Many diode-based equivalent circuits for simulating the electrical behaviour of photovoltaic (PV) cells and panels are reported in the scientific literature. Two-diode equivalent circuits, which require more complex procedures to calculate the seven model parameters, are less numerous. The model parameters are generally calculated using the data extracted from the datasheets issued by the PV panel manufactures and adopting simplifying hypotheses and numerical solving techniques. A criterion for rating both the usability and accuracy of two-diode models is proposed in this paper with the aim of supporting researchers and designers, working in the area of PV systems, to select and use a model that may be fit for purpose. The criterion adopts a three-level rating scale that considers the ease of finding the data used by the analytical procedure, the simplicity of the mathematical tools needed to perform calculations and the accuracy achieved in calculating the current and power. The analytical procedures, the simplifying hypotheses and the operative steps to calculate the parameters of the most famous two-diode equivalent circuits are exhaustively described in this paper. The accuracy of the models is tested by comparing the characteristics issued by the PV panel manufacturers with the current-voltage (I-V) curves, at constant solar irradiance and/or cell temperature, calculated with the analysed models with. The results of the study show that the two-diode models recently proposed reach accuracies that are comparable with the values derived from the one-diode models.


ABSTRACT Qin, T.; Zhang, Y.; Fan, X., and Chen, X., 2020. Port new zone and port logistics construction under development of a marine economy. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 113–116. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The ocean accounts for about 71% of the earth's area, which has significant available resources. Therefore, the marine mining economy will one way to alleviate the crisis of human survival. Generally speaking, developed countries are marine economic powers, such as the United States and Europe. At present, economically developed cities and industrial clusters are distributed along the coastline of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Therefore, China must strengthen its important strategy of developing its marine economy. Through the establishment of new areas as a pilot, China can set up coastal cities as an important carrier for development of the marine economy, which is an important measure in line with the national development strategy. Through the establishment of new port areas, China has promoted the development of industrialization and can optimize and upgrade the construction of port logistics, which improves the quality of urban development in China and is an effective choice for Chinese coastal cities to develop a regional economy to tap the marine economy. Therefore, the construction of new port areas and the development of port logistics are important carriers, and the construction of port new zones and port logistics is of great significance, which emphasizes the importance of personnel training, internal and external balance, and environmental protection.


Due to the complexity of programming scalable multiprocessors with physically distributed memories, it is onerous to manually generate parallel code for these machines. As a consequense, there has been much research on the development of compiler techniques to simplify programming, to increase reliability, and to reduce development costs. For code generation, a compiler applies a number of transformations in areas such as data privatization, data copying and replication, synchronization, and data and work distribution. In this paper, we discuss our recent work on the development and implementation of a few compiler techniques for some of these transformations. We use Polaris, a parallelizing Fortran restructurer developed at Illinois, as the infrastructure to implement our algorithms. The paper includes experimental results obtained by applying our techniques to several benchmark codes.


In this work, we study the current coupled to a simplified
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) model using a dual computational and experimental
approach. The surrogate structure reduced the computational burden and
facilitated the experimental measurement of the coupled currents. For a
practical system, a wide range of simulations and measurements must be
performed to analyze the induced current variations with respect to the
incident excitation properties such as the frequency, angle of incidence, and
polarization. To simplify this analysis, Characteristic Mode Analysis (CMA) was
used to compute the eigen-currents of the UAV model and predict where and under
which RF excitation conditions, the coupled current is maximized. We verified
these predictions using direct experimental measurement of the coupled
currents. The presented simulations and measurements show the usefulness of CMA
for studying electromagnetic coupling to practical systems.


This book is a collaborative effort by the Co-Director and the Medical Director of a Stoma Rehabilitation Clinic, which has been a successful pioneer effort to provide consultative advice to stoma patients. The clinic originated as a spin-off from the activities of Q T Boston, in its turn one of the pioneer mutual aid ileostomy "Clubs" now almost 20 years old. The book deals largely with the vast experience of the Q T Boston Group, but the specific information imparted to the reader derives from the responses to a questionnaire to 1,425 ileostomy patients. The book is written for patients, doctors, and paramedical personnel. It contains nothing on surgical technique nor on the various types of appliances, but these are covered in an excellent bibliography. It does provide an understanding of ileostomy and its impact on the individual in an authoritative manner that has not been recorded before. After dispassionately


The retrieval of the past under a fascist ideological lens included not only the image of Romanity (the celebration of Ancient Rome) but also the representation of the Middle Ages. Medievalism represents one of the less familiar and less researched aspects of the cultural policies of Italian Fascism, part of the programmes of national regeneration of the regime, which promoted exhortation of virility, social order and the supremacy of national arts. This article interrogates the representation of the condottieres within Fascist ideology and questions the retrieval of the medieval heritage of the Italian Renaissance in a cinematic perspective. Mussolini's regime recovered the Risorgimento, the imaginary of a powerful and bellicose country. The identification between Mussolini and the condottieri, propagated through various media, was particularly effective. Once the Fascist regime fell, the heroic and ideological outlook of Fascism was completely reversed in favour of a narrative that exalts pacifism and anti-militarism.


The ten papers presented in this eight volume of the Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the IATS, 2000, provide examples of the colourful and lively range of Tibetan self-expressions that exist within the modern homeland and in exile. The scholars here represent the fields of anthropology, sociology, literary studies, history, and political science. Four papers are based in studies in the modern Tibet Autonomous Region, five are grounded in the Tibetan diaspora, and one deals with both classical Tibetan history and current affairs. The mass representation of Tibetan self, delivered through various literary vehicles, by linguistic competence, body decoration, landscape, or individual deportment, constitutes the basic theme of this collection. The volume is useful for any student of Tibet and those interested in the process of identity formation and presentation.


Background: Inhalation induction (II) of anesthesia is a commonly used method in difficult airway management, pediatric anesthesia and also tracheostomized patients' surgical practices. Sevoflurane and desflurane are the most common inhalation agents for II in these procedures of patients. We demonstrated that II with sevoflurane or desflurane in tracheostomized patients who are not studied up until now and their outcomes. Cardiorespiratory changes in II should be the same in tracheostomized patients with desflurane compared to sevoflurane. Methods: We studied 60 adult tracheostomized patients (ASA physical status 2 or 3), scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. Patients were allocated randomly to receive either desflurane (Group D) or sevoflurane (Group S) for II. Following 1 mg midazolam and 1 μg/kg fentanyl, all patients were intubated via tracheostomy with a montandon tracheostomy tube. In the Group D, patients were firstly instructed to breath and then they immediately started using desflurane and 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen (3/3 L). Desflurane was introduced at an inspired concentration of 3% and increased by 1% every 4-6 breaths as tolerated, up to a maximum of 12%. In the Group S, patients were also instructed to breathe firstly and then they immediately started using sevoflurane and 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen (3/3 L). Sevoflurane was introduced at an inspired concentration of 1% and increased by 0.3% every 4-6 breaths as tolerated, up to a maximum of 6%. Hemodynamic values [(SpO2, heart rate (HR) and arterial pressure (MAP)], respiratory complications (coughing, bronchospasm, desaturation, breath-holding), purposeful movement of limbs, secretions requiring removal by suction, time to loss of response to command and concentration of expired inhalation agent (desflurane or sevoflurane) were recorded for 10 minutes of II. Mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage were used for descriptive statistics with SSPS 20.0. Results: Couching, bronchospasm, desaturation, breathholding and purposeful movements distributions did not show any differences in Group D and Group S. Requirement of secretion removal was higher in Group D. Hemodynamic values were more stable in Group S. Conclusion: In tracheostomized patients' II; desflurane has similar airway irritation with sevoflurane but II is more stable with sevoflurane than desflurane.


Abstract Terrestrial thermal environments can serve as analogs for subsurface environments in the search for life because they regularly host microbial communities, which may leave behind biosignatures. This study focused on an acid-sulfate hydrothermal site as an analog for a potentially habitable environment on Mars. A weathered boulder in the thermal area was dissected, revealing an interior marked with disconnected horizons of differently colored materials, very low pH, and increasing temperature. The mineralogy comprised weathering products from andesite (kaolinite, quartz, clinoptilolite) along with sulfate salts (alunite, jarosite, tschermigite, and copiapite) formed by oxidation of sulfide and ferrous iron. Characterization of organic matter in this boulder and several soil samples yielded interesting but surprising results. Both mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy identified organic compounds in portions of the soils and the boulder. Jarosite-associated samples showed more numerous and diverse organic signatures than did Al-bearing silicate samples, despite the lower total organic carbon content of the jarosite-associated soils (0.69 ± 0.07 wt% Corg) compared to the Al-bearing samples (1.28 ± 0.13 wt% Corg). Results from our geochemical, mineralogical, and spectroscopic study of hydrothermal alteration products and salts inform the heterogeneous distribution of inorganic and organic materials that could delineate habitats and demonstrate the limits on organic matter detectability using different analytical techniques. Furthermore, we relate our measurements and results directly to current and upcoming martian missions, and we provide recommendations for detection and characterization of minerals and organics as biosignatures on Mars using instruments on future missions.


The mechanism limiting the channel mobility in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) fabricated in Al-implanted 4H-SiC is discussed comparing different post-implantation annealings. In spite of the improved interfacial morphology in carbon capped samples during annealing, the observed reduction of the mobility (from 40 to 24 cm2 V−1 s−1) suggests that interfacial roughness does not significantly impact the transport in the channel. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of the mobility demonstrates that Coulomb scattering is the main degradation mechanism due to the presence of trapped charges at the SiO2/SiC interface.


Berggren, Jan (2013). Engelskundervisning i gymnasieskolan for mobilisering av ungdomars livschanser. (English teaching in upper secondary school and mobilization of young people's life chances). Linnaeus University Dissertations No 156/2013, ISBN: 978-91-87427-64-0. Written in Swedish with a summary in English.English is a school subject which every Swedish upper secondary student is required to take. The selection and dissemination of knowledge among students attending upper secondary programmes carries the intention of social integration as well as specialization. The aim of this dissertation is then to show how perspectives on education in English elicited from teachers' and students' responses in interviews as well as Swedish education policy (SOU, directives, propositions) contribute to the conditions for the selection of knowledge and teaching, on and between programmes.Inspired by Basil Bernstein's theories of educational sociology (1990, 2000) and Fairclough och Chouliaraki's critical discourse analysis, CDA (1999), albeit adjusted to the aim of this study in pedagogics, the focus is on teachers' and students' views on teaching and knowledge in English classes on four vocational and academic programmes, establishing varying discourse practices on the different programmes. Moreover, perspectives on upper secondary teaching in Swedish education policy texts are analysed following the same methodology.Results indicate that education policy texts at the time of the interviews strive for adjustment of course content in English teaching to the programme (termed 'infargning' in Swedish). Reflecting this trend in education policy, teachers and students on programmes speak of aspirations for English teaching as being either adapted for mainly academic purposes, or vocational and everyday-life purposes. On the basis of these aspirations it is argued that teachers and students establish either academically oriented discourse or vocational and everyday-life oriented discourse as the dominant pedagogical discourse on the individual programme. Thus, education policy as well as teachers and students reflect each other in striving for knowledge to be adapted for the programme. The two discourses contribute to a movement in favour of differences between programmes, though some of the vocational students complain on not being offered possibilities to analyse and discuss current problems in society. This is to say they complain that they do not receive an education in line with the academically oriented discourse, which is offered to students on academic programmes. At the same time, vocational students are dissatisfied in not gaining adequate knowledge in vocational English.Finally, these perspectives indicate discursive conditions for the selection of knowledge and the organization of teaching in English classes on different programmes. In the last chapter of the dissertation these varying perspectives on programmes concerning the selection of knowledge are analysed but now with a focus on the relationship between programmes. Consequences of the varying dominant pedagogical discourses on the programmes are discussed with regard to how they can be understood to mobilize life chances of young people differently, creating conditions for social integration and differentiation. Keywords: Selection of knowledge, upper secondary education, English, education policy, critical discourse analysis, sociology of education, social integration, social differentiation


Cultural Hybridization (CH) aims to analyze the processes of intercrossing and cultural exchange highlighted in the constitution of modernism and in the modernization processes in Latin America. This research is relevant because the units of analysis for identifying the objectives of CH are three Colombian Indigenous Productive Organizations (IPOs), which were formed with traditional indigenous ideals and in the middle of the market dynamics of the organizational economy, then transformed their ideals and cultural aspects with modern Western administrative and cultural practices. The research is based in a qualitative methodology that includes the following techniques: participatory observation; semi-structured interviews; and analysis of native documents. This methodology is applied to investigate the three IPOs of the Nasa ethnicity in Colombia. The results are different for each case. Resistance and then acceptance occurred in the smaller IPO, while segregation and acceptance occurred in the larger and senior IPO. In conclusion, the three IPOs present a diversity of cultural characteristics that provide empirical evidence of the CH in different levels.


Smart Cyber-Physical Systems (sCPS) are a novel kind of Cyber- Physical System engineered to take advantage of large-scale cooperation between devices, users and environment to achieve added value in the face of uncertainty and changing environments. Examples of sCPS include modern traffic systems, Industry 4.0 systems, systems for smart buildings, and smart energy grids. The uniting aspect of all these systems is that to achieve their high level of intelligence, adaptivity and ability to optimize and learn, they rely heavily on software. This makes them software-intensive systems, where software becomes their most complex part. Engineering sCPS thus becomes a recognized software engineering discipline, which, due to specifics of sCPS, can only partially rely on the existing body of knowledge in software engineering. In fact, it turns out that many of the traditional approaches to architecture modeling and software development fall short in their ability to cope with the high dynamicity and uncertainty of sCPS. This calls for innovative approaches that jointly reflect and address the specifics of such systems. This paper maps the discussions and results of the Fourth International Workshop on Software Engineering for Smart Cyber-Physical Systems (SEsCPS 2018), which focuses on challenges and promising solutions in the area of software engineering for sCPS.


This paper adopted a new video watermarking scheme based on hybrid transforms to achieve the watermarking requirements, that is, robustness, imperceptibility, and security. Where In our system   first of all, the original video will be divided into frames to transform it using the Slantlet Transform into four sub-bands (i.e., LL, LH, HL, and HH).  Secondly, The   HL sub-band will be chosen for further decomposition using Contourlet Transform (CT), and then the low sub-band of CT will be selected to decompose it to fixed size non overlapping blocks to employ the DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) on each block.  lastly, to  improve the security and robustness, the watermark logo is scrambled using AT(Arnold transformation )  as a prelude to embed it's  on the each  transformed  non-overlapping blocks. Experimental results show that the proposed system achieves good imperceptibility and high resistance against various attacks.


Tumors of the prostate, penis and testis respectively formed 3.5% and 0.5% of all male cancers. These findings are compared with those of various studies and some possible etiologic factors are discussed.


Background and Objective: Cervical cancer involves many women annually and Pop smear test has played a significant role in reducing its mortality and for this reason, its improvement is very essential. In this respect, cervex brush is a new tool that has been introduced in many countries. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare Pop smears from cotton swab-spatula and Cervex brush methods with regard to cell number. Materials and Methods: The clinical trial and randomized protocol of this study was conducted on 400 women as referrals of gynecology clinic of Hazrat Rassoul Akram (s) hospital and the cases with inclusion criteria were further investigated and their data using above-mentioned methods were compared. For statistical analysis, SPSS software and student's t-test and chi-square tests were used. Results: It was found out that the mean age of cases was 34.13 ± 9.3 years. Meanwhile, there was a significant difference between the groups regarding endocervical cells (p<0.001) and bleeding on sampling (p<0.001). Conclusion: It is concluded that appropriate use of Cervex brush method can prevent the need for re-sampling regarding Pop smear test and in this way it can lower health-related costs.


This paper considers the relationship between the centralised exogenous, institutions and the embedded, endogenous institutions of rural governance in Europe through an examination the evaluation procedures of the European LEADER programme. LEADER is presented in the literature as progressive in terms of innovation and stakeholder engagement. Yet while the planning and management of LEADER embraces heterogeneity and participation, programmatic evaluation is centralised and held at arms length from delivery organisations. The paper reviews previous efforts to improve evaluation in LEADER and considers alternative strategies for evaluation, contrasting LEADER practice with participatory evaluation methodologies in the wider international context. Can evaluation in itself be valuable as a mode of social learning and hence a driver for endogenous development in rural communities in Europe? The paper concludes by examining the challenges in producing a hybrid form of evaluation which accommodates endogenous and exogenous values.


This paper presents a numerical study on multi-mode focusing of guided elastic waves in pipe-like structures over a range of frequencies using a single metamaterial lens design. We explore focusing of the first two longitudinal (L(0,1) and L(0,2)) and the first torsional (T(0,1)) wave modes in steel pipe integrated with a metamaterial lens made of cylindrical steel stubs of varying heights attached to outer surface of the pipe. Proposed metamaterial lens design is based on gradient index (GRIN) theory with hyperbolic secant distribution of refractive index in circumferential direction. Amplification of multi-mode guided wave signals are achieved at focal points of the lens which is verified through numerical simulations. The focusing performance of proposed lens is studied at multiple frequencies for all the three modes and first two focal positions are verified with theoretical predictions of GRIN theory.


In a continuation of TIME's successful books on science, this volume will range widely through the most captivating topics in nature-astronomy, physics, geology, climate, physiology and more-to present a host of fascinating facts. Each story will contain the scientific explanation for phenomena that defy credulity, from unique animal behaviors to the characteristics of distant galaxies, from amazing aspects of the human mind to the paradoxes of subatomic physics. The book will also include a history of debunked scientific theories, notions once taken for granted that have been shown to be false.


A 30 years old male patient was admitted to the dermatology department of Sagar Hospitals with chief complaints of lesions over the hands, lips and at the back of the body and also mild pedal edema noted on 2nd day after the patient had administered Tab paracetamol& Tab Ciprofloxacin for the treatment of febrile illness. The Patient had a history of the same reaction twice for the Tab Norfloxacin but never experienced this Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) to Ciprofloxacin before using Norfloxacin. Upon general examination the patient was treated with Tab Hydralazine, Tab Prednisolone and Calamine lotion afterthe withdrawal of drug Ciprofloxacin. Dechallenge of Ciprofloxacin showed that there was an improvement in his symptoms indicating drug induced vasculitis. The causality assessment was done by using the Naranjo's adverse drug reaction probability scale and the score was 9 indicating highly probable relationship between the ADR and the drug, moderate in severity according to Hartwig severity assessment scale. From dechallenge and rechallenge information the patient was concluded to be allergic to Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin. In conclusion patient may need to avoid the class of fluoroquinolones since there is a cross reaction to Norfloxacin. Physicians and other healthcare professionals should maintain a high index of suspicion to closely monitor the cases of cutaneous vasculitis due to Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin since these drugs are commonly prescribed and well tolerated. Furthermore, this ADR can be prevented in future only by providing the awareness, counseling and also by issuing an ADR alert card to the patient.


The convergence behaviors of so-called natural evolution strategies (NES) and of the information-geometric optimization (IGO) approach are considered. After a review of the NES/IGO ideas, which are based on information geometry, the implications of this philosophy w.r.t. optimization dynamics are investigated considering the optimization performance on the class of positive quadratic objective functions (the ellipsoid model). Exact differential equations describing the approach to the optimizer are derived and solved. It is rigorously shown that the original NES philosophy optimizing the expected value of the objective functions leads to very slow (i.e., sublinear) convergence toward the optimizer. This is the real reason why state of the art implementations of IGO algorithms optimize the expected value of transformed objective functions, for example, by utility functions based on ranking. It is shown that these utility functions are localized fitness functions that change during the IGO flow. The governing differential equations describing this flow are derived. In the case of convergence, the solutions to these equations exhibit an exponentially fast approach to the optimizer (i.e., linear convergence order). Furthermore, it is proven that the IGO philosophy leads to an adaptation of the covariance matrix that equals in the asymptotic limit—up to a scalar factor—the inverse of the Hessian of the objective function considered.


Abstract Background: Radiography is often used routinely by the general practitioner (GP) in knee osteoarthritis (KOA), even though the diagnosis can be made based on clinical findings. However, radiography may also be requested when serious pathology is suspected. The agreement between the radiographic and the GPs clinical diagnosis and the ability of radiography to rule out serious pathology in clinical KOA is unknown, despite that this is important to evaluate the clinical value of radiography. Objectives: The objectives were to evaluate agreement between the radiographic and clinical diagnosis in KOA; and to describe radiographic features in patients referred from their GP with clinical KOA. Methods: Referral forms from GPs and radiographs of 1 334 consecutive patients above 40 years not previously diagnosed with KOA were evaluated. The agreement between primary indication for radiographic referral (± clinical KOA; according to the recommendations from the European League Against Rheumatism) and the radiographic diagnosis (± radiographic KOA; Kellgren and Lawrence score ≥ 1) was estimated using Cohen's Κ statistics. Furthermore, an evaluation of radiographic features was carried out in patients with clinical KOA (n = 997). Results: The strength of the agreement was 0.106 to 0.298 with the lowest agreement in the youngest patients and the highest in the oldest patients. Five radiographs (0.5%) revealed conditions needing further investigation or specific treatment (osteonecrosis, osteochondral lesion, fracture and subluxation). Conclusion: In patients with clinical KOA, the radiography seems only indicated if the clinical assessment cannot rule out other diagnoses or serious pathology.


The link between anxiety disorders and alcohol abuse and dependence has been established in adults, but the relationship between anxiety and adolescent alcohol involvement is less clear. In this dissertation, we compared explanatory models of substance use including the self-medication hypothesis, the social learning model, and the rebound hypothesis to characterize the association between anxiety and alcohol use in groups with various levels of experience with drinking. Additionally, we included depression symptoms in our studies to assess whether the relationships we found between anxiety and alcohol were unique or similar to those found with other forms of negative affect. In chapter 1, we investigated the relationships between several types of social anxiety symptoms and the onset of alcohol use in middle school students. We found that social anxiety significantly predicted initiation of drinking at both extremely high and low levels, and sex differences were observed. Chapter 2 follows with an analysis of the impact of social anxiety, depression, and alcohol expectancies on youths' drinking. We found that the self-medication hypothesis characterized the relationship between depression symptoms and drinking behavior, while the relationship between social anxiety and alcohol use was explained by social learning theory. Chapters 3 and 4 examined alcohol and drug use relapse characteristics in an adolescent substance use disordered treatment sample. In chapter 3 we found that compared to youth with only a substance use disorder, comorbid youth relapsed more often and more rapidly after treatment. In chapter 4, anxiety symptoms were more likely reported to improve than worsen immediately after relapse and in the two weeks following the relapse episode, indicating support for the self-medication hypothesis, while depression symptoms worsened in youth who relapsed with stimulants, which is consistent with a rebound effect. Chapter 5 is a replication of the study in chapter 4 with adults post-treatment for substance use disorders, with and without comorbid psychopathology. Unlike in the adolescent sample, almost no adults reported improvements in any psychiatric symptoms following relapse, however depression symptoms were rated as worsening more than anxiety symptoms


Summary

Sikhye is a popular Korean rice-and-malt drink. This drink is prepared using a specific traditional process and has short shelf life. Commercial processing using ultra-high temperature affects characteristic colour and flavour attributes and disturbs the traditional method of sikhye preparation. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of TiO2–UVC photocatalysis (TUVP) nonthermal processing with heat-pasteurised and untreated sikhye samples during storage at 4 and 10 °C. TUVP and heat treatments were both sufficient to inhibit regrowth of total aerobic bacteria and coliform during storage. Hunter colour parameter values showed that the colour of sikhye was less affected by TUVP treatment compared to the heat treatment. Higher sensory scores for flavour, taste and overall preference were attained for low-dosage TUVP-treated (0.24 J cm−2) samples than for heat-treated samples but without a significant difference. TUVP treatment effectively controlled the microbial growth during storage at 4 °C for more than 18 days which was reported a serious microbiological safety issue. In summary, TUVP showed its suitability for commercialisation possibilities of fresh sikhye drink by inactivating the main micro-organisms and thus increasing significantly its shelf life with minimum impact on quality characteristics.


The paper deals with the issue of compiling the Southwestern dialect dictionaries. A survey of the history of the dialect dictionaries from the mid - nineteenth century to the present is given. The scientific background and principles of compiling the dictionaries in question are analyzed. Special attention is given to dictionary register, dictionary entry structure, description of semantic properties of registered words, illustrative material, word passport. It has been established that many aspects of the Hutsul dialects are reflected in different lexicographical works, though a big academic dictionary still needs to be written. There exist big differential dictionaries of the Boyko, Bukovynian, Upper Dniestrian dialects. The Transcarpathian and Lemko dialects are less closely studied in this respect. There have been carried out some lexicographical studies of the Podillian, Pokuttian, Southern Volynian dialects and the dialects of the Sian river basin; further research is certainly needed to provide a firm basis for compiling dictionaries of these dialects.


I INTRODUCTION. There can be no doubt that interest in Hegel among Anglo-American philosophers is greater now than it has been at any point in the past 100 years. This interest has happily taken the form of increased attention to his major published works, primarily the Phenomenology of Spirit and the Philosophy of Right. (1) While the more systematically central Science of Logic remains largely the domain of Hegel specialists, non-specialists, particularly those interested in Hegel's relation to Kant, are turning to that text as well. And given the influence of Hegel on some contemporary philosophers of mind, it seems inevitable that the Philosophy of Spirit will soon come in for detailed treatment. (2) But amidst all this increased interest in Hegel, a major part of his mature system has been almost completely ignored: the Philosophy of Nature. (3) The Anglo-American tradition in philosophy, and the Austrian tradition from which it in part stems, have always harbored deep suspicions about this area of Hegel's thought. Bolzano, a contemporary of Hegel's whom Dummett has called "the great-grandfather of analytic philosophy" (4) devoted considerable time and ink to attacks on Hegel generally and on the Philosophy of Nature in particular; he repeatedly uses the heading "Hegel's Ignorance" for his notebook entries on that text. (5) Helmholtz, the sober-minded scientist and prominent member of the "back to Kant" movement that eventually led to 20th-century neo-Kantianism and positivism, also singles out this part of Hegel's system for scorn, saying that upon its release it "appeared to natural scientists to be, at the very least, absolutely senseless." (6) He did not think time had improved its intelligibility, either. Similar, and well-known, comments are to be found in the writings of Popper and Russell. (7) Yet it would be wrong to single out Anglo-American philosophers for their eagerness to condemn the Philosophy of Nature. Perhaps predictably, some Hegel partisans, recognizing a chance to gain an audience for one part of the system by disavowing another, have attacked the Philosophy of Nature in the process of advocating a Hegelian approach to some other area of inquiry. (8) Indeed, this strategy appears particularly popular among Hegelians whose primary interest is in developing a Hegelian approach to the sciences of nature. So we can find Meyerson, an otherwise dedicated Hegelian, attacking the philosophy of nature even as he advocates a "Hegelian" historical treatment of the natural sciences themselves. (9) On the whole, then, both passionate anti-Hegelians and passionate Hegelians are united in their rejection of the Philosophy of Nature. (10) Are they wrong? The purpose of this paper is to indicate, if only briefly and in sketch form, the basis for a new understanding and evaluation of the Philosophy of Nature. The central task in carrying out this project is to show that Hegel's philosophy of nature is entirely intelligible within the context of a straightforward understanding of modern, mathematized natural science, its goals, and its values. Since many of these goals and values are intimately bound up with conceptions of experiment, empirical responsiveness, and responsibility to the deliverances of the senses and their technological proxies, I can carry out this task only if I can overcome the central obstacle blocking virtually every reading of the Philosophy of Nature to date: namely, the conviction that Hegel claims a priori status for his system, and for the part dealing with nature in particular. Beyond merely arguing that the Philosophy of Nature is not "at the very least, absolutely senseless," I have another goal: to show that Hegel's Philosophy of Nature is both important and relevant to contemporary philosophical concerns beyond the areas of history of philosophy and Hegel scholarship. (11) In particular, an adequate study of the Philosophy of Nature yields results for the problem of the rationality of scientific theory change, as well as yielding results in philosophy of mind and epistemology. …


Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease with progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. SMA is caused by low levels of the Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) protein, which also leads to neurite outgrowth defects in neuronal cells. Rescue of the outgrowth defect is thought to be a strategy for SMA treatment. Polyphenolic histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors might be good candidates due to their neuritogenic properties. In the present study, it was investigated whether neurite outgrowth defects could be rescued by curcumin and resveratrol, which are SMN-inducing polyphenols, having HDAC inhibition activity. According to our results, although curcumin and resveratrol failed to restore the neurite outgrowth defects, the SMN protein was found to be necessary for the neurite-promoting activity of curcumin in neuron-like PC12 cells.


Small business owners (SBOs) in low-income communities face several challenges when asking for micro-credit loans from financial institutions. Usual difficulties include low credit scores, unbaked situations, outstanding debts, informal employment situations, and the inability to showcase their payable capacity. We interviewed bank credit agents, financial analysts, financial educators, and small business owners to understand the main challenges to accessing credit and the main alternative criteria used to assess creditworthiness. From our research, we sensed that SBOs are not knowledgeable enough and aware of the health of their business. The lack of knowledge about their own business can impact their communication skills to show the documentation and convince credit agents of the necessity of a microloan. This demo showcases a voice-based conversational system that helps unveil SBOs of their business situation, informing a Health Business Index (HBI). The HBI can also be used as collateral by bank agents in financial institutions.


The KPNO International Spectroscopic Survey (KISS) is an objective-prism survey for extragalactic emission-line objects. It combines many of the features of previous slitless spectroscopic surveys with the advantages of modern CCD detectors and is the first purely digital objective-prism survey for emission-line galaxies. Here we present the second list of emission-line galaxy candidates selected from our red spectral data, which cover the wavelength range 6400 to 7200 Å. In most cases, the detected emission line is Hα. The current survey list covers a 1.°6-wide strip located at δ = 43°30′ (B1950) and spans the right ascension range 11h55m to 16h15m. The survey strip runs through the center of the Bootes void and has enough depth to adequately sample the far side of the void. An area of 65.8 deg2 is covered. A total of 1029 candidate emission-line objects have been selected for inclusion in the survey list (15.6 deg-2). We tabulate accurate coordinates and photometry for each source, as well as estimates of the redshift and emission-line flux and equivalent width based on measurements of the digital objective-prism spectra. The properties of the KISS emission-line galaxies are examined using the available observational data. Although the current survey covers only a modest fraction of the total volume of the Bootes void, we catalog at least 12 objects that appear to be located within the void. Only one of these objects has been recognized previously as a void galaxy.


ABSTRACT In our research, we determine the effect of low-level laser irradiation with nanoparticles on Streptococcus salivarius. Photodynamic killing of periodontopathogenic bacteria may be an alternative to the systemic application of antibacterial drugs used in the treatment of periodontal diseases. The application of photosensitizing nanoparticles and their excitation by visible light of blue spectra enables effective killing of periodontopathogens. This data combined with the results demonstrates that TiO2, AgTiO2 and S/TiO2 can inhibit the proliferation of Streptococcus salivarius due to its high photocatalytic activity, which irreversibly damages the cell walls and membranes.


Author(s): Borgman, Christine L. | Abstract: This is the core PhD seminar in research design for the Department of Information Studies, covering a range of social science research methods for studying human behavior. It follows, or is offered concurrently with, 291A, Theoretical Traditions In Information Studies. Graduate students in Information Studies or related fields (education, communication, public policy, management, psychology, etc.) who have not taken 291A but who have extensive background in epistemology or research methods may enroll with instructor's permission. Also prerequisite is at least one course in descriptive and inferential statistics. The course is conducted as a workshop, drawing upon students' research projects as cases. We will survey quantitative and qualitative research designs and address research ethics and the protection of human subjects. The first week of the course will provide a brief review of epistemological issues, basic concepts of research design, and a refresher in statistical concepts. The course is intended to prepare students for further study on specific methods and to assist in preparation for the PhD qualifying exams. Students will begin to build their personal libraries on research methods via the course readings. Materials include popular textbooks on social science research methods and the primary publication manual for social science research. Students will develop a research project and will present an analysis of research reported in a journal article in class.


ABSTRACT Tumor microenvironment (TME) contains a variety of infiltrating immune cells. Among them, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and their alternative activation contribute greatly to the progression of tumors. The mechanisms governing macrophage polarization in the TME are unclear. Here, we show that in TAMs or macrophages under tumor-conditioned medium treatment, the expression of transcription factor EB (TFEB) is reduced and more of the TFEB protein is in an inactive cytosolic form. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is identified as a main driving force for the reduced TFEB expression and activity in TAMs via activating ERK signaling. TFEB interference in macrophages significantly enhanced their alternative activation, with reduced expression of MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecule CD80, decreased ability to activate T cells, and increased ability to attract tumor cells. When co-inoculated with tumor cells, macrophages with TFEB knockdown significantly enhanced tumor growth with increased infiltration of M2-like macrophages, reduced infiltration of CD8+ T cells, and enhanced angiogenesis in the tumors. Mechanistic studies revealed that TFEB downregulation resulted in macrophage M2 polarization through reducing SOCS3 production and enhancing STAT3 activation. We further demonstrate that the activation of TFEB by hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in macrophages suppressed their M2 polarization and tumor-promoting capacity, and that macrophage-specific TFEB overexpression inhibited breast tumor growth in mice. Therefore, our data suggest that TFEB plays critical roles in macrophage polarization, and the downregulation of TFEB expression and activation is an integral part of tumor-induced immune editing in the TME. This study provides a rationale for a new cancer treatment strategy by modulating macrophage polarization through activating TFEB.


In the present work, we studied in detail the thermochemistry, thermal stability, mechanical sensitivity, and detonation performance for 20 nitro-, cyano-, and methyl derivatives of 1,2,5-oxadiazole-2-oxide (furoxan), along with their bis-derivatives. For all species studied, we also determined the reliable values of the gas-phase formation enthalpies using highly accurate multilevel procedures W2-F12 and/or W1-F12 in conjunction with the atomization energy approach and isodesmic reactions with the domain-based local pair natural orbital (DLPNO) modifications of the coupled-cluster techniques. Apart from this, we proposed reliable benchmark values of the formation enthalpies of furoxan and a number of its (azo)bis-derivatives. Additionally, we reported the previously unknown crystal structure of 3-cyano-4-nitrofuroxan. Among the monocyclic compounds, 3-nitro-4-cyclopropyl and dicyano derivatives of furoxan outperformed trinitrotoluene, a benchmark melt-cast explosive, exhibited decent thermal stability (decomposition temperature >200 °C) and insensitivity to mechanical stimuli while having notable volatility and low melting points. In turn, 4,4′-azobis-dicarbamoyl furoxan is proposed as a substitute of pentaerythritol tetranitrate, a benchmark brisant high explosive. Finally, the application prospects of 3,3′-azobis-dinitro furoxan, one of the most powerful energetic materials synthesized up to date, are limited due to the tremendously high mechanical sensitivity of this compound. Overall, the investigated derivatives of furoxan comprise multipurpose green energetic materials, including primary, secondary, melt-cast, low-sensitive explosives, and an energetic liquid.


Many studies suggest green tea is a cancer chemopreventive agent. This effect has been attributed to its major constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). EGCG is also observed to have cytotoxic anticancer effects, especially when used in combination with certain chemotherapeutic agents. The biochemical actions of EGCG in chemoprevention and anticancer effects have been studied; however, the mechanisms of action are not clearly understood. We show here by expression genomics the effects of EGCG (25 micromol/L) in the Ha-ras gene transformed human bronchial epithelial 21BES cells. We found induction of temporal changes in gene expression and the coalescence of specific genetic pathways by EGCG. In this experimental system, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was produced. By treating cells with EGCG in the presence or absence of catalase, we further distinguished gene expression changes that are mediated by H2O2 from those that are H2O2 independent. Many genes and cellular pathways, including genes of the transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway, were H2O2 dependent because the effects were abolished by catalase. Gene expression changes that were not affected by catalase included those of the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway, peptidylprolyl isomerase (cyclophilin)-like 2, alkylated DNA repair enzyme alkB, polyhomeotic-like 2, and homeobox D1. We show further that EGCG and H2O2 differentially transactivated the bone morphogenetic protein and the transforming growth factor-beta response element promoter reporters, respectively, thus confirming results from DNA microarray analysis. The elucidation of gene expression changes between H2O2-dependent and H2O2-independent responses helps us better understand the cancer chemopreventive and anticancer actions of EGCG.


Off-Roading is a very rapidly growing hobby that gains followers each year. Part of the attraction of it is that there are so many different types of off-roading available to participants. What people don't think about is how harmful off-roading is to the surrounding environment. Off-roading causes increased erosion and accelerates vegetation loss especially on sand dunes. One such area that shows this is Silver Lake State Park in Michigan. Both remotely sensed images and field work is used to determine whether or not off-roading has a negative impact on sand dune erosion and surrounding vegetation. What was found was that when an area used specifically for off-road vehicles and a pedestrian only area were compared that the off-road vehicles the amount erosion that was in the off-road area was much greater than that of the pedestrian area. Another aspect that was looked at was the off-road vegetation. When the surface areas of vegetated areas was looked at it was found that the off-road area had diminishing, small stands of vegetation where the pedestrian area had larger vegetated areas that were growing. Although there is not enough evidence to definitively conclude that the changes are being caused solely by off-road vehicles.


Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) significantly lowers the incidence of ovarian, tubal, peritoneal, and breast cancer in women who carry BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutations. A minority of RRSO specimens from these women will contain occult early-stage carcinoma. Most occult cancer is localized in the fallopian tube fimbriae and is as small as 1 mm in size. Pathologic detection is dependent on thoroughness of tissue examination. Recommended protocols to maximize tumor detection emphasize the role of thinly slicing the tubes and ovaries and embedding the entire specimen for microscopic examination. Additional multistep level sections of tubal fimbriae tissue blocks could theoretically increase detection of occult tubal carcinoma but the value of level sections has not been formally evaluated. This study tests the diagnostic utility of multistep level sections in RRSO specimens from 102 women with BRCA germline mutations. The original diagnoses were based on a single section from each block of thinly sliced (2 to 3 mm intervals) tissues of the entire RRSO specimen. Three multistep level sections were retrospectively obtained from each block containing tubal fimbriae. Clinically occult carcinoma ranging in size from 1 to 13 mm was initially detected in 11 of 102 women (5 in tubal fimbriae only, 1 in tubal isthmus only, 2 in fimbriae and ovary, and 3 in ovary only). Diagnoses in the original fimbrial slides and their level sections were concordant in all cases. All tubal cancers were detected in both the original sections and in the multistep level sections. None of the tubal carcinomas that were noninvasive on the original slides showed invasive growth on additional level sections. No tubal carcinoma was identified in the level sections of any case originally classified as benign. Clinical follow-up among women with benign RRSO findings revealed that 2 women subsequently developed peritoneal carcinomatosis at 22 and 62 months postoperatively. Retrospective exhaustive multistep level sectioning of all remaining tubal and ovarian blocks from both these women confirmed the original benign diagnosis in 1 woman but in the other woman, the deepest levels of 1 ovarian block revealed a single 1-mm nodule of cancer at the base of an ovarian surface epithelial invagination. This specimen was one of the first RRSO cases in our experience and on review of the original report, this ovary was not dissected into multiple slices along its short axis but was only bivalved along its long axis. We propose that there does not seem to be any diagnostic value in automatically performing multistep deeper level sections of RRSO specimens if the tissue is sectioned appropriately and if the specimen is sliced at intervals that are no more than 3 mm thick. Guidelines for evaluation of RRSO specimens should emphasize the use of an optimal dissection protocol and the importance of thin tissue slice intervals.


Abstract: were investigated 79 children with consequences of secondary encephalitis, 41 of them with symptomatic epilepsy and 38 without seizures. Was revealed most significant risk factors of symptomatic epilepsy, where importance ones was unfavorable perinatal background and hereditary fatality of children by epileptic conditions and psychological diseases.


The inhibition of urease by heavy metal ions has been habitually ascribed to the reaction of the ions with enzyme thiol groups, resulting in the formation of mercaptides. To probe the modes of metal binding to the enzyme, in this work the reaction of mono- (Ag, Hg) and di- (Cu, Hg) valent metal ions with jack bean urease was studied. The enzyme was reacted with different concentrations of the metal ions for different periods of times, when its residual activity was assayed and thiol content titrated. The titration carried out with DTNB was done to examine the involvement of urease thiol groups in metal ion binding. The binding was further probed by reactivation of the metal ion-enzyme complexes with DTT, EDTA and dilution. The results are discussed in terms of the HSAB concept. In inhibiting urease the metal ions showed a common feature in that they inhibited the enzyme within a comparable micromolar range, and also in that their inhibition was multisite. By contrast, the main distinguishing feature in their action consisted of the involvement of enzyme thiol groups in the reaction. Hg (2+) and Hg2(2+) inhibition was found thoroughly governed by the reaction with the enzyme thiols, and the complete loss of enzyme activity involved all thiols available in the enzyme under non-denaturating conditions. In contrast, Ag+ and Cu2+ ions for the complete inactivation of the enzyme required 53 and 60% of thiols, respectively. Accordingly, Ag+ and Cu2+ binding to functional groups in urease other than thiols, i.e. N- and O-containing groups, cannot be excluded. Based on the reactivation experiments this seems particularly likely for Cu2+, whose concurrent binding to thiols and other groups might distort the architecture of the active site (the mechanism of which remains to be elucidated) resulting in the observed inhibitory effects.


Multiresource generalized assignment problem (MRGAP) has enormous applications in solving real problems of industries. In recent years, several generalizations of MRGAP have been proposed to tackle very difficult problems. An important generalization is called flexible demand assignment (FDA) problem. In this paper, a generalization of FDA is proposed that has many applications. Two features of our formulation are inclusion of: 1) acceptance of orders from a large set of available orders and 2) consideration of setup time between operations of two consecutive of tasks. We show an interesting application of generalized FDA is unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assignment problem. For the UAV assignment problem, we show our formulation considerably reduces the size of the problem compared to some recent results. To test effectiveness of the proposed model, computational experiment with CPLEX for the UAV assignment problem is presented.


The article is a study into the advent of the 'systems approach' in Soviet psychology in the 1970s. This arose mainly through the theoretical publications of B. F. Lomov, written after he had been appointed director of the newly established Institute of Psychology. These publications are examined as reflections of those interests related to the sociopolitical role of the director of this leading psychology institution, which was officially charged with building a common theoretical and methodological framework for all Soviet psychology. The main goal of these texts, predetermined by the role of their author, was to advance a theoretical scheme that made possible a formal unification of the schools of psychology, and which at the same time promoted an image of psychology as a research field that was both capable of achieving practically applicable results and compatible with the new 'big science' trend.


STUDY QUESTION
Is the combined excisional/ablative technique for the treatment of ovarian endometriomas better than the traditional stripping technique in terms of recurrence rate?

SUMMARY ANSWER
There is no evidence that the combined excisional/ablative technique is better than the traditional stripping technique, as similar recurrence rates were observed for the two techniques.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
The stripping technique is associated with better results compared with ablative, non-excisional techniques for the treatment of ovarian endometriomas. Excisional techniques, such as stripping, have, however, been associated with reduced ovarian reserve as evaluated with anti-Mullerian hormone, and surgical techniques that better preserve the ovarian reserve are needed.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
A prospective, multicentre, randomized blinded clinical trial was carried out on 51 patients with bilateral endometriomas larger than 3 cm. For each patient, serving as her own control, one ovary was randomized to the stripping technique and the contralateral to the combined excisional/ablative technique. Patients were enrolled between January 2013 and April 2014.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Patients of reproductive age with pelvic pain and/or infertility affected by bilateral endometriomas larger than 3 cm were included (n = 51). The patients underwent laparoscopic removal of endometriomas with two different surgical techniques performed at either side after random assignment: complete removal by stripping on one side versus the combined technique, consisting of partial excisional cystectomy followed by completion with ablative surgery using bipolar coagulation, on the other side. Post-operative follow-up was performed at 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery for the evaluation of endometrioma recurrence (primary outcome) and of antral follicle count (AFC) and ovarian volumes (OVs) to assess ovarian reserve (secondary outcome).

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Recurrence rates were 5.9% for the stripping technique versus 2.0% for the combined technique (odds ratio 3.00; 95% confidence interval: 0.24-157.5; P = 0.62). AFC in the ovaries treated with the stripping technique did not differ significantly from AFC in ovaries treated with the combined technique at all follow-up visits, whereas OV was significantly lower after the combined technique at the 6-month follow-up visit (P = 0.04).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
A major limitation of this study is the small sample size and particularly for ovarian reserve, the secondary outcome, for which no formal sample size calculation was performed. The lower-than-expected recurrence rates in the present series may be related to the shorter follow-up in our study compared with most studies in the literature. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up are needed to confirm the findings of this study. The combined technique using CO2 laser energy instead of bipolar coagulation should also be evaluated.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
The traditional excisional technique, i.e. the stripping technique, should still be considered the gold standard approach for the surgical treatment of endometriomas.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS
No commercial funding was received. The authors report no relevant conflict of interest.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
ANZCTR number ACTRN12614000653662.

TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE
23 June 2014.

DATE OF FIRST PATIENT'S ENROLMENT
1 January 2013.


Vaginal suppository formulations of metronidazole were prepared using six different bases as Witepsol H15, Cremao, Ovucire WL2944, Ovucire WL3264, PEG 1500, PEG 6000. Three different dissolution methods were used to evaluate the in vitro drug release from the suppositories. The diffusion studies were performed through synthetic (cellophane) and natural membrane (rabbit vagina), but the drug did not show good permeation characteristics from natural membrane. Ovucire WL3264 suppositories of metronidazole labeled with 99mTc (Tecnetium-99m) were used for the vaginal absorption and biodistribution studies in the rabbits. Scintigraphic images were collected after vaginal administration of the labeled suppositories using SPECT gamma fitted with a low energy, high-resolution parallel hole collimator. The labeled drug showed high biodistribution in urine beside vaginal site. The results of this study suggested that the Ovucire WL3264 suppository of metronidazole prepared for vaginal infections could also be effective in the urinary infections.


Background and problem – As a result of financial crises and the realization of a broader stakeholder network, recent decades have seen an increase in stakeholder demand for non- financial information in corporate reporting. This has led to a situation of information overload where separate financial and sustainability reports have developed in length and complexity interdependent of each other. Integrated reporting has been presented as a solution to this problematic situation. The question is whether the corporate world believe this to be the solution and if the development of corporate reporting is heading in this direction.Purpose - This thesis aims to examine and assess to what extent companies listed on the OMX Stockholm 30 (OMXS30), as per 2016-02-28, comply with the Strategic content element of the Framework and how this disclosure has developed since the framework's pilot project and official release by using a self-constructed disclosure index based on its specific items.Methodology – The purpose was fulfilled through an analysis of 104 annual reports comprising 26 companies during the period of 2011-2014. The annual reports were assessed using a self-constructed disclosure index based on the Framework content element Strategy and Resource Allocation, where one point was given for each disclosed item.Analysis and conclusions – The study found that the OMXS30-listed companies to a large extent complies with the strategic content element of the Framework and that this compliance has seen a steady growth throughout the researched time span. There is still room for improvement however with a total average framework compliance of 84% for 2014. Although many items are being reported on, there are indications that companies generally miss out on the core values of Integrated reporting.


The static shear creep behavior of asphalt mastic containing recycled red brick powder (RBP) is investigated in this paper. The used mastic consists of asphalt and filler at a mass ratio of 1:1. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) performed the static shear creep tests at 0°C. The static shear creep behavior of RBP asphalt mastic was analyzed and modeled based on Burgers model. It is concluded that the introduction of RBP results in smaller deformation, higher static shear creep stiffness modulus of asphalt mastic at 0°C. It was also indicated that Burgers model can well explain the static shear creep behavior of RBP asphalt mastic.


found in many cases of pseudotumnour whatever the cause and consequently is of little help,l 2 but adequate temporal artery biopsy may help in diagnosis and should also be performed. Though the condition may remit spontaneously, in temporal arteritis delay in diagnosis may allow further irreversible ar,teritic complications to occur. Corticosteroids in adequate dosage produce dramatic symptomatic benefit and objective imnprovement follows within a week, so that it may be clinically prudent to treat elderly patients with a trial of corticosteroids rather than resort to prolonged investigation or transfer to a specialized centre for further procedures. I tentatively suggest that many of the idiopathic granulomatous pseudotumours of the orbit in elderly patients responding te corticosteroids are in reality caused either by temporal arteritis or Wegener's granulomatosis, possibly in the "limited" form descritbed by Carrington and Liebow.3 After a successful trial 3f corticosteroids the patient should receive prolonged follow-up to prevent recurrence of the parent disease when corticosteroids are reduced or discontinued. -I am, etc., PHILIP GIBBS Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester


The mouse has emerged as an advantageous species for studying the brain circuitry that underlies complex behavior and for modeling neuropsychiatric disease. The transition from flexible, goal‐directed actions to inflexible, habitual responses is argued to be a valid and reliable behavioral model for studying a core aspect of corticostriatal systems that is implicated in certain forms of psychopathology. This transition is thought to correspond to a progression of behavioral control from associative to sensorimotor corticobasal ganglia networks. Habits form following extensive training and are characterized by reduced sensitivity of instrumental responding to reinforcer revaluation; few studies have examined this form of behavioral control in mice. Here we examined the involvement of the dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatum in this transition in the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain. We provided evidence that damage to the dorsolateral striatum disrupted habitual responding, i.e. it preserved sensitivity to changes in outcome value following either outcome devaluation or, shown for the first time in mice, outcome inflation. Together, these data show that instrumental responding in lesioned mice tracks the current value of a reinforcer and provide evidence that neuroanatomical mechanisms underlying habit learning in rats are preserved in the mouse. This will allow for the genetic and molecular dissection of neural factors involved in decision‐making and mechanisms of aberrant habit formation.


Since the processes that cause earthquakes in the eastern United States are poorly understood, it is not yet possible to predict where and when future earthquakes are likely to occur in this region. One approach to forecasting future locations of large earthquakes in this region is that used as part of the methodology for developing the latest generation of National Seismic Hazard Maps. This approach involves using the spatial distribution of small earthquakes ( m ≥ 3) to forecast the locations of large ( m ≥ 5) earthquakes. The hypothesis that underlies this approach is that the smaller earthquakes are delineating locations that are capable of generating larger earthquakes. We were curious to see how well such an approach would work for a scaled-down simulation in which the spatial distribution of even smaller earthquakes ( m ≥ 2) recorded by seismic networks in the northeastern United States and adjacent areas is used to "forecast" the locations of the larger earthquakes ( m ≥ 4) that have already occurred. We use such a scaled-down simulation to investigate the extent to which, in this situation, the spatial distribution of small earthquakes forecasts the locations of larger earthquakes in an intraplate environment. The essence of our procedure is to analyze systematically how often previously occurring small earthquakes occurred in the vicinity of large earthquakes. We devised three methods of summarizing and reporting whether small earthquakes tended to occur in the epicentral regions of future large earthquakes. We found that, on average, large earthquakes occurred in the vicinity of small earthquakes more frequently than would be expected for a random distribution of large earthquakes. There are, however, a significant number of large earthquakes that would not have been forecast based on the distribution of small earthquakes. This suggests that, if we are going to use this approach, we will have to be satisfied with a significant number of "misses" in our ability to forecast locations of large earthquakes. Perhaps this level of ability to forecast locations of large earthquakes is a realistic estimate of the level of success we can expect to achieve given the current state of knowledge of the mechanisms that cause earthquakes in this region.


A critical aspect in the design of tubular bridges is the fatigue performance of the structural joints. The estimation of a fatigue crack life using the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) theory involves the calculation of stress intensity factors (SIF) at a number of discrete crack depths. The most direct way is to carry out modeling by either the finite-element method (FEM) or the boundary-element method (BEM). For tubular joints commonly found in tubular bridges and off-shore structures, due to the complicated geometry resulting from the tube intersections and welding, the construction of the numerical model often becomes a complex process. This paper presents two different model construction techniques that have been developed independently at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) and the Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, that are based in the BEM and the FEM, respectively. The SIF values obtained by these two methods are compared. It is found that as long as consistent geometric models are employed, compatible SIF values can be obtained by both approaches. The best and the most consistent values are obtained for the deepest point along the crack front and should be used for fatigue-life computations. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000274. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Finite element method; Cracking; Stress; Welded connections; Bridges; Joints. Author keywords: Boundary elements; Finite elements; Fracture mechanics; Stress intensity factors; Welded joints; Tubular bridges; K joints.


Abstract Examination of petrophysical properties (acoustic velocity, porosity, permeability, and density) and petrographical characteristics (texture, facies composition, and diagenesis) of more than 250 core plugs from the Middle Jurassic carbonates of the eastern Paris Basin provides insights into the parameters controlling acoustic velocities in relatively low-porosity carbonate rocks (Φ < 20%). The pore-type observations reveal distinct acoustic velocities in samples with intergranular macropores and samples with micropores in subhedral micrite, such that velocities in microporous mudstone–wackestone (lagoonal) deposits are greater than in macroporous grainstone (shoal) samples, at a given porosity range (15–20%). The standard Wyllie and Raymer transforms fit very well with the linear regression between acoustic velocity and porosity from mudstone or lagoonal facies. Marls and fine-grained deposits interpreted as lagoonal facies include statistically significant correlation (r = 0.9) between velocity and porosity. However, the data suggest that the wide scatter in velocity–porosity relationship from grainstones are not the result of different sorting, grain size, pore type, dolomite content, or clay content. Instead, early cementation greatly influences acoustic properties during diagenesis, and are interpreted to account for the high variability of velocities over a given porosity range. Specifically, at a given porosity, acoustic velocities in compacted grainstone that did not undergo early cementation are higher than in early-cemented grainstone. Petrographic observations suggest that early cementation limits mechanical compaction, creating a heterogeneous medium from the earliest stages of diagenesis (non-touching grains, preservation of intergranular macropores that are partially to totally filled by later blocky calcite cement). The abundant interfaces between micritized ooids, early cement fringes, and blocky calcites in grainstones may induce significant wave attenuation. As a result, the standard time-average equations fail to predict the effect of diagenetic features such as early cementation on sonic velocity. Conversely, an absence of early cementation favors mechanical compaction, grain-to-grain contact, and suturing. The result is a homogeneous micritized grain-supported network that may facilitate wave propagation. Through demonstration of the key role of early cementation in the explanation of variability in acoustic properties, the results of this study illustrate the complicated factors influencing velocity transforms in carbonates (Wyllie and Raymer), i.e., classical tools for predicting reservoir properties. These insights on the interpretation of Vp and the refinement of velocity–porosity transforms in grainstone units may be broadly applicable to enhancing seismic-based exploration in carbonate successions.


Recently, a plenitude of novel laboratory tests has become available for physicians to improve the diagnostic and prognostic work up of patients. Yet, as with all tests, laboratory test can be falsely positive or falsely negative and potentially misguide clinicians and caregivers. Shortcomings of pre-analytical factors, test performance as well as an inappropriate ordering of laboratory tests contributes to diagnostic errors and potentially generate unnecessary costs. Laboratory tests should only be ordered, if results have clinical consequences and improve the assessment of the patient. Within this review focusing on the example of the inflammatory biomarker "Procalcitonin" for antibiotic stewardship and the hormonal marker testosterone, we aim to exemplify important draw backs and shortcomings in laboratory tests and the importance of interpretation of these results in the context of the clinical situation.


We describe two cases of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) in a post renal transplant diabetic patient and a pregnant female in the first trimester. Serial ultra wide field imaging (UWFI) with comprehensive ocular examination was done to monitor the progression of the disease. All the cases responded favorably with intravenous followed by oral acyclovir, which was captured with UWFI. UWFI provides objective proof of response to therapy in ARN. UWFI may also improve patient education and counseling for this peripheral retinal disorder.


In contrast to network neutrality, application transparency has so far received little scientific or media attention. Consequently, little is being done to ensure that Internet users understand how the information they receive may have been manipulated, let alone ensuring that they know whether they really are being given the information they asked for. We initiate a discussion of this problem by attempting a definition of application transparency, describing a categorization system for the reasons behind application manipulation, presenting and analysing some real-world examples of unexpected service behavior, and finally providing suggestions for achieving true application transparency.


Abstract A stable and reliable time keeping system depends on the integrity monitoring of the atomic frequency standard. This paper reports a scheme for autonomous integrity monitoring of multiple atomic clocks, which combines the frequency standard comparison method and the frequency jump detection method. The frequency standard comparison method uses multi-channel synchronous acquisition technology and digital frequency measurement technology to realize the precise measurement of multiple atomic frequency standards. The frequency jump detection method uses adaptive filtering to predict the relative frequency difference and give an accurate and timely alarm for the abnormal of frequency jump. The results show that the noise floor frequency standard comparator is better than 6.5×10−15 s. For a relative frequency deviation of 2.0×10−6 Hz, the probability of anomaly detection is almost 100 %. The system has high frequency measurement resolution and fast alarm of frequency jump, which can meet the real-time requirements of a time keeping system for the integrity monitoring of multiple atomic clocks.


This upbeat, very useful resource guide will give young women everything they need to start exploring and planning a career in science, math, or technology. Part I introduces readers to the many exciting career opportunities available in the sciences and provides specific strategies for planning for a future career in these areas. Part II recounts true stories of girls and young women in the sciences, detailing how they got involved and what they have accomplished. Part III offers timelines of extraordinary women throughout history, inspiring quotations, a list of Web sites specifically geared toward women in the sciences, suggestions for science-oriented computer software, and many other recommended resources. If you have an interest in science, this excellent guide, full of useful information, will start you on the path toward realising your career dreams.


Indium oxide based ceramics with bismuth oxide addition were sintered in air in the temperature range 800-1300 oC. Current-voltage characteristics of In2O3-Bi2O3 ceramics sintered at different temperatures are weakly nonlinear. After an additional heat treatment in air at about 200 oC samples sintered at a temperature within the narrow range of about 1050-1100 oC exhibit a current-limiting effect accompanied by low-frequency current oscillations. It is shown that the observed electrical properties are controlled by the grain-boundary barriers and the heat treatment in air at 200 oC leads to the decrease in the barrier height. Electrical measurements, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results suggest that the current-limiting effect observed in In2O3-Bi2O3 may be explained in terms of a modified barrier model; the observed current-limiting effect is the result of an increase of barrier height with increasing electric field, due to additional oxygen absorption. It is found that In2O3-Bi2O3-Co3O4Cr2O3 ceramic exhibits current-voltage characteristics with negative differential resistance due to Joule micro heating.


We improve automatic correction of grammatical, orthographic, and collocation errors in text using a multilayer convolutional encoder-decoder neural network. The network is initialized with embeddings that make use of character N-gram information to better suit this task. When evaluated on common benchmark test data sets (CoNLL-2014 and JFLEG), our model substantially outperforms all prior neural approaches on this task as well as strong statistical machine translation-based systems with neural and task-specific features trained on the same data. Our analysis shows the superiority of convolutional neural networks over recurrent neural networks such as long short-term memory (LSTM) networks in capturing the local context via attention, and thereby improving the coverage in correcting grammatical errors. By ensembling multiple models, and incorporating an N-gram language model and edit features via rescoring, our novel method becomes the first neural approach to outperform the current state-of-the-art statistical machine translation-based approach, both in terms of grammaticality and fluency.


Observation of fracture surfaces in ceramics is useful for improving their mechanical properties. In this study, fracture surfaces of polycrystalline alumina were observed using scanning-probe microscopy (SPM) on a nanoscale, also called "nano-fractography." The average grain size of polycrystalline alumina specimen used in this study was 4.5µm, and the fracture toughness was 3.0MPa・m-1/2. The fracture mode was found to be a mixture of intergranular and transgranular fractures. The fracture surface of intergranular fractures consisted of smooth and rough areas composed of very small steps, whose detection was impossible using scanning electron microscopy. Cleavage and non-cleavage fractures were observed in transgranular fracture grains. The fracture surface of single-crystalline alumina, which is the typical model of the transgranular fracture, was also observed by SPM. The cleavage plane of alumina macroscopically exhibited a very smooth, glass-like surface. However, sub-nano meter steps can be observed on the cleavage fracture surface and appear to be formed by plastic deformation during crack propagation because the size of the step nears that of the Burgers vector.


Vibrations are undesirable in machines and structures because they increased stresses, energy losses, cause added wear, increase bearing loads, induce fatigue, create passenger discomfort in vehicles. Uncontrolled vibrations can leave a bad impression to the machine, structure, and human. Vibration on machine can damage the equipment, decrease the machine lifetime and also causing the safety factor problems. In this research, a tuned vibration absorber (TVA) was chosen to be studied where the amount of vibration reduced was determined through finite element analysis (FEA) and validated with the experimental result. A actual scale of tuned vibration absorber was developed and applied on the structure to reduce the vibration. It is expected that by using the new design of tuned vibration absorber, the vibration of the structure can be reduced extensively. The objective of this project is to design and fabricate a newly tuned vibration absorber (TVA) that address a broad frequency range of application, light in weight, small-scale and suitable for mobile purposes. In order to achieve this aim, the preliminary design analysis was performed using finite element analysis before validated by experimental test. There are two design proposed in this study which is design 1 and design 2. The design concept was designed by using SolidWorks® and simulation test was done in this phase as well. From these two design, only one design was selected to be manufactured and tested. Design 1 was selected to be manufactured due to its performance in finite element analysis. DEWEsoft-201 were used as an equipment in experimental phase where the equipment will measure and generate graph data based on vibration performance. This experiment done several times according to the mass distance which is from 0 to 40 sequently. All the data were validated to ensure that the data from the finite element analysis and experimental are matched or even better. The data obtained shows good matched where the data gained are almost the same. The new vibration absorber has a weight of 620.6 kg and it is suitable for mobile purposes.


The influence of leaf area density on the fruit zone light environment and several canopy assessment parameters of grapevines was studied in eight commercial Caberent Sauvignon ( Vitis vinifera L.) vineyards in the North Coast of California. Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD), the ratio of red (R) to far-red (FR) light (R:FR), and the percent canopy area illuminated by sunflecks were determined in the fruit zone at berry set, veraison, and harvest. Leaf area per vine was also determined for each above-mentioned stage of fruit development at each site. PPFD and R:FR fell below 1% and near 10% of their ambient values, respectively, when leaf area density exceeded 8 m 2 m -1 canopy length. Sunflecks illuminated 2 m -1 canopy length, and were absent when leaf area density approached 10 m 2 m -1 canopy length. A close, positive linear relationship (r = 0.976) between PPFD (log % ambient) and R:FR in the fruit zone was found. Leaf area density and fruit zone PPFD were also closely related to several indirect indices of leaf area density. Point quadrant leaf layer number (LLN), atmometer evaporative potential, and pruning weight (kg prunings m -1 canopy length) provided high correlations with PPFD in the fruit zone. Canopy leaf areas ≤ 4 m 2 m -1 canopy length resulted in low density canopies (fruit zone PPFD ≥ 5% of ambient), while canopy leaf areas ≥ 8 m 2 m -1 canopy length resulted in high density canopies (fruit zone PPFD ≤ 1% of ambient), for the two-wire vertical trellis system evaluated in this study.


We interpret the recent discovery of a 125 GeV Higgs-like state in the context of a two-Higgs-doublet model with a heavy fourth sequential generation of fermions, in which one Higgs doublet couples only to the fourth-generation fermions, while the second doublet couples to the lighter fermions of the first three families. This model is designed to accommodate the apparent heaviness of the fourth-generation fermions and to effectively address the low-energy phenomenology of a dynamical electroweak-symmetry-breaking scenario. The physical Higgs states of the model are, therefore, viewed as composites primarily of the fourth-generation fermions. We find that the lightest Higgs, h, is a good candidate for the recently discovered 125 GeV spin-zero particle, when tan beta similar to O(1), for typical fourth-generation fermion masses of M-4G = 400-600 GeV, and with a large t-t' mixing in the right-handed quark sector. This, in turn, leads to BR(t' -> th) similar to O(1), which drastically changes the t' decay pattern. We also find that, based on the current Higgs data, this two-Higgs-doublet model generically predicts an enhanced production rate (compared to the Standard Model) in the pp -> h -> tau tau channel, and reduced rates in the VV -> h -> gamma gamma and p (p) over bar /pp -> V -> hV -> Vbb channels. Finally, the heavier CP-even Higgs is excluded by the current data up to m(H) similar to 500 GeV, while the pseudoscalar state, A, can be as light as 130 GeV. These heavier Higgs states and the expected deviations from the Standard Model din some of the Higgs production channels can be further excluded or discovered with more data.


The largely dominant meritocratic paradigm of highly competitive Western cultures is rooted on the belief that success is mainly due, if not exclusively, to personal qualities such as talent, intelligence, skills, smartness, efforts, willfulness, hard work or risk taking. Sometimes, we are willing to admit that a certain degree of luck could also play a role in achieving significant success. But, as a matter of fact, it is rather common to underestimate the importance of external forces in individual successful stories. It is very well known that intelligence (or, more in general, talent and personal qualities) exhibits a Gaussian distribution among the population, whereas the distribution of wealth — often considered as a proxy of success — follows typically a power law (Pareto law), with a large majority of poor people and a very small number of billionaires. Such a discrepancy between a Normal distribution of inputs, with a typical scale (the average talent or intelligence), and the scale-invariant distribution of outputs, suggests that some hidden ingredient is at work behind the scenes. In this paper, we suggest that such an ingredient is just randomness. In particular, our simple agent-based model shows that, if it is true that some degree of talent is necessary to be successful in life, almost never the most talented people reach the highest peaks of success, being overtaken by averagely talented but sensibly luckier individuals. As far as we know, this counterintuitive result — although implicitly suggested between the lines in a vast literature — is quantified here for the first time. It sheds new light on the effectiveness of assessing merit on the basis of the reached level of success and underlines the risks of distributing excessive honors or resources to people who, at the end of the day, could have been simply luckier than others. We also compare several policy hypotheses to show the most efficient strategies for public funding of research, aiming to improve meritocracy, diversity of ideas and innovation.


In this paper, new principles for designing low-radiation microwave circuits with single-stub impedance transformers are developed and a design flowchart for perfecting these principles is provided. The single-stub microstrip impedance transformers are widely used in microwave circuits and usually become the main radiation sources of these circuits. The developed principles show that the characteristic line impedance of a short-circuited (open-circuited) shunt stub should be high (low). In addition, if the shunt stub is open-circuited, using dual shunt open stubs can further reduce radiation; nevertheless, using dual shunt short stubs should be avoided due to additional via-current radiation. In most transformers, a high-impedance series line is recommended. Obeying the proposed principles, the radiation from a well-designed impedance transformer can be suppressed for more than 5 dB in contrast to that from the transformer using only 50-Ω microstrip lines. Six microstrip amplifiers are demonstrated, adopting various representative impedance transformers, but with the same RF performance at 1.5 GHz. The measured and simulated radiation characteristics all support the proposed principles. This work is the first study on the radiation minimization of such microwave circuits.


Several reports document increased prevalence of attention deficit and hyperactivity (ADHD) and similar symptoms in incarcerated members of the community, but little is known about how the symptoms are related to education and work experience. An ongoing study among Norwegian inmates reveals that 60 % report signs of ADHD. In the present study a sample of 600 inmates incarcerated in Norway filled out a questionnaire including the WURS-k (Wender Utah Rating Scale, short form) and questions to survey completed education level and work experience. A clear relationship was found between the WURS-k score and earlier job-experience, with increased probability of ADHD with work experience from low socio-economic status jobs. The scale was also found to share variance with the inmates' reported education history, as higher education reduces the probability of ADHD among the incarcerated adults. Thus, the WURS-k could be a useful screening instrument in education assessment among inmates. The link between the present findings and development of anti-social behaviour is discussed.


SUMMARY
We have developed a mechanistic model to interpret spectral induced polarization data of partially saturated clay-rocks. This model accounts for the polarization of the grains through an electrical double layer model with a polarization model of the inner part of the electrical double layer called the Stern layer. The polarization model accounts also for the Maxwell–Wagner polarization at frequencies higher than 100 Hz. The Maxwell–Wagner polarization is modelled by using a conductivity model modified to account for the presence of a non-wetting immiscible phase like air in the pore space. The resulting model is consistent with the first and second Archie's laws in the case where surface conductivity can be neglected. The volumetric charge density of the diffuse layer at saturation is divided by the saturation of the water phase to account for the partial water saturation of the porous material. The model comprises seven fundamental parameters: the formation factor, the second Archie's exponent, a critical water saturation level, the mean electrical potential of the pore space at saturation, the density of the counterions in the Stern layer, and at least two parameters describing the grain size distribution. Most of these parameters can be derived independently using alternative measurements and electrochemical models. Measurements were performed in the frequency range 10 mHz–45 kHz using five samples from the Callovo–Oxfordian formation in the eastern part of the Paris Basin, France. The model agrees fairly well with the experimental data at saturation and for partially saturated clay-rocks down to 1 Hz. Most of the seven physical parameters entering the model were independently evaluated.


Trinder's method for glucose has nearly all the attributes of an ideal automated colorimetric glucose oxidase procedure. The chemicals used in the color reaction with peroxidase are readily available, the solutions are stable and can be prepared by the user, the method is highly specific and largely free of interferences, the sensitivity can. be adjusted by the user to cover a wide range of glucose concentrations, and the reagents are not hazardous. We found very good agreement between results by this method and by the hexokinase and Beckman Glucose Analyzer methods. The method has been modified and adapted to the AutoAnalyzer I and SMA 6/60 (Technicon) with manifolds that give very little interaction between specimens. A study of the method by the simplex technique revealed that the glucose oxidase activity in the reagent is the most critical variable.


The range of organizational responses to regulatory requirements is often explained by describing the organization as a monolithic actor interacting with external agents. We look inside regulated organizations, recognizing them as a web of transactions and norms, to examine how formal and informal organizational practices transform regulatory requirements into normalized activity. This article identifies four levers used at the coalface—or frontline—of the organization to encourage compliance in organizations: nudge (individual), bureaucracy (roles, rules, and procedures), relational governance (network), and organizational culture (assumptions, values, and artifacts). We map the range of research on coalface governance while displaying the assumptions and implications of each lever often embedded in recommendations to policy makers or organizational managers. We offer this continuum of techniques to invite a richer conversation about ways of pursuing compliance in organizations.


Generalized linear models may be used as a systematic and flexible alternative to existing practices in fitting sediment or solute concentration and load rating curves. Through widely available statistical software they offer a one‐step solution to the common and awkward problem that a bias correction is needed when estimating total loads. In particular, using a logarithmic link function has an advantage over logarithmic transformation of concentration or load, as generalized linear models return predictions directly on the original measured scale; there is thus no need for back‐transformation or subsequent correction factors. Example analyses are given for suspended sediment concentration for an upland stream in the Northern Pennines and for phosphorus load for the Illinois River. General criteria for choosing models and good practice in the use of figures of model merit and of residual plots are also discussed in detail. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the proto-oncogene c-Met (also known as hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR)) with potential antineoplastic activity. Capmatinib selectively binds to c-Met, thereby inhibiting c-Met phosphorylation and disrupting c-Met signal transduction pathways. This may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing c-Met protein or expressing constitutively activated c-Met protein. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.