Context. Circumstellar discs are ubiquitous around young stars, but rapidly dissipate their gas and dust on timescales of a few Myr. The Herschel space observatory allows for the study of the warm disc atmosphere, using far-infrared spectroscopy to measure gas content and excitation conditions, and far-IR photometry to constrain the dust distribution. Aims. We aim to detect and characterize the gas content of circumstellar discs in four targets as part of the Herschel science demonstration phase. Methods. We carried out sensitive medium resolution spectroscopy and high sensitivity photometry at λ ∼ 60–190 µ m using the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer instrument on the Herschel space observatory. Results. We detect [OI] 63 µ m emission from the young stars HD 169142, TW Hydrae, and RECX 15, but not HD 181327. No other lines, including [CII] 158 and [OI] 145, are significantly detected. All four stars are detected in photometry at 70 and 160 µ m. Extensive models are presented in associated papers.


To fully support information management among various stakeholders in smart grid domains, how to establish secure communication sessions has become an important issue for smart grid environments. In order to support secure communications between smart meters and service providers, key management for authentication becomes a crucial security topic. Recently, several key distribution schemes have been proposed to provide secure communications for smart grid. However, these schemes do not support smart meter anonymity and possess security weaknesses. This paper utilizes an identity-based signature scheme and an identity-based encryption scheme to propose a new anonymous key distribution scheme for smart grid environments. In the proposed scheme, a smart meter can anonymously access services provided by service providers using one private key without the help of the trusted anchor during authentication. In addition, the proposed scheme requires only a few of computation operations at the smart meter side. Security analysis is conducted to prove the proposed scheme is secure under random oracle model.


This paper will ascertain the theory of the just price, according to Juan de Lugo (1583–1660), the last great representative of the Scholastics. First we will draw up Lugo's "vision" of the just price, stressing the anthropological, moral, and legal foundations and emphasizing the theory's coherence; the relevant issue is that such a price theory would contain its own principle of intelligibility. Second, we will point out the role of this theory in preventing economic compulsion. This approach could help us to draw upon the moral and economic responsibility of human beings living in society and how this vision differs greatly from neoclassical homo economicus.


Consumers frequently make important financial decisions that have short- and long-term impacts on their welfare. The authors expect that these financial decisions are a function of consumers' past experiences and interactions with a financial services firm as well as consumers' long-term priorities (e.g., national culture). They determine how three cultural dimensions (long-term orientation, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity) and marketing communication type (promotion focused vs. prevention focused) affect three key consumer financial decisions: (1) savings rate, (2) use of credit, and (3) spending pattern. To do so, they empirically test both the direct effect of national culture on consumer financial decision making and its moderating effect on the link between a firm's marketing efforts and consumer financial decision making. Drawing on regulatory focus theory, the authors develop and empirically test their hypotheses using a customer database from a multinational financial services firm based in the United Arab Emirates, with customers originating from 34 countries. They find that national culture directly affects consumer financial decision making and moderates the impact of marketing efforts by the financial services firm, which suggests that financial services firms should account for national culture when managing customers.


BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Gastric motor dysfunction may be responsible, in some patients, for the nausea and emesis that occur following high-dose chemotherapy (HDT) and autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT). We sought to define the prevalence of gastric emptying abnormalities and their relationship to the development of nausea, vomiting, and anorexia in patients undergoing HDT and autologous SCT.METHODS:We prospectively studied patients with a variety of malignancies who received standard transplantation doses of chemotherapeutic agents and antiemetics. Gastric emptying was assessed prior to HDT and on Days 0 (day of stem cell infusion), +7, and +14 from SCT. Symptom assessment was obtained daily from initiation of HDT to 28 days after SCT.RESULTS:Twenty-four patients were studied. Prior to HDT, gastric emptying was rapid in two patients. Nausea, emesis, and anorexia occurred in all patients, peaked in severity at Day +7 after SCT and, with the exception of anorexia, had returned toward baseline levels by Day +28. As a group, gastric emptying was significantly slower on Days 0 and +7 and returned to baseline level by Day +14. Twenty-six percent and 44% of patients demonstrated delayed gastric emptying (T1/2 >90 min) on Days 0 and +7, respectively, while 13% and 31% of patients had rapid gastric emptying (T1/2 <30 min) on Days 0 and +7, respectively. Thirty-nine percent and 75% of patients had either rapid or delayed gastric emptying on Days 0 and +7, respectively. There was an association between delayed gastric emptying and moderate-severe anorexia on Day +7 and between delayed gastric emptying and at least mild vomiting on Day 0. Additionally, there was an association between rapid gastric emptying and at least mild vomiting on Day +7. Finally, an association was found between either rapid or delayed gastric emptying and at least mild nausea on Day +7.CONCLUSION:Both delayed and rapid gastric emptying occur commonly during the 2-wk period following HDT and autologous SCT and may be responsible, at least in part, for upper gastrointestinal symptoms that occur in these patients.


This paper is focused on an experimental study of the injection-locking bandwidth and the relaxation oscillation frequency in a side-mode injection-locked semiconductor laser. It is shown that, for such a laser, the injection-locking bandwidth and the relaxation oscillation frequency are related to the injection power and the wavelength of the target injection mode. At fixed launched injection power, the injection-locking bandwidth and relaxation oscillation frequency can be increased when the injection wavelength is detuned to the short-wavelength side of the free-running wavelength, while the relaxation oscillation frequency decreases when the injection wavelength is set to the long-wavelength side of the free-running wavelength. The results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.


Deep sequencing is a powerful and cost-effective tool to characterize the genetic diversity and evolution of virus populations. While modern sequencing instruments readily cover viral genomes many thousand fold and very rare variants can in principle be detected, sequencing errors, amplification biases, and other artifacts can limit sensitivity and complicate data interpretation. Here, we describe several control experiments and error correction methods for whole-genome deep sequencing of viral genomes. We developed many of these in the course of a large scale whole genome deep sequencing study of HIV-1 populations. We measured the substitution and indel errors that arose during sequencing and PCR and quantified PCR-mediated recombination. We find that depending on the viral load in the samples, rare mutations down to 0.2% can be reproducibly detected. PCR recombination can be avoided by consistently working at low amplicon concentrations.


Within a period of from 1967 to 1987, the authors treated 389 patients with injuries and diseases of the liver, bile ducts, adjacent organs, which were complicated by long-existing external and internal fistulas of the bile ducts, or intrahepatic cavities.


PLEASE LEAVE ON THE SEAT AFTER USE explores my evolving relationship with the Seiki Shima knitting machine, which I have positioned as a key contributor to my research practice. Materializing personal narratives through textile explorations, I have come to understand that the rich, archival properties of textiles are activated through their engagement with people and the everyday spaces they occupy. Textiles embody personal and culturally conditioned behaviours, they respond to their environment capturing and releasing stories. This autoethnographic study investigates machine crafted textiles as responsive artefacts. In my project I have used machine knitting to examine notions of the pictorial, which I have described as default canvases and materials as archives, which I have classified as skinships. My approach to textile design is conveyed through my subversion of the traditions associated with hand and machine-made knits. PLEASE LEAVE ON SEAT AFTER USE Abstract


There is no alternative to neoliberal economics – or so it appeared when Reclaiming Development was first published in 2004. Many of the same driving assumptions – monetarism and globalization – remain within the international development policy establishment. Ha-Joon Chang and Ilene Grabel confront this neoliberal development model head-on by combining devastating economic critique with an array of innovative policies and an in-depth analysis of the experiences of leading Western and East Asian economies. Reclaiming Development will appeal to students interested in development policy as well as professional economists, writes Chandni Singh.


Abstract Tobacco use is among the top preventable causes of death in the United States, and American Indian (AI) adolescents tend to use tobacco at higher rates compared to the general population. To examine regional and gender differences in rates of smoked, smokeless, and poly-tobacco use among AI adolescents as compared to White counterparts, participants were sampled as part of a larger ongoing study examining substance use among American Indian adolescents who completed the American Drug and Alcohol Survey. A multilevel analytic approach was used to examine the effects of demographic variables on tobacco use. AI disparities were present for past month and lifetime rates of smoked and smokeless tobacco use, and these disparities varied by region and gender. AI disparities in smoked tobacco use were largest in the Upper Great Lakes region, with odds of current and ever smoking among AIs 3.34 to 4.15 times that of Whites, respectively, p < .001. Regional differences in AI disparities were not significant for lifetime smokeless or poly-tobacco use, p ≥ .675. With regard to gender differences, AI disparities in reports of ever smoking were largest among females, OR = 2.61, p < .001. Similar to cigarette smoking, AI disparities in reports of ever using smoked, smokeless, or poly-tobacco were largest among females, OR = 2.51 and 2.56, respectively, p < .001. Our results suggest a need for prevention and intervention programs to be implemented with consideration for adolescents' demographic characteristics, including geographic region, gender, and AI status.


The current management of patients with primary psychosis worldwide is often remarkably stereotyped. In almost all cases an antipsychotic medication is prescribed, with second‐generation antipsychotics usually preferred to first‐generation ones. Cognitive behavioral therapy is rarely used in the vast majority of countries, although there is evidence to support its efficacy. Psychosocial interventions are often provided, especially in chronic cases, but those applied are frequently not validated by research. Evidence‐based family interventions and supported employment programs are seldom implemented in ordinary practice. Although the notion that patients with primary psychosis are at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus is widely shared, it is not frequent that appropriate measures be implemented to address this problem. The view that the management of the patient with primary psychosis should be personalized is endorsed by the vast majority of clinicians, but this personalization is lacking or inadequate in most clinical contexts. Although many mental health services would declare themselves "recovery‐oriented", it is not common that a focus on empowerment, identity, meaning and resilience is ensured in ordinary practice. The present paper aims to address this situation. It describes systematically the salient domains that should be considered in the characterization of the individual patient with primary psychosis aimed at personalization of management. These include positive and negative symptom dimensions, other psychopathological components, onset and course, neurocognition and social cognition, neurodevelopmental indicators; social functioning, quality of life and unmet needs; clinical staging, antecedent and concomitant psychiatric conditions, physical comorbidities, family history, history of obstetric complications, early and recent environmental exposures, protective factors and resilience, and internalized stigma. For each domain, simple assessment instruments are identified that could be considered for use in clinical practice and included in standardized decision tools. A management of primary psychosis is encouraged which takes into account all the available treatment modalities whose efficacy is supported by research evidence, selects and modulates them in the individual patient on the basis of the clinical characterization, addresses the patient's needs in terms of employment, housing, self‐care, social relationships and education, and offers a focus on identity, meaning and resilience.


Herpes zoster (HZ) occurred in 25% (28/88) of a population of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) who were seropositive for varicella zoster virus antibody before its onset; 16.5% (33/199) of the total group of children with ALL developed HZ. There were no deaths and only one significant complication, cutaneous disseminated disease, as a result of HZ. The small number of patients studied may have accounted for the failure to find a significant association between the occurrence of HZ and the type of ALL or chemotherapy protocol employed. Although HZ seemed to be more common in those patients who experience relapses of their leukemia, it did not portend a poor outcome for ALL.


Several models of printed word recognition claim that phonology mediates lexical access. Four experiments employing lexical decision tasks and naming tasks were conducted to assess this claim. Homonyms such as "mint" were used in Experiment 1 to verify that both meanings of an ambiguous word are activated automatically upon presentation. In a priming paradigm with a 250 millisecond SOA, the homonym "mint" was found to facilitate the recognition of words related to both interpretations such as "candy" and "coin." In the remaining three experiments, homophones such as "dough" and "doe" were used to assess the role of phonology in lexical priming. Experiment 2 examined the priming effects of visually presented homophone primes (e.g., "dough") upon responses to a target word that was either semantically related to the prime (e.g., "bread") or mediated by the phonological code for the prima (e.g., "deer"). Priming effects were found for targets that were semantically related to the prime, but not for targets that were mediated by a phonological code. In Experiment 3, the homophone (e.g., "dough") served as the target and the prime was either semantically related (e.g., "bread") or mediated by a phonological code (e.g., "deer"). In the lexical decision task, priming effects were observed when the prime was semantically related, but not when the prime was mediated by a phonological code. However, in the naming task, priming effects were observed when the prime was mediated by a phonological code. In the last experiment, the homophone (e.g., "dough") again served as a prime, but it was made ambiguous by auditory presentation. Priming effects were evident for both interpretations of the ambiguous word in both lexical decision and naming. These results indicate that phonology plays a role in lexical access when the homophone is presented auditorily, and when the homophone must be pronounced; but phonology does not appear to play a role in lexical access when the homophone is presented visually, or when the response does not involve pronunciation. These results suggest a limitation on the role of phonology in models of printed word recognition.


Nowadays Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) is rather a technical problem than an organizational issue in enterprise systems. Due to the increased complexity of EAI processes, it is difficult to guarantee the information quality (IQ) without scientific process control. Information Quality Management (IQM) highlights the control of the business processes by resolving IQ problems through IQ definition, measurement, analysis and improvement. When considering EAI' s emphasis on the integration of business processes and the information flow within an enterprise, they are potentially mutually complementary for the IQ improvement. However, there are very few studies carefully examining IQ improvement in EAI processes, and complementary nature of IQM and EAI. By analyzing the challenges of EAI to IQ, and theoretical foundations of incorporating IQM into EAI processes, this study proposes a framework to effectively improve the IQ of EAI processes, and suggests six propositions for future research.


The intention of this paper is to equip future engineers with essential background knowledge in environmental sustainability. This will hopefully enable and motive future engineers to become more proactive in solving environmental sustainability problems. A strong requirement now exists to strengthen sustainability engineering curricula, as delivery upon this newly emerged topic is probably less consistent than in other more established areas of engineering. This review/position paper constitutes a condensation of the most pertinent concepts, but for purposes of brevity, only contains a skeleton (gist meaning) behind these concepts. The suggested checklist is merely that, and for reasons of space, is not intended to encompass a fully referenced and rigorous definition of each topic. The checklist is not meant to cover all environmental engineering topics. Importantly, the teaching philosophy behind the purely factual material alluded to, is to allow students (and staff) to formulate their own opinions and beliefs regarding specific environmental sustainability issues. This list as presented is suggested as a minimum for delivery on environmental sustainability related courses. It is hoped that this paper will stimulate discussion across universities, government, professional bodies and industry, and thereby enhance quality and uniformity in the delivery of engineering education in this important new area. It is important to note that statements and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone, and certainly do not apply in particular to any University in Australia, or the world.


It has been shown that geopolymerization can transform a wide range of waste aluminosilicate materials into building materials with excellent chemical and physical properties such as fire and acid resistance. In this research work, geopolymerization of construction waste materials with different alkali-activators based on combinations of Na 2 SiO 3 and NaOH has been investigated. A number of systems were designed and prepared with water-to-dry binder ratio, silica modulus, and sodium oxide concentration were adjusted at different levels and setting time and 28-day compressive strength were studied. The results obtained reveal that construction wastes can be activated using a proportioned mixture of Na2SiO3 and NaOH resulting in the formation of a geopolymer cement system exhibiting suitable workability and acceptable setting time and compressive strength. Laboratory techniques of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were utilized for studying molecular and microstructure of the materials.


In this article, we review the history, current status, physical mechanisms, experimental methods, and applications of nonlinear magneto-optical effects in atomic vapors. We begin by describing the pioneering work of Macaluso and Corbino over a century ago on linear magneto-optical effects (in which the properties of the medium do not depend on the light power) in the vicinity of atomic resonances, and contrast these effects with various nonlinear magneto-optical phenomena that have been studied both theoretically and experimentally since the late 1960s. In recent years, the field of nonlinear magneto-optics has experienced a revival of interest that has led to a number of developments, including the observation of ultra-narrow (1-Hz) magneto-optical resonances, applications in sensitive magnetometry, nonlinear magneto-optical tomography, and the possibility of a search for parityand time-reversal-invariance violation in atoms.


Low velocity zones (LVZs) along subducting oceanic plates are a ubiquitous feature of subduction zones worldwide. The LVZ has been interpreted as a hydrated oceanic crust from its high Vp/Vs ratio and is thought to affect generation of episodic tremor and slip (ETS) events. Southwest (SW) Japan and Cascadia subduction zones are well-investigated in terms of the LVZ properties. However, a direct comparison of LVZ properties between these subduction zones is difficult due to the difference in analysis methods: tomographic methods are often used in SW Japan, versus receiver function methods in Cascadia. In this study, we solve for LVZ properties beneath SW Japan through receiver function inversion analysis. This analysis optimizes model parameters (thickness, Vp/Vs ratio, dip angle and strike of layered structure) such that synthetic waveforms reproduce observed waveforms recorded by a linear array of seismographs installed in the Tokai region in 2008 (Kato et al., 2010, GRL). The results show that the LVZ is characterized higher Vp/Vs ratios (> 2.0) than previous estimates from tomographic analyses. In addition, the Vp/Vs ratio shows along-dip variation, culminating where ETS and long-term slow-slip events occur. This suggests that high pore fluid pressure plays an important role in generating ETS and long-term slow-slip events. A detailed look at high-frequency receiver function waveforms suggests that the LVZ is likely to be composed of two layers. Such high Vp/Vs ratios (> 2.0) and two-layer structure of the LVZ are also reported for Cascadia. However, whether along-dip variation of Vp/Vs ratio exists or not is still open question for Cascadia. Further efforts to reveal such variations at Cascadia is left for future study. Detailed comparison of LVZ properties may lead to improved understanding of ETS mechanisms.


This paper describes the results of an experimental investigation of the microwave backscatter from several laboratory generated transient breaking waves. The breaking waves were generated mechanically in a 35 m/spl times/0.7 m/spl times/1.14 m deep wave tank, utilizing chirped wave packets spanning the frequency range 0.8-2.0 Hz. Backscatter measurements, were taken by a X/K-band (10.525 GHz, 24.125 GHz) continuous wave Doppler radar at 30/spl deg/, 45/spl deg/, and 60/spl deg/ angles of incidence, and at azimuth angles of 0/spl deg/ and 180/spl deg/ relative to the direction of wave propagation. Surface profiles were measured with a high-speed video camera and laser sheet technique. Specular facets were detected by imaging the surface from the perspective of the radar. The maximum radar backscatter occurred in the upwave direction prior to wave breaking, was nearly polarization independent and corresponded to the detection of specular facets on the steepened wave face. This peak radar backscatter was predicted through a finite conductivity corrected physical optics technique over the measured surface wave profiles. Post break backscatter was predicted using a roughness corrected physical optics technique and the small perturbation method, which was found to predict the returns for vertical polarization, but to under predict the horizontal returns.


Abstract. The dataset presented here consists of an ensemble of 10 global hydrological and land surface models for the period 1979–2012 using a reanalysis-based meteorological forcing dataset (0.5° resolution). The current dataset serves as a state of the art in current global hydrological modelling and as a benchmark for further improvements in the coming years. A signal-to-noise ratio analysis revealed low inter-model agreement over (i) snow-dominated regions and (ii) tropical rainforest and monsoon areas. The large uncertainty of precipitation in the tropics is not reflected in the ensemble runoff. Verification of the results against benchmark datasets for evapotranspiration, snow cover, snow water equivalent, soil moisture anomaly and total water storage anomaly using the tools from The International Land Model Benchmarking Project (ILAMB) showed overall useful model performance, while the ensemble mean generally outperformed the single model estimates. The results also show that there is currently no single best model for all variables and that model performance is spatially variable. In our unconstrained model runs the ensemble mean of total runoff into the ocean was 46 268 km3 yr−1 (334 kg m−2 yr−1), while the ensemble mean of total evaporation was 537 kg m−2 yr−1. All data are made available openly through a Water Cycle Integrator portal (WCI, wci.earth2observe.eu), and via a direct http and ftp download. The portal follows the protocols of the open geospatial consortium such as OPeNDAP, WCS and WMS. The DOI for the data is https://doi.org/10.1016/10.5281/zenodo.167070 .


Although systemic anaphylactic reactions are relatively uncommon, the podiatric physician must be familiar with the precipitating causes, clinical picture, and emergency management. The authors discuss the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis and the typical agents that trigger the response. The clinical features are presented, along with guidelines in establishing a differential diagnosis. Therapeutic measures, aimed at stabilizing the patient and curtailing the extent of the reaction, are also addressed.


Recent technological advances have enabled the efficient execution of decentralized web3 applications and smart contracts. The Internet Computer Protocol (ICP) is a fast and efficient decentralized blockchain-based system for the execution of general-purpose applications in the form of smart contracts. In particular, the ICPs execution, governance and evolution are controlled by different parties in a trustless and fault-tolerant manner instead of a central entity. In this talk, I will give an overview of the ICP, followed by a discussion of the challenges the IC faces to facilitate upgrading itself through voting by ICP token holders and present our approach to tackle them.


Humans are always exposed to environmental microbes, the micro biome studies that have under scored the trust of mammalian systems on appropriate microbial colonization to support metabolic and immune homeostasis. Chronic inflammatory disease including allergy, have increased dramatically over the past decades. The role of the Treg in defining both the local and systemic immune response, also in GI response to pathogenic microbes is important. In this review, we examined the role of regulatory T cells in Gut and whole body homeostasis.


Acutely destabilized heart failure is one of the most common diagnoses in the modern health care system. It has high hospital readmission rates and significant short-, medium-, and long-term mortality, likely due to misdiagnosis or failure to assess adequate treatment before discharge. Cardiac biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide and its amino terminal cleavage equivalent N-terminal fragment have rapidly become one of the key tools in the diagnosis and guidance of heart failure therapy. In this article, we shall review the data on the current use of the natriuretic peptides for the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of heart failure in both the outpatient and inpatient settings.


Cones in the foveola of adult primate retina are narrower and more elongated than cones on the foveal rim, which in turn, are narrower and more elongated than those located more eccentric. This gradient of cone morphology is directly correlated with cone density and acuity. Here we investigate the hypothesis that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling mediates the morphological differentiation of foveal cones—in particular, the mechanism regulating the elongation of foveal cones. We used immunoreactivity to FGF receptor (R) 4, and quantitative analysis to study cone elongation on the horizontal meridian of macaque retinae, aged between foetal day (Fd) 95 and 2.5 years postnatal (P 2.5y). We also used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to investigate the expression patterns of FGF2 and FGFR1–4 at the developing fovea, and three other sample locations on the horizontal meridian. Labeled RNA was detected using the fluorescent marker "Fast Red" (Roche) and levels of expression in cone inner segments and in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) were compared using confocal microscopy, optical densitometry, and tested for statistical significance. Our results show that morphological differentiation of cones begins near the optic disc around Fd 95, progressing toward the developing fovea up until birth, approximately. Levels of FGF2 and FGFR4 mRNAs expression are low in foveal cones, compared with cones closer to the optic disc, during this period. There is no similar gradient of FGF2 mRNA expression in the ganglion cell layer of the same sections. Maturation of foveal cones is delayed until the postnatal period. The results suggest that a wave of cone differentiation spreads from the disc region toward the developing fovea during the second half of gestation in the macaque. A gradient of expression of FGFR4 and FGF2 associated with the wave of differentiation suggests that FGF signalling mediates cone narrowing and elongation.


Non-destructive evaluation indices that correlate with the moisture resistance of integrated circuit packages are developed. These indices are developed from detailed studies on the functional groups in a moulding compound, and their effectiveness is verified experimentally. With these indices, one can ensure the moisture resistance of an individual package without the need of the standard humidity tests which require long test durations on limited number of samples where extrapolation with statistical uncertainty will be present.


This paper analyzes several important issues on the drill string system dynamics model and its numerical algorithm. Firstly, it introduces the commonly used numerical methods and contact algorithms, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each method in detail. Secondly, it analyzes the application of explicit and implicit methods for the current stress iteration algorithm, and specifies the implicit algorithm should be used in the research of drill string system dynamics. This paper focuses on the research of damping model and bit-rock interaction model, solves the damping effect based on the theory of ocean wave mechanics, and establishes a simplified bit-rock interaction model. Finally, a virtual numerical simulation example shows that the method used in this paper can analyze the dynamic of drill string used in the 1,000-meter complex well bore. The research result of this paper has certain guiding meanings on the analysis of working behavior of extra-long pipe string in the complex well bore by using numerical methods in the oil field.


In the search for effective, selective, and nontoxic antiviral and antitumour agents, a variety of strategies have been devised to design nucleoside analogs. These strategies have involved several formal modifications of the naturally occurring nucleosides, especially, alteration of the carbohydrate moiety. Since the naturally occurring purine nucleoside analog oxetanocin A and its derivatives have been found to be effective as anti-HIV-1 and anti-herpes virus agents in 1986, the syntheses of different types of sugar-modified nucleoside analogs have been reported. In this review we will give an overview of the sugar-modified nucleosides synthesized since the late 1990 according to their structural types along with the synthetic routes of some nucleosides.


Preschool teachers in Sweden are currently coping with growing curricular demands to engage in a more formal instruction, and to further develop education for sustainable development (ESD). A consequence of this is that teachers feel pressure to organize activities for very young children that privilege "knowing that" over "knowing how," and to do so in the service of an interdisciplinary project – ESD – that can be challenging to organize in early childhood. As teachers adapt to these new challenges they negotiate tensions consequential to preschool children's learning and develop- ment. The pressure to reorient to disciplinary learning can detract from arrangements of activities involving pretend and exploratory play. This is because the learning outcomes of these activities can be unpredictable and difficult to define. However, these activities are also associated with the kinds of outcomes (e.g. creativity, innovation, empathy, counterfactual thinking) and ethics (e.g. cultures of collaborative learning) of concern in ESD.In this paper we consider how preschool teachers in Sweden are negotiating the demands of engag- ing in more formal instruction and ESD, while cultivating local idiocultures that support children's pretend and exploratory play. Our examination is based on case studies of teacher teams in three preschools that participated in a series of regional government-sponsored workshops organized to support teachers' efforts to design their preschools' outdoor spaces as sustainable, multifunctional environments. The case studies were based on field observations at the participating preschools and teacher interviews conducted prior to, during, and following the said workshops.Drawing on cultural-historical concepts of disruptive and productive tensions, we characterize how the participating teachers conceived of pretend play, exploration, teaching, and sustainability in relation to children's engagement in preschool activities. We focus in particular on how teachers considered examples of activities in which the interaction of children and the material environment afforded pretend and exploratory play; how the teachers and children made sense of their activities through pretense and exploration; and if/how the teachers remediated these activities in ways intended to make the children's learning visible. How and for whom this learning becomes visible is a central question of concern for us.


Many notable female sociologists have vanished from the canonical history of American sociology. As the most influential crowd-sourced encyclopedia, Wikipedia promises – but does not necessarily deliver – a democratic corrective to the generation of knowledge, including academic knowledge. This article explores multiple mechanisms by which women either enter or disappear from the disciplinary record by analyzing the unfolding interaction between the canonical disciplinary history of sociology and Wikipedia. We argue that the uneven representation of women sociologists as (1) remembered, (2) neglected, (3) erased or, finally, (4) recovered is shaped by the emerging interactional space of knowledge production.


The use of telepresence robots brings the impression of physical presence to remote collaborations, which is beneficial in terms of establishing a closer relationship in a short time. However, operating a robot requires substantial cognitive effort. This can cause problems in practical situations involving older users, where the cognitive load interferes with the main task that needs to be performed. We have developed a telepresence robot system that addresses this problem by lowering the barriers preventing the operation of a robot. Its basis is the concept of an "observation window" that allows the robot to be operated without using hands or having to wear additional devices. This lightweight, less intrusive technology is expected to be desirable even for older users. This poster describes the mechanism and implementation of our system and reports its effectiveness in practical use by people of all ages, including older users.


I argue that riskier killings of innocent people are, other things equal, objectively worse than less risky killings. I ground these views in considerations of disrespect and security. Killing someone more riskily shows greater disrespect for him by more grievously undervaluing his standing and interests, and more seriously undermines his security by exposing a disposition to harm him across all counterfactual scenarios in which the probability of killing an innocent person is that high or less. I argue that the salient probabilities are the agent's sincere, sane, subjective probabilities, and that this thesis is relevant whether your risk-taking pertains to the probability of killing a person or to the probability that the person you kill is not liable to be killed. I then defend the view's relevance to intentional killing; show how it differs from an account of blameworthiness; and explain its significance for all-things-considered justification and justification under uncertainty.


The use of frozen fecal samples in enrichment media to detect Salmonella spp. strains was evaluated in Indian star tortoises (Geochelone elegans) to determine the utility of this test method for field collection. Fresh fecal samples were collected from 10 captive adult Indian star tortoises. Each sample was split, with one portion in enrichment media at room temperature for 1 or 2 days before submission to a reference laboratory for standard enteric culture. The other was placed in the same enrichment media and frozen at -20°C for 2 wk. Afterwards, it was transferred to a -80°C freezer for 1 mo before submission to the same reference laboratory. These freezer temperatures and holding times were selected to replicate typical field collection procedures. Salmonella enterica was isolated from all 10 fresh samples but from only six frozen samples. Statistically, results showed no significant difference between the two methods; however, this may be due to the limited sample size, and if so, utilization of frozen fecal samples to determine Salmonella spp. prevalence may underestimate the actual prevalence.


In recent years, Egypt has had a very precarious food situation because of limited cultivated area. Effective demand for food is outrunning the available supply. A high population growth rate together with rapid social change and mass movement of labor contribute to the severe food shortages. As the income per capita increases, and the other factors of production continue to shift from rural to urban areas, prices for food are increasing causing obstacles for the economic growth. This study has focused on the problem of the demand for food, and the economic relationship between the demand for food on the one hand and population growth and per capita income on the other. Also discussed is the possibility of increasing the supply of food to meet the large increasing demand, which must be fulfilled through increasing food production, increasing food imports or some combination of the two.


The effects of acute hemorrhage were studied in two groups each with six fetal lambs (100-116 amd 128-147 days gestation) 3-4 days after we implanted catheters. Fetal blood pressures, heart rate, arterial blood gases and pH, and combined ventricular output and its distribution (radionuclide-labeled microsphere technique) were measured before and 5 min after removal of 15% of fetal-placental blood volume measured by 125I-albumin dilution. Because there were no differences in responses in the two age groups, the data were pooled. Fetal arterial mean pressure fell significantly (50.7 +/- 2.5 to 45.5 +/- 2.6 mmHg) as did heart rate (186 +/- 6 to 151 +/- 13 beats/min) and arterial blood pH (7.39 +/- 0.02 to 7.30 +/- 0.02); arterial blood carbon dioxide tension rose (39.7 +/- 29 to 44.1 +/- 4.4). Combined ventricular output fell from 610 +/- 58 to 448 +/- 45 ml . kg-1 . min-1 (P < 0.05). Blood flow to the umbilical-placental circulation, as well as to the fetal body, fell significantly. Blood flow to the kidneys, gastrointestinal tracts, and lungs also fell, but flow to other organs was maintained. Blood volume reduction in the fetus markedly influences blood gas exchange, because it results in a reduction of umbilical-placental blood flow associated with the fall in arterial pressure.


Abstract This study investigates the impact of an online workbook on the attitudes of 245 second language (L2) Spanish learners toward this pedagogical tool over two consecutive semesters. The treatment consisted of four hours of classroom instruction and one set of online homework per week, during two consecutive semesters. Students' attitudes toward the electronic workbook were measured by means of a survey administered after eight months of exposure to the workbook. The qualitative data of the survey was compared to quantitative data from two different language assessment tests. The results of these tests indicated a significant increase in grammar scores. These results are consonant with the positive findings of student perceptions about the online workbook obtained in this and previous studies, emphasizing its benefits in terms of accessibility to the material, user-friendliness, and instant error feedback. More importantly, most students praised the usefulness of the online workbook for language learning, particularly in the areas of grammar and vocabulary acquisition. Despite participants' mostly positive attitudes, the survey also revealed some negative aspects of the use of the online workbook, such as the amount of time needed to complete the online exercises. This paper addresses these issues, and provides suggestions to overcome this type of problem.


This paper describes a technique that uses an infrared (IR) camera to evaluate the in-situ thermal performance of parabolic trough receivers at operating solar power plants. The paper includes results to show how the glass temperature measured with the IR camera correlates with modeled thermal losses from the receiver. Finally, the paper presents results of a field survey that used this technique to quickly sample a large number of receivers to develop a better understanding of how both original and replacement receivers are performing after up to 17 years of operational service.


Thin wall steel-concrete composite wall panels can be used as bearing member and also as maintenance structural plates, which can satisfy functional requirements of building including bearing capacity, heat insulation and preservation. The problem relating unilateral contact buckling of thin wall steel composite panels has received attention from many construction engineers. The investigation progress is analyzed in general and the investigation questions are illustrated. The research approach and technical routes of delaminated critical load are also presented.


OBJECT
Normal intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) have been identified as favorable prognostic factors in the outcome of patients with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Osmotic diuretics and hypertonic saline (HTS) are commonly used to treat elevated ICP in patients with TBI; however, sustained effects of repeated high-concentration HTS boluses for severely refractory ICP elevation have not been studied. The authors' goal in this study was to determine whether repeated 14.6% HTS boluses were efficacious in treating severely refractory intracranial hypertension in patients with TBI.

METHODS
In a prospective cohort study in a neurocritical care unit, adult TBI patients with sustained ICP > 30 mm Hg for more than 30 minutes after exhaustive medical and/or surgical therapy received repeated 15-minute boluses of 14.6% HTS over 12 hours through central venous access.

RESULTS
Response to treatment was evaluated in 11 patients. Within 5 minutes of bolus administration, mean ICP decreased from 40 to 33 mm Hg (30% reduction, p < 0.05). Intracranial pressure-lowering effects were sustained for 12 hours (41% reduction, p < 0.05) with multiple boluses (mean number of boluses 7 ± 5.5). The mean CPP increased 22% and 32% from baseline at 15 and 30 minutes, respectively (p < 0.05). The mean serum sodium level (SNa) at baseline was 155 ± 7.1 mEq/L, and after multiple boluses of 14.6% HTS, S(Na) at 12 hours was 154 ± 7.1 mEq/L. The mean heart rate, systolic blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine demonstrated no significant change throughout the study.

CONCLUSIONS
The subset of TBI patients with intracranial hypertension that is completely refractory to all other medical therapies can be treated effectively and safely with repeated boluses of 14.6% HTS rather than a one-time dose.


The first issue is the number of the individuals presented in the paper. The images presented in the submitted manuscript are based only on two individuals. However, all replicated experiments have been done on much higher number of individuals. We agree that it is important to give a precise number of individuals presented in the paper and we will clarify it in the revised version of the manuscript. We chose those two individuals because the preservation of the granuloreticulopodial structures was the best. and We will do our best to provide as good as possible documentation with new figures added to the main text and/or to supplementary materials.


Reduced functional physical performance capacity (FPPC) is one of the complications patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus suffer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of age, muscle strength (MS) and body composition (BC) parameters of patients with (T2D) with their physical functional capacity. Sixty- two (62) adult patients with T2D comprising 32 males and 30 females, with age ranged between 30- 65 years and have been diagnosed for at least 2 years duration participated in the study. Participants were those purposively selected from endocrine patients without any other physician diagnosed health problem. The FPPC of the participants were measured using the validated Short Physical Performance Battery. All the data collected were fed into SPSS software package for statistical analyses. Mean and standard deviation were obtained and the Pearson's Product Moment Correlation coefficient was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 significant level. The results showed an insignificant correlation between extremities MS and flexibility, BC parameters of body weight, percentage fat per height and body mass index; and FPPC in patients with T2D mellitus. The study therefore concludes that age, more than MS and BC parameters is more linked to FPPC in with T2D patients.


A new framework for information hiding security, called chaos-security, has been proposed in a previous study. It is based on the evaluation of unpredictability of the scheme, whereas existing notions of security, as stego-security, are more linked to information leaks. It has been proven that spread-spectrum techniques, a well-known stego-secure scheme, are chaos-secure too. In this paper, the links between the two notions of security is deepened and the usability of chaos-security is clarified, by presenting a novel data hiding scheme that is twice stego and chaos-secure. This last scheme has better scores than spread-spectrum when evaluating qualitative and quantitative chaos-security properties. Incidentally, this result shows that the new framework for security tends to improve the ability to compare data hiding scheme.


In this paper we review the performance of various hidden Markov model-based imputation methods in animal breeding populations. Traditionally, heuristic-based imputation methods have been used for imputation in large animal populations due to their computational efficiency, scalability, and accuracy. However, recent advances in the area of human genetics have increased the ability of probabilistic hidden Markov model methods to perform accurate phasing and imputation in large populations. These advances may enable these methods to be useful for routine use in large animal populations. To test this, we evaluate here the accuracy and computational cost of several methods in a series of simulated populations and a real animal population. We first tested single-step (diploid) imputation, which performs both phasing and imputation. Then we tested pre-phasing followed by haploid imputation. We tested four diploid imputation methods (fastPHASE, Beagle v4.0, IMPUTE2, and MaCH), three phasing methods, (SHAPEIT2, HAPI-UR, and Eagle2), and three haploid imputation methods (IMPUTE2, Beagle v4.1, and minimac3). We found that performing pre-phasing and haploid imputation was faster and more accurate than diploid imputation. In particular, we found that pre-phasing with Eagle2 or HAPI-UR and imputing with minimac3 or IMPUTE2 gave the highest accuracies in both simulated and real data.


BACKGROUND
Head-to-tail polymerising domains generating heterogeneous aggregates are generally difficult to crystallise. DIX domains, exclusively found in the Wnt signalling pathway, are polymerising factors following this head-to-tail arrangement; moreover, they are considered to play a key role in the heterotypic interaction between Dishevelled (Dvl) and Axin, which are cytoplasmic proteins also positively and negatively regulating the canonical Wnt/β- catenin signalling pathway, but this interaction mechanism is still unknown.

OBJECTIVE
This study mainly aimed to clarify whether the Dvl2 and Axin-DIX domains (Dvl2-DIX and Axin-DIX, respectively) form a helical polymer in a head-to-tail way during complexation.

METHODS
Axin-DIX (DAX) and Dvl2-DIX (DIX), carrying polymerisation-blocking mutations, were expressed as a fusion protein by using a flexible peptide linker to fuse the C-terminal of the former to the N-terminal of the latter, enforcing a defined 1:1 stoichiometry between them.

RESULTS
The crystal of the DAX-DIX fusion protein diffracted to a resolution of about 0.3 nm and a data set was collected at a 0.309 nm resolution. The structure was solved via the molecular replacement method by using the DIX and DAX structures. A packing analysis of the crystal revealed the formation of a tandem heterodimer in a head-to-tail way, as predicted by the Wntsignalosome model.

CONCLUSION
The results demonstrated that the combination of polymerisation-blocking mutations and a fusion protein of two head-to-tail polymerising domains is effective especially for crystallising complexes among heterologous polymerising proteins or domains.


Livestock production in Western Australian mixed-farming systems has traditionally been constrained by a profound scarcity of feed in autumn–early winter when crop stubbles and pasture residues from the previous growing season have been exhausted. This study investigates the profitability of partially filling this 'feed gap' through the grazing of vegetative wheat crops. Whole-farm bioeconomic modelling is used to provide insight into the relative value of grazing and grain production in both low- and high-rainfall areas of Western Australia. Dual-purpose wheat crops are a valuable source of feed in high-rainfall areas as they provide an affordable alternative to expensive grain supplements for a short period in winter. This also allows annual pastures to establish more vigorously by reducing grazing pressure on young plants. Model output suggests farm profit can increase by over 10% with the grazing of vegetative wheat crops in high-rainfall regions; however, these results are logically shown to be strongly related to the assumed rate of yield loss. In contrast, at the parameter values used in this study, grazing wheats are unlikely to be profitable in low-rainfall environments due to depressed crop production and the extended feed gap experienced in these areas. Higher grain prices unequivocally lower the relative advantage of grazing activity since this elevates the cost of foregone grain yield.


ABSTRACT Background: Research on peer assessment has noted ambiguity among students in using peer assessment for improving their work. Previous research has explained this in terms of deficits in the student feedback, or differences in student views of what counts as high-quality work. Purpose: This study frames peer assessment as a social process in the science classroom. The aim is to explore peer assessment in science education as social practice in order to contribute to an understanding of the affordances and constraints of using peer assessment as a learning tool in science education. Design and Method: The study was conducted in four lower secondary school classes, school years 8 and 9, in two different schools. An intervention study was designed focussing on the topic of experimental design. It involved the students in a process of peer assessment where they designed experiments individually, and then exchanged their designs, conducted each other's experiments, provided feedback to each other and revised their original design after discussing the feedback in groups. Data were collected in the form of audio recordings of student discussions and written work. Results: The results show that, although not all peer feedback resulted in revisions, peer feedback was useful to the students in group interaction when negotiating quality in their work. Conclusions: To conclude, the potential for using peer assessment in science education should not only be evaluated through the students' revisions but also in terms of in what ways the feedback constitutes interactional resources for defining quality in student work.


Variation in Pod Wettability and Permeability and its Implications for Improving Spoilage Characteristics in the Dried Pea (Pisum sativum l.) Crop. by Simon Nicholas Miles This investigation was designed to determine some of the causes of spoilage in the pea crop. lt was found that physiological and morphological characteristics of the pods were related to degrees of spoilage experienced by a range of varieties. This included the amount and configuration of epicuticular waxes affecting pod surface wettabilities which, together with total pod wail and parchment layer thicknesses, all contributed to high rates of water uptake and water contents in pod tissues. Water content was determined to be closely correlated to the degree of pod spoilage observed in the field. Pod phenotypes which were badly affected included waxless and parchmentless varieties which were unable to resist the uptake of water, and thick wailed pods which retained water for longer periods. Thin wailed varieties and those with neoplasms were more successful, not because they resisted water uptake, but because they were able to dispel it rapidly so reducing the length of wetness periods. The most detrimental environments for pod development were those with fluctuating parameters, particularly temperature. This caused the disruption of epicuticular wax conformation increasing surface wettability. lt may also have had the effect of decreasing pod wail integrity. Humidity had much less of an independent effect but combined with certain temperatures it became more significant. High temperature/low humidity environments caused high water potential gradients from pod to atmosphere and possible tissue damage leading to high spoilage potential. High temperature/high humidity lengthened periods of £.J<v>~ water retention in the pods. Yield and spoilage of leafless and parchmentless phenotypes were most sensitive to environment. Pod characteristics determined to be advantageous in this investigation could be incorporated into a wider breeding strategy which includes the improvement of standing ability and root formation so that peas become a more attractive alternative source of protein.


Salinity is one of the most relevant parameters in oceanography used to study properties of the oceans as well as the effects of climate change. Salinity measurements are challenging, due to the harsh environment that leads to corrosion and biofouling. In the context of animal monitors, salinity sensors should also be minimally intrusive and have a long lifetime. Here, a conductivity cell for salinity sensing is presented based on a single‐step laser irradiation process on flexible polyimide substrate. The sensors are characterized by lightweight, flexibility, low power consumption and low fabrication costs. A two‐electrode cell is used to measure the impedance, and thereby the conductivity, of the water in the MHz frequency range. It offers an accuracy of ±0.5 psu, which is not affected by sensor deformation. Deployment of the sensors in the Red Sea revealed that the materials are corrosion resistant and can withstand the harsh environment. While biofouling is strongly affecting commonly employed low frequency conductivity measurements, in the MHz frequency range, it acts like a short‐circuited capacitance. Hence, biofouling independent salinity sensing can be achieved using a two‐electrode impedance measurement at a frequency of 1 MHz.


Purpose: Prostate cancer represents a disease with diverse clinical outcomes. Treatment strategies that optimize benefit and minimize morbidities depend on accurate estimates of disease status and likelihood of progression. Emerging technologies capable of qualitatively and quantitatively profiling genes expressed by neoplastic tissues may provide insights into tumor behavior. This review discusses the use of microarray based transcript expression profiling to stratify human cancers into risk categories. Materials and Methods: MEDLINE was used to perform a comprehensive literature review of reports describing the assessment of gene expression profiles in malignant diseases. Particular emphasis was placed on studies developing models using individual genes or gene cohorts as predictors of prostate cancer outcome. Results: Alterations in the expression of individual genes identified by microarray analyses have been used in studies of outcome in cancers of the prostate and other tissue types. Profiles of expressed genes have been used to develop prediction models that stratify cancers into prognostic categories based on relapse rates or responses to therapy. Conclusions: Gene expression profiles offer an opportunity for acquiring molecular determinants correlating with clinical outcome. With rare exceptions these profiles have yet to be validated or used in prospective studies. Future research will benefit from assessments of intratumor heterogeneity and host factors such as the immune response and hormonal milieu. The prospective validation of predictive models will serve to prove usefulness in the clinical arena.


In this study, we examined brazeability of Al5052 alloys using a Ag-28Cu insert metal in vacuum condition. A high frequency induction-heating vacuum hot press was used for the brazing. Under a static pressure of 0.5 MPa and a vacuum of 5×10-5 Torr, the temperature of hot press was raised up to brazing temperature (480-590°C) at a speed of 10°C/min and held at the brazing temperature for various times. Interface behaviors of the brazed joints were observed after brazing at 480-590°C by optical microscopy and Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA). Also, bonding strength of the brazed joints was examined. During vacuum brazing of Al5052 alloys with Ag-28Cu insert metal, eutectic melts were formed by eutectic reaction between Al5052 and Ag-28Cu insert metal at about 490°C. It was found that reaction layers of two phases are formed at the interface between Al5052 and Ag-28Cu insert. EPMA analysis revealed that two phases in the reaction layers consist of Ag-rich phase and Cu-rich phase. The bonding strength of the joints increased with brazing temperature and time. The highest bonding strength was 141 MPa at 580°C, 10min.


The possibility of aspirating sperm from the first segments of the seminal tract by microsurgical techniques has permitted in vitro fertilization of the oocytes of the partners of men with obstructive azoospermia and ejaculation disorders. Sperm can be aspirated from the epididymis by microsurgical techniques in those cases with deferent duct agenesis or other obstructive pathologies, or from the deferent duct if spermatogenesis is unimpaired and there is no epididymal obstruction, but spermatozoa do not reach the ejaculate. We previously reported a pregnancy achieved by in vitro fertilization using sperm aspirated from the epididymis and the present article reports the first pregnancy achieved in our country using sperm aspirated from the deferent duct of the spouse with aspermia of psychogenic origin. A micropipette was utilized to obtain the sample, which was prepared using the mini-Percoll method. A total of 10 million motile spermatozoa were obtained and 6 of the 15 oocytes aspirated from the spouse were fertilized. The 3 embryos transferred to the fallopian tube resulted in a twin pregnancy that was carried to term.


The specificity and properties of a novel IgA receptor expressed on the surface of a tissue culture-adapted B cell lymphoma, T560, that originated in murine gut-associated lymphoid tissue, have been explored. Like the IgA receptors of murine T and splenic B cells studied by others, the T560 IgA receptor is trypsin sensitive and neuraminidase resistant and is up-regulated on T560 cells by exposing them overnight to high concentrations of polymeric IgA. Unlike them, the T560 IgA receptor is inhibited by low concentrations of IgM and high concentrations of IgG2a and IgG2b, binds at pH 4.0 but not at pH 8.0, is down-regulated by activation of protein kinase C and is sensitive to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, indicating that it is glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-linked to the cell membrane. It is not a cell-bound form of galactosyl transferase, does not appear to bind to Ig through carbohydrate residues and does not react specifically with antibody to secretory component. It may be a completely new, cross-reactive receptor, perhaps related in some way to the polymeric Ig receptor or to the receptor for IgA expressed on the apical surface of Peyer's patch M cells, which is known to cross-react with IgG. Alternatively, it may be homologous to the highly IgA-specific Fc alpha R of T cells but, perhaps because of its glycosyl phosphatidylinositol linker, may have an ability to move and interact with other Ig receptors on the cell surface such that Ig bound to them are cross-inhibitory.


This article presents the application of model predictive control (MPC) in high-performance drives. A wide variety of machines have been considered: Induction machines, synchronous machines, linear motors, switched reluctance motors, and multiphase machines. The control of these machines has been done by introducing minor and easy-to-understand modifications to the basic predictive control concept, showing the high flexibility and simplicity of the strategy. The second part of the article is dedicated to the performance comparison of MPC with classical control techniques such as field-oriented control and direct torque control. The comparison considers the dynamic behavior of the drive and steady-state performance metrics, such as inverter losses, current distortion in the motor, and acoustic noise. The main conclusion is that MPC is very competitive concerning classic control methods by reducing the inverter losses and the current distortion with comparable acoustic noise.


Intravascular aggregation in response to ADP, thrombin, arachidonate and collagen has been studied in the rat with a view to throwing more light on the validity, the reproducibility and physiology of the model. The radioisotopic technique of labelling platelets with indium-111 oxine was employed. The model is minimally invasive and involves collecting blood from donor rats, separating and labelling their platelets with indium-111 oxine and assessing the accumulation of platelets in the lungs of recipient rats following the intravascular administration of aggregating agents. Of the parameters evaluated, percentage peak increase in radio-labelled platelet count and area under the curve are good parameters of expressing aggregatory responses. Of the visceral organs evaluated, the lung is the most important organ for assessing platelet accumulation. Of the vascular routes examined, no aggregatory response occurred in the lungs when ADP was injected via any of the intra-arterial routes, and of the intravenous routes, injection via the tail vein gave the highest response. The results of this investigation provide some more detailed technical information to take note of when studying platelet aggregation in vivo by this model. The results also highlight the physiological phenomenon involved.


Aims. With available Virtual Observatory tools, we looked for new M dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood and M giants with high tangential velocities. Methods. From an all-sky cross-match between the optical Tycho-2 and the near-infrared 2MASS catalogues, we selected objects with proper motions μ> 50 mas yr −1 and very red VT − Ks colours. For the most interesting targets, we collected multi-wavelength photometry, constructed spectral energy distributions, estimated effective temperatures and surface gravities from fits to atmospheric models, performed time-series analysis of ASAS V-band light curves, and assigned spectral types from low-resolution spectroscopy obtained with CAFOS at the 2.2 m Calar Alto telescope. Results. We got a sample of 59 bright red high proper-motion objects, including fifty red giants, four red dwarfs, and five objects reported in this work for the first time. The five new stars have magnitudes VT ≈ 10.8–11.3 mag, reduced proper motions midway between known dwarfs and giants, near-infrared colours typical of giants, and effective temperatures Teff ≈ 2900–3400 K. From our time-series analysis, we discovered a long secondary period in Ruber 4 and an extremely long primary period in Ruber 6. With the CAFOS spectra, we confirmed the red giant nature of Ruber 7 and 8, the last of which seems to be one of the brightest metal-poor M giants ever identified.


Given two sets of points P and Q, a group nearest neighbor (GNN) query retrieves the point(s) of P with the smallest sum of distances to all points in Q. Consider, for instance, three users at locations q/sub 1/ q/sub 2/ and q/sub 3/ that want to find a meeting point (e.g., a restaurant); the corresponding query returns the data point p that minimizes the sum of Euclidean distances |pq/sub i/| for 1/spl les/i/spl les/3. Assuming that Q fits in memory and P is indexed by an R-tree, we propose several algorithms for finding the group nearest neighbors efficiently. As a second step, we extend our techniques for situations where Q cannot fit in memory, covering both indexed and nonindexed query points. An experimental evaluation identifies the best alternative based on the data and query properties.


The idea of mentoring in higher education is generally considered a good thing for students and faculty. What is missing in the research is how does mentoring influence and shape the student experience, does mentoring help retention, and how does it contribute to student development? (Crisp, Baker, Griffin, Lunsford, Pifer, 2017). In the United States, post-secondary educational institutions have begun to adopt mentoring as one of a group of student services offered to promote retention and academic success. The subject of this study is a group of nontraditional women students who participated in a mentoring cohort at a large community college in Pennsylvania. Members of the cohort participated in an earlier study (Phase I), which revealed that after graduating from the community college with associates' degrees the students felt that their mentoring experience was a major contributor to their retention through graduation, and also prepared them to pursue additional academic credentials and begin professional careers.

The current research revisited the cohort participants ten years after graduation from the community college to document their experiences in the mentor program from their current perspective. The study also provided insight into the lasting positive effects of the mentoring program; to identify how the students' views about mentoring evolved with greater work and academic experience; and how this information can be used to identify opportunities for improving future mentoring programs for nontraditional women students at the community college; and to identify important factors that need to be addressed in the design of future mentoring programs. The participants recommended that the cohort format be emphasized for the development of new relationships to promote peer support, establish academic study groups, and alleviate barriers that hinder nontraditional women from completing a college degree.

The author further recommends that to assure the consistent quality of a program designed to accommodate the participants' success criteria and to collect performance metrics, a management team must be dedicated to working with a frequently shifting population of mentors and student participants. Implications for the community college include expanding the availability of mentoring and addressing the special needs of nontraditional women students with a comprehensive package of student services and support systems that complement the mentoring program, including life skills, academic preparedness, career advisement, orientation, decision-making skills, time management for work, school and home, and career and personal counseling.


We investigated the crystallization behavior of langasite-type phases in the stoichiometric corresponding glasses, i.e., Na2CaGe6O14, Na2SrGe6O14 and Pb3Ga2Ge4O14. The langasite-type phases singly were formed by heat-treatment in the glasses. Raman spectroscopy revealed the structural similarity on the scale of short-/medium-range order between the langasite-type phases and the corresponding glasses. Furthermore, we also examined the temperature dependence of second-harmonic (SH) intensity of the langasite-type phases. The SH-temperature curves exhibited an anomalous behavior, implying a structural change, e.g., isomorphous phase transition.


After opening its doors to the international business scene, foreign direct investment has made considerable contributions to the economic growth in Jiangsu Province. But as a coin has two sides, there is also a negative aspect that we are faced with the environmental degradation. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the environmental effect of FDI and provide some reference to the harmonious development of economy and environment in Jiangsu province. In this paper, we started with a research about a present situation of foreign direct investment and environment of Jiangsu Province, and then we made an empirical analysis on the environmental effect of foreign direct investment in Jiangsu Province, finally we put forward some policy proposals. The sustained growth of foreign direct investment is one of the important causes of environmental degradation in Jiangsu Province. We should improve environment supervision and management in developing FDI.


The critical step in the sorting of lysosomal enzymes is their recognition by a phosphotransferase in the Golgi apparatus. The topogenic sequences responsible for the recognition by this enzyme have so far only been defined for the lysosomal protease cathepsin D. We have generated four monoclonal antibodies directed against lysosomal arylsulphatase A (ASA). These antibodies inhibit the recognition of ASA by the phosphotransferase in vitro and thus define a region of topogenic sequences in the ASA polypeptide. The antibodies do not interfere with the enzymic activity nor with pH-dependent dimerization of ASA. The epitopes recognized by the antibodies have been located in the second quarter of the ASA polypeptide using chimeric mouse-human ASA molecules. Three of the monoclonal antibodies bind to identical or closely adjacent epitopes, which are formed by the interaction of amino acid residues 165-184 and 202-240. The fourth antibody recognizes a different epitope within amino acids 256-265.


Fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by premutation (PM) expansions (55–200 CGG repeats) of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 ( FMR1 ) gene.1 Gait ataxia is a prominent and disabling feature of the syndrome, leading to increased risk of falls and eventual need for a walking aid or wheelchair. Understanding the nature of, and mechanisms underlying, gait disturbance in FXTAS has important implications for determining the risk of onset, monitoring disease progression and for the development of tailored therapies.

Accumulating evidence suggests that motor signs of FXTAS are associated with disruption to cerebellar and subcortical neural networks.2 Yet, very little research has investigated the neural mechanisms underlying functional gait disturbance in PM carriers. The current study aimed to investigate whether spatiotemporal gait characteristics were associated with cortical, cerebellar and subcortical brain volumes in a cohort of PM males with and without FXTAS.

Participants were 20 PM males (six with FXTAS) aged 26–75 years and 23 matched controls aged 26–73 years. For a detailed description of recruitment and methods including assessment of general intelligence and neurological signs, see online supplementary methods. In brief, spatiotemporal gait characteristics were assessed using a computer-based walkway measuring 593 cm long×89 cm wide with embedded pressure sensors (GAITRite; CIR Systems, New Jersey, USA). Brain MRI scans were conducted using a Phillips 3T Achieva Quasar Dual Scanner (Phillips Medical Systems, the Netherlands) located at NeuRA, Sydney. Molecular analyses have been previously described.2

### supplementary data

[jnnp-2016-313937supp.pdf]

Gait variables were selected based on a multidimensional framework of gait domains previously identified in a large sample of healthy older adults.3 Gait domains and their components (defined in online supplementary …


This paper explores the dynamics of bilingual speech in the Lagos Island speech community in Central Lagos. Against the background of the unique social motivations for bilingual behaviour in this cosmopolitan community, this study explores the various sociolinguistic acts utilized by the Yoruba-English bilinguals in the expression of their indigenous socio- cultural identity. These devices include the use of slang, code-switching and code-mixing. Based on the premise that language acts are acts of identity (Le page and Tabouret-Keller, 1985), it is argued that individual and social identities are mediated by language and are generally exhibited in the form of language attitudes. This study thus examines a corpus of naturally-occuring data in the explication of these sociolinguistic features of language use in a non-native English environment. Keywords : bilingual behaviour, slang, code-switching, code-mixing, social identities.


A number of cities have shifted their approach to waste management by adopting a zero waste legal framework. This chapter discusses and analyses the progress and limitations of a particular case in Buenos Aires, Argentina, that is in the process of implementing this framework. Although waste prevention and re-use are considered guiding principles of the framework, neither have been prioritised in practice. Instead, local waste management has been characterised by end-of-pipe solutions which include recycling and landfilling. This chapter discusses the management of waste from disposable menstrual technologies and seeks to highlight the importance of prevention and re-use. Understanding the disposal of menstrual technologies is of particular importance in the Argentinean case for two main reasons: first, because disposable menstrual waste is the fourth largest component in solid waste and ends up buried in landfills, taking hundreds of years to decompose. Second, reusable menstrual management technologies are locally available and have the potential to reduce this burden. Our analysis is based on data collected through participant observation and semi-structured interviews conducted with experts and local stakeholders.


OBJECTIVE
To explore the effect of ulinastatin on prevention of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

METHODS
A prospective multicentral cohort study was conducted. The patients from three intensive care units (ICUs) of grade A tertiary hospitals in Beijing and a ICU of grade A tertiary hospitals in Cangzhou from January 2012 to December 2014, included 77 ARDS at-risk patients with ulinastatin treatment and 108 ARDS at-risk patients without ulinastatin treatment (control) were eligible. Both groups received normal treatment; additionally, the intervention group received 600 000 units of ulinastatin via intravenous infusion for 5 days. The control group received the same amount of saline via intravenous infusion for 5 days. Venous blood human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and peptidase inhibitor 3 (PI3) levels were measured on days 1, 3, and 7, respectively. Other outcomes included acute physiology and chronic health evaluation scoring II (APACHE II), body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, white blood cell counts, PaO2/FiO2, ARDS incident, mechanical ventilation time, ICU treatment and hospitalization duration, 28 days mortality.

RESULTS
The PI3 levels showed no statistical difference on day 1, but significant differences on day 3 and day 7 between the two groups (P<0.01). HNE/PI3 ratio showed no statistical difference on day 1, but significant differences on day 3 and day 7 (P<0.05). PaO2/FiO2 was significantly higher in ulinastatin group on day 3 and day 7 (P<0.05). The incident rate for ulinastatin group was 15.58%, lower than that for the control group (33.33%), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The mechanical ventilation time and ICU treatment time in ulinastatin group was shorter than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant effects in other factors.

CONCLUSION
Increased dose of ulinastatin can recover the balance of HNE and its antagonist, lower the HNE's damage to lungs, and further reduce the ARDS incident rate.


INTRODUCTION
Whether clinical features in patients with BPPV and migraine differ from patients with BPPV without migraine is unknown.

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to compare clinical aspects of patients with or without migraine.

MATERIALS AND METHOD
263 patients with BPPV were enrolled. Patients were investigated in terms of age, gender, symptoms, affected side, type of BPPV and the cure rate. Data were compared in patients with and without migraine. Mean values and standard deviations (± SD) were calculated. One way ANOVA test was used for the analysis. Significance was set at p < 0.005.

RESULTS
32 patients had migraine (11.4%). Gender ratio difference between groups was significant (4.2 vs. 1.3). Comparative analysis of average age between groups was not significant (p = 0.069; 38.50 ± 11.52, 43.38 ± 13.83). Majority of patients had symptoms less than 2 months and the difference was not significant (78.1% vs. 76%). Comparative analysis of cure rate of the therapeutic maneuvers between 2 groups was not significant (77% vs. 84%).

CONCLUSION
Patients with BPPV may have associated migraine. However, this study does not indicate that the presence of migraine is a risk factor for BPPV for the cure since the therapeutic outcome is similar.


There is no country that would be able to avoid crime. In Lithuania the crime rate rises, its' structure and quality changes. The fact is that the criminality is unknown, structurally complicated socially-juridical problem. The notion of criminality and its' indications are only being discussed. It is too complicate to give one single notion of criminality that could be acceptable to everyone. The authors of the paper had a look into the notion of criminality and all its' indications. It is closely related to the newly accepted criminal code, which revealed criminal maintenance and brought in newer crime notions. These innovations made people change the outlook onto the crime and the process of formation of criminality. For this purpose mathematical formulas were used.


Building evaluation capacity in community organisations is promoted as a key means of creating an evaluation culture that will reorient organisations towards identifying and measuring outcomes, demonstrating achievements and enhancing accountability. Building evaluation capacity presents a number of challenges for micro-organisations, including limited resources for evaluation, a low existing evaluation skills base, and, an organisational culture and practice that does not align well with evaluation tools and techniques typically used to demonstrate program outcomes. The implementation of the Thriving Communities Healthy Families pilot project in Tasmania, a place-based health promotion intervention delivered through Neighbourhood Houses (NH), included an evaluation capacity building (ECB) component. The pilot project is used in this article as a case study to illustrate the tensions that arose for community development workers in the NH as they implemented a new program, and contended with the demands of developing their evaluation capacity. We found that while community development workers value evaluation and the importance of demonstrating program outcomes, the model of building evaluation capacity of the workers themselves was burdensome. Further, some workers perceived that evaluation activities impacted negatively on their primary role of supporting vulnerable community members. We conclude that, in very small community sector organisations, ECB requires an ongoing mentoring/relationship-building approach, rather than a traditional training approach. This has implications for how to fund ECB and raises questions on where best to focus ECB in these micro-organisations.


Abstract The two-dimensional, incompressible flow over a rounded backward-facing step at Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}= 600$ is characterized by a detachment of the flow close to the step followed by a recirculation zone. Even though the flow is globally stable, perturbations are amplified as they are convected along the shear layer, and the presence of upstream random noise renders the flow unsteady, leading to a broadband spectrum of excited frequencies. This paper is aimed at suppressing this unsteadiness using a controller that converts a shear-stress measurement taken from a wall-mounted sensor into a control law that is supplied to an actuator. A comprehensive study of various components of closed-loop control design – covering sensor placement, choice and influence of the cost functional, accuracy of the reduced-order model, compensator stability and performance – shows that successful control of this flow requires a judicious balance between estimation speed and estimation accuracy, and between stability limits and performance requirements. The inherent amplification behaviour of the flow can be reduced by an order of magnitude if the above-mentioned constraints are observed. In particular, to achieve superior controller performance, the estimation sensor should be placed upstream near the actuator to ensure sufficient estimation speed. Also, if high-performance compensators are sought, a very accurate reduced-order model is required, especially for the dynamics between the actuator and the estimation sensor; otherwise, very minute errors even at low energies and high frequencies may render the large-scale compensated linearized simulation unstable. Finally, coupling the linear compensator to nonlinear simulations shows a gradual deterioration in control performance as the amplitude of the noise increases.


During Palaeozoic times, the structuration of North Gondwana induced the formation of sub-basins separated by tectonic arches on the N orth African platforms. The slowly subsiding sub-basins were fed by periodically emerging and eroded arches (uplift vs eustatic sea-level drops) that control sediment distribution in space and time. The Devonian successions, located at the boundary between the Qarqaf arch and the subsiding Ghadamis basins in western Libya, represent a good record of this evolution and then an opportunity to discuss the relative influences of parameters that control the sequence architecture and reservoir distribution. The Devonian formations (Tadrart, Ouan Kasa, Awaynat Wanin, and Tahara Formations) in western Libya consist of more than 1000m of siliciclastic sediments. The succession is Pragian (Early Devonian) to Strunian (Late Devonian) in age and lies on Llandoverian (Early Silurian) shales along the Caledonian unconformity. These rocks are among the largest oil reservoirs in N orthern Africa. Most them are stratigraphic rather than structural traps and require detailed sedimentologic and stratigraphic works to improve the results of the exploration activities.This study based on outcrop and subsurface data respectively collected along the arch in Awaynat Wanin area and into the Ghadamis basin can provide some guidelines to fulfil this perspective.


The compelling promise of emergence, and its attendant aesthetics, has by now found its recognised place in the field of advanced digital architecture. Respected in both the disciplines of philosophy and architecture, Manuel DeLanda deploys the concept of emergence as a means to demystify the dynamic properties of a world. Concurrently, digital architects fascinated in living systems celebrate this animate dynamism by investing it in their sophisticated, computationally driven design processes. DeLanda is also well known for returning the difficult concepts of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's philosophical lexicon to the disciplines of science and mathematics. Many of these same concepts have been implicitly and explicitly influential in the new biotechnological paradigm in architecture and its productive use of the logic of emergence. This essay will argue that while the logic of emergence expresses great explanatory power and ventures a novel aesthetics, it risks forgetting an ethics of immanence.


Due to the growing interest in three-dimensional (3D) printed soft actuators, the establishment of an appropriate mathematical model that could effectively predict the actuators' dynamic behavior has become necessary. This study presents the development of an effective modeling strategy for the dynamic analysis of a 3D printed polyelectrolyte actuator undergoing large bending deformations. The proposed model is composed of two parts, namely electrical and mechanical dynamic models. The electrical model describes the actuator as a gray box model, whereas the mechanical model relates the stored charges to the bending displacement through considering the printed actuator as a discretized system connected by spring–damping elements. The experimental results verified the accuracy of the proposed model, particularly under large voltages and actuation bending. The proposed discrete rigid elements modeling strategy can be simply extended to other 3D printed hydrogel actuator systems where mechanical pixels are characterized by 3D printing.


The kinetics of incorporation of [(3)H]lysine and [(14)C]glucosamine into kidney brush borders were studied in vivo. The patterns of incorporation and loss of radioactivity from the brush borders were similar for both radioactively labelled precursors. Maximal labelling occurred 15-20h after injection of the precursors, and then the radioactivity declined rapidly until 50h. The radioactivity of brush borders then remained constant until 120h and thereafter declined slowly. These results are interpreted as indicating that two processes contribute to the turnover of brush-border components, pinocytosis and a slower turnover of the components of the microvilli. Studies of the distribution of radioactivity among glycoprotein components of the brush borders, separated by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, indicated that the membrane components turned over in unison.


The idea of creation/formulation of the problem in the dissertation of art creation is the reality of women workers to the nature of femininity in performing arts as interpreted life energy into the problems of women workers. The idea is then formulated into the concept of creation, the role of women as the guardian of the family, gave birth to progeny, and the resilient nature of women as breadwinners for survival, even more importantly women as keepers of tradition. Through the creative process to create works of art by presenting a 'rasa' that can be captured and responded to by the brain into something that essence and recorded in the memory, (VS Ramachandran, 2012). The study was conducted using visual aesthetic and creative through the photographic process with the exploration of materials such as: objects generated tradition of Lombok, for example woven fabrics, woven and the other as an aesthetic element as well as elements of art such as: shape, line, color, shape, composition, and texture. As for all stages of the process based on the embodiment of the work of the working stages of the creative process by Csikszentmihalyi (1996), namely: preparation, incubation, insight / arcing ideas, evaluation, development, and presentation in the form of art exhibitions. In general it can be concluded, that in this aspect of the subject matter of the concept of women in the end that guarantees life for themselves women are women themselves. In the form of work, technical realization through the creative process with visualization methods.


Recent experiments performed on cuprates and alkali-doped fullerides have demonstrated that key signatures of superconductivity can be induced above the equilibrium critical temperature by optical modulation. These observations in disparate physical systems may indicate a general underlying mechanism. Multiple theories have been proposed, but these either consider specific features, such as competing instabilities, or focus on conventional BCS-type superconductivity. Here we show that periodic driving can enhance electron pairing in strongly correlated systems. Focusing on the strongly repulsive limit of the doped Hubbard model, we investigate in-gap, spatially inhomogeneous, on-site modulations. We demonstrate that such modulations substantially reduce electronic hopping, while simultaneously sustaining superexchange interactions and pair hopping via driving-induced virtual charge excitations. We calculate real-time dynamics for the one-dimensional case, starting from zero- and finite-temperature initial states, and we show that enhanced singlet-pair correlations emerge quickly and robustly in the out-of-equilibrium many-body state. Our results reveal a fundamental pairing mechanism that might underpin optically induced superconductivity in some strongly correlated quantum materials.


: Specification of new legal document of medical service of Armed Forces of Russian Federation is presented. It is the calculate norms of medical equipment for delivery of health care and treatment for the wounded. This document was developed for the purpose of development the rationing of medical equipment in the design of measures of the military medical arrangement instead of identical norm of the 1995 edition. The document is adapted to the modern economic conditions; its implementation guarantees the stiffening of medical service readiness for the accomplishment of mission.


Obesity results from many influences including genetic and environmental. But eating and physical activity are the two fundamental factors which influence obesity development. This work investigates how food consumption choices and the extent of physical activity have an influence on weight, BMI and the prevalence of obesity in a population of children aged 2-15 years. Around forty years ago, the weight profile of the child (or adult) population was not particularly abnormal. But with increases in energy-dense food consumption and reductions in physical activity, weight, BMI and the prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically, especially since the 1990's. Results from our model can explain these trends. If no interventions are taken to counteract them then these markers will continue to increase in the future with consequential health effects as the children become adults. In an effort to uncover the most effective interventions, this study highlights the role that a system dynamics model can play to help manage the problem in childhood, particularly through considering behavioural changes. Optimisation experiments are conducted to determine whether interventions on the energy intake or energy expenditure sides are likely to be most effective. In anticipated developments of this research it is suggested that the Theory of Planned Behaviour could be used as a framework to identify the motivational factors that influence children in their eating and physical activity habits.


The paper is concerned with a qualitative assessment of the assumption of independence of sensitivity function on the anatomotopographic features of the region in a functional radionuclide study of the lungs. Sensitivity function of standard collimation detectors was calculated for the radionuclides 133Xe and 99mTc. Geometrical sizes of the studied region were determined by respective CT transversal sections. An analysis of the calculation results showed that sensitivity function depended significantly on the anatomotopographic features of the studied region. The error of measurement determined by the variability of sensitivity function, easily changed from 34 to 9%.


Durlach et al. (2000) outlined a research program for the use of virtual environments (VEs) to train spatial abilities, and have invited comments. Our perspective is that some of the problems facing researchers in VE navigation, and also perceptual-motor skills, stem from the possibility that psychological processes that underlie navigation and motor skills in real and in virtual environments may be somewhat different. VE users may then have to make use of different strategies and abilities to those that they would normally use to manually manipulate and to navigate around the world. We suggest that such differences may arise because, when performing VE motor skills and navigation, the subject is effectively disembodied.


We describe the resurgence properties of some partition functions corresponding to field theories in dimension 0. We show that these functions satisfy linear differential equations with polynomial coefficients and then use elementary stability results or holonomic functions to prove resurgence properties, enhancing previously known results on growth estimates for the formal series involved, which had been obtained through a delicate combinatorics.


Obesity, a major healthcare issue, is associated with significant cardiovascular morbidities, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Numerous intensive studies conducted this decade have revealed that adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ that secretes a variety of bioactive substances, termed adipocytokines. Adipocytokine secretion profiles are altered as obesity develops, which may increase the risk of obesity-related cardiovascular disorders. For instance, leptin is upregulated in obese subjects and plays important roles in the pathophysiology of obesity-related atherogenesis through multiple mechanisms, such as its proliferative, proinflammatory, prothrombotic, and prooxidant actions. In contrast, adiponectin, which is downregulated in obese subjects, has protective effects against cardiovascular disorders at various atherogenic stages. In addition to these factors secreted by adipose tissue, neuronal circuits involving autonomic nerves are now being recognized as an important metabolic regulatory system and have thus attracted considerable attentions. Alterations in fat accumulation in intraabdominal organs, such as visceral adipose tissue and the liver, send afferent neuronal signals to the brain, leading to modulation of sympathetic tonus and thereby affecting the vasculature. Moreover, these humoral and neuronal signaling pathways communicate with each other, resulting in cooperative metabolic regulation among tissues/organs throughout the body. Further elucidation of these regulatory systems is anticipated to lead to new approaches to devising therapeutic strategies for the metabolic syndrome. (Circ Res. 2007;101:27-39.)


During regular surveys of Lepidoptera in the coastal dune North Holland Dune Reserve, we observed larval cases and feeding traces typical for Coleophoridae on wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L., Rosaceae). The spatulate or pistol shape of the cases excluded Coleophora violacea (Strom, 1783) and C. potentillae Elisha, 1885. According to the literature, C. albicostella (Duponchel, 1842), very rare in The Netherlands, was the only Coleophora species known to create spatulate cases on this host. We collected larval cases for DNA analysis on the larvae and for rearing, which revealed that none of the collected larvae belong to the Coleophoridae previously recorded feeding on this host, but a mixture of three other Coleophora species. We found that early instar larvae of C. lutipennella (Zeller, 1838) and C. flavipennella (Duponchel, 1843), normally feeding on oaks (Quercus spp., Fagaceae) only, may be found feeding on F. vesca in the fall. We also found that C. gryphipennella (Hubner, 1796), abundant on Rose (Rosa spp., Rosaceae) in the coastal dunes of The Netherlands, regularly feeds on F. vesca and rearing experiments proved that it can complete its larval stage on F. vesca. We therefore conclude that Fragaria is a new host genus for C. gryphipennella. After reviewing all the C. albicostella records from The Netherlands, we conclude that it is a very rare species, likely restricted to the southernmost provinces. None of the confirmed records are from reared specimens. The host range of C. albicostella in literature is possibly overestimated and may not even include Fragaria.