This study pretends to understand, through speech analysis, the commitment to bioethics of dentistry students, who participate in the process of clinical training. Through a qualitative methodology the object of study was approached in its natural setting. Data collection was carried out through diverse information sources. The instruments used were docu - mental analysis, observation without participating and semi structure interviews. In order to analyze data, meaningful topics were identified, determining units to record for categorizing information. To understand the processes involved, empirical information is shown by describing tendencies. These describe empirical information using indicators for each category. The analysis builds the meaning of information recorded. It is concluded that communication, trust and responsibility are indicators of scarce development in general. Speech analysis, under the perspective of students, reveals diverse visions about teaching practices related to bioethics commitment, raising the need to reconsider these practices in order to contribute to a professional training of real social commitment.


This paper shows that an algorithm for differential diagnosis of jaundice developed in Denmark has been successfully transferred for use in a Swedish hospital. The algorithm, which is based on data from nearly 1000 patients, utilises 21 items of information from the medical history, physical examination and blood chemistry. The algorithm recognises four diagnostic groups: benign obstructive jaundice, malignant obstructive jaundice, acute non-obstructive jaundice, and chronic non-obstructive jaundice. To each item of information, a score is attached reflecting its weight of evidence. Summing the scores for the symptoms and signs that are present leads to a probabilistic statement about the diagnosis. Because of missing data in the Swedish patient material, three of the items were excluded from the original algorithm. Corrections were made for differences in the distribution of diseases. In reclassification of 985 Danish patients the modified algorithm's "best bid", i.e. the diagnosis given the highest probability, was correct in 78% of cases. More important, 93% of the cases given a "confident" diagnosis (probability greater than 0.80) were correct. The corresponding figures when the algorithm was applied to Swedish patients were 76% and 93%, respectively. In both series the predicted probabilities were matched by a corresponding proportion of actual diagnostic hits. It is concluded that the algorithm leads to reliable estimates of diagnostic probabilities in jaundice and that the algorithm seems to work well in Sweden also.


Two points made toward the beginning of Professor Day's bo.o~ on buyer attitudes are that there are very few empmcal results on the relationship between attitudes and subsequent behavior, but that it is known that favorable attitudes towards a brand tend to be associated ~it~ rec:ent P?rchase of it. Another point is that a major distmction exists between the relationship of attitude and behavior on the one hand and that of change in attitude and change in behavior on the other. The book, based on the author's doctoral thesis is . ' typical of such research in having both a theoretical and an empirical side. Typically, the theoretical side is better and much more ambitious, beginning with a useful review of the literature and then developing a model along verbal lines, from the Howard-type point of view. The aim is to describe a predictive relationship of brand attitude to subsequent brand choice behavior (with little interest in the source of the attitudes as such), while looking at additional environmental influences on brand choice. As a result, observed brand attitudes and selected choice behavior are treated as representing the evaluative and behavioral manifestations of a single underlying or latent structure. Because of the dynamic environment, there are occasions when temporary or permanent changes in the latent structure occur. Changes are allowed for as part of a learning process that dampens behavior; the extent of dampening is dependent on the initial attitude, the stability of the latent structure, and the individual's buying style-that is, his characteristic response to the purchasing environment. Environmental influences on behavior are also discussed, such as: (1) exposure to new information, (2) competitive effects of similar brands, (3) price, (4) availability, (5) time pressure, (6) overall financial constraints, and (7) family decision processes. The model is then empirically tested on two sets of panel data, which provide records over a period of time for the same i11formants. Unfortunately, this panel aspect of the data is in the event more apparent than real. One set of data concerns a range of household appliances (a pilot run for the General Electric Company panel operation). The sample consisted of only 49 buyers, and since there was virtually no repeat purchasing of the same product type, the fact that the data were collected over a period of time is largely irrelevant, both conceptually and in the analyses performed. The second set of data concerns a relatively fastmoving, nondurable grocery product covered by the Columbia University research project on buyer behavior. Purchases of the different brands were measured for five or six months for the same consumers, but no use was made of this opportunity to derive any measures of 523


Deciding on which frameworks to use and designing those frameworks are complicated tasks. In this paper we propose using the Task and Technology Interaction (TTI) model as a frame of reference for tackling these problems in the domain of Group Support Systems (GSSs). The TTI provides a set of three high level abstractions for determining fundamental invariants of the nature of technological support embedded in GSSs and an array of distinctions within each of the three abstractions that can be used for designing frameworks for GSSs.


Isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium is a rare unclassified cardiomyopathy and is thought to be due to arrest of myocardial morphogenesis. In fetal life, it is characterized by an excessively prominent trabecular meshwork and deep intratrabecular recesses, and occurs in the left ventricle in the absence of structural heart disease. Echocardiography provides evidence for the diagnosis. The noncompacted ventricular myocardium may be accompanied by depressed ventricular function, systemic embolism, Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome, left bundle branch block, and ventricular arrhythmia. Although onset of symptoms is frequently delayed until adulthood, symptomatic children have a poor prognosis. In this report, we describe a case of 6‐year‐old girl who had a history of recurrent syncope. Transthoracic echocardiographic examination showed a localized prominent trabeculation and deep intratrabecular recesses at the inferoapical region of the left ventricle. She had several episodes of ventricular fibrillation which was refractory to pharmacological treatment. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) was successfully operated three times during follow‐up. (PACE 2004; 27:104–108)


The Vapor Phase Catalytic Ammonia Removal (VPCAR) system is being developed to recycle water for future NASA Exploration Missions. Testing was recently conducted on NASA s C-9B Reduced Gravity Aircraft to determine the microgravity performance of a key component of the VPCAR water recovery system. Six flights were conducted to evaluate the fluid dynamics of the Wiped-Film Rotating Disk (WFRD) distillation component of the VPCAR system in microgravity, focusing on the water delivery method. The experiments utilized a simplified system to study the process of forming a thin film on a disk similar to that in the evaporator section of VPCAR. Fluid issues are present with the current configuration, and the initial alternative configurations were only partial successful in microgravity operation. The underlying causes of these issues are understood, and new alternatives are being designed to rectify the problems.


This volume provides a comprehensive overview on different types of higher order boundary value problems defined on the half-line or on the real line (Sturm–Liouville and Lidstone types, impulsive, functional and problems defined by Hammerstein integral equations). It also includes classical and new methods and techniques to deal with the lack of compactness of the related operators. The reader will find a selection of original and recent results in this field, conditions to obtain solutions with particular qualitative properties, such as homoclinic and heteroclinic solutions and its relation with the solutions of Lidstone problems on all the real line. Each chapter contains applications to real phenomena, to classical equations or problems, with a common denominator: they are defined on unbounded intervals and the existing results in the literature are scarce or proven only numerically in discrete cases. The last part features some higher order functional problems, which generalize the classical two-point or multi-point boundary conditions, to more comprehensive data where an overall behavior of the unknown functions and their derivatives is involved.


Active queue management (AQM) is a technique to avoid serious congestion of the transmission control protocol (TCP) flows at a router. AQM based on control theory, which utilizes congestion controllers such as proportional-derivative (PD) controller or proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, has been previously proposed. In addition, disturbance observer (DOB) has been utilized to compensate for modeling error of a TCP/AQM congestion control system. However, the DOB-based controllers cannot cope with a large time delay in TCP/AQM networks. Although one of the effective time delay compensators is Smith predictor (SP), the implementation of the DOB and SP in an integrated manner has not been accomplished, because of saturation due to the input limit of packet drop probability. In this paper, a novel TCP/AQM congestion control system with the DOB and SP considering the saturation function is proposed to compensate for the modeling error and time delay simultaneously. Simulation results show that the proposed controller provides better throughput and goodput than conventional controllers. One of the simulations assume that the propagation delay and bottleneck link capacity are set to 100 ms and 100 Mbps, respectively. Under this assumption, it is confirmed that the proposed controller achieves a goodput of 99.55 Mbps whereas the classical PID controller and PD controller with DOB achieve 99.23 Mbps and 99.24 Mbps, respectively.


Existing studies on the contemporary U.S. urban-rural divide have neglected its potential role in non-voting political participation. Theoretically, there are mixed expectations: for example, higher social capital in rural areas, alongside a generally older population, suggest rural areas should have greater political participation. Conversely, lower socioeconomic indicators and more physical distance barriers suggest the opposite. Using nationally stratified survey data from the 2018 CCES (N = 61,000) and 2020 CES (N = 60,000), we find that specific participation behaviors do not consistently vary across the urban-rural spectrum, controlling for demographic variables. The few consistently significant differences relate to the nature of location-based access. For instance, using 2020 and 2021 ACLED data, we find that an activity where non-rural residents participate more—protesting—occurs less often in rural areas, thus stymieing participation opportunities for rural and small-town residents. Alternatively, rural and small-town residents are consistently more likely to put up a sign, which may reflect a greater incidence of living in houses with yards compared to urban residents. Social media political participation behaviors do not yield urban-rural differences, further suggesting that once geographic access-related barriers are removed, participation rates are essentially similar across the urban-rural spectrum.


Measures of complexity are of immediate interest for the field of autonomous robots both as a means to classify the behavior and as an objective function for the autonomous development of robot behavior. In the present paper we consider predictive information in sensor space as a measure for the behavioral complexity of a chain of two-wheel robots which are passively coupled and controlled by a closed-loop reactive controller for each of the individual robots. The predictive information, the mutual information between the past and the future of a time series, is approximated by restricting the time horizons to a single time step. This is exact for Markovian systems but seems to work well also for our robotic system which is strongly non-Markovian.When in a maze with many obstacles, the approximated predictive information of the sensor values of an individual robot is found to have a clear maximum for a controller which realizes the spontaneous cooperation of the robots in the chain so that large areas of the maze can be visited.


Most Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) researchers are accustomed to the process of formal ethics review for their evaluation or field trial protocol. Although this process varies by country, the underlying principles are universal. While this process is often a formality, for field research or lab-based studies with vulnerable users, formal ethics requirements can be challenging to navigate -- a common occurrence in the social sciences; yet, in many cases, foreign to HCI researchers. Nevertheless, with the increase in new areas of research such as mobile technologies for marginalized populations or assistive technologies, this is a current reality. In this paper we present our experiences and challenges in conducting several studies that evaluate interactive systems in difficult settings, from the perspective of the ethics process. Based on these, we draft recommendations for mitigating the effect of such challenges to the ethical conduct of research. We then issue a call for interaction researchers, together with policy makers, to refine existing ethics guidelines and protocols in order to more accurately capture the particularities of such field-based evaluations, qualitative studies, challenging lab-based evaluations, and ethnographic observations.


This study evaluated the effects of sodium chloride reduction and its substitution with potassium chloride on Akawi cheese during storage for 30 d at 4 °C. Survival of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium longum) and starter bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus), angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory and antioxidant activities, and concentrations of standard amino acids as affected by storage in different brine solutions (10% NaCl, 7.5% NaCl, 7.5% NaCl+KCl [1:1], 5% NaCl, and 5% NaCl+KCl [1:1]) were investigated. Furthermore, viability of human colon cells and human colon cancer cells as affected by the extract showing improved peptide profiles, highest release of amino acids and antioxidant activity (that is, from cheese brined in 7.5% NaCl+KCl) was evaluated. Significant increase was observed in survival of probiotic bacteria in cheeses with low salt after 30 d. Calcium content decreased slightly during storage in all cheeses brined in various solutions. Further, no significant changes were observed in ACE-inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity of cheeses during storage. Interestingly, concentrations of 4 essential amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine, and leucine) increased significantly during storage in brine solutions containing 7.5% total salt. Low concentration of cheese extract (100 μg/mL) significantly improved the growth of normal human colon cells, and reduced the growth of human colon cancer cells. Overall, the study revealed that cheese extracts from reduced-NaCl brine improved the growth of human colon cells, and the release of essential amino acids, but did not affect the activities of potential bioactive peptides.


This study examined the effects of diets with two protein sources (oilseed cake meal (OSCM) and Leucaena leucocephala hay) on the performance of lactating goats that were fed a total mixed ration (TMR). Thirty Saanen milk goats were divided into two groups, which were fed one of the two TMRS, with or without Leucaena hay at 25% of the DM. The TMRs were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous, iso-energetic and iso-neutral detergent fibre, while using two sources of crude protein, namely i) Leucaena hay; and ii) oilseed cake meal OSCM from soybean, sunflower, and cottonseed. No significant differences were revealed in body condition score, bodyweight change, milk yield and milk composition, such as milk fat (%), milk lactose (%), somatic cell count (x 10 3 cells/mL) and milk protein (%) during the entire lactation period. In contrast, goats fed the TMR with Leucaena hay had a lower milk urea nitrogen (mg nitrogen/dL) level than those fed the control diet (with OSCM). It was concluded that replacing a proportion of oilseed cake meal with Leucaena in Saanen milk goats fed TMR does not negatively influence milk production and composition. Keywords: fodder tree, oilseed cake, protein concentrate, somatic cell count


Effects of probiotics on growth, stress tolerance and non-specific immune response in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were evaluated in a closed recirculating system. Survival and growth of flounder treated by supplying commercial probiotics either in the diet (the probiotic diet group), or into the rearing water (the water supply group), were higher compared to the untreated group (the control group). Water quality parameters, pH, NH4−N, NO2−N and PO4−P showed lower concentration in the probiotic diet group compared with the control group and the supply group. Plasma lysozyme activity in the probiotic diet group and the water supply group was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in the control group. In heat shock stress tests, flounder in the probiotics-treated groups showed greater heat tolerance (measured by 50% lethal time, LT50) than the control group. Pathogen challenge tests with Vibrio anguillarum (2×107 c.f.u./mL) resulted in significantly higher survival in the probiotics-treated groups than the control group. Results indicated that probiotics supplied in the rearing water and the diet of fish enhanced the stress tolerance and the non-specific immune system of Japanese flounder, providing them a higher resistance against stress conditions and pathogens.


This paper surveyed parental sensitivity and their knowledge towards a child sexual harassment. The assumption is that if parents are sensitive towards a child sexual harassment, they will take preventive actions such as educating their child on sexual prevention education. The study utilized a survey research method using a set of questionnaire that had been developed based on the research carried out by Mohan, et.al (2015) and Mlekwa, et.al. (2016). This study involved 120 parents who has a child at the age of one until 17 years old. The data gathered then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0, involving description statistics. Result shows that the parents' knowledge and attitudes regarding child sexual harassment is high. This means that they are quite knowledgeable towards their child safety.


Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood to more than 70% of rural households in India. Of the total farmers, 87% are small-holders with less than two hectares of land. Yet they play an imperative role in agriculture development and poverty reduction. They face constraints to adopt technologies, access credit services, buy inputs, get market links and achieve economies of scale. As a mitigation measure, in the recent past, Indian government has adopted the development of the Farmer Producer Organization (FPO) to collectivize farmers with the core objectives of doubling farmers income by reducing production costs, improving productivity, strengthening participation in the value-chain and foster business principles. As on date 10,000 FPOs are formed in India with an average 700 to 1000 shareholders and registered under the company's act. However, there have been gaps and challenges in securing the active participation of the shareholders in contributing to the business. The recent impact study conducted in the state of Maharashtra pointed out that FPOs resulted in rising in price realization among 22% of members and 28% accessed inputs at a lesser cost. Although results are encouraging, promoting the participation of all members in business transactions is crucial to the growth of the company. The main barriers are limited understanding among shareholders about their roles, responsibilities, rights, operational structure, and governance of the organization. Members perceive the FPO as one more collective and thus they miss connecting the corporate dimension in their organization. Thus, promoting continuous learning among shareholders and leaders about the above-listed issues is necessary for their active participation in the company activities and achieving a successful business. // Against this backdrop, a corporate literacy course was designed and piloted using the MobiMOOC digital tool with 24 FPOs from five districts, having an average shareholder base of 1035, in Tamil Nadu, India. Contents are prepared based on the learner's needs assessment conducted and categorized into blocks, divided into units and chunks. The contents were disseminated to farmers as voice calls on simple mobile phones with options of retrieving (IVRS) and listening when convenient to individual farmers. In this paper we will discuss the experiences of pedagogy adopted, design and dissemination of contents, feedback of learners on how it supported in gaining and knowledge on FPOs, and how they practiced the learning in their FPOs businesses and its impacts. The paper will also touch upon the scope for replication of the learnings.


We report the development of an SPMD parallel application which computes the macroscopic thermal dispersion in porous media. The performance of SPMD programs is strongly affected by dynamic load imbalancing factors. The use of a suitable load balancing algorithm is essential for overcoming the effects of these imbalancing factors. We developed nine versions of the SPMD application, each one adopting a different load balancing strategy. The main contribution of this work is the performance evaluation and comparison of these nine versions. The experimental results showed the importance of using an appropriate load balancing strategy for the characteristics of this scientific parallel application.


The aim of the paper is to highlight the prevailing top leadership styles in the Yugoslav Building and Construction Industry (BCI), known as an industry that significantly influences economic development of the country. Since Yugoslavia (YU) is the latest former East European country to fully enter the transition from a self-managed to a market economy, this industry faces a demand to quickly develop global competitiveness. One way to gain competitive advantage is to have top management styles supported by social protection programs (SPP). Since this is not the case in YU at present, leadership in the BCI struggles with many challenges that slow down the transition process. This paper is a work in progress. Material in the paper cannot be used without permission of the author. I S S N 1 3 2 7 – 5 2 1 6


The paper seeks to define the concept of plug-ins jungle as generative background in computational design for new forms of dynamic relationship between human and artificial creativity. This definition will be conducted through the use of theoretical references and practical case studies with the intent to show that the current evolution of a plug-ins jungle is affecting design results at all its scales – from product design to urban design – and at all its stages – from design conception to construction and fabrication. In the past twenty years, the creation of software applications during the design process has exponentially increased in every design-related disciple and the use of plug-ins is giving birth to a new algorithmic evolution of creativity. One of the most interesting examples regarding such matter corresponds to the graphical algorithmic editor Grasshopper and the generation of a series of animal-named plug-ins through which graphically editing the coding process. Grasshopper and its plug-ins represent the touchstone of the ongoing evolution of a new digital jungle in which new software applications are not only augmenting human creativity, but they are also generating new forms of artificial creativity in themselves. The evidence suggests that the increasing use and creation of software applications during the design process is giving birth to new forms of dynamic relationship between human and artificial intelligence, an inbuilt dynamism through which the human mind and the machine constantly interact with each other producing unexpected and emergent design results.


Objectives Diffuse liver disease (DLD), such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NASH) and cirrhosis, is a rapidly growing problem throughout the Westernized world. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), based on uptake of the hepatocyte-specific contrast agent (CA) Gd-EOB-DTPA, is a promising non-invasive approach for diagnosing DLD. However, to fully utilize the potential of such dynamic measurements for clinical or research purposes, more advanced methods for data analysis are required. Methods A mathematical model that can be used for such data-analysis was developed. Data was obtained from healthy human subjects using a clinical protocol with high spatial resolution. The model is based on ordinary differential equations and goes beyond local diffusion modeling, taking into account the complete system accessible to the CA. Results The presented model can describe the data accurately, which was confirmed using chi-square statistics. Furthermore, the model is minimal and identifiable, meaning that all parameters were determined with small degree of uncertainty. The model was also validated using independent data. Conclusions We have developed a novel approach for determining previously undescribed physiological hepatic parameters in humans, associated with CA transport across the liver. The method has a potential for assessing regional liver function in clinical examinations of patients that are suffering of DLD and compromised hepatic function.


In the very first phase of a design project the architect must choose both the materials and implementation processes. We propose in this work a global and cross-cutting design tool, "MaTerre'iO", to help the architect to make his choices based on environmental quality concerns. Firstly, we present the initial context of our work. Tools such as ours are still recent in the area of environmental architecture, and are often complex because they require a high level of expertise to be used correctly. This is why the objective of "MaTerre'iO" is to offer pragmatic information on the quality of materials starting at the beginning of the very first draft, in order to guide the various actors of the building project throughout the process of design. Then, we explain the principles of "MaTerre'iO": 1. to provide a global outlook, which is particularly needed in architecture; 2. to respect the design process phases (evolution of the nature of the requested input data); 3. to provide an easier comprehension to non-expert eyes on the environmental and technical aspects. A multicriterion grid provides a comprehensive view of the project. Next, we develop two of the criteria of our multicriterion analysis grid, and illustrate them through one example: (i) the physical pollution that governs the impact on the environment, on health and on the quantities of waste, and (ii) the footprint of energy consumption and resources consumption. The multicriterion analysis grid allows a multidisciplinary approach. It is based on three approaches: the global approach for architects, the awareness approach for the participating actors and the expert www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line) © 2010 WIT Press WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 128, doi:10.2495/ARC100351 Ecole d'Architecture de Toulouse, France Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse, France Environnement et Conception Architecturale et Urbaine, Laboratoire Materiaux et Durabilite des Constructions, Eco-Architecture III 411


We fill in a long open gap in the characterization of the minimax rate for the multi-armed bandit prob- lem. Concretely, we remove an extraneous loga- rithmic factor in the previously known upper bound and propose a new family of randomized algorithms based on an implicit normalization, as well as a new analysis. We also consider the stochastic case, and prove that an appropriate modification of the upper confidence bound policy UCB1 (Auer et al., 2002) achieves the distribution-free optimal rate while still having a distribution-dependent rate log- arithmic in the number of plays.


Manipulation of objects by multiple agents such as fingers of dexterous mechanical hand is considered in this paper. In particular, the type of manipulation where the object slides between the fingers in a predefined direction. It is assumed that the sliding motion of the object is due to the external forces acting on the object. These forces can be the controlled interaction of the object and the environment or the force acting by another contacting agent. The proposed method takes advantage of the duality between the force (wrench) and velocity (twist) to determine the direction of slip velocity and magnitude of the friction force required to have local slip at the contact point(s). The method presents novel utilization of tools from screw geometry and linear algebra to determine the location of the desired slip at contact points and the magnitude of the friction forces for allowing the local slippage.


Advanced heterologous transcription control systems for adjusting desired transgene expression are essential for gene function assignments, drug discovery, manufacturing of difficult to produce protein pharmaceuticals and precise dosing of gene-based therapeutic interventions. Conversion of the Streptomyces albus heat shock response regulator (RheA) into an artificial eukaryotic transcription factor resulted in a vertebrate thermosensor (CTA; cold-inducible transactivator), which is able to adjust transcription initiation from chimeric target promoters (P(CTA)) in a low-temperature- inducible manner. Evaluation of the temperature-dependent CTA-P(CTA) interaction using a tailored ELISA-like cell-free assay correlated increased affinity of CTA for P(CTA) with temperature downshift. The temperature-inducible gene regulation (TIGR) system enabled tight repression in the chicken bursal B-cell line DT40 at 41 degrees C as well as precise titration of model product proteins up to maximum expression at or below 37 degrees C. Implantation of microencapsulated DT40 cells engineered for TIGR-controlled expression of the human vascular endothelial growth factor A (hVEGF121) provided low-temperature-induced VEGF-mediated vascularization in chicken embryos.


This paper is a work about the importance of wide frequency deviation, Deltaf, in linear FMCW radar applications and the design and measurement results of the antenna thought to be suitable for these applications. First, working principle of linear FMCW radar is briefly told. Afterwards, it will be mentioned about the benefits of choosing high frequency deviation in these radars such as suppressing the distortion effects caused by modulation frequency harmonics, obtaining high range resolution and providing frequency diversity. A brief design and measurement results of the antenna, which is considered for the applications of this type radar and increases the frequency deviation to 400 and 900 MHz in two different frequencies, where it is typically 100-150 MHz due to the naffowband antennas, will be presented in next part


A unique word-serial inner-product processor architecture is proposed to capitalize on the high-speed serial-link bus. To eliminate the input buffers and deserializers, partial products are generated immediately from the serial input data and accumulated by an array of small binary counters operating in parallel to form a reduced partial product matrix directly. The height of the resultant partial product matrix is reduced logarithmically, and hence the carry-save-adder tree needed to complete the inner-product computation is smaller and faster. The small binary counters act as active on-chip buffers to mitigate the workload of the partial product accumulator. Their ability to accumulate partial product bits faster than combinatorial full adder leads to a simple two-stage architecture of high throughput and low latency. The architecture consumes 46% less silicon area, 24% less energy per inner-product computation and 70% less total interconnect length than its merged arithmetic counterpart in 65 nm CMOS process. In addition, the architecture requires only 4 metal layers out of available 7 layers for signal and power routing. By emulating the on-chip serial-link bus architecture on both designs, it is demonstrated that the proposed design is most suited for high-speed on-chip serial-link bus architecture.


As human exploration of the subsurface increases, there is a need for better data- and knowledge-driven methods to improve prediction of subsurface properties. Present subsurface predictions often rely upon disparate and limited a priori information. Even regions with concentrated subsurface exploration still face uncertainties that can obstruct safe and efficient exploration of the subsurface. Uncertainty may be reduced, even for areas with little or no subsurface measurements, using methodical, science-driven geologic knowledge and data. We have developed a hybrid spatiotemporal statistical-geologic approach, subsurface trend analysis (STA), that provides improved understanding of subsurface systems. The STA method assumes that the present-day subsurface is not random, but is a product of its history, which is a sum of its systematic processes. With even limited data and geologic knowledge, the STA method can be used to methodically improve prediction of subsurface properties. To demonstrate and validate the improved prediction potential of the STA method, it was applied in an analysis of the northern Gulf of Mexico. This evaluation was prepared using only existing, publicly available well data and geologic literature. Using the STA method, this information was used to predict subsurface trends for in situ pressure, in situ temperature, porosity, and permeability. The results of this STA-based analysis were validated against new reservoir data. STA-driven results were also contrasted with previous studies. Both indicated that STA predictions were an improvement over other methods. Overall, STA results can provide critical information to evaluate and reduce risks, identify and improve areas of scarce or discontinuous data, and provide inputs for multiscale modeling efforts, from reservoir scale to basin scale. Thereby, the STA method offers an ideal framework for guiding future science-based machine learning and natural language processing to optimize subsurface analyses and predictions.


Although participatory plant breeding (PPB) is gaining greater acceptance worldwide, the techniques needed to analyze the data from participatory methodologies in the context of plant breeding are still not well known or understood. Scientists from different disciplines and cropping backgrounds, working in international research centers and universities, discussed and exchanged methods and ideas at a workshop on the quantitative analysis of data from participatory methods in plant breeding. The papers in this volume address the three themes of the workshop: designing and analyzing joint experiments involving variety evaluation by farmers; identifying and analyzing farmers' evaluations of crop characteristics and varieties; and dealing with social heterogeneity and other research issues. Topics covered included different statistical methodologies for analyzing data from on-farm trials; the mother-baby trial system, which is designed to incorporate farmer participation into research; the identification and evaluation of maize landraces by small-scale farmers; and a PPB process that aims to address the difficulties of setting breeding goals and choosing parents in diversity research studies. Summaries of the discussion, as well as the participatory breeding work currently conducted by the participants, are provided.


Chylothorax is a rare complication of esophagectomy associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Prophylactic thoracic duct ligation is generally recommended during transthoracic esophagectomy, but despite this strategy chyle leak can occur. A possible explanation is that in up to 40% of individual the anatomical route of the thoracic duct is anomalous. A two-week wait and see policy with total parenteral nutrition and pleural drainage appears to be justified in patients with a chyle output of less than 1,000 mL per day. The introduction of video-assisted thoracic surgery has offered a safe and effective therapeutic alternative in these patients. We recommend primary en-bloc stapling of the thoracic duct through a right thoracoscopic approach in the semi-prone position.


Care of critically ill patient requires prompt & accurate decisions so that we can protect as well as save the life. Due to such requirements, ICUs have become widely established in hospitals. In most hospitals difficulty is that expert has to regularly visit the patient & asses his/her condition by measuring different parameters. These systems works when there is any emergency by using different wireless technologies. This paper is mainly based on continuous monitoring aspect of home patients. This requires a reliable, energy efficient patient monitoring system that can be able to send parameters of patient in real time. So the doctors can monitor patients parameters easily(temp, Pulse rate ,Blood Glucose). The major goal of the final proposed system is that it detects processes and sends patients data (temp, Pulse rate, Blood Glucose)over a wireless.


Carcinoid syndrome is often complicated by carcinoid heart disease. Deposition of carcinoid plaques on the endocardium of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves causes the typical echocardiographic iconography with thickening of the leaflets and valvular insufficiency and/or stenosis leading to right heart failure. Additionally, the fibrous plaques can be visualized with cardiac magnetic resonance using delayed enhancement sequences. Accurate assessment of the dimensions of the dilated right ventricle by magnetic resonance implicates therapeutic options and defines prognosis. We report the case of a patient with advanced right heart failure as the clue to the diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome. Echocardiography was suggestive. Advanced investigation with magnetic resonance confirmed carcinoid plaque deposition on the tricuspid and the pulmonary valves, and we also had evidence of plaque deposition in the right ventricle. Multimodality imaging is essential in the investigation of this rare disorder.


Motor disturbances in 16 patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus were assessed by quantitative registration of handwriting, fine movements of the hand, hand tremor, postural instability, and gait. Tremor intensity was measured using an accelerometer and electronic integration of the accelerometer curves. Postural instability was measured on a computer-assisted force-plate, and computerized analysis of gait was made using an instrumented treadmill. Severe disturbances in motor performance in the upper extremities and postural stability were found. The gait of the hydrocephalic patients was characterized by a very low speed, short steps, ataxia (especially in the vertical direction), and high energy consumption. After shunt operation, significant improvement was found in motor performance in the upper extremities and postural stability, and gait ataxia decreased in all patients to values within the 95% confidence interval of age-matched controls.


HR Wallingford has commenced an engineering review on the Final Closure of Saemangeum Dike. This draft final report represents the completion of the second phase of studies by HR Wallingford and is issued for review by KARICO and discussion with their representatives during meetings planned in Ansan during the second week of October 2005. The report contains some detailed matters which deserve consideration but the following overall conclusions are worthy of particular note: 1. Much of the work has been carried out by KARICO and RRI is of excellent quality and only deserves some small comments. However, there are a small number of issues that do require serious attention. 2. Scour either side of the existing bed protection will remain a problem and will become worse as velocities increase during the final phase of closure. We have considered the processes taking place and recommended that the bed protection be extended by a further 50 meters either side of the dike centre-line. 3. When estimating stable stone weights, the increases from estimated mind gap velocities to peak velocity, for example at the progressing ends of the closure bunds, has not been taken into account. We have applied appropriate speed up factors varying between 5% to 14% to allow for this, but the presence of flow asymmetry means that these increases may be exceeded. We have also allowed for high turbulence, which may be particularly evident in the vortex sheets emanating from the ends of the dikes. 4. We make recommendations for increases to the the stone weights and/or proportions of gabions to take account of these larger velocities. These changes are significant, requiring more heavy stone (up to 6t in weight) and higher proportions of gabions. In some cases modifications to the existing sill and bed protection will be necessary. Making appropriate modifications will require serious attention by KARICO in the following respects: i. To ensure that appropriate stability criteria have been adopted for all materials to be used. RRI have carried out very useful physical modelling, but not all material weights and combinations of gabions for bed protection, sill and closure bund were covered by this work. We have attempted to fill the gaps in understanding by the use of published stability formulae, but further physical modelling to confirm our results would be advisable. ii. To ensure that the financial and physical resources necessary to support these design and construction changes are put in place. 5. We have no particular recommendation to make on the issue of whether the March-April or April-May closure period is to be preferred. On the grounds of stability and wave overtopping, the later period is marginally more favorable, but this difference is not sufficient to require the use of the later period if the earlier period is preferred for construction or other reasons. 6. To the extent that information has been provided to us, procedures for construction appear to be satisfactory. 7. The problem of water leakage through the (extended) bed protection layer after final closure has been completed is significant. A strategy involving carefully timed pumping of gravel and sand into closure bund and bed protection layer is recommended.


In this paper, the authors propose a decomposition method for a formal specification that divides the specification into two subspecifications composed by a parallel operator. To make these specification behaviors equivalent before and after decomposition, the method automatically synthesizes an additional control specification, which contains the synchronization information of the decomposed subspecifications. The authors prove that a parallel composition of the decomposed subspecifications synchronized with the control specification is strongly equivalent with the original (monolithic) specification. The authors also write formal specifications of the OSI application layer's association-control service and decompose it using their method as an example of decomposition of a practical specification. Their decomposition method can be applied to top-down system development based on stepwise refinement.


Landlord satisfaction levels with agricultural land-leasing agreements are examined with a 1998 sample of Arkansas landowners. Ordered probit models are estimated identifying which factors significantly affect satisfaction levels. Results indicate that the type of lease is not a significant determinant of landlord satisfaction levels. Proportion of landlord's income from leasing, tenant educational background, social capital variables, presence of irrigation equipment, and perceptions about the FAIR Act were found to significantly affect lease satisfaction in at least one of the three satisfaction models estimated. A comparison with an earlier study of Arkansas tenants indicates landlords have generally higher satisfaction levels.


In experiments on 8 rabbits and 12 rats changes in electrograms of the visual cortex of alert animals were studied under photic stimulation in conditions of pharmacological action on monoamine (MA) brain systems. After injection of MA precursors (5-oxitriptophane and d, 1-dioxiphenylalanine) following phenomena were observed: a) decrease of the amplitude of the averaged evoked potentials to rhythmic photic stimuli (1-20 imp. sec.-1); b) an enhancement of fast (15-25 Hz) oscillations in the cortical spontaneous electrical activity and weakening and modification of the effects of the blockader of synthesis of MA-alpha-methyl-dioxiphenylalanine. Under light stimulation potentiation of MA precursors effects was observed in the frequency spectra of electrocorticograms. In the same conditions the specificity of action of cathecholamines precursor was revealed in the form of an increase of power of rhythms of 5-7 Hz and it; decrease in 2-3 Hz. Possible mechanisms of the revealed phenomena are discussed.


This paper proposes to use CR-prolog to add planning capabilities to a Geographical Information System. CR-rules can restore the consistency of a program giving the diagnosis of possible causes of failure in a plan. In this paper, we give an additional use for CR-rules: we propose to use CR-rules to obtain an alternative plan in case of the ideal plan fails. They not only restore consistency and give the diagnosis they also give support to define an alternative plan. In particular, we show the use of CR-rules in a situation related to the risk zone of volvano Popocatepetl. We show by means of an example how to obtain alternative evacuation routes using CR-rules.


Instagram is an image-based social network that has become very popular amongst young people. This social network has become one of the channels for self-expression of its users. This behavior can also lead to the intensive use of this social network, which in turn is beginning to be linked to technological addiction. The objective of this paper was to analyze Instagram use habits in a sample of Czech and Spanish college students (n = 362) and its influence on personal variables (self-esteem, self-expression). Another objective was to find out whether the increased use of Instagram fosters addictive behavior. The study was approached from a quantitative perspective, using the questionnaire as a data collection tool. Amongst the findings were the confirmation of a positive correlation between Instagram use and self-expression, as well as between Instagram use and addiction. Finally, differences were found between Instagram use between Czech and Spanish college students and the connection of Instagram use with self-esteem, self-expression and addiction, together with the concept of relapse.


OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to investigate changes in osteoblast number and viability in contact with biomaterials and to compare both tests.

METHODS
Human primary culture osteoblasts were seeded on the polished surfaces of hydroxyapatite, alumina, titanium and surgical steel. After 4, 9, 14, 24 and 48h cultures were subjected to XTT viability assay. Subsequently Hoechst staining of nuclei was performed. Number of cells on each sample was counted.

RESULTS
There were no differences in cell viability measured by means of XTT assay between osteoblasts cultured on hydroxyapatite and alumina during 48 hours of experiment. However on titanium as well as on surgical steel cell viability was significantly lower than on bioceramics. The lowest viability was noticed on surgical steel. Cell number on titanium was significantly higher than on steel. There were no differences between cell numbers on hydroxyapatite and alumina as well as between investigated bioceramics and metals. Nucleus number and the results of viability assay were compared. There was no correlation found between number and viability of cells.

CONCLUSION
the results of a single test may not provide sufficient information on the interaction between cells and implant. Application of a battery of tests is necessary in material biocompatibility investigation in vitro.


Probabilistic time series forecasting involves estimating the distribution of future based on its history, which is essential for risk management in downstream decision-making. We propose a deep state space model for probabilistic time series forecasting whereby the non-linear emission model and transition model are parameterized by networks and the dependency is modeled by recurrent neural nets. We take the automatic relevance determination (ARD) view and devise a network to exploit the exogenous variables in addition to time series. In particular, our ARD network can incorporate the uncertainty of the exogenous variables and eventually helps identify useful exogenous variables and suppress those irrelevant for forecasting. The distribution of multi-step ahead forecasts are approximated by Monte Carlo simulation. We show in experiments that our model produces accurate and sharp probabilistic forecasts. The estimated uncertainty of our forecasting also realistically increases over time, in a spontaneous manner.


Straight single-line defect optical waveguides in photonic crystal slabs are designed by the finite difference time-domain method and fabricated into a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. By employing an airbridge structure, clear light propagation for both polarizations is observed without any leakage along the waveguide. This experimental result is well explained by photonic bands of pure guided modes. Minimum propagation loss is estimated to be 11 dB/mm. This value is lower than that reported so far for three-line-defect waveguides with an SOI slab structure and almost comparable to that for an index confinement waveguide with a rectangular Si core. This propagation loss is dominated by the scattering loss by some irregularities. However, photonic crystal waveguides have the possibility of an essential lower scattering loss than in the index confinement waveguide because of the inhibition of radiation modes by the photonic bandgap.


The masonry viaduct at Marsh Lane is an important part of the railway network near Leeds, UK, dating from the 1860s. However, deterioration has resulted in notable deflections under train loads, which have concerned asset managers. Coupled with uncertainty regarding the true structural behaviour under serviceability conditions, this has led to detailed monitoring of the viaduct. This paper summarises the main conclusions of the monitoring installation before focusing on the evaluation of computational modelling of the viaduct, through comparison of modelling and monitoring results. In the monitoring scheme, fibreoptic cables containing Fibre-Bragg Gratings allowed measurement of dynamic in-plane barrel strains while digital image correlation captured displacements using commercial video cameras. The results illuminated a complicated three-dimensional dynamic response under train loading and highlighted the importance of interaction between adjacent spans. Separately, rail loading of the viaduct was simulated with a series of finite element models, each with increasing levels of complexity, to establish the relative stiffness contributions of various structural components. These models were then compared to detailed measurements from the real viaduct so that their validity could be evaluated. This approach revealed the impact of some common modelling assumptions and permitted assessment of nonlinear contributions to structural behaviour. Sam H. Cocking, Sinan Acikgoz and Matthew J. DeJong


In general, the paper addresses the challenge of high energy intensity of the public organization in Russia. In particular, the study aims to investigate the key aspects of energy efficiency and energy saving policies in public schools, which have been adopted at the federal level and implemented in the regions of Russia. The paper provides a legal review of these policies in order to analyze the existing mechanisms of increasing energy efficiency in public schools. The monitoring mechanisms of public schools' energy efficiency and saving policies is also critically reviewed. In order to comprehensively analyze certain challenges of increasing energy efficiency in public schools, the paper includes results of in-depth interviews with school principals of both urban and rural educational organizations from the Siberian Federal District. Relying on the best world experiences and advanced scholarship, the authors provide a number of recommendations that could help to increase and sustain energy efficiency in the Russian public schools.


In recent years, public interest in batik industry is on the rise, yet at the same time, records and literatures of the said subject proved to be scarce. These facts, including the designation of Yogyakarta City as "World's Batik City", are the background of Batik Educational Tourist Centre in Yogyakarta design proposal. This proposal involves the issue on how the centre caters the activities of the education on batik that also serves the function of tourist attraction. The centre also aims to provide space for information, promotion, production, and sales of batik. Ecological architecture is deemed a suitable method to be used in the proposal based on the reason batik industry produces dangerous wastes; hence the design hopes to educate the batik makers and tourists about environmentally-friendly industry. Batik Educational Tourist Centre in Yogyakarta applies ecological architecture theory, focusing on climactic-adaptive, power-efficient, and environment-conscious aspects.


Developing energy-saving neural network models is a topic of rapidly increasing interest in the artificial intelligence community. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are biologically inspired models that strive to leverage the energy efficiency stemming from a long process of evolution under limited resources. In this paper we propose a SNN model where each neuron integrates piecewise linear postsynaptic potentials caused by input spikes and a positive bias, and spikes maximally once. Transformation of such a network into the ANN domain yields an approximation of a standard ReLU network, leading to a facilitated training based on backpropagation and an adaptation of the batch normalization. With backpropagation-trained weights, SNN inference offers a sparse-signal and low-latency classification, which can be readily adapted for a stream of input patterns, lending itself to an efficient hardware implementation. The supervised classification of MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets, using this approach, provides accuracy close to that of an ANN and surpassing other single-spike SNNs.


The social behavior of six juvenile rhesus monkeys was studied in a playroom before, during, and after a series of electrically induced convulsive (EIC) treatments. Three subjects had been reared in a normal environment, and showed the usual levels of social activity for monkeys of this age. Three were socially deprived early in life and showed higher levels of self-directed behaviors and lower levels of social behaviors. At different times all animals received both EIC ad sham EIC, three times per week for 4 weeks, and were observed in a playroom. In general the experimental subjects showed an increase in environmental activity as a consequence of EIC treatments while the control subjects showed decreases in environmental activity and in several social behaviors. The control subjects showed clear increases in self-disturbance behaviors while the experimental animals tended to show a decrease. The patterns of these changes thus showed clearly different characteristics of response to EIC and sham EIC as a function of early rearing condition. The results are discussed in terms of possible models for further study of the effects of EIC on physiological and social variables in a controlled laboratory setting.


A neural network-based control approach for mobile robot is proposed. The weight adaptation is made online, without previous learning. Several possible situations in robot navigation are considered,including uncertainties in the model and presence of disturbance. Weight adaptation laws are presented as well as simulation results.


This paper presents the first automatic scheme to allocate local (stack) data in recursive functions to scratch-pad memory (SPM) in embedded systems. A scratch-pad is a fast directly addressed compiler-managed SRAM memory that replaces the hardware-managed cache. It is motivated by its significantly lower access time, energy consumption, real-time bounds, area and overall runtime. Existing compiler methods for allocating data to scratch-pad are able to place only code, global, heap and non-recursive stack data in scratch-pad memory; stack data for recursive functions is allocated entirely in DRAM, resulting in poor performance.
 In this paper we present a dynamic yet compiler-directed allocation method for recursive function stack data that for the first time, is able to place a portion of recursive stack data in scratch-pad. It has almost no software-caching overhead, and is able to move recursive function data back and forth between scratch-pad and DRAM to better track the program's locality characteristics. With our method, all code, global, stack and heap variables can share the same scratch-pad. When compared to placing all recursive function data in DRAM and all other variables in scratch-pad, our results show that our method reduces the average runtime of our benchmarks by 29.3%, and the average power consumption by 31.1%, for the same size of scratch-pad fixed at5% of total data size. Furthermore,significant savings were observedwhen comparing our method against cache-based alternatives for SPM allocation. Finally, we show results that analyze the effects of profile variation on our allocation approach and present a modified version of our method which minimizes variation for profile-based allocations.


Nanostructure ZnO was grown on thin aluminium layer, deposited on silicon substrate using the sol–gel method. The surface morphologies of nanostructure ZnO at different precursor concentrations were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Raman spectroscopy suggested that nanorods started to grow along with nanoflakes at a precursor concentration of 50 mM and the density of the nanorods significantly increases when the concentration was raised to 75 mM. Raman spectra were intensified and red shifted with the increment of precursor concentration. Optical properties of refractive index and optical dielectric constant are investigated. The structural defects at lower level of precursor were probably due to the hypoxic environment, whereas the red shift of Raman spectra was due to the structural change of ZnO nanocrystals.


Effective manipulation of string data is of fundamental importance to modern database applications. Very often, textual inconsistencies render equality comparisons meaningless and strings have to be matched in terms of their similarity. Previous work has proposed techniques to express similarity operations using declarative SQL statements. However, the non-trivial issue of embedding similarity support into object-oriented applications has received little attention. Particularly, declarative similarity matching requires maintenance of a number of auxiliary tables for each combination of similarity function and string attribute in query predicates. As a result, persistence of application objects is severely complicated, thereby leading to excessively intricate and hardly reusable application code. In this article, we present SimDataMapper, an architectural pattern to provide easy, efficient, and flexible integration of declarative similarity matching with applications and programming environments. We describe implementation details and experimentally evaluate the performance of our approach.


Abstract In the light of the relevant terms of this issue, »state«, »space« and »administration«, this contribution considers the intertwining between representations of order, their administration, and the governance of the subjects in the sovereignty areas of Salzburg and Tyrol in the Zillertal. The different ideas of space – investigated from the perspectives of various groups of the population, of local officials, and of the government centers – changed throughout the examined period. At its beginning, the authorities in the government centers endeavored to keep the borders open for mutual exchange, whereas the local officials used their administrative tools to stage a competition with the officials of the neighboring district, e.g. by blocking and redirecting the subjects' pathways of movement. In this situation, a more open construction of space confronted a more mistrustful one aimed at enclosure and the guarding of borders. In the context of negotiations for a general border settlement between Tyrol and Salzburg, and on the basis of newly developed conceptions of a state as having a clearly defined sovereignty area, capable of being governed without any foreign influence up to its borders, the interventions of the government centers started to change. Borders were adjusted and a clear assignment of the subjects was demanded. However, the more an exact correspondence between space and sovereignty was pursued, the more obvious the impossibility of this undertaking became. Seemingly well-demarcated border lines appeared vague when regarded closely. Their official description was at odds with the subjects' construction and usage of spaces. While their spatial behaviors were determined by the norms of the sovereign centers and controlled by the administrative work of the officials, the subjects developed their own strategies for dealing with these interventions in their constructions of space and adjusting to them.


Two central problems in computer science are P vs NP and the complexity of matrix multiplication. The first is also a leading candidate for the greatest unsolved problem in mathematics. The second is of enormous practical and theoretical importance. Algebraic geometry and representation theory provide fertile ground for advancing work on these problems and others in complexity. This introduction to algebraic complexity theory for graduate students and researchers in computer science and mathematics features concrete examples that demonstrate the application of geometric techniques to real world problems. Written by a noted expert in the field, it offers numerous open questions to motivate future research. Complexity theory has rejuvenated classical geometric questions and brought different areas of mathematics together in new ways. This book will show the beautiful, interesting, and important questions that have arisen as a result.


A vector database is used to store high-dimensional data that cannot be characterized by traditional DBMS. Although there are not many articles describing existing or introducing new vector database architectures, the approximate nearest neighbor search problem behind vector databases has been studied for a long time, and considerable related algorithmic articles can be found in the literature. This article attempts to comprehensively review relevant algorithms to provide a general understanding of this booming research area. The basis of our framework categorises these studies by the approach of solving ANNS problem, respectively hash-based, tree-based, graph-based and quantization-based approaches. Then we present an overview of existing challenges for vector databases. Lastly, we sketch how vector databases can be combined with large language models and provide new possibilities.


An economy requires a labour force with the appropriate levels of skills to perform its main functions. In general, skilled manpower is created by education and training. In 1970 the Industrial Training Act was enacted by the Kenyan Government to make provisions for the regulations of the training of persons engaged in industries and to establish training schemes. This paper describes the formal industrial training system and training policy in Kenya, its aims and instruments. The paper presents data from a study aimed at determining the effectiveness of the formal industrial training system in achieving its stated objectives It presents data on quantitative, qualitative and distributional effects of the training system and policy. Data are presented on the number of trainees and the level of training in seven selected industrial sectors, and on the number and characteristics of companies which perform formal industrial training. Data are also provided on the financial situation and on the distributional effects of the levy funds.


Recent evidence implicates interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in resistance to infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes. Reports showing that inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils are highly bactericidal for listeria suggest that IFN-gamma might act by directly or indirectly causing recruitment of these cells. The purpose of the experiments described here was to test whether recombinant mouse IFN-gamma is chemotactic for macrophages or neutrophils in vivo or in vitro. In vivo experiments showed rIFN-gamma to have no ability to cause recruitment of inflammatory neutrophils or macrophages into the peritoneal cavities of mice. When tested in vitro, rIFN-gamma also did not induce migration of inflammatory neutrophils or macrophages through cellulose nitrate filters in a chemotaxis assay. The data indicate that rIFN-gamma has no direct or indirect chemotactic activity in vivo or in vitro for mouse macrophages or neutrophils.


Purpose
To assess the phenotypic variability and natural course of inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) caused by EYS mutations.

Methods
Multiethnic cohort study (N = 30) with biallelic EYS variants from a clinical IRD database (retinitis pigmentosa [RP], N = 27; cone-rod dystrophy [CRD], N = 1; and macular dystrophy, N = 2). In vitro minigene splice assay was performed to determine the effect on EYS pre-mRNA splicing of the c.1299+5_1299+8del variant in macular dystrophy patients.

Results
We found 27 different EYS variants in RP patients and 7 were novel. The rate of visual field loss of the V4e isopter area was -0.84 ± 0.44 ln(deg2) per year, and the rate of visual acuity loss was 0.75 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters per year. Ellipsoid zone width was correlated with area of the hyperautofluorescent ring, with rs = 0.78 and P < 0.001. Rate of decline in ellipsoid zone width was -57 ± 17 μm per year (P < 0.01) (n = 14) or -3.69% ± 0.51% from baseline per year (P < 0.001). An isolated CRD patient carried a homozygous EYS variant (c.9405T>A), previously identified in RP patients. Two siblings with macular dystrophy carried compound heterozygous EYS variants: c.1299+5_1299+8del and c.6050G>T. The former was novel and shown to result in skipping of exon 8, and the latter was a known RP variant.

Conclusions
We report on EYS-associated macular dystrophy, extending the spectrum of EYS-associated IRDs. We observed heterogeneity between RP patients in age of onset and disease progression. Identical EYS variants were found in cases with RP, CRD, and macular dystrophy. Screening for EYS variants in CRD and macular dystrophy patients might increase the diagnostic yield in previously unsolved cases.


BACKGROUND
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder with multiorgan effects. In a subgroup with pancreatic insufficiency malabsorption of the fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) may occur. Vitamin D is involved in calcium homeostasis and bone mineralisation and may have extraskeletal effects. This review examines the evidence for vitamin D supplementation in CF.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the frequency of vitamin D deficiency, respiratory outcomes and vitamin D toxicity in the CF population.

SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane CF and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings.Most recent search: 15 February 2012.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation compared to placebo in the CF population regardless of exocrine pancreatic function.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Both authors independently assessed the 'risk of bias' of each included trial and extracted outcome data (from published trial information) for assessment of bone mineralization, growth and nutritional status, frequency of vitamin D deficiency, respiratory status, quality of life and adverse events.

MAIN RESULTS
Three studies are included, although only data from two were available (41 adults and children with CF). One of these studies compared supplemental 800 international units (IU) vitamin D and placebo for 12 months in 30 osteopenic pancreatic insufficient adults; both groups continued 900 IU vitamin D daily. The other (abstract only) compared supplemental 1g calcium alone, 1600 IU vitamin D alone, 1600 IU vitamin D and 1g calcium and placebo in a double-blind randomised cross-over trial; only 11 children (vitamin D and placebo groups) after six-months supplementation are included; inclusion criteria, pancreatic sufficiency or disease status of participants are not defined. There were no significant differences in primary or secondary outcomes in either study. The studies are not directly comparable due to differences in supplementation, outcome reporting and possibly participant characteristics (eg severity of lung disease, growth and nutrition, pancreatic sufficiency). There were no adverse events in either study. The third study (abstract only) compared daily calcitriol (0.25 or 0.5 micrograms) with placebo in pancreatic insufficient children and young adults, only pre-intervention data were available.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is no evidence of benefit or harm in the limited number of small-sized published trials. Adherence to relevant CF guidelines on vitamin D should be considered until further evidence is available.


Culex flavivirus (CxFV) is an insect-specific flavivirus infecting Culex mosquitoes, which are important vectors of West Nile virus (WNV). CxFV and WNV cocirculate in nature and coinfect Culex mosquitoes, including in a WNV "hotspot" in suburban Chicago. We previously identified a positive association between CxFV and WNV in mosquito pools collected from suburban Chicago in 2006. To further investigate this phenomenon, we compared the spatial and temporal distribution of CxFV during an interepidemic year (2011) and an epidemic year (2012) for WNV. Both viruses were more prevalent in mosquito pools in 2012 compared to 2011. During both years, the CxFV infection status of mosquito pools was associated with environmental factors such as habitat type and precipitation frequency rather than coinfection with WNV. These results support the idea that WNV and CxFV are ecologically associated, perhaps because both viruses respond to similar environmental drivers of mosquito populations.


We investigate the extent to which offline demonstration data can improve online learning. It is natural to expect some improvement, but the question is how, and by how much? We show that the degree of improvement must depend on the quality of the demonstration data. To generate portable insights, we focus on Thompson sampling (TS) applied to a multi-armed bandit as a prototypical online learning algorithm and model. The demonstration data is generated by an expert with a given competence level, a notion we introduce. We propose an informed TS algorithm that utilizes the demonstration data in a coherent way through Bayes' rule and derive a prior-dependent Bayesian regret bound. This offers insight into how pretraining can greatly improve online performance and how the degree of improvement increases with the expert's competence level. We also develop a practical, approximate informed TS algorithm through Bayesian bootstrapping and show substantial empirical regret reduction through experiments.


A beach equilibrium model for reef-protected beaches is presented. The profiles analyzed in this work intersect a reef and, consequently, the entire profile is not sand rich. The model assumes uniform energy dissipation per unit volume and considers the wave decay due to the wave breaking over the submerged reef. The resulting beach profile form is similar to the one proposed by LARSON and KRAUS (1989); however, the profile shape parameter is not the same as the A value used in the usual DEAN (1977) equilibrium profile, due to the wave decay dependence. A simple relationship between the new shape parameter for reef-protected beaches and the A value for non-reef-protected beaches is   determined using the ANDERSEN and FREDSOE (1983) wave decay model. The proposed relationship is validated using over 50 profiles measured on seven beaches. It is concluded that the shape parameter usually used in equilibrium profile models can not be represented in all cases by a simple function of the sediment grain size or fall velocity. It is also concluded that no equilibrium beach profile is possible within a distance of about 10 to 30 h, from the edge of the reef, where h, is the water depth over the reef.


This paper deals with annelids (Oligochaeta and Polychaeta) collected in the Sea of Marmara between 2006 and 2010 at depths from 0 to 66 m. A total of five oligochaete and 198 polychaete species were found. Five polychaete species, namely Prosphaerosyllis marmarae sp. nov., Levinsenia demiri sp. nov., Levinsenia kosswigi sp. nov., Levinsenia marmarensis sp. nov. and Levinsenia tribranchiata sp. nov. are new to science, and five oligochaete and 84 polychaete species are new to the fauna of the Sea of Marmara. A list of species found in the region and their maximum densities are presented at depth intervals. The present material includes six alien polychaete species, Paraprionospio coora, Polydora cornuta, Prionospio (Minuspio) pulchra, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, Chaetozone corona and Metasychis gotoi, of which the latter four species were new records for the region.


Psychosocial stress might account for some of the variance in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk that is not explained by traditional risk factors. Most studies of stress and CVD have focused on (a) stress in a single life domain, and (b) clinical CVD outcomes. Few studies have examined physiologic mechanisms that might explain the association between stress and CVD. The primary aim of the present study was to examine whether: (1) chronic stress predicts changes in carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque; and (2) the association between chronic stress and changes in these surrogate CVD endpoints is mediated by inflammatory processes. A secondary aim was to investigate whether individual differences in cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) moderates the association between stress and changes in IMT and plaque. The sample (n=276; M age=60.5), was a subset of the Pittsburgh Healthy Heart Project, a longitudinal investigation of the effects of psychosocial and biological risk factors on surrogate CVD endpoints among healthy older adults. Chronic stress was assessed at baseline with the Chronic Stress Scale (CSS; Norris & Uhl, 1993), a self-report survey that measures stress in 7 life domains during the preceding 6 months. Chronic stress was computed in terms of (a) scores on the 7 CSS subscales and (b) average score across all 7 subscales. Ultrasound IMT measures were taken at baseline and 3 years later. Mean IMT was derived by taking the bilateral average of far wall common, internal and bulb measures. IMT change was computed as the arithmetic difference between follow-up and baseline values. Plaque change was computed as the number of visible lesions at follow-up less the number of lesions at baseline. Blood draws for inflammatory markers and CVR testing were conducted at separate baseline visits. Results failed to support the mediation model. Only the CSS physical stress subscale was an independent predictor of IMT change (b=.02, t=2.13, p=.03). CSS scores were unrelated to plaque, or to inflammatory marker levels. Results did not differ according to CVR. Findings question the importance of chronic stress, as measured by global self-report, as a predictor of change in IMT and plaque.


Abstract : The investigation was concerned with the growth of yttrium aluminate and yttrium oxide crystals by a float-zone process. The molten zone was here produced by the bombardment of high energy electrons present in a hollow cathode discharge. This technique was successfully applied to the growth of yttrium aluminate crystals. The nature of the grown boules suggests that yttrium aluminate is incongruent in its melting behavior, but, nevertheless, amenable to growth by the float-zone process. The clear water-white yttrium aluminate crystals represent the first relatively large crystals of this compound to be grown. The hollow cathode discharge environment was found suitable to carry out the controlled zone melting of yttrium oxide. However, the crystals were found to crack under the influence of the relatively large thermal gradients inherent to this technique. The experimental results indicate that auxiliary heating will eliminate this problem. The development of a suitable means of providing this auxiliary heating has not been accomplished to the degree where un-cracked crystals can be grown. (Author)


This study examines whether "hybrid" boards - boards formed when activist shareholders such as hedge funds, through actual or threatened proxy contests, were able elect dissident directors but did not win full control of a board - create value for shareholders. The study reviewed the effectiveness of 120 such boards formed from 2005 through 2008. Board effectiveness was evaluated both in terms of changes in corporate governance structures and strategy, as well as through increases or decreases in shareholder value, measured in both absolute returns and relative to peers. On average, the study found that total shareholder returns at ongoing companies with hybrid boards were 19.1% - 16.6 percentage points better than peers - from the beginning of the contest period through the hybrid board's one year anniversary. More than half of these gains came during a three-month period leading up to the formation of the hybrid board, providing strong evidence for a sizeable contest effect increase in share prices, as the market priced in its expectations of changes a hybrid board might bring. This effect is similar to the "announcement effect" - an increase in share price over a short period after the announcement, via a 13-D filing, that an activist investor has taken a significant position in a company's stock - observed in other studies of shareholder activism. In many cases, however, the contest effect was distinct from a 13-D announcement effect, as it often came a significant period time after the initial 13-D filing, and was clearly related to a specific activist initiative - the proxy contest - rather than a general expectation of productive activism. Among the 15 ongoing businesses in the sample for which three years of performance data was available following the creation of a hybrid board, total shareholder returns averaged only 0.7% over the three-year period - 6.6 percentage points worse than peers. Total share price performance for the 39 months from the beginning of the contest period through the three year anniversary of the hybrid board, however, averaged 21.5% - 17.8 percentage points higher than peers - again largely on significant contest period share price appreciation. While most of the companies in the study continued as ongoing businesses, 18 percent were sold during the study period and 5 percent entered bankruptcy. Among the companies that were sold, the sale price premium averaged 27.1% versus the undisturbed share price. For the companies going bankrupt, in all cases more than 99.9% of shareholder value was lost. Finally, the study found that it is no longer unusual for determined shareholder activists to obtain representation on the boards or targeted companies. In fact, during the four-year period covered by the study, dissidents were able to gain representation at approximately 75% of the companies targeted. In the majority of these cases, dissidents gained board seats through settlement agreements with companies, rather than a pursuing the contest to a shareholder vote.


Decisions regarding patient care are made difficult because of lack of adequate knowledge. Surgeons try to decide upon choice of procedure and surgical technique based on the results of their experience and their understanding of published reports. Yet there are virtually no prospective controlled studies comparing different procedures for open-angle glaucoma. The present study compares peripheral iridectomy with a thermal sclerostomy, as described by Scheie, with trabeculectomy, as described by Watson. In 15 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma a Scheie procedure was performed in one eye and a trabeculectomy in the other, the choice of procedure being determined randomly. Surgical technique was standardized. Shallow or flat anterior chambers were more common in patients treated with a Scheie procedure, but in the 15 cases studied no patients required alteration of their postoperative care because of any complication. When reevaluated five years later, central visual acuity was approximately the same in both groups, control of glaucomatous disease was considered to be slightly easier in patients receiving a Scheie procedure, and intraocular pressure was 16 mm Hg in patients treated with the Scheie procedure in contrast to 22 mm Hg in those in whom a trabeculectomy had been performed. The Scheie procedure resulted in a thin cystic conjunctival bleb. In only two cases was a detectable bleb present following trabeculectomy.


This paper deals with determination of motions of a humanoid robot using genetic algorithm. A humanoid robot has some problems of the structural instability basically. So, we have to consider the stable walking gait in gait planning. Besides, it is important to make the smoothly optimal gait for saving the electric power. A mobile robot has battery to move autonomously. But a humanoid robot needs more electric power in order to drive many joints. So, if movements of walking joint don't maintain optimally, it is hard to sustain the battery power during the working period. Also, if a gait trajectory doesn't have optimal state, the expected lift span of joints tends to be decreased. Also, if a gait trajectory doesn't have optimal state, the expected lift span of joints tends to be decreased. To solve these problems, the genetic algorithm is employed to guarantee the optimal gait trajectory. The fitness functions in a genetic algorithm are introduced to find out optimal trajectory, which enables the robot to have the less reduced jerk of joints and get smooth movement. With these all process accomplished by PC-based program, the optimal solution could be obtained from the simulation. In addition, we discuss the design consideration fur the joint motion and distributed computation of tile humanoid, ISHURO, and suggest its result such as structure of the network and a disturbance observer.


Reversible phosphorylation by protein kinases is probably one of the most important examples of post‐translational modification of ion transport proteins. Ste20‐related proline alanine‐rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress response kinase (OSR1) are two serine/threonine kinases belonging to the germinal centre‐like kinase subfamily VI. Genetic analysis suggests that OSR1 evolved first, with SPAK arising following a gene duplication in vertebrate evolution. SPAK and OSR1 are two recently discovered kinases which have been linked to several key cellular processes, including cell differentiation, cell transformation and proliferation, cytoskeleton rearrangement, and most recently, regulation of ion transporters. Na–K–2Cl cotransporter activity is regulated by phosphorylation. Pharmacological evidence has identified several kinases and phosphatases which alter cotransporter function, however, no direct linkage between these enzymes and the cotransporter has been demonstrated. This article will review some of the physical and physiological properties of SPAK and OSR1, and present new evidence of a direct interaction between the Na–K–Cl cotransporter and the stress kinases.


Despite 14 years of UK Local Air Quality Management (LAQM), ambient NO2 concentrations have not decreased as expected. Although NO2 concentrations decreased from 1996 to 2002-4, this trend has subsequently levelled off. The UK Government has failed to meet European Union (EU) limit values for NO2 and PM10 and risks incurring fines of ~£300m. The number of local authorities (60%) having declared Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs), primarily for trafficrelated pollutants (NO2 and PM10), has grown steadily since 2001, and despite the production of local Air Quality Action Plans (AQAPs) there have been no traffic-related AQMA revocations solely on the basis of their implementation. The UK Air Quality Strategies (1997-2007) have focussed on emission reduction technologies to reduce overall pollutant concentrations, whilst LAQM targets specific local hotspots often through air quality measures in Local Transport Plans. The failure of this system to achieve necessary NO2 reductions has been attributed in part to a reliance of national policy on Euro vehicle standards, without significant endeavour to reduce road traffic growth. Locally, deficiencies in funding, interdepartmental communication, political will and public awareness, have been criticised for hindering action plan measures. The UK Government's localism agenda threatens to reduce the top-down governance of LAQM whilst also introducing the potential for EU fines to be passed to local authorities where limit values are exceeded. At the same time, the UK Government has outlined changes that will put more emphasis on the development of local measures to achieve EU limit values. This paper discusses


ABSTRACT Gasc, J.; Gache, C.; Bertucci, F.; Madi Moussa, R.; Waqalevu, V., and Lecchini, D., 2021. Effects of coastline modification on coral reef fish nurseries (Moorea, French Polynesia). Journal of Coastal Research, 37(4), 842–851. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This study examined the effects of coastline modification on recruitment patterns of coral reef fishes at Moorea Island (French Polynesia). The fish surveys were conducted at different distances (1, 10, and 30 m) from three natural shorelines (sandy beach, mangrove, muddy herbaceous area) and two engineered shore structures (sea embankment, artificial seawall) over 1 year. In total, 29,187 juveniles were recorded, with 32% of fish on the reefs along sandy beaches (most suitable nursery areas) and only 9% along mangroves. The temporal variation in larval recruitment highlighted that February, March, and April were the best periods for recruitment, with more than 20% of fish recorded, while the minimum (2%) was recorded in July. The fish survey showed that the reefs along each of the five shoreline types were nursery areas for a particular set of species and that many commercial species were specific to the reefs along embankments or sandy beaches. However, the reefs along engineered structures were in bad condition, i.e. less living corals and more macroalgae, in comparison with reefs along unmodified shorelines. Overall, there is an urgent need to better understand how the reefs along natural and artificial shorelines could continue to be nursery areas while facing ongoing climate change and increasing human population living along the coast in the South Pacific Islands.


Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is an overlooked disease category in which delay of diagnosis and treatment is associated with increased mortality. A prerequisite for prognostic optimization of CPA is an increased focus on predisposing factors and patients at risk. Diagnosis of CPA is challenging and requires a systematic approach to assessment and interpretation of findings, both of which are necessary for correct disease classification and selection of targeted antifungal treatment and duration.


Background: To establish appropriate measures that deal with incidental findings (IFs), the neuroscience community needs to address various ethical issues. The current state of research facilities regarding IFs and investigator attitudes as well as potentially eligible research participants must be assessed prior to future discussions and before the development of policies and guidelines. To this end, we conducted two questionnaire surveys to clarify i) how IFs are addressed at neuroimaging research facilities in Japan and ii) the views of investigators and potential research participants regarding the handling of IFs. Methods: Thirty-one principal investigators (PIs) involved in the Strategic Research Program for Brain Sciences (SRPBS), a government-funded project, were asked to fill out a questionnaire regarding ways IFs were handled at the facility. A total of 110 investigators engaged in SRPBS tasks, including 31 PIs who participated in the research facility survey and researchers conducting studies under the management of the PIs, and 500 individuals from the general public (i.e., general population) were asked to select the most appropriate way to deal with IFs in two scenarios, namely the medical school and humanities and social sciences department scenarios. Results: More than 40% of PIs responded that they did not know or were unsure of what type of approach was employed to handle IFs at their research facilities. Nevertheless, they were willing to improve the current status if sufficient resources were provided. With regard to specialist involvement, 37.7% of investigators responded that it was appropriate to have a specialist check all images in the medical school scenario, whereas 13.3% responded that such involvement was appropriate in the humanities and social sciences department scenario. In contrast, 76.1% and 61.0% of the general population indicated that specialist involvement was appropriate in the medical school and humanities and social sciences department scenarios, respectively. These results show that expectations of the general population exceed those of investigators regarding measures to address IFs. Both investigators and the general population demanded more responsibility from PIs at medical institutions, compared to PIs at non-medical institutions. Conclusions: Based on our preliminary results, we recommended that a licensed physician perform a screening test to appropriately examine clear abnormalities. These recommendations were implemented by the SRPBS as guidelines for handling IFs in national research projects in Japan.


Excerpt] One of the most important functions of central labor councils (CLCs) is making electoral politics work for labor. While the issues that a CLC tackles need to be linked to a national labor agenda, which includes fighting against privatization, securing a living wage, and promoting unions, the actual struggles take place on a local level. An effective council needs to listen to and develop consensus around the issues of concern to its member unions and then endorse those candidates who will be most supportive and effective at addressing those issues. After a candidate is elected, CLCs need to continue to have a political presence. Ideally, CLCs use electoral politics to build community alliances, understand power relationships, and wield political power in a way that builds the labor movement. Our success in the Atlanta mayoral election shows that a CLC with active affiliates can change the course of an election and forward labor's agenda after an election. The stakes of the mayoral race were high: labor had the potential to stop privatization; strengthen construction unions; secure the jobs related to the 1996 Olympics for union workers; and demonstrate labor's power and electoral muscle. We needed a decisive victory and the CLC had to deliver.


Focusing light deep inside and through thick biological tissue is critical to many applications. However, optical scattering prevents light from being focused through thick biological tissue, which restricts biophotonics to a limited depth of about 1 mm. To break this optical diffusion limit, digital optical phase conjugation (DOPC) based wavefront shaping techniques are being actively developed. Previous DOPC systems employed spatial light modulators that modulated either the phase or the amplitude of the conjugate light field. Here, we achieve optical focusing through scattering media by using polarization modulation based generalized DOPC. First, we describe an algorithm to extract the polarization map from the measured scattered field. Then, we validate the algorithm through numerical simulations, and find the focusing contrast achieved by polarization modulation is similar to that achieved by phase modulation, and is higher than those achieved by binary-phase and binary-amplitude modulations. Finally, we build a system using an inexpensive twisted nematic liquid crystal based spatial light modulator, and experimentally demonstrate light focusing through 3-mm thick chicken breast tissue. Since the polarization modulation based SLMs are widely used in displays and are having more and more pixel counts with the prevalence of 4K displays, these SLMs are inexpensive and valuable devices for wavefront shaping. Thus, we anticipate that polarization modulation based SLMs will gain their prevalence in the field of wavefront shaping.


The significance and possible extent of structural damage to the central nervous system (CNS) due to boxing are investigated. Bleeding, especially microhematomas, is considered to be one probable cause of the chronic encephalopathy in boxers. In a prospective study, 13 amateur boxers were investigated with the help of MRI several times before and after their fights. The MRI investigations were accompanied by neurologic examinations before and after the fights. Among the 13 boxes, 5 demonstrated focal neurological signs following the fights, without evidence of small hematoma or other structural alterations. The number of head punches did not correlate with the occurrence of neurologic signs. These results indicate that up to now imaging methods cannot clarify the development of chronic encephalopathy.


Enfuvirtide (T-20) is a fusion inhibitor that suppresses replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variants with multi-drug resistance to reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors. It is a peptide derived from the C-terminal heptad repeat (C-HR) of HIV-1 gp41, and it prevents interactions between the C-HR and the N-terminal HR (N-HR) of gp41, thus interfering with conformational changes that are required for viral fusion. However, prolonged therapies with T-20 result in the emergence of T-20-resistant strains that contain primary mutations such as N43D in the N-HR of gp41 (where T-20 and C-HR bind) that help the virus escape at a fitness cost. Such variants often go on to acquire a secondary mutation, S138A, in the C-HR of gp41 region that corresponds to the sequence of T-20. We demonstrate here that the role of S138A is to compensate for the impaired fusion kinetics of HIV-1s carrying primary mutations that abrogate binding of T-20. To preempt this escape strategy, we designed a modified T-20 variant containing the S138A substitution and showed that it is a potent inhibitor of both T-20-sensitive and T-20-resistant viruses. Circular dichroism analysis revealed that the S138A provided increased stability of the 6-helix bundle. We validated our approach on another fusion inhibitor, C34. In this case, we designed a variant of C34 with the secondary escape mutation N126K and showed that it can effectively inhibit replication of C34-resistant HIV-1. These results prove that it is possible to design improved peptide-based fusion inhibitors that are efficient against a major mechanism of drug resistance.


Introduction The various discoveries of the Lower Devonian formations in western Tennessee were recounted by Dunbar in 1919.[2][1] In 1913 Weller and Mehl announced before the Geological Society of America their remarkable find of Helderbergian and Oriskanian faunas in the limestones of Sainte Genevieve County, Missouri. This extended the known range of Oriskanian seas 500 miles, from southern Virginia to Missouri or from northern Lake Huron to Missouri. The presence of Helderbergian in Oklahoma has been known ever since J. A. Taff's description of it in 1902 in the Tishomingo Folio of the United States Geological Survey, but far more detail was given by Reeds[3][2] in 1911. The Oriskany, on the basis of fossils, was, however, not clearly discerned by Reeds. Then came the discovery of the true Oriskany in western Tennessee by Dunbar (Quall and Harriman formations) in 1917, extending this sea 200 miles to the southward; and now . . .

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