This learning and teaching project aimed to assess clinical reasoning and communication skills using a low-fidelity clinical simulation workshop for undergraduate students encompassing five health disciplines. Health students volunteered and consented to participate in a workshop which comprised of four inter-professional clinical simulation sessions. Each facilitated session included a theoretical case study, a group physiology and pharmacology tutorial, and a video-recorded, low-fidelity clinical experience, involving a simulated patient. The facilitator assessed each student in real-time and the patient assessed each student post-simulation. All students completed a self-evaluation of their clinical reasoning, communication skills and patient interaction post-simulation. Post-simulation, all participants contributed to a facilitated debriefing and reflection group discussion. After watching the video recording of their session, students received constructive feedback from the facilitator. Students completed a post-workshop evaluation in which they reported positive feedback resulting from the opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge in the clinical simulation and the personal insight they gained regarding their clinical reasoning, communication skills and collaborative interaction. Facilitator feedback identified that students struggled with data gathering, interpretation of clinical findings and the verbal reporting of these findings to their colleagues or patients. Students, who had self-identified prior experience with their profession and presented confidently to the patient, were assessed favourably by the patient. In contrast, clinical facilitator feedback identified significant deficits in student attitude and communication during interaction with their patient. The post-workshop evaluation highlighted strengths and limitations of the sessions. Overall, clinical reasoning skills were poorly developed and communication skills varied by discipline group. These sessions provided a valued learning experience for students and facilitators.


In a feed test with rats lucerne meal extract and crill meal were used as protein sources in order to test their quality in comparison to casein. On the basis of the applied criteria, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio productive protein value and efficiency of the gross energy we can conclude that lucerne meal extract alone is unsuitable to cover the protein requirement of growing rats. Lucerne meal extract can be supplied particularly on a higher protein level if casein is given in addition. Crill meal as protein source proves to be superior to casein concerning feed conversion and inferior concerning protein accumulation. In this case, complementary doses of casein did not lead to better results.


A homolog of the serine/threonine protein kinase (p34cdc2), encoded by the cdc2+ gene of the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), is a catalytic subunit of maturation‐promoting factor and a key regulator of the cell cycle. We have raised a monoclonal antibody against the most conserved amino acid sequence, the PSTAIR sequence (EGVPSTAIREISLLKE) of p34cdc2 This antibody recognizes 31–34 kDa proteins by immunoblotting in all species examined so far. The proteins recognized by the anti‐PSTAIR antibody are probably either p34cdc2 itself or proteins highly homologous to p34cdc2 in the given species, since, in all species studies to date, they are all precipitated with p13suc1, the fission yeast suc1+ gene product, which binds to p34cdc2 with high specificity. The anti‐PSTAIR immunoprecipitate had no histone H1 kinase activity and did not contain cyclin B, suggesting that the PSTAIR region is masked when p34cdc2 forms a complex with cyclin B as an active kinase. Immunoblotting with the anti‐PSTAIR antibody demonstrated that the fastest‐migrating form of p34cdc2 homologues becomes abundant, when oocytes mature or the cell enters M phase. The possible significance of this observation is discussed in relation to the phosphorylation and activity state of p34cdc2 The observed broad cross‐reactivity of the anti‐PSTAIR antibody against p34cdc2 homologues in various species should permit us to examine the role of p34cdc2 homologues in the regulation of the cell cycle in a variety of organisms.


Selections in the book include the text of basic federal securities laws, related Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rules and forms, and other selected related laws and regulations. It is designed as a supplement to securities regulation texts used in law school courses, but it can also serve as a reference for lawyers, securities professionals, and corporate officers. The booklet contains changes made through November 2015.


In insects, odours are coded by the combinatorial activation of ascending pathways, including their third-order representation in mushroom body Kenyon cells. Kenyon cells also receive intersecting input from ascending and mostly dopaminergic reinforcement pathways. Indeed, in Drosophila, presenting an odour together with activation of the dopaminergic mushroom body input neuron PPL1-01 leads to a weakening of the synapse between Kenyon cells and the approach-promoting mushroom body output neuron MBON-11. As a result of such weakened approach tendencies, flies avoid the shock-predicting odour in a subsequent choice test. Thus, increased activity in PPL1-01 stands for punishment, whereas reduced activity in MBON-11 stands for predicted punishment. Given that punishment-predictors can themselves serve as punishments of second order, we tested whether presenting an odour together with the optogenetic silencing of MBON-11 would lead to learned odour avoidance, and found this to be the case. In turn, the optogenetic activation of MBON-11 together with odour presentation led to learned odour approach. Thus, manipulating activity in MBON-11 can be an analogue of predicted, second-order reinforcement.


The visual inspection of parenteral product filled vials is performed to assure that any damaged or defective unit is detected and removed prior to packaging. This investigation evaluated the visual inspection process of parenteral products with manual handling to enhance actual process and reduce regulatory exposure. It challenged the probabilistic inspection results due to variability within operators and inspection time. A total of three (3) different standard sets of 100 vials each were evaluated by three (3) inspectors of high, medium and low experience level. The study concluded with a 95% confidence level that there is no significant difference between the results obtained at forty (40) and fifty (50) seconds inspection time neither between the interaction of inspectors and inspection time but that there is significant difference between operators. Consequently, initial and continuous training are essential elements for the quality assurance of the visual inspection process. Key Terms – analysis of variance, operators reliability, parenteral products, visual inspection


Accumulating evidence suggests a relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and sleep problems. A comprehensive study is needed to decipher whether shared polygenic risk variants exist between diabetic traits and sleep traits. Methods: We integrated summary statistics from different genome-wide association studies and investigated overlap in single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with diabetes-related traits (type 2 diabetes, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and glycated hemoglobin) and sleep traits (insomnia symptoms, sleep duration, and chronotype) using a conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate approach. Pleiotropic genes were further evaluated for differential expression analysis, and we assessed their expression pattern effects on type 2 diabetes by Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Results: We observed extensive polygenic pleiotropy between diabetic traits and sleep traits. Fifty-eight independent genetic loci jointly influenced the risk of type 2 diabetes and the sleep traits of insomnia, sleep duration, and chronotype. The strongest shared locus between type 2 diabetes and sleep straits was FTO (lead SNP rs8047587). Type 2 diabetes (z score, 16.19; P = 6.29 × 10−59) and two sleep traits, sleep duration (z score, −6.66; P = 2.66 × 10−11) and chronotype (z score, 7.42; P = 1.19 × 10−13), were shared. Two of the pleiotropic genes, ENSA and PMPCA, were validated to be differentially expressed in type 2 diabetes, and PMPCA showed a slight protective effect on type 2 diabetes in MR analysis. Conclusions: Our study provided evidence for the polygenic overlap between diabetic traits and sleep traits, of which the expression of PMPCA may play a crucial role and provide support of the hazardous effect of being an "evening" person on diabetes risk.


Connetics' investigational acne drug Velac—a once-a-day mixture of topical clindamycin and tretinoin in hydrogel—may be more convenient and at least as safe as either workhorse acne agent alone, say new studies. The findings could be hopeful news for the estimated 17 million or more Americans with acne. These results were reported at the American Academy of Dermatology annual meeting in New Orleans last month.


OBJECTIVES
To investigate the effects of regional thigh composition that result in different responses to current amplitude among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) during applications of surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to evoke dynamic leg extension.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional.

SETTINGS
Academic Settings.

METHODS
Five males with chronic motor complete SCI completed 3 visits of NMES to determine the current amplitude required to evoke full knee extension. The participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging of both thighs to measure skeletal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), thigh subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and intramuscular fat (IMF). Applicants were classified into high (n = 3) and low-responders (n = 2) based on the determined current amplitude.

RESULTS
The low-responders required 48-59% greater current amplitude to complete the same task as the high-responders. Low-responders had greater thigh SAT CSA (51-56%) than the high-responders with SCI. After adjusting to whole thigh CSA, IMF CSA was significantly greater in the low- responders; whereas skeletal muscle CSA was lower compared to the high-responders.

CONCLUSION
The findings suggest that thigh SAT and IMF act as insulation against propagation of current during surface NMES applications in individuals with SCI.


Superantigens bind to MHC class II-positive cells and stimulate T lymphocytes expressing specific V beta regions of the TCR. Two distinct regions of staphylococcal enterotoxin A superantigen (SEA) have been shown to affect the binding to MHC class II molecules. Results presented here demonstrate for the first time that the SEA-DR interaction can be affected by mutations on the class II alpha-chain. Furthermore, we have precisely mapped the interaction of the SEA N-terminal domain with the alpha1 domain of HLA-DR. Scatchard analysis using DAP cells transfected with mutant class II molecules showed a role for residue DR alpha K39 in the binding of SEA. Also, complementation experiments using mutant SEA molecules revealed an interaction between SEA residue F47 and position alphaQ18 on an outer loop of HLA-DR. These interactions between SEAF47 and the DR alpha-chain are critical, as they allow the recognition by an otherwise nonreactive V beta1+ T cell hybridoma and induction of tyrosine phosphorylation through the TCR.


According to a series of influential models, dopamine (DA) neurons signal reward prediction error using a temporal-difference (TD) algorithm. We address a problem not convincingly solved in these accounts: how to maintain a representation of cues that predict delayed consequences. Our new model uses a TD rule grounded in partially observable semi-Markov processes, a formalism that captures two largely neglected features of DA experiments: hidden state and temporal variability. Previous models predicted rewards using a tapped delay line representation of sensory inputs; we replace this with a more active process of inference about the underlying state of the world. The DA system can then learn to map these inferred states to reward predictions using TD. The new model can explain previously vexing data on the responses of DA neurons in the face of temporal variability. By combining statistical model-based learning with a physiologically grounded TD theory, it also brings into contact with physiology some insights about behavior that had previously been confined to more abstract psychological models.


The article is based on qualitative research conducted in the UK and the USA by three critical social field researchers drawn to work with young people in participative ways. The work was grounded in the researchers' commitments to researching to "make a difference" in the lives of young people. By promoting participant engagement that might affect personal understanding and policy change. The authors discuss their use of and dilemmas of practice using critical research strategies across three separate research projects. The young people in each study face a range of deprivations and life difficulties. The methods draw from perspectives that counter the resurgent logic of positivism that are increasingly favored in contemporary academic research by funding authorities and that reflect the prevailing governing mentalities that thwart critical emancipatory research in this era of post-neoliberalism.


The impact of hernioplasty on postoperative morphometric and histological changes in tissues of patients, suffering postoperative abdominal hernias (POAH), was studied. For POAH 135 patients were operated, in 85 of them (the main group)--combined methods of hernial gate plasty in accordance to procedures proposed, and in 50 (control group)--classical methods of hernial gate were applied. The most favorable course of the wound process of the inflammatory, changes reduction and stabilization of the tissues reaction on implant already on the 7th postoperative day was noted after application of a sub lay method in original modification.


We report on the analysis of NuSTAR observations of the Be-transient X-ray pulsar V 0332+53 during the giant outburst in 2015 and another minor outburst in 2016. We confirm the cyclotron-line energy–luminosity correlation previously reported in the source and the line energy decrease during the giant outburst. Based on 2016 observations, we find that a year later the line energy has increased again essentially reaching the pre-outburst values. We discuss this behaviour and conclude that it is likely caused by a change of the emission region geometry rather than previously suggested accretion-induced decay of the neutron stars magnetic field. At lower luminosities, we find for the first time a hint of departure from the anticorrelation of line energy with flux, which we interpret as a transition from super- to sub-critical accretion associated with the disappearance of the accretion column. Finally, we confirm and briefly discuss the orbital modulation observed in the outburst light curve of the source.


Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is an established trenchless construction method for the installation of underground utilities and pipelines. Subsequently, the method is becoming widely accepted as a cost-effective alternative to traditional open-cut construction. However, the occurrence of hydraulic fracturing, resulting in the migration of drilling fluid to the surface has placed the HDD process under scrutiny, especially when being considered for environmentally sensitive projects. Hydraulic fracturing results from an excess buildup of fluidic pressure within the borehole. Models have been developed to predict borehole pressures; however, there is limited information available on the relationship between drilling returns and fluid composition to these pressures. A research program was undertaken to model and determine flow characteristics for drilling returns under a variety of soil conditions and bore penetration rates. Nine soil samples were gathered based on the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and their respective rheological properties were obtained for different drilling fluids and target slurry densities. This paper presents, as an example, a comparison and analysis of the predicted borehole pressures of clayey-sand (SC) soil in a large directional drill rig application and provides recommendations for contractors when attempting installations in various geological formations. The pressure effects of pipe eccentricity within a borehole were analyzed using a computer model. The result of this research is a simplified approach for predicting downhole fluid pressures for a wide range of project parameters that can be used as a guide to minimize the occurrence of hydraulic fracturing.Copyright © 2004 by ASME


This study presents an efficient, accurate, effective and unconditionally stable time stepping scheme for the Darcy-Brinkman equations in double-diffusive convection. The stabilization within the proposed method uses the idea of stabilizing the curvature for velocity, temperature and concentration equations. Accuracy in time is proven and the convergence results for the fully discrete solutions of problem variables are given. Several numerical examples including a convergence study are provided that support the derived theoretical results and demonstrate the efficiency and the accuracy of the method.


Abstract. As a result of the severe floods in Europe at the turn of the millennium, the ongoing shift from safety oriented flood control towards flood risk management was accelerated. With regard to technical flood control measures it became evident that the effectiveness of flood control measures depends on many different factors, which cannot be considered with single events used as design floods for planning. The multivariate characteristics of the hydrological loads have to be considered to evaluate complex flood control measures. The effectiveness of spatially distributed flood control systems differs for varying flood events. Event-based characteristics such as the spatial distribution of precipitation, the shape and volume of the resulting flood waves or the interactions of flood waves with the technical elements, e.g. reservoirs and flood polders, result in varying efficiency of these systems. Considering these aspects a flood control system should be evaluated with a broad range of hydrological loads to get a realistic assessment of its performance under different conditions. The consideration of this variety in flood control planning design was one particular aim of this study. Hydrological loads were described by multiple criteria. A statistical characterization of these criteria is difficult, since the data base is often not sufficient to analyze the variety of possible events. Hydrological simulations were used to solve this problem. Here a deterministic-stochastic flood generator was developed and applied to produce a large quantity of flood events which can be used as scenarios of possible hydrological loads. However, these simulations imply many uncertainties. The results will be biased by the basic assumptions of the modeling tools. In flood control planning probabilities are applied to characterize uncertainties. The probabilities of the simulated flood scenarios differ from probabilities which would be derived from long time series. With regard to these known unknowns the bias of the simulations was considered by imprecise probabilities. Probabilities, derived from measured flood data were combined with probabilities which were estimated from long simulated series. To consider imprecise probabilities, fuzzy sets were used to distinguish the results between more or less possible design floods. The need for such a differentiated view on the performance of flood protection systems is demonstrated by a case study.


A multivariate insight into lanthanide triflates descriptors allowed derivation of three principal properties (PPs). The first one resembling the lanthanide sequence in the periodic table, the second one reflecting the discontinuity in lanthanides properties, the so called 'gadolinium break', and the third one related to the change of coordination number of Ln ions in aqueous solution from nine to eight around Sm–Gd. Experimental support to the predicting ability of the above PPs as descriptors in the prediction of the yields for the synthesis of α‐tocopherol from a selected set of four triflate catalysts (La, Eu, Er, Lu) was provided, opening new horizons for a rational selection in multivariate experimental design of Ln triflates catalysed organic reactions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


An attempt was made to reverse the antibiotic resistance of Proteus mirabilis used to induce experimental cystitis in cats and dogs. Results of in vitro studies on an oxytetracycline-resistant strain of P mirabilis, utilizing standard plate counts, indicated the organism became susceptible to oxytetracycline when it was treated with a solution of EDTA-tromethamine. In vivo experiments were conducted with cats and dogs in which 50% of the experimentally infected animals were treated with bladder lavage twice daily with EDTA-tromethamine solution and 50% with tromethamine buffer alone; all were given standard doses of oxytetracycline. Results of bacteriologic cultural examinations of urinary samples and urinalyses done each day, at the end of the experiments, indicated all animals had cystitis. Thus, although the organism's resistance to oxytetracycline was changed by EDTA-tromethamine in vitro, change in bacterial resistance did not occur in vivo in cats and dogs during clinical treatment.


Résumé Enhancing interaction between users and 3D environments is a challenging research question that is fundamental for the positive widespread of interactive 3D graphics in many fields of our societies (e.g. education and art). In this document, I present various 3D User Interfaces (3D UIs) we have developed these past few years, and that contribute to this general quest. The first chapter focuses on 3D interaction for mobile devices. In particular, I present 3D UIs for interaction from keystrokes, and for interaction from stylus/finger input. Then, I present two multi degrees-of-freedom prototypes based on the embedded cameras of mobile devices. In the second chapter, I concentrate on 3D interaction for general touch-screens (e.g. tables and large interactive screens). I present Navidget, an example of 3D UI dedicated to camera viewpoint control from pen/finger inputs, and I discuss the challenges of 3D interaction on multi-touch devices. Finally, the third chapter of this document is dedicated to immersive virtual environments, with a strong focus on musical interfaces. I present the new directions we have explored to enhance interaction between musicians, audiences, sounds, and interactive 3D environments. I conclude by discussing some directions for the future of 3D User Interfaces.


As business is moving from face-to-face trading, mail order, and telephone order to electronic commerce over open networks such as the Internet, crucial security issues are being raised. Whereas Electronic Funds Transfer over financial networks is reasonably secure, securing payments over open networks connecting commercial servers and consumer workstations poses challenges of a new dimension. This article reviews the state of the art in payment technologies, and sketches emerging developments.


During 2017, 784 insect samples were examined and the presence of Culicoides spp. was established in 25.51% of samples. Earlier research has found that the dominant population of Culicoides spp in Serbia belongs to Obsoletus complexes, established in 60.05% of analyzed samples. Out of the entire insect population analyzed, males were found in 22.84%, unpigmented (young) females in 67.97%, females who took blood in 7.39%, whereas 1.35% were gravid females. Culicoides spp. from the Pulicaris complex was established in 38.85% of examined samples. Males were found in 18.91%, unpigmented (young) females in 71.72%, females who took blood in 9.09%, and 1.11% were gravid females. Other types of culicoids have been established in less than 10% of the examined samples. During examination, the most prevalent species were Culicoides obsoletus, C. picturalis, C. lupicaris, C. scoticus and C. fascipennis.


Although most people can identify grains as a key ingredient in the brewing process of beer, a vast majority do not realize the level of specificity to which these can be classified. In this project, we focus on analyzing the production and implementation of 6-row malted barley and 2-row malted barley in beers throughout the world. Due to the nature of the growth of these two kinds of barley, there are very specific areas in the world where it is viable to grow. These areas are mostly temperate climates that are relatively close to water. However, the amount of proteins, sugars, and carbohydrates in the barley can greatly vary depending on the region it is grown. This also affects the taste, mouth feel, ABV, and many other aspects of the beer. Different grains were sorted by region, and the amount of grains produced per region is also dependent on how much is needed not only for brewing, but for trade, domestic use, and for use a way to feed farm animals.


PURPOSE
Review existing studies and provide new results on the development, regulatory, and market aspects of new oncology drug development.

METHODS
We utilized data from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), company surveys, and publicly available commercial business intelligence databases on new oncology drugs approved in the United States and on investigational oncology drugs to estimate average development and regulatory approval times, clinical approval success rates, first-in-class status, and global market diffusion.

RESULTS
We found that approved new oncology drugs to have a disproportionately high share of FDA priority review ratings, of orphan drug designations at approval, and of drugs that were granted inclusion in at least one of the FDA's expedited access programs. US regulatory approval times were shorter, on average, for oncology drugs (0.5 years), but US clinical development times were longer on average (1.5 years). Clinical approval success rates were similar for oncology and other drugs, but proportionately more of the oncology failures reached expensive late-stage clinical testing before being abandoned. In relation to other drugs, new oncology drug approvals were more often first-in-class and diffused more widely across important international markets.

CONCLUSION
The market success of oncology drugs has induced a substantial amount of investment in oncology drug development in the last decade or so. However, given the great need for further progress, the extent to which efforts to develop new oncology drugs will grow depends on future public-sector investment in basic research, developments in translational medicine, and regulatory reforms that advance drug-development science.


This paper argues that the relationship between religion and violent politics is best understood through a focus on religious practice. The case study of the Tamil Catholic Church within Sri Lanka's civil war is presented against a backdrop of Buddhist monk participation in violent insurgency decades earlier. The discrete cases evidence a common preoccupation with management of physical borders and discursive boundaries as actors seek to reproduce themselves and their work as legitimately 'religious'. Despite relying on remaining 'pure' from the dirty political realm, in practice religion is bound to social action and reproduced through the violent circumstances it engages.


Identification and sequencing of Salmonella require a specific primer as well as a virulence marker. Invasion gene (invA) is a gene found in all types of Salmonella, specific to Salmonella, and has a low mutation rate so that it can be used as a target gene for Salmonella identification. This study aimed to design a primer of invA gene of Salmonella spp. with long amplicons, has broad serovar coverage, and get an optimum PCR condition. Primers were designed and checked its specificity in silico using Primer-BLAST and then selected. Selected primer was evaluated for annealing temperature and primer concentration. Based on the sequential selection, it was obtained a set of invA gene primer with forwarding sequences GCCGGTGAAATTATCGCCAC (started at base 297) and reverses sequences CTCGTAATTCGCCGCCATTG (started at base 1763). Based on Primer-BLAST analysis, the primer gave an amplicon size of 1486 bp, has annealing temperature of 58 °C, capable of detecting at least 110 Salmonella serovars, capable to detect Salmonella contamination in chickens, and unable to detect the presence of Klebsiella sp., Citrobacter sp., Serratia sp., Hafnia sp., and E. coli. This primer can detect Salmonella very well with annealing temperature of 58 oC and primer concentration of 1.2 µM.


STEREO BASED 3D HEAD POSE TRACKING USING THE SCALE INVARIANT FEATURE TRANSFORM Batu Akan In this thesis a new stereo-based 3D head tracking technique, based on scaleinvariant feature transform (SIFT) features, that is robust to illumination changes is proposed. Also two major tracking techniques, one based on normal flow constraints (NFC) and a 3D registration-based method, based on iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm, are reviewed and compared against the proposed technique. A 3D head tracker is very important for many vision applications. The resulting tracker output parameters can be used to generate a stabilized view of the face that can be used as input to many existing 2D techniques such as facial expression analysis, lip reading, eye tracking, and face recognition. Our system can automatically initialize using a simple 2D face detector. We extract salient points from the intensity images using SIFT features and match them between frames. Together with the depth image and the matched features we obtain 3D correspondences. Using the unit quaternion method, we recover the 3D motion parameters. Our proposed method outperforms both NFC and ICP on translations; and performs as good as NFC on rotations. Experimentally, the proposed system is less likely to drift than NFC and ICP over long sequences and is robust to illumination changes. We present experiments to test the accuracy of our SIFT-based 3D tracker on sequences of synthetic and real stereo images.


Psychology of Music: From Sound to Significance, by Siu-Lan Tan, Peter Pfordresher, and Rom Harre. Oxford: Psychology Press, 2010. 368 pp. ISBN 978-1841698687. $70.00Music psychology is ready for a new generation of textbooks. It has been a quarter of a century since Deutsch (1982), Sloboda (1985), and Dowling and Harwood (1986) staked out the new field, showing how the methods of cognitive psychology could be used to study music. Now music psychology has its own specialist journals, professional meetings, and organizations. Its scope has expanded beyond translating methods developed for studying language comprehension for use in music perception. Music psychology now includes performance, development, neurophysiology, composition, and the diverse functions of music in everyday life. The publication of a new textbook designed for undergraduate courses in music psychology reflects the growing maturity of the field.Undergraduate textbooks are a benchmark in the development of a new field, as textbooks presume the existence of courses to provide a market. At the same time, they promote the propagation of such courses by making them easier to prepare. Textbooks also play an important role in establishing the boundaries and organization of a field. If music psychology follows the path of other new fields within psychology, for example, cognitive, health, gender, we may expect that the next few years will see an emerging consensus on a canonical organization for textbooks and courses.Music psychology now seems to be at the point in its development that cognitive psychology was around 1980 when the first undergraduate textbooks were appearing (e.g., Anderson, 1980), 25 years after the seminal publications of the 1950s, 13 years after Neisser's (1967) eponymous "cognitive psychology," and a decade after Lindsay and Norman's (1972) introductory "human information processing" textbook. In music psychology, recent years have seen a growing stream of books laying theoretical and methodological foundations for new subareas of inquiry, summarizing the state of knowledge in more established areas, and informing the educated reading public about the hot issues. A new textbook that builds on all of this recent activity is particularly welcome to these reviewers who will be teaching an undergraduate course in music psychology for the first time next semester. The publication of this timely and well-researched book makes our task much easier.In their preface, the authors, Siu-Lan Tan, Peter Pfordresher, and Rom Harre, tell us that the inspiration for their book came from their experience of teaching the psychology of music. Their goal, they tell us, is to cover not only the cognitive psychology of music that has been the traditional focus of the field, but also more recent developments in "social, developmental and applied" aspects (p. ix), as well as to integrate the contributions of neuroscience throughout. In the interests of reaching a wide audience, the authors have "kept technical terminology for music and psychology to a minimum" (p. x). Only the chapter on musical structure assumes technical knowledge, both in music and psycholinguistics.The book is organized in four parts. Part 1: Foundations introduces the reader to acoustics, the physiology of hearing, and the techniques of neuroscience in three chapters. Part 2: The Perception and Cognition of Music provides chapters on the perception of pitch and melody, rhythm and meter, and the analysis of musical structure. Part 3: Development, Learning, and Performance turns to areas that have developed more recently with chapters on the musical capacities of fetuses and infants, early musical development and education, practice, and performance. Finally, Part 4: The Meaning and Significance of Music examines the role of music in society with chapters on its social psychology, meaning, emotion, and culture.The scope of the book is impressive, reflecting the diverse backgrounds of its authors. …


We present a study of how householders personalize their domestic vacuuming robot, iRobot's Roomba". In particular, we build on Blom and Monk's [3] theory of personalization that argues that personalization does not only occur naturally but can also be induced by design choices. In this study, we created a personalization toolkit, which allowed people to customize their Roomba's appearance and distributed it to 15 households. Our observations of these households provide empirical support that personalization can facilitate positive experiences with a Roomba, and having materials to hand can increase the odds of customization. We conclude by discussing design implications for personalization.


ABSTRACT
The need for a business place plays an important role in trading business activities to develop a business that is traded. However, not all businesses have their own businesses. With this, a business actor is required to lease a strategic place of business to someone who rents his place of business like a shop house. With the existence of such conditions causes the creation of a lease agreement to rent a shop. Therefore, in this study aims to determine the process of leasing agreements between parties that rent out shophouses with the tenants of the shop, regulations and the rights and obligations of the parties in making shop rental agreements, legal responsibility if one party defaults or illegal acts in the lease agreement to rent a shop that has been agreed by both parties. This research is descriptive qualitative because it will explain the legal responsibility of the lease agreement to rent a shop. The approach in this study, using the normative approach method because it will examine the rules in the lease agreement to rent a shop. In the results of the study showed that in the process of renting shop houses, the parties must obey the rules and fulfill administrative requirements as well as legal requirements. Then between the parties agreed to enter into an agreement by signing the deed of agreement, at that time there was a legal relationship that gave birth to rights and obligations. The right of the renting party is an obligation of the shopper's tenant, while the tenant's right is the obligation of the party who rents out. Therefore, both parties must comply with the applicable regulations, because if they violate there will be legal responsibility. Legal liability occurs if one of the parties makes a mistake in the form of interpretation stipulated in Article 1243 of the Civil Code and acts against the law Article 1365 of the Civil Code so he is required to compensate.

Keywords: Ruko (shop house), Leasing, Legal Responsibility


Abstract. National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (GHGI) are submitted annually to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). They are estimated in compliance with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodological guidance using activity data, emission factors and facility-level measurements. For some sources, the outputs from these calculations are very uncertain. Inverse modelling techniques that use high-quality, long-term measurements of atmospheric gases have been developed to provide independent verification of national GHGI. This is considered good practice by the IPCC as it helps national inventory compilers to verify reported emissions and to reduce emission uncertainty. Emission estimates from the InTEM (Inversion Technique for Emissions Modelling) model are presented for the UK for the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) reported to the UNFCCC (HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, HFC-152a, HFC-23, HFC-32, HFC-227ea, HFC-245fa, HFC-43-10mee and HFC-365mfc). These HFCs have high Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) and the global background mole fractions of all but two are increasing, thus highlighting their relevance to the climate and a need for increasing the accuracy of emission estimation for regulatory purposes. This study presents evidence that the long-term annual increase in growth of HFC-134a has stopped and is now decreasing. For HFC-32 there is an early indication its rapid global growth period has ended, and there is evidence that the annual increase in global growth for HFC-125 has slowed from 2018. The inverse modelling results indicate that the UK implementation of European Union regulation of HFC emissions has been successful in initiating a decline in UK emissions in the since 2018. Comparison of the total InTEM UK HFC emissions in 2020 with the average from 2009–2012 shows a drop of 35 %, indicating progress toward the target of a 79 % decrease in sales by 2030. The total InTEM HFC emission estimates (2008–2018) are on average 73 (62–83) % of, or 4.3 (2.7–5.9) Tg CO2-eq yr−1 lower than, the total HFC emission estimates from the UK GHGI inventory. There are also significant discrepancies between the two estimates for the individual HFCs.


The Upper Permian Rangal Coal Measures in the northern Bowen Basin, Australia, accumulated during rapid basinal aggradation in a retroarc foreland basin setting. They reflect peatland deposition towards the close of a long-lived climatic regime that came to an abrupt termination at the Permian-Triassic boundary, which is well developed in the Newlands mine highwall and adjoining borefield. Six lithofacies are represented in the Newlands district: (1) erosionally based, vertically stacked, ribbon and sheet-like sandstone bodies (up to 30 m thick and 1000 m wide); (2) heterolithic lobes and wedges; (3) interbedded siltstone and sandstone sheets; (4) interlaminated claystone and coal stringers; (5) laterally extensive bituminous coal sheets; and (6) laterally extensive laminated carbonaceous siltstone sheets. This facies assemblage is interpreted to correspond to six alluvial, cold-climate depositional environments: (1) trunk river channels and crevasse feeder channels; (2) levee bank-proximal crevasse splay; (3) distal splay-overbank; (4) marsh; (5) peat mire and (6) floodbasin lake, respectively. The sequence architecture at Newlands reveals that a prolonged period of peat deposition was progressively terminated by northward-stepping lobes of fluvial sediment in the south and by lacustrine drowning in the north. Exceptionally well developed, composite, elongate crevasse splay microdeltas, up to 26 m thick and >3000 m long, indicate that crevassing was responsible for the localized emplacement of thick sediment packages on the proximal floodplain. In the absence of active siliciclastic sedimentation, peat mire environments expanded from the distal floodplain, extending across abandoned depositional lobes. The geometry of these deposits reflects in large part accommodation space developed by the compaction of the peat precursor of the thick and laterally extensive Upper Newlands Seam. Sequential compaction of peat by clastic overburden controlled the nucleation and location of succeeding clastic packages. The behavior of the peat under compactional load largely controlled the lateral facies mosaic and stacking pattern of depositional units on a district scale.


Abstract. Land surface emissions are an important source of atmospheric total gaseous
mercury (TGM); however, its role on the variations of TGM isotopic
compositions and concentrations has not been properly evaluated. In this
study, TGM isotope compositions, a powerful tracer for sources and
transformation of Hg, were measured at 10 urban sites and one rural site in
China. TGM concentrations were higher in summer than in winter in most
cities except in Guiyang and Guangzhou in the low latitudes. The summertime
high TGM concentrations coincided with prevailing low TGM δ202Hg and high TGM Δ199Hg signatures. These seasonal
patterns were in contrast with those typically observed in rural areas in
the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting that atmospheric oxidation chemistry,
vegetation activity and residential coal combustion were likely not
the dominant mechanisms contributing to the TGM concentration and isotopic
composition seasonality in Chinese cities. The amplitudes of seasonal
variations in TGM concentrations and Δ199Hg (or TGM δ202Hg) were significantly positively (or negatively) correlated with
that of the simulated soil GEM emission flux. These results suggest that the
seasonal variations in TGM isotopic compositions and concentrations in the
10 Chinese cities were likely controlled by land surface emissions that
were observed or reported with highly negative δ202Hg
signatures.


We have investigated the impact of the unprecedented drought, heatwaves and fires of 2019–20 on a threatened arboreal marsupial, the Greater Glider (Petauroides volans), in the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area, an area of over one million hectares. The study involved multiple post-fire surveys in 2020 and 2021 of 16 transects (eight burnt and eight unburnt) for which we had pre-2019 data on Greater Glider numbers. We were unable to find any gliders on two transects burnt at high to extreme severity (100% of eucalypt foliage killed in the canopy and understorey) but Greater Gliders were still present on all six transects burnt at low to moderate severity (44–77% of eucalypt foliage killed), although in significantly lower numbers (mean decline of 43% per transect). Greater Gliders feed on eucalypt leaves and their post-fire survival appears to be dependent on the presence of eucalypt trees with abundant unburnt foliage, which were absent from the more severely burnt transects. Even 17 months after the fires, Greater Gliders were still dependent on these trees, which constituted 36% of trees on low-moderate burnt transects but 77% of trees in which gliders were seen. Gliders were seen feeding on post-fire epicormic regrowth but generally avoided trees with mainly epicormic foliage, possibly because they provided insufficient protection from predators. Greater Gliders were also seriously impacted by the preceding drought and heatwaves, with patchy but significant declines on the eight unburnt transects (mean decline of 34% per transect). We measured the likely impact of the fires on Greater Glider habitat across the World Heritage Area by determining fire severity at a total of 773 precisely located points at which the species had been recorded. An extraordinary 84% of their known sites had been burnt, with 34% burnt at high-extreme severity, 50% burnt at low-moderate severity and only 16% unburnt. Combining these figures with the Greater Glider declines recorded on our transects, we estimate that the Greater Glider population of the World Heritage Area has been reduced by 61% by the extreme events of 2019–20. This is a broad extrapolation from a limited number of sites but it indicates the massive scale of the likely impacts.


A program to investigate the aerodynamic heat transfer of a nonisothermal hemisphere-cylinder has been conducted in the Langley 11-inch hypersonic tunnel at a Mach number of 6.8 and a Reynolds number from approximately 0.14 x 10(6) to 1.06 x 10(6) based on diameter and free-stream conditions. The experimental heat-transfer coefficients were slightly less over the whole body than those predicted by the theory of Stine and Wanlass (NACA technical note 3344) for an isothermal surface. For stations within 45 degrees of the stagnation point the heat-transfer coefficients could be correlated by a single relation between local Stanton number and local Reynolds number. Pitot pressure profiles taken at a Mach number of 6.8 on a hemisphere-cylinder have verified that the local Mach number or velocity outside the boundary layer required in the theories may be computed from the surface pressures by using isentropic flow relations and conditions immediately behind a normal shock. The experimental pressure distribution at Mach number of 6.8 is closely predicted by the modified Newtonian theory.


Columnar-vortex generators (CVG) have been proposed as means to increase the safety of takeoffs and landings of aircraft on aircraft or helicopter carriers and other ships at sea. According to the proposal, CVGs would be installed at critical edge locations on ships to modify the vortices in the air wakes of the ships. The desired effects of modifications are to smooth airflows over takeoff and landing deck areas and divert vortices from takeoff and landing flight paths. With respect to aircraft operations, the wake flows of primary interest are those associated with the bow and side edges of aircraft-carrier decks and with superstructures of ships in general (see Figure 1). The bow and deck-edge vortices can adversely affect airplane and helicopter operations on carriers, while the superstructure wakes can primarily affect operations of helicopters. The concept of the CVG is not new; what is new is the proposed addition of CVGs to ship structures to effect favorable modifications of air wakes. Figure 2 depicts a basic CVG, vertical and horizontal CVGs installed on a simple superstructure, and horizontal CVGs installed on the bow and deck edges. The vertical CVGs would be closed at the deck but open at the top. Each horizontal CVG would be open at both ends. The dimensions of the CVGs installed on the aft edges of the superstructure would be chosen so that the portion of the flow modified by the vertical CVGs would interact synergistically with the portion of the flow modified by the horizontal CVG to move the air wake away from the takeoff-andlanding zone behind the superstructure. The deck-edge CVGs would be mounted flush with, and would extend slightly ahead of the bow of, the flight deck. The overall length of each tube would exceed that of the flight deck. Each deck-edge CVG would capture that portion of the airflow that generates a deck-edge vortex and would generate a columnar vortex of opposite sense to that of the unmodified vortex. The vortex generated by the CVG could be dispersed at its base, thereby removing unwanted turbulence in the path of an approaching airplane. The deck-edge CVGs would promote smooth flow over the entire flight deck. In the case of a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier like that of Figure 1, there would be a CVG on each of the outer edges of the two left portions of the flight deck and a single CVG on the right side of the flight deck. The forwardmost CVG on the left side would take the generated vortex underneath the angled flight deck. A CVG could also be installed on the bow of the flight deck to smooth the flow of air onto the flight deck. In the case of wind incident on the deck from an azimuth other than straight ahead, the vortex generated by the bow CVG could, perhaps, be used to feed the CVG(s) of the leeward side edge of the flight deck. This work was done by John E. Lamar of Langley Research Center. Further information is contained in a TSP (see page 1). LAR-16281


Carcinoma of the esophagus was considered beyond the scope of surgical cure until 1913, when Franz Torek1reported the first successful esophagectomy with anterior esophagostomy for malignancy of the thoracic esophagus. It was not until 1938 that Adams and Phemister2reestablished the continuity of the gastrointestinal tract following an esophagectomy by performing a transthoracic esophagogastrostomy. The glow of enthusiasm following these technical advances has diminished somewhat in recent years in the light of impartial analysis of survival statistics, and today there is outright skepticism from many quarters as to the plausibility of surgical cure of carcinonma of the esophagus. The few patients who are alive and well several years after their expected deaths and the larger number who have been made more comfortable by the procedure provide sufficient stimulus for some surgeons to continue recommending the surgical approach. The greater number of patients who have not survived a


: Virgin female C3H/He mice (275) were fed a ration that included 0.1 per cent N-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl formamide (FANFT) and retinyl acetate. The mice were divided into five groups with Groups 1 through 4 receiving 300, 600, 1200, and 2400 IU of retinyl acetate per kilogram of feed plus FANFT respectively. Group 5 received 300 IU per kg of feed and no FANFT as a control. After 45 weeks the bladders were removed and inspected for neoplasms. There were no tumors found in any of the mice from Group 5. It was found that retinyl acetate significantly inhibited the formation of squamous cell tumors at all levels and inhibited transitional cell carcinoma when given as 600 IU per kilogram of feed.


The transmembrane proteins of the tetraspanin superfamily are implicated in a diverse range of biological phenomena, including cell motility, metastasis, cell proliferation and differentiation. The tetraspanins are associated with adhesion receptors of the integrin family and regulate integrin-dependent cell migration. In cells attached to the extracellular matrix, the integrin-tetraspanin adhesion complexes are clustered into a distinct type of adhesion structure at the cell periphery. Various tetraspanins are associated with phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase and protein kinase C isoforms, and they may facilitate assembly of signalling complexes by tethering these enzymes to integrin heterodimers. At the plasma membrane, integrin-tetraspanin signalling complexes are partitioned into specific microdomains proximal to cholesterol-rich lipid rafts. A substantial fraction of tetraspanins colocalise with integrins in various intracellular vesicular compartments. It is proposed that tetraspanins can influence cell migration by one of the following mechanisms: (1) modulation of integrin signalling; (2) compartmentalisation of integrins on the cell surface; or (3) direction of intracellular trafficking and recycling of integrins.


This paper presents a methodology and experiments on implementing self-healing analog circuits on a hardware platform that consists of microcontroller, flash memory, and a switched-capacitor based field programmable analog array (FPAA) device. By taking advantage of FPAA programmability and the availability of redundant resources, the microcontroller programs the FPAA circuit into different circuit configurations to perform online testing. The microcontroller also monitors the online testing data to determine if circuit faults occur. Once a circuit fault is detected, the FPAA circuit will be reconfigured to replace the faulty circuit block by a redundant resource to achieve self-healing. Experiments results are presented to show the effectiveness of the fault detection method and demonstrate the feasibility of self-healing operations.


Abstract. Inferences about climate states and climate variability of the Holocene
and the deglaciation rely on sparse paleo-observational proxy data.
Combining these proxies with output from climate simulations is a means
for increasing the understanding of the climate throughout the last tens
of thousands of years. The analogue method is one approach to do this.
The method takes a number of sparse proxy records and then searches
within a pool of more complete information (e.g., model simulations) for
analogues according to a similarity criterion. The analogue method is
non-linear and allows considering the spatial covariance among proxy
records. Beyond the last two millennia, we have to rely on proxies that are not
only sparse in space but also irregular in time and with considerably
uncertain dating. This poses additional challenges for the analogue
method, which have seldom been addressed previously. The method has to
address the uncertainty of the proxy-inferred variables as well as the
uncertain dating. It has to cope with the irregular and non-synchronous
sampling of different proxies. Here, we describe an implementation of the analogue method including a
specific way of addressing these obstacles. We include the uncertainty
in our proxy estimates by using "ellipses of tolerance" for tuples
of individual proxy values and dates. These ellipses are central to our
approach. They describe a region in the plane spanned by proxy dimension
and time dimension for which a model analogue is considered to be
acceptable. They allow us to consider the dating as well as the data
uncertainty. They therefore form the basic criterion for selecting valid
analogues. We discuss the benefits and limitations of this approach. The results
highlight the potential of the analogue method to reconstruct the
climate from the deglaciation up to the late Holocene. However, in the
present case, the reconstructions show little variability of their
central estimates but large uncertainty ranges. The reconstruction by
analogue provides not only a regional average record but also allows
assessing the spatial climate field compliant with the used proxy
predictors. These fields reveal that uncertainties are also locally
large. Our results emphasize the ambiguity of reconstructions from
spatially sparse and temporally uncertain, irregularly sampled proxies.


Abstract Comparisons between crowded and uncrowded Kochia scoparia individuals demonstrate pronounced effects of competition on plant allometry as well as on the distributions of different aspects of size. Non-destructive measurements of height and stem diameter and, for a subset of the populations, the number and length of leaves and branches, were taken at three times, and the plants were harvested after the third measurement. The sequential measurements afforded the opportunity to obtain information of the effects of competition on allometric growth trajectories of individuals, as well as on static inter-individual allometric relationships. The distributions of most size measures appeared to be normal for the uncrowded population. Crowded populations developed a negatively-skewed height distribution and a high-inequality mass distribution, whereas the diameter distributions remained normal. Plants grown without neighbours showed simple allometric relationships between height, diameter and weight. For isolated plants, the 'static' allometric relationship between plants of different sizes and the allometric growth trajectory of individuals were similar. Crowded populations showed complex allometry; the static inter-individual relationships between height, diameter and weight were curvilinear (on log-log scale). There were large differences in the allometric growth slopes of uncrowded vs. crowded plants. Allometric relationships between stem diameter and plant mass, and between total length of leaves and total length of branches, did not seem to be altered by competition. The data suggest that height was the most important aspect of size influencing future growth of individuals in the crowded population. Only plants above a certain height were able to continue to grow from the second to third measurement in the crowded population. This supports the hypothesis that asymmetric competition for light is the cause of the allometric changes and of the increase in size variability due to competition.


The 600-km-long Sierra Nevada underwent extensive Pleistocene glaciation except for its southernmost 100 km. Presently, ∼1700 small glaciers and ice masses near the crest of the range occur above 3250 m in elevation; these covered an area of ∼50 km 2 in 1972. Fourteen of the largest glaciers decreased by about one half in area during the period from 1900 to 2004. Rock glaciers, generally glacial ice covered by 1–10 m of rockfall debris, occur in about the same span of the range as ice and permanent snowfields. They are, on average, lower by 200–300 m, apparently because of the insulating layer of rocky rubble that protects their internal ice from the sun's heat and from wind. The principal Pleistocene glacial stages are the Sherwin (ca. 820 ka), Tahoe (170–130 and ca. 70 ka), Tioga (14–28 ka), and Recess Peak (13 ka). Some 7040 glacial lakes, produced primarily by quarrying from bedrock, were mostly exposed after recession of the Tioga glacial stage. The lakes largely mark the area of primary snow accumulation. Below the lower limit of the lakes, ice flowed downward into river-cut canyons, forming major trunk glaciers within the zone of ablation. The range is in general a westward-tilted block upfaulted on its east side. Therefore, the main late Pleistocene trunk glaciers (Tahoe/Tioga) west of the crest extend 25–60 km, whereas those east of the crest extend only 5–20 km. Because of higher precipitation northward, glacial features such as the toes of existing glaciers and rock glaciers, as well as the late season present-day snowline, all decrease in elevation northward. Likewise, the elevation of the lower limit of glacial lakes, an indication of the zone of snow accumulation during the late Pleistocene, decreases about the same degree. This similarity suggests that the overall climate patterns of the late Pleistocene, though cooler, were similar to those of today. The east slope glaciers show a similar northward depression, but they are ∼500–1000 m higher. The upper part of the glacial system was erosive over a broad highland area as the evenly distributed ice in the accumulation zone moved to lower elevation. The abundant lake basins record this erosive action. The lower part of the glacier system was largely confined to major preexisting river canyons in which melting dominated. The average of rangewide estimates of the equilibrium line altitude (ELA)—the boundary between the upper snow and ice accumulation zone and the lower ablation zone—of many late Pleistocene glaciers parallels, and is only 200–300 m above, the altitude of the lower limit of the lakes. Hence, the lake zone provides a means of estimating the ELA.


Nairobi City is mainly underlain by pyroclastic volcanic rocks that were deposited during the formation of the East African Rift Valley. Some of the volcanic rocks were deposited in aqueous conditions over a long period of time and are intercalated with lacustrine sediments. River valleys and other depressions that existed during the periods of intermittent inactivity were filled with alluvium and clays. At building sites, the alluvium, clays as well as decomposed volcanic tuffs are found to have variable thicknesses and sensitive to moisture. The objectives of this research were: to identify localities covered by the sensitive and variable soils; to determine the geotechnical properties of the soils and to examine the methods and processes that make for a successful construction program. Geotechnical test results and reports from fifty seven sites underlain by these soils were analysed. The results show that structures with defects exist side by side with those in sound condition. It is concluded that some methods of construction work well in these soils. These successful construction methods that are applied to avoid/ remedy total and differential settlement in buildings are discussed here. Since the methods are quite successful, the authors suggest use of the same approach for addressing similar subsoil problems.


In the spirit of the time, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 called for nondiscrimination for American citizens, seeking equality without regard for race, color, or creed. After the mid-1960s, to make amends for wrongs of the past, some people called for benign discrimination to give blacks a special boost. In business and government this could be accomplished through racial preferences or quotas; in public education, by considering race when assigning students to schools. By 1980 this course reached a crossroads. Raymond Wolters maintains that Ronald Reagan and William Bradford Reynolds made the "right turn" when they questioned and limited the use of racial considerations in drawing electoral boundaries. He also documents the Reagan administration's considerable success in reinforcing within the country, and reviving within the judiciary, the conviction that every person black or white should be considered an individual with unique talents and inalienable rights. This book begins with a biographical chapter on William Bradford Reynolds, the Assistant Attorney General who was the principal architect of Reagan's civil rights policies. It then analyzes three main civil rights issues: voting rights, affirmative action, and school desegregation. Wolters describes specific cases: at-large elections and minority vote dilutions; congressional districting in New Orleans; legislative districting in North Carolina; the debates over the Civil Rights Act of 1964; social science critiques of affirmative action; the question of quotas; and school desegregation and forced busing. Because Ronald Reagan and William Bradford Reynolds were men of the right, and because most journalists and historians are on the left, Wolters feels the "people of words" have dealt harshly with the Reagan administration. In writing this book, he hopes to correct the record on a subject that has been badly represented. Wolters points out that, beginning in the 1980s and continuing in the 1990s, the Supreme Court endorsed the legal arguments that Reagan's lawyers developed in the fields of voting rights, affirmative action, and school desegregation. In Right Turn, Wolters responds to those who claimed that Reagan and Reynolds were racists who wanted to turn back the clock on civil rights, and he describes civil rights cases and controversies in a way that is comprehensible to general readers as well as to lawyers and historians.


PURPOSE
To determine the relative expression of cell cycle-association proteins in human corneal and limbal epithelium and corneal endothelium in situ, to correlate staining patterns of cell cycle-associated proteins with known proliferative status of corneal and limbal epithelial cells, and to determine the relative proliferative status of corneal endothelial cells in situ by comparing their staining patterns with those of corneal and limbal epithelial cells.

METHODS
Corneas from donors 6 weeks and 17, 27, 37, 53, 66, and 67 years of age were preserved in Optisol, received on ice within 24 to 36 hours of death, and immediately fresh frozen. Transverse 6-micron corneal sections were prepared for indirect immunofluorescence localization using commercial antibodies that specifically recognize the following cell cycle-associated proteins: cyclins D, E, A, and B1; protein kinases p33cdk2 and p34cdc2; and Ki67, a marker of actively cycling cells.

RESULTS
All cells of the corneal and limbal epithelium and corneal endothelium stained positively for protein kinases, p33cdk2 and p34cdc2, and for cyclin B1. Staining patterns for cyclins D, E, and A and for Ki67 differed depending on the relative proliferative status of the cells. Terminally differentiated, noncycling corneal epithelial subrabasal cells did not stain significantly for cyclins D, E, or A, or for Ki67. Some corneal epithelial basal cells showed nuclear staining, particularly for cyclin D and Ki67, indicating the presence of actively cycling cells in this regenerative cell layer. In peripheral corneal epithelium, the relative number of basal cells with positive cytoplasmic staining for cyclins D, E, and A increased with proximity to the limbus. Within this region, an occasional nucleus stained positively for Ki67. Limbal basal cells, which contain a slow-cycling stem cell population, stained positively for cyclins D, E, and A within the cytoplasm. Nuclear staining for cyclin D and Ki67 was observed in a few basal cells. Occasional cells within the suprabasal layers of the limbus stained positively for Ki67. The corneal endothelium, considered a nonrenewing population, exhibited staining patterns similar to those of limbal basal cells, except that in no specimen was Ki67 staining observed.

CONCLUSIONS
All corneal and limbal epithelial and corneal endothelial cells express protein kinases, p33cdk2 and p34cdc2, and cyclin B1. Relative staining patterns of the cell cycle-dependent proteins, cyclins D, E, and A, and of Ki67 acted as markers to distinguish terminally differentiated epithelial suprabasal cells that have exited the cell cycle, actively cycling epithelial basal cells, and slowly-cycling limbal basal (stem) cells. Staining patterns of the corneal endothelium most closely corresponded to those of limbal basal cells, suggesting that endothelial cells are arrested in G1-phase and have not exited the cell cycle.


Highly dynamic languages like Smalltalk do not have much static type information immediately available before the program runs. Static types can still be inferred by analysis tools, but historically, such analysis is only effective on smaller programs of at most a few tens of thousands of lines of code.
This dissertation presents a new type inference algorithm, DDP, that is effective on larger programs with hundreds of thousands of lines of code. The approach of the algorithm borrows from the field of knowledge-based systems: it is a demand-driven algorithm that sometimes prunes subgoals. The algorithm is formally described, proven correct, and implemented. Experimental results show that the inferred types are usefully precise. A complete program understanding application, Chuck, has been developed that uses DDP type inferences.
This work contributes the DDP algorithm itself, the most thorough semantics of Smalltalk to date, a new general approach for analysis algorithms, and experimental analysis of DDP including determination of useful parameter settings. It also contributes an implementation of DDP, a general analysis framework for Smalltalk, and a complete end-user application that uses DDP.


In this work, a spark discharge was used to re-excite the plasma induced by a femtosecond laser operated at 1 kHz repetition rate. It was experimentally demonstrated that the spark discharge both prolonged the time durations and enhanced the peak intensities of the atomic emissions of the laser-induced plasma, and thus the time integrated signal intensities could be enhanced significantly. Chromium, manganese, magnesium and copper in aluminum alloys were analyzed with femtosecond laser-ablation spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy (fs-LA-SIBS), and the limits of detection of these elements were determined to be 7.8, 20.1, 11.1 and 9.0 ppm, respectively under the current experimental conditions. 4–10 fold improvements have been achieved compared with the LODs of 49.5, 81.9, 91.6, 88.6 ppm obtained by femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (fs-LIBS) with the same laser pulse energy. Good analytical reproducibility with 3–4% relative standard deviation for multiple measurements has also been demonstrated. This fs-LA-SIBS technique is able to retain the advantages of fs-LIBS on laser-ablation and quantitative analysis but with better analytical sensitivity. High repetition rate operation of this technique is very helpful to increase its analytical speed.


Trees and shrubs are important component of rural farming system in Nepal. This paper assesses tree diversity and carbon pool of trees and shrubs outside forests as well as their contribution in the rural economy of the study area. In the land use classification map derived from the high resolution ALOS Pan-sharpened imagery, random selection was made among systematic grid in the agriculture class to find out the inventory plot. The plot was designed as nested plot. Firstly, tree measurement was done and then leaves, branch samples as well as soil samples were collected from each sample plot. Structured questionnaire survey was used to assess the contribution of trees and shrubs on rural livelihoods. The biomass and soil samples were analyzed using dry combustion method to estimate the carbon content. The amount of carbon stock difference between farmland with TOF and without TOF was found 26.56 Mg (megagram) ha -1 . There was 350,714.6 Mg above ground carbon, 35,103.36 Mg root carbon and 84451.18 Mg soil carbon accumulated by total trees and shrubs on farms in the District. Hence, the total carbon pool of the District in different agroforestry systems was estimated to be 470,269.18 Mg. Homegarden system was found to be a good agroforestry system in terms of having higher species richness, tree diversity and relatively higher amount of above and below ground carbon per unit area. The results also showed that the trees on farms contributed16.4% (NRs. 3689 per household/year) and 17.1% (NRs. 2613 per household/year) of farmland income and livestock income respectively. The results, thus, indicate that trees on farms have visible impacts on rural livelihoods, harboring rich plant diversity and sequestering substantial amount of carbon. Banko Janakari, Vol. 23, No. 1, Page 3-11 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v23i1.9462


The interaction between a small dermatan sulphate proteoglycan isolated from human uterine cervix and collagen type I from human and rat skin was investigated by collagen-fibrillogenesis experiments. Collagen fibrillogenesis was initiated by elevation of temperature and pH after addition of proteoglycan, chondroitinase-digested proteoglycan or isolated side chains, and monitored by turbidimetry. Collagen-associated and unbound proteoglycan was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after aggregation was complete. (1) The binding of proteoglycan to collagen could be explained by the presence of two mutually non-interacting binding sites, with Ka1 = 1.3 x 10(8) M-1 and Ka2 = 1.3 x 10(6) M-1. The number of binding sites per tropocollagen molecule was n1 = 0.11 and n2 = 1.1. The 0.1 high-affinity binding site per tropocollagen molecule indicates that the strong interaction between proteoglycan and collagen results from a concerted action of tropocollagen molecules in fibrils. Digestion of the proteoglycan with chondroitinase ABC did not affect these binding characteristics. (2) Proteoglycan did not affect the rate of fibrillogenesis, but increased the steady-state A400 by up to 90%. This increase was directly proportional to the saturation of the high-affinity type of binding sites. Neither isolated core protein nor isolated side chains induced a similar high increase in steady-state A400. (3) Electron micrographs showed that the fibril diameter was affected only to a minor extent, if at all, by the proteoglycan, whereas bundles of laterally aligned fibrils were common in the presence of proteoglycan. (4) Results obtained with human and rat collagen were similar.


Abstract Kiwifruit is classified as climacteric fruit as exogenous ethylene induces fruit ripening. However, we recently found that 'Sanuki Gold' (SG) fruit stored at low temperature (5°C) ripened faster than fruit at room temperature (22°C) unless ethylene was induced by disease development. Some ripening related genes were stimulated at 5°C but not at 22°C. In order to know whether low temperature ripening is common in kiwifruit or not, and to understand temperature response in detail, early-maturing cultivar 'Rainbow Red' (RR), SG and late-maturing cultivar 'Hayward' (HW) at commercial maturity were stored at 5, 10, 15 or 22°C with or without 1-MCP treatment for 8 weeks. Fruit producing ethylene were eliminated from the experiment. Another group of fruit were treated with propylene (5000ppm) and used as ethylene-ripening fruit. Expression of several ripening-associated genes was compared in fruit stored at various temperatures and fruit treated with propylene. Ethylene biosynthesis genes, ACO1 and ACS, were significantly induced by only propylene treatment in the three cultivars, in parallel with induction of ethylene biosynthesis. Interestingly, ACO3 was induced by low temperature (5°C, 10°C, 15°C) but not by propylene. Cell wall modifying genes, PG and EXP1, were induced by both propylene treatment and low temperature, accounting for fruit softening. During storage, their expression increased as storage temperature decreased. The expression of PMEi was also accelerated by low temperature in the three cultivars. β-Amy2 was induced only by propylene treatment, corresponding to increase of SSC, while β-Amy5 was significantly stimulated by low temperature exposure. Transcription factors, ERF6 and CH1, were induced by only propylene treatment. MADS8c were induced only by low temperature and two NAC genes (4, 10b) were induced by both stimuli. Expression profiles of ripening associated genes in response to low temperature and propylene were similar in three cultivars, suggesting that the low temperature-modulated ripening is common in kiwifruit. Key words: kiwifruit, cultivar, storage life, low temperature, ethylene


This article engages with conceptions of equity and justice in protected area negotiations and ties in with recent scientific discourses on the importance of social equity for successful biodiversity conservation. I follow the question of how conceptions of justice shaped discussions surrounding a national park project in Switzerland, Parc Adula. The project was rejected in a public vote in 2016. Drawing on qualitative interview data, this article analyses park negotiations and sheds light on a plurality of senses of justice. Whereas Parc Adula as a bottom-up project based on direct democracy already respected just procedures, perceptions of (in-)justice still informed day-to-day discussions and disputes. Thus, I argue that understanding justice as a process that reveals itself in disputes, and acknowledging its plurality, can help understand struggles over conservation and regional development.


The aim of this study is to assess the scale and effects of influx of people from Africa and the Middle East to European Union countries and to present the objectives of the "Marshall Plan with Africa", which aims to support African economic activation and intensify the economic links within this region. The assessment also addresses the risk of escalation of migration to Europe and European Union initiatives aimed at containing the African population within their countries. The author focuses on the activities presented in the first pillar of the "Marshall Plan" which provide for improving the investment climate in African countries, including the ease of doing business, developing trade and establishing a free trade area, and ratifying the Trade Facilitation Agreement (FTA). The paper is based on the primary literature on the subject under study and the sources of data include Eurostat, UN, WTO and Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program.


Aerospace engineers require measurements of the shape of aerodynamic surfaces and the six degree of freedom (6DoF) position and orientation of aerospace models to analyse structural dynamics and aerodynamic forces. The measurement technique must be noncontact, accurate, reliable, have a high sample rate and preferably be non-intrusive. Close range photogrammetry based on multiple, synchronised, commercial-off-the-shelf digital cameras can supply surface shape and 6DoF data at 5-15Hz with customisable accuracies. This paper describes data acquisition systems designed and implemented at NASA Langley Research Center to capture surface shapes and 6DoF data. System calibration and data processing techniques are discussed. Examples of experiments and data outputs are described.


A new synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image segmentation method based on a maximization of posterior marginals (MPM) algorithm with feature extraction and context model is proposed in this letter. First, Gabor wavelet and texture descriptor are used to extract features, which enhance intraclass similarities and interclass differences. Second, the number of regions within the same class is reduced in order to improve the reliability of the regional statistical characteristics. Finally, the MPM of each region combined with the context model is calculated by considering both the intralayer correlation and interlayer correlation. The experimental results show that the proposed method is efficient and effective for SAR image segmentation.


The history of the moral values of activity is traced from the inception of activity as an intervention in institutions, through the construction of work and play as valued activities. Much of the latter's moral signature is attributable to the advocacy of Joseph Lee, Luther Gulick, and others who were instrumental in portraying play as a worthy alternative to work for those who could not work. Contemporary insights into the human predilection to be active show a positive correlation with the design of the nervous system—a so-called neurogenic motive. Theoretical implications for an activity perspective on TR draw on intrinsic motivation attributes, the concept of Flow, the competing responses hypothesis, and Widmer and Ellis' Good Life Model to illustrate the intersection between the social construction of value and a bio-psychological basis for activity. Practical implications are designed around the TR process and developing a helping relationship with the participant. Subscribe to TRJ


Interaction and usability aspects of software systems are critical software quality measures. This paper reports on work done in the European funded wearable computing project wearIT@work. Utilizing user centered design, we present the results of a user study conducted to evaluate different wearable input devices for menu-selection tasks in aircraft maintenance. Due to access to end users provided by wearIT@work, study participants could be recruited from both real maintenance workers and university students to study performance and group differences. Results already exhibit strong group differences. An unfamiliar data glove device using gestures was found to outperform natural speech command interaction. A familiar mouse device exhibited best performance and quick learnability but was judged inappropriate by maintainers for their daily work. Besides suffering from handling problems, speech interaction was found inapplicable for maintainers due to their language ability. Our results suggest and emphasize the necessity to include real end-users in projects to reasonably study industrial wearable computing applications and their constraints.


In this paper, we are concerned with the design and analysis of joint source-channel coding schemes for block fading channels with relay-assisted distributed spatial diversity. Assuming a progressive image coder with a constraint on the transmission bandwidth, we formulate a joint source-channel rate allocation scheme that maximizes the expected source throughput. Specifically, using Gaussian as well as BPSK inputs on flat Rayleigh fading channels, we lower bound the average packet error rate by the corresponding mutual information outage probability, and derive the average throughput expression as a function of channel code rates as well as channel SNR for both a frequency-division multiplexing-based baseline system without relaying, and a half-duplex relay system with a decode-and- forward protocol. At high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), for the systems considered in this paper, we show that our rate optimization problem is a convex function of the channel code rates, and we show that a known recursive algorithm can be used to predict the performance of both systems.


What is hospitality? Who is it addressed to? Hospitality aims at welcoming those who arrive; it demands giving space and time and sharing our own resources with others. In view of the current global migration crisis and in the midst of the social debates and a critique of the failure of affluent countries and Western democracies to respond in solidarity to those in need, this article attempts to re-consider the space for hospitality drawing from the ethical and the political as the two fundamental pillars of social architecture. In an effort to discuss collective grassroots reactions to this general lack of hospitality, I address the Catalan social platform Volem Acollir (2017) in their request to the state to open up the borders for the reception of a larger number of migrants. Far from being an individual choice, or an optional political decision, hospitality confronts us with the moral dilemma of the human response to our cultural others.


Love, thankfulness and humbleness are three very important or perhaps even the most important concepts in Islamic spirituality. In this paper, they will be discussed briefly. These three concepts are chosen not only because they are theoretically important, but also because they are practically rewarding. If we want to grow spiritually, we can easily do this by developing these qualities in our lives.


A species of Brugia, probably B. ceylonensis, was recovered from the conjunctiva of a patient in Sri Lanka for the first time. This infection represents only the second record of Brugia in the human conjunctiva, and is clearly zoonotic, acquired from a dog. Brugia ceylonensis has a distinct head bulb like that of Wuchereria bancrofti and B. malayi. However, the parasite recovered was not W. bancrofti, as specific IFAT and DNA probes gave negative results, and B. malayi is believed to have been eradicated from Sri Lanka several years ago. The presence of a distinct head bulb excludes the possibility that the parasite was B. buckleyi.


The routine investigation of doing lumbar puncture in patient with febrile convulsion is increasing practiced in many hospital.
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to assess the necessity of routine lumbar puncture (LP) to diagnose meningitis in children who present with fever and convulsions.
 Methods:
This is an observational, cross-sectional, hospital-based study, carried out in Mohammed AL-Amin Hamid pediatrics hospital-Omdurman Sudan, during the period from the first of January through 31 July 2018. It involved all (146) children aged 5 months to 6years , who presented with fever and convulsions, undergone lumbar puncture, and  parents signed  written informed consents. Children with known neurological diseases were excluded from this study. Data collected included, age, gender, convulsions type and duration, post-ictal state, routine vaccination status, general condition, recent antibiotics use, past history of fever and convulsions, temperature degree, signs of meningeal irritation, and conscious level. Data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.
Results:
The result revealed that total number of 146 children, male were 62% (n=91), female were 38% (n=55).  5-11 months  35.6% (n=52)  1-3years 43.8% (n=64), and 4-6 years 20.6% (n=30). About 80% of the patients were younger than 4 years of age.  Convulsion was generalized in 97.9%, lasted less than  15 minutes in 99.3%, spontaneously aborted in 94.5%, post-ictal state was brief in 88.4%, first attack in 98.6%, and there was no family history in 97.3%,p=0.000. There was no neck stiffness and photophobia in 92.5% and 98.6% respectively, p=0.000. Patients general condition were well in 76.7% and toxic in 23.3%. Cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) color was clear in 97% and turbid in 3% of patients. CSF white cells was less than  5 in 93.8%, and CSF sugar and protein were normal in 97.3% and 96.6 % respectively, p=0.000. CSF culture was negative for all patients, and almost all (97%, n=141) of the patients were diagnosed as febrile convulsions and sent home, compared to 3% (n=5) who were diagnosed clinically as meningitis.
Conclusion:
This study revealed that, CSF culture was negative for all patients, and almost all were diagnosed as febrile convulsions. However, 5 patients were diagnosed clinically as meningitis. Hence, this findings, challenge the routine lumbar puncture in children who present with fever and convulsion.


This project contains the novel 'Life! Death! Prizes!' which was published by Bloomsbury in the UK in April 2012 and in the USA in September 2012. 'Life! Death! Prizes!' was later translated into German as Wir Kommen Schon Klar and published by Berlin Verlag in 2013. The novel was shortlisted for the Costa Novel Award and The Guardian Not The Booker Prize. The commentary which accompanies the novel explores the starting points for the book, which were my dissatisfaction with my work as a television storyliner on Emmerdale and my discovery of the world of story contained within 'real life' magazines such as Chat, Bella, Pick It Up, Love It, Take A Break etc. In the commentary I will explore the narrative strategies used to build an accessible literary novel that borrows from the structure of a 'real life' magazine story while observing closely the society we are living in. A novel that explores the nature of the contemporary family and what it is to be a young man trying to build a life in 21st century Britain.

In the first chapter I look at how my ostensibly realist and voice-driven novel uses the folk tale Hansel and Gretel and techniques borrowed from ancient Greek drama, as well as exploiting the possibilities and challenges offered by the use of both generic instability and unreliable narration. The second chapter investigates more explicitly the politics of the novel. In this chapter I seek to address how the police, education, local government workers, the law and social services are represented in popular culture and how far these representations are supported, critiqued or challenged by the unreliable narration in 'Life! Death! Prizes!' In both chapters I will assess the current landscape of contemporary fiction and describe where my novel fits within it.


Monolithic kernel design mandates the use of a single address space for kernel data and code. While this design is easy to understand and performs well, it does not provide much in the way of protection from exploitable bugs in the interface. By dividing up kernel objects into areas of responsibility, we can introduce additional address spaces which will prevent information leakage, even in the case of a successful attack on the kernel. We are exploring several possible implementations with the goal of increasing security while minimizing the impact on performance.


The reasons for migration among highly skilled couples are economic as well as noneconomic. However, our understanding of the motivations of trailing wives remains somewhat limited, especially given their loss of personal, professional, and social resources during the relocation. This chapter explores the motivations of women to relocate for their husband's work. It examines how gender ideologies weave with the decision to relocate, and how women's considerations and preferences are taken into account during this process. This study included depth interviews with 12 trailing mothers in the Netherlands and in the United States during 2015–2016. Interviews were performed faceto-face or by video chat. The study used an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Narratives analyses revealed that most trailing wives exerted very limited agency during the decision process and felt that they do not have any realistic alternatives to relocation. This powerlessness was imposed by gender-role ideologies that portray women as the primary care provider and men as the primary breadwinner. Thus, women's motivations to go overseas were primarily centered on family benefits, such as improving the family's financial status or supporting their husband's career. These findings suggest that societal factors, mainly gender, significantly diminish the actual choice options available to trailing wives.


Changes of professional environment, caused by introduction of new technologies and techniques, create a necessity in continuous education and development of professional competences. In these conditions, managers and other company employees face the choice of methods and tools of personnel training. A business game is one of the most productive tools of business-education. This paper elaborates the ideas embodied previously, which considered the conceptual approach to a toolkit creation for active training techniques in a form of competence-based business game studio. Competence-based business game studio is an ergatic system for development of professional competences, which are required to ensure organization's business processes. Business game control is performed with the help of automate module, which executes the interpretation of expressions in algorithm logical scheme language. Unified business process is the input data for automate model construction. Unified business process is acquired from the information about company's real business processes, represented in poorly formalized ways. Unified business process transforms into unified training business process, which includes possible business game trainee actions and information about input, output, administrative data and business process operation execution mechanism. The next step to automate model is the construction of scenario graph, which represents a more formalized description of unified training business process. Next, the administrating algorithm of the business game in algorithm logical scheme language is built. The paper considers the algorithms of transition between models that allow automating the process of acquiring algorithm logical scheme in order to implement the business games scenario.


The recognition of the male calling song is essential for phonotaxis in female crickets. We investigated the responses toward different models of song patterns by ascending, local, and descending neurons in the brain of standing and walking crickets. We describe results for two ascending, three local, and two descending interneurons. Characteristic dendritic and axonal arborizations of the local and descending neurons indicate a flow of auditory information from the ascending interneurons toward the lateral accessory lobes and point toward the relevance of this brain region for cricket phonotaxis. Two aspects of auditory processing were studied: the tuning of interneuron activity to pulse repetition rate and the precision of pattern copying. Whereas ascending neurons exhibited weak, low-pass properties, local neurons showed both low- and band-pass properties, and descending neurons represented clear band-pass filters. Accurate copying of single pulses was found at all three levels of the auditory pathway. Animals were walking on a trackball, which allowed an assessment of the effect that walking has on auditory processing. During walking, all neurons were additionally activated, and in most neurons, the spike rate was correlated to walking velocity. The number of spikes elicited by a chirp increased with walking only in ascending neurons, whereas the peak instantaneous spike rate of the auditory responses increased on all levels of the processing pathway. Extra spiking activity resulted in a somewhat degraded copying of the pulse pattern in most neurons.


Despite the great number of neoplastic entities, which are able to cause this disease, "oncogenous osteomalacia" is hardly known as a paraneoplastic phenomenon. Without removing the not constantly malignant tumor as the underlying cause recovery is not possible. Until now pathogenesis is unknown. Together with a review of the literature a case report is presented, in which a malignant fibrous histiocytoma of soft tissue caused an untreatable osteomalacia. Because of failure of local tumor control prognosis in this case must be considered fatal.


IN THEIR REPORTS IN THE 29 FEBRUARY ISSUE ('LAND CLEARING AND THE BIOFUEL CARBON debt,' J. Fargione et al., p. 1235, and 'Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change,' T. Searchinger et al., p. 1238), the authors do not provide adequate support for their claim that biofuels cause high emissions due to land-use change. The conclusions of both papers depend on the misleading premise that biofuel production causes forests and grasslands to be converted to agriculture. However, field research, including a meta-analysis of 152 case studies, consistently finds that land-use change and associated carbon emissions are driven by interactions among cultural, technological, biophysical, political, economic, and demographic forces within a spatial and temporal context rather than by a single crop market. Searchinger et al. assert that soybean prices accelerate clearing of rainforest based on a single citation for a study not designed to identify the causal factors of land clearing. The study analyzed satellite imagery from a single state in Brazil over a 4-year period and focused on land classification after deforestation. Satellite imagery can measure what changed but does little to tell us why. Similarly, Fargione et al. do not rely onmore » primary empirical studies of causes of land-use change. Furthermore, neither fire nor soil carbon sequestration was properly considered in the Reports. Fire's escalating contribution to global climate change is largely a result of burning in tropical savannas and forests. Searchinger et al. postulate that 10.8 million hectares could be needed for future biofuel, a fraction of the 250 to 400 million hectares burned each year between 2000 and 2005. By offering enhanced employment and incomes, biofuels can help establish economic stability and thus reduce the recurring use of fire on previously cleared land as well as pressures to clear more land. Neither Searchinger et al. nor Fargione et al. consider fire as an ongoing land-management tool. In addition, deep-rooted perennial biofuel feedstocks in the tropics could enhance soil carbon storage by 0.5 to 1 metric ton per hectare per year. An improved understanding of the forces behind land-use change leads to more favorable conclusions regarding the potential for biofuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.« less


The article is devoted to the actual problems in a modern scientific discourse, connected with the ways of cinematic interpretations of literary works. The subject of our research is a screen version of A. S. Pushkin's novel «Eugene Onegin» directed by M. Fines («Onegin», 1999). The review of the main claims on the film, which we can see in the comments of the audience and critics, shows us that the great number of reproaches is not reasonable, because they contradict the inner artistic logic of the film and principles of Pushkin's poetic manner. One of the main principles of the poetics of the film and its literary origin is the principle of reflective-dialogical and imaginary-notional mutual reflections, the analysis of which determines the novelty of the approach given in the article. The author of the article concludes that images of the film are images of Russian consciousness and culture, as they are observed from the outside, from the spheres of consciousness of European and World culture. The image-bearing and semantic space of the film is deeply dialogized and reflexive, it demands from a viewer the ability to be a full-fledged participant in this dialogue and not to remain within its own facilities.


Relationships between serum Lp(a) levels and insulin metabolism were investigated in 147 healthy nonobese men attending an executive health-screening program. Each subject received an IVGTT with measurement of plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide. An inverse relationship was seen with the first-phase plasma insulin response when subjects were stratified into quartile ranges of the serum Lp(a) distribution. This relationship was supported by mathematical modeling analyses of these data, which revealed an inverse relationship between serum Lp(a) levels and first-phase pancreatic insulin secretion and plasma Insulin responsiveness to glucose.