Despite remarkable progress on visual recognition tasks, deep neural-nets still struggle to generalize well when training data is scarce or highly imbalanced, rendering them extremely vulnerable to real-world examples. In this paper, we present a surprisingly simple yet highly effective method to mitigate this limitation: using pure noise images as additional training data. Unlike the common use of additive noise or adversarial noise for data augmentation, we propose an entirely different perspective by directly training on pure random noise images. We present a new Distribution-Aware Routing Batch Normalization layer (DAR-BN), which enables training on pure noise images in addition to natural images within the same network. This encourages generalization and suppresses overfitting. Our proposed method significantly improves imbalanced classification performance, obtaining state-of-the-art results on a large variety of long-tailed image classification datasets (CIFAR-10-LT, CIFAR-100-LT, ImageNet-LT, Places-LT, and CelebA-5). Furthermore, our method is extremely simple and easy to use as a general new augmentation tool (on top of existing augmentations), and can be incorporated in any training scheme. It does not require any specialized data generation or training procedures, thus keeping training fast and efficient.


Hellenistic ruler cult has generated much scholarly interest and an enormous bibliography; yet, existing studies have tended to focus on the communal character of the phenomenon, whereas the role of private individuals (if any) in ruler worship has attracted little attention. This article seeks to redress this neglect. The starting point of the present study is an inscription Διὶ | καὶ βασιλεῖ | Φιλίππωι Σωτῆρι on a rectangular marble plaque from Maroneia in Thrace. Since the text was published in 1991, it has been disputed whether the king in question is Philip II or Philip V of Macedon. The question is further complicated by a newly published text from Thasos, plausibly restored to read [Β]ασιλέως Φιλί[ππου] | σωτῆρος. The identity of the king in these texts is a matter of great historical significance: if Philip II is meant, not only would this impinge on the question of his divinity, he would also be the first king called Sōtēr, thus providing the earliest attestation of a cult epithet spreading from the traditional gods to monarchs. The first part of this article will re-examine the king's identity by studying these two texts in connection with other dedications similarly addressed to a 'King Philip' and apparently set up by private individuals. The second will move beyond Macedonia: it will draw on potential parallels from the Attalid, Seleucid and Ptolemaic kingdoms and explore the possible contexts in which individuals set up similar objects. It will be demonstrated that, while there is evidence from other Hellenistic kingdoms of seemingly 'private' dedications set up according to civic or royal commands, in Macedonia the piecemeal and isolated nature of the evidence does not permit a conclusive answer. But whether set up spontaneously or by civic command, these objects provide important evidence for the interaction between the public and the private aspects of ruler worship.


CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (ET) is a key regulatory enzyme in the CDP-ethanolamine pathway for phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis. As a first step in the elucidation of the structure-function relationship and the regulation of ET, an ET cDNA was cloned from rat liver. The cloned cDNA encodes a protein of 404 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 45.2 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence is very similar to that of human ET (89% identity). Furthermore, it shows less, but significant, similarity to yeast ET as well as to other cytidylyltransferases, including rat CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase and Bacillus subtilis glycerol-3-phosphate cytidylyltransferase. Like human and yeast ET, rat ET has a large repetitive internal sequence in the N- and C-terminal halves of the protein. Both parts of the repeat contain the HXGH motif, the most conserved region in the N-terminal active domain of other cytidylyltransferases, indicating the existence of two catalytic domains in ET. The hydropathy profile revealed that rat ET is largely hydrophilic and lacks a hydrophobic stretch long enough to span a bilayer membrane. There was no prediction for an amphipathic alpha-helix. Transfection of COS cells with the cDNA clone resulted in an 11-fold increase in ET activity, corresponding to an increase in the amount of ET protein as detected on a Western blot. Determination of the ET activity during liver development showed a 2. 5-fold increase between day 17 of gestation and birth (day 22) and the amount of ET protein changed accordingly. Northern blot analysis showed that this was accompanied by an increase in the amount of ET mRNA. Between day 17 of gestation and birth, the amount of mRNA in fetal rat liver increased approx. 6-fold, suggesting the regulation of ET at both pretranslational and post-translational levels during rat liver development.


The computing profession's purpose is to promote, for the greater community's benefit, the use of formal representations of facts or ideas and of machines and processes for the storage and transformation of such representations. Thus, our profession's history originated in the culture of the printers and scribes who promoted the use of the written languages from which our present binary representations developed. The article argues that ideas published decades ago may suggest solutions to some of today's most pressing technological and social challenges. It also suggests that the computing profession can develop faster and better through cumulative innovation, building on its past instead of ignoring it.


The speed of sound in water rises and falls with temperature, current speed, salinity, and pressure. Precisely measured underwater acoustic travel times can be used to calculate these parameters for a body of water. If the salinity and pressure along the acoustic path is known, a system of two underwater hydrophones transmitting bi-directionally can indirectly measure both temperature and water velocity. Summing the bi-directional travel times isolates the temperature component, while subtracting the travel times isolates the component of current speed.
There has been much work in using this method for current point detectors as well as networks covering very large distances (> 100km). The feasibility of using acoustic travel times for measurements in the 100m - 3km range has been less explored. Accurate measurements at this range may be valuable in iceberg tracking for the offshore oil and gas industry, as well as in building high resolution maps for environmental studies. This range presents some new challenges, as a distributed network must remain highly synchronized to obtain sufficiently accurate travel times. Multipath travel is also highly problematic in this range.
A system has been developed and used to measure tidal currents in the North Atlantic Ocean. The design was built from the ground up. The hardware, software, and data processing are built to work with non-specialized low-cost equipment in a variety of harsh marine deployment conditions. Field testing showed that the system was capable of measuring currents to within ±4cm/s across a 130m range. Quantitative error analysis is included which shows that much higher accuracies could be achieved at the 1km range.


Every attempt to reduce post harvest losses must inevitably start with minimizing losses during harvesting. Grain stripping harvester is a technology which is being developed and so far is becoming effective for rice and wheat harvesting. Grain losses in stripping harvester occur at the gathering/stripping operation which are shattering, stubble and lodging losses. The harvest loss estimation of rice harvesting with a self propelled grain stripper developed in Nigeria was carried out. The best machine settings of critical operating parameters were determined to obtain total minimum harvest loss estimation which was 13.5% of the total yield while the manual harvesting loss was 20.3% under the same condition. The machine setting at this combination was 270.0mm rotor height, 670.0rpm peripheral rotor speed and 3.0km/h forward speed which gave shattering loss as 5.5%, stubble loss was 4.9% and lodging loss was 3.1% of the total yield. Planting pure seed variety will reduce stripper header losses at harvest because it will result in uniform crop height at maturity.


The aim of this thesis work has been focused on the development of Li-rich complex oxide materials and their advanced characterisation by a wide range of techniques for their application in Li batteries. To achieve this ultimate goal, it is necessary to consider the material design and discovery, the synthetic routes employed, and the characterisation of these materials to unpick the underpinning structure-property relations which govern functionality.
Chapter 1 introduces the basic aspects of current Li-ion battery technologies and their limitations. This is followed by a description of the all-solid-state battery concept and an examination of solid electrolyte candidate materials. Lithium-rich garnet materials are described in the following section with the conductivity-crystal structure relationship detailed. The role of lithium-excess in complex oxides for battery applications is explored followed by a section introducing the novel concept of lithium-rich double perovskites and the Li6Hf2O7 system. Finally, a section reviewing the microwave and sol-gel synthetic pathways employed for battery materials will conclude this introductory chapter.
The chemicals and synthetic approaches employed in this thesis to develop the materials under study are detailed in Chapter 2. The basics behind the characterisation techniques employed in this thesis, including powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) techniques for structural characterisation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation (GCPL) for electrochemical analyses, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) synchrotron-based techniques for local structure analyses and muon-spin relaxation (µ+SR) for local Li+ diffusion studies, among others, are also detailed.
The first results chapter, Chapter 3, details the studies performed on Zn-, Ga-, Al-doped Li6BaLa2Ta2O12 (LBLTO) garnet materials as solid-state electrolytes. The achievement of shorter reaction times and temperatures compared to conventional solid-state chemistry methods is detailed. The role of the dopant in the structure is analysed by PXRD and XAS studies and its influence on the ionic conductivity of the materials is examined. For the undoped material, local Li+ diffusion analyses by µ+SR are also evaluated and discussed.
Chapter 4 presents a novel microwave-assisted synthesis for Al- and Ga-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnets. The chapter discusses the stabilisation of the cubic phase of the LLZO garnet at lower temperatures and shorter reaction times. The structure of the material and dopant positions are analysed by PXRD, XAS and PND studies. The macro and micro ionic transport properties of the materials are examined by EIS and µ+SR and related to the macrostructure and dopant positions within the garnet structure.
The preparation of the homologous Al-doped LLZO cubic garnet by sol-gel chemistry is explored in Chapter 5. The stabilisation of the highly conducting cubic phase even at lower temperatures is analysed by conventional PXRD, advanced in-situ NPD and Raman spectroscopy. The reasons behind the ionic transport behaviour of this sol-gel prepared material are analysed by EIS and local Li+ diffusion studied with µ+SR.
Chapter 6 focuses on the synthesis and ionic conductivity studies of the novel Li-rich complex oxides In-and Y-doped Li6Hf2O7 as solid-state electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. The analysis of this new family of materials and their crystallographic structures are presented. The transport properties and the role of the dopant is discussed, with the ionic conductivity and activation energy for macroscopic ionic conduction presented.
In Chapter 7, a new family of Li-rich double perovskites as versatile novel materials for all-solid-state Li batteries is presented. The synthesis and structural characterisation of the Li1.5La1.5WO6 (LLWO) and Li1.5La1.5TeO6 (LLTeO) novel compounds by PXRD, NPD and XAS analyses is described. Investigation of Li1.5La1.5WO6 as a candidate negative insertion electrode was analysed by CV and GCPL experiments, as well as the macro and microscopic study of their transport properties by EIS and µ+SR techniques respectively. The chapter also includes the study and discussion of the redox stability and Li+ conduction
properties of Li1.5La1.5TeO6 as a solid-state electrolyte and preliminary studies of a pseudo solid-state battery formed by these two novel Li-rich double perovskites. In Chapter 8, the homologous Na-rich double perovskite Na1.5La1.5TeO6 is presented. The crystal structure has been explored by PXRD, Raman spectroscopy and in-situ variable-temperature PXRD experiments. The transport properties have also been explored at the macroscopic and local level by EIS and µ+SR and its compatibility with Na metal electrodes analysed in symmetrical cells.
To conclude, a summary of the main conclusions obtained from the work presented in this thesis, together with further lines of research to explore, are discussed in Chapter 9.


amoxicillin and clarithromycin (PAC) for 68% GIs and 78% FP/GPs; 68% of patients treated by GIs and 63% by FP/GPs received PAC 1st line. Physicians estimated that 29% of patients would require a 2 nd line tx due to failure of 1st line. In the patient sample, 36% received a 2nd line tx, and 9% a 3rd line. Only 29% of physicians strongly agreed that they were satisfied with current tx options; 57% of patients were not completely satisfied. Treatment goals are reported in the Table. 40% of patients reported not being adherent with tx, often due to forgetfulness (90%), failing to complete the course (75%), or not understanding instructions (48%). Conclusion: Empiric PAC is the most frequently used 1st line treatment despite national guideline recommendations [1]. A proportion of physicians and patients were dissatisfied with tx options, with physicians reporting higher satisfaction levels than patients. Almost a third of patients failed 1st line tx. Non-invasive tests for active infection are not widely used in practice, although use of UBT by FP/ GPs is increasing. Patient adherence with treatment was suboptimal. New tx options that provide better patient outcomes and satisfaction would be beneficial.


There have been no published data yet on the serum level of antibodies against cholesterol (anti-cholesterol antibodies) in oncological patients. We decided to examine these levels in the sera of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Measurements were performed by ELISA technique in the sera of 44 NSCLC patients and the results were compared to the anti-cholesterol antibody levels of 34 non-tumorous control subjects. Serum anti-cholesterol antibody levels were found to be significantly higher in NSCLC patients than in non-tumorous controls (40.35 arbitrary units/ml (AU/ml) versus 26.00 AU/ml, P=0.0003). The elevated anti-cholesterol antibody values were observable at different percentile values as well (25 percentile: 27.01 AU/ml in NSCLC patients, versus 17.33 AU/ml in controls; 75 percentile: 60.90 AU/ml in NSCLC patients versus 32.90 AU/ml in controls). These results suggest that anti-cholesterol antibodies might be applicable for the serodiagnosis of NSCLC. We emphasize the need for the collection of more data on anti-cholesterol antibody levels in NSCLC patients and in patients with different other malignant tumours in order to investigate the possible benefit anti-cholesterol antibodies might offer in clinical work.


The new mineral species fiemmeite, Cu2(C2O4)(OH)2∙2H2O, was found NE of the Passo di San Lugano, Val di Fiemme, Carano, Trento, Italy (latitude 46.312° N, longitude 11.406° E). It occurs in coalified woods at the base of the Val Gardena Sandstone (upper Permian) which were permeated by mineralizing solutions containing Cu, U, As, Pb and Zn. The oxalate anions have originated from diagenesis of the plant remains included in sandstones. The mineral forms aggregate up to 1 mm across of sky blue platelets with single crystals reaching maximum dimensions of about 50 μm. Associated minerals are: baryte, olivenite, middlebackite, moolooite, brochantite, cuprite, devilline, malachite, azurite, zeunerite/metazeunerite, tennantite, chalcocite, galena. Fiemmeite is monoclinic, space group: P21/c with a = 3.4245(6), b = 10.141(2), c = 19.397(3) Å, β = 90.71(1)°, V = 673.6(2) Å3, Z = 4. The calculated density is 2.802 g/cm3 while the observed density is 2.78(1) g/cm3. The six strongest reflections in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are: [dobs in Å (I)(hkl)] 5.079(100)(020), 3.072(58)(112), 9.71(55)(002), 4.501(50)(022), 7.02(28)(012), 2.686(25)(114). The crystal structure was refined from single-crystal data to a final R1 = 0.0386 for 1942 observed reflections [I > 2σ(I)] with all the hydrogen atoms located from a Difference–Fourier map. The asymmetric unit contains two independent Cu2+ cations that display a distorted square-bipyramidal (4+2) coordination, one oxalate anion, two hydroxyl anions and two water molecules. The coordination polyhedra of the two copper atoms share common edges to form polymeric rows running along [100] with composition [Cu2(C2O4)(OH)2∙2H2O]n. These rows are held together by a well-established pattern of hydrogen bonds between the oxalate oxygens not involved in the coordination to copper, the hydrogen atoms of the water molecules and the hydroxyl anions.


Abstract. Disaster risk is a function of hazard and vulnerability. Risk is defined as the expected losses, including lives, personal injuries, property damages, and economic disruptions, due to a particular hazard for a given area and time period. Risk assessment is one of the key elements of a natural disaster management strategy as it allows for better disaster mitigation and preparation. It provides input for informed decision making, and increases risk awareness among decision makers and other stakeholders. Virtual globes such as Google Earth can be used as a visualization tool. Proper spatiotemporal graphical representations of the concerned risk significantly reduces the amount of effort to visualize the impact of the risk and improves the efficiency of the decision-making process to mitigate the impact of the risk. The spatiotemporal visualization of tsunami waves for disaster management process is an attractive topic in geosciences to assist investigation of areas at tsunami risk. In this paper, a method for coupling virtual globes with tsunami wave arrival time models is presented. In this process we have shown 2D+Time of tsunami waves for propagation and inundation of tsunami waves, both coastal line deformation, and the flooded areas. In addition, the worst case scenario of tsunami on Chabahar port derived from tsunami modelling is also presented using KML on google earth.


In the present study, we investigated nutritional status and health-related factors in a multistage cluster sample of 3119 Thai urban and rural children aged 0·5–12·9 years. In a subsample, blood samples were collected for the measurement of Hb, transferrin receptor, vitamin A and vitamin D concentrations. The prevalence of stunting and underweight was higher in rural children than in urban children, whereas the wasting rate was similar in both rural and urban areas. Among children aged 3·0–5·9 years, the prevalence of overweight was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas and so was the obesity rate in children aged 6·0–12·9 years. Protein intakes of all age groups were relatively high in both the areas. Intakes of Ca, Fe, Zn and vitamin C were significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The prevalence of anaemia in rural areas was twice as high as that in urban areas, particularly in infants and young children. However, the prevalence of Fe-deficiency anaemia was similar in both urban and rural areas. While the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (by serum retinol cut-off < 0·7 μmol/l) seemed to be very low, vitamin A insufficiency (by serum retinol cut-off < 1·05 μmol/l) was more prevalent (29·4–31·7 %) in both the areas. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency ranged between 27·7 and 45·6 % among the children. The present study indicates that the double burden of malnutrition is still a major public health problem in Thailand. Further studies need to explore the associated risk factors for these nutrient deficiencies. Effective strategies and actions are needed to tackle the nutritional problems in Thai children.


see their work and that of their fellow contributors as developing the study of these aspects of nationalism in a worldwide comparative approach. happened subsequently was a development of these patterns in a more sophisticated manner. Any attempt to understand this present must be based on that past. Fragments of Empire successfully unravels much of that complicated past, making sense of a tangled maze of imperialistic devices. In this sense it is a very useful continuation of our understanding of worldwide diasporas.


This paper presents analysis and characterization of a piezoelectric micro-generator for energy harvesting application. A low-cost experimental prototype was designed to operate as piezoelectric micro-generator in the laboratory. An input acceleration of 9.8m/s using a sine signal (peak-to-peak voltage: 1V, offset voltage: 0V) at frequencies ranging from 10Hz to 160Hz generated a maximum average power of 432.4μW (linear mass position = 25mm) and an average power of 543.3μW (angular mass position = 35°). These promising results show that the prototype can be considered for low consumption load application as an energy harvesting micro-generator. Keywords—Piezoelectric, microgenerator, energy harvesting, cantilever beam.


The involvement of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and homologous transforming growth factor (TGF) in human kidney development was studied by analyzing their effects on the regulation of DNA synthesis in organ culture and by localizing their cognate receptors. Both peptides significantly increased 3H‐thymidine incorporation when added at 10–100 ng/ml, but not at 1–5 ng/ml. Furthermore, addition of an anti‐EGF receptor antibody not only reduced the effect of exogenous EGF (100 ng/ml) on DNA synthesis but decreased basal 3H‐thymidine incorporation. These results indicate that EGF/TGFα are both mitogenic in vitro and further suggest that human fetal kidneys release an endogenous EGF‐related substance masking the effects of low amounts of growth factors added to culture medium. Radioautographic analyses show that EGF (100 ng/ml) increased DNA synthesis in poorly‐differentiated cells of the nephrogenic zone, particularly in subcapsular mesenchyme and peritubular cells; although less responsive, epithelial cells in early nephric tubules represented another target of EGF action. The pattern of EGF/TGFα receptor expression was revealed immunohistochemically at different gestational ages and was shown to be related to the proliferation status. It was maximal in condensing nephrogenic cells, relatively high in newly‐induced epithelium and cortical branches of ureteric epithelium, low in differentiating nephronic cells and nearly absent from renal stroma and medullary collecting ducts. Together, our results indicate that the EGF/TGFα system is directly involved in the regulation of nephrogenic cell proliferation during human metanephrogenesis and it is progressively down‐regulated after conversion of mesenchyme into epithelium.


Economic policies that ensure efficient allocation of resources is a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for creating appropriate environmental incentives. Environment-specific policies are also needed to correct market failures leading to environment problems. Two types of policies can be used to deal with environmental problems—command and control policies and incentive- or market-based policies. Command and control policies involve government mandating of environmental quality standards on emissions, technology type, or input use. Incentive- or market-based policies use prices to try to affect pollution and resource use. Despite the advantages of marketbased approaches, Pakistan, like many other countries, mostly followed control policies. But these policies have often failed to achieve results because regulating institutions lack the financial and technical resources to implement these policies effectively. Pakistan's brown environmental problems include industrial waste water pollution, domestic waste water pollution, motor vehicle emissions, urban and industrial air pollution, and marine and coastal zone pollution. Economic policy failures are contributing significantly to many of these problems. Green environmental problems affect irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, forests, and rangelands. In irrigated agriculture, economic policies, such as subsidies on irrigation water, have provided incentives for farmers to over use water in their production practices, thereby exacerbating the problem of waterlogging and salinity. Deforestation and rangeland degradation have resulted, in part, due to lack of property rights in communal forests and lack of incentive for local communities to participate in forest management decisions.


Background Relapses in steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) are frequently observed but specific treatment protocols to address this problem are sparsely reported. Standard treatment includes prolonged administration of glucocorticoids as monotherapy or in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of cytosine arabinoside (CA) in combination with glucocorticoids for treatment of SRMA relapses in 12 dogs on a retrospective basis. Methods Dogs with recurrent episodes of SRMA and treated with a combination of CA and prednisolone were included. Information about clinical course, treatment response and adverse events was collected from medical records. Ethical approval was not required for this study. Results Ten dogs (10/12) responded well to the treatment with clinical signs being completely controlled. One dog is in clinical remission, but still under treatment. One dog (8%) showed further relapse. Mean treatment period was 51 weeks. Adverse events of variable severity (grade 1–4/5) were documented in all dogs during treatment according to the veterinary cooperative oncology group grading. Three dogs developed severe adverse events. Laboratory findings showed marked changes up to grade 4. Diarrhoea and anaemia were the most often observed adverse events (6), followed by dermatitis (4), alopecia (3) and pneumonia (3). Including blood chemistry changes (13), 50 adverse events were found in total. Conclusion Treatment with CA and glucocorticoids resulted in clinical remission in 10/12 dogs, but a high incidence of adverse events occurred requiring additional measures. All adverse events could be managed successfully in all cases.


The benefits of large patches of tree canopy are estimated by applying a hedonic price model to the sale of single-family residential properties in Portland, Oregon. The first-stage analysis provides evidence of diminishing returns from increasing tree canopy past a certain level. The second-stage analysis uses a survey of property owners' preferences and socioeconomic characteristics to overcome the problem of endogeneity. Average benefit estimates for the mean canopy cover within ¼ mile of properties in the study area, using the second-stage model, are between 0.75% and 2.52% of the mean sale price. (JEL Q21, Q51)


Contagious ecthyma or contagious pustular dermatitis, is a viral skin disease that occurs in sheep, goats and wild ruminants and is characterized by the formation of papules, nodules or vesicles that progress into thick crusts or heavy scabs on the lips, gingiva and tongue, caused by a member of the Parapoxvirus genus. Humans are occasionally affected constituting important zoonosis. The disease not only has an economic impact on farmers worldwide but also has a considerable negative effect on animal welfare. In this study, a contagious ecthyma outbreak which occurred in one flock with 90 goats located in the Ceara State, Brazil, was described. Twenty-two goats older than 6 months were affected. The animals presented crusted lesions on the buccal region, tongue, udder and teats, which began with swelling in the mouth area. Dried crusts and serum collected were processed for transmission electron microscopy utilizing, negative staining (rapid preparation), Immunocytochemistry (immunolabelling with colloidal gold particles) and resin embedding techniques. At the Philips EM 208 transmission electron microscopy all the samples were analyzed by negative staining technique and a great number of parapoxvirus particles ovoid or cylindrical, showing two morphological forms, a mulberry (M) form with a distinctive crisscross filament pattern derived from the superimposition of upper and lower virion surfaces and a capsular (C) form caused by stain penetration and distention of the virion core, measuring 300 x 180 nm was observed. Antigen antibody reaction was increased by the colloidal gold particles. In the ultrathin sections of crusts, we verified the presence of three types of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, type A or Bollinger inclusion bodies, outlined by membrane, presented in it is interior, oval, mature or complete viral particles, measuring on the average, 225nm x 130 nm, showing an inner dumbell-shaped core, two lateral bodies and an external envelope, or cigar shaped core. In the type B electron dense inclusions bodies, were visualized parapoxvirus particles budding of dense and amorphous material. Fibrillar intracytoplasmic inclusions were also found located between the virions, consisting of groups of fibrils, arranged in groups or concentrically in the middle of the granular material. Intracytoplasmic vesicles outlined by membranes, measuring 560 x 420 nm, containing granular material in its interior were also observed. The nuclei showed an aspect deformed.


Abstract 25 cases of advanced stomach carcinoma were studied immunomorphologically with the use of the antibodies panel to the carcinoembryonic antigen and meconian antigen B1, collagen types IV, I and III, laminin, Ki-67, P-105, factor VIII. Secretory and proliferative activity of tumor cells was shown unrelated to histological structure and degree of tumor differentiation. The more was proliferative activity the weaker was the secretory function. Formation of the basal membrane (BM), the degree of collagen formation and angiogenesis in the tubular adenocarcinoma did not depend on the differentiation level and the degree of tumor cells secretory activity. On the contrary, carcinoid component was characterized by pronounced angiogenesis and tendency to correlation between the degree of differentiation and the degree of BM formation. Stomach carcinoma is a heterogeneous group of tumors whose various morphological features may have an independent prognostic value.


For many decades, the problem of estimating a pdf based on measurements has been of interest to many researchers. Even though much work has been done in the area of pdf estimation, most of it was focused on the continuous case. In this paper, we propose a new model based approach for estimating a discrete probability density function. This approach is based on multirate dsp theory, and it has several advantages over the traditional histogram method. It is shown that this method yields an unbiased pdf estimate with small variance, which is guaranteed to have a smaller estimation error than the histogram. Simulation results are given, which show the merit of the proposed method.


Aim To assess serum Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) levels in autistic children with severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease and to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between GI pathology and HGF concentration. Subjects and Methods Serum from 29 autistic children with chronic digestive disease (symptoms for a minimum of 6–12 months), most with ileo-colonic lymphoid nodular hyperplasia (LNH—markedly enlarged lymphoid nodules) and inflammation of the colorectum, small bowel and/or stomach), and 31 controls (11 age matched autistic children with no GI disease, 11 age matched non autistic children without GI disease and 9 age matched non autistic children with GI disease) were tested for HGF using ELISAs. HGF concentration of autistic children with GI disease was compared to GI disease severity. Results Autistic children with GI disease had significantly lower serum levels of HGF compared to controls (autistic without GI disease; p = 0.0005, non autistic with no GI disease; p = 0.0001, and non autistic with GI disease; p = 0.001). Collectively, all autistic children had significantly lower HGF levels when compared to non autistic children (p < 0.0001). We did not find any relationship between severity of GI disease and HGF concentration in autistic children with GI disease. Discussion These results suggest an association between HGF serum levels and the presence of GI disease in autistic children and explain a potential functional connection between the Met gene and autism. The concentration of serum HGF may be a useful biomarker for autistic children, especially those with severe GI disease.


Patterns formed on the surface of a thin film are greatly inspired by nature and biological system. These patterns are formed spontaneously on the surface of polystyrene thin film by self-organization or self-assembly route. The formation of surface phenomenon by self-organization or self-assembly is more viable and cost effective as it does not involve any expensive and high end instrument for the formation of ordered and intricate patterns on the surfaces. These structures formed on the surface have wide range of technological applications. These patterns are created on the surface of thin polymeric film due to retraction of the liquid fluid from the surface that it was supposed to cover leading to a phenomenon of dewetting. Similarly multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) can self-assemble and form various topologies like coiled CNTs, CNT junctions and toroidal CNTs. Toroidal or circular ring carbon nanotubes are unique structure formed from both single wall and multi wall carbon nanotubes. The toroidal CNT is formed over thin polymeric film due to the self-organization of thin polystyrene film leading to the formation of arrays of holes because of dewetting.  Circular rings of CNT are formed on the surface by simple dewetting and Maragoni force. The self-organized patterns on the thin PS film along with Marangoni flow is the driving force behind the circular ring formation. These surface structures can be of great use in biomedical purposes like skin grafting, sensors, superhydrophobic coating and others.


BGSU library and Internet research sources to use for American military history. Library and Internet resources for doing research on the Vietnam War.


Abstract Use of alcohol in Africa, particularly in South Africa, has a long history and is a way of life for many people, regardless of their socio-economic background. Alcohol abuse has many negative economic, social and health consequences. The objective of this review is to present in brief the history of alcohol use and the social and economic causes and consequences of alcohol abuse in South Africa. Research has shown that the socio-economic effects associated with alcohol abuse include unemployment, violence, crime, sexual risk behaviour and disruptions to family life and work performance. These effects are discussed by emphasising that social and economic changes stemming from urbanisation account for new patterns of drinking among most Africans. South African legislation pertaining to alcohol is also discussed in order to highlight the need for changing or amending certain acts if alcohol abuse is to be reduced.


This paper presents a solution to the problem of the search and retrieval digital tagged content in heterogeneous learning object repositories through architecture for intelligent retrieval of educational content in heterogeneous environments AIREH framework. This architecture unifies the search and retrieval of objects, thus facilitating the personalised learning search process by filtering and properly classifying learning objects retrieved for an approach for semantic-aware learning content retrieval based on abstraction layers between the repositories and the search clients. The use of federated databases techniques by using an organisation of agents allows those agents to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem, allowing the agents to adapt to the constantly changing environment users, content repositories, etc.. Combining a complete agent-based architecture that implements the concept of federated search along with IR technologies may help organising and sorting search results in a meaningful way for educational content.


This paper presents the first analytical solutions for the three-dimensional motion of two idealized mobiles controlled by a particular guidance law designed to avoid a collision with minimal path deviation. The mobiles can be regarded as particles, and guidance can be interpreted as complex forces of interaction between the particles. The motion is then a generalized form of two-body Newtonian dynamics. If the mobiles have equal speeds, the relative motion is determined through various transformations of the differential equations. Solvability relies on congruence and symmetries of the paths, which is exploited to reduce the original twelve first-order differential equations to three first- order equations for the relative motion. The resulting state space is partitioned into five invariant subsets, with various symmetries and stabilities. One of these sets describes planar motion, where simple explicit solutions are given. In nonplanar motion, the solution is formally reduced to quadrature. A numerical calculation gives the separation at the closest point of approach, which provides control over minimum separation. The results should be of interest because of their application, which includes, most importantly, the prevention of midair collisions between aircraft, but also potential application to land, water and space vehicles. The solutions should be of interest to mathematical specialists in dynamical systems, because of some novel constants of the motion, novel symmetries, and the associated reducibility of the equations.

 doi:10.1017/S1446181111000691


This paper critiques recent work that measures the impact of self-help groups, and explains the biases that result from this assessment. Using survey data, it is shown that the methodologies used yield results that misstate the impact. A categorical breakdown is proposed to improve upon these studies, and a simple alternative procedure, the pipeline method, is then estimated to properly correct for selection bias. The results indicate that SHG participation has an impact on assets, livestock income, and salaries. Applying more advanced methods, training is also found to have a positive impact on assets, and empowerment is found to increase with SHG participation.


It has previously been shown that the B subunit of cholera toxin, which binds solely to the plasma membrane ganglioside GM1, stimulates the proliferation of rat thymic lymphocytes (Spiegel, S., P. H. Fishman, and R. J. Weber, 1985, Science [Wash. DC], 230:1285-1287). The purpose of this study was to identify which transmembrane signaling system(s) are activated by the B subunit of cholera toxin. We compared the effects of B subunit and concanavalin A (Con A), a potent mitogenic lectin, on a number of second messenger systems that are putative mediators of T cell activation. Changes in the fluorescence of quin2- loaded cells revealed that mitogenic doses of either B subunit or Con A induced rapid and sustained increases in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). Within 5 min, [Ca2+]i increased from a basal level of 69 +/- 4 to 136 +/- 17 and 185 +/- 24 nM, respectively. The effects of B subunit and Con A were additive and largely dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+, though release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores could be detected for Con A, but not B subunit, using indo-1. The B subunit had no effect on either inositol phosphate levels or on the distribution of protein kinase C, indicating that, unlike Con A, the B subunit does not activate phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Fluorimetric measurements on cells loaded with bis(carboxyethyl)-5,6- carboxyfluorescein revealed that Con A induced a rapid cytoplasmic alkalinization via activation of Na+/H+ exchange, whereas B subunit had no effect on intracellular pH. Finally, by monitoring bis-oxonol fluorescence, we found that Con A induced a small hyperpolarization of the membrane potential, whereas B subunit had no acute effect. These data suggest that the biological effects of B subunit are mediated by an increase in [Ca2+]i resulting from a net influx of extracellular Ca2+.


This thesis focuses on the electromechanical processes of generation and damping of transient waves in bars with attached piezoelectric members. In particular, the influence of amplifier and electrical circuitry on the mechanical waves is of interest.A straight bar element containing piezoelectric members is viewed as a linear system with one electrical and two mechanical ports where it interacts with external electrical and mechanical devices through voltage, current, forces and velocities. For the modelling of the piezoelectric bar element (PBE) and its environment, coupled piezoelectric theory is used with allowance for the dynamics of the PBE and attached electrical and mechanical devices.Two applications are considered for a PBE that constitutes a part of a long bar, viz. generation and damping of extensional waves. In the first, simulations and experiments were performed when the PBE was driven by a power amplifier. In the second, simulations and experiments were performed when the PBE supplied an output voltage to an external load.In the case of wave generation, the influence of amplifier characteristics in terms of DC voltage gain, 3 dB cut-off frequency, output impedance and current constraints on the output voltage and current of the amplifier and the waves generated are studied. Further, generation of waves of prescribed shapes are studied for a specific amplifier. In general, good agreement between simulated and experimental results was obtained.In the case of wave damping, the influence of external electrical loads and incident waveforms on reflected and transmitted waves, and on gener-ated voltage, current, electrical power and dissipated energy, are studied. In general, fair agreement between simulated and experimental results was obtained. The fractions of a few percent of wave energy dissipated in the exter-nal load were well below the 50 percent achievable for a harmonic wave under condition of electrical impedance matching.


Human papillomaviruses (HPV), particularly HPV type 16, are the primary etiologic agent of cervical cancer. Thus, HPV-associated cervical malignancies might be prevented or treated by induction of the appropriate virus-specific immune responses in patients. HPV capsid proteins including L1 and L2 proteins have been shown to generate neutralizing antibodies against HPV particles in vaccinated individuals. Furthermore, HPV oncogenic proteins such as E6 and E7 proteins are important in the induction and maintenance of cellular transformation and are co-expressed in the majority of HPV-containing carcinomas. They represent ideal targets for the development of therapeutic vaccines against HPV infections and HPV-associated neoplasia. Vaccines targeting these proteins may provide an opportunity to control HPV-associated malignancies. Genetic immunization with naked DNA has emerged as an important strategy for vaccine development. Plasmid DNA encoding antigen of interest, such as capsid protein L1 and L2 (for preventive vaccines) and non-structural proteins E6 and E7 (for therapeutic vaccines) enters the host and stimulates an antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune response. Various strategies to enhance preventive and therapeutic effects of DNA vaccines are currently under active investigation. Should they fulfill their promise, these DNA vaccines may prevent HPV infection or control HPV-related cervical lesions.


BACKGROUND
Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) stimulation by recombinant human TSH (rhTSH), in combination with neck ultrasonography (US), is an important tool in the first follow-up of differentiated epithelial cell thyroid carcinoma (DTC) patients. The objective of this study was to investigate if a second rhTSH stimulation, performed 2-3 years later, is of clinical utility in the follow-up of these patients.

METHODS
One hundred and one consecutive ambulatory DTC patients were studied. The great majority of them (89/101) were low-risk patients, being stage I or II at tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging classification. All study patients had been treated by surgery and radioiodine ablation, and exhibited, at first rhTSH follow-up, either undetectable Tg (<or=1 ng/mL) (rhTSH1-Tg-, n = 89 patients considered as free of disease) or low Tg (>1-5 ng/mL) (rhTSH1-Tg+, n = 12 patients considered with uncertain prognosis), with no US evidence of residual disease. In all patients, serum Tg measurement after a second rhTSH stimulation and neck US were performed.

RESULTS
At the second follow-up, all 89 rhTSH1-Tg-patients showed a negative US, and Tg became low positive only in one case, whereas it remained undetectable in the other patients. The overall negative predictive value of rhTSH1-Tg- was, then, 98.9%. Out of the remaining 12 patients (i.e., rhTSH1-Tg+ patients), 2 showed disease persistence/recurrence (with a positive predictive value of rhTSH1-Tg+ of 16.7%) and 6 became Tg-.

CONCLUSIONS
A second rhTSH stimulation is useless in DTC patients who were rhTSH-Tg and imaging negative at first follow-up, while it is suggested in patients with detectable, although low, rhTSH-Tg levels at first follow-up: in the absence of clinical or US evidence of disease persistence, these patients should not be retreated by radioiodine, but simply scheduled for a later rhTSH stimulation.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore how an Higher Education Institution's (HEI) choice of undergoing a voluntary reorganisation, motivated by its own interest of increasing its autonomy, whilst also having to satisfy the government in order to maintain the level of public funding, impacts on the HEI's accounting.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper draws on the institutional logics perspective to present a single case study of a German HEI that chose to be reorganised from a public into a foundation university. Data were obtained using multiple data collection methods.

Findings
The findings suggest that organisational characteristics, which act as filters for institutional logics, play an important role for HEIs' ability to increase not only their de jure, but also their de facto autonomy through self-motivated, rather than government imposed, reform processes.

Research limitations/implications
The paper is based on a single case study in a country-specific context, limiting the empirical generalisability of the findings.

Originality/value
Germany is not only one of the main nations exporting higher education, but its economy has also been recognised for its stability and development over the last decades. Nevertheless, Germany struggles in its transition to become a knowledge-based economy. Yet, research has so far tended to neglect educational reforms in Continental European countries, such as Germany. By addressing this gap in the literature, this paper is among the first to explore how reform processes shape accounting in German HEIs.


Mixed beams of ionizing radiation in our environment originate from space, the bedrock and our own houses. Radiotherapy patients treated with boron neutron capture therapy or with high energy photons are also exposed to mixed beams of gamma radiation and neutrons. Earlier investigations have reported additivity as well as synergism (a greater than additive response) when combining radiations of different linear energy transfer. However, the outcome seemed to be dependent on the experimental setup, especially the order of irradiation and the temperature at exposure.A unique facility allowing simultaneously exposure of cells to X-rays and 241Am alpha particles at 37 oC was constructed and characterized at the Stockholm University (Paper I). To investigate the cytogenetic response to mixed beam irradiation (graded doses of alpha particles, X-rays or a mixture of both) several different cell types were utilized. AA8 Chinese Hamster Ovary cells were analyzed for clonogenic survival (Paper I), human peripheral blood lymphocytes were analyzed for micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations (Paper II and Paper III respectively) and VH10 normal human fibroblasts were scored for gamma-H2AX foci (Paper IV).For clonogenic survival, mixed beam results were additive, while a significant synergistic effect was observed for micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations. The micronuclei dose responses were linear, and a significant synergistic effect was present at all investigated doses. From the analysis of micronuclei distributions we speculated that the synergistic effect was due to an impaired repair of X-ray induced DNA damage, a conclusion that was supported by chromosomal aberration results. Gamma-H2AX foci dose responses were additive 1 h after exposure, but the kinetics indicated that the presence of low LET-induced damage engages the DNA repair machinery, leading to a delayed repair of the more complex DNA damage induced by alpha particles. These conclusions are not necessary contradictory since fast repair does not necessarily equal correct repair. Taken together, the observed synergistic effects indicate that the risks of stochastic effects from mixed beam exposure may be higher than expected from adding the individual dose components.


Additional device parameters and design considerations of the SUBC are established. Experimental verification of the predicted performance was carried out using a PbMoO(4) SUBC. Measured performance figures of the SUBC agree well with those predicted. The PbMoO(4) SUBC was used to perform sequential switching of optical pulse trains from mode-locked He-Ne and Ar-ion lasers. Optical multiplexers and demultiplexers using the PbMoO(4) SUBC were investigated theoretically and experimentally. Experimental verification of the theoretical results was obtained at 1-4-Gbits/sec bit rates by the construction and testing of several simple optical multiplexer/demultiplexer terminals using a mode-locked argon laser. This acoustooptic multiplexer/demultiplexer is shown to be simple to construct and organize and is, therefore, one of the best candidates for an ultrahigh data rate PCM communication system using mode-locked pulse trains from a Nd(3+):YAlG laser.


Studies were conducted over a 2-year period at Yoakum, TX, using the Neogen EnviroCaster• equipped with models to time fungicide sprays for control of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola S. Hori), late leaf spot [(Cercosporidium personalum) (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Deighton] and rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) of peanut. Models used were version 4.5 of the early leaf spot advisory and version 2.5 of the late leaf spot advisory. The EnviroCaster® is a computerized weather station which collects weather data that drives the algorithms (models) and produces interpretive output. Advisory programs were compared to a 14-d calendar program in field plots of Florunner peanut. In both years, the incidence of early leaf spot and rust was heavy, while late leaf spot incidence was moderate in unsprayed plots. The fungicides chlorothalonil and tebuconazole were applied according to each spray program to control disease. Plots managed by 14-d calendar program with chlorothalonil or tebuconazole had significantly lower incidence of leaf spot (P ≤ 0.05) than advisory programs each year. Plots managed by 14-d calendar program with chlorothalonil or tebuconazole had significantly lower incidence of leaf spot (P ≤ 0.05) than advisory programs each year. Plots receiving four sprays in 1991 and three sprays in 1992 with chlorothalonil according to the late leaf spot (LLS) advisory showed levels of rust that were not significantly higher than plots receiving eight sprays on the calendar schedule. Plots treated with four tebuconazole sprays according to the LLS advisory model had significantly higher levels of rust (P ≤ 0.05) than plots sprayed on a 14-d schedule or either of the early leaf spot (ELS) or combination early leaf spot/late leaf spot (ELS/LLS) advisories in 1991. Plots sprayed according to the ELS/LLS combination model in 1992 with tebuconazole had significantly less rust (P ≤ 0.05) than the calendar or the ELS or LLS advisories. Although results from both years show a higher disease incidence in advisory programs compared to the 14-d program, there were no significant differences in yield (P ≤ 0.05) among any of the programs. These results imply that the number of sprays can be reduced without sacrificing yield and the timing of sprays is important in managing foliar diseases in Texas.


The Ritter reaction, that is, reaction of a carbocation with a nitrile, was carried out on polyisobutylene (PIB) using a variety of reaction conditions. End quenching of PIB carbocations with acrylonitrile under living polymerization conditions (methyl chloride (MeCl)/hexane 60/40 (v/v) solvent mixtures at −70 °C) resulted in either tert‐chloride end groups or loss of chain‐end fidelity via carbocation rearrangement, as evidenced by NMR spectroscopy. Exo‐olefin functionalized PIB substrates were also reacted with nitriles under a variety of reaction conditions including various acid and solvent medium combinations. In all cases, the result was either no reaction or PIB that had undergone severe backbone degradation, as determined via NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. Finally, the Ritter reaction was performed on a series of exo‐olefin functionalized oligoisobutylenes using acrylonitrile as the nitrile and either 60/40 dichloromethane/hexane or excess acrylonitrile as the solvent. In 60/40 dichloromethane/hexane, significant carbocation rearrangement and/or degradation resulted in a variety of isomeric, acrylamide‐functionalized oligomers. In excess acrylonitrile, the desired Ritter reaction was the only reaction observed, resulting in the smooth formation of the terminal acrylamide. The various N‐oligoisobutylacrylamides thus obtained represent new hydrophobic monomers useful for the introduction of hydrophobic moieties into acrylamide‐based water‐soluble polymers. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 840–852


Lone motherhood tends to be viewed as something a woman is, an identity that defines the woman. This article takes a different route into lone motherhood by focusing on identity construction in the life stories of four Finnish lone mothers. Faced with dominant narratives that define lone motherhood in negative terms, the narrators construct a counter-normative account of their lone motherhood through a dialogue with different cultural narratives on motherhood, independence and family. Furthermore, the social category of lone motherhood is not one that the lone mothers themselves adopt in their narrative constructions of the self. Instead, they attempt to create space for themselves within the normative narratives on motherhood and womanhood, thus refuting the idea that lone motherhood is constitutive of identity. At the same time, the life stories reveal how powerful the cultural narratives on motherhood and family are – lone mothers can challenge them, but they can never escape these narratives completely. (Lone Motherhood, Narrative Identity, Life Stories, Cultural Narratives)


Transparent TiO2/epoxy hybrid films with high refractive indices have been prepared from a 9-mass% aqueous TiO2 (rutile form) dispersion by a combination of dispersion medium exchange and surface modification with n-octylphosphonic acid (OPA). The dispersion medium was exchanged from H2O to N-methylformamide (NMF) by distilling off H2O after the addition of NMF. The TiO2 surface was then modified with OPA by heating at 80 °C for 24 h. IR and NMR spectra of the OPA-modified TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) revealed that the OPA moiety was grafted onto the surface of the TiO2 NPs through Ti–O–P bonds. The resulting OPA-modified TiO2 NPs were employed to prepare epoxy-based hybrid films possessing excellent transparency. The transmittance in the entire visible range (400–800 nm) of the hybrid film containing 66.3 mass% TiO2 was above 94%. This hybrid film also exhibited the highest refractive index (n = 1.74), which represented a remarkable increase from that of the pure epoxy resin film (n = 1.51).


Rationale The chemokine interleukin-8 is implicated in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. The 77-amino acid isoform of interleukin-8 (interleukin-877) is a less potent chemoattractant than other shorter isoforms. Although interleukin-877 is abundant in the preterm circulation, its regulation in the preterm lung is unknown. Objectives To study expression and processing of pulmonary interleukin-877 in preterm infants who did and did not develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Methods Total interleukin-8 and interleukin-877 were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from preterm infants by immunoassay. Neutrophil serine proteases were used to assess processing. Neutrophil chemotaxis assays and degranulation of neutrophil matrix metalloproteinase-9 were used to assess interleukin-8 function. Main Results Peak total interleukin-8 and interleukin-877 concentrations were increased in infants who developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia compared to those who did not. Shorter forms of interleukin-8 predominated in the preterm lung (96.3% No-bronchopulmonary dysplasia vs 97.1% bronchopulmonary dysplasia, p>0.05). Preterm bronchoalveolar lavage fluid significantly converted exogenously added interleukin-877 to shorter isoforms (p<0.001). Conversion was greater in bronchopulmonary dysplasia infants (p<0.05). This conversion was inhibited by α-1 antitrypsin and antithrombin III (p<0.01). Purified neutrophil serine proteases efficiently converted interleukin-877 to shorter isoforms in a time- and dose-dependent fashion; shorter interleukin-8 isoforms were primarily responsible for neutrophil chemotaxis (p<0.001). Conversion by proteinase-3 resulted in significantly increased interleukin-8 activity in vitro (p<0.01). Conclusions Shorter, potent, isoforms interleukin-8 predominate in the preterm lung, and are increased in infants developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia, due to conversion of interleukin-877 by neutrophil serine proteases and thrombin. Processing of interleukin-8 provides an attractive therapeutic target to prevent development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.


Contents: M.L. Fass, D. Brown, Preface. M. Orne, Foreword. Part I:The Work and Influences of Erika Fromm. D. Brown, Erika Fromm: An Intellectual History. E.R. Hilgard, Erika Fromm as Contributor to Hypnosis, Hypnotherapy, and Hypnoanalysis. D. Gruenewald, Reflections on Hypnosis and Related Topics. A.M. Greeley, A Personal Experience With Self-Hypnosis and Creativity. Part II:The Nature of Hypnosis. H.J. Crawford, Cognitive and Psychophysiological Correlates of Hypnotic Responsiveness and Hypnosis. E. Levitt, E.L. Baker, T.L. Hulsey, Cognitive Dissonance and the Responsiveness of Highly Hypnotizable Subjects. S. Kahn, Phenomenological Explorations of Self Hypnosis. Part III:The Clinical Relevance of Hypnosis. G. Lavoie, Clinical Hypnosis: A Psychodynamic Approach. P. Spinhoven, The Clinical Relevance of Hypnotic Susceptibility. J. Holroyd, How Hypnosis May Potentiate Psychotherapy. B.S. Strauss, Sequelae to Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. Part IV:The Mechanisms of Change in Therapy. M.R. Eisen, From the Magical Wish to the Belief in the Self. P.B. Bloom, The Creative Process in Hypnotherapy. M.C. Sexton, M.R. Nash, Hypnosis as a Tool for Facilitating Change in Short-Term Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: On Alloying the Gold of Analysis With the Copper of Suggestion. D. Araoz, The Problem-Solving Nature of Hypnosis: Its Use With Corporate Managers. Part V:Clinical Applications and New Directions. D. Brown, The Variable Long-Term Effects of Incest: Hypnoanalytic and Adjunctive Hypnotherapeutic Treatment. O. van der Hart, S. Boon, G.B. van Everdingen, Writing Assignments and Hypnosis in the Treatment of Traumatic Memories. J.G. Watkins, H.H. Watkins, Ego-State Transferences in the Hypnoanalytic Treatment of Dissociative Reactions. A. Wilson, On Silence and the Holocaust: A Contribution to Clinical Theory. E.L. Baker, Hypnoanalysis for Structural Pathology: Impairments of Self-Representation and Capacity for Object Involvement.


The basic objective of TOMSPIN (Dol for Modelling with - fetri Nets) is to provide industrial users with a tool that can analyse fairly big systems using GSPN (Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets) models with some slight extensions. The frontend of TOMSPIN consists of a hierarchically structured net description language, with an optional graphical editor. After transforming the net into a Markov chain, it can be evaluated by steady-state or transient analysis. For the steady-state analysis several algorithms can be used: Besides the well-known GaupSeidel etc. we have developed a very eficient algorithm, called Method 100. For the systematic variation of architectural parameters, a series of experiments can be defined, which vary all relevant net parameters. TOMSPIN has been used to evaluate a broad range of complex commercial computing system, particularly considering pe$ormance and reliability aspects.


During the last decade, there has been increasing research on Corporate Sustainability, whereby most of such research was undertaken in the Western world. This paper is aimed at analysing the contribution of Japanese Business terms to Corporate Sustainability. The paper analyses, using Grounded Theory, 28 Japanese business terms through a Corporate Sustainability framework based on the four dimensions of sustainability (economic, environmental, social, and time), the company system (operations and processes, strategy and management, organisational systems, procurement and marketing, and assessment and communication), and stakeholders (internal, interconnecting, and external). The underpinning principles of the Japanese business terms provide complementary approaches to Western views on corporate sustainability by offering a more holistic perspective by linking the company system and its stakeholders to the four dimensions of sustainability. The paper proposes that Corporate Sustainability can learn from Japanese business approaches through: (1) the interaction and alignment of the factory, the firm, and inter-firm network; (2) the relationships between management and employees; (3) the inter-linkages between the company system elements; and (4) how Japanese companies remained competitive, even under the stress of a long-term major economic crisis. However, the analysis indicates that the relationship with external stakeholders and communicating with them through assessment and reporting is lacking in Japanese business management practice. Japanese businesses and their management can also learn from the Corporate Sustainability of the West by: (1) considering the four dimensions of sustainability and how they interact; (2) taking a holistic and systemic approach to Corporate Sustainability; (3) engaging in more Corporate Sustainability research; and (4) making Corporate Sustainability part of a company's culture and activities. Businesses in the East and the West need to recognise that they can both contribute to making the world more sustainable by learning from each other's approaches on Corporate Sustainability and adapting them to their own contexts.


In railway transport, braking and traction forces mainly depend on the normal force and the adhesion coefficient between the wheel and the rail. Considering the restrictions on controlling the normal force, maximization of adhesion coefficient seems to be the only way of increasing braking and tractive efforts. Moreover, efficient utilization of adhesion can also reduce operating costs by avoiding early wheel and rail damages and minimizing trip time. However, the adhesion between the rail and the wheel is a highly dynamic function of many parameters, such as environmental conditions, speed, and slip ratio. Unfortunately, there is not yet any sufficiently accurate and reliable way of obtaining these parameters. In this paper, an event-based control scheme is presented to maximize adhesion utilization without necessitating any of the aforementioned parameters. The results obtained with the proposed method are compared with some of the experimentally proven and industrially applied successful methods for different driving scenarios and wheel–rail conditions.


COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-19) involves humans as well as animals and may cause serious damage to the respiratory tract including the lung. This pathogenic virus has been identified in swabs performed on the throat and nose of patients who suffer from or are suspected of the disease. When COVID-19 infect the upper and lower respiratory tract it can cause mild or highly acute respiratory syndrome with consequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1b and IL-6. The binding of COVID-19 to the Toll Like Receptor (TLR) causes the release of pro-IL-1b which is cleaved by caspase-1, followed by inflammasome activation and production of active mature IL-1b which is a mediator of lung inflammation, fever and fibrosis. Suppression of pro-inflammatory IL-1 family members and IL-6 have been shown to have a therapeutic effect in many inflammatory diseases, including viral infections. Cytokine IL-37 has the ability to suppress innate and acquired immune response and also has the capacity to inhibit inflammation by acting on IL-18Ra receptor. IL-37 performs its immunosuppressive activity by acting on mTOR and increasing the adenosine monophosphate (AMP) kinase. This cytokine inhibits class II histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and inflammation in inflammatory diseases by suppressing MyD88 and subsequently IL-1β, IL-6, TNF and CCL2. The suppression of IL-1b by IL-37 in inflammatory state induced by COVID-19 can have a new therapeutic effect previously unknown. Another inhibitory cytokine is IL-38, the newest cytokine of the IL-1 family members, produced by several immune cells including B cells and macrophages. IL-38 is also a suppressor cytokine which inhibits IL-1b and other pro-inflammatory IL-family members. IL-38 is a potential therapeutic cytokine which inhibits inflammation in viral infections including that caused by COVID-19, providing a new relevant strategy.


Modelling the shape evolution of growing trees requires to account for the interaction between growth and adaptative biomechanical response to its environment. Trees develop growth strategies to ensure light and nutrient capture as stability. These strategies are linked with the branching process and shape evolution of the exisiting branches or stem. Unlike growth of bones and soft tissues where the change in volume originates from the insertion of new particles within the continuum, growth in trees is modeled by the addition of new material points on an existing deformed structure. Most of the existing models adopt an incremental approach and propose the equilibrium of the growing structure to be reached at each time after growth has occured, thus separating growth and mechanical effects. Guil lon et al. [1, 2] have origninally proposed a new formalism to model the time-space continuous growth of rod with applications to tree-like struc tures. The purpose of this work is to advance some thermodynamically consistent constitutive relations describing the biomechanical response of the continuously radially growing section. In particular, we introduce an internal variable which aims at accounting for the adaptative structure of the (growing) woody stem section. We present an existence analysis for both the constitutive relation problem and the quasi-static evolution problem. References [1] T. Guillon, Y. Dumont, T. Fourcaud, A new mathematical framework for modelling the biomechanics of growing trees with rod theories , Math ematical and Computer Modelling, 55, 2061-2077. [2] T. Guillon, Y. Dumont, T. Fourcaud,Numerical methods for the biomechanics of growing trees , Computers and  Mathematics with Applications, 64, 289-309.


In an endeavour to improve the livestock production and particularly the marketing of livestock in the Northern Communal Areas of Namibia, this study analyses the perception of livestock farmers in this regard. The findings show that the decision making is significantly influenced by numerous socio-cultural considerations, which in many cases even overshadow the economic ones. This is manifested in the low off-take percentage, the lacking interest in commercial production, and the fact that the sale price offered to the farmer is not the most important consideration when deciding to whom to sell.


Local manifestations of Occupy Wall Street (OWS) have emerged around the world with enthusiasm for the participatory style used in Zuccotti Park (New York). However, less attention has been paid to earlier lessons about the limits of these techniques for building diverse and sustainable movements. Much of the discussion in the USA ignores how OWS is connected to the long-term and global struggle against corporate-led globalization. Also, models of consensus practiced in many OWS sites have become reified to the verge of fetishization. Activists in the USA have yet to effectively incorporate many lessons from global justice activism including the need for a global analysis and strategy as well as greater sensitivity to how consensus practices can exclude people most harmed by the structures the movement opposes. This study draws from our involvement in Occupy Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) and in the US Social Forum and World Social Forum (WSF) to compare the participatory democratic practices in each setting and identify lessons about organizing broad coalitions against capitalist globalization.


Recent experimental evidences have shown that because of a fast convergence and a nice accuracy, neural networks training via extended kalman filter (EKF) method is widely applied. However, as to an uncertainty of the system dynamics or modeling error, the performance of the method is unreliable. In order to overcome this problem in this paper, a new finite impulse response (FIR) filter based learning algorithm is proposed to train radial basis function neural networks (RBFN) for nonlinear function approximation. Compared to the EKF training method, the proposed FIR filter training method is more robust to those environmental conditions. Furthermore , the number of centers will be considered since it affects the performance of approximation. Keywords—Extended kalmin filter (EKF), classification problem, radial basis function networks (RBFN), finite impulse response (FIR)


An extrachromosomal factor, termed son-killer (sk), affects the sex ratio in a parasitoid wasp, Nasonia (=Mormoniella) vitripennis. The factor is maternally transmitted and alters the secondary sex ratio of an infected female through mortality of approximately 80% of the male embryos. No effect on the primary (zygotic) sex ratio is observed. Ninety-five percent of the daughters of an infected female inherit son-killer. The factor can also be transmitted contagiously when the progeny of infected and uninfected females develop simultaneously on a single host. In newly infected strains, the sex ratio effects are equivalent to those in the original.


The delay/fault-tolerant mobile sensor network (DFT-MSN) has been proposed recently for pervasive information gathering. DFT-MSN distinguishes itself from conventional sensor networks by several unique characteristics such as sensor mobility, loose connectivity, and delay/fault tolerability. The mainstream approaches for sensor networking/communication cannot be applied in DFT-MSN directly. In this paper we propose a replication-based efficient data delivery (RED) scheme based on erasure coding technology tailored for DFT-MSN. RED consists of two key components for data transmission and message management, respectively. The former makes decision on when and where to transmit data messages according to the delivery probability. The latter decides the optimal erasure coding parameters (including the number of data blocks and the needed redundancy) based on its current delivery probability, in order to achieve the desired data delivery ratio while minimizing overhead at the same time. Extensive simulation has been carried out for performance evaluation. Compared with other approaches, the proposed RED data delivery scheme achieves high message delivery ratio with low transmission overhead and data management complexity


Enterobacteria and Pseudomonas express evolutionarily related chromosomally encoded beta-lactamases. These enzymes have a high affinity for modern cephalosporins, and beta-lactamase overproduction is the most important factor in the development of resistance against such drugs. In some species the beta-lactamase is produced constitutively at a low level, and mutations to high expression occur only infrequently. In other species beta-lactamase synthesis can be induced by beta-lactams, and mutation to constitutive overexpression of the enzyme is a frequent event. We discuss the current knowledge concerning the genetic basis of the two different modes of beta-lactamase regulation, as well as the mechanisms through which a high level of beta-lactamase synthesis is reached.


Public expectations of auditors' objectivity, the on‐going debate over auditors' independence (SEC 2001), and previous research motivate our study of one aspect of auditor rotation. Using an experimental case, we examine the impact of continuity on concurring partner reviews. Continuity specifically refers to a concurring partner's assumed degree of prior involvement with a client engagement. We explore two levels of prior involvement—a continuing concurring partner (i.e., involved as a concurring partner in the current and prior year's engagement) and a new concurring partner (i.e., involved as a concurring partner in the current year's engagement only). Based on information in the case, audit partners in the role of concurring partners make judgments related to goodwill impairment. Consistent with our expectation, continuing concurring partners are less likely than new concurring partners to conclude that purchased goodwill may be impaired. Based on our results, the recent regulatory actions mandating w...


The car door modal analysis was an important method to obtain its dynamic characteristics. In order to analyze the natural frequency of the door, avoid resonance with the other vibration sources in the vehicle structure and reduce traffic noise, the right front door of a vehicle was made modal analysis based on the finite element method. First, the car door three-dimensional model was established in the CATIA, then it was imported into the HyperMesh to mesh, at last, imported into the Nastran, and the related settings was made to calculate the 7 modal frequencies of the door. By analysis of the vibration shape chart, the door low stiffness positions are found to provoid the reliable reference for optimizing the door design.


Wireless communication is now integral to the social, economic and cultural life of cities and will become increasingly so as Internet of Things (IOT) technologies alter existing urban processes and generate entirely new ones. Although wireless connectivity engages almost all aspects of urban governance, management of the underpinning infrastructure is essentially a new field of activity for city governments. Telecommunications and spectrum management has always been a national policy domain and telecommunication infrastructure and services have been provided by the private sector over the past 25 years.

The rapid rollout of public wi-fi is the first substantive engagement of Australian city governments in wireless infrastructure policy and practice. Over the past five years, investment by state and municipal governments has yielded operational networks in capital city CBDs, many suburban centres and regional cities, and even some smaller towns. While investment rationales have focused on benefits that might accrue from providing communication services to citizens and tourists, city governments are beginning to appreciate the value that data derived from network users could have in the actual enterprise of governing. However, realising the potential of public wi-fi to inform smarter city government is not proving straightforward.

Drawing on field research, and legal and policy analysis, this paper discusses two barriers to public wifi informed smarter city ambitions: local authority procurement decisions and local human resource limitations. We argue that the combination of these factors has contributed to the privatisation of public wi-fi data and diminished the public value of local network investment.


Immune cell invasion after the transplantation of solid organs is directed by chemokines binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), creating gradients that guide immune cell infiltration. Renal transplant is the preferred treatment for end stage renal failure, but organ supply is limited and allografts are often injured during transport, surgery or by cytokine storm in deceased donors. While treatment for adaptive immune responses during rejection is excellent, treatment for early inflammatory damage is less effective. Viruses have developed highly active chemokine inhibitors as a means to evade host responses. The myxoma virus-derived M-T7 protein blocks chemokine: GAG binding. We have investigated M-T7 and also antisense (ASO) as pre-treatments to modify chemokine: GAG interactions to reduce donor organ damage. Immediate pre-treatment of donor kidneys with M-T7 to block chemokine: GAG binding significantly reduced the inflammation and scarring in subcapsular and subcutaneous allografts. Antisense to N-deacetylase N-sulfotransferase1 (ASONdst1) that modifies heparan sulfate, was less effective with immediate pre-treatment, but reduced scarring and C4d staining with donor pre-treatment for 7 days before transplantation. Grafts with conditional Ndst1 deficiency had reduced inflammation. Local inhibition of chemokine: GAG binding in donor organs immediately prior to transplant provides a new approach to reduce transplant damage and graft loss.


The quantum control landscape is defined as the functional that maps the control variables to the expectation values of an observable over the ensemble of quantum systems. Analyzing the topology of such landscapes is important for understanding the origins of the increasing number of laboratory successes in the optimal control of quantum processes. This paper proposes a simple scheme to compute the characteristics of the critical topology of the quantum ensemble control landscapes showing that the set of disjoint critical submanifolds one-to-one corresponds to a finite number of contingency tables that solely depend on the degeneracy structure of the eigenvalues of the initial system density matrix and the observable whose expectation value is to be maximized. The landscape characteristics can be calculated as functions of the table entries, including the dimensions and the numbers of positive and negative eigenvalues of the Hessian quadratic form of each of the connected components of the critical submanifolds. Typical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of this method.


Summary A cost-effectiveness study of major depressive disorder was undertaken to compare escitalopram, a new SSRI, with citalopram, fluoxetine, and venlafaxine in Finland. A decision-tree model with a 6-month horizon was constructed using probabilities issued from comparative trial data, a standardised literature review and an expert panel. The therapeutic success (remission) and the treatment costs were the main outcomes. The expected success rate was 51.4% for escitalopram, 45.6% for citalopram, 45.6% for fluoxetine, and 49.6% for venlafaxine. Average expected total costs per patient are similar for escitalopram (EUR 857) and venlafaxine (EUR 876), and higher for citalopram (EUR 990) and fluoxetine (EUR 959). The budgetary impact shows a decrease in the total healthcare budget estimated at EUR 11.7 million. Escitalopram is a more cost-effective treatment than citalopram, fluoxetine, and venlafaxine in the treatment of depression and its increased utilisation would reduce healthcare costs for the treatment of depression in Finland.


Reengineering an existing ontology to get it aligned with best practices, represented as design patterns or core ontologies, can be challenging. We demonstrate how the versatile PatOMat framework for pattern-based ontology transformation, together with the GUIPOT Protege plugin as its front-end, can be used to fulfill this task. Two different use cases are presented. One consists in introducing role-based modeling, mediated by the AgentRole content pattern, into a legacy ontology; it has been applied on the complete OntoFarm collection, containing 16 heterogeneous ontologies on 'conference organization'. The other consists in more lightweight adaptation of legacy ontologies to multiple aspects of style of a core domain ontology; it has been applied on six ontologies that have been converted to the format of GoodRelations, a core ontology for e-commerce. While the former study was carried out by an experienced knowledge engineer, who analyzed the influence of ontology expressiveness and other formal features on the efficiency of transformation, the latter study involved 13 students with limited training, thus mapping, to a large degree, the role of human factor in the transformation.


PURPOSE
To determine whether making patient-reported cancer needs, quality-of-life (QOL), and psychosocial information available to the health care team, allowing coordinated specifically targeted psychosocial interventions, resulted in reduced cancer needs, improved QOL, and increased satisfaction with care received.

METHODS
Self-reported cancer needs, QOL, and psychosocial information was collected from 450 people with cancer, using standardized questionnaires via a touch-screen computer. For a randomly chosen two thirds, this information was made available to the health care team who coordinated targeted psychosocial interventions. Information from the remaining one third was not seen. Patients were assessed 2 and 6 months after randomization for changes in their cancer needs, QOL, and psychosocial functioning and satisfaction with overall care received.

RESULTS
There were no significant differences between the two arms with respect to changes in cancer needs, QOL, or psychosocial functioning between the baseline and follow-up assessments, nor with respect to satisfaction with care. However, for the subgroup of patients who were moderately or severely depressed at baseline, there was a significant reduction in depression for the intervention arm relative to the control arm at the 6-month assessment (P =.001).

CONCLUSION
Making patient-reported cancer needs, QOL, and psychosocial data available to the health care team at a single consultation together with coordinated psychosocial interventions does not seem to reduce cancer needs nor improve QOL, psychosocial functioning, or satisfaction with the care received. However, identification of patients with moderate or severe levels of depression may be valuable in reducing subsequent levels of depression.


The synthesis of novel copolymers consisting of a side-group liquid-crystalline backbone and poly (methyl methacrylate) grafts were realized by the use of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). In the first stage, the bromine-functional copolymers 6-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-oxy)hexyl acrylate and (2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-1-yl)methyl 2-bromopropanoate were synthesized by free-radical polymerization. These copolymers were used as initiators in the ATRP of methyl methacrylate to yield graft copolymers. Both the macroinitiator and graft copolymers were characterized by 1H-NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The ATRP graft copolymerization was supported by an increase in the molecular weight of the graft copolymers compared to that of the macroinitiator and also by their monomodal molecular weight distribution. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008


BACKGROUND
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, although rare (1 per 2-4,000 births), is associated with high mortality and cost. Opinion regarding the timing of surgical repair has gradually shifted from emergent repair to a policy of stabilization using a variety of ventilatory strategies prior to operation. Whether delayed surgery is beneficial remains controversial.

OBJECTIVES
To summarize the available data regarding whether surgical repair in the first 24 hours after birth rather than later than 24 hours of age improves survival to hospital discharge in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia who are symptomatic at or immediately after birth.

SEARCH STRATEGY
Search of MEDLINE (1966-2002), EMBASE (1978-2002) and the Cochrane databases using the terms "congenital diaphragmatic hernia" and "surg*"; citations search, and contact with experts in the field to locate other published and unpublished studies.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were randomized or quasi-randomized trials that addressed infants with CDH who were symptomatic at or shortly after birth, comparing early (<24 hours) vs late (>24 hours) surgical intervention, and evaluated mortality as the primary outcome.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Data were collected regarding study methods and outcomes including mortality, need for ECMO and duration of ventilation, both from the study reports and from personal communication with investigators. Analysis was performed in accordance with the standards of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group.

MAIN RESULTS
Two trials met the pre-specified inclusion criteria for this review. Both were small trials (total n<90) and neither showed any significant difference between groups in mortality. Meta-analysis was not performed because of significant clinical heterogeneity between the trials.

REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS
There is no clear evidence which favors delayed (when stabilized) as compared with immediate (within 24 hours of birth) timing of surgical repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, but a substantial advantage to either one cannot be ruled out. A large, multicenter randomized trial would be needed to answer this question.


C3A is a sub-clone of human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cell line with the strong contact inhibition of growth. We fortuitously found that C3A was more susceptible to human coronavirus HCoV-OC43 infection than HepG2, which was attributed to the increased efficiency of virus entry into C3A cells. In an effort to search for the host cellular protein(s) mediating the differential susceptibility of the two cell lines to HCoV-OC43 infection, we found that ADAP2, GILT and LY6E, three cellular proteins with known activity of interfering virus entry, expressed at significantly higher levels in HepG2 cells. Functional analyses revealed that ectopic expression of LY6E, but not GILT or ADAP2, in HEK 293 cells inhibited the entry of HCoV-OC43. While overexpression of LY6E in C3A and A549 cells efficiently inhibited the infection of HCoV-OC43, knockdown of LY6E expression in HepG2 significantly increased its susceptibility to HCoV-OC43 infection. Moreover, we found that LY6E also efficiently restricted the entry mediated by the envelope spike proteins of other human coronaviruses, including the currently pandemic SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, overexpression of serine protease TMPRSS2 or amphotericin treatment significantly neutralized the IFITM3 restriction of human coronavirus entry, but did not compromise the effect of LY6E on the entry of human coronaviruses. The work reported herein thus demonstrates that LY6E is a critical antiviral immune effector that controls CoV infection and pathogenesis via a distinct mechanism. Importance Virus entry into host cells is one of the key determinants of host range and cell tropism and is subjected to the control by host innate and adaptive immune responses. In the last decade, several interferon inducible cellular proteins, including IFITMs, GILT, ADAP2, 25CH and LY6E, had been identified to modulate the infectious entry of a variety of viruses. Particularly, LY6E was recently identified as host factors to facilitate the entry of several human pathogenic viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus and yellow fever virus. Identification of LY6E as a potent restriction factor of coronaviruses expands the biological function of LY6E and sheds new light on the immunopathogenesis of human coronavirus infection.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to determine the stage and outcome of patients with primary lung tumors who had a negative finding on a FDG positron emission tomography (PET) study at the time of diagnosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 3912 patients between November 1994 and August 2002 underwent thoracic or whole-body PET performed at our institution for evaluation of a pulmonary abnormality suspicious for lung cancer. We identified 20 patients with a biopsy-proven primary lung tumor and a negative PET study at the time of presentation. Surgical, pathologic, radiographic imaging, and clinical follow-up information were reviewed to confirm the histology, stage, and outcome.

RESULTS
Tumor histology included adenocarcinoma (n = 7, 35%), bronchioalveolar cell carcinoma (n = 6, 30%), carcinoid (n = 3, 15%), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 2, 10%), otherwise unspecified non-small cell lung cancer (n = 1, 5%), and sarcomatoid neoplasm (n = 1, 5%). One patient with bronchioalveolar cell carcinoma had multifocal stage IV disease, and all other patients were stage IA (n = 14, 70%) or stage IB (n = 5, 25%). Eighteen (90%) of the 20 patients underwent curative surgical resection. No patient is known to have tumor recurrence after resection, and three (17%) of the 18 patients are known to be living and free of disease 5 years after surgery.

CONCLUSION
With the exception of bronchioalveolar cell carcinoma and carcinoid, newly diagnosed lung cancers with negative PET findings are usually early-stage diseases and are associated with a favorable prognosis, suggesting that indeterminate pulmonary nodules, which are PET-negative, can be managed conservatively with serial radiographic studies to monitor for signs of growth. These findings warrant further study and should be confirmed with sufficient follow-up in a large cohort of patients with PET-negative lung lesions.


Background Lung cancer may be related to exposures at work, but this relation is often not established or reported. In this study we wanted to look at work relation, reporting and compensation for newly diagnosed cases of lung cancer. Method The aim of the study was to interview newly diagnosed lung cancer patients about occupation and exposures at work. The relation between lung cancer and occupation was established for each patient as probably, possibly or not probably occupational. The patients were counselled about possibilities for compensation. The number of reported cases in the project period from all health regions in Norway to The Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority was assessed, and information about granted compensation among the study participants was collected from The Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV). Results We interviewed 105 lung cancer patients, 73 men and 32 women. Among men 16% were diagnosed as probably and 22% as possibly occupational. No cases among women were judged as occupational. From the different health regions in Norway 1,7-5,1% of lung cancers were reported as occupational. Among the patients who applied for compensation 9 out of 11 with probable and 5 out of 12 with possible ocupational disease were granted compensation from NAV. Discussion Attributable fraction for male lung cancer is about 20%. The proportion of patients with work related disease in our study is of the same magnitude. The underreporting of occupational lung cancer is considerable. In the diagnostic approach to lung cancer an assessment of the patient9s occupational exposures is often forgotten. More patients could have had their disease compensated if this interview was a compulsary part of the diagnostic procedure.


Luppp is a live performance tool that allows the playback of audio while applying effects to it in real time. It aims to make creating and modifying audio as easy as possible for an artist in a live situation. At its core lies the JACK Audio Connection Kit for access to audio and MIDI, usable effects include LADSPA, LV2 and custom Luppp effects. There is a GUI built using Gtkmm, however it is encouraged to use a hardware controller for faster and more intuitive interaction.


The Carboniferous volcanic rocks of Derbyshire have been already described by A. Geikie, H. H. Arnold-Bemrose, and Mr. H. G. Sargent, and in particular Dr. Bemrose has published a paper dealing specially with the inclusions in the Calton Hill basalt. The subject, however, is by no means exhausted. Since the opening of a road-metal quarry at Calton Hill, a new and most interesting section has come into view, the study of which led me to undertake a detailed investigation of the volcanic complex of Calton Hill and the related lavas of Miller's Dale. Calton Hill is situated 3½ miles east of Buxton, and a mile and a half south-west of Miller's Dale station. Seen from the north, it appears as a clearly outlined rounded hill, standing as a buttress against the escarpment of Chelmorton Low. Its height is 1319 feet above O. D., and it rises about 200 feet above the general level of the limestone plateau. It is situated in the horizon of the upper lava ('loadstone') which, according to Dr. T. F. Sibly, occurs in the Carboniferous Limestone between Zones D1 and D2. On the north-eastern slope of Calton Hill, approximately a third of the way up, is situated the newly developed road-metal quarry. It is entered by a narrow level-cutting and is roughly divided into three separate bays. Fig.1.—Geological sketch-map of the road-metal quarry at Calton Hill (Derbyshire). Fig. 2.—Profile of the quarry-cutting at Calton Hill. Fig.3.—West-to-East section of the quarry at the Calton Hill. The Rather


Pulsatile tinnitus is an uncommon symptom characterized by a perceived sound pulsing like a heartbeat. Here, we report an unusual case of a patient with unilateral pulsatile tinnitus caused by a large, prominent mastoid emissary vein (MEV). A 45-year-old woman presented at our hospital with pulsatile tinnitus. She had persistent tinnitus for 20 years, and her symptoms had worsened in the previous 2 years. She said that she perceived a sound pulsing like a heartbeat. She had some hearing impairment in both the ears for a long time owing to long-term otitis media. The temporal bone computed tomography scan showed a large right jugular bulb, and there was a large MEV canal draining into the right sigmoid sinus. Therefore, we decided to perform a large MEV ligation with the planned right tympanoplasty. On follow-up, the patient's pulsatile tinnitus improved completely. According to reviews, this is the first reported case of surgical ligation of a large MEV as a treatment for pulsatile tinnitus; therefore, we report this case with a brief literature review.


Summary Earthquake locations and fault-plane solutions reveal the spatial distribution and kinematics of strain release by faulting; information that is difficult to infer from geological evidence alone. In the Alpine-Himalayan belt, thrust faulting can be classified into one of three distinct types, each of which illustrates a particular aspect of continental deformation. Some thrusts are mechanically linked to strike-slip faults. Low angle thrusting is observed in regions where intermediate depth earthquakes and volcanism show that subduction is or was occurring. High angle reverse faulting at shallow depths is seen in the Zagros and it is suggested that this is the result of rejuvenation of old normal faults which stretched and thinned the basement of a Mesozoic continental margin.