The concept of adaptive capacity has received significant attention within social-ecological and environmental change research. Within both the resilience and vulnerability literatures specifically, adaptive capacity has emerged as a fundamental concept for assessing the ability of social-ecological systems to adapt to environmental change. Although methods and indicators used to evaluate adaptive capacity are broad, the focus of existing scholarship has predominately been at the individual- and household- levels. However, the capacities necessary for humans to adapt to global environmental change are often a function of individual and societal characteristics, as well as cumulative and emergent capacities across communities and jurisdictions. In this paper, we apply a systematic literature review and co-citation analysis to investigate empirical research on adaptive capacity that focus on societal levels beyond the household. Our review demonstrates that assessments of adaptive capacity at higher societal levels are increasing in frequency, yet vary widely in approach, framing, and results; analyses focus on adaptive capacity at many different levels (e.g. community, municipality, global region), geographic locations, and cover multiple types of disturbances and their impacts across sectors. We also found that there are considerable challenges with regard to the 'fit' between data collected and analytical methods used in adequately capturing the cross-scale and cross-level determinants of adaptive capacity. Current approaches to assessing adaptive capacity at societal levels beyond the household tend to simply aggregate individual- or household-level data, which we argue oversimplifies and ignores the inherent interactions within and across societal levels of decision-making that shape the capacity of humans to adapt to environmental change across multiple scales. In order for future adaptive capacity research to be more practice-oriented and effectively guide policy, there is a need to develop indicators and assessments that are matched with the levels of potential policy applications.


Triple negative breast cancer is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, and its treatment is limited. The effect of abemaciclib and /or sodium butyrate on MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells was investigated. The IC50 for the growth inhibitory effects of abemaciclib, sodium butyrate, and their combination were 14.55 μM, 7.08 mM, and 3.743 mM, respectively. The combination showed a synergistic interaction with a decrease in IC50 to 2.55 μM abemaciclib and 3.74 mM butyrate. Three replicates of four groups of cancer cells were treated for 48 hr with the IC50 of abemaciclib, butyrate or their high or low dose combinations. A fifth group was treated with complete medium and served as the control. Cell migration, protein expression levels of cyclin D1, E2F2 transcription factor, phosphorylated AKT, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclin dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), retinoblastoma (Rb), p16INK4a, p53 and mRNA levels of CDK2, p16INK4a and p53 were assessed in all treated groups. Combination treatment with abemaciclib and butyrate showed a significant attenuation of cell metastasis. The combination treatment was associated with a decrease in E2F2, CDK2, and NF-κB protein levels together with attenuation in AKT phosphorylation level. The combination also showed an elevation in Rb, and p16INK4a, together with a reversal of DNA hypo-methylated state. Although abemaciclib monotherapy failed to alter cyclin D1 or p53 levels, the combination significantly reduced cyclin D1 level together with an increase in P53 level. In conclusion, combining butyrate with abemaciclib augmented its antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects and induced apoptotic activity


Oxygen therapy given to acutely ill people is one of the commonest interventions used in modern medicine and has become part of the folklore of our times as a sick patient wearing an oxygen mask is pushed through the emergency department, both in real life and on television. Although the principles of oxygen treatment have been established by painstaking quantitative research over the past 60 years, in practice most people learn to use oxygen by following customary practice in their institution rather than considering rationally how it is best employed. A feeling that some oxygen is good, therefore more must be better, can be a dangerous precept to follow, whereas an unnecessary paranoia about inducing carbon dioxide retention can deny some people potentially life saving treatment. These uncertainties make the arrival of the new British Thoracic Society Guideline for Emergency Oxygen Use in Adults1 particularly welcome. This rather daunting document, which has been extensively endorsed by key professional societies and practitioner groups, provides a comprehensive and at times exhaustive review of the theory and practice of acute oxygen treatment. Its scope ranges from a detailed consideration of how oxygen therapy influences respiratory physiology and tissue oxygen delivery through to which mask should be chosen and how oxygen services should be developed. It is a major resource which answers almost any question about acute oxygen therapy but …


To open this issue, Mozes provides evidence, using a more ref ined def inition of value, that the value stock return premium is far more consistent over time than is commonly believed and that it has been positive in recent years. Rodríguez examines the market timing ability of individual investors in the US and finds that investors correctly time the market during the full sample period and during sub periods based on different market conditions. Next, Pae and Atra compare the performance of retirement portfolios using the average glide path of f ive popular target date funds to general rules of thumb for asset allocation. Zaremba, Umutlu, and Karathanasopoulos offer a new integrated framework to combine alpha momentum and alpha reversal into a superior investment strategy for international equity markets. The results are robust to alternative weighting schemes, the effect of trading costs, alternative alpha models, and controlling for popular return predictive variables. As we continue, Malkiel and Saha examine funds chosen based on various fund characteristics and find that a portfolio of funds chosen based on the combination of characteristics of lowest expense ratio, and lowest turnover and highest Sharpe ratio, generates considerably better future performance than the average actively managed fund and the difference in returns is statistically significant. Dong and Guo explore the separate momentum effect in the positive and negative return environments at both the time domain and the frequency domain and present their findings. To conclude the issue, Agudze, Ibhagui, and Thompson revisit the association between changes in the cross-currency basis and the dollar from a purely empirical, data-driven perspective, taking a deeper look at rolling, rather than static, correlations at different windows and using the dollar bases of G10 and 10 emerging market currencies. The results have implications for trade positioning in the cross-currency basis swap markets. Blackburn and Cakici study the frontier markets in the regions of Europe, Africa, Middle East, and Asia; factor mimicking portfolios based on market capitalization, book-to-market equity, and momentum; and reveal significant returns to value and momentum for all size groups. Their evidence suggests that frontier and developed markets are segmented. As always, we welcome your submissions. We value your comments and suggestions, so please email us at email@example.com.


The shear strength of a weakness plane in rock such as joint, is greatly influenced by its surface condition. Therefore, surface texture and degree of roughness are important aspects to be considered in assessing the shear strength of joint. However, the present method for measuring surface texture are labourious and time consuming processes. This study highlights an alternative method of measurement using close-range photogrammetry. The suitability of the proposed method was verified in laboratory using a physical model of joint surface. The degree of roughness of the model surface, was measured using both photogrammetry and conventional method. All measurements were made on the same grid points marked on the model surface. Data obtained from both methods was compared in terms of peak and through height, profile shape, 3-dimensional plot and roughness index (i.e. standard deviation, absolute roughness and central line average). In the comparison process, data obtained using conventional method is used as reference. To verify its practically, the proposed method was used to measure joint surface in the field. The outcome of this study, clearly shows that photogrammetry exhibits several positive characteristics as an alternative method for measuring surface texture of joint in rock. The use of digital camera allows for a larger amount of field data to be collected and this data could be stored and processed at a later stage. Consequently, this facilities joint survey work in the field. In addition, the 3-dimensional image of the joint surface which can be readily plotted using photogrammetry data, serves as a useful tool in providing vital information on the texture of the joint surface. The image can be used as tool in assessing the surface conditions, which is an important procedure for laboratory shear test on joint in rock.


ED1TOR,-A C Miller and J E Harvey's guidelines on the management of spontaneous pneumothorax are sensible, well presented, and much needed.' They are relevant to doctors working in accident and emergency as well as general physicians. We wish to make the following points. Firstly, the authors say that the guidelines could be incorporated into "casualty handbooks." Most accident and emergency departments are now adopting and teaching the firmly established guidelines on advanced trauma life support.2 "Inexperienced junior doctors," who have to insert intercostal tubes, will be confused to find another method of inserting tubes advocated. Although there are minor variations in positioning between the guidelines (guidelines for advanced trauma life support recommend the fourth or fifth interspace anterior to the mid-axillary line rather than the fourth, fifth, or sixth interspace in the mid-axillary line), the main difference is that the British Thoracic Society's guidelines recommend use of a trocar. The protocols for advanced trauma life support embody the maxim "do no further harm" and are intended to be safe and life saving, even when followed by inexperienced people. Secondly, even for uncomplicated spontaneous pneumothorax, a size 20-24 French gauge tube is more likely to block or kink than a wider one. To avoid the discomfort of reinsertion, the largest possible tube (at least size 28 French gauge) should be inserted. This is easier with the more anterior approach (favoured in the protocol for advanced trauma life support), where the intercostal space is wider. Perhaps the standards of care committee of the British Thoracic Society should consider the method of inserting an intercostal tube recommended for advanced trauma life support when it next reviews its guidelines. AJ IRELAND


Portugal's involvement in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars resulted in substantial economic, political and social change revealing interconnections between state and economy that have not been acknowledged fully within the existing literature. On the one hand, economic and political change was precipitated by the flight of Dom Joao, the removal of the court to Rio de Janeiro, and the appointment of a regency council in Lisbon: events that were the result of much more than the mere confluence of external drivers and internal pressures in Europe, however complex and compelling they may have been at the time. Although governance in Portugal had been handed over to the regency council strict limitations were imposed on its autonomy. Once Lisbon was occupied, and French military government imposed on Portugal, her continued role as entrepot, linking the South Atlantic economy to that of Europe, could not be guaranteed. Brazil's ports were therefore opened to foreign vessels and restrictions on agriculture, manufacture and inter-regional trade in the colonies were lifted presaging a transition from neo-mercantilism to proto-industrialised capitalism. The meanings of this dislocation of political power and the shift of government from metropolis to colony were complex, not least in relation to the location and limits of absolutist authority. The immediate results of which were a series of popular insurrections in Portugal, a swift response by the French military government and conservative reaction by Portuguese elites, leading to widespread popular resistance in 1808 and 1809 and, subsequently, Portugal's wholesale involvement in the Peninsular War with severe and deleterious effects on the Portuguese population and economy. Ultimately, these events would lead to demands for constitutional reform and civil war but not, as yet, the dismantling of mercantilism, the abolition of slavery or the separation of Portugal and Brazil as independent states. Ironically, the forces for change in this regard, in the years immediately following the Napoleonic Wars, would appear stronger in the metropolis and weaker in its former colony.


Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz ), is used for the production of a variety of West African foods and ranks fourth in the list of major crops in developing countries after rice, wheat and maize. Gari is one of the most popular foods produced from cassava. Cassava may contain high levels of linamarin, a cyanogenic glucoside, which in its natural state is toxic to man. Therefore, some processing methods that can enhance the  detoxification of cassava and lead to the improvement of the quality and hygienic safety of the food are vitally important for less toxic products to be obtained. Quality, safety and acceptability of traditional fermented  foods may be improved through the use of starter cultures. There has been a trend recently to isolate wild-type strains from traditional products for use as starter cultures in food fermentation. A total of 74 bacterial strains and 21 yeast strains were isolated from a cassava mash fermentation process in a rural village in Benin, West Africa. These strains were assessed, together with 26 strains isolated at the Council for Scientific and  Industrial Research (CSIR) from cassava samples sent from Benin previously, for phenotypic and  technological properties. 24 presumptive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were selected for further phenotypic,  genotypic and technological characterization. Key words : Lactic acid bacteria, gari, cassava, fermentation.


Using proprietary data, we examine institutional orders and trades filled by alternative electronic trading systems. Our data consist of almost 800,000 orders (corresponding to 2.15 million trades) worth approximately $1.6 trillion, between the first quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1998. These data allow us to distinguish between orders filled by external crossing systems, electronic communication networks (ECNs) and traditional brokers. We find that external crossing systems are used largely to execute orders in listed stocks, while ECNs concentrate in Nasdaq stocks. On average, broker-filled orders are larger, have longer duration, and higher fill rates than orders executed by alternative trading systems. Controlling for variation in order characteristics, difficulty, and endogeneity in the choice of trading venue, we find that realized execution costs are substantially lower on external crossing systems and ECNs. Our results shed light on the emergence of alternative electronic trading systems that provide significant competition for order flow, for both exchanges and dealer markets.


Chris Rolton grew up on the outskirts of big-city life and first practised medicine just outside London, England. At age 28, however, she said good-bye to the urban hustle and bustle and flew to Goose Bay, Labrador, where she spent 2 years. That experience — and others that have taken Rolton into communities across the country — has been recaptured in her book, Doin' the Locum Motion (Creative Publishers, 2002).

During those 35 years Rolton learned that being a locum in Canada means the visiting physician is expected to handle everything — and she means everything. "Fairly regularly I would treat a cat or dog with a fish hook in its mouth," she says.

And she recalls going ice fishing for the first time — and falling in. "Kicking my legs furiously I tried to grab onto the ice," she writes. "The first time it broke away. The same thing happened the second time. But the third time it held, and I was able to haul my elbows up onto it. Assisted by encouraging yells from my friends, and still kicking like mad, I somehow heaved myself out."

That immersion led to a quick emersion into community life. "The episode caused quite a stir in the community, and patients invariably inquired, 'Was it you fell in the river, miss?' "

But she learned much more than how to stay upright on ice, remove fish hooks and stitch up a gash from a harp seal. She discovered that she enjoyed working in small communities and that she could do so without having a permanent practice — that's why she spent the next 35 years filling in for physicians in Newfoundland, Manitoba, and Ontario. "I simply couldn't hack the way most doctors work — 60 patients a day, every day," says Rolton. "Also, if you're single, there is no point in working a lot. The government just takes your money."

The life of a fill-in physician also came with built-in flexibility, which appealed to her. "I liked the freedom of being able to say no to assignments," she says. And there was no lack of them, with referrals coming in from physicians, colleagues and even drug company representatives.

But there were downsides to this peripatetic life. "You were dealing with patients you don't know and staff you haven't worked with," says Rolton. And, she adds, she was often reading doctors' notes that she couldn't understand. Still, she contends, "it's much more interesting than seeing the same old faces every day."

Rolton stopped doing the locum motion 11 years ago, when she settled in Carbonear, Nfld. She is actively involved with the local heritage board and may write a second book, a series of stories about the region. Rolton also spends time relaxing with her cat. She's discovered it's nice to have an animal nearby that doesn't have a fishhook in its mouth. — Donalee Moulton, Halifax


This study examines the relationship between funding liquidity and market liquidity using daily data on the S&P 500 index options. We find that options market liquidity is positively correlated with funding liquidity after controlling for market uncertainty. Further analysis reveals that the positive relationship between funding liquidity and market liquidity in the options market is mainly driven by short‐term and deep out‐of‐the‐money options. Our results remain robust after controlling for the confounding effects of the equity market and different data frequencies.


Effect of weld metal hardening property on the deformation behavior and crack driving force of strength mismatched welded joint with crack has been investigated using finite element method under plain strain condition. The results show that when the apply load is small, there is only small scale deformation around the crack tip, the whole structure is still in linear or small scale yielding condition therefore the weld metal hardening property has no significant effect on crack driving force. As the applied load increasing, the deformation region enlarges and at the same time the deformation level around the crack tip deepens, the increasing of weld metal hardening property decreases the local deformation level, consequently leading to the decreasing of the crack cracking force.


The social component of the environment associated mostly with human activities has significantly imposed a threat to the only life-support systems of the earth. Uganda made adjustments in its planning process to prioritize environment conservation. However, in the recent past years, mostly between 2013 and 2017, the country stretched its resources to increase agricultural production, both livestock and crops. The objective of this study was to establish and document the development and the environment conservation strategies at global and regional levels with an overview on the development planning process in agricultural sector, in Uganda. The results showed that the sustainable development plans with participatory approach at international, regional, national and local or community levels are the best methods to cope with and reduce the negative impacts of man's activities on the environment. The understanding of the complexes of the environment is very important to ensure the relationship between the social, economic and environmental protection for a sustainable development. The results also indicated that in Uganda, the agriculture industry made consistent efforts to increase agricultural production by 431,161 hectares and livestock heads by 7,878,000 (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry) between 2013 and 2017. This increased agricultural greenhouse gas emission due to the use of synthetic fertilizers, burning of the cleared grasses, and use of manures applied to boost soil fertility and the reduction in the trees that sequester CO2. This study recommended that the agricultural sector should opt for sustainable agriculture by adopting practices like use of multipurpose crops that can offer environmental services like binding soil particles together to control erosion as well as yielding more food products. Dual-purpose livestock breeds should be adopted to avoid immense numbers that serve different purposes that will probably lead to increased GHG emissions.


Fik Vening Meinesz (1887-1966) was a Dutch civil engineer, employed by the Dutch Geodetic Committee. He devised an apparatus, containing a system of multiple pendulums, with which he could measure gravity in areas where such measurements would otherwise be impossible. By chance, he was made aware that a submerged submarine, when powered by electromotors, would provide an ideal, sufficiently stable, platform for such measurements at sea. The Dutch Navy, in pursuit of good publicity in the interwar period, gave Vening Meinesz its full support, enabling him to carry out a number of submarine expeditions. His findings stimulated postwar geophysical and geological research, both in the USA and elsewhere. Initially Vening Meinesz used his results to validate the International Gravity Formula, being the closest mathematical representation of the equipotential surface of the Earth at sea level - the geoid. Subsequently he interpreted these results from a tectonophysical perspective, using them to explain the occurrence of the elongated 'Minus' zone of negative gravity anomalies, discovered by him to surround the Indonesian archipelago and which he postulated as being caused by a system of convection currents in the Earth's mantle. Whilst he supported the idea of fixed continents, becoming increasingly opposed to Wegener's idea of drifting continents, his work on mantle convection was to become fundamental to, and incorporated in, the hypothesis of seafloor spreading. This led to the current paradigm of plate tectonics, which interprets the 'Minus' zone as the expression of the boundary between two convergent plates.


Policies to improve end‐use energy efficiency have invoked great interest over the past several decades because the reduction of energy waste is often the fastest, cheapest, and cleanest energy resource. Most energy‐efficiency (EE) programs and policies to date have been implemented in industrialized nations. This article reviews some of the more innovative efforts, and also describes the EE policies being launched in today's emerging economies, emphasizing the wide range of energy markets, resources, and infrastructures. The focus is on information, financing, and regulatory policies that target efficiency improvements in the buildings and industrial sectors. The review summarizes the array of market failures and barriers, examines theory‐based policy design principles, and uses metrics such as levelized costs and policy supply curve to evaluate policy options. One conclusion from this international review is that policies need to be periodically updated to track technology advances and evolving market conditions. In addition, policymakers need to develop a comprehensive compliance regime, since noncompliance issues not only result in a failure to meet policy goals, but also can produce a loss of confidence in the reliability of EE programs. This article describes many creative and innovative ways that policy regimes are being designed, implemented, and enforced, such that failures of the past can be avoided and successes can be replicated and expanded. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:1–25. doi: 10.1002/wene.125


In freight distribution services a required quality level may have a relevant effect on transportation costs. For this reason an evaluation tool is useful to compare different service settings and support the decision, on the base of quantitative indicators. This paper proposes a method for cost evaluation in this context and presents an application to a case study concerning a freight distribution service, which operates on a wide road network having a city centre, a peripheral urban area and a peri-urban rural zone. A simulation method is proposed to obtain real-life scenarios in order to test the method and its indicators. The performance of each indicator has been evaluated in an experimental context to produce realistic test cases, using a trip planning tool and a demand generator. First, the behaviour of the indicators is analysed with regard to the time windows width planned for the service. Then, their ability in estimating the total transportation cost to satisfy all the requests, under different time period profiles, is shown. The results confirm the ability of the set of indicators to predict with a good approximation the transportation costs and therefore to be used in supporting the service quality planning decisions.


In the remainder, we call such a variety a convex symplectic variety. A convex symplectic variety has been studied in [K-V], [Ka 1] and [G-K]. One of main difficulties we meet is the fact that tangent objects TX and T 1 Y are not finite dimensional, since Y may possibly have non-isolated singularities; hence the usual deformation theory does not work well. Instead, in [K-V], [G-K], they introduced a Poisson scheme and studied a Poisson deformation of it. A Poisson deformation is the deformation of the pair of a scheme itself and a Poisson structure on it. When X is a convex symplectic variety, X admits a natural Poisson structure induced from a symplectic 2-form ω; hence one can consider its Poisson deformations. Then they are controlled by the Poisson cohomology. The Poisson cohomology has been extensively studied by Fresse [Fr 1], [Fr 2]. In some good cases, it can be described by well-known topological data (Corollary 10). The first application of the Poisson deformation theory is the following two results:


A stereoselective high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated to determine S-(-)- and R-(+)-propranolol in rat serum. Enantiomeric resolution was achieved on cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) immobilized onto spherical porous silica chiral stationary phase (CSP) known as Chiralpak IB. A simple analytical method was validated using a mobile phase consisted of n-hexane-ethanol-triethylamine (95:5:0.4%, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL min(-1) and fluorescence detection set at excitation/emission wavelengths 290/375 nm. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 10-400 ng mL(-1) (R = 0.999) for each enantiomer with a detection limit of 3 ng mL(-1). The proposed method was validated in compliance with ICH guidelines in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, limits of detection and quantitation, and other aspects of analytical validation. Actual quantification could be made for propranolol isomers in serum obtained from rats that had been intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered a single dose of the drug. The proposed method established in this study is simple and sensitive enough to be adopted in the fields of clinical and forensic toxicology. Molecular modeling studies including energy minimization and docking studies were first performed to illustrate the mechanism by which the active enantiomer binds to the β-adrenergic receptor and second to find a suitable interpretation of how both enantiomers are interacting with cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) CSP during the process of resolution. The latter interaction was demonstrated by calculating the binding affinities and interaction distances between propranolol enantiomers and chiral selector.


The species Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Le Conte) is part of the Chrysomelide family of the Coleoptera order. Overall, the Diabrotica genus includes insects that prefer cucurbitaceae. In particular, beetles are adapted to differentiated feeding diet, so that Diabrotica virgifera feeds and survives predominantly in corn crops. In its living environment, the beetles are often seen on plants or flying, looking for food or in moments of copulation and feeding. However, at the level of morphology and taxonomy of adult form, the species of the Diabrotica genus are still confused, with a pronounced polymorphism. It is difficult to establish some genetic standards in identifying interspecific features. It is known that geographical locations can influence the ratio of individuals of a population, especially among individuals of the same species (males and females). Going on this point, in this paper we want to show whether there are or not morphological variations between adult insect populations, that have previously been collected from different places and diverse corn hybrids. Studies have been conducted on beetle populations from 7 different corn cultures. Crops were located in different locations (different localities from Timis and Arad County) in the western area of Romania. The collecting of the beetles was done manually, directly from plants (leaves and silk) in July and August, during of 2007 year. Detailed studies have been conducted at microscope. Later on, the beetles were divided into morphological categories. The targeted morphological characters were body length, antenna length, elytra coloration, and background color of the body. The observed results concluded that there are morphological differences between beetles from various populations but also between beetles belonging to the same population. Additionally, the variation of coloration has strengthened the fact that food color can imprint a similar nuance to the background color of the beetle and this is because feeding intensely on the same plants.


The purpose of this qualitative inquiry was to describe and understand the lived experiences of the acculturative process of Indonesian graduate students at an American public research university. The theoretical frameworks of Oberg's (1960) Culture Shock Model and Berry and his colleagues' (1987) and Berry's (2006) Acculturation Stress Model were used to guide this study. Data for this study were collected through a demographic background survey, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions with Indonesian graduate students. The demographic data were analyzed descriptively. The interviews and focus groups data were analyzed using within-case and cross-case displays and analyses (Miles and Huberman 1994). Five salient themes and sub-themes that emerged were: academic shock, adjustment, crisis, resolution, and what helps/does not help? Implications and strategies for professionals and scholars who work with international students in practice, education, and policy are discussed. In addition, strategies to promote Indonesian graduate students' academic and social success in graduate programs are included. Suggestions for future research are also discussed.


We used allozymes to investigate the population genetics of the sea star Coscinasterias muricata throughout New Zealand, with emphasis on populations inhabiting the fjords on the west coast of the South Island. Mean genetic variability measured by Wright's Fst for all the New Zealand populations was 0.061, indicating a moderate level of genetic divergence on a New Zealand wide scale. Fst for populations from the fjord region was generally lower, ranging from 0.024 to 0.028, but it deviated from zero for all the loci examined. Evidence of isolation by distance was found when all populations were used in an analysis of log of the extent of gene flow between a pair of populations (M ˆ ) against the log of geographic distance (r 2 = 0.57, p < 0.001, Mantel test). Thus, a pattern of isola- tion by distance seems evident on this larger scale. However, pair-wise comparisons of genetic dis- tances, measured as Fst, of populations on the regional scale of the fjords on the west coast of the South Island showed no correlation, since high variation of Fst (0.001 to 0.09) between populations separated by 20 to 105 km was detected. The overall pattern of genetic variation revealed in a clus- ter analysis of genetic identity, I, grouped all the fjord populations together with maximum genetic identities of 94.6% to the other South Island populations, but within the fjord region, populations were not segregated according to geographical location. We suggest that the relatively isolated hydrography of each fjord is a most likely explanation for why fjord populations form genetic clusters that are inconsistent with geographical distance. The New Zealand fjords changed from freshwater systems about 12 000 to 6500 yr ago, and genetic equilibrium for the populations that colonized the fjords may not have been reached yet. We suggest that the recent colonization of the fjords, and the physical isolation from the open coast and each other, are important in explaining the genetic pattern of fjord populations of C. muricata.


This document is meant to be read in conjunction with 'Choosing a CAQDAS Package Working Paper' which provides a more general commentary of common CAQDAS functionality. This document does not provide an exhaustive account of all the features and functions provided by QDA Miner but is designed to highlight some of its distinguishing elements. Here we review version 3.2 of QDA Miner and make some reference to WordStat and SimStat modules. The Comment section at the end details our opinions on certain aspects of functionality and usability. See also Lewins & Silver (2007) Using Software in Qualitative Research: A step-by-step guide, Sage Publications and software development website.


In retirement planning, advisors should consider a logical, definitional based framework as convictional where empirical, evidence-based information is not available or is unclear. This paper presents a 3-S model framework for retirement income. The 3-S model seeks retirement income that is simultaneously stable, secure, and sustainable.

Categorizing income sources for retirement as Agreement-based (Time Bound 3-S), Mortality-based (Risk Pooled 3-S), or Historically based portfolio income (Probabilistic 3-S). This paper asserts that any of these three categories is definitionally capable of offering stable, secure, and sustainable retirement income.


Introduction: Intensive care units (ICUs) receive obstetric patients with medical and surgical complications as well as obstetrical emergencies. These patients needing intensive care present an exclusive challenge both for the obstetrician as well as the intensivist. In developing countries such as India, due to scarcity of ICU resources, maternal morbidity and mortality of such patients is high. Objectives: The aim of our study was to examine the pattern of admission, prevalence, causes, and the outcomes of critically ill obstetric patients admitted to an Indian ICU and the factors affecting mortality. Materials and Methods: A prospective study of all obstetric patients (pregnant and within 6 weeks postpartum) admitted in a 48-bedded ICU of a tertiary care hospital over a period of 18 months from January 2015 to June 2016 was done. The data collected included demographics, obstetric and medical history, illness severity scores, organ failures, treatment given, the ICU stay, hospital stay, and outcomes. Results: A total of 48 obstetric patients were admitted in the ICU during the study period. Mean age was 29.27 ± 5.910 years, mean APACHE-II was 12.77 ± 7.553, and SOFA score was 6.36 ± 4.235. Postpartum hemorrhage was the commonest cause for ICU admission (23%). Of the study patients, 40% had sepsis, 33% had multiorgan failure, 48% required ventilator support, and 25% had need for vasopressors. Mortality of study patients was 8.3%. Average ICU stay was 6.6 days. APACHE-II, SOFA scores, ICU stay and hospital stay, and multiorgan failure are significant predictors of mortality in obstetric critically ill patients. Conclusion: APACHE-II, SOFA scores, and ICU stay are strong predictors of maternal mortality in ICU. APACHE-II and SOFA scores overpredict mortality in obstetric patients. Early assessment and intervention of critically ill obstetrical patients with a team approach involving obstetricians and intensivists is ideal. All obstetric residents should have a mandatory short ICU training.


ABSTRACT Physical activities that involve muscle strengthening, balance and coordination skills such as ballroom dancing are encouraged for older adults to assist with the maintenance of functional autonomy and prevention of falls. Twenty-three community-dwelling older adults engaged in regular ballroom dancing completed a 12-month study assessing well-being, falls risk and balance using a set of clinical outcome measures. Those attending ballroom dancing classes were more likely to be active older adults, with lower levels of BMI and obesity compared to the general population. Participants scored lower in the falls risk tests than normative values. Some of the results suggest a possible substantive finding for clinical practice and indicate ballroom dancing is an activity with good attrition and adherence rates among community-dwelling older adults that can improve well-being, balance and reduce falls risk as part of an active lifestyle.


The Cerontologist Vol. 36, No. 6, 768-772 Since 1988, there has been a commendable increase in concern for explicit theory development in gerontology. However, this has not been reflected in recent journal articles reporting empirical research. We summarize some central issues in the recent history of gerontological theory-building, noting both "progress" and "pitfalls." Have there been paradigmatic shifts in biogerontological, psycho-gerontological, and social-gerontological theories of aging during the past decade? We think not, though advocates of particular theoretical perspectives may disagree.


Accurate staging of lung cancer is of utmost importance in determining the stage-appropriate treatment and prognosis. Imaging tests which include contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) examination of the chest to include the liver and adrenal glands and 18-fluoro-2 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan facilitate the initial tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging of the disease and provide guidance on the optimal biopsy site and biopsy method. The diagnostic and staging approach should be tailored to the individual patient according to risk, benefit, patient preferences, and available expertise. Diagnosis and staging should preferably be accomplished with a single procedure or the least number of invasive procedures if more than one is needed. Ideally, centers managing lung cancer patients should have a multidisciplinary thoracic oncology board prescribing personalized evidence-based management tailored to each individual patient. Multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings provide a platform for key experts from various disciplines to contribute specific advice on the management of each individual patient. As assessment of mediastinal lymph node involvement is an important component of lung cancer staging, optimal mediastinal staging can be achieved with a variety of techniques that can be discussed and performed by the various specialists in the MDT. Despite a relative paucity of quality evidence that MDT contributes to improvements in lung cancer survival outcomes, this approach has evolved to become the standard of care in many centers around the world. Thoracic MDT has resulted in more focused and timely investigations for histopathologic diagnosis and disease staging which translate into earlier treatment initiation. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that MDT care facilitates and allows access to investigations that lead to improved accuracy of tumor and nodal staging. However, there is still a paucity of evidence on the accuracy of lung cancer staging in the MDT setting.


To probe the structure-function relationships of voltage-dependent sodium channels, we have been examining the mechanisms of channel modification by batrachotoxin (BTX), veratridine (VTD), and grayanotoxin-I (GTX), investigating the unifying mechanisms that underlie the diverse modifications of this class of neurotoxins. In this paper, highly purified sodium channel polypeptides from the electric organ of the electric eel were incorporated into planar lipid bilayers in the presence of GTX for comparison with our previous studies of BTX (Recio-Pinto, E., D. S. Duch, S. R. Levinson, and B. W. Urban. 1987. J. Gen. Physiol. 90:375-395) and VTD (Duch, D. S., E. Recio-Pinto, C. Frenkel, S. R. Levinson, and B. W. Urban. 1989. J. Gen. Physiol. 94:813-831) modifications. GTX-modified channels had a single channel conductance of 16 pS. An additional large GTX-modified open state (40-55 pS) was found which occurred in bursts correlated with channel openings and closings. Two voltage-dependent processes controlling the open time of these modified channels were characterized: (a) a concentration-dependent removal of inactivation analogous to VTD-modified channels, and (b) activation gating similar to BTX-modified channels, but occurring at more hyperpolarized potentials. The voltage dependence of removal of inactivation correlated with parallel voltage-dependent changes in the estimated K1/2 of VTD and GTX modifications. Ranking either the single channel conductances or the depolarization required for 50% activation, the same sequence is obtained: unmodified > BTX > GTX > VTD. The efficacy of the toxins as activators follows the same ranking (Catterall, W. A. 1977. J. Biol. Chem. 252:8669-8676).


Decisions about fire management on pastoral properties are often made with little empirical knowledge. Proper accounting of the interactions between land, pasture, trees and livestock within the context of climatic variability and market conditions is required in order to assess financial implications of alternative fire management regimes. The present paper aims to facilitate such accounting through the development of a manager-driven decision-support tool. This approach is needed to account for variable property conditions and to provide direction towards considering optimal practices among a vast array of potential activities. The tool is an interactive model, developed for a hypothetical property, which analyses the costs and benefits of a baseline (no fires) against a historically based probability of wildfire overlaid by four alternative fire management regimes, representing cumulatively increasing levels of fire management intensity. These are: Regime 1, no action taken to prevent or stop wildfires; Regime 2, fire suppression (reactive fighting of wildfire); Regime 3, Regime 2 plus prevention (early dry-season burning); and Regime 4, Regime 3 combined with storm-burning (burning soon after the first wet-season storm). The model, which shows that fire and fire management have significant influences on the gross margin of Cape York Peninsula cattle properties, can be used as a decision-support tool in developing fire management strategies for individual properties. Specific fire management recommendations follow, together with the identification of potential areas of future work needed to facilitate use of the tool by clients.


INTRODUCTION
In this project, a novel micro PEM fuel cell is developed using glass (Foturan) as the
substrate material for bipolar plates. Typical macro scale fuel cells with power levels higher
than 100W use graphite as their bipolar plate material due to graphite's high electrical
conductivity, low cost, and low density. But due to limitations in fabrication methods, graphite
cannot be used in micro manufacturing applications. Silicon has been the most widely used
substrate material to fabricate the bipolar plates for micro fuel cells owning to its well-defined
MEMS process in the electronic field. However, MEMS processing of silicon can be limiting
due to high fabrication cost. Foturan is a patented material which is photosensitive and thus
can be chemically etched via lithographical means. It is highly chemically resistant, has a
comparably low fabrication cost compared to silicon, and is also suitable for mass
production. A fully compact single cell has been fabricated and tested (below) successfully
using Foturan and has proven the viability of stacking micro fuel cells for portable electronic
applications.
EXPERIMENTAL
Bipolar plates were fabricated by first a lithography step, a following heat treatment step,
chemical etching step, and then a thermal bonding step. To enhance electrical conductivity,
silver was deposited onto the top of bipolar plates by sputtering. Al-electrodes were then
inserted and UV-bonded. The MEA used was cut from typical MEA standards sold off-the
shelf. Testing of the single cell was done using 99.9% pure hydrogen and Air to enhance
forced-flow inside the cell.
RESULTS & CONCLUSION
Below shows the fabricated micro fuel cell fully packed (left) with the performance evaluation
curve of it (right, I-V-W curve). It has been shown that the power density obtained
(154mW/cm2) was comparable to the state of the art performance of ongoing micro fuel cell
research.


This study explores how secondary school students perceive high-performing potential classmates. A total of 1,794 seventh- and 10th-grade students from five countries completed a questionnaire measuring their expectations of hypothetical male and female high-performing classmates in three categories: intellectual ability, positive social qualities, and popularity. Across the five countries represented in this study, analyses of variance indicated that students did not report negative attitudes toward the three potential characteristics of a hypothetical gifted peer. Vietnamese students in particular reported more positive observations about the hypothetical classmate than their Australian, Peruvian, South Korean, and Spanish counterparts. Differing cross-national attitudes toward high-performing peers and the implications therein are discussed.


The ecology of endangered and rare species can be difficult to study due to their low abundances and legal limits on scientist's ability to catch, sample, and track them. This is particularly true of sawfish (family Pristidae) whose numbers have declined precipitously, placing all five species on the CITES list of critically endangered species worldwide. Best known for their distinctive, toothed rostrum the ecology, movement, and life-history of sawfish is poorly understood. Sawfish rostral teeth are modified placoid scales, which grow continuously throughout the life of the fish. This continuous growth, combined with their stable calcified makeup, makes sawfish teeth a potential source of temporal records of chemical and isotopic changes through the life of the fish. Rostral teeth can be removed non-lethally from living animals and are also often preserved in rostra housed in museums and as curios, potentially allowing both contemporaneous and historical sources of life-history data. Study of the potential for sawfish rostral teeth as endogenous chemical and structural records is extremely limited, however. Using archived samples of largetooth sawfish (Pristis pristis) we show that multiple chemical tracers can be recovered from sawfish teeth, and that these tracers can be used to understand movement across salinity gradients and between freshwater and the ocean. We further show that sawfish teeth contain repeated structures and indistinct banding which could potentially be used for aging or growth analysis of fish.


ABSTRACT Previous studies have investigated the experiences and characteristics of holiday decision-making among groups of travelers. This study adds to the knowledge of group trip holiday planning through exploring influential factors (including the individual and group characteristics of travelers), and linking those with their intragroup interactions when planning a group trip. A total of 261 usable questionnaires were collected across two university campuses in the UK and China. The survey employed a retrospective approach, asking participants to recall one of their past group trip planning experiences within the previous 3 months. This study found that intragroup interactions during a group trip planning process are influenced both by tourists' individual factors, such as age, gender, and nationality, and by group characteristics, such as group size, common interest, group type, and group travel style. This study shows that common interest is the most influential factor in terms of its positive impact on group collaboration, feeling of connectedness, strength of preparation, and flexibility and spontaneity during group trip planning process. Further, in general, Chinese groups tend to spend less time on planning their trips before departure, but focus more on the details of the itinerary. Finally, the implications for technologies that are designed to facilitate the group trip planning process, with a view to enhancing the level of group enjoyment, are discussed based on the findings in this study.


Purpose of review Autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) has been an integral part of the management of multiple myeloma, especially for younger patients. During the past decade, several highly effective therapies have become available for treatment of myeloma, raising questions about the role of SCT for its management. This review focuses on recent findings in the context of previous studies demonstrating a benefit for SCT compared with conventional therapies. Recent findings Recent clinical trials have primarily focused on improving patient outcome by integrating the novel agents into various stages of myeloma therapy, including initial therapy resulting in improvement of disease control at the time of SCT, incorporation into conditioning regimens and finally, using maintenance approaches to prolong the response from SCT. In addition, recent trials also have demonstrated a potential role for tandem SCT in selected patients. However, the role of allogeneic SCT still remains to be better defined. Summary Patients with myeloma have more effective choices for therapy today and better outcome. Recent and ongoing trials will allow better selection of therapy, preferably in an individualized fashion, potentially translating into prolonged survival.


Abstract Background and aims : Work skills are among variables which promote the coping abilities of individuals with high job demands at workplaces. This research was administered with the aim of studying the moderating role of work skills in connection between job stress, feeling of energy and emotional exhaustion with deviant behaviors, organizational citizenship behaviors and creativity. Methods: Research population were included the employees of two industrial companies, among them, 275 persons were selected via stratified sampling. Research instruments consisted of job stress questionnaire, deviant behaviors questionnaire, organizational citizenship behaviors questionnaire, creativity questionnaire, feeling of energy questionnaire, and researcher made questionnaire of work skills. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression analysis. Results: Results showed that: 1. There are negative significant relationships between work skills with job stress, emotional exhaustion and deviant behaviors (p<0.01), but there are positive significant relationships between work skills with feeling of energy, creativity and organizational citizenship behaviors. 2. The results of hierarchical regression analysis revealed that work skills have been moderated the relationship between emotional exhaustion with deviant and organizational citizenship behaviors. Conclusion : Findings of this research showed that when work skills are low; emotional exhaustion increases deviant behaviors, but decreases organizational citizenship behaviors. Also in high job skills, emotional exhaustion increases organizational citizenship behaviors.


We consider a hanging cantilevered pipe conveying water within a water-filled container; the upper portion of the pipe is surrounded by a rigid cylindrical tube of larger diameter, forming an annular fluid-filled region around the pipe. Two flow configurations are investigated : (a) water enters the pipe at its clamped end and flows downwards, discharging at its free end into the container; the fluid exits the container by flowing upwards in the annulus and out; (b) the reverse flow arrangement: water enters the system at the upper end of the annulus and exits by flowing upwards in the pipe. The dynamics of the system is studied theoretically and experimentally for both configurations. The analytical models utilized are outlined and the experiments are described. Theory and experiment find that the system loses stability at sufficiently high flow velocity by flutter or static divergence.


: Owing to the progress of individual life expectancy, the number of demented people will clearly increase in the next decades. Cognitive impairment refers not only to dementia, but also to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), associated with reduced complex daily activity and decreased quality of live. It may, in many cases (10-15% per year) progress to permanent dementia. The most frequent aetiologies of dementia syndromes are the Alzheimer's Disease (AD), vascular Dementia (VD), the combination of both and Lewy-Body-Disease. Primarily neuro-psychiatric and internal medical reasons for cognitive decline have also to be taken into account for rational treatment.


Individual agents in a multi-agent system (MAS) may have decoupled open-loop dynamics, but a cooperative control objective usually results in coupled closed-loop dynamics thereby making the control design computationally expensive. The computation time becomes even higher when a learning strategy such as reinforcement learning (RL) needs to be applied to deal with the situation when the agents dynamics are not known. To resolve this problem, this paper proposes a hierarchical RL scheme for a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) design in a continuous-time linear MAS. The idea is to exploit the structural properties of two graphs embedded in the $Q$ and $R$ weighting matrices in the LQR objective to define an orthogonal transformation that can convert the original LQR design to multiple decoupled smaller-sized LQR designs. We show that if the MAS is homogeneous then this decomposition retains closed-loop optimality. Conditions for decomposability, an algorithm for constructing the transformation matrix, a hierarchical RL algorithm, and robustness analysis when the design is applied to non-homogeneous MAS are presented. Simulations show that the proposed approach can guarantee significant speed-up in learning without any loss in the cumulative value of the LQR cost.


Intermediate annealing to stainless steel can eliminate the residual stress, and improve plasticity and ductility effectively, but oxidation after different annealing processes has considerable difference. In this research, three annealing processes, low temperature annealing with ordinary heat treatment furnace, high temperature annealing with ordinary heat treatment furnace and high temperature bright annealing, were used to gain insight into the mechanics of intermediate annealing. Specimens of 304 austenitic stainless steel sheets were adopted in the intermediate annealing experiments which pre-deformation was 15%. The specimens' surface microstructure were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the specimen oxidation, which happened in the annealing process, were also analyzed. The results show that bright annealing must be adopted in high temperature annealing.


A thymine cyclobutane dimer, site-specifically incorporated in a DNA duplex, is shown to be repaired upon photoexcitation (at 380 nm) of a naphthalene diimide intercalator (NDI), either bound noncovalently to the duplex or covalently appended to the C4 amine of a methylated cytosine base well separated from the thymine dimer. The repair of the thymine dimer is triggered by photooxidation either directly or by DNA-mediated charge transport over a distance of ∼22 A, the separation between NDI and the cyclobutane ring. Photooxidative repair with covalently and noncovalently bound NDI is demonstrated using HPLC under denaturing conditions, where the loss of the thymine dimer-containing strand and the formation of the repaired strand are monitored directly, as well as using a novel gel electrophoretic assay. In this assay, two strands of oligonucleotides containing 5'- and 3'-terminal thymidines are first ligated photochemically to yield thymine dimers, and repair is then assayed by monitoring the reversal of the photoligation by intercalators bound either noncovalently or at a distance. Although both NDI and a rhodium intercalator were seen to reverse the photoligation, several anthraquinones and ethidium were unable to promote repair upon irradiation at 350 nm. This photoligation reversal assay provides a rapid screen for thymine dimer repair. The oxidative repair of thymine dimers in a DNA duplex from a distance appears now to be a general phenomenon and requires consideration in developing mechanisms for DNA-mediated charge transport.


In online affiliate marketing networks advertising web sites offer their affiliates revenues based on provided web site traffic and associated leads and sales. Advertising web sites can have a network of thousands of affiliates providing them with web site traffic through hyperlinks on their web sites. Search engines such as Google, MSN, and Yahoo, consider hyperlinks as a proof of quality and/or reliability of the linked web sites, and therefore use them to determine the relevance of web sites with regard to search queries. In this research we investigate the potential impact of online affiliate marketing networks on the ranking of advertisers' web sites in search results. This article empirically explores how seven different affiliate marketing networks affect the rankings of the advertising web sites within web search engines. The field study followed intensively seven online affiliate marketing networks for twelve weeks after their launch. The results indicate that newly started affiliate networks effectively improve the rankings of advertising web sites in search engine results. Also, it was found that the effects of affiliate marketing networks on search engine rankings were smaller for advertising web sites operating in highly competitive markets. Another finding was that a growth in visitors coming from search engines was present as a result of the improvement of search engine rankings. Finally, the results indicate that cost-benefit metrics associated with affiliate marketing programs, such as the average marketing cost will decrease when the positive effects of affiliate marketing on search engine rankings are taken into account.


This paper presents a dual power-mode and multi-band power amplifier (PA) for handset applications that improves the efficiency in low-power regions. This PA operates in two modes through path control by a shunt switched capacitor. The proposed control method provides efficient mode control without any efficiency degrading and bandwidth (BW) limiting. The proposed PA, in conjunction with a boosted supply modulator for envelope tracking (ET) operation not only in the high-power mode, but also in the low-power mode, delivers good performance at all average output power levels. The linearity is improved by ET through a proper envelope-shaping method. For demonstrative purposes, the PA and supply modulator are implemented using an InGaP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor and AIGaAs/InGaAs enhancement/depletion-mode pseudomorphic high electron-mobility transistor process and a 0.18-$\mu$ m CMOS process, respectively. The ET PA is tested across the range of 1.7–2.0 GHz using a long-term evolution signal with 16 quadrature amplitude modulation, a 7.5-dB peak-to-average power ratio, and 10-MHz BW. The proposed dual power-mode multi-band ET PA delivers good performance for high- and low-power modes, indicating that the architecture is promising for handset PA applications.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the safety and efficacy of azithromycin with amoxicillin/clavulanate or erythromycin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, including atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae.

METHODS
Multicenter, parallel group, double blind trial in which patients 6 months to 16 years of age with community-acquired pneumonia were randomized 2:1 to receive either azithromycin for 5 days or conventional therapy for 10 days (amoxicillin/clavulanate if < or =5 years of age or erythromycin estolate if >5 years of age). Patients from 23 geographically diverse sites were evaluated for clinical outcomes and/or adverse events at Days 3 to 5, Days 15 to 19 and 4 to 6 weeks posttherapy. Microbiology (culture or polymerase chain reaction) was done at baseline and Days 15 to 19 for bacteria, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Serology for C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae was done at baseline and 4 to 6 weeks posttherapy.

RESULTS
Of 456 patients enrolled during 17 consecutive months, 420 were evaluable. Clinical success at Study Days 15 to 19 was 94.6% in the azithromycin group and 96.2% in the comparative treatment group (P = 0.735) and at 4 to 6 weeks posttherapy 90.6 and 87.1%, respectively (P = 0.330). Evidence of infection was identified in 46% of 420 evaluable patients (1.9% bacteria, 29.5% M. pneumoniae and 15% C. pneumoniae). Microbiologic eradication was 81% for C. pneumoniae and 100% for M. pneumoniae in the azithromycin group vs. 100 and 57%, respectively, in the comparator group. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 11.3% of the azithromycin group and 31% in the comparator group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION
Azithromycin used once daily for 5 days produced a satisfactory therapeutic outcome similar to those of amoxicillin/clavulanate or erythromycin given three times a day for 10 days for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Azithromycin had significantly fewer side effects than comparator drugs.


In the development of the postwar welfare state, Japan saw the Hibakusha movement, which campaigned for the state compensation for atomic bomb survivors and also for the total abolishment of nuclear weapons. The state compensation is justified on the basis of responsibility of the state for the war. It has been based on essentially different logic from the public assistance provided for the needy persons in general. The Hibakusha movement became widely known and was recently nominated for the Nobel Prize for Peace. We can hardly say, however, that the meaning and implication of the Hibakusha movement was properly understood in the formation of welfare state in Japan. The postwar welfare state prides itself on the comprehensive menu and universal coverage (stipulated as "right to well-being" in constitution), which is supported by liberal values emphasizing individual independence and autonomy. In reality, however, the so called comprehensiveness was limited to dealing with standard risks associated with and assumed in standard life-stages. The apparently universal system could only support those who had satisfied eligibility requirements. We cannot deny the possibility that some Hibakusha are campaigning for abolishing nuclear weapons while not receiving reasonable compensation for their own suffering. In contrast, the USA began developing its welfare system by offering targeted assistance for elders, persons with disabilities, single mothers and so on. It has not yet stipulated a universal "right to well-being" for its citizens or any corresponding duty of the state to provide public assistance in its constitution. Yet, many kinds of compensation schemes and assistant programs have been implemented with the support of citizens and non-profit organizations. With these comparisons in mind, this paper reconsiders the role of the welfare state and provides an alternative conception of the welfare state, "capability-based public reciprocity," by connecting economic philosophies of John Rawls and Amartya Sen.


When people think of the origins of American social policy, they usually think of the 1935 Social Security Act, part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's second New Deal. That legislation created both old-age insurance, now commonly known as social security, and Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), recently known as welfare. Though central to today's social policy, these programs were somewhat marginal to New Deal social policy because they dealt with special categories of "unemployable" citizens. The key concern of New Deal social policymakers was instead with those deemed "employable," and their problems were addressed mainly by another and much less studied program from the second New Deal: the "Works Program" operated mainly by the Works Progress Administration (WPA). The lack of attention to the WPA has had important consequences for understandings of American social policy.


The level-set method is used to study the evolution of a bubble carried by a primary phase in (1) a straight channel, (2) a double-bend channel, and (3) a constricted channel. Special attention is given to the conservation of mass for the phases. A global mass correction scheme is proposed to ensure mass conservation. Surface tension effect is modeled using the continuum surface force approach. A finite-volume method is used to solve the governing equations. The CLAM schemes are used to model the convection of the level-set equations. The results compare well with the solutions of the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method.


This paper presents a comparison between multilayer perceptron (MLP) and neural autoregressive with exogenous inputs(NARX) for generating hourly global solar radiation in the city of Fes(Morocco). The results from this analysis are essential for the analytic modelling of the long term performance of solar energy systems. MLP and NARX were created, trained and tested using MATLAB. Four hourly measured variables over five years and one calculated parameter were used as input to the models and horizontal hourly global solar radiation  as target. Models with different numbers of neurons in the hidden layer as well as different combinations of inputs were experimented with. The regression coefficient (R 2 )and two error statistics, namely, normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) and normalized mean bias error (nMBE) are used to evaluate different models. According to theses statistics, the best model is NARX with 5 inputs. The generalization of this model over unseen data and its ability to produce accurate forecasts show a good accuracy ( nRMSE = 15%, nMBE=0.036% and R 2 =0.95). For the wide use of the proposed model with available data, different sizes for different periods of data were used for the learning process. Depending on the accuracy required for the  generated values, our model gives  quite good results with relatively small sets of training  data.   As such, the proposed model shows a good ability to generate hourly solar radiation values from  more available and cheaper data namely temperature and relative humidity.


Deep learning-based facial recognition (FR) models have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in the past few years, even when wearing protective medical face masks became commonplace during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the outstanding performance of these models, the machine learning research community has shown increasing interest in challenging their robustness. Initially, researchers presented adversarial attacks in the digital domain, and later the attacks were transferred to the physical domain. However, in many cases, attacks in the physical domain are conspicuous, requiring, for example, the placement of a sticker on the face, and thus may raise suspicion in real-world environments (e.g., airports). In this paper, we propose Adversarial Mask, a physical adversarial universal perturbation (UAP) against state-of-the-art FR models that is applied on face masks in the form of a carefully crafted pattern. In our experiments, we examined the transferability of our adversarial mask to a wide range of FR model architectures and datasets. In addition, we validated our adversarial mask effectiveness in real-world experiments by printing the adversarial pattern on a fabric medical face mask, causing the FR system to identify only 3.34% of the participants wearing the mask (compared to a minimum of 83.34% with other evaluated masks).


The data mining and pervasive sensing technologies found in smart homes offer unprecedented opportunities for providing health monitoring and assistance to individuals experiencing difficulties in living independently at home. In order to monitor the functional health of smart home residents, we need to design technologies that recognize and track activities that people normally perform as part of their daily routines. One question that frequently arises, however, is how many smart home sensors are needed and where should they be placed in order to accurately recognize activities? We employ data mining techniques to look at the problem of sensor selection for activity recognition in smart homes. We analyze the results based on six datasets collected in five distinct smart home environments. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2011 1 339–351 DOI: 10.1002/widm.20


In the study of addiction, attentional bias refers to the observation that substance-related cues tend to capture the attention of experienced substance users. Attentional bias is a cognitive intermediate in the conditioned association between drug-related cues, craving, and relapse. Numerous studies have documented the existence of attentional bias for cues associated with substances. By contrast, few studies have investigated attentional bias in individuals with pathological gambling (PG) or problematic gambling. In this study, we sought to assess attentional bias at the level of maintenance of attention in a sample of pathological gamblers. Twenty-three pathological gamblers and 21 healthy volunteers performed the Visual Probe Task to compare attentional bias with gambling-related cues between individuals with PG and healthy volunteers. The measured of attentional bias was based on their reaction times (RTs) to probes replacing neutral and gambling-related cues (images). Second, we examined the correlation between PG severity and degree of attentional bias among individuals with PG. Results show that pathological gamblers, but not healthy volunteers, had attentional bias for gambling-related cues with exposure times that assess maintenance of attention. There was no correlation between PG severity and degree of attentional bias. Theoretical and clinical implications of these results are discussed.


The goal of this article is to investigate the conditions under which ASEAN states are more likely to pursue regional economic integration, namely, a series of ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) agreements/protocols. Adopting Putnam's two-level-games model, this article examines the influences of domestic politics, political elites' preferences, economic performance, and external impacts. Through the construction of a set of hypotheses, this article investigates five AFTA agreements/ protocols and the conditions of ASEAN states during the 1992–2003 period. The findings indicate that political leaders' preferences have played a pivotal role in the development of the AFTA. Economic performance and domestic support in individual states has also affected the AFTA. The close link between AFTA agreements and external impacts reveals that the AFTA's inherent nature is defensive.


This research aimed to find out how to use iconic images illustration to increase selling value of fiction works. The theoretical basis of this research was visual communication design, illustration, color, and semiotics. The method used in this research was qualitative research by doing interviews with experts who are experienced in publishing and illustration field. Another method used was observing children and fiction books which use iconic image illustration to attract consumer's interest in order to increase books sales. The results of this study show that fiction books with iconic image illustration images have the positive response from consumers who show their interest and desire to buy them. Moreover, these results are expected to be useful for the creative industry, especially the sub-sector publishing industry when designing illustrations to be used in a book.


BACKGROUND
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs more frequently in individuals with suppressed immune status, and some types of dietary fat and protein have been associated with decreased immune responses. In this study, we examined the intake of specific types of dietary fat and protein in relation to the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

METHODS
We documented 199 incident cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a cohort of 88 410 women, who were enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study and were aged 34-60 years in 1980, during 14 years of follow-up. Relative risks of the disease and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. All P values are two-sided and were considered to be statistically significant for P<.05.

RESULTS
Intake of saturated fat was associated with an increase in risk that was not statistically significant; the multivariate relative risk for the highest versus the lowest quintiles of intake was 1.4 (95% CI = 0.7-3.0; P for trend =.42). Intake of beef, pork, or lamb as a main dish was associated with a statistically significantly increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; the multivariate relative risk for consumption of these meats at least once per day as compared with less than once per week was 2.2 (95% CI = 1.1-4.4; P for trend =.002). Higher intake of trans unsaturated fat was also statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of the disease; the multivariate relative risk for the highest versus the lowest quintiles was 2.4 (95% CI = 1.3-4.6; P for trend =.01). Higher intake of red meat cooked by broiling or barbecuing-but not by roasting, pan-frying, or boiling or stewing-was associated with an increase in risk that was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS
Greater dietary intake of certain meats and fats was associated with a higher risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. These relationships and their potential mechanisms deserve further examination.


This paper reports an experiment that evaluates three regimes for triggering the conversion of contingent capital bonds into equity: (a) a ?regulator? regime, where socially motivated regulators make conversion decisions based on observed prices, (b) a ?fixed trigger? regime where a price threshold triggers a mandatory conversion, and (c) a ?prediction market? regime where we supplement the regulator?s information set with the results of a prediction market that elicits traders? perceived likelihood of a conversion. Consistent with theory, we observe informational and allocative inefficiencies as well as numerous errors in conversion decisions in both the regulator and fixed trigger regimes. Contrary to theory, however, we also observe inefficiencies and frequent conversion errors in the prediction market regime. Although the fixed trigger and prediction market regimes are more informationally efficient than the regulator regime, allocative efficiencies remain low and conversion error rates high in all three regimes. ; Earlier title: Market-based corrective actions - an experimental investigation


The most recent European guidelines and task force reports on hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) were published almost 10 years ago. Since then, further randomised clinical trials of HAP and VAP have been conducted and new information has become available. Studies of epidemiology, diagnosis, empiric treatment, response to treatment, new antibiotics or new forms of antibiotic administration and disease prevention have changed old paradigms. In addition, important differences between approaches in Europe and the USA have become apparent. The European Respiratory Society launched a project to develop new international guidelines for HAP and VAP. Other European societies, including the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, were invited to participate and appointed their representatives. The Latin American Thoracic Association was also invited. A total of 15 experts and two methodologists made up the panel. Three experts from the USA were also invited (Michael S. Niederman, Marin Kollef and Richard Wunderink). Applying the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology, the panel selected seven PICO (population–intervention–comparison–outcome) questions that generated a series of recommendations for HAP/VAP diagnosis, treatment and prevention. ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT evidence-based recommendations for HAP/VAP diagnosis, treatment and prevention http://ow.ly/dGhv30dAVoa


A synergistic combination of neural networks with sliding mode control is proposed. As a result, the chattering is eliminated and error performance of SMC is improved. In such an approach, the determination of the structure of NN, i.e. number of layers, number of neurons at each layer, etc. does not come up as a problem because these are directly related to the SMC. A Lyapunov function is selected for the design of the SMC and gradient descent is used for weight adaptation of the neural network. The criterion that is minimized for gain adaptation is selected as the sum of the squares of the control signal and the sliding function. This novel approach is applied to control of a SCARA type robot manipulator and simulation results are given.


A case of vertical odontoid fracture is presented in which a concomitant fracture of the skull indicated possible pathogenetic mechanisms. The radiological diagnosis and the management of this case are discussed.


A novel imaging system for investigation of absorbed dose distributions in radiotherapy polymer gel dosimeters using ultrasound is introduced. A prototype transmission ultrasound computed tomography (UCT) imaging system is developed and evaluated. The imaging capabilities of the system are assessed through investigation of an irradiated polyacrylamide gel test phantom. Images based on transmitted signal amplitude and time of flight (TOF) of the ultrasonic signal through the phantom are reconstructed using a filtered backprojection technique. In general, the reconstruction of the square field in the TOF image was superior to the transmission image, however, transmission images displayed superior contrast to TOF images. The image quality achieved with this prototype system is promising and could be significantly enhanced through improvements, in particular through the development of more sophisticated experimental equipment. It is concluded that UCT is a viable technique for imaging absorbed dose distributions in polymer gel dosimeters and investigations are continuing to further improve the system.


This Article identifies a number of problems, both in practice and in theory, in what is denoted here as the "information disclosure model of sentencing regulation." While the disclosure model places a lack of information at the heart of the problem of inefficient sentencing policy, the present article explains how the problem is better understood, not as informational, but incentives-based. A statutory appropriation requirement is described that seeks to correct an explained incentive to engage in myopic legislative decision-making; specifically, a one-year appropriation is required from a general budget fund into a statutorily-created special reserve fund for any proposed change in sentencing policy projected to increase the correctional population. A survey of existing statutory appropriation requirements is provided and certain best practices are identified; in addition, a novel statutory provision is proposed: monies should be appropriated from the special reserve fund to the general fund if a bill is projected to decrease the correctional population. Such withdrawals from the special reserve fund made in the current fiscal period serve as concrete, immediate evidence of the fiscal benefits of less punitive criminal sentences, where such benefits are often realized only in the long-run, and supply a novel incentive for legislators to engage in forward-looking, fiscally-responsible sentencing policy. The present article further contends that proposed changes in sentencing policy should not be subjected to cost-benefit analysis (as opposed to fiscal impact analysis as required under the statutory appropriation requirement), because the retributive value of a criminal sentence is extremely difficult to measure given the current state of estimation technology.


Point (Overview): Interpersonal and institutional racial biases are the principal reasons for racial disparities in accessing health care and disparities in African Americans' health status, which can only be addressed by acknowledging and putting an end to interpersonal and institutional racial bias in the health care system that adversely affects the health status African-Americans. Counterpoint (Overview): The irrational structure of health care, which is based on ability to pay, rather than need is the main cause of racial disparities in health, which will not be equalized until the structure of the health care system is fixed or when African Americans' economic inequalities are addressed. Defining the Problem: The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS") defines health disparities as differences in health between groups of people who have systematically experienced greater obstacles to health based on their racial group; socioeconomic status; or other characteristics historically linked to discrimination or exclusion. Decades of government reports and research studies have shown that racial disparities in accessing quality health care and health status continue to exist, particularly between African-Americans and Caucasians. The largest disparity in health status was and remains to be between African-Americans and Caucasians. In 1985, the Secretary of HHS issued a landmark report, the Heckler Report, which exposed the existence of racial disparities in the U.S. health care system (Office of the Director, 1985). In 2003, the groundbreaking Institute of Medicine Study ("IOM study") Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare acknowledged the continuation of racial disparities in health status and accessing health care and provided suggestions for the elimination of these disparities (IOM, 2003). Finally, in 2007 the National Healthcare Disparities Report ("NHDR") noted that racial disparities in health status and accessing quality health care were not getting smaller; instead the gaps had not only persisted, but also gotten worse (HHS 2008). In addition to these reports, empirical research studies have shown that racial disparities in health care have worsened. In 1985, 60,000 excess deaths occurred each year in minority populations. By 2005, an estimated 83,570 African-Americans died each year that would not die if African-American death rates were equivalent to Caucasian rates (Satcher, 2005). In fact, research studies have shown that in 1950 before the end of legalized racial segregation, the life expectancy rates of 65 year old African-Americans and Whites was the same. Since 1950, African-Americans' life expectancy has continued to decline even after the advent of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VI"), which granted them "equal" access to health care services. In response to this data, the government has issued several initiatives to put an end to racial disparities in access to health care and health status. In 1990, HHS issued the first national health initiative, which provides science-based ten-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans. In the first national health initiative, called Healthy People 2000, one of the main objectives was to reduce health disparities among all Americans. In 1998, President Bill Clinton announced the Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care that was supposed to eliminate racial and ethnic health disparities in six key areas of health status, including infant mortality, by the year 2010. In 2000, the Healthy People 2010 initiative was issued with an objective of eliminating racial disparities in health care. In 2010, the Healthy People 2020 initiative expanded the goal of eliminating racial disparities in health care to include achieving health equity and improving the health of all groups. In spite of all the research, government reports and initiatives, health care disparities persist and in some cases have worsened. A recent report estimated that 30.6%, or $230 billion, of direct medical expenditures between 2003 and 2006 were excess costs due to racial disparities in health status and access to health (LaViest, 2009). Scholars and researchers have asserted a panoply of causes for the continuation of racial disparities in access to quality health care and health care status, including, cultural differences, insurance status, socioeconomic status, and education levels. Yet, innumerable research studies show that even when all these factors are controlled racial disparities in health care persist, leaving race as the only plausible explanation for the continuation of disparities. But what does race have to do with it? Some argue that race means that there are biological differences that explain these disparities in health outcomes; however, biologically race differences accounts for at most .03% of genetic variation (Mak, 2006). Thus, if race plays a role in racial disparities, genetic research suggests that it is due to the social construction of race not biological differences. As Professors David Williams and Pamela Jackson noted, "race is a marker for differential exposure to multiple disease-producing social factors. Thus, racial [disparities] in health should be understood not only in terms of individual characteristics but also in light of patterned racial inequalities in exposure to societal risks and resources." (Williams and Jackson, 2005). Unfortunately, the significance of societal risks, such as racial bias in causing racial disparities in health care is often ignored. However, some credible and robust research studies have suggested that racial bias is the chief factor in the continuation of racial disparities in health care. There are three levels of racial bias: interpersonal, institutional, and structural. Interpersonal bias is the conscious (explicit) and/or unconscious (implicit) use of prejudice in interactions between individuals. Interpersonal bias is best illustrated by physician's treatment decisions based on racial prejudice and it's effect on African-Americans' health status. Institutional bias operates through organizational structures within an institution that "establishes separate and independent barriers" to health care services, which is best demonstrated by hospital closures in African-American communities. Finally, operating at a societal level, structural bias is the organizational structure of society, which privileges some groups, while denying others access to health care. An example of structural bias is the rationing of health care based on ability to pay rather than need. Seemingly similar, there is a significant difference between institutional and interpersonal bias versus structural bias. Both interpersonal and institutional biases focus on the direct racial effects of individual or institutional actions, whereas structural bias measures how non-race based factors, such as economic inequalities, indirectly affect racial minorities (Grant-Thomas and Powell, 2006).


Introduction This paper reviews in general the problem of parasitism and anaemia in people living in the tropics. Wherever poverty is common, malnourished subjects are likely to be encountered frequently and anaemia is a usual clinical finding. Wherever insect vectors are prevalent and sanitation is defective, parasitic infection is common and, in many instances, anaemia is a complication. Infection by parasites being common, and anaemia being common, it is to be expected that both should often be discovered in the same patient, and interest is aroused in the problem of cause and effect. Much investigation has been reported concerning the place of parasitic infections in causing anaemia. There is little opportunity in tropical conditions, however, to investigate how far anaemia, or malnutrition in general, predisposes to infection by parasites. This is an aspect of the subject in which there is scope for experimental study in animals, whose environment can be carefully controlled.


This project is to use the material Expancel to create high frictionsurfaces and that it's possible to add extra value into it in form of formand other functions. The target group is people who shop for groceryproducts, everyone. With help from users with reduced hand functionand vision problems the concept is developed to fit as many peopleas possible. The project results in a concept solution where users withreduced hand function gets extra value in their daily life situation withpackaging and adding an extra experience for everyone else with adifferent material on the package.


Scholars and antitrust enforcers have raised concerns about anticompetitive effects that may arise when institutional investors hold substantial stakes in competing firms. Their concern rests on empirical evidence that such common concentrated ownership is associated with higher prices and lower output. This evidence sharply challenges both antitrust orthodoxy and corporate governance scholarship.

In this Article, we examine the causal mechanisms that might link common ownership to anticompetitive effects. We consider whether the current empirical evidence supports the existence of these mechanisms and whether institutional investors would plausibly employ them.

Our main conclusion is that most proposed mechanisms either lack significant empirical support or else are implausible. Notably, some widely discussed mechanisms—for example, cartel facilitation and passive failures to encourage competition among portfolio firms—are not empirically tested. Moreover, institutional investors' incentives to increase portfolio value are weak, reducing the likelihood that these investors will pursue mechanisms that carry significant reputational or legal risks. We find, however, that a different mechanism, which we call "selective omission," is both consistent with the evidence and plausibly employed by institutional investors. Looking ahead, our analysis suggests paths for future research and provides a guide for further investigation into how common owners and firms may interact to produce anticompetitive effects.


Dynamically typed languages such as JavaScript and Python are increasingly popular, yet static typing has not been totally eclipsed: Python now supports type annotations and languages like TypeScript offer a middle-ground for JavaScript: a strict superset of JavaScript, to which it transpiles, coupled with a type system that permits partially typed programs. However, static typing has a cost: adding annotations, reading the added syntax, and wrestling with the type system to fix type errors. Type inference can ease the transition to more statically typed code and unlock the benefits of richer compile-time information, but is limited in languages like JavaScript as it cannot soundly handle duck-typing or runtime evaluation via eval. We propose DeepTyper, a deep learning model that understands which types naturally occur in certain contexts and relations and can provide type suggestions, which can often be verified by the type checker, even if it could not infer the type initially. DeepTyper, leverages an automatically aligned corpus of tokens and types to accurately predict thousands of variable and function type annotations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that context is key in accurately assigning these types and introduce a technique to reduce overfitting on local cues while highlighting the need for further improvements. Finally, we show that our model can interact with a compiler to provide more than 4,000 additional type annotations with over 95% precision that could not be inferred without the aid of DeepTyper.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
Few studies have examined the validity of actigraphy in school-aged children. The objective of this study was to examine the validity of a commonly used actigraph compared to polysomnography (PSG) in a sample of children age 5 to 12 y born prematurely, sleeping in their natural home environment.

METHODS
148 children born preterm (85 boys and 63 girls), ages 5-12 y (mean = 9.3 y, standard deviation = 2.0) wore the Philips Respironics Actiwatch-2 for 1 night concurrently with comprehensive, ambulatory PSG in the child's home. Sleep outcome variables were sleep onset latency, total sleep time (TST), and sleep efficiency. Epoch-by-epoch comparisons were used to determine sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Secondary analyses examined differences between children with no sleep issues, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS).

RESULTS
Actigraphy significantly underestimated TST (30 min) and sleep efficiency (5%). Actigraphy underestimated or overestimated sleep onset latency by at least 10 min for a third of the children. Sensitivity and accuracy were good at 0.88 and 0.84, respectively, whereas specificity was lower at 0.46. Differences between actigraphy and PSG for TST and sleep efficiency were greatest for children with PLMS.

CONCLUSIONS
This study adds to the small existing literature demonstrating the validity of actigraphy in middle childhood. Although actigraphy shows good sensitivity (ability to detect sleep), specificity (ability to detect wake) is poor in this age group. Further, the results highlight the importance of considering whether a child has PLMS when interpreting actigraphic data, as well as the difficulties in accurately capturing sleep onset latency with actigraphy.


The accumulation and stimulation of PMN-granulocytes, the enhanced prostaglandin metabolism and tissue hypoxia lead to an enhanced generation of oxygen free radicals and their metabolites in septic shock. These radicals seem, at least partly, to be responsible for the observed damages of the so-called shock organs in sepsis. It was shown in animals subjected to septic shock that free radical scavengers also in combination with antibiotics, could not only decrease the amount of tissue damage but also improve the survival rate.


Introduction: Isolated cecal necrosis is a clinical problem and is usually associated with reduced colonic blood flow, which is rare and mimics acute appendicitis. The findings of many diseases that cause pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen are similar to each other, and the diagnosis is usually made during the surgery.Case Report: A 53-year-old woman presented to our emergency department with chief complaints of abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and nausea. There was sensitivity, defense, and rebound in the lower right quadrant during the physical examination. Intraoperative partial cecal necrosis was detected with surgical findings in the patient who was prediagnosed with appendicitis, and partial cecum resection with staplers was performed.Conclusion: While other ischemic diseases of the intestine have high morbidity and mortality rates, the prognosis of isolated cecal necrosis is very good if it is prediagnosed and if surgery is performed on time


Wave-particle interaction is a key process in particle diffusion in collisionless plasmas. We look into the interaction of single plasma waves with individual particles and discuss under which circumstances this is a chaotic process, leading to diffusion. We derive the equations of motion for a particle in the fields of a magnetostatic, circularly polarized, monochromatic wave and show that no chaotic particle motion can arise under such circumstances. A novel and exact analytic solution for the equations is presented. Additional plasma waves lead to a breakdown of the analytic solution and chaotic particle trajectories become possible. We demonstrate this effect by considering a linearly polarized, monochromatic wave, which can be seen as the superposition of two circularly polarized waves. Test particle simulations are provided to illustrate and expand our analytical considerations.