Silicon films of submicrometer thickness play a central role in many advanced technologies for computation and energy conversion. Numerous thermal conductivity data for silicon films are available in the literature, but they are mainly for the lateral, or in-plane, direction for both polycrystalline and single crystalline films. Here, we use time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR), transmission electron microscopy, and semiclassical phonon transport theory to investigate thermal conduction normal to polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) films of thickness 79, 176, and 630 nm on a diamond substrate. The data agree with theoretical predictions accounting for the coupled effects of phonon scattering on film boundaries and defects related to grain boundaries. Using the data and the phonon transport model, we extract the normal, or cross-plane thermal conductivity of the polysilicon (11.3 ± 3.5, 14.2 ± 3.5, and 25.6 ± 5.8 W m−1 K−1 for the 79, 176, and 630 nm films, respectively), as well as the thermal boundary resistance between polysilicon and diamond (6.5–8 m2 K GW−1) at room temperature. The nonuniformity in the extracted thermal conductivities is due to spatially varying distributions of imperfections in the direction normal to the film associated with nucleation and coalescence of grains and their subsequent columnar growth.


Purpose: The acquisition of multiple images of varied yet complementary information is rapidly becoming the norm in radiotherapytreatment planning. Beside CTdata sets, PET and/or MRI or MRS images are also being used to aid in the definition of the target volume (or normal structures) for treatment optimization. We have been developing new methods to integrate available imaginginformation (anatomical and/or physiological) for concurrent target registration and segmentation. Towards this goal, we have investigated several clustering and active contour methods for simultaneous 2D/3D segmentation/registration of multi‐modality images consisting of combinations of PET, CT, or MRI datasets. In this work, we present a phantom validation study of this approach. Method and Materials: A commercial anthropomorphic head phantom of average human size was used. Targets consisting of plastic spheres and rods were placed throughout the cranium section of the phantom. Tap water was used for CTimaging. For MRI and PET imaging, the water inside the phantom was doped with CuNO3 and 18F‐FDG, respectively. The cold spots spheres were considered as the segmentation targets (four spheres each is 25.4 mm in diameter). The rods were used as landmarks to assist in alignment. A geometric deformable model known as the multi‐valued level set (MVLS) method was applied as our computational vehicle. Results: The MVLS algorithm achieved 90% segmentation accuracy and less than 2% volume error when integrating all of the three modalities. This is contrasted with 74% segmentation accuracy and 4.4% volume error when using CT‐based systems only. Conclusion: We have validated a semi‐automatic method for integrating information from different imaging modalities. Our phantom study demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed image integration approach. This approach could potentially provide radiologists/oncologists with reliable and efficient tools to analyze simultaneously different modality data in different cancer sites. This work was supported by ACS‐IRG‐58‐010‐50 grant.


The specific capsular polysaccharide produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae type 9V (American type 68) is composed of D-glucuronic acid (1 part), D-galactose (1 part), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-mannose (1 part), D-glucose (2 parts), and O-acetyl (1.6 parts). Methylation, periodate oxidation, optical rotation, and nuclear magnetic resonance studies, and partial hydrolysis showed that the polysaccharide is an unbranched high molecular weight linear polymer of a partially O-acetylated pentasaccharide repeating unit having the structure indicated below. (Formula: see text).


Polymorphisms of the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) and dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) genes are associated with subjective responses to alcohol and urge to drink under laboratory conditions. This study examined these associations in the natural environment using ecological momentary assessment. Participants were non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers (n = 112, 52% female, 61% alcohol dependent) who enrolled in a study of naltrexone effects on craving and drinking in the natural environment. Data were culled from 5 consecutive days of drinking reports prior to medication randomization. Analyses revealed that, after drinking, carriers of the Asp40 allele of the OPRM1 gene reported higher overall levels of vigor and lower levels negative mood, as compared to homozygotes for the Asn40 variant. Carriers of the long allele (i.e., >or=7 tandem repeats) of the DRD4 endorsed greater urge to drink than homozygotes for the short allele. Effects of OPRM1 and DRD4 variable-number-of-tandem-repeats genotypes appear to be alcohol dose-dependent. Specifically, carriers of the DRD4-L allele reported slight decreases in urge to drink at higher levels of estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC), and Asp40 carriers reported decreases in vigor and increases in negative mood as eBAC rose, as compared to carriers of the major allele for each gene. Self-reported vigor and urge to drink were positively associated with alcohol consumption within the same drinking episode. This study extends findings on subjective intoxication, urge to drink, and their genetic bases from controlled laboratory to naturalistic settings.


In humans, there are two types of gene that are expressed in skeletal muscle: α-actinin-2 (ACTN2) and α-actinin-3 (ACTN3). One of the important genes involved in sport genetics is ACTN3 gene encodes α-actinin-3, an actin binding protein which is one of the predominant components of the Z-line in the Type II (fast-twitch) fibers. The α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene is composed of 21 exons that is located on the long arm of chromosome 11q on band 13.2. Genetic analysis of ACTN3 gene has showed R577X polymorphism which results in conversion of the arginine at the position 577 to premature stop codon. The purpose of study is to determine genotypes of ACTN3 gene in Gorani population and comparison of these results to results of other published populations.

A total of 100 individuals (50 males and 50 females) participated in current study. Examined participants were from 15 to 81 years old. Samples were extracted with salting out method while genotyping for ACTN3 gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction. The statistical analysis was done by Chi-square and by SPSS in order to estimate correlation between ACTN3 genotypes and allele frequencies in Gorani population and others.

The frequency of ACTN3 RR genotype was 45%, RX was 36% and XX was 19% and allele frequencies for R was 0.63 and for X was 0.37. The frequencies of RR+RX genotypes were higher than XX genotypes. In addition, there was no big difference of ACTN3 genotypes and alleles between females and males of Gorani population. The allelic distribution of Gorani population has similarities with some European populations. According to results which are obtained in study, ACTN3 gene cannot be used as only genetic population marker, but should be used as athlete gene which is involved in finding sport talents. The present study was first study about the population of Gora. This work will be lead to other studies to determination the genetic background of Gorani population.

Keywords: Alpha-actin 3 (ACTN3 gene), Gorani population, Polymerase Chain Reaction, MDS, Dendrogram


All classical authentication protocols are based on pre-shared authentic information such as long-term secret keys or a public key infrastructure. However, there are many practical settings, where participants can additionally employ authentic OutOf-Band (OOB) communication, e.g., manual message transfer. In this paper, we study the corresponding user-aided message authentication and key agreement protocols. In particular, we give a unified treatment of many previous results and outline common design principles. We also show that certain properties of user-aided protocols simplify the security analysis in complex environments compared to the standard authentication


The Systems Engineering Department at the US Naval Academy provides a set of courses that are designed to introduce modern practices in digital control to undergraduates majoring in systems engineering. A very important element of digital control to be taught is the use of microcontrollers as "embedded" elements in feedback control systems. A good simulation of a real microcontroller can be immensely helpful to demonstrate concepts and to give students some practical experience using embedded processors in a variety of applications. Finding no suitable embedded computer simulator for our undergraduate students, we proceeded to develop and use a Windows based simulation of the PIC16C54/57/71/84 RISC microprocessor family. The program contains a program editor, an assembler, debugging tools, graphical representation for all registers, tools to present signals on device pins, and many other features that are all integrated together in a Windows environment. The paper describes the simulation and discusses our experiences while using the simulation over a period of two semesters in an introductory microcontroller class.


Tension and compression test methods for metal matrix composite materials are reviewed in light of experimental and analytical results. These data showed that test results, in particular compressive strength, depend on the test method. Results from a new side-support compression test method where aluminum honeycomb was used as the side-support material are discussed. A simple buckling analysis showed that the support provided by the honeycomb was sufficient to stabilize the specimen. Experimental results showed that the honeycomb, unlike solid metal side-support plates, did not suppress the local buckling failure mode. Results from tests on several boron-aluminum laminates showed that there is significant difference in both stiffness and strength between the honeycomb and steel side-support methods.


Recent dialogical histories of science propose that the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century was shaped by contributions from different astronomical traditions of the Eurasian region – especially the Maragha School of Arabic astronomy, the Chinese infinite empty space cosmology and the Indian Kerala School of astronomy. Such narratives are based on many discoveries in these traditions which antedate similar discoveries made in Europe during the Scientific Revolution. These views have generated intense objections from critics of the dialogical perspective who maintain independent discovery in Europe of these parallel achievements by repudiating claims for transmission as lacking documentary evidence or acknowledgment. This paper explores these debates using transmissions from the Maragha tradition as a case study. It proposes that a plausible case for transmissions can be made on the basis of circumstantial evidence even in the absence of direct documentary evidence.


This thesis follows on from work done by the Smart X-ray Optics (SXO) consortium, which consisted of seven UK institutions working between 2007-2011 to produce advances in active x-ray optics. Although some final optical testing of a SXO prototype is described herein, most of the work is aimed towards exploring simpler prototypes which make use of commercially available components. We explore a new, scalable and low-cost method of actuating thin sections of glass within the context of grazing incidence mirrors for x-ray telescopes. Finite element analysis is used to simulate different arrangements of actuators and mountings, then commercially available macro-fibre lead zirconate titanate (PZT) actuators are attached to the rear surface of 0.4mm glass to produce a simple new prototype with a small number of degrees of freedom. Raytracing is used to evaluate the importance of different aberrations with respect to optical performance. Deflectometry is explored as a method for measuring surface height, and singular value decomposition is used to derive orthogonal influence functions and command matrices for the new prototype. We find that, although this technique shows some promise, there are important issues which would need to be overcome if it were to be scaled up to produce a working telescope. A full-sized x-ray telescope may have thousands of mirror segments which would need to be individually calibrated. A robust methodology does not yet exist for this process, but the large amount of hysteresis and variability exhibited by PZT actuators will surely make it harder. More work needs to be done in this area, but in the meantime this technology could be useful to create low-profile mirrors for other applications.


We study the problem of an advertising agent who needs to intelligently distribute her budget across a sequence of online keyword bidding auctions. We assume the closing price of each auction is governed by the same unknown distribution, and study the problem of making provably optimal bidding decisions. Learning the distribution is done under censored observations, i.e. the closing price of an auction is revealed only if the bid we place is above it. We consider three algorithms, namely e—First, Greedy Product-Limit (GPL) and LuekerLearn, respectively, and we show that these algorithms provably achieve Hannan-consistency. In particular, we show that the regret bound of e—First is at most O(T⅔) with high probability. For the other two algorithms, we first prove that, by using a censored data distribution estimator proposed by Zeng [19], the empirical distribution of the closing market price converges in probability to its true distribution with a O(1/√t) rate, where t is the number of updates. Based on this result, we prove that both GPL and LuekerLearn achieve O(√T) regret bound with high probability. This in fact provides an affirmative answer to the research question raised in [1]. We also evaluate the abovementioned algorithms using real bidding data, and show that although GPL achieves the best performance on average (up to 90% of the optimal solution), its long running time may limit its suitability in practice. By contrast, LuekerLearn and e— First proposed in this paper achieve up to 85% of the optimal, but with an exponential reduction in computational complexity (a saving up to 95%, compared to GPL).


The increasing demand of consumer market sensors involves a continuous development for the die size, cost and performances. In this context, the integration of both a 3-axis MEMS accelerometer and a gyroscope within the same low pressure cavity becomes attractive. Such a packaging results in MEMS with high quality factor Q, which reduces Brownian noise, thereby improving the achievable precision. However, contrary to gyroscopes, in such a configuration, the MEMS accelerometers need to be damped prior to measurement. Therefore, this paper presents a new damping control architecture for such high Q capacitive accelerometers. Damping is ensured by inserting electrostatic force feedback (EFF) phases between measurement phases. By simultaneously damping 3 axis of acceleration, the transducer settling time is improved. Model simulations results prove damping efficiency and figure out a tradeoff between system sampling frequency and circuit complexity.


The European Council is the highest political body of the European Union and the main venue for setting the agenda on high politics. Using a new dataset of all content-coded European Council Conclusions issued between 1975 and 2010, we analyze the policy agenda of the European Council and test hypotheses on agenda change and diversity over time. We find that the theory of punctuated equilibrium applies to the agenda of the European Council, which exhibits a degree of kurtosis similar to that found in policy agendas of other institutions located at the juncture between input and output of the policy process. Throughout the 36-year period, agenda-setting dynamics involved both small changes and major shifts but also more frequent medium-sized negative changes than found elsewhere. Given capacity limits to the agenda, large expansions of attention to topics involved large cuts in attention. Cuts were more often medium in size in order to maintain some level of attention to the topics affected, even though issue disappearance from the European Council agenda has been frequent too. This relates to the functions of the European Council as venue for high politics, with expectations about issue attendance rising with increasing policy jurisdictions throughout the European integration process. Studying dynamics over time, we measured entropy to show how the agenda became more diverse but also displayed episodic concentration in an oscillating pattern. This can be accounted for by the nature of the European Council as a policy venue: increasing complexity of this institution pushed the members to produce a more diverse agenda, but capacity limits and the need to be responsive to incoming information led to concentration at specific time-points.


A context-descriptive prototype is an interactive graphical animation, driven by a formal, executable engine, implemented in some programming or modelling language. The two main properties of a context-descriptive prototype are: (1) it is an integrated description that describes system, work processes, and context of use; (2) it is a formal description. Because of (1), designers, including users, are provided with a means to investigate the system in the context of the envisioned work processes. Because of (2), investigations into questions of formalisation and automation, not only of the system, but also of the work processes, can be made explicitly and become subject for discussions and further elaboration. We describe a concrete context-descriptive prototype of the hospital work process medicine administration and its support by a new pervasive system. We discuss findings from evaluation of the prototype in cooperation with nurses, and finally compare context-descriptive prototypes with other kinds of prototypes.


Two mixed-integration processors for processing coherent imaging radar data are analyzed and compared. These two optical processors reduce the deleterious speckle effects associated with a fully coherent imaging system. However, the mixed-integration process reduces the achievable resolution. The discrete frequency-plane mixed-integration processor subdivides the frequency plane into M × N cells, processes each cell coherently, and incoherently sums the individual outputs. The scanning frequency plane mixed-integration processor continuously scans the frequency plane with an aperture that is 1/M × 1/N times the size of the signal spectrum. It is shown that the scanning processor is much more effective at reducing the effects of speckle while achieving comparable resolution.


Within the domain of chemical propulsion, the fields of combustion diagnostics and computational fluid dynamics each have a long history, and both have led to a better understanding of complex phenomena yielding practical improvements in propulsion systems. As more exotic forms of propulsion are developed, the importance of – and often the challenges with – both diagnostic and simulation capabilities also increase. In the case of scramjet combustion, these challenges primarily arise from the highly turbulent environment in the combustion cavity, and the high-speed, compressible nature of the flowfield. Efforts are underway to develop computer models of scramjet combustion environments to better understand the evolution of the flow field and heat transfer to the walls during combustion. This thesis effort experimentally supports these goals. Specifically, hyperspectral imaging measurements of an optically accessible scramjet were collected for different fueling rates. The primary focus was characterization the magnitude and dynamics of the outer window temperature in its response to combustion of different fueling rate. The outer window temperature was estimated via the radiometric brightness temperature – a quantitative measure of infrared radiant emissions – between 2000 cm−1 < ν̃ < 2250 cm−1 where the emissivity of the infrared-grade fused silica window is near unity and atmospheric absorption effects are minimal. Examining the radiant window emissions over a range of frequencies between 2500 cm−1 < ν̃ <4000 cm−1, the spectral region in which the window transitions from opaque to transparent, reveals information related to the temperature gradient normal to the line-of-sight. A simple one-dimensional, numerical heat transfer model is used along with a spectral model for the window to interpret the temporal dynamics of brightness temperature in different spectral bands. Inferring iv the actual temperature profile would require temperature-dependent optical properties of fused silica over a broad, high-temperature regime, and at present these are unavailable. This work indicates there would be value in obtaining this optical data so that hyperspectral measurements of the scramjet could be used to quantify heat transfer to the side window. The window represents an important and dynamic boundary condition, and these hyperspectral measurements could be used to validate numerical simulations. Other work in this thesis effort explores qualitative differences in flowfield turbulence under different fueling conditions, and in principle this turbulence characterization could also be used to for comparisons with numerical simulations.


The paper proposed a novel automatic target recognition (ATR) system for classification of three types of ground vehicles in the moving and stationary target acquisition and recognition (MSTAR) public release database. First MSTAR image chips are represented as fine and raw feature vectors, where raw features compensate for the target pose estimation error that corrupts fine image features. Then, the chips are classified by using the adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) algorithm with the radial basis function (RBF) network as the base learner. Since the RBF network is a binary classifier, the multiclass problem was decomposed into a set of binary ones through the error-correcting output codes (ECOC) method, specifying a dictionary of code words for the set of three possible classes. AdaBoost combines the classification results of the RBF network for each binary problem into a code word, which is then "decoded" as one of the code words (i.e., ground-vehicle classes) in the specified dictionary. Along with classification, within the AdaBoost framework, we also conduct efficient fusion of the fine and raw image-feature vectors. The results of large-scale experiments demonstrate that our ATR scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art systems reported in the literature


Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) is one of the most important regulatory factors in pathological and physiological angiogenesis. Alternative splicing is a complicated molecular process in VEGF-A gene expression which adds complexity to VEGF-A biology. Among all VEGF-A exons, alternative splicing of exon 8 is the key determinant of isoform switching from pro-angio-genic VEGF-xxx to anti-angiogenic VEGF-xxxb. This is known as a key molecular switching in many pathological situations. In fact, the balance between VEGF-xxx and VEGF-xxxb isoforms is a critical controlling switch in both conditions of health and disease. Here, the properties of VEGF-xxx and VEGF-xxxb isoforms were discussed and their regulatory mechanism and their roles in certain pathological processes were evaluated. In summary, it was suggested that C-terminal VEGF-A alternative splicing can provide a new treatment opportunity in angiogenic diseases.


The Global Citizens, Global Futures Project explored current understandings and expectations of global citizenship education of students and staff across Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU) (Research Phase) and developed and pilot a university-wide global citizenship initiative for students (Implementation Phase). Using staff and student questionnaires, student focus groups and individual interviews to investigate concepts and practices around the topic of Global Citizenship we found MMU students and staff see the concept in terms of diversity, global issues, values and attitudes, belonging to a 'global community' and collective responsibility for participation. Students were more likely to rate Global Citizenship as important for embracing and understanding diversity, whilst staff saw the need for MMU students to develop an outward looking view and benefits for the institution but were more likely to critique the term both in terms of the imposition of a 'Western' worldview and possible cultural homogenisation. The research has also highlighted current opportunities for students to develop Global Citizenship and for staff to report on their practice in internationalising or incorporating elements of Global Citizenship in curricula. The implementation strand focussed on the piloting of a student award under the university's extra-curricular award scheme, and on the development of further staff opportunities to internationalise the curriculum. The student award has seen paid student 'Global Ambassadors' building student engagement via a new Global Futures student society seeking to provide platforms for student involvement. The awards ceremony took place as part of the Humanities' faculty's Global Citizens event. Staff development as part of the implementation strand has included: Internationalising the Curriculum - a 10 credit unit (PGCAP/MAAP) engaging staff from six faculties; exploration of a potential collaborative enquiry with international staff in the area of cross-cultural pedagogies; the development of a unit specification for a 15-credit Level 5 Global Citizenship unit to be piloted in the Contemporary Arts programme at MMU Cheshire; and a presentation of the project report at institutional level workshops to inform the new MMU International strategy. Staff and students also attended the event Global Citizens event, where the Dean of Manchester cathedral spoke and presented students with their awards. As a result of the research and implementation, perceived gaps in provision were used to construct recommendations for further action


This study examined chewing stick processing in Ogun and Oyo states of Nigeria. Primary data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey of 50 chewing stick processors. The respondents were selected using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected on respondents' socio-economic characteristics, resource use, costs, outputs, prices as well as the type of chewing stick processed. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and budgetary analysis. Majority of the chewing stick processors (68.00%) are under the age of 45years, with the female-folk accounting for 60.00%. Most of the chewing stick processors (67.00%) had not more than primary school education. About 96% of the processors have been in the business for over 5 years. A typical medium-scale processor annually handled an average of 720 bundles of chewing stick valued at N6,480,000 ($4,050), and processed these at a cost of N6,105,350($38,158.44) to earn an average of N388,000($2,425) profit. The study concludes that chewing stick processing is a lucrative business that offers a source of livelihood for the respondents though it is presently import-dependent. Regional collaboration should be put in place for countries with comparative advantage in chewing stick cultivation to specialize in its production and export it to other countries thereby creating a virile international trade in it.The study recommends government intervention through domestication of chewing stick plants and provision of facilities such as roads, markets, stable electricity and appropriate machinery to enhance the scale of operation and efficiency.


For more than half a century, Peter F. Drucker's landmark essays have inspired and educated managers--and influenced the nature of business. Now, the learning continues with the Harvard Business Press release of the new Drucker Library Series. In "Managing in a Time of Great Change," the first book in the series, Drucker offers advice to executives for thriving in the global business environment of the future, covering such topics as team building, cutting costs in retail, changes in the U.S. economy, and doing business in Japan.


The possible involvement of osmotically generated hydrostatic pressure in driving actin-rich extensions of the cell surface was examined using cultures of chick neurons. Estimation of the excess internal osmotic pressure of chick neural tissue by vapor pressure deficit osmometry, and of the excess internal hydrostatic pressure in cultured chick neurons using a calibrated pressure pipette, gave upper limits of 10 mosM and 0.1 atmosphere (1 atmosphere = 101325 Pa), respectively. Increases in the osmolality of the medium surrounding cultured neurons by addition of sucrose, mannitol or polyethylene glycol by amounts that should eliminate any internal pressure not only failed to arrest the growth of filopodia but caused them to increase in length up to twofold in 3-5 min. Lamellipodia remained unchanged following hyperosmotic shifts of 20 mosM, but higher levels caused a small decrease in area. Reduction of osmolality by the addition of water to the culture fluid down to 50% of its normal value failed to show any detectable change in either filopodial length or lamellipodia area. These observations argue against an osmotic mechanism for growth cone extension and show that the growth of filopodia, in particular, is unlikely to be driven by osmotically generated hydrostatic pressure. In contrast to the short-term effects on growth cone morphology, the slower elongation of the neuritic cylinder showed a consistent osmotic response. Growth rates were reduced following addition of osmolytes and increased in rate (as much as sixfold) following addition of water to the culture medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


The development of injectable bone cement has been recognized as a promising strategy to fulfill the complex requirements of biomaterials for micro-invasive surgeries. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel injectable bioactive bone cement based on tricalcium silicate (TCS)-α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) composites. Different bone cement formulations were prepared by varying the TCS contents (0, 3.2, 9.9 and 11.8% mole of TCS). The hydration experiments were carried out at 37 o C. Injectabilities, setting times and mechanical properties of the final composites were determined. The results indicate that TCS delays the conversion of α -TCP into calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHAP). The produced CDHAP in the presence of TCS was modified by partial substitution silicate ion in place of phosphate. Also, Ca(OH)2 produced from TCS hydration inter CDHAP and increases the Ca/(P+Si) molar ratio.


Abstract Background Successful ageing-in-place is dependent on the design and features of the home. In some cases, home modifications or relocation may be required. Accessible, affordable, age-friendly housing for older adults is required to encourage forward planning. Aims/objectives To understand the views of middle and older aged adults and individuals with older relatives, about home safety, ageing in place and housing accessibility. Material and methods A qualitative descriptive approach, using reflexive thematic analysis was used. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 16 participants, comprising eight middle- older aged people and eight individuals with older relatives. Results Seven themes were identified. Most participants accepted the ageing process and could recognise home environment hazards and potential future housing needs. Others were determined to remain independent at home and resistant to making future changes until necessary. Participants were interested in obtaining more information about how to improve home safety or services to support ageing-in-place. Conclusion Most older adults are open to conversations about planning for ageing-in-place and would like further information on home safety and home modifications. Educational forums and tools (such as flyers or checklists) which assist older people to plan future housing needs are recommended. Significance Many older people are living in homes that present hazards and limited accessibility as they age. Earlier planning could lead to home modifications which will improve the capacity to age in place. Action to provide earlier education is needed as the population ages and suitable housing for older people is limited. Key points for occupational therapy Decision-making around home safety among the ageing population can be compromised by lack of awareness, inadequate access to information and the sudden onset of age-related changes. An education guide or tool to support forward planning and housing decisions may improve early awareness among the ageing population.


Regional knowledge coordination and the systematic promotion of rural culture using a combination of ecological advantages and environmental education are emerging topics in discussions on entrepreneurship. Considering that both creativity and social capital are critical factors for developing touristic activities, this study investigated their influences on the entrepreneurial intentions of tourism students in a metropolitan area, with the objective of contributing towards talent development in touristic entrepreneurship. A survey was administered at one university in Taiwan, and 213 valid subjects were analysed. The results first revealed that tourism students' creativity was divided into two dimensions, namely originality and usefulness; that social capital could be categorised as being either bridging or bonding; and that entrepreneurial intention was divided into conviction and preparation. The results indicated that tourism students with higher levels of creativity showed stronger entrepreneurial intentions. The usefulness of creativity had a stronger influence on entrepreneurial conviction than on entrepreneurial preparation. In addition, bridgingbased social capital had a significant influence on the entrepreneurial conviction of tourism students. The results of this study may serve as a reference for tourism administrators in the development of strategies for human resources management, particularly in personnel selection and training.


Article 518 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine for the first time regulated the production of forensic examination regarding the legality of attributing information in the field of defense, economics, science and technology, foreign relations, state security and law enforcement to state secrets, changing the secrecy of this information and its declassification damage caused to the national security of Ukraine in the event of the disclosure of classified information or the loss of material carriers of such information. This definition is cumbersome, that is why it is advisable to call the expertise at issue broader in content and more laconic in form – "in matters of state secrets".

The appointment, support and conduct of forensic examinations on this issue is accompanied by lengthy and still not completed scientific discussions and related practical problems, which include subjects which are able to conduct examinations on state secrets, and the methodology for conducting them.

Thus, the disposition of Part 1 of Art. 518 Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine regarding the subject of the examination on state secrets do not correspond to the content of other applicable laws and regulations.

Also, no certified and registered by the established procedure methodology for conducting forensic examination on state secrets' issues has been established.

In order to comply with the rule of law and legality as basic criminal proceedings according to Art. Art. 7, 8, 9, 22 Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine:

– it requires forming by authorized order the type of forensics as a state secret forensic and a type of relevant expert specialty;

– it is advisable to expand the circle of subjects of expertise on state secrets' issues at the expense of other specialists who are knowledgeable in matters of state secrets. They can be members of expert commissions under state secrecy experts, if at the same time complying with the set of normatively defined requirements for judicial experts who are not employees of state specialized agencies conducting forensic examinations. These requirements must also be met by state secrecy experts. In the future, a crucial step could be to consider the assignment of the functions of judicial experts on state secrets' issues to the Security Service of Ukraine staff, which is entrusted with Article 2 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Security Service of Ukraine" to ensure the protection of state secrets and which is a specially authorized state body in the field of ensuring the protection of state secrets in accordance with Part 5 of Article 5 of the Law Of Ukraine "On State Secrets";

– authorized state bodies are obliged to solve the problem of developing, certifying and state registration of a methodology for conducting a forensic examination on state secret issues. Key words: state secret, forensic examination.


This paper examines the validity of the expectations hypothesis of the term structure of interest rates by means of a previously unexploited dataset of market expectations that covers a broad range of EMS versus non-EMS foreign currency deposits. Although we find strong evidence in favour of rejecting the 'pure' version of the expectations hypothesis, we still cannot reject the hypothesis that the forward rate is a biased estimate of future interest rate levels. Nevertheless, we find some evidence that the behaviour of market participants, when making predictions about the future level of interest rates, is not entirely in line with what rational behaviour would suggest. We also find that there is strong evidence of time-variation in the term structure of interest rates. Furthermore, while this variation in term premia can be very well explained by low-order variations of the ARMA class models, there is sufficient evidence that the conditional heteroskedasticity of term premia plays an important role in explaining the time-variation. Finally, no significant difference is found between the behaviour of EMS interest rate deposits and non-EMS deposits.


AUTOLOGISTIC REGRESSION by DONG CHEN (Under the Direction of Marguerite Madden) ABSTRACT Feral swine (Sus scrofa) is a very destructive exotic mammal in the United States that carries pathogens of several diseases, endangers the safety of human beings, and disturbs local ecosystems. Although efforts have been made to monitor the distribution of feral swine, little has been done to model and predict the future distribution of feral swine. This project aims at tackling this problem by identifying the relationship between feral swine distribution and a series of environmental and cultural factors based on logistic regression. To assess the effects of spatial autocorrelation in modeling feral swine, autologistic regression was also applied to be compared with the ordinary logistic regression. The results suggest the autologistic regression model is superior to the ordinary counterpart with better performance. In addition, it is strongly recommended that the ordinary logistic regression methods should be employed with caution when spatial autocorrelation exists because they may yield misleading results.


An expansion chamber for narrow part of cavitation nozzles is developed. Designs of cavitation nozzles with expansion chamber based on cylindrical nozzle and Venturi nozzle are proposed. The results of calculations of the fluid flow in the presented nozzles show the areas in nozzle, where cavitation is generated, their number, form and power. The plot of volume fraction of vapor phase shows the causes of an increase in the intensity of cavitation in new nozzles with expansion chamber. The main of them is that due to introduction of the expansion chamber, a little area of cavitation generation in the narrow part of cavitation nozzle turns to large one, that causes significant increase in cavitation intensity. The results of comparative experimental studies, which confirm the superiority of cavitation nozzles with the expansion chamber over the basic ones, show that cavitation nozzle with expansion chamber can provide 3 times higher intensity of cavitation, than basic cylindrical nozzle. Also, cavitation nozzle with expansion chamber on the basis of Venturi nozzle can provide 1.5 times higher cavitation intensity, than basic Venturi nozzle.


Survival after very preterm birth has increased across the developed world, but a consistent theme to emerge in published studies is that the increase in survival may come at the cost of increased morbidity.1,–,3 Hack and Fanaroff4 summarised the predominantly North American experience from the 1990s and concluded that costs of salvaging ever more immature babies were beginning to outweigh the benefits. Their data are predominantly based on birth weight rather than gestation, are derived from heterogeneous populations (unit based, regional) and reflect the situation in a healthcare system (in the USA) in which the provision of tertiary neonatal care has become steadily more regionalised since the 1970s.5 Regionalisation of perinatal care in Europe is less developed and the demographics and models of care delivery vary between the different European countries.6 7 This article is an attempt to draw together the European literature on population-based outcomes of very preterm babies from the past 25 years.

A literature search was carried out on MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for all studies citing outcomes of preterm populations over the past 30 years. Studies that referred to cohorts that were not population based (for this purpose one confined to a defined geographical region or country) were excluded. Articles cited in the retrieved literature and not identified by other means were located separately. In addition, reference was made to the author's own collected literature and through direct correspondence with two of the authors.

A total of 29 population-based studies published since 1986 relating to cohorts born between 1983 and 2006 were identified; 13 studies reported survival outcomes only8,–,19 (table 1); 12 reported developmental …


INTRODUCTION
Homecare nurses had been and still are the backbone of palliative care services in Singapore. Although extensively documented by overseas researchers, the local perspective of their identity has not been evaluated. We aimed to uncover the lived experience of palliative homecare nurses so as to understand the meaning and interpretation of their experience of being homecare nurses.

METHODS
The research methodology was underpinned by the tenets of hermeneutic phenomenology. Two focus group discussions were held to gather responses from a purposive sample of ten nurses who belonged to five agencies that provide palliative homecare in Singapore. The discourses were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim for qualitative analysis.

RESULTS
The common themes that emerged were organised into six domains: Introduction to palliative care; Initial experiences; Challenges; Working in a team; Working with the doctor; and Support. Despite the different settings, most of the experiences were consistent with those described elsewhere.

CONCLUSION
The palliative homecare nurse assumes a prominent role as part of a team, since she often has in-depth connections with her patients. Although it can be depressing and trying at times, she grows to see this role as both a privilege and a calling.


This thesis examines daguerreotypes of outdoor views made during the California Gold Rush from 1848 to 1856, now in the Matthew R. Isenburg Collection at AMC Toronto. The views were made for private commissions, public viewings, and as models for engraving. Daguerreotypists encountered a number of challenging working conditions in the field, different from those in galleries where portraits were taken. In analyzing 18 daguerreotypes from the Isenburg Collection, this thesis investigates how working conditions during the Gold Rush such as light, climate, and terrain, influenced daguerreotypists`s decisions when making views; these include the choice of camera apparatus, optics and aperture, variations in exposure times, and composition and vantage points. By considering the purposes of such views, and the photographer`s approaches to making them, the thesis explains the appearance of these early visual documents of the western American frontier.


The goal of this study was to determine whether endothelium-dependent responses are impaired in the cerebral microcirculation of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). We measured diameters of cerebral arterioles using intravital microscopy in normotensive rats (WKY) and SHRSP (6-8 mo old). Cerebral vasodilator responses to superfusion with adenosine, which is an endothelium-independent agonist, were similar in WKY and SHRSP. In contrast, cerebral vasodilator responses to superfusion with endothelium-dependent agonists were profoundly impaired in SHRSP. Acetylcholine (10(-4) M) increased pial arteriolar diameter 23 +/- 2% (means +/- SE) in WKY and did not change arteriolar diameter in SHRSP (-2 +/- 3%, P less than 0.05 vs. WKY). Serotonin (10(-5) M) increased pial arteriolar diameter 23 +/- 1% in WKY and, in contrast, reduced diameter 11 +/- 1% in SHRSP (P less than 0.05 vs. WKY). Nitroglycerin and acetylcholine produce vasodilatation by activation of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). Nitroglycerin was used to determine whether impaired responses of cerebral arterioles in SHRSP were related to altered cGMP activity. We found similar dilatation of cerebral arterioles in WKY and SHRSP in response to nitroglycerin. Thus impaired endothelium-dependent dilatation in SHRSP is not related to alteration of cGMP activity. We speculate that impairment of cerebral vasodilator responses to endothelium-dependent agonists, including vasoactive substances released by platelets, may predispose SHRSP to cerebral ischemia.


BACKGROUND
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are characterized by pain and impaired masticatory functions. The Integrated Pain Adaptation Model (IPAM) predicts that alterations in motor activity may be associated with increased pain in some individuals. The IPAM highlights the diversity of patients' responses to orofacial pain and suggests that such diversity is related to the sensorimotor network of the brain. It remains unclear whether the pattern of brain activation reflects the diversity of patients' responses underlying the association between mastication and orofacial pain.

OBJECTIVE
This meta-analysis aims to compare the spatial pattern of brain activation, as the primary outcome of neuroimaging studies, between studies of mastication (i.e., Study 1: mastication of healthy adults) and studies of orofacial pain (i.e., Study 2: muscle pain in healthy adults and Study 3: noxious stimulation of the masticatory system in TMD patients).

METHODS
Neuroimaging meta-analyses were conducted for two groups of studies: (a) mastication of healthy adults (Study 1, 10 studies) and (b) orofacial pain (7 studies), including muscle pain in healthy adults (Study 2) and noxious stimulation of the masticatory system in TMD patients (Study 3). Consistent loci of brain activation were synthesized using Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) with an initial cluster-forming threshold (p < .05) and a threshold of cluster size (p < .05, familywise error-corrected).

RESULTS
The Orofacial pain studies have shown consistent activation in pain-related regions, including the anterior cingulate cortex and the anterior insula (AIns). A conjunctional analysis of mastication and orofacial pain studies showed joint activation at the left AIns, the left primary motor cortex, and the right primary somatosensory cortex.

CONCLUSION
The meta-analytical evidence suggests that the AIns, as a key region in pain, interoception, and salience processing, contributes to the pain-mastication association. These findings reveal an additional neural mechanism of the diversity of patients' responses underlying the association between mastication and orofacial pain.


On the basis of generalization of Louis-Boyarsky integral relation including reference fragments for shadow regions of the radar object at a small-angle ultrawideband probing, a method of object form reconstruction from the visible region is suggested. A recursive algorithm for the solution regularization in the presence of measurement noise and a limited frequency band of the pulses used is realized. The efficiency of the method is confirmed by the results of simulation modelling.


Most East Germans perceive the new Government as something done to them rather than something done by them or for them. They misperceive that one group of dictators has departed only to be replaced by another. Indeed, in many cases, the old oppressors and rulers are still in positions of power. They will grant that the new group of dictators is more benevolent in most ways, but they insist that the old group had more social conscience. In either event, they feel disenfranchised. These misconceptions are not appreciated by those who can have a hand in confronting and dispelling them: community and church leaders, labor organizations, the media, teachers, authors, and politicians. Left unchallenged, deep-set, destabilizing patterns of disenfranchisement, resignation, resentment, duplicity, and passive resistance will continue. Without intense proselytizing, there is little hope for a speedy conversion to ideals of Western democracy. EAST GERMANS' CONVERSION TO DEMOCRACY


Assessment of the effect of targeted instruction of functional language skills for English language learners (ELL) enrolled in community college basic skills classes is important as community colleges continue to offer noncredit courses for ELL students designed to improve English skills. The Foundations Skills Committee at a community college in a rural setting in Northern California received a State of California grant to provide basic skills instruction, specifically grammar and sentence structure, to ELL. The present study evaluates the effect of Supplemental Instruction (SI) on improving functional skills in writing. A review of the literature reveals that community college instructors need to understand and evaluate English as a Second Language (ESL) progress and performance. Accuracy in one's written language production is important as ESL students develop concrete skills in improving form and function in written language production. Community college students on three campuses participated in the study. The ESL director constructed a questionnaire to measure student proficiency in specific written language skills and administered it to students to establish baseline data at the beginnng of a specially designed course. The questionnaire was administered a second time at the conclusion of the course to evaluate student proficiency at the end of the semester. Results of the study indicated that ESL students' improvement in their functional language skills was mixed. It was difficult to determine if students' functional language skills improved as a result of targeted instruction with the use of tutors, or other factors. Variables that influenced the results included geographic location, training of teachers and tutors, and initial language proficiency of ESL.


BACKGROUND/AIMS
Artificial ulcers remain a major complication after Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). The development of more effective treatment regimen for this ulcer is required than the use of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) alone.

METHODOLOGY
Patients with ESD-derived artificial ulcers were randomly assigned to two groups: a group of patients who received rabeprazole 20 mg daily for 8 weeks (PPI group) and a group of patients who received a combination of rebamipide 300 mg daily for 8 weeks and rabeprazole 20 mg dairy for the first 4 weeks (reb+PPI group). The area reduction ratio and healing status of ulcers were evaluated endoscopically on postoperative 7, 28 and 56 days.

RESULTS
The overall ulcer area reduction ratio was higher in the reb+PPI group than in the PPI group, especially at an early stage. The ratio of progression to the H1 stage in the reb+PPI group was significantly higher than that in the PPI group, especially at an early stage.

CONCLUSIONS
Treatment with 8 weeks of rebamipide plus the first 4 weeks of PPI demonstrated a reduction ratio of artificial ulcers superior to that with 8 weeks of PPI mono-therapy. This combination treatment is, therefore, one of the candidate treatment strategies against ESD-derived artificial ulcers.


To characterize morphologically the coronary sinus and its tributaries in short hair sheep, this descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated the coronary sinus and its tributaries in 62 hearts of short hair sheep. A semi-synthetic resin (Palatal GP40L 85%; styrene 15%) impregnated with mineral color blue was perfused through the coronary sinus. We evaluated the morphological characteristics and with a digital calibrator the biometrics of the coronary sinus and its tributaries. The length of the coronary sinus (± standard deviation) was 24.85 ± 4.94 mm. Proximal and distal calibers were 7.55 ± 1.54 mm, respectively. It was cylindrical in shape in 44 specimens (71%). The great cardiac vein originated at the apex in 44 hearts (71%), with the caliber of this vessel at the level of the paraconal interventricular sulcus being 2.55 ± 0.62 mm. The arteriovenous trigone was present in 50 specimens (80.6%) and presented a closed configuration at its lower and upper segments in 39 specimens (78%). The left marginal vein was present in 56 hearts (90.3%) and originated at the cardiac apex in 33 specimens (53.2%). The proximal and distal calibers of the middle cardiac vein were 1.74 ± 0.52 mm and 2.17 mm ± 0.71 mm respectively, and originated at the apex in 91.9% of the specimens. Due to the similitude of the features of the coronary sinus in short hair sheep with those of the human being, it is possible to propose this animal model for procedural and hemodynamic applied activities.


This paper focuses on environmental policies aimed at rising investment in pollution abatement capital. Capital irreversibility is not postulated but endogenized using a quadratic adjustment cost function. We assume that ecological uncertainty, i.e. uncertainty over the dynamics of pollution, affects firm investment decisions. Closed-form solutions for the investment and value of a green firm are derived, showing that irreversibility reduces its fundamental value. The effects of environmental policies are investigated considering taxes on polluting inputs and subsidies to reduce the cost of abatement capital. Environmental policies promoted to enforce abatement capital may generate the unexpected result of reducing the abatement investment rate.


ABSTRACT Chagas' disease, the leading cause of heart failure in Latin America, results from infection with the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Host cell responses elicited in the myocardium early in the infective process are thought to be critical for establishment of infection by this pathogen; however, these changes have not been well characterized. We report here that primary cardiomyocytes undergo hypertrophy as an early response to T. cruzi infection. The T. cruzi-elicited hypertrophic response is characterized by increased expression of genes encoding the contractile proteins MyHCβ and MyHCα, followed by an approximately twofold increase in cell size. Hypertrophy was observed in both parasite-containing and noninfected cell populations represented in T. cruzi-infected cultures, indicating the involvement of a soluble mediator in this process. Conditioned medium harvested from T. cruzi-infected cultures, which contained significant levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) but not endothelin-1 or tumor necrosis factor alpha, was sufficient to induce hypertrophy in isolated cardiomyocytes. Addition of a high-affinity receptor chimera, IL-1 trap, to cardiomyocyte cultures blocked the overall increase in cell size elicited by T. cruzi. These novel findings indicate that IL-1β, which is rapidly induced in response to T. cruzi, promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy early in the infective process and may contribute to maintenance of cardiomyocyte function during establishment of T. cruzi infection in the heart.


The increasing illumination of our world by artificial light at night (ALAN) has created a new field of global change research with impacts now being demonstrated across taxa, biological ranks and spatial scales. Following advances in terrestrial ecology, marine ALAN has become a rapidly growing research area attracting scientists from across all biomes. Technological limitations, complexities of researching many coastal and marine ecosystems and the interdisciplinary nature of ALAN research present numerous challenges. Drawing on expertise from optical oceanographers, modellers, community ecologists, experimental and molecular biologists, we share practical advice and solutions that have proven useful for marine ALAN research. Discussing lessons learnt early on can help in the effective and efficient development of a field. The guide follows a sensory ecology approach to marine light pollution and consolidates physics, ecology and biology. First, we introduce marine lightscapes highlighting how these differ from terrestrial ones and provide an overview of biological adaptations to them. Second, we discuss study design and technology to best quantify ALAN exposure of and impacts on marine and coastal organisms including molecular tools and approaches to scale‐up marine ALAN research. We conclude that the growing field of marine ALAN research presents opportunities not only for improving our understanding of this globally widespread stressor, but also for advancing fundamental marine photobiology, chronobiology and night‐time ecology. Interdisciplinary research will be essential to gain insights into natural marine lightscapes shaping the ecology and evolution coastal and marine ecosystems.


The model of Helmholtz free energy serves as the constitutive functional expression for a damaged material, and was expanded into Taylor's series with respect to some state variables εij and Ω, the generalized expressions of isotropic elastic damage constitutive equations and the damage strain energy release rate with a configuration of isotropic damage scale were derived directly from the second law of thermodynamics. From the aspect of relationship between the porosity and damage variable, the different influence to damage effective functions were discussed theoretically and some valuable conclusions were carried out from the variation of material properties. The limitations of the classical damage constitutive equation based on the well-known strain equivalence hypothesis were overcome, and the method developed in this article can be applied to study different damage problems. It is shown that the applied method and obtained conclusions are useful to study the damage mechanics problems further.


The rover sequencing and visualization program (RSVP) suite of tools has been a critical factor in the success of the Mars exploration rover (MER) missions. It would be impossible to prepare the large command loads each sol without the capabilities that it possesses. It has proven to be robust and easy to use and capable of answering key questions about sequence validity and constraints. Certainly, training is required to use RSVP, but this is primarily in the general area of command sequencing and rover operations. Once these concepts are understood, RSVP feels natural for building sequences. RSVP has met its prime requirements of supporting rapid assimilation and understanding of the terrain and operational constraints, rapid sequence generation and validation, and production of documentation and archival products. This can be seen in the very limited number of sols lost due to errors in the command sequences. The success of the MER mission and the tremendous amount of science data collected attest to the capability of RSVP


Music and language are considered as distinct auditory systems that serve different communicative uses. From the perspective of infants rather inexperienced with their native musical and linguistic systems, these differences are less apparent. One of the enduring puzzles related to human cognitive development is the question of how children acquire these complex systems with such effortlessness and speed, and how developmental change can be explained. Dynamic systems theory (DST) can make significant contributions to our understanding of cognitive development, and has already been successfully applied to first and second language development. By drawing together findings from various scientific fields, we will argue that our understanding of musical and linguistic development can be crucially enhanced by i) cross-domain research, ii) applying DST and iii) new methodologies in empirical research. Language and music are seen as complex non-linear dynamical systems that may interact at various stages of development, such as in syntactic development. Major developmental shifts occur around the same time up to the age of four in both systems. DST also has potential to shed new light on common methodological issues in developmental research: intra-subject variability in behavioural data receives a positive meaning and is not considered as noise but as sound.


Objective: To improve sensitivity by using different portions of voided urine cytology (VUC) and bladder wash material cytology (BWC). Materials and Methods: 52 patients with biopsy-proven superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder were studied. Voided urine specimens were divided into a first stream, mid-stream and terminal stream. Bladder wash material was also divided into a first portion, mid-portion and last portion. All portions were investigated for cytology abnormalities. Results: Sensitivity for the detection of malignant cells was 34.6, 38.5 and 38.5% for the first, mid- and terminal stream of VUC and 34.6, 38.5 and 34.6% for the first, mid- and last portion of BWC, respectively. The sensitivity of VUC was 20–25% for grade I, 30–40% for grade II, and 50–75% for grade III tumors, respectively. The sensitivity of BWC was 25% for grade I, 35–45% for grade II, and 33–50% for grade III tumors, respectively. There was no statistical significant difference for sensitivities between either grades (p = 0.06) or portions or streams (p = 0.3) of VUC and BWC. Conclusions: In this small group of patients, we did not find any significant difference, but we found highest sensitivity in grade III tumors with the terminal portion of the voided urine when compared to other portions of VUC. Therefore, we believe that further study in a large series is necessary to investigate this approach of differentiated BWC and especially VUC.


1 Maran A, Lomas J, Archibald H, Macdonald IA, Gale EAM, Amiel SA. Double blind clinical and laboratory study of hypoglycaemia with human and porcine insulin in diabetic patients reporting hypoglycaemia unawareness after transferring to human insulin. BMJ 1993;306:167-71. (16 January.) 2 Maran A, MacDonald I, Gale E, Amiel S. Human insulin does not affect hypoglycaemia in diabetes mellitus: clinical and laboratory study. Diabetes 1992;41(suppl 1):57A. (Abstract.) 3 Egger M, Davey Smith G, Teuscher AU, Teuscher A. Influence of human insulin on symptoms ands awareness of hypoglycaemia: a randomised double blind crossover trial. BMJ 199 1;303:622-6. 4 Egger M, Davey Smith G, Teuscher A. Human insulin and unawareness of hypoglycaemia: need for a large randomised trial. BMJ 1992;305:351-5. 5 Tattersall RB, MacDonald IA. Human insulin. BMJ 1989;299: 1339. 6 Jakober B, Lingenfelser T, Glueck H, et al. Symptoms of hypoglycaemia-a comparison between porcine and human insulin. Klin Wochenschr 1990;68:447-53.


ABSTRACT Sexuality education although essential in today's world remains a taboo and a hotly debated topic. This is linked to uncertainties associated with the topic and varied perceptions by parents, teachers and community members, which are in turn influenced by prevailing religious and cultural beliefs. In this cross-sectional study, 233 parents of adolescent children were assessed regarding their perceptions and practices of providing sexuality education to their children. The mean age of study participants was 44.3 ± 6.5 years. Of the 202 parents who believed sexuality education should be provided to their children, 59.9% (N = 121) provided it themselves. Among the remaining 81 parents who believed in the importance of providing sexuality education but did not provide it to their children, the most common reason was that the children would learn about the issues on their own and that they, as parents, were uncomfortable discussing it with their children. This study demonstrated that, although a large proportion of parents were aware of the value of sexual education and were in favour of its inclusion in academic curriculum, not all of them were able to effectively provide it to their children.


In this paper certain sociospatial processes currently affecting the evolution of the inner city are considered, namely the processes of gentrification, polarisation and marginalisation. It is argued that these processes are increasing in importance as a result of deindustrialisation, demographic trends, the activities of the state, and changes in ideology; these forces then being reflected in the operation of the housing market. Marginalised groups in urban society can be categorised through their relationships to three elements of capitalist-patriarchal control, namely economic standards, social norms, and legal codes. Constraints on the residential location and activity spaces of marginal groups are examined by means of case studies of the impoverished elderly, the lesbian community, and down-and-out groups in Paris in the 1980s.


It has been argued recently that classical theism and Lewisian modal realism are incompatible theses. The most substantial argument to this effect takes the form of a trilemma. It argues that no sense can be made of God's being a necessary being in the modal realistic picture, on pain of, among other things, modal collapse. The question of this essay is: Is that so? My goal here is to detail the reasons that have been offered in support of this contention and then defend the coherence of theistic modal realism from the trilemma. I call my reply to the argument an "Anselmian-Thomistic" defense, since it appeals to resources from classical medieval philosophy, especially from Anselm and Aquinas.


Query suggestion algorithms, which aim to suggest a set of similar but independent queries to users, have been widely studied to simplify user searches. However, in many cases, the users will accomplish their search tasks through a sequence of search behaviors instead of by one single query, which may make the classical query suggestion algorithms fail to satisfy end users in terms of task completion. In this paper, we propose a quantum path integral inspired algorithm for personalized user search behavior prediction, through which we can provide sequential query suggestions to assist the users complete their search tasks step by step. In detail, we consider the sequential search behavior of a user as a trajectory of a particle that moves in a query space. The query space is represented by a graph with each node is a query, which is named as query-path graph. Inspired by the quantum theorems, each edge in query-path graph is represented by both amplitude and phase respectively. Using this graph, we modify the quantum path integral algorithm to predict a user's follow-up trajectory based on her behavioral history in this graph. We empirically show that the proposed algorithm can well predict the user search behavior and outperform classical query suggestion algorithms for user search task completion using the search log of a commercial search engine.


TCR and BCR repertoire profiling is a promising technique that can provide a clinically useful window into the complex interactions between tumor cells and infiltrating lymphocytes. Despite recent advances in repertoire sequencing methods, the characterization of tumor-infiltrating T-cell repertoires has been limited to small sample sizes due to technical and material constraints. In this study, we constructed a large multidimensional database of repertoire data covering a diverse landscape of HLA genotypes and tumor neoantigens from routine clinical sequencing. We present a descriptive summary of repertoire profiles derived from tens of thousands of tumor samples from over fifty different cancer cohorts and characterize the associations between T-cell repertoires and various clinical and molecular features.To enrich immune receptor transcripts detected by the Tempus RNA-sequencing workflow, hybrid capture probes tiling TCR and BCR genes were used. Repertoire profiling reads were aligned, assembled, and annotated against IMGT reference sequences. Repertoires are profiled as a component of Tempus|xT RNA sequencing and are summarized here for >25 thousand tumor samples from over 50 different cancer cohorts.We demonstrate that the use of TCR/BCR hybrid capture probes is an effective method for enriching immune receptor transcripts in RNA-sequencing data without interfering with downstream transcriptomic analysis. These repertoires were profiled as part of a larger, multimodal DNA/RNA-sequencing pipeline that quantifies a variety of tumor clinical and molecular features. We explored the correlation between high-level repertoire metrics like richness (the number of unique receptor clonotypes in a given repertoire) and clonality/evenness (Shannon entropy) against both gene expression-based metrics (i.e. immune cell infiltration estimates, etc.) and mutational patterns (mutational burden and neoantigen load). Finally, we observed that the repertoire clonality of B-cell and T-cell driven cancers frequently exhibits clear monoclonal dominance for the tumor cells' lymphoid receptors.TCR/BCR repertoire profiling can be incorporated into high-volume clinical RNA sequencing to generate a diverse multimodal dataset for studying the tumor-immune microenvironment. By creating a large-scale database of TCR/BCR repertoire profiles from a variety of tissue, HLA genotypes, and mutational contexts, we can better resolve the molecular and clinical correlates of cancer with host adaptive immunity.


In this paper, the output frequency of a self excit ed induction generator (SEIG) driven by wind turbine and supplies static load are controlled. The principle connections of wind energy conversion are presented. The dynamic modeling of the wind turbine and its linearization are derived. The PID controll er which employed for turbine rotor speed control and hence the frequency regulation is proposed. The block diagram of the proposed speed control system which consists of speed controller, actuator model and the turbine linearized model is simulated by Matlab -Simulink software package.


The authors define a family of functions by starting with (complex) exponentials and closing under some basic algebraic operations, integration, and solution of certain systems of differential equations. They then show that for every recursively (computably) enumerable set $S$ -- in particular, even when $S$ is not computable -- there exists a function $f$ in the family whose Fourier coefficients int_-pi^pif(x),e^-inxdx are nonzero for precisely those $n$ in $S$. The paper concludes with some speculative remarks regarding hypercomputation.


Background:Chronic headache after whiplash injury is common, but the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. On the basis of human neuroanatomy, we hypothesize that rear-end collision can cause leakage of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the epidural space most frequently at the lumbosacral level, inducing chronic headache. Methods:We considered that the following phenomena would be evident in patients with chronic headache after rear-end collision: (1) orthostatic headache with early onset and long duration, (2) low intracranial pressure (ICP ≤ 60 mm H 2 O), (3) CSF leakage mainly in the lumbosacral region on radioisotope-myelocisternography, and (4) diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement (DPE) on gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonant image (Gd-MRI). The clinical signs and symptoms, ICP and neuroimaging findings were analyzed retrospectively in 20 patients who complained of chronic headache after rear-end collisions. Results:Headaches were orthostatic and started on the day of the accident in 14 patients. The headaches lasted more than 3 months in all patients. Mean ICP was 120 ± 30 cm H 2 O. Only one patient showed low ICP. RI-myelocisternography revealed signs of CSF leakage at the lumbosacral level in 10 patients. Gd-MRI showed no abnormalities known to be characteristic of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). Chronic headache disappeared or was diminished in all patients by epidural blood patching in the lumbosacral region. Conclusion:This clinical study partly supports the validity of our verifiable hypothetical mechanism. The ICP is not low and DPE is not observed on Gd-MRI. Therefore, CSF leakage into the epidural space may not occur, but spinal CSF absorption may be over-activated. This condition may represent a new clinical entity.


Students' beliefs or perspectives have been essential inputs for reflection and improvement of the teaching and learning of English. Knowing their interest and what they want will lead to a better and effective teaching and learning process. Thus, this case study attempted to find out the students' view of activities in the speaking classroom. Students' perspective and ideas toward activities, teachers' role and students' interest in topic and materials in speaking classroom are identified. To achieve this objective, 12 students were involved. The data were obtained through the interviews with the students who took speaking class. The interview was conducted by using focus group interview. Findings revealed that most of communicative activities such as drama, role play, storytelling, group works, dialogue, etc should be applied in speaking classroom. The involvement of teacher in speaking activities was also crucial, most of the students stated that teacher should make rule and always keep the target of the activities. In addition, teachers should always provide feedback and motivation, and also perform punishment and rewards practice. Results also indicated that in order to be able to speak and think more creative, students suggested authentic materials and familiar but also challenging topics should be provided. Moreover, topic such as current issues, tourism, lifestyle and history were also chosen by them as topics they are interested to learn.  Keywords : view, EFL students, speaking, activities


Abstract. The Wave Experiment Consortium, WEC, is a highly integrated package of five instruments used to study the plasma environment around the Earth. One of these instruments, the Waves of HIgh frequency and Sounder for Probing of Electron density by Relaxation, Whisper, aims at the thermal electron density evaluation and natural wave monitoring in the 4–83 kHz frequency range. In its active working mode, which is our primarily concern here, the Whisper instrument transmits a short wave train at a swept frequency and receives echoes after a delay. Incidentally, it behaves like a classical ground-based ionosonde. Natural modes of oscillations may thus be excited in the surrounding medium. This means that with suitable interpretations, the Whisper sounding technique becomes a powerful tool for plasma diagnosis. By taking into account the characteristic frequencies of the magnetoplasmas encountered by the Cluster spacecraft, it is indeed possible to reliably and accurately determine the electron density and, to a lesser degree, the magnetic field strength from the Whisper electric field measurements. Due to the predominantly electrostatic nature of the waves that are excited, observations of resonances may also lead to information on the electron velocity distribution functions. The existence of a hot population may indeed be revealed and the hot to cold density ratio can be estimated. Key words. Magnetospheric physics (plasma waves and instabilities). Space plasma physics (active perturbation experiments; instruments and techniques)


Recent computing trends have shown an increase in the demand for large-scale, distributed, federated computing environments. Two of the more popular environments that have emerged are the grid and PlanetLab. At a high level, these systems are similar in many ways; both are comprised of a set of heterogeneous interconnected machines that allows secure resource sharing for a variety of different users and applications. However, at a lower level, the systems are very distinct in the sense that they were designed to solve different types of problems, and therefore have fundamental differences that make it difficult to develop and deploy applications on both platforms. As a result, application designers and researchers create software that runs on either the grid or PlanetLab, but not both. We propose to solve this problem by describing a common abstraction for both PlanetLab and grid applications. Further, we present Plush - a tool that implements the distributed application abstraction by providing a pluggable and extensible infrastructure allowing users to customize their environment for running experiments on both PlanetLab and the grid.


Electronic tracking provides a unique way to document behaviour by cows on a continuous basis. Over 2 years 17 beef cows with calves were fitted with global positioning system (GPS) devices programmed to record uncorrected GPS locations at 1-s intervals in a semi-desert rangeland. Each cow was periodically observed during daylight hours and foraging, walking and stationary (standing/lying) activity times were recorded across days and individual cows to calculate a mean travel rate for each activity. Data without observers present were collected immediately preceding and following the abrupt weaning of calves at between 223 and 234 days of age to evaluate the potential of classifying various travel rates into foraging, walking and stationary activity. The three activities were further characterised within a 24-h period based on the sun's angle with respect to the horizon. Only data from cows whose equipment acquired ≥ 90% of the potential GPS positional data among consecutive days were analysed. Due to problems with the equipment, data from two cows in 2009 and two cows in 2011 met these criteria. The interval evaluated consisted of four 24-h periods before abrupt weaning and seven 24-h periods following weaning. Results suggested that uncorrected 1-s positional GPS data are satisfactory to classify the behaviour by free-ranging beef cows into foraging, walking and stationary activities. Furthermore, abrupt weaning caused cows to change their spatial and temporal behaviour across and within days. Overall, travel by cows increased post-weaning with subtle within-day behavioural changes. Further research will be required to fully understand the biological importance of spatio-temporal behaviour to optimise cattle and landscape management goals.


The portability of a mobile device and the ubiquity of mobile Internet provide e-market users with more opportunities of access to e-commerce sites throughout a day. In this paper, we examine the access affordance of mobile technologies by analyzing the changes in purchase time dispersion of e-marketplace users after their adoption of mobile channel. By analyzing a large archival dataset including transactions in the mobile and online channels, we find that (1) a user's purchase time becomes more dispersed throughout a day after the mobile channel adoption, and (2) the impact of the mobile channel adoption on the purchase time dispersion is significantly different across different user groups. These findings present strong empirical evidences of access affordance of the mobile channel and how the affordance is realized across e-market users.


The fate of the lower plate during continental collision can be examined in deeply eroded orogens such as the late Paleozoic Variscan belt in continental Europe. In particular, the Bohemian Massif at its eastern extremity preserves well the evolution of an Andean-type orogen involved in continental collision. This process included relamination of subducted light felsic material rich in radioactive elements underneath a dense mafi c lower crust of the upper plate. This led to gravity-driven overturns and overprinting of the original suture by a broad zone of mixed upper and lower plate materials. In the studied example, this zone of interaction repeatedly reappears within the orogen, forming a so-called "diffuse cryptic suture zone."


ABSTRACT
 The response of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)) to different emission values of its main pheromone component, 8E,10E-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone), was investigated in three field trials conducted in plots without mating disruption treatments. Moth catches obtained in traps baited with pheromone dispensers were correlated with the corresponding codlemone release rates by multiple regression analysis. In a preliminary trial conducted in Lleida (NE Spain), a decreasing trend of captures was observed based on increasing pheromone levels. After this, the pheromone release profiles of the pheromone dispensers were studied, in parallel with the field trials, by residual codlemone extraction and gas chromatography quantification. In the trials carried out in Asturias (NW Spain), a correlation between trap catches and emission levels (within the range from 11 to 1,078 µg/d) was found and fitted a logarithmic model. Captures followed a decreasing linear trend in the range of emission rates from 11 to 134 µg/d. Given that release values comprised between 11 and 67 µg/d did not lead to significantly different catches in traps, this emission range could be considered to develop effective formulations for attraction purposes when mating disruption is not acting in the environment.


There has been increasing interest in the use of recycled polymer composites as a replacement for timber piling in coastal and waterfront environments. This trend is expected to grow because polymeric piling is more attractive than timber when life cycle costs are factored in, and also because polymeric piling is a creative method for the recycling and reuse of tons of plastic waste. However, composites face obstacles because they do not have a long track record of use in civil engineering structures. Polymeric piling is typically made of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer E-glass (FRP) or steel. This paper summarizes the current state of the art in polymeric piling practice, including (1) the mechanical properties of piling made of recycled polymers; (2) the durability of recycled polymers in aggressive soils; (3) the compressive creep of recycled HDPE and FRP; (4) drivability; (5) design considerations such as skin friction, end bearing, and buckling; and (6) load testing of polymeric piles.


Real-time or in-line process monitoring frameworks are designed to give early warnings for a fault along with meaningful identification of its assignable causes. In artificial intelligence and machine learning fields of pattern recognition various promising approaches have been proposed such as kernel-based nonlinear machine learning techniques. This work presents a kernel-based empirical monitoring scheme for batch type production processes with small sample size problem of partially unbalanced data. Measurement data of normal operations are easy to collect whilst special events or faults data are difficult to collect. In such situations, noise filtering techniques can be helpful in enhancing process monitoring performance. Furthermore, preprocessing of raw process data is used to get rid of unwanted variation of data. The performance of the monitoring scheme was demonstrated using three-dimensional batch data. The results showed that the monitoring performance was improved significantly in terms of detection success rate of process fault. Keywords—Process Monitoring, kernel methods, multivariate filtering, data-driven techniques, quality improvement.


The aesthetic utilised by the early pictorialist photographers in their attempts to get artistic photography recognised as one of the Fine arts, rather than merely a method of mechanical reproduction, was one which relied on the use of soft focusing with the resulting hazing of outlines to produce images which would evoke emotion in the viewer.

Printing methods which allowed for the manipulation of the finished image, introducing the notion of 'handwork' and therefore a degree of artistic intervention by the photographer, were also heavily utilised by some of these practitioners. Processes such as gum-bichromate, which produced a multi-layered printed image, were used by photographers such as Demachy and Steichen.

As a genre pictorialism was at its most popular between 1885 and 1915, and spread through both Europe and North America with the formation of dedicated pictorialist photography groups such as the British "Brotherhood of the Linked Ring" and the American "Photo-Secessionists". Prior to the outbreak of World War I there was a growing feeling that the genre was becoming dated and insipid, with some of the more established pictorialist photographers moving into new directions such as towards a more "straight" print.

During the 1960's and 70's there was a trend towards using 'toy' cameras, specifically the Diana camera and the many Diana clone models. These were medium format cameras consisting of a plastic body, plastic lens and very basic operational and focus controls. Photographers such as Nancy Rexroth managed to utilise the limited optical quality of these lenses and produce work which was quite ethereal in nature, capturing an almost dreamlike quality in the finished print. This trend has continued with many new models of toy cameras being produced such as the Holga, which has taken over the place of the Diana camera in the medium format market, becoming more and more popular.

The question that I am interested in addressing is whether the optical defects inherent in a single meniscus plastic lens make these cameras a suitable medium to reproduce the aesthetic of the original pictorialist images and whether the increased use and popularity of these cameras could be seen as creating a neo-pictorialist genre for the new century.


A virtual environment (VE) presents a complex problem with interesting nontrivial challenges for software development. The problems increase when considering VEs that are both distributed and shared among multiple participants. The majority of existing systems supporting large-scale VEs (LSVEs) are based on monolithic architectures, making maintenance and software reuse difficult at best. These problems have begun to be addressed by recent VE systems that employ software engineering principles in their design. Although modularity is addressed, many other issues remain unsolved, such as interoperability between different systems. The Java Adaptive Dynamic Environment (JADE) is presented as an alternative to the traditional approach for developing a core infrastructure for VE systems. JADE consists of a component framework along with a lightweight cross-platform kernel that permits system evolution at runtime and enables cross-system integration.


For remote control systems, certain human operations may violate desired requirements and result in catastrophic failure. For such human-in-the-loop systems, this paper implements a hierarchical supervision system to guarantee that remote human-issued commands meet required specifications. In the presented scheme, Petri nets are applied to model, design, and verify both the local controller and the remote supervisor. Then, the agent technology is adopted to implement the supervisor as an intelligent agent for an online supervision of the remote control system. Hence, undesired resource conflicts and deadlock states can be avoided. An application to a flexible manufacturing system controlled over the Internet is provided to illustrate the developed approach. Implementation results show that by applying the presented hierarchical scheme, the supervisor has a more compact model with fewer states. Moreover, fewer request/response transmissions are consumed so that the effects of time delays and packet losses across the Internet could be moderated


We introduce a novel set of features for robust object recognition. Each element of this set is a complex feature obtained by combining position- and scale-tolerant edge-detectors over neighboring positions and multiple orientations. Our system's architecture is motivated by a quantitative model of visual cortex. We show that our approach exhibits excellent recognition performance and outperforms several state-of-the-art systems on a variety of image datasets including many different object categories. We also demonstrate that our system is able to learn from very few examples. The performance of the approach constitutes a suggestive plausibility proof for a class of feedforward models of object recognition in cortex.


The purpose of this paper is to defend a deflationary account of the ethical value of narrative representation. In §§1-2 I demonstrate that there is a necessary relation between narrative representation and ethical value, but not between narrative representation and moral value. Ethical is conceived in terms of moral as opposed to amoral and moral in terms of moral as opposed to immoral and the essential value of narrative representation is restricted to the former. Recently, both theorists involved in the ethical turn in criticism and analytic philosophers have erred in conflating these two distinct kinds of value. In §§3-5 I defend my deflationary view against three attempts to elevate the ethical value of narrative representation to moral value: Martha Nussbaum's theory of realist novels, Noël Carroll's virtue wheels, and Geoffrey Galt Harpham's closural moral order.


The toasts were " The King," proposed by the President; "The Lord Mayor and the Corporation of Belfast," proposed by Professor Lindsay, F.R.C.P.Lond., and resPonded to by theHigh Sheriff; " Our Guests," proposed by the Preaidenl, 'who expressed the.great pleasuire of the society in seeing Sir Almroth once more amongst them, and tlleir -deep obligation to him, for stimuhating them withi lhie keen suientific mind. He outlined some of Sir Almrotli's work in typlhoid prevention and, during the great war, in wound .sepsis. Sir Almroth, in replv, emphasized tlhe fallaciousness of experience and the necessity -of experiment. Dr. Fleming als'o replied. " The Legal Profession " was given by Dr. J. S. Morrow, and acknowledged by the Recorder of Belfast and the President of the Law Society. "TThe President-" was proposed by Dr. Macllwaine, and Dr. Houston in hiis reply said that muclh of the success and of the excellent arrangements. of the dinner were due to' the editing 'honorary secretary, Dr. Robert Marshall, wlo toolk Dr. W. W.-D; Thomson's place "during the prolonged illness of the latter, who, he was glad to say, was now much better. He proposed Dr. Marshall's health, and offered him the thanks of the society. Dr. Marshall replied.


Objective: Systematically summarize the research progress of clinical trials of gastric cancer oncology drugs and the overview of marketed drugs in China from 2012 to 2021, providing data and decision-making evidence for relevant departments. Methods: Based on the registration database of the drug clinical trial registration and information disclosure platform of Food and Drug Administration of China and the data query system of domestic and imported drugs, the information on gastric cancer drug clinical trials, investigational drugs and marketed drugs from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2021 was analyzed, and the differences between Chinese and foreign enterprises in terms of trial scope, trial phase, treatment lines and drug type, effect and mechanism studies were compared. Results: A total of 114 drug clinical trials related to gastric tumor were registered in China from 2012 to 2021, accounting for 3.7% (114/3 041) of all anticancer drug clinical trials in the same period, the registration number showed a significant growth rate after 2016 and reached its peak with 32 trials in 2020. Among them, 85 (74.6%, 85/114) trials were initiated by Chinese pharmaceutical enterprise. Compared with foreign pharmaceutical enterprise, Chinese pharmaceutical enterprise had higher rates of phase I trials (35.3% vs 6.9%, P=0.001), but the rate of international multicenter trials (11.9% vs 67.9%, P<0.001) was relatively low. There were 76 different drugs involved in relevant clinical trials, of which 65 (85.5%) were targeted drugs. For targeted drugs, HER2 is the most common one (14 types), followed by PD-1 and multi-target VEGER. In the past ten years, 3 of 4 marketed drugs for gastric cancer treatment were domestic and included in the national medical insurance directory. Conclusions: From 2012 to 2021, China has made some progress in drug research and development for gastric carcinoma. However, compared with the serious disease burden, it is still insufficient. Targeted strengthening of research and development of investment in many aspects of gastric cancer drugs, such as new target discovery, matured target excavating, combination drug development and early line therapy promotion, is the key work in the future, especially for domestic companies.


This paper presents the foundation for a theory of presence that seeks to answer important questions about telepresence and virtual presence. The theory, which develops the definition of telepresence to include virtual presence as a special case, permits the precise definition of various types and degrees of telepresence. General categories of telepresence are defined, using different types of presence that are proposed in the paper. Three types of specifications are used to make the definitions more precise: (1) a set of tasks, (2) a transformation imposed on the human operator's control output and sensory input, and (3) a transformation of the region of presence. The proposed quantitative measure of telepresence involves both objective and subjective measures. The degree of (objective) telepresence is equal to the probability of successfully completing a specified task. The degree of subjective telepresence is equal to the probability that a human operator perceives that he or she is physically present in a given remote environment. The measure of subjective telepresence involves a psychophysical test and is analyzed using signal detection theory. Real-world complications are addressed and a practical example of a subjective telepresence test is described.


This article examines the circumstances in which the tasks performed by professional labour contractors may be passed on to worker-agents. It does so by critically engaging with the experience of migrant workers from the eastern Indian state of Jharkhand as they travel to work in the Peermade tea belt in the South Indian state of Kerala. Specifically, we identify shifts in economic and political contexts that have permitted these functions to pass from labour contractors to workers-agents and from a Sardari (top-down) to a Ristedari (kinship based) system. Outlining the functions of the labour contractor—as bridge, broker and buffer—the article details the complex processes and the series of negotiations that occur during the transition from labour contractor to worker-agent-led recruitment and the implications of this shift for labour relations in the production setting. We conclude by calling for further consideration of the 'worker-agent' as a key emerging figure in understanding the contemporary transformations in the reproduction of footloose migrant labour, which may have larger ramifications for other contexts in South Asia and beyond.


Examinations of the lung vessels in diabetes of various degrees of severity and duration revealed changes in the vessels similar to diabetic microangiopathy in other organs (kidneys, skin). Manifestations of diabetic microangiopathy in the lungs are most marked in arterioles and capillaries of the alveolar septae. Diabetic microangiopathy in the lungs is characterized by phenomena of plasmorrhagy and insudation, thickening of capillary basal membranes, sclerosis and hyalinosis of capillary and arteriola walls, and accumulation of alveolar macrophages resorbing metabolism products in alveolar lumen. Diabetic microangiopathy leads to the development of alveolar septae sclerosis and to centrilobular pulmonary emphysema. As compared with the involvement of the vessels in the kidneys and the skin, manifestations of diabetic microangiopathy in the lungs lag in their development and are less manifest.