Historically, combustion modeling is important for many transportation- and ground-based applications. More recently, modeling has been offered as an early screening tool in the evaluation of a potential alternative aviation jet fuel. This combustion evaluation path would in theory be conducted by gas turbine Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) on proprietary geometries and conditions. Ideally, OEMs would have access to the latest combustion theory models and would thus have the highest predictive confidence in their model predictions. Unfortunately, the latest combustion theory codes are not written for commercial purposes.
 This work identifies and develops a conduit for OEM usage of latest flamelet theory for use in the evaluation of alternative jet fuel combustion properties. A so-called "common format routine" (CFR) software with two low-dimensional manifold combustion models that can be used for laminar and turbulent applications is developed, which can be implemented by OEMs on proprietary hardware. The two models are the flamelet prolongation of the intrinsic low-dimensional manifold (FPI), used for premixed combustion, and the flamelet progress variable (FPV), utilized for nonpremixed combustion. The three branches of combustion are computed using a hybrid tool that combines homotopic flamelet calculations with scaling laws and the two- and one-point flamelet continuation methods in order to resolve bifurcations. The mixture fraction and progress variable definitions can be chosen to be any summation of atomic and species composition, respectively. Diffusivity coefficients can be computed using unity Lewis number, mixture-averaged and multicomponent species composition. The turbulence-chemistry interaction is tabulated a priori using Beta probability density function (PDF) for the mixture fraction and Beta or Dirac-delta PDF for the progress variable. Parallel computing is necessary for industrial quality tabulation. The tabulated table can be used for k-ε and k-ω RANS, SAS, DES, and LES simulations. The software can also interact with liquid spray and exchange mass between the liquid and gaseous phase. The software is verified against previous numerical simulations of canonical triple flames, piloted flames and single-cup combustor. The numerical results are validated against experimental measurements of temperature and species mass fractions. The CFR software advances Cantera 2.3. Hence, the software contains an inner layer of C++ code, an intermediate layer of Python wrappers, and an upper layer (GUI) of C# code. The pre-tabulated chemistry is used for CFD simulations. The tables are bi-linearly interpolated for laminar simulations and tri-linearly interpolated for turbulent simulations. The tabulated chemistry can be hooked to commercial software such as Fluent through C and Scheme codes. The simulated flames presented here were computed with this software. The developed software is reliable for modeling and simulation of complex combustion phenomena.


In this study, an easy system for monitoring dynamic blood perfusion patterns and the pulse wave velocity (PWV) has been developed by processing video images of a human body to assess blood circulation for daily management of physical conditions or for detecting persons in poor physical condition in public places. The experiment suggested that this tool can be used to easily evaluate the PWV; however, the obtained value from the video image of the face was about 1/10 of the standard value calculated from thick vessels. This difference may be related to the difference between thick vessels and thin-branched arterioles.


TrueType is one of the most widely used vectorized font formats. It can be optimally rendered on screens with different resolutions and different font sizes thanks to hints expressed as bytecode programs. Font engines execute the bytecode programs to adjust the outlines of the glyphs. TrueType font bytecode is a highly-dynamic stack-based bytecode language. It manipulates data with a global stack, and it uses hardware related information, such as screen resolutions and font sizes, which are unknown at compile time. Thus, it is hard to perform static analysis and optimizations on this bytecode. Fonts are sometimes subsetted to only include the glyphs that appear in a webpage before sending to the client. Existing font manipulation techniques do not touch the bytecode, so subsetted fonts contain un-optimized bytecode programs. TrueType bytecode analysis can help reduce bandwidth demands for serving webpages. This thesis presents improvements to COI, a tool for manipulating TrueType bytecode. New features include enhanced abstract execution as well as basic optimizations on COI, such as tree shaking, no-effect instruction removal, and dead block elimination. Finally, it completes the cycle by translating the COI back to TrueType bytecode. We tested our tool on fonts from different font families, including Microsoft Core TrueType font Arial, and NotoSansTibetan-Bold. Our experiments show that our optimizations can reduce the size of bytecode by 0.37% to 18.82% of the test fonts in our benchmarks. On average, we can reduce the size of bytecode of our test fonts by 7.10%. Our optimized fonts yield the same bitmaps as the original font.


This article presents a series of images, transcriptions, and musings on the making of Stranger Comes To Town (2007): an animated documentary that centers on the stories of six immigrants and visitors to the United States who describe their experiences crossing the border. The author chooses 10 images that are accompanied by transcriptions of each interviewee's statements. She follows each pairing with a musing on either the process of making the animation – what she gleaned about the interviewee from the process of syncing a fabricated image to a 'real' voice, the different ways voice and text can play off each other in animation – or the (still surprisingly) subversive gesture of using subjective hand-drawn animations in documentary form.


Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the main carriers of hereditary information. The structural physicochemical information of DNA ultimately determines the structure and functioning of all living organisms. In DNA, various mutational events accumulate and recombination events occur, which lead to the variability of organisms and are subject to both natural and artificial selection. The interaction "genotype-environment" inherent in all living organisms is also characteristic of DNA, which is located in the intracellular and intranuclear physicochemical environment of water molecules, sugars, metal ions, pH, nucleotides and other components. The establishment and study of the physicochemical properties of native DNA contributes to not only understanding the mechanisms of the structure of the main hereditary biomolecule, but also to clarify their functioning, as well as interaction with other molecules at the molecular level. The discovery of various forms of double helices: A, Aʹ, B, α-Bʹ, β-Bʹ, C, Cʹ, Cʹʹ, D, E and Z suggests the idea of molecular genetic diversity existing at the DNA level and the establishment of their structural and functional features can lead to an understanding of the implementation of genetic information at the general biological level. The structure of natural DNA as a whole, apparently, does not depend on the sequence and nucleotide composition. For natural molecules - satellite DNA with repeats or DNA without repeats, the presence of only A-, B- and C-forms has been confirmed. The structure of DNA depends not only on temperature, but also on the nature of the cations present. The presence of a certain amount of metal ions in the medium can lead to the transition of the B-form of DNA to the Zform. The B ↔ Z transition modifies the general structure of DNA and, therefore, may be important for the regulation of gene expression. The study of the biological role of Z-DNA, possibly in the near future, will help to understand the mechanism of gene expression, primarily of an epigenetic nature, which has not yet been fully elucidated.


Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to a constellation of traits, competencies, or abilities that allow individuals to understand emotional information and successfully navigate and solve social/emotional problems. While little is known about the neurobiological substrates that underlie EI, some evidence suggests that these capacities may involve a core neurocircuitry involved in emotional decision-making that includes the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula, and amygdala. In a sample of 39 healthy volunteers (22 men; 17 women), scores on the Bar-On EQ-i (a trait/mixed model of EI) and Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT; an ability model of EI) were correlated with functional magnetic resonance imaging responses during brief presentations of moving facial expressions that changed in the level of perceived trustworthiness. Core emotion neurocircuitry was responsive to dynamic changes in facial features, regardless of whether they reflected increases or decreases in apparent trustworthiness. In response to facial movements indicating decreasing trustworthiness, MSCEIT correlated positively with functional responses of the vmPFC and rostral ACC, whereas the EQ-i was unrelated to regional activation. Systematic differences in EI ability appear to be significantly related to the responsiveness of the vmPFC and rostral ACC to facial movements suggesting potential trustworthiness.


To identify the important genes that affect the phenotypic differences between the Landrace and Debao pigs, especially the differences in metabolism and muscle growth. Differentially expressed genes of psoas major were detected by mRNA transcriptome sequencing in Landrace and Debao pigs. By extracting the total RNA of the psoas major muscle of the Landrace pig and the Debao pig, purifying the mRNA, constructing the cDNA library, conducting transcriptome sequencing, and then through the sequencing quality evaluation, we know that the sequencing quality of this study is relatively high. A total of 17,943 genes were detected in all samples, including 17,870 known genes and 73 new genes. Defined genes with |log2FC| greater than 2 and Q-value less than 0.001, and screened them as significantly differentially expressed genes. A total of 1661 differentially expressed genes were screened from the samples of Landrace pigs and Debao pigs, among which 1255 genes were differentially up-regulated and 406 genes were differentially down-regulated. Through differential gene analysis, it is concluded that these genes are mainly involved in metabolic regulation, muscle and fat development and other processes, especially some important functional genes such as MAPK14, FOS, SIRT1, KRAS, EGR1, CDNNB1, etc. To sum up, this study used transcriptome sequencing method, and then selected differentially expressed genes between Landrace pigs and Debao pigs through data analysis, and finally screened out important genes affecting phenotypic differences, which provided genetic support for breeding better breeds in the future.


The results of a biodiversity survey for myxomycetes, carried out in montane rainforests of the Ecological Reserve "Alturas de Banao" in the Macizo Guamuahaya Mountains of central Cuba, are reported here. The survey yielded more than 200 field collections of myxomycetes, and 56 species were identified, from these field collections and moist chamber culture collections. Amongst these were 23 species recorded for the first time from Cuba: Arcyria afroalpina, A. globosa, Badhamia melanospora, Ceratiomyxa sphaerosperma, Clastoderma debaryanum, Collaria lurida, Comatricha laxa, C. nigra, C. tenerrima, Craterium concinnum, Cribraria microcarpa, C. tenella, Diderma corrugatum, Didymium iridis, Echinostelium bisporum, E. minutum, Hemitrichia pardina, Licea bulbosa, L. erecta var. erectoides, L. scyphoides, Perichaena vermicularis, Physarum crateriforme, and P. galbeum, Dead leaves of the palm Roystonea regia were an especially productive substrate for myxomycetes, with members of the Trichiales particularly abundant. The myxomycetes recorded from this most recent survey, increases the total number of species reported for the Reserve to 69.


The volume offers a new perspective for the study of the mendicant orders between the 13th and 14th centuries through the example of the Servites in central and northern Italy. The study, despite considering a so-called 'minor' order, has made it possible to analyse two essential issues for Western Europe's late medieval history. The first concerns the transformations of religiosity between the 13th and 14th which saw the prominence of new social classes and institutions. The second concerns the urban expansion, the economic growth and the political-institutional and socio-cultural changes that characterised the cities of the time. The Servites were expression and later fine interpreters of these processes, becoming actors who were anything but marginal in the social context of late medieval Italy.


The results from the need to develop methodologies for performing cost analysis in developing countries, principally in the region of Latin America, were studied. It, furthermore, serves to generate knowledge from an economic evaluation in order to support decision-making related to the organization of health systems, particularly in the efficient use of resources which are allocated for the provision of medical services. Two chronic diseases (breast cancer and cardiac valve disease) and two infections (enteritis and bronchopneumonia) were selected for the study. The results recommend the use of a valid methodology for economic cost analysis of any disease to be studied and the use of this information in the decision-making process.


Adaptivity is essential for dynamically complex and uncertain systems. Adaptive policymaking is an approach to design policies that can be adapted over time to how the future unfolds. It is crucial for adaptive policymaking to specify under what conditions and how to adapt the policy. The performance of adaptive policy is critically depended on the proper timing of the actions. This paper illustrates that robust optimization can be used as decision support aid for appropriate specification of conditions to ensure adaptivity of policy under uncertainty. Furthermore, multiplicity of divergent objectives of different stakeholders is also important for policy support in dynamic systems. To address this issue, multi-objective optimization algorithms are good candidates for a proper solution. In this paper, we outline how to use multi-objective robust optimization in System Dynamics to support adaptive policy design. The outlined approach results, rather than a single set of conditions, in multiple alternative conditions under which to adapt policy. Thus, better informed policy debate on trade-offs is possible. The approach is illustrated through a SD model about the transition toward renewable energy systems in the EU. The study aims to propose a model-based simulation approach with multi-objective robust optimization for supporting informed adaptive policymaking.


A confocal setup is presented that improves micro-XRF and XAFS experiments with highpressure diamond anvil cells (DAC). In this experiment, a probing volume is defined by the focus of the incoming synchrotron radiation beam and that of a polycapillary X-ray half-lens with a very long working distance, which is placed in front of the fluorescence detector. This setup enhances the quality of the fluorescence and XAFS spectra, and thus the sensitivity for detecting elements at low concentrations. It efficiently suppresses signal from outside the sample chamber, which stems from elastic and inelastic scattering of the incoming beam by the diamond anvils as well as from excitation of fluorescence from the body of the DAC.


A systematic search for a hidden Y-chromosome mosaicism, in Turner syndrome             (TS) patients is justified by the evaluation of the risk of development of germ             cell tumors. In this study, we analyzed cryptic Y-chromosome derivatives by polymerase             chain reaction (PCR) coupled with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using             Y-specific sequences in patients with TS, and validated this methodology. Unrelated             patients with TS (n=32) of Mexican mestizo ethnic origin were diagnosed using             cytogenetic analysis. Clinical assessment, endocrine evaluation, karyotyping,             FISH and PCR analysis of the Y-chromosomal loci were performed. We found that             9.4% (3 out of 32) patients with TS had Y-chromosome material. Two patients showed             Y-chromosome by conventional cytogenetics. One patient had no Y-chromosome by             initial karyotyping (45, X) but was positive by lymphocyte PCR DNA analysis of             the Y-sequence-specific sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene. Our results suggest             that the detection of the Y-chromosome material using sensitive methods, such             as PCR coupled with FISH, should be carried out in all patients with TS and should             not be limited to TS patients with cytogenetically identifiable Y-chromosome and/or             virilization.


Two cysteine-specific modifiers we reported previously, N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) and iodoacetanilide (IAA), have been applied to the labeling of cysteine residues of peptides for the purpose of examining the enhancement of ionization efficiencies in combination with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS). The peak intensities of the peptides as a result of modification with these modifiers were compared with the peak intensities of peptides modified with a commercially available cysteine-specific modifier, iodoacetamide (IA). Our experiments show significant enhancement in the peak intensities of three cysteine-containing synthetic peptides modified with IAA compared to those modified with IA. The results showed a 4.5-6-fold increase as a result of modification with IAA compared to modification with IA. Furthermore, it was found that IAA modification also significantly enhanced the peak intensities of many peptides of a commercially available proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA), compared to those modified with IA. This significant enhancement helped identify a greater number of peptides of these proteins, leading to a higher sequence coverage with greater confidence scores in identification of proteins with the use of IAA.


Short gravity waves, when superposed on much longer waves of the same type, have a tendency to become both shorter and steeper at the crests of the longer waves, and correspondingly longer and lower in the troughs. In the present paper, by taking into account the non-linear interactions between the two wave trains, the changes in wavelength and amplitude of the shorter wave train are rigorously calculated. The results differ in some essentials from previous estimates by Unna. The variation in energy of the short waves is shown to correspond to work done by the longer waves against the radiation stress of the short waves, which has previously been overlooked. The concept of the radiation stress is likely to be valuable in other problems.


ABSTRACT Background: Towards preparation for a possible influenza pandemic, investigation of the molecular characteristics of the circulating avian H5N1 influenza virus strains is of crucial importance. These H5N1 viruses continue to spread, to infect animals and humans and to evolve and diversify providing so an ever-looming pandemic threat.Aim: To identify genetic structure and molecular biological characteristics of BiH's isolates of H5N1 HPAI as well as to assess the level of pathogenicity, phylogenetic origin and host- specificity of the isolates.Material and Methods: SPF embryonated chicken eggs were used for virus isolation. Viral RNA extracted using QIAamp viral RNA kit and manufacturer's protocol (QIAGEN®) was used for PCR amplification. cDNA synthesis and PCR amplification of the coding region, using gene specific primer sets (primer sequences available on request), were carried out for all eight viral RNA segments separately. The Prism Big Dye Terminator v1.1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems) was used and products were analyzed on an automatic ABI PRISM 3130 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Nucleotide sequences were analyzed using Bioedit software (v. 18.104.22.168) with an engine based on the ClustalW 1.4 algorithm. MEGA software (v. 4,0), using the neighbor joining tree inference analysis with the Tamura-Nei γ-model, was used to estimate phylogenies and calculate bootstrap values from the nucleotide sequences.Results: Full-length nucleotide sequences of the A/Cygnus olor/BIH/1/2006 (H5N1) strain were deposited in EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database under accession nos. FN186008 to FN186014 and FM20943. The pathogenicity and host specificity of this strain, as polygenic traits, are determined in silico by the structure of its proteins, especially surface glycoproteins, HA and NA. Multibasic amino acid stretch PQGERRRKKR/GLF, marker of strains highly pathogenic to poultry, was present at the HA cleavage site of BiH strain. The RBS was typical for avian influenza viruses and contained Gln and Gly at positions 238 and 240 (H5 numbering) that is,226 and 228 according to H3 numbering with seven potential glycosylated sites but with increased binding to alpha2-6 sialoglycans thanks to substitutions, as follows, 110N, 171N, 171N, 172A, 205R and 251P. NA structure assigned this strain to the Z genotype, characterized also by the deletion of the five amino acid residues of the NS1 protein (positions 80-84). Amino acid residues, typical for the avian influenza viruses, were revealed in 40 out of 43 positions of M1, M2, NP, PA, PB2 and HA, determining the host range specificity. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene revealed that BiH isolates belonged to genetic clade 2.2., and presence of aspartic acid at the position of 403 of HA locate BiH isolates in 2.2.2. sub-clade.Conclusions: The BiH's isolates were determined as HPAI virus with genes sequences closely related to A/Cygnus olor/Astrakhan/Ast05-2-10/2005 (H5N1). Three residues (M2 - 28V and 78K, NP - 33I), typical of human influenza viruses, were found, indicating a certain degree of intercurrent evolutionary adaptive changes in BiH isolates. Sequence comparison of HA and NA segments with relevant sequences in GenBank revealed that the BiH isolates and the ones from the southern Russia (Astrakhan region) group together phylogenetically, forming a monophyleticcluster in both genes indicating that these isolates have evolved from the same origin. Sequence derived phenotype markers of NA protein (E99, V129, D131, R136, H255 and Y256) as well as of M2 protein (26L, 27V, 30A, S31 and G34) showed that the isolates have an oseltamivir and amantadine sensitive genotype.


Improving employee performance is very important because it is a key factor in a company's success. Job placement and job stress are some of the factors that affect employee performance. This research aims to determine the influence of Job placement and job stress on the performance of study teachers at SDN 208 Luginasari Sukagalih. Job placements can nurture skilled human resources and amdal to accomplish a given task. This analysis uses an independent variable i.e. job placement and working stress, the dependencies of which are the teacher's performance. The population used in this study to collect data was nailed by using a questionnaire that was disseminated by ± 33 people. Statistical methods use path analysis with a partial statistical test (T) and simultaneous test hypothesis testing (test F). The results showed that Job placement and job work significantly impact the performance of teachers at SDN 208 Luginasari Sukagalih.


The paper deals with the numerical analysis of electromechanical systems. The system consists of a DC motor supplied from a half-wave, single phase, thyristor rectifier, and of a flexible rod fixed to the axis of armature. Discretization of rigid segments is used to model flexibility of the rod. The discrete structure is considered as a multibody system, i.e. as a single kinematical chain of rigid bodies connected by massless joints. Significant drift rotation is included in the rod model. Numerical integration is performed in order to predict behavior of the system. Two working conditions are tested: steady-state motion and transient braking of the system. The attention in the paper is concentrated on interactions between the mechanical and electrical systems.


Soil surface conditions improve with increased organic matter (OM) and water-stable aggregation (WSA), but surface variability may influence values obtained when soils are sampled to evaluate these factors. My hypothesis was that cultural operations for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown on ridges produce zones of differing soil OM and WSA. Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) was sampled at the 0- to 4-cm depth in furrows, on ridge tops, and on ridge sides before and after planting, after reforming ridges, and after harvest in 1992. Tillage (conventional [CT] and ridge [early (RT-E) or late (RT-L) stalk shredding]), position, and crop cycle (sampling) stage affected OM and WSA. Compared with ridges, OM in furrows was greater due to residue accumulations. Mean WSA was greater on ridges with CT than with RT-E or RT-L because disk-bedding to build the CT ridges moved more stable aggregates to ridges than the other treatments. More thorough mixing of residues by CT may have been involved also. Ridge and furrow positions and possibly ridge sides require separate sampling for obtaining representative OM and WSA data from ridge-tilled soil, especially where ridge tops are cleared at planting. Ridge clearing at planting should be limited to avoid residue reduction and lowered WSA that could lead to soil crusting and impaired seedling emergence.


A social networking service is an online platform that is used by people to build social networks or social relations with other people who share similar personal or career interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections. It plays a major role in our society. Privacy concerns with social networking services is a subset of data privacy, involving the right of mandating personal privacy concerning storing, re-purposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to oneself via the Internet. Maintaining privacy has a major problem, our proposed system provides additional security to the social network which is achieved by using Adaptive Privacy Policy Prediction (A3P).This system provides the privacy setting for the user. The features are selecting friend from friend list, follower request, news feed filtering, block the person and send the notification to the user when the violation is found. Our solution relies on an image classifies which may be related with similar policies, and on a policy prediction algorithm to automatically generate a policy for all the image, also according to users' social features.


Virginia Woolf began writing Between the Acts in April 1938 at her country home, Monks House. As she was writing, bombers flew overhead, and a Nazi conquest of Europe seemed imminent. Her diaries during this period record her anger at the success of Nazi and Allied propaganda to arouse mass enthusiasm for war. As Patricia Klindienst Joplin notes, "To achieve the goal of creating [the Nazi] folk community (identified with structure), the Third Reich redefined every occasion which used to offer the people a taste of communitas, or release from official structure: folk celebrations, religious ritual and art" (93). Woolf witnessed Nazi demonstrations in spring 1935 when she traveled to Germany with Leonard Woolf (Bell 2: 189). The Nazi phenomenon and her observation of the "hero-making" rituals in England (Diary 5: 292), led to her study of ritual and group formations in Between the Acts. Although the dynamics of group formation became the particular focus of this novel, Woolf was long familiar with discussions of group psychology. As Allen McLaurin notes, "Ideas about a |group mind,' about |crowds'--in other words, notions about group psychology--were very much in vogue at the time when Woolf began her writing career, and continued through the early decades of the century" (34). In 1913 Woolf reviewed a book by Jules Romains, praising its ability to "trace the mysterious growth, where two or three are gathered together, of a kind of consciousness of the group in addition to that of each individual of the group" (Essays 2:17), and she owned and referred in her diary to Wilfred Trotter's 1916 Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War (Diary 1:80) Woolf's particular interest in group psychology during the composition of Between the Acts is suggested by the fact that she was reading Freud for the first time and had selected his works on social psychology, Civilization and Its Discontents and The Future Of an Illusion to read (Diary 5: 250). In these works Freud, like Woolf in Between the Acts, tries to explain Hitler and the Second World War by analyzing group formations. Both saw the family as key to the origins of civilization and public acts and history as collective reenactments of family roles. Freud posited a myth of the murder of an all-powerful father by his jealous sons as the origin of civilization, and he described past and contemporary history as a continuing struggle for power among guilty sons who wish to take the father's place and imitate his tyrannical behavior. Woolf also recognized the father-son struggles for power as the core of patriarchal history, but, unlike Freud, she did not accept patriarchal reality as the only possible model for human society.(1) Jane Harrison's matriarchal theories and Ruth Benedict's Patterns Of Culture were more important influences on Woolf's ideas about group psychology. Adopting Benedict's configurational approach to the study of culture, and Harrison's research on matriarchies, Woolf identifies emotions which sustain patriarchal social groups by focusing on the unspoken loyalties, socially constructed sexual fantasies, and values that bind characters in the novel to Giles, and she represents our potential for a non-warlike, matriarchal society by highlighting and valuing the qualities which attract characters in the novel to Lucy. She contrasts patriarchal with matriarchal configurations in order to provide a model for an alternative "family of origins"--centered on women's values rather than on violent, dominating men. The patriarchal group is represented by Giles--the "quintessential man" in this novel--and his "co-conspirators" Mrs. Manresa and Bart, and the matriarchal group is represented by Lucy--the Great Goddess as Tragic Queen--and her "family," Isa (Giles's wife) and Dodge.(2) Woolf read Ruth Benedict's Patterns of Culture at the time she was composing Between the Acts. Woolf writes, "I'm reading Ruth Benedict with pressure of suggestions--about Culture patterns--which suggests rather too much (Diary 5:306). …


Classical and up-to-date models of hematopoietic lineage determination are briefly reviewed with the focus on myeloid-based models challenging the existence of the common progenitor for T cells, B cells and NK cells. The analysis of immunophenotype of leukemic blast cells seems to be a promising approach for interpreting some controversies in the schemes of normal hematopoiesis. The literature data as well as our own findings in the patients with various types of acute leukemias are in favor of the concept postulating that common myeloid-lymphoid progenitors giving rise to T and B cell branches retain the myeloid potential. The similarity of some immunophenotypic features of blast cells in pro-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute monoblastic leukemia is consistent with monocyte origin postulated in the studies of normal hematopoiesis. Study of acute leukemias may be the challenging area of research allowing for new insight into the origin of hematopoietic cell lineages.


The article presents a study exploring the evolution of urban African-American children's living arrangements in a community-defined population. African-American children are more likely than non-black children to spend significant portions of their childhood in households that are not dual parent and are more likely to coreside with extended relatives. In addition, the rates of marital disruption and never-married childbearing among Afro-American parents, and the fluidness of extended family house-holds, suggest that change is a common experience for black. The family as an evolving social context has been a major theme in family research, for several decades. The family developmental perspective in concert with demographic work on the family life cycle has emphasized the dynamic nature of families both in composition and developmental tasks. The prevalence and stability of two-parent nuclear family households has changed for all Americans and the forces of change have been particularly pronounced in African-American communities.


: Fetal motor bursts were recorded in pregnant women at 11-18, 20-24 and 30-32 weeks of pregnancy. It was stated that spontaneous motor activity in human fetus is similar to autogenic periodic motor excitation observed in other species of vertebrates, i.e. presence of the main rest-activity circles with a period near 1 minute, the existence of rhythmic components with 6-8-second intervals during active phases and decreasing of quantity of excitation bursts with age.


Background: The age of advanced mothers is still associated with a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes Objective: To assess pregnancy outcome at 40 years and older among women attending to obstetric teaching hospital of Suleiman
Methodology: A descriptive study was applied on mothers in sulaimani governorate from September 25th 2014 to May 11th, 2015. Non-probability sampling of (200) pregnant women 40 years and older who were attended to obstetric teaching hospital of sulaimani for following up their health. A questionnaire was developed for the purpose of the study. It was comprised of two parts; the first part includes the demographic characteristics of women and the second part consists of questions related to maternal health and fetus. A pilot study was carried out for the period from September 11th to 25th, 2014 to determine the questionnaire reliability through the use of (Test- Retest). A panel of (8) experts was involved in the determination of the questionnaire content validity. Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical data analysis approach (frequency and percentage), and inferential data analysis approach (chi-square).Results: The results of the study revealed that pregnant women more seasoned than 40 years had more chronic diseases, for example, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, so they require visit medical and dietetically treatment, likewise mal presentation, fetal demise happened more in women %40 years old, contrasted with women more youthful than 35 years, cesarean section in women %40 years had a more than two times, they required longer remaining in hospital. While placenta abroptia were about four times more in younger mothers compared to old age. Also abortion in younger women occurred more and needed more medical treatment continues check-ups.Conclusion: The study conclude that high incidence of complications such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus ,malpresentation, placenta praevia, cesarean section, low birth weight, preterm delivery and fetal death deliverywere seen in pregnant women age 40 years & older.Recommendations: The risks of pregnancy may be further lowered by promotion excessive health education regarding a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy and interventions with excellent well trained health care giver are important.


Climate change will challenge the resilience of both agriculture-based livelihoods and natural resource management regimes in East Africa in myriad ways. A major challenge is to reduce the vulnerability of people and climate-sensitive sectors, including water, agriculture, and energy, to today?s climate variability and to ensure that future development activities are appropriate to future climate contexts. Through an Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) research approach this project will help to inform rural stakeholders and national policy makers in East Africa regarding the sustainability of different local and national adaptation strategies. The research approaches will integrate a review of the climate change adaptation policy contexts with local level analyses of stakeholder vulnerability, and roles of forest and tree-based ecosystem services in promoting resilience of agriculture production. Based on these research outputs a participatory approach will be used to develop effective adaptation strategies targeted at different local and national stakeholder groups. This research project will target select communities on the Kenyan and Ugandan slopes of Mt. Elgon, known as one of the five water towers of Kenya. This project will be led by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). The research team conducting this project comprises two international centers of scientific excellence focussed specifically on forestry and agroforestry-science (CIFOR and the World Agroforestry Center), with one institution in Uganda (Makerere University) and one in Kenya (KEFRI) and that have led the development of long-term studies on forest based governance and livelihoods in their respective countries. Together, this group of institutions assembles leading scientists in their respective fields, providing this project with expertise in climate and ecosystem modelling, analysis of vulnerability and governance institutions, understandings of national and sub-national policy debates around climate change adaptation, and both the knowledge of research contexts and stakeholder rapport at sub-/national levels needed to ensure successful research and policy maker engagement. This project represents a continuation of the Rockefeller Foundation?s commitment to facilitating the development of East African excellence in research around climate change issues. This collaboration between CIFOR and the World Agroforestry Center is also consistent with the new realignment of Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) research efforts, specifically through the development of the CGIAR Research Program 6 (CRP6) entitled: Forests, Trees and Agroforestry: Livelihoods, Landscapes and Governance.


This paper proposes a novel approach to optimally solve volumetric registration problems. The proposed framework exploits parametric dictionaries for sparse volumetric representations, ℓ1 dissimilarities and DC (Difference of Convex functions) decomposition. The SAD (sum of absolute differences) criterion is applied to the sparse representation of the reference volume and a DC decomposition of this criterion with respect to the transformation parameters is derived. This permits to employ a cutting plane algorithm for determining the optimal relative transformation parameters of the query volume. It further provides a guarantee for the global optimality of the obtained solution, which–to the best of our knowledge–is not offered by any other existing approach. A numerical validation demonstrates the effectiveness and the large potential of the proposed method.


Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) predicts sentiment polarity towards a specific aspect in the given sentence. While pre-trained language models such as BERT have achieved great success, incorporating dynamic semantic changes into ABSA remains challenging. To this end, in this paper, we propose to address this problem by Dynamic Re-weighting BERT (DR-BERT), a novel method designed to learn dynamic aspect-oriented semantics for ABSA. Specifically, we first take the Stack-BERT layers as a primary encoder to grasp the overall semantic of the sentence and then fine-tune it by incorporating a lightweight Dynamic Re-weighting Adapter (DRA). Note that the DRA can pay close attention to a small region of the sentences at each step and re-weigh the vitally important words for better aspect-aware sentiment understanding. Finally, experimental results on three benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and the rationality of our proposed model and provide good interpretable insights for future semantic modeling.


The purpose of this study was to assess how water scarcity affects women's time-space activity. Time-space activity refers to the lateral distance between locations. In this context time is taken when traveling to and fro collecting water. Space refers to the radius covered. The study was carried out in Mabvuku, a high-density suburb of Harare, Zimbabwe, following observations and reports of serious shortages of water in the area. A case study approach was employed for the study and respondents were selected using purposive and snowball sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires, structured interview guides, and observational surveys. The study showed that there was a widespread water shortage in the suburb and women walked long distances to collect water while men rarely participated in such activities. The impacts affect various household activities, time for socialization, prevalence of waterborne diseases, and personal hygiene. Some of the recommendations include adding more potable water sources in the area, emphasis on education and awareness of water conservation within the household, and setting up water sources committee management in urban areas.


A draft (final version) of an media-neutral as well as both cost-effective and personnel-efficient publications workflow for Open Access (OA) monograph publishing at university presses is presented. The workflow has been developed as a result of the research project Open-Access-Hochschulverlag at the Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, Germany. The aim of the project is to develop a sustainable and adoptable workflow to enable universities to publish their publications as OA and printed books simultaneously in a state-of-the-art way and without any restrictions regarding the license, the variety of formats, print run etc. Up to now, we have defined 17 process groupswith up to 9processes,which a university press has to consider when publishing OA books state-of-the-art. These processes have been shown on the poster (it is the final version of the project, two preliminary versionswerealready published in April and June 2019). The arrangement and the arrows between the processes indicate in which order the processes should be ideally organised by the university presses. Since any university may adapt that workflow individually, it includes several possible ways by which an OA book can be published (see process group Ka or Qe at the poster). The visualisation of the publication workflow represents only a part of the results of our research project. In addition detailed descriptions for each process have been created, which explain a certain process in depth, e.g. who is responsible for it, what time it takes and what it may cost to complete the process. These detailed descriptions will be published elsewhere.


Solute carrier (SLC) drug transporters exchange various molecules without energy from adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis, indicating an association with anticancer drug resistance. However, the expression and role of SLC transporters in malignant tumors has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, in the current study, the expression of SLC37A family genes was evaluated in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), and it was revealed that SLC family 37 member 1 (SLC37A1) expression was significantly increased in tumorous tissues compared with that in non-tumorous tissues. The cases with upregulated expression of SLC37A1 by immunohistochemical staining were significantly associated with positive venous invasion and liver metastasis. Furthermore, upregulated SLC37A1 expression was associated with poor overall survival time in the present cohort. These results indicated that SLC37A1 is involved in the hematogenous metastasis of CRC. To investigate whether SLC37A1 is associated with hematogenous metastasis and glycolipid metabolism, SLC37A1 was knocked down in colon cancer cells, and the expression of sialyl Lewis A and sialyl Lewis X was observed to be decreased. In summary, upregulation of SLC37A1 was observed in patients with CRC, and was associated with poor patient outcomes and survival. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to propose a key role of SLC37A1 in CRC, and additional studies are warranted to reveal the functional role of SLC37A1 in CRC development.


Summary: Aggressive treatment of ischemia of the lower extremities has decreased the number of amputations in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients; combined vascular reconstruction and microvascular free-flap transfer has been used to improve distal perfusion and cover large tissue defects caused by the critical limb ischemia during the past 30 years. We present our experience with a 71-year-old diabetic patient who underwent revascularization with a vascular bypass and a simultaneous microvascular flap reconstruction for limb salvage after domestic trauma. An extension of the "crane" principle was used to solve bypass exposure due to wound late complication. After 1-year follow-up, the patient was able to walk without pain. Combining 3 well-established methods of arterial revascularization and free-flap transfer and the old "crane principle," we achieved limb salvage, offering an alternative to below-knee amputation.


At first glance, China, which is known for large, often inefficient state-owned enterprises, might appear an unlikely source of fresh management thinking. Yet Chinese companies have a lot to teach the world about today�s business imperatives: responsiveness, improvisation, flexibility, and speed. To cope with their turbulent environment, the Chinese have developed those capabilities and learned to build everything--from skilled recruits to suppliers to capital sources--from scratch. They manage very differently, too: Eschewing Western-style matrix organizations, they favor flat, loose structures that allow them to jump on new opportunities and expand quickly. They roll out new products constantly and localize offerings with a vengeance. They�re also adept at nonmarket strategies, particularly navigating local politics and relationships with the state. Indeed, China�s entrepreneurial companies may well be the vanguard of an era in which the ability to adapt quickly, navigate messy environments, and use unproven talent yields a global competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Result: The subjects in this study were 194 patients. The patients received EC therapy, EC followed by DTX therapy, FEC followed by DTX therapy and TC therapy were 30 cases, 10 cases, 101 cases and 53 cases, respectively. There was no patient received a primary prophylaxis of FN using the G-LastaVR . FN was observed in 92 patients (47.4%). The frequency of FN according to the regimens, EC therapy, EC followed by DTX therapy, FEC followed by DTX therapy and TC therapy were 14 cases (46.7%), 6 cases (60.0%), 50 cases (49.5%) and 22 cases (41.5%), respectively. FN were observed most common in 70 cases (76.1%) in the first cycle. Sixty four cases (69.6%) required hospitalization, and G-LastaVR was used as secondary prophylaxis for all cases from the next cycle. The successful treatment rate was 97.8%.


4. As a member of a county hospital for mental cases I have learned that the mental condition of the parents of certain inmates was the origin of their present detention. 5. As a' member of a' County Mental Deficiency Committee since the passing of the Act, 1913, extensive and intimate experience lhas burned into my brain that no mental deficient shlould by law be allowed to be a parent. 6. During the war as commandant of two large military convalescent hospitals I realized that the so-called shell shock could often be traced to family mental weakness. To-day it may seem a relic of barbarism to advocate " the suvl'ival of the fit." Still, I am certain the present benign policy in the treatment of the young mental deficient is no' only wrong on eugenic principles but is an unjustifiable expenditurd of public money imperial and rate-paid, and if the desire is to obtain an Al population it is a mistake; all possibility of any mental deficients becoming parents must be pr)vented. The present feeble segregation is childish as a rc:nedy. If the segregation were effectual the absolute sexual negation would be cruel; effectual sterilization is the only real remedy. I know a village in which a mental defective impl)regnated four young girls. In dealing witlh sterilization of mental deficients let us put ali lhumbug on one side and go to the rock bottom of so many of the causes of hlereditary disease and so legislate that everyone wlho is so unfortunate as to acquire syphilis shall' at-once on proof be sterilized; had the piocedure been in vogue how many fewer mental deficients and tuberculous Po<,ple we should now have. I a your issue of July lt t two admirable reports (" The causes and prevention of foetal death " and " Foetal death ") couclusively prove that syphilitic parents are a national dangcer. These alone are sufficient evidence that Colonel Lister's letter is on right lines.-I am, etc., Folkestone, July 3rd. P. BROOME GILES.


The paper presents some aspects regarding the influence of cutting parameters on the accuracy and productivity in drilling operations. Some of these cutting parameters can have detrimental influence on the machining by drilling if they are in the domain that exceeds the rational or optimal values. Knowledge of magnitude of cutting parameters in drilling operations is essential for estimating the power requirement in order to have the optimum conditions for drilling operation. The axial force and torque are very important to be used at right magnitude because excessive torque can distort the workpiece or cause it to slip in the workholding fixture. The torque during drilling is difficult to calculate and for this reason in the paper we tried to find the relationship between different process parameters in order to have the optimum values of torque and axial force.


It is a well known fact that the use of ducted propellers is a good option for those applications that need high thrust values at low speed. Because of its particular working conditions, this applies to the case of trawlers, whose velocities when trawling are between 3 and 5 kts. Beyond this, the effect that steering elements have on two aspects it is of particular interest; the effect upon propulsive factors, and the manoeuvrability capability. In the present paper, a study of the effects upon propulsive factors and the manoeuvrability by different rudder configurations and shapes has been carried out. There are several options; nozzle-propeller rudder, three rudder arrangements, one rudder arrangements, flow adapted rudders, etc. The calculations have been carried out in two different phases; in the first one, the calculations were carried out in a uniform flow field for the complete system, ducted propeller- rudder/rudders; for the second one, a typical trawler wake field was employed. For both phases, the effect of the rudder on the energy efficiency and also the manoeuvrability capabilities of each system were studied. All the calculations have been carried out using commercial CFD code STAR-CCM+.


Develop fascinating Linux-based projects using the groundbreaking Yocto Project tools Overview Optimize Yocto Project's capabilities to develop captivating embedded Linux projects Facilitates efficient system development by helping you avoid known pitfalls Demonstrates concepts in a practical and easy-to-understand way In Detail Starting with the very basics of the Yocto Project tools, this book will provide you with all the knowledge you need to work on real Linux-based hardware. With emphasis on practical implementation, this book starts by helping you set up and configure the Yocto Project tools. It then explains the Hob interface for BitBake in detail. You will explore different directory layouts and learn to maximize the use of the Poky build system. Compliance is always a hassle, so you will learn the methods to share source code and modifications, and how to fulfill open source license compliance effectively and convincingly. You will then gain experience in the use and construction of layers. This tutorial guide will teach you everything you need to know to get up and running with Yocto Project and develop amazing Linux-based projects. What you will learn from this book Differentiate between OpenEmbedded, Yocto Project, Poky, and BitBake Understand the BitBake metadata syntax Customize an application development environment Debug your application in a cross-compiled environment Add and remove features in the Linux kernel configuration Meet your project's license compliance requirements with less hassle Make embedded Linux systems using Yocto Project Approach A practical tutorial guide which introduces you to the basics of Yocto Project, and also helps you with its real hardware use to boost your Embedded Linux-based project. Who this book is written for If you are an embedded systems enthusiast and willing to learn about compelling features offered by the Yocto Project, then this book is for you. With prior experience in the embedded Linux domain, you can make the most of this book to efficiently create custom Linux-based systems.


AIMS
Antibiotic prescriptions for lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) account for a large proportion of antibiotic consumption. Many of these prescriptions do not benefit patients and contribute to antibiotic resistance. Research to improve evidence-based management requires clear definitions of clinical entities. We aimed to generate definitions for common LRTIs that are applicable to clinical practice and low-intensity investigation research settings in European primary care.

METHODS
Candidate definitions identified through a systematic review and a nominal group meeting were put to a Delphi panel of selected experts from Europe and the US over three rounds. The definitions achieving high consensus were then tested for face validity by an expert panel.

RESULTS
253 papers met our search criteria. The nominal group meeting generated highly-ranked definitions for two LRTIs. The Delphi panel considered five candidate definitions derived from the systematic review and nominal group meeting, and agreed upon definitions and open comments that the expert panel assessed for face validity.

CONCLUSIONS
We combined empirical evidence with expert opinion for the development of a set of relevant clinical and research definitions for the four most common LRTIs presenting in general practice.


One of the most significant post-Cold War issues being debated in Congress is the future of the U.S. Army's reserve components. Although National Guard and Army Reserve units fought well in the Persian Gulf war, Jeffrey Jacobs warns that Americans should not be sanguine about their ability to perform effectively in future conflicts. Having served in the active Army as well as both the Guard and the Reserve, Jacobs offers a unique perspective on the current missions, structure, and policies of the Army and the impact of the reserve system on its readiness for combat. From both active and reserve points of view, Jacobs describes the current limitations and deficiencies inherent in the separate structures of the Army's three disparate components. He finds the roots of many of the reserves' problems in their strong ties to tradition and politics. The solutions he proposes focus on integrating the three components into a true Total Army - in fact as well as in rhetoric. Such reforms will affect several sacred cows, including state control of the National Guard, the weekend drill system, and the geography-based reserve system. Much has been written about the reserves, but few recent writers have proposed such far-reaching reforms. Jacobs's controversial proposals will interest those who make, influence, and study military policy. Here is a stimulating and thought-provoking consideration of a vital aspect of America's defense posture.


This study was performed to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter species in retail chicken meat and chicken by-product, determine their in vitro cytotoxicity, as well as, examine their susceptibility to different antimicrobials. A total of 300 raw chicken meat samples were collected from different retail chicken meat outlets located at Mansoura city, Egypt classified into 120 thighs, 120 breasts, and 60 livers. All samples were subjected to conventional culture techniques and confirmed as Campylobacter jejuni by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter species was determined using disc diffusion method to determine their susceptibility to 12 different antimicrobial agents. In addition, C. jejuni isolates were examined for their cytotoxicity against Vero cells. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was 10.3% (31/300) classified into 20 (18.2%) C. jejuni and 11 (10.7%) Campylobacter coli. Among C. jejuni isolates (n=20), 15 strains belonged to biotype I and 5 isolates belonged to biotype II. The isolation rate from chicken thighs, breasts and livers was 12.5, 10 and 6.6%, respectively. A total of 15 (75%) C. jejuni strains revealed cytopathic effect (CPE) against Vero cells. Campylobacter spp. displayed a high antimicrobial resistance against penicillin G, gentamicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephalothin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol. On the other hand, Campylobacter spp. displayed high sensitivity to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. Multidrug resistance was observed in 85 and 81.82% of C. jejuni and C. coli isolates, respectively High frequency of cytotoxicity and multidrug resistance in Campylobacter spp. from chicken meat indicates an important epidemiological role of Campylobacter spp. in human infections which necessitate proper hygienic measures on poultry farms and control measures during carcass slaughtering and processing.

 Key words: Campylobacter; retail chickens meat, real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cytotoxicity, antimicrobial susceptibility.


In order to provide a centralized repository of flood information for the State of Colorado, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Transportation, created a Web-based geodatabase for flood information from water years 1867 through 2011 and data for paleofloods occurring in the past 5,000 to 10,000 years. The geodatabase was created using the Environmental Systems Research Institute ArcGIS JavaScript Application Programing Interface 3.2. The database can be accessed at http://cwscpublic2.cr.usgs.gov/projects/coflood/COFloodMap.html. Data on 6,767 flood events at 1,597 individual sites throughout Colorado were compiled to generate the flood database. The data sources of flood information are indirect discharge measurements that were stored in U.S. Geological Survey offices (water years 1867–2011), flood data from indirect discharge measurements referenced in U.S. Geological Survey reports (water years 1884–2011), paleoflood studies from six peer-reviewed journal articles (data on events occurring in the past 5,000 to 10,000 years), and the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System peak-discharge database (water years 1883–2010). A number of tests were performed on the flood database to ensure the quality of the data. The Web interface was programmed using the Environmental Systems Research Institute ArcGIS JavaScript Application Programing Interface 3.2, which allows for display, query, georeference, and export of the data in the flood database. The data fields in the flood database used to search and filter the database include hydrologic unit code, U.S. Geological Survey station number, site name, county, drainage area, elevation, data source, date of flood, peak discharge, and field method used to determine discharge. Additional data fields can be viewed and exported, but the data fields described above are the only ones that can be used for queries.


A general IBR (image based rendering) approach schema for synthesis image of new viewpoint is presented in this paper. Giving a series of images of an environment on closely spaced two circles viewpoints the proposed algorithm can generate perspective intermediate images of the environment in any viewpoint between two circles. In this case the same environment is displayed from the view of a virtual camera controlled by the user. The synthesis processing consists of three steps: First, the ring-like region between outer and inner circles can be divided as a set of fan-like sub-regions. Find the fan-like region to encircle the specified viewpoint; then an IBR processing between two images taken by moving camera along optical axis is implemented to generate two intermediate image; finally, an IBR processing between two images taken by moving camera around the scene is implemented to generate the destination image corresponding the specified viewpoint. Some experiment result images are also shown in this paper.


Introduction Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can cause disease which can be clinically and radiologically undistinguishable from tuberculosis (TB), posing a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in high TB settings. We aim to describe the prevalence of NTM isolation and its clinical characteristics in children from rural Mozambique. Methods This study was part of a community TB incidence study in children <3 years of age. Gastric aspirate and induced sputum sampling were performed in all presumptive TB cases and processed for smear testing using fluorochrome staining and LED Microscopy, liquid and solid culture, and molecular identification by GenoType® Mycobacterium CM/AS assays. Results NTM were isolated in 26.3% (204/775) of children. The most prevalent NTM species was M. intracellulare (N = 128), followed by M. scrofulaceum (N = 35) and M. fortuitum (N = 9). Children with NTM were significantly less symptomatic and less likely to present with an abnormal chest radiograph than those with M. tuberculosis. NTM were present in 21.6% of follow-up samples and 25 children had the same species isolated from ≥2 separate samples. All were considered clinically insignificant and none received specific treatment. Children with NTM isolates had equal all cause mortality and likelihood of TB treatment as those with negative culture although they were less likely to have TB ruled out. Conclusions NTM isolation is frequent in presumptive TB cases but was not clinically significant in this patient cohort. However, it can contribute to TB misdiagnosis. Further studies are needed to understand the epidemiology and the clinical significance of NTM in children.


This paper studies a class of stochastic and time-varying Gaussian intersymbol interference (ISI) channels. The $i^{th}$ channel tap during time slot $t$ is uniformly distributed over an interval of centre $c_i$ and radius $ r_{i}$. The array of channel taps is independent along both $t$ and $i$. The channel state information is unavailable at both the transmitter and the receiver. Lower and upper bounds are derived on the White-Gaussian-Input (WGI) capacity $C_{{WGI}$ for arbitrary values of the radii $ r_i$. It is shown that $C_{WGI}$ does not scale with the average input power. The proposed lower bound is achieved by a joint-typicality decoder that is tuned to a set of candidates for the channel matrix. This set forms a net that covers the range of the random channel matrix and its resolution is optimized in order to yield the largest achievable rate. Tools in matrix analysis such as Weyl's inequality on perturbation of eigenvalues of symmetric matrices are used in order to analyze the probability of error.


This paper questions the existing notion of competition prevalent in economic theory. It is shown that the prevalent idea of competition is incompatible with economic development. Fair competition, this paper argues, ought to be understood in context. The paper ends by providing some preliminary suggestions to economists and policy makers on how to understand competition.


The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) assesses an individual's mobility, stability and flexibility to identify any weaknesses or asymmetries that may exist. Research has considered if it can predict injury and performance, with inconclusive results. Reliability is high for total FMS scores, but decreases significantly for subtest scores. Study one assessed whether the FMS could accurately predict injury rates and performance in 116 soccer players (mean age=23.2±4.4 years). Players undertook the FMS and performance tests, and injury occurrence was tracked throughout one season. Results showed a cut-off score of 14 or less could not predict a player's risk of all injuries (odds ratio=1.01), or non-contact injuries (odds ratio=0.63), but was significantly linked to vertical jump height (p=0.006). Additional studies discussed the development and validation of novel software to automatically assess the FMS. Study two assessed the software's validity and test-retest reliability when scoring the deep squat (DS). Two validation sessions were completed. Initially, 141 participants (mean age=9.7±3.7 years) performed the DS three times, before 16 participants (mean age=29.8±8.1 years) performed the DS on two occasions, 72 hours apart. Results showed the software had good agreement (87.5%) and moderate correlation (rs=0.44) with manual scoring and had moderate test-retest reliability (ICC=0.74). Study three developed the software to assess three FMS subtests. Validation involved 27 participants (mean age=19.8± 3.8 years) performing each subtest three times, with the software showing good mean agreement (87.3%), and inter-rater reliability (Κw=0.76), and strong correlation (rs=0.76), with live manual scoring. The final study assessed the software's validity and test-retest reliability compared to manual scoring for all seven subtests. Twenty-three participants (mean age=22.8±5.3 years) completed all seven FMS subtests. The software's mean agreement (87.5%) with live and video manual scoring was good, and a strong mean correlation was also reported (rs=0.71), for the seven subtests. Mean test-retest reliability was good across all seven FMS subtests (ICC=0.96). Overall, this body of research suggests the FMS cannot accurately be used to predict injury or performance in soccer players, but the development of novel software has provided a valid alternative to manual assessment for certain FMS subtests, which could provide benefits for its use in applied settings.


Aloe secundiflora has been used traditionally to manage many diseases including diabetes, however, its antidiabetic activity and safety is not well evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine in vivo hypoglycemic activity and safety of the aqueous stem bark extracts of this plant in male swiss white albino mice. The antidiabetic activity was screened in alloxan induced diabetic mice using oral and intraperitoneal routes. The safety of the extract was studied in mice that were orally and intraperitoneally administered with 1 g/kg body weight of the extract daily for 28 days by recording changes in body and organ weights, hematological and biochemical parameters. Mineral composition was estimated using total reflection X-ray fluorescence system and atomic absorption spectrometry. Phytochemical composition was assessed using standard procedures. The extract showed significant and consistent hypoglycemic activity at dose levels of 50 mg/kg body weight through oral route and 300 mg/kg body weight through intraperitoneal route. Oral administration of 1 g/kg body weight of the extract decreased levels of platelets, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and direct bilirubin while elevated the level of creatine kinase. Reduction in the growth rate and increase in percent of organ to body weight of brain together with elevated levels of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, α-amylase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were recorded in mice intraperitoneally administered with 1 g/kg body weight of the extract. The extracts contained tannins, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. Sodium, Chlorine, Potassium, Calcium, Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Copper, Zinc, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Magnesium were present in the extracts at levels below the recommended daily allowance. The observed hypoglycemic activity and slight toxicity could be associated with the phytochemicals and mineral/trace elements present in this extract.


Objective: This paper examines the themes of #IHMayDay, a day-long Twitter discussion about Indigenous health led by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples on 1 May 2014. Method: The Symplur analytics tool was used to identify the Twitter activity associated with #IHMayDay. This paper reviews the content of 423 tweets that were tweeted and retweeted by 346 individuals and 108 organisations. Results: Issues related to social and emotional wellbeing were dominant, and the analysis highlights the empowering nature of the strengths-based discourse. Conclusions: Twitter-based events such as #IHMayDay and initiatives such as the rotated, curated account @IndigenousX are powerful platforms for learning, exchange, advocacy and dialogue about the social and emotional wellbeing and mental health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.


The clinical experience with Magnetic Resonance Imaging in parotid gland diseases of 13 patients in discussed. An excellent visualization of the surrounding anatomy, the intrinsic structures of the gland. such as the facial nerve and the lesion, which can be achieved by MRI only, will provide more detailed information for the surgeon and thus for the prognosis. On the other hand, the differentiation of the diseases is not yet improved and MRI will certainly not replace the clinical examination including aspiration cytology.


The potentially adverse effects of pesticides in wide use are causing concern to grow in the agricultural community. Minimizing the risks to human health and the environment created by agricultural pesticides has become a very important issue. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a high priority on registering safer pesticides. According to the EPA, more than 1 billion pounds of active pesticide ingredients are used in the United States each year. Americans are exposed to pesticides every day through food consumption, cleaning products, and home and work environments. The agricultural pesticide industry has experienced an influx of changes during the past decade. Two of the primary changes affecting the pesticide industry are the introduction of new technology and EPA regulatory changes. On the regulatory front, the EPA requires manufacturers to register and test pesticides before they appear on the market. By 2006, the EPA will review old pesticides to ensure that they meet new safety requirements. These regulatory initiatives have contributed to the industry drive to develop safer and more "environmentally friendly" products for use in agricultural pest control. Technological changes consist of the introduction of new pesticides that are considered to be safer for both humans and the environment. As new technologies and regulatory initiatives are undertaken to ensure an improvement in both the safety of human health and the environment, one must consider how these changes may affect consumers. Specifically, an analysis should be conducted to determine whether or not the technological and regulatory changes have an effect on consumer prices. The recent developments in the agricultural pesticide industry provide several reasons to believe structural change has been occurring in economic relationships that determine peach prices in California. Therefore, we use a vector autoregressive (VAR) model to forecast peach prices by allowing parameters to vary with time. VAR models differ from standard econometric analyses of structural relationships in that they do not apply the usual exclusion restrictions to specify a priori which variables appear in which equations. Instead, a set of distributed lag equations is used to model each variable as a function of other variables in the structural system (Bessler, 1984). The objective of this paper is to forecast peach prices and evaluate dynamic relationships in the peach industry in the presence of technological and regulatory change. A VAR model that explicitly recognizes structural change will be used to forecast peach prices in California. Changes in dynamic relationships between peach prices and relevant economic variables will be considered.


ABSTRACT The interwoven relationships among positive emotions and connections among people within the organization, manifested as collective gratitude and hope, and high-quality connections (HQCs), and firm service innovativeness and financial performance have rarely been addressed in the service innovation management literature. By studying 251 service firms, this paper shows that (a) collective gratitude is positively related to development of HQCs among people within the organization and firm service innovativeness, (b) HQCs among people within the organization are positively associated with firm service innovativeness, and (c) firm service innovativeness is positively related to firm financial performance. This paper also demonstrates that the collective hope of people within the organization positively moderates the relationship between collective gratitude and HQCs among them.


A new liquid-liquid extractor called the oscillating Baffle Column is described. Its performance at various baffle oscillating speeds both under constant flow ratio and constant throughput runs using the system carbon tetrachloride - acetic acid - water has been investigated. Two simultaneous differential equations for the extract and raffinate phases respectively have been derived, The equations give the relationship between longitudinal mixing and mass convection in a single phase and interfacial mass transfer. By assuming equilibrium distribution to be linear, the change of Ka, the mass transfer coefficient, along the column can be represented by a polynomial. The two simultaneous equations can be solved either by the use of the Airy function' or by Power Series. The Practical applications of the solutions of these equations are limited as they are cumbersome and contain constants difficult to evaluate. A method has been derived for calculating the eddy diffusivity from concentration profile data. The calculation is restricted to the aqueous phase and has been made for a range of operating conditions. The values of the true Noy, and measured Noy, the numbers of transfer units to effect the separation differ by a 'correction term'. This correction term is a measure of the longitudinal mixing and valves for it have been calculated using a method developed. A "dimensionless fractional extraction" diagram is developed. It provides a means of measuring the operating performance of an extractor.


ObjectiveWe report the findings of Andhra Pradesh state's mobile medical service programme and how It is currently used to strengthen the disease surveillance mechanisms at the village level.IntroductionIndia has an Integrated Disease Surveillance project that reports key communicable and infectious diseases at the district and sub-district level. However, recent reviews suggest structural and functional deficiencies resulting in poor data quality (1). Hence evidence-based actions are often delayed. Piramal Swasthya in collaboration with Government of Andhra Pradesh launched a mobile medical unit (MMU) programme in 2016. This Mobile medical service delivers primary care services to rural population besides reporting and alerting unusual health events to district and state health authorities for timely and appropriate action.The MMU service in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh is one of the oldest and largest public-private initiatives in India. Two hundred and ninety-two MMUs provide fixed-day services to nearly 20,000 patients a day across 14,000 villages in rural Andhra Pradesh. Every day an MMU equipped with medical ( a doctor) and non-medical (1 nurse, 1 registration officer, 1 driver, 1 pharmacist, 1 lab technician, 1 driver) staff visit 2 service points (villages) as per prefixed route map. Each MMU also has its own mobile tablet operated by registration officer for capturing patient details. The core services delivered through MMUs are the diagnosis, treatment, counseling, and free drug distribution to the beneficiaries suffering from common ailments ranging from seasonal diseases to acute communicable and common chronic non-communicable diseases. The routinely collected patient data is daily synchronized on a centrally managed data servers.MethodsFor this analysis, we used aggregated and pooled data that were routinely collected from August 2016-March 2018. Patient details such as socio-demographic variables (age, sex etc.) medical history and key vitals (random blood sugar, blood pressure, pulse rate etc.) and disease diagnosis variables were analyzed. Besides, communication and action taken reports shared with Government of Andhra Pradesh were also analyzed. We report the findings of the programme with reference to strengthing the village level communicable disease surveillance. Unusual health events were defined as more than 3 patients reporting the epidemiologically linked and similar conditions clustered in the same village.ResultsWe observed 4,352,859 unique beneficiaries registrations and 9,122,349 patient visits. Of all unique beneficiaries, 79.3% had complete diagnosis details (53% non-communicable disease, 39% communicable and 8% others conditions). A total of 7 unusual health events related to specific and suspected conditions (3 vector-borne diseases related, 4 diarrhea-related) were reported to district health authorities, of which 3 were confirmed outbreaks (1 dengue, 1 malaria, and 1 typhoid) as investigated by local health authorities.ConclusionsMobile medical services are useful to detect unusual health events in areas with limited resources. It increases accountability and response from the Government authorities if the timely information is shared with competent health authorities. Careful evaluation of the mobile health interventions is needed before scaling-up such services in other remote rural areas.References1. Kumar A, Goel MK, Jain RB, Khanna P. Tracking the Implementation to identify gaps in Integrated Disease Surveillance Program in a Block of District Jhajjar (Haryana). Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2014;3(3):213-215.2. Raut D, Bhola A. Integrated disease surveillance in India: Way forward. Global Journal of Medicine and Public Health.2014;3(4):1-10


Objectives: It has been suggested that when fetal femur is insonated by the anterior approach of the fetal thigh the diaphysis appears rectilinear on the sonographic image, while lateral approach provides concave shape of the diaphysis. When the femur is approached laterally, the rounded upper-lateral extremity is probably not totally exposed to the ultrasound beam, which contributes to an underestimation of the real femur length. The objective of the study was to confirm that insonation approach, assessed by the shape of the fetal femur diaphysis on the sonographic plane (straight line or concave) impacts on the measured length. Methods: Retrospective analysis of sonographic images of fetal femur length measurement in consecutive examinations of women attending our centre for a routine ultrasound scan at 21–24 and 30–34 weeks between June 2017 and February 2018 was performed. Gestational age was calculated based on first trimester Crown–rump length (CRL) measurement. Only women with no relevant medical and obstetrical history were included in the study. All images were divided into 2 groups: those were diaphysis appeared straight-line (group 1) and those with concave shape of diaphysis (group 2). All measurements were expressed in z-score for gestational age. z-score values in the two groups were compared by using a T-student test. Results: A total of 1138 ultrasound scans were included in the analysis, with 581 and 557 cases classified respectively in the two groups. Femur measurement values were significantly lower in the 2nd group, the mean +/SD z-score were 0.56 +/0,95 and 0.45+/-0.90 in group 1 and 2 respectively, p=0.05. Conclusions: The results of the study confirm the existence of a statistically significant difference between the two insonation approaches of the fetal femur measurement. The lateral approach may lead to a systematic error and underestimation of the femur length.


This paper is concerned with the advantages of multi-user concurrent transmission in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with rate constraints. We first study a maximum eigenmode beamforming (MEB) strategy for fading multiple access channels (MACs). This strategy allows each user to transmit only in its maximum eigenmode direction and applies a suboptimal matched-filter receiver with successive interference cancellation at the base station (BS). We derive a closed-form expression for the average minimum transmitted sum power required by MEB. Based on this, we show that: a) the MEB strategy is asymptotically optimal when the number of simultaneous users is sufficiently large; b) multi-user concurrent transmission has a power advantage, referred to as multi-user gain, over orthogonal transmission approaches such as time-division multiple-access; c) the number of antennas at the BS has a far stronger impact on the system performance than that at each user side. These properties are verified by simulation. Both numerical analyses and simulation results show that a major part of multi-user gain can be achieved in practical environments even with a quite small number of simultaneous users. We also study the MEB strategy for MIMO broadcast channels (BCs). The dirty paper coding (DPC) technique is necessary in this case. It is analytically shown that most observations made for MIMO MACs are extendable to MIMO BCs.


Turning to the example of a particular Hungarian intellectual circle, I examine how Western-oriented thinkers in Eastern Europe formed their views about the pinnacle of civilization between the two world wars. My inquiry centers around the intellectual community of a literary and critical journal called Nyugat (West) which exerted a crucial and enduring influence on Hungarian print culture and public debates. The paper reveals that dreaming of and interpreting modernity in its fully developed Western forms fostered the creation of meaning and dignity for a local culture but developed new visions and expressions of life transcending local contexts and possibilities as well.


Generating arbitrary perspective views of images portraying 3D surfaces can involve extensive computation and data I/O time because of the problems in determining visibility, and performing hidden-point removal. Appropriate 1D transforms of an image can allow hidden-point removal and perspective projection to be performed on scan lines or columns of these transforms. Perspective view generation then reduces to a series of extremely fast 1D operations. As a result, exact perspective views of 3D surfaces of unlimited size can be generated very much more rapidly than hitherto possible, making this a feasible interactive tool in image analysis. Maximum speed is possible when entire data sets can be stored in random access memory (RAM). However, the scan-line nature of the algorithm also allows sequential processing of data stored on disk, and fast image transposition methods allow the generation of views of surfaces much larger than available memory.


Abstract The reactivity and physicochemical properties of lignins are partly governed by their molar mass distribution. The development of reliable standard methods for determination of the molar mass distribution is not only relevant for designing technical lignins for specific applications, but also for monitoring and elucidating delignification and pulping processes. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) offers many advantages, such as wide availability, short analysis time, low sample demand, and determination of molar mass distribution over a wide range. A collaborative study has been undertaken within the "Eurolignin" European thematic network to standardise SEC analysis of technical lignins. The high-molar-mass fraction of polydisperse lignins was shown to be the main source of intra- and interlaboratory variations, depending on the gel type, elution solvent, detection mode, and calculation strategy. The reliability of two widespread systems have been tested: one based on alkali and a hydrophilic gel (e.g., TSK Toyopearl gel) and the other based on THF as solvent and polystyrene-based gels (e.g., Styragel). A set of practical recommendations has been deduced.


Can increasing control over earnings incentivize a woman to work, and thereby influence norms around gender roles? We randomly varied whether rural Indian women received bank accounts, training in account use, and direct deposit of public sector wages into their own (versus husbands') accounts. Relative to the accounts only group, women who also received direct deposit and training worked more in public and private sector jobs. The private sector result suggests gender norms initially constrained female employment. Three years later, direct deposit and training broadly liberalized women's own work-related norms, and shifted perceptions of community norms.


Abstract. The COnvective Precipitation Experiment (COPE) was designed to investigate the origins of heavy convective precipitation over the South Western UK, a region that experiences flash flooding due to heavy precipitation from slow-moving convective systems. In this study, the microphysical and dynamical characteristics of developing turrets during four days in July and August, 2013 are analyzed. In situ cloud microphysical measurements from the University of Wyoming King Air and vertically pointing W-band radar measurements from Wyoming Cloud Radar are examined, together with data from the ground-based NXPol radar. The four days presented here cover a range of environmental conditions in terms of wind shear and instability, resulting in a similarly wide variability in observed ice crystal concentrations, both across days as well as between clouds on individual days. The highest concentration of ice was observed on the days in which there was an active warm rain process supplying precipitation-sized liquid drops. The high ice concentrations observed (> 100 L −1 ) are consistent with the production of secondary ice particles through the Hallett-Mossop process. Turrets that ascended through remnant cloud layers above the 0 °C level had higher ice particle concentrations, suggesting that entrainment of ice particles from older clouds or previous thermals may have acted to aid in the production of secondary ice through the Hallett-Mossop process. Other mechanisms such as the shattering of frozen drops may be more important for producing ice in more isolated clouds.


The current high-throughput sequencing technologies produce gigabytes of data even when prokaryotic genomes are processed. In a subsequent assembly phase, the generated overlapping reads are merged, ideally into one contiguous sequence. Often, however, the assembly results in a set of contigs which need to be stitched together with additional lab work. One of the reasons why the assembly produces several distinct contigs are repetitive elements in the newly sequenced genome. While knowing order and orientation of a set of non-repetitive contigs helps to close the gaps between them, special care has to be taken for repetitive contigs. Here we propose an algorithm that orders a set of contigs with respect to a related reference genome while treating the repetitive contigs in an appropriate way.


UNLABELLED
Policy Points The rate of adoption of chronic care management processes (CMPs) by physician organizations has been fairly slow in spite of demonstrated effectiveness of CMPs in improving outcomes of chronic care. Exnovation (ie, removal of innovations) by physician organizations largely explains the slow population-level increases in practice use of CMPs over time. Expanded health information technology functions may aid practices in retaining CMPs. Low provider reimbursement by Medicaid programs, however, may contribute to disinvestment in CMPs by physician organizations.

CONTEXT
Exnovation is the process of removal of innovations that are not effective in improving organizational performance, are too disruptive to routine operations, or do not fit well with the existing organizational strategy, incentives, structure, and/or culture. Exnovation may contribute to the low overall adoption of care management processes (CMPs) by US physician organizations over time.

METHODS
Three national surveys of US physician organizations, which included common questions about organizational characteristics, use of CMPs, and health information technology (HIT) capabilities for practices of all sizes, and Truven Health Insurance Coverage Estimates were integrated to assess organizational and market influences on the exnovation of CMPs in a longitudinal cohort of 1,048 physician organizations. CMPs included 5 strategies for each of 4 chronic conditions (diabetes, asthma, congestive heart failure, and depression): registry use, nurse care management, patient reminders for preventive and care management services to prevent exacerbations of chronic illness, use of nonphysician clinicians to provide patient education, and quality of care feedback to physicians.

FINDINGS
Over one-third (34.1%) of physician organizations exnovated CMPs on net. Quality of care data feedback to physicians and patient reminders for recommended preventive and chronic care were discontinued by over one-third of exnovators, while nurse care management and registries were largely retained. Greater proportions of baseline Medicaid practice revenue (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.44, p < 0.001) and increasing proportions of revenue from Medicaid (IRR = 1.02, p < 0.05) were associated with greater CMP exnovation by physician organizations on net. Practices with greater expansion of HIT functionality exnovated fewer CMPs (IRR = 0.91, p < 0.001) compared to practices with less expansion of HIT functionality.

CONCLUSIONS
Exnovation of CMPs is an important reason why the population-level adoption of CMPs by physician organizations has remained low. Expanded HIT functions and changes to Medicaid reimbursement and incentives may aid the retention of CMPs by physician organizations.


Results: A total of 1017 SWS measurements were obtained. For 11 women (32%) it was not possible to achieve ten SWS as placental expulsion immediately followed the birth of the newborn. For all other patients, we were successfully able to obtain all measures as intended. The median time taken for each evaluation was less than 4 minutes. Mean shear wave speed was 1.8 ± 1.5 m/s, 2.2 ± 1.4 m/s, and 1.7 ± 1.2 m/s respectively for T1, T2 and T3 (p = 0.49). In the correlation analysis, after adjustments for confounders, we observed a correlation only for injected units of Oxytocin (r = 0.35, p = 0.03), and newborn weight (r = 0.08, p = 0.001). Conclusions: It is feasible to assess uterine tonicity by shear wave imaging, after placental expulsion and to report known risk factors of uterine atony, as an objective quantification of uterine tonicity. Investigation of the elasticity of the uterus is still in its pioneer phase, with further studies required to assess for intra and inter-variability.


An understanding of the genetic variation within and between populations should allow scientists to address many problems, including those associated with endangered species and the release of genetically modified organisms into the environment. With respect to microorganisms, the release of genetically engineered microorganisms is likely to increase dramatically given the current growth in the bioremediation industry. In this study, genetic variation within a lotic, bacterial population of Janthinobacterium lividum was measured with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Chromosomal DNA from 10 Kettle Creek (Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Kempton, Pa.) J. lividum isolates was digested with six restriction endonucleases and probed with a 7.5-kb pKK3535 fragment containing the E. coli rrnB rRNA operon. Genetic variation, as measured in terms of nucleotide diversity, was high within the population. The 0.0781 value for genetic variation was especially high given the conservative nature of the genetic probe. The average percent similarity among isolates within the population was 67.25%. Pairwise comparisons of nucleotide diversity values (π) and similarity coefficients (F) yielded values ranging from 0.0032 to 0.1816 and 0.3363 to 0.9808, respectively. Putative clonemates were not present within the group of isolates; however, all isolates shared 14 fragments across a spectrum of six restriction enzymes. The presence of these common fragments indicates that restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis may provide population- or species-specific diagnostic markers for J. lividum. Data that suggest a plume effect with respect to the downstream movement of J. lividum are also presented. An increase in genetic variation within groups of isolates along the longitudinal gradient of Kettle Creek is also suggested.


Mobile app distribution platforms such as Google Play Store allow users to share their feedback about downloaded apps in the form of a review comment and a corresponding star rating. Typically, the star rating ranges from one to five stars, with one star denoting a high sense of dissatisfaction with the app and five stars denoting a high sense of satisfaction. Unfortunately, due to a variety of reasons, often the star rating provided by a user is inconsistent with the opinion expressed in the review. For example, consider the following review for the Facebook App on Android; "Awesome App". One would reasonably expect the rating for this review to be five stars, but the actual rating is one star! Such inconsistent ratings can lead to a deflated (or inflated) overall average rating of an app which can affect user downloads, as typically users look at the average star ratings while making a decision on downloading an app. Also, the app developers receive a biased feedback about the application that does not represent ground reality. This is especially significant for small apps with a few thousand downloads as even a small number of mismatched reviews can bring down the average rating drastically. In this paper, we conducted a study on this review-rating mismatch problem. We manually examined 8600 reviews from 10 popular Android apps and found that 20% of the ratings in our dataset were inconsistent with the review. Further, we developed three systems; two of which were based on traditional machine learning and one on deep learning to automatically identify reviews whose rating did not match with the opinion expressed in the review. Our deep learning system performed the best and had an accuracy of 92% in identifying the correct star rating to be associated with a given review. In another evaluation, we asked 23 end users to write reviews for any 5 apps that they had used recently. We got 115 reviews from 66 different mobile apps. Our deep learning system had an accuracy of 87%. Further, our study suggests that this problem is quite prevalent among apps. Across the ten apps used in our study, the mismatch percentage ranged from 16% to 26%.


Anhydrous pyroxene-rich interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) have been proposed as surface analogs for about two-thirds of all C-complex asteroids. However, this suggestion appears to be inconsistent with the presence of hydrated silicates on the surfaces of some of these asteroids, including Ceres. Here, we report the presence of enstatite (pyroxene) on the surface of two C-type asteroids (Ceres and Eugenia) based on their spectral properties in the mid-infrared range. The presence of this component is particularly unexpected in the case of Ceres, because most thermal evolution models predict a surface consisting of hydrated compounds only. The most plausible scenario is that Ceres' surface has been partially contaminated by exogenous enstatite-rich material, possibly coming from the Beagle asteroid family. This scenario questions a similar origin for Ceres and the remaining C-types, and it possibly supports recent results obtained by the Dawn mission (NASA) that Ceres may have formed in the very outer solar system. Concerning the smaller D ∼ 200 km C-types such as Eugenia, both their derived surface composition (enstatite and amorphous silicates) and low density (<1.5 g cm−3) suggest that these bodies accreted from the same building blocks, namely chondritic porous, pyroxene-rich IDPs and volatiles (mostly water ice), and that a significant volume fraction of these bodies has remained unaffected by hydrothermal activity likely implying a late accretion. In addition, their current heliocentric distance may best explain the presence or absence of water ice at their surfaces. Finally, we raise the possibility that CI chondrites, Tagish-Lake-like material, or hydrated IDPs may be representative samples of the cores of these bodies.