexane recovery post fermentation . The recovery of lipids in pretreatment liquor remained constant beyond 170°C. Along with lipids, ∼35% w/w and ∼50% w/w fermentable sugars were recovered post saccharification from bagasse pretreated at 170°C and 210°C for 20 min, respectively. Hydrothermal pretreatment at 170°C for 20 min provided the optimum conditions for maximum recovery of lipids and cellulosic sugars that resulted in enhanced biofuel yield per unit biomass. High severity pretreatment increased the generation of inhibitors beyond the tolerance of fermentation microorganisms. In addition, the application of time-domain proton NMR spectroscopy was extended to bioprocessing. NMR technology facilitated the analysis of total lipids, the composition of fatty acids, and the characterization of free and bound lipids in untreated and pretreated oilcane 1566 bagasse subsequent to each step of biomass to biofuel conversion. Graphical Abstract


In The Diary of a Young Girl —one of the most touching books ever written about life under fascism—Dutch teenager Anne Frank observed, "Extraordinary things happen to people who go into hiding." Published in 1947 with an introduction by Eleanor Roosevelt, Frank's diary awakened the world to the daily lives of Jews hoping to escape concentration camps and gas ovens. Frank's story was sentimentalized on stage and in the Hollywood movie, but the book itself resonated—it still does—with gritty realism and the kinds of details that just will not die.… That same year, 1947, saw the publication of Every Man Dies Alone , the last novel to be written by Hans Fallada, the lost man of twentieth-century Germany literature. Like Frank's Diary , Fallada's Every Man alerted readers around the world to the corrosive force of fascism and the extraordinary things that happen to people in hiding. The main characters are not Jews; they are neither religious, nor do they spout Marx, Engels, or Rosa Luxemburg. Every Man presents a series of interwoven narratives about fascism that do not echo the dominant stories that have been told and retold since the end of the Second World War. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD) which leads to patients a poor progression. According to Pubmed Datasets, we analyzed different gene and mRNA expressions in IHD patients with IRI. The relevant mRNA expression detected in H9C2 cells undergo hypoxia and reoxygenation, we selected and structured miR-525-5p gene mutation H9C2 cells, the results performed miR-525-5p mutated restored H9C2 metabolism of mitochondria which detected by relevant genes and proteins. At the same time, miR-525-5p silence resisted hypoxia and reoxygenation induced H9C2 cells apoptosis. All the results indicated miR-525-5p maybe protect H9C2 cells without hypoxia and reoxygenation induced injury through regulating the mitochondria metabolism.


Because of the complicated shape of the structural characteristics of the tool and the use of performance requirements, the tool substrate pretreatment, deposition equipment and deposition process, diamond film after film substrate adhesion test and tool evaluation has its own peculiarities. Currently, study on the complex shape of diamond coated tools At home and abroad is still in its infancy, and the further study complicated shape for the deposition of diamond coatings on cutting tools and milling properties of adhesion is even more lacking towards to complex shapes for the structural characteristics of diamond coated tool and use requirements. In this paper, it will use the WC-Co (YG6) PCB carbide cutter (STARBIDE455060, diameter 6.35mm) as the matrix material and use the milling testing of glass fiber reinforced composite to assess the adhesion of diamond coated tools and milling performance.


Top-down cracking has been found to be a predominant mode of distresses of asphalt pavements in Florida. Therefore, it is important to accommodate top-down cracking in the design of asphalt mixtures and pavement structures. After a multiyear study on top-down cracking supported by the Florida Department of Transportation, the University of Florida developed a top-down cracking model based on hot-mix asphalt fracture mechanics. This paper presents the implementation of the Florida cracking model into a mechanistic–empirical (M-E) flexible pavement design framework. Based on the energy ratio concept, a new M-E pavement design tool for top-down cracking has been developed. In the Level 3 M-E design, a series of semiempirical models were developed for estimation of time-dependent material properties. With incorporation of the material properties models, the design tool is capable of performing pavement thickness design as well as pavement life prediction for top-down cracking in Florida. The thickness design is optimized for different traffic levels, mixture types, and binder selections, and the optimization is an automated process. This design tool has been packed into Windows-based software, making it convenient to use for pavement design engineers.


Chromatin acts as an organizer and indexer of genomic DNA and is a highly dynamic and regulated structure with properties directly related to its constituent parts. Histone variants are abundant components of chromatin that replace canonical histones in a subset of nucleosomes, thereby altering nucleosomal characteristics. The present review focuses on the H2A variant histones, summarizing current knowledge of how H2A variants can introduce chemical and functional heterogeneity into chromatin, the positions that nucleosomes containing H2A variants occupy in eukaryotic genomes, and the regulation of these localization patterns.


The objective of this work was to generate a series of equations to describe the voltinism of Lobesia botrana in the quarantine area of the main winemaking area of Argentina, Mendoza. To do this we considered an average climate scenario and extrapolated these equations to other winegrowing areas at risk of being invaded. A grid of 4 km2 was used to generate statistics on L. botrana captures and the mean temperature accumulation for the pixel. Four sets of logistic regression were constructed using the percentage of accumulated trap catches/grid/week and the degree-day accumulation above 7°C, from 1st July. By means of a habitat model, an extrapolation of the phenological model generated to other Argentine winemaking areas was evaluated. According to our results, it can be expected that 50% of male adult emergence for the first flight occurs at 248.79 ± 4 degree-days (DD), in the second flight at 860.18 ± 4.1 DD, while in the third and the fourth flights, 1671.34 ± 5.8 DD and 2335.64 ± 4.3 DD, respectively. Subsequent climatic comparison determined that climatic conditions of uncolonized areas of Cuyo Region have a similar suitability index to the quarantine area used to adjust the phenological model. The upper valley of Río Negro and Neuquén are environmentally similar. Valleys of the northwestern region of Argentina showed lower average suitability index and greater variability among SI estimated by the algorithm considered. The combination of two models for the estimation of adult emergence time and potential distribution, can provide greater certainties in decision-making and risk assessment of invasive species.


Abstract: Congenital deformities and neoplasia are poorly documented in wildlife, owing to the difficulty of detection in wild populations. Congenital deformities may lead to premature mortality, thus reducing the chances of thorough documentation. Importantly, neoplasia diagnoses depend on either sampling suspicious lesions from living individuals or access to fresh, undisturbed carcasses, which can prove challenging. We describe five cases of suspected congenital cranial deformities (midfacial cleft, wry nose, and brachygnathia inferior) and two possible cases of cranial neoplasia (orbital bone mass and a soft tissue mass) opportunistically observed in wild giraffe (Giraffa spp.) across their range in Africa. Although cases are largely limited to subjective description because physical examination is often not possible, it is critical to document such observations to help identify and track potential health concerns in wild giraffe populations.


Over the past decade, and particularly since the publication of The National Plan for Music Education (DfE, 2011), there has been increasing opportunity for community musicians in England to work with young people with challenging behaviour in Pupil Referral Units (PRUs) and in Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties (EBD) Units.
This study identifies and discusses six key elements that influence community music delivery in these settings. These elements are: what the children bring, organizing structures, ideas and materials, focus and energy, reflection and reflexivity and the intentions of the leader. These elements emerged from the data collected through the study.
This study combined action research and grounded theory. It employed a number of data collection methods, including participant observation, semi-structured interviews, focus group work and a literature review.
The environment of PRUs and EBD Units are based on formal schooling but are both volatile and academically ineffective (Taylor, 2012). Community musicians, who frequently work outside the curriculum, need insights and understandings beyond traditional educational practice if they are to be successful in engaging children in these environments.
Community music practice addresses not only musical but also personal and social development. This, and the nature of PRUs, and of the children within them, makes the work complex. Through understanding the role all six elements can play in shaping the child's experience, the community musician can use this knowledge to develop programmes that address these children's complex needs, allow them to place themselves at the centre of their own learning and encourage their ownership of their own creative expression. This can give them a sense of meaning for their own often troubled histories and may offer them a pathway to reconstructing their own self concept away from conferred negative identities as excluded children towards seeing themselves as learners and musicians.


Linking electronic health record (EHR) systems with community information systems (CIS) holds great promise for addressing inequities in social determinants of health (SDH). While EHRs are rich in location-specific data that allow us to uncover geographic inequities in health outcomes, CIS are rich in data that allow us to describe community-level characteristics relating to health. When meaningfully integrated, these data systems enable clinicians, researchers, and public health professionals to actively address the social etiologies of health disparities. This article describes a process for exploring SDH by geocoding and integrating EHR data with a comprehensive CIS covering a large metropolitan area. Because the systems were initially designed for different purposes and had different teams of experts involved in their development, integrating them presents challenges that require multidisciplinary expertise in informatics, geography, public health, and medicine. We identify these challenges and the means of addressing them and discuss the significance of the project as a model for similar projects.


The theory of the operation of the controlled superconductor as a linear amplifier is briefly described. The relationship between constants which describe the physical operation of the controlled superconductor and the small-signal parameters of the device are developed, and the optimization of the small-signal parameters in terms of the geometry of the device is discussed. The current gain expressions of linear amplifiers in two circuit connections are presented and the conditions necessary for the optimization of these gains are also derived.


This differential diagnostic study included patients with the clinical picture of lower airwave infection and bilateral lung density. The difficulty of nosological verification of the diagnosis was due to the presence of neutropenia in a patient with liver cirrhosis and hypersplenism. Results of his clinical and X-ray examination were indicative of severe bacterial pneumonia. The absence of positive clinical effect of adequate antibiotic and antifungal therapy suggested the necessity to exclude not only common alternatives to pulmonary infiltrative changes (TB, lung cancer) but also interstitial diseases. Transthoracic lung biopsy permitted to identify one of the 7 morphological types of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, and perform its targeted corticosteroid therapy with a positive clinical result.


Arab Journal of Nutrition and Exercise                                                                                ISSN:2518-6590           Published on 31 st August, 2017 Abstract : The interdisciplinary approach has risen in the modern curricula as it is considered an important and challenging technique. Physical education is a prime content area for interdisciplinary learning. In order to integrate different subject areas into Physical Education lessons, the specialist needs to learn more about the academic curriculum. Integrating core subjects with physical activity can easily be done and can be very beneficial to student learners in all levels of Education. A great effort is done in addition to be integrated with other subjects. Over the last twenty years there have been frequent internal changes at international level, which also affect pre-school curricula. This trend has been intensified in recent years, with unprecedented mobility being observed, to the point of demanding a fundamental reform of the educational mission of the kindergarten.  An interdisciplinary approach has been at the core of attention in primary and secondary school education recently. In this approach, teachers collaborate to invent and apply more effective means of teaching by associating the subjects and activities of a school subject in the curriculum with other subjects. The basic aim and purpose is to cultivate skills and values such as cooperatives, flexibility, adaptability, solidarity, but above all to provide basic knowledge, exploration, classification, selection, evaluation, resolution, and observation.


Laser ablation-sector field-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been used for in situ determination of silver concentration in treated human teeth. Silver nitrate has long been used to trace the presence of micro sized gaps between the walls of dental restorations and teeth, and more recently, to trace the presence of nanometer sized voids within resin-bonded restorations. This study examines the diffusion of silver nitrate into submicron voids beneath resin-bonded composite restorations. The silver treated-teeth were analyzed for 43Ca, 107Ag, and 109Ag isotopes. Elemental data were obtained by ablation with Nd:YAG laser operating in the UV region 266 nm and 213 nm by New Wave-Merchantek and isotopic analysis with a sector field ICP MS by Finnigan MAT. A 50 ppm glass standard (NIST-612) was also analyzed for the same isotopes. Quantification was performed by assuming a uniform nominal calcium concentration value
of 27 g per 100 g of dry dentin across the root and using the 43Ca signal for internal calibration. The precision (RSD%) of measurements for 43Ca for the NIST-612 glass standard was found to be within 1.8% to 2.5% and for the tooth samples within 2.8% to 7.1%. The precision of analysis for 107Ag for the NIST-612 glass standard was between 2.6% and 4.4%. The analysis revealed a significant penetration of resin-bonded dentin by silver, ranging from ∼35000 ppm at the very bottom of the resin-infiltrated demineralized dentin to only 10 s of ppm in the areas within the underlying mineralized dentin. The analysis revealed that a significant amount of silver penetrated through resin-dentin bonds, and that the amount of silver increased with increased acid-etching time. The results from this study suggest that current adhesive resin system do not create perfect bonds and that laser ablation sector field
ICPMS can be used to quantify the amount of nanoleakage of bonded restorations.


ME-344, a second-generation derivative of a natural product isoflavone is being developed as a clinical candidate in small cell lung and ovarian cancer by MEI Pharma (San Diego, CA). Treatment of tumor cells in culture with low micromolar ME-344 decreased mitochondrial ATP production and increased ROS, with subsequent disruption of mitochondrial integrity. To gain further insight into this unusual mechanism of action, we compared ME-344 activity in sensitive and naturally resistant lung cancer cell lines, together with primary human lung embryonic fibroblasts (HLEF). Using SeaHorse technology we measured the impact of ME-344 on oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) in these cells under conditions of mitochondrial and glycolytic stress. In a dose dependent manner, the drug caused instantaneous and pronounced inhibition of OCR in drug-sensitive lung cancer cells; significantly less in drug-resistant cells. These results are consistent with targeting of mitochondria by ME-344 with specific effects to the respiratory chain (drug resistance correlated with higher glycolytic indexes in these cells.) Inhibition of OCR did not occur in primary HLEF. ME-344 increased ECAR in drug-resistant lung cancer cells, where this effect was significantly diminished in drug-sensitive cells. Such data suggest that ME-344 specifically targets mitochondrial proton channels (pumps). Only in drug sensitive cells, ME-344 dose-dependently increased the intracellular generation of ROS (detected by H2DCF-DA or Deep Red fluorescent dye staining assays) and caused oxidation of intracellular low molecular weight (mainly GSH) and protein thiols and of NAD(P)H. In vivo studies used the PyMT mouse model, which gives rise to spontaneous breast tumors that are highly glycolytic, useful in assessing the comparative roles of aerobic and glycolytic metabolism. In this model, chronic treatments with the small molecule anti-angiogenic agent BIBF1120 (nintedanib) significantly diminished glycolysis, with the consequence that the growing tumor shifted to reliance on mitochondrial metabolism as the primary energy source. As monotherapy, ME-344 caused minimal inhibition of primary tumors. However, tumors primed by treatment with BIBF1120 showed significantly enhanced sensitivity to ME344, with synergistic antitumor activity. These data indicate complex, but mitochondria-specific effects of ME-344 in cancer cells, differing in extent from normal and linked with drug sensitivity profile with clinical potential through its specific targeting of bioenergetics pathways in cancer cells with the potential for beneficial therapeutic index. Citation Format: Yefim Manevich, Miguel Quintela-Fandino, Paloma Navarro, Carolyn Britten, Kenneth D. Tew, Danyelle M. Townsend. MEI-344, a novel isoflavone with activity as a mitochondrial oxygenase inhibitor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5409. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5409


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of a trauma-informed care (TIC) training programme on practice at the individual and workplace level in mental health and drug and alcohol services and to examine the implications of using training alone as a strategy for achieving system-level practice change.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 271 clinicians and managers from public mental health and drug and alcohol services in Western Australia who had undertaken TIC training were invited to complete an on-line survey 12 months after training. Individual survey items were based on a five-point Likert scale with opportunity being provided for additional comments from respondents.

Findings

One year post-training, both clinicians and managers reported that training had increased their awareness and knowledge and had a positive impact on their attitudes towards TIC. Clinicians reported a moderate impact on their individual practice and both groups reported very limited success in bringing about change in their workplaces. Workforce development and organisational factors were identified by both clinicians and managers as being barriers to implementation.

Research limitations/implications

Only 30 per cent of the training participants responded to the survey and it is not possible to determine whether they differed from non-respondents. Findings were based on a self-report survey with no objective measure of behaviour change.

Originality/value

This "naturalistic" study examines the longer-term impact of training, from the perspective of clinicians and managers, on changing practice at the individual clinician and workplace level. It highlights the critical importance of understanding and addressing contextual factors where collective, coordinated behaviour change is needed in order to effect organisational change.


Turbulent vortices in the wake of a circular cylinder have been examined in some detail following their detection by a method based on vorticity concentration and circulation. The experimental data were obtained at a Reynolds number Re = 5600 (based on the free-stream velocity and cylinder diameter) with an array of eight X-wires aligned in the plane of mean shear. Distributions of conditionally averaged vorticity and circumferential velocity within vortices are in reasonable agreement with those inferred from an Oseen vortex. The conditionally averaged streamwise velocity distribution through the vortex centre has a maximum at the centre, implying a vortex convection velocity greater than the local mean velocity. An Oseen vortex model reproduces the measured mean velocity and Reynolds stresses reasonably well. Results are also given for the streamwise variations of vorticity concentration, circulation and size of the vortices.


This article concerns the study of a family in which cases of ochronosis had been reported previously. In the present study thirteen members of the family were found to have alkaptonuria and six of these had bone and joint changes typical of ochronosis. The ages of the thirteen alkaptonurics studied here ranged from six to sixty-six years. One member, who had died at the age of forty-four, was not included in the study. The youngest patient showing changes in the bones and joints due to ochronosis was forty-three. The genealogy of this family showed a high incidence of consanguineous marriage.

In the twelve patients with alkaptonuria ochronosis was first observed in the auricles and then in the sclerae, finger nails, nose, and cheeks. Joint symptoms similar to osteo-arthritis appeared after pigmentation had developed, first as lumbago alone and then with the subsequent development of radiating pain in the lower extremities and pain in the joints, with limitation of motion.

Skeletal roentgenograms showed degenerative changes and the formation of spurs of the appendicular joints in five of the twelve patients studied. Joint changes first made their appearance in the lumbar spine, followed by changes in the thoracic and cervical regions. Changes in the other joints appeared subsequently.

In one patient (Case 2) histological examination of the Achilles tendon was possible when a ruptured tendon was repaired. The sections showed degeneration and necrosis of the tendon fibers and diffuse granular deposits of pigment, both within the cells of the tendon and within the extracellular spaces. While this patient was hospitalized he was maintained on a constant diet to which was added first DL-p-methoxyphenylalanine and then L-dihydroxyphenylalanine. No increase in the excretion of homogentisic acid in the urine resulted, and it was concluded that neither of these substances is a precursor of homogentisic acid.

An additional finding in this family was that among the members studied, those with alkaptonuria excreted more uric acid than the normal members of the family. It is suggested that the metabolism of uric acid and of the purine bases is disturbed in the alkaptonuric.


Abstract:This article reviews the interactions between Russell and the English mathematician Max Newman. The most substantial one occurred in 1928, when Newman published some penetrating criticisms of Russell's philosophy of science, and followed up with two long letters to Russell on logical knowledge and on the potential use of topology in physics. The exchange, which opened up some issues in Russell's philosophy that he did not fully cope with either at the time or later, is transcribed here. Their joint involvements with the Royal Society of London are also recorded.


One of the most controversial aspects of the regulation of infertility treatment, in the UK, is that, 'account must be taken of the welfare of the chid who may be born as a result of the treatment.' In 2005 the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) modified its guidance and stated, 'there should be a presumption to provide treatment, unless there is evidence that the child to be born, or any existing child of the family, is likely to suffer serious medical, physical or psychological harm.' This was seen as bringing in a 'lighter touch' to welfare of the child assessments. The revised Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act, which came into force in October 2009, kept this provision (with modification to the need for a father requirement). One of the main focuses of ethical debate over welfare of the child in the bioethical literature has been concern over its impact on reproductive autonomy. John Harris, for example, argues that such a provision is an unjustified restriction on reproductive autonomy, as did the House of Commons Technology Committee in 2005; while others think that such autonomy has not been restricted enough (Baroness Deech for example). This paper approaches this debate by presenting the results of a qualitative study on clinicians' views on welfare of the child.


We present a concise overview of the modified Beer-Lambert law, which has been extensively used in the literature of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of scattering media. In particular, we discuss one form of the modified Beer-Lambert law that is commonly found in the literature and that is not strictly correct. However, this incorrect form of the modified Beer-Lambert law still leads to the correct expression for the changes in the continuous wave optical signal associated with changes in the absorption coefficient of the investigated medium. Here we propose a notation for the modified Beer-Lambert law that keeps the typical form commonly found in the literature without introducing any incorrect assumptions.


Foreign language education in Japan is currently undergoing educational reform with the implementation of a newly revised course of study which mandates that English classes be taught solely in English (MEXT, 2019). Despite these efforts, it appears to be an illusion as the government limits and controls the contents of English education and instruction. School curriculums are controlled by the National Course of Study and the textbooks used are predominantly chosen from government authorized individuals based on reviews by prefectural boards of education. This has provided many roadblocks to English education in Japan as decisions about curriculum has failed to involve key stakeholders such as teachers and students. Hence, the teachers are not prepared to handle the guidelines in the curriculum in teaching English courses and the demands being placed on them especially with changes to the content and their teaching styles. This traditional way of thinking and decision making has significantly affected the performance of student's English competence. Therefore, as educational leaders it is imperative that Appreciative Inquiry (AI) is recognized as much more than an organizational development tool and therefore utilize its strength to reshape the practice of learning, design and developmentan orientation to educational change. This paper outlines the principles of AI and its applicability to language education reform in Japan; illustrates AI practices and compares AI to traditional approaches of organizational change and its validity and appropriateness. The study highlights recommendations that can be used by educational institutions in successfully managing transformational change.


In ancient Egypt, the wheel was known since the Fifth Dynasty. About sixty wagons with four to eight wheels and only a few two-wheeled carts are attested. The first wheels appear on a scaling ladder and a siege tower in military contexts. The earliest wheeled vehicle is proven to have been in use in the Thirteenth Dynasty. Most carts and wagons date to the New Kingdom, the Third Intermediate Period, and Greco-Roman times, with the majority appearing in religious transport situations. A typological course of development is apparent from the wagon of Sobeknakht to those of Siamun, Petosiris, and Petubastis. In this article, the vehicles are viewed from technological and sociocultural viewpoints and are contextualized with regard to the invention and diffusion of the wheel. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v09i1_kopp-junk


"The performance of Concurrency Control Algorithms (CCAs) in databases has been widely studied over the last ten years, mainly using analytic and simluation techniques. Results have been contradictory. The main CCA categories to emerge are locking, timestamping and serial validation. Most studies have considered one or two CCAs within the same framework and only one simulation study has considered all the categories.Experimental studies are rare and none has covered all three categories of CCA. In this study, the performance of atomic static locking (PRE), two-phase exclusive (2PLE) and update (2PLU) locking, basic timestamping (BTO) and serial validation (SV) is compared using a prototype database system. Previous studies suggest that there is little difference in CCA performance at low levels of conflict. This study explores a "worst-case" scenario and uses update only transactions while recognising that such an approach may be biased against CCAs which allow share access such as 2PLU. Benchmark results are presented for single user transactions. Two transaction types are selected for the multi-user experiments and are run under each CCA and without concurrency control to provide a baseline for comparison. An adaptive restart technique is introduced for 2PLU and BTO and is shown to considerably improve performance.The experiments are repeated using a simulation model and the adaptive restart technique is further investigated. Comparing results with the prototype and other simulation studies indicates that the effect of both blocking and restarting delays are important in determining relative CCA performance"


Today, there is an increasing requirement for very accurate computer visualization technology to simulate the interaction between the human body and essential elements of our everyday environment, such as clothing and accessories, buildings and architecture. The virtual environment is ideal for planning and developing studies in ergonomics which will influence the design of furniture, cars and buildings. The ability to simulate products and structures in their real environment is very attractive, for many reasons, and is therefore becoming increasingly popular. On the other hand, new algorithms from the clothing industry seem to offer new perspectives and new life to the study of ergonomics in general, since they are based on the design and use of anthropomorphic structures which allow the generation of three-dimensional pattern based on a person's attitude, conformation and even the ease of movement desired. It is therefore particularly interesting to use this know-how and technology to build a virtual set of skeletons that will open the door to a new definition of the man's representation, as well as his better integration to its environment.


Monocular 3D object detection task aims to predict the 3D bounding boxes of objects based on monocular RGB images. Since the location recovery in 3D space is quite difficult on account of absence of depth information, this paper proposes a novel unified framework which decomposes the detection problem into a structured polygon prediction task and a depth recovery task. Different from the widely studied 2D bounding boxes, the proposed novel structured polygon in the 2D image consists of several projected surfaces of the target object. Compared to the widely-used 3D bounding box proposals, it is shown to be a better representation for 3D detection. In order to inversely project the predicted 2D structured polygon to a cuboid in the 3D physical world, the following depth recovery task uses the object height prior to complete the inverse projection transformation with the given camera projection matrix. Moreover, a fine-grained 3D box refinement scheme is proposed to further rectify the 3D detection results. Experiments are conducted on the challenging KITTI benchmark, in which our method achieves state-of-the-art detection accuracy.


The use of psychotropic medication is often associated with weight gain. We provide documentation for this effect and review the mechanisms possibly responsible for it in the case of neuroleptic agents, lithium carbonate, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and amitriptyline. We also enumerate the undesirable medical consequences of obesity. Failure to take medication because it promotes weight gain is a serious impediment to successful treatment. Strategies that may promote drug compliance and prevent or reduce weight gain are discussed.


The formation of a specific ternary complex between eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), the initiator methionyl-tRNA (Met-tRNA), and GTP is a critical step in translation initiation in the cytoplasmic proteinsynthesizing system of eukaryotes. We show that the A1 z U72 base pair conserved at the end of the acceptor stem in eukaryotic and archaebacterial initiator methionine tRNAs plays an important role in this interaction. We changed the A1 z U72 base pair of the human initiator tRNA to G1 z C72 and expressed the wild-type and mutant tRNA genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using constructs previously developed in our laboratory for expression of the human initiator tRNA gene in yeasts. We show that both the wild-type and mutant human initiator tRNAs are aminoacylated well in vivo. We have isolated the wild-type and mutant human initiator tRNAs in substantially pure form, free of the yeast initiator tRNA, and have analyzed their properties in vitro. The G1 z C72 mutation affects specifically the binding affinity of eIF2 for the initiator tRNA. It has no effect on the subsequent formation of 40S or 80S ribosome initiator Met-tRNA-AUG initiation complexes in vitro or on the puromycin reactivity of the Met-tRNA in the 80S initiation complex.


A facile synthesis of an americium complex with a sulfur-donor ligand has been developed, allowing characterization of americium bonding from multiple perspectives via several techniques. Reaction of 243Am with S2P(OEt)2- yields the tetrakis complex [Am(S2P(OEt)2)4]- that can be crystallized as the tetraphenylarsonium salt. Structures obtained from single crystal X-ray diffraction show bond length discrepancies from the neodymium analogue consistent with the soft-donor bond enhancement common to actinides. Solid state optical spectroscopy confirms interaction of the ligand with 5f orbitals. 31P nuclear magnetic reflects the minor paramagnetism of Am(III). Computational investigations through CASSCF calculations, ligand-field density functional theory, and quantum chemical topological analysis allow a quantification of covalency or orbital interaction effects via total energy density and nephelauxetic parameters, both of which indicate greater covalency in the americium species than in the neodymium analogue or the americium aquo complex.


The immune response of Drosophila melanogaster is complex and involves both specific and general responses to parasites. In this study we tested for cross-immunity for bacteria and viruses by scoring the incidence of infection with the vertically transmitted Sigma virus (DMelSV) in the progeny of a cross between females transmitting DMelSV at high frequencies and males from lines subjected to three selection regimes related to resistance to Bacillus cereus. There was no significant difference in transmission of DMelSV among selection regimes, though results suggest that the B. cereus selected lines had lower rates of infection by DMelSV. We found a significant difference in viral infection with respect to the sex of the progeny, with males consistently less likely to be infected than females. Given a finite energy budget, flies that have experienced immune system challenge may show alterations in other life history traits. Later eclosing progeny were also less likely to be infected than earlier eclosing progeny, indicating a relationship with development time. Finally, there was a significant interaction between the timing of collection and the sex of the progeny, such that later eclosing males were the most resistant group. Increased development time is sometimes associated with increased energy acquisition; from this perspective, increased development time may be associated with acquiring sufficient resources for effective resistance.


Breakdown effects in thin polymer foils irradiated with partially penetrating monoenergetic electron beams are discussed. A portion of the foils carried protective coatings of p-SiO/sub 2/ and p-Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/. It was found that these coatings suppress or at least strongly reduce breakdown pulses occurring during irradiation, but do not prevent delayed pulses occurring after termination of the irradiation. >


A composite multimedia object (cmo) is comprised of different media components such as text, video, audio and image, with a variety of constraints that must be adhered to. The constraints are 1) rendering constraints that comprise the temporal and spatial constraints between different components, and 2) behavioral constraints that include the security and fidelity constraints on each component. Different users have different 3Cs, which are: capabilities (e.g., monitor size), characteristics (e.g., age) and credentials (e.g., subscription to service). The focus of this paper is on addressing the problems of (1) specifying a consistent cmo that "automatically" adapts its spatial constraints to different user's devices. (2) Identifying the conflicts that might occur between the temporal and spatial constraints when having different monitor resolution that displays the cmo by means of reachability analysis of colored time Petri net (3) Resolving the identified conflicts automatically to render a cmo that is error-free when rendered at different user devices.


The creation and management of protected areas is our principal approach to conserving biodiversity worldwide. Management and governance models for these diverse institutions have become more pluralistic in recent decades, moving away from the traditional exclusionary protected area model that has proliferated historically. Indeed, most new protected areas are being established for 'multiple-use' and, therefore, permit a range of human livelihood activities to occur within their boundaries. However, we know little about how such sites can be effectively managed.

In this thesis, I use an interdisciplinary mixed-methods approach to investigate the implementation of new multiple-use protected areas in Madagascar. Madagascar is a global conservation priority characterised by high levels of endemism, and has a largely forest-dependent biota. Since most of the human population is rural and dependent on natural resources for subsistence and income to differing extents, the expanded protected area system is managed for both conservation and socioeconomic goals (poverty alleviation and development). However, these objectives may be conflicting since human resource use can be a significant driver of biodiversity loss. I begin by examining trends in new protected area establishment at the nationwide-level to generate insights into protected area categorisation, and the role of natural resources and protected areas in poverty alleviation. I then consider the impacts of forest use on biodiversity, through a literature review and empirical study of bird and reptile communities across a degradation gradient. The findings indicate that habitat change arising from forest use may impact the high-value, endemic component of the fauna most negatively. In addition, I develop a simple index to enumerate the conservation value of different species. This is then used to determine how degradation influences the conservation value of exploited habitats, as well as assessing if the index is a suitable tool that can be used to prioritise conservation investment across a portfolio of sites. Finally, I seek to understand the drivers of natural resource use by rural communities within the Ranobe PK32 protected area, and discover that both bushmeat hunting and charcoal production are fallback activities or supplements to other livelihoods.

The evidence collated in the thesis, derived from both ecological and social perspectives, suggests that managing new protected areas in Madagascar for conservation and development is overambitious, and that, at least in forest areas, management cannot be optimised towards both goals simultaneously.


In recent years, central banks have focused on communication with financial markets, and have tended to conduct policy with high transparency in order to further enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy. In this research, we focus on the members of the U.S. Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) which determines monetary policy and try to analyze how their disagreement affect investors' behavior based on the announcements of macroeconomic indicators. In order to quantify disagreement among FOMC members, we collect text data on speeches by FOMC members and quantify them by applying text mining techniques. We then define disagreement among FOMC members through the dispersion of the quantified sentiments. Swanson and Williams (2014) show that investor response to the surprising announcements of macroeconomic indicators weakens under the zero interest rate constraint. In this research, consistent with Detmers (2016), we indicate that (1) investors' response to surprising announcements of macroeconomic indicators weakens under forward guidance, (2) when disagreement among FOMC members is high, investors again react strongly to the announcements, and (3) investors are more aware of disagreement among members with voting rights than members who do not have at the FOMC meeting. Thus, disagreement, especially among members with voting rights, appears to lower the effectiveness of forward guidance to weaken the Fed's commitment as perceived by investors, and to lead investors to be sensitive to the announcements of macroeconomic indicators.


In what ways did Sydney's Gay Games reinvent the Australian nation? In this paper I set out to examine this question by drawing upon the idea that sports and parades of athletes during opening ceremonies have been definitive moments for the Australian nation. I investigate the social terrains or bodyscapes invoked by sporting gay pride during the participants' parade at the opening ceremony and sports venues of the Sydney 2002 Gay Games. This enables insights into whether these spaces subverted the heteronormativity of sporting bodies that are metaphors for Australian national space. I centre my argument within a post-Foucauldian performance theory to consider both lived experience and textual representations of queer sports spaces. This approach advocates a recursive relationship between power, discourse, and critically reflexive, geographically embedded subjects. The ethnographic basis of my findings is participant observation and a time series of in-depth interviews with over forty self-identifying gay and queer males living in Sydney. I extract two overarching themes from the bodyscapes of the games: transcendence and imprisonment. For those actively involved in the making of camp bodyscapes, mimicking the monopoly of the dominant order through the authority of national signification provided by the parade of athletes at opening ceremonies and by sporting bodies offered a transgressive vehicle. However, the pillar of hetero-normative sporting bodies in defining Australian national boundaries survived unchallenged. Sporting gay pride also worked to close rather than to open up a space for discourses about sexuality and national identity to occur. Closure from a mainstream audience occurred by jettisoning the shame that links sport, sex, and bodies. Closure also occurred amongst certain respondents who shunned the games, regarding it as disciplining bodies into 'normalcy'.


We examine how new network resources accessed through alliance formations interact with network resources present in a firm's alliance portfolio. We test our theoretical model using event study methodology and data from the global air transportation industry. We find that the market rewards firms forming alliances that contribute resources that can be synergistically combined with firms' own resources as well as with network resources accessed through their alliance portfolios. Our results also indicate that the market penalizes firms entering into alliances that create resource combinations that are substitutes to resource combinations deployed by existing alliance partners. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abdominal wall injuries occur in nearly one of 10 patients coming to the emergency department after nonpenetrating trauma. Injuries range from minor, such as abdominal wall contusion, to severe, such as abdominal wall rupture with evisceration of abdominal contents. Examples of specific injuries that can be detected at cross-sectional imaging include abdominal muscle strain, tear, or hematoma, including rectus sheath hematoma (RSH); traumatic abdominal wall hernia (TAWH); and Morel-Lavallée lesion (MLL) (closed degloving injury). These injuries are often overlooked clinically because of (a) a lack of findings at physical examination or (b) distraction by more-severe associated injuries. However, these injuries are important to detect because they are highly associated with potentially grave visceral and vascular injuries, such as aortic injury, and because their detection can lead to the diagnosis of these more clinically important grave traumatic injuries. Failure to make a timely diagnosis can result in delayed complications, such as bowel hernia with potential for obstruction or strangulation, or misdiagnosis of an abdominal wall neoplasm. Groin injuries, such as athletic pubalgia, and inferior costochondral injuries should also be considered in patients with abdominal pain after nonpenetrating trauma, because these conditions may manifest with referred abdominal pain and are often included within the field of view at cross-sectional abdominal imaging. Radiologists must recognize and report acute abdominal wall injuries and their associated intra-abdominal pathologic conditions to allow appropriate and timely treatment. © RSNA, 2017.


This paper discusses the development of the ATOMIC code, a new low to mid Z opacity code, which will replace the current Los Alamos low Z opacity code LEDCOP. The ATOMIC code is based on the FINE code, long used by the Los Alamos group for spectral comparisons in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and for non‐LTE calculations, utilizing the extensive databases from the atomic physics suite of codes based on the work of R. D. Cowan. Many of the plasma physics packages in LEDCOP, such as line broadening and free‐free absorption, are being transferred to the new ATOMIC code. A new equation of state (EOS) model is being developed to allow higher density calculations than were possible with either the FINE or LEDCOP codes. Extensive modernization for both ATOMIC and the atomic physics code suites, including conversion to Fortran 90 and parallelization, are under way to speed up the calculations and to allow the use of expanded databases for both the LTE opacity tables and the non‐LTE calculations. Future pl...