ABSTRACT Fan, Z. and Xu, S., 2020. Geometric location fusion of marine geographic and ecological environment information. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 338–341. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. With the implementation and development of China's marine strategy, the development and use of the ocean has become a research hotspot. However, the use of the ocean cannot be separated from the protection of marine geographic and ecological environment information, especially the geometric location information. First, this paper introduces two- and three-dimensional vector data fusion of marine geographic information. Second, it analyzes the key technologies and applications of marine geographic and ecological environment information fusion to realize the fusion of a variety of digital marine geographic environment information and to enrich the guarantee methods of geometric location information of marine geographic environment.


The paper industry has taken various steps to address environmental concerns and raw material limitations. Among them, paper recycling has been shown to be a viable option. In this study, the alkaline sulfite pulping of old corrugated containers (OCC) to produce bleachable pulp was investigated. A combination of one of the three active alkali levels (14, 16, and 18%; Na2O, and oven-dry weight of OCC); one of two pulping temperatures (145 and 175oC), and one of two pulping times (60 and 120 minutes) and sodium sulfite to sodium hydroxide ratio of 30/70 (mol/mol) were examined. After preliminary pulping and evaluation, pulp with a kappa number of 18.3 and brightness of 50.2%, which was produced applying 18% active alkali, sodium sulfite to sodium hydroxide ratio of 30:70, and pulping time and temperature of 120 minutes and 175oC, respectively, having the yield of 64.0% (based on oven dry weight of washed OCC) and 72.7% (based on original weight of the OCC as received), respectively, was selected for totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching trials. Brightness, opacity, tensile, and tear strength indices of this pulp were measured as 50.2%, 81.4%, 27.7 N.m/g, and 12.35 mN.m2/g, respectively. Bleaching of this pulp applying 3% H2O2 and 2.25% NaOH at 90 minutes generated bleached pulp with brightness and opacity as 57.1% and 78.2%, respectively. The bleaching yield was measured as 92%. Tensile and tear strength indices of this pulp were measured as 25.1 Nm/g and 12.4 mN.m2/g, respectively.


To Nigerian film goers, the multiplex is a relatively new concept. There is a need to determine and define what constitutes cinematic experience in the multiplex. Added to this is the need to assess how impressive multiplex offerings are to the audience. This study adopted the Technological Determinism Theory as well as the Diffusion of Innovation Theory. The methodology of this work straddles both quantitative and qualitative approaches. This has enabled a balance in data gathering, presentation and findings. Simple descriptive statistics was adopted in conjunction with logical interpretation, as well as textual accounts. Parameters covered include external appeal, internal appeal, security, customer service, box office, cinema hall technology, movie experience, audience conduct and post movie impression. It was found that Nigerian multiplex audiences were either quite impressed or excellently impressed with regard to each of the above parameters which constitute multiplex offerings. As a result, the study has succeeded in defining the parameters of the multiplex cinematic experience, whilst assessing how multiplex audiences receive multiplex offerings.


The ability of a nicotine vaccine to protect against nicotine-induced seizures was studied in rats. Groups of 10 rats were vaccinated with 3 doses of either a nicotine conjugate vaccine over 6 weeks to elicit high titers of nicotine-specific antibodies or with a control vaccine. Rats were then pretreated with a 1-week subcutaneous infusion of either nicotine 1 mg/kg/day or saline and then received a single 2 mg/kg ip dose of nicotine to provoke seizures. Vaccination reduced the incidence of seizures. The combination of vaccination and pretreatment with nicotine infusion was more effective than either treatment alone. These data suggest that vaccination is protective against this toxic effect of nicotine and that combining vaccination and chronic nicotine administration may provide a novel strategy for blocking some effects of nicotine.


Residents' interactions in the sitting spaces of purpose-built Homes for old people were studied by participant and structural observation. Eight Homes were sampled from a larger number to represent factors of size (large and small), design (institutional and family) and mental designation of residents (confused or rational). Verbal exchanges between residents were analysed in terms of initiators' and respondents' mental designations. The residents' locations within the sitting spaces and in the sleeping and dining areas of the Homes were recorded. Examination of these data suggests that residents of different mental designations are segregated from each other. Some architectural design elements of physical settings that might foster integration are outlined.


In September 2015, the Department of Justice announced a new policy to pursue individuals involved in corporate criminal violations by conditioning any benefit for cooperation on the company identifying culpable executives. The policy, known as the Yates Memo and named after the then-Deputy Attorney General, was heralded as a real change in how federal prosecutors would pursue organizational crime. Does the shift to emphasizing individual culpability mean there will be an upsurge of prosecutions of corporate executives who oversee companies that engage in misconduct? The short answer is no. This essay, delivered as part of a symposium at Vermont Law School, considers why the policy will likely have little real impact. One reason is that the new — or perhaps renewed — emphasis on pursuing individuals is not a real change in the Department of Justice's policy. More importantly, as companies get larger, there is a shrinking chance someone from the C-suite will have had any actual involvement in day-to-day decisions that provide the fodder for an individual prosecution. It appears that mid-level managers will have to bear the brunt of the focus on individual liability for corporate misconduct. As a response to criticism about the lack of individual prosecutions related to the financial crisis, the Yates Memo may end up being more a public relations effort than something that will produce tangible results through increased prosecution of management.


Control over the physical properties of nanoparticle assemblies at a liquid-liquid interface is a key technological advancement to realize the dream of smart electrovariable nanosystems. Electrified interfaces, such as the interface between two immiscible electrolytes solutions (ITIES), are almost an ideal platform for realizing this dream. Here, we show that the Galvani potential difference across soft interfaces can be effectively used to manipulate: (i) the reactivity of gold nanoparticle assemblies through varying the Fermi level (both chemically and electrochemically); (ii) the location distribution of the nanoparticles at the liquid-liquid interface. In the first case, in addition to our previous studies on electron transfer reactions (ET) across the ITIES, we used intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) to study the kinetics of photo-induced electrochemical reactions at the ITIES. As expected, the direct adsorption of gold nanoparticles at the interface modifies the kinetics of the ET reaction (so-called, interfacial redox electrocatalysis), however it did not lead to an increased photocurrent by "plasmonic enhancement". Rather, we found that the product separation depends on double layer effects while the product recombination is controlled by the Galvani potential difference between the two phases. In the second case, we demonstrated that polarizing the ITIES caused migration of gold nanoparticles from the middle region of the cell to its periphery. We called such systems "Marangoni-type shutters". This type of electrovariable plasmonic system did not experience diffusion limitation in terms of the adsorption/desorption of nanoparticles and the entire movement of nanoparticle assemblies happened almost instantly (within a second). It opens a fresh view on electrovariable plasmonics and presents new opportunities to create smart nanosystems at the ITIES driven with an electric field.


Background: The importance of cultural competence for the safe and effective practice of physiotherapy is widely acknowledged. Cultural competence is recognised by the Physiotherapy Board of Aotearoa New Zealand as a prerequisite for professional registration as a physiotherapist. To date, there is no known assessment tool in New Zealand to accurately measure the level of a physiotherapist's cultural competence. Aim: To investigate the structure, validity and the internal consistency of two minimally adapted existing overseas culturally-based questionnaires to evaluate patient perceptions of their physiotherapists' cultural responsiveness to their individual needs within a New Zealand context. The Tucker-Culturally Sensitive Health Care Provider Inventory – Patient Form (T-CSHPI-PF) and the Healthcare Provider Cultural Competency Survey (HPCCS). Methods: One hundred and fifty-eight participants from seven private musculoskeletal physiotherapy clinics completed culturally-based questionnaires on cultural sensitivity and cultural competency. The structure of these questionnaires was evaluated using factor analysis and validated with a patient satisfaction scale and patient adherence measure. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the T-CSHCPI-PF and HPCCS revealed that they have three factors and two factors respectively, both with high internal consistency and validity. Both the T-CSHCPI-PF and HPCCS have moderate to strong correlations with the PSPECS, but not with the RAdMAT. Conclusions: The T-CSHCPI-PF and HPCCS questionnaires address some of the limitations in the measurement of physiotherapist's cultural responsiveness. Neither questionnaire would be an appropriate or valid standardised tool for use in ix physiotherapy clinics in New Zealand in their current form. Further research is


The paper presents the results of electrical characterization of MOS capacitors and SOI MOSFETs with novel high-κ LaLuO3 dielectric as a gate oxide. The energy distribution of interface state density at LaLuO3/Si interface is presented and typical maxima of 1.2×1011 eV–1cm–2 was found at about 0.25 eV from the silicon valence band. The output and transfer characteristics of the n- and p-MOSFET (channel length and width were 1 µm and 50 µm, respectively) are presented. The front channel mobility appeared to be 126 cm2V–1s–1 and 70 cm2V–1s–1 for n- and p-MOSFET, respectively. The front channel threshold voltages as well as the density of states at the back interface are presented.


Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation of the clinical success of the endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) procedure with the measurements of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow through the interpeduncular and prepontine cisterns in pediatric triventricular hydrocephalus. Methods: 51 children (age range: 25–201 months; mean: 55.3 months) with primary aqueductal stenosis who have been treated with ETV were included in the study. All patients were analyzed by conventional and cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after endoscopic treatment. Both the stroke volume and the flow velocity of CSF in the interpeduncular and prepontine cisterns were evaluated. The MRI findings were correlated with clinical outcome. Simple descriptive and independent t tests were used for statistical analyses, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used for the cutoff value of the 'flow index' (FI). Results: Among the 51 patients, 37 patients (72.5%) responded to ETV clinically during long-term follow-up. A further analysis was made for the prediction of who would respond to ETV, using the formula (stroke volume of prepontine cistern/stroke volume of interpeduncular cistern) ×100, which was defined as the FI. Early postoperative FI values of over 40% were significantly correlated with ETV success. Conclusion: Our results suggest that ETV success can be predicted by the ratio of early CSF stroke volume values of the interpeduncular and prepontine cisterns.


This paper considers whether the development of electronic money' poses any threat to the ability of central banks to control the value of their national currencies through conventional monetary policy. It argues that even if the demand for base money for use in facilitating transactions is largely or even completely eliminated, monetary policy should continue to be effective. Macroeconomic stabilization depends only upon the ability of central banks to control a short-term nominal interest rate, and this would continue to be possible, in particular through the use of a channel' system for the implementation of policy, like those currently used in Canada, Australia and New Zealand.


Background: In the recent decades, there has been an increasing effort to study possible biological effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs). In this study, the effects of 50 Hz, 0.6 mT pulsed electromagnetic field on proliferation and biochemical properties, in a prostate cancer cell line, DU-145, and the simultaneous treatment of these cells with electromagnetic field and anticancer drug, berberine, were explored Methods: Control and treated cells were seeded in separate plate dishes and cell proliferation, concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), survivin expression and DNA damage were studied by MTT assay, Fluorescence spectrometry, Western blotting and Comet assay, respectively. Results: Our results showed a significant increment in cell proliferation and intracellular concentration of ROS after 24-72 hours of continuous exposure to the field. The treatment did not affect the expression level of the cancer biomarker, survivin, but acted as a genotoxic agent and increased DNA single and double strand damages. The results also showed that continuous exposure to the applied field does not have any effect on the cytotoxic activity of berberine in DU-145 cells. Conclusion: On the whole, it seems that the studied electromagnetic field acts as a tumor promoter in this cell line, possibly through induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage.


There is now a considerable body of published work on the episte- mology of modern chemistry, especially with regard to the nature of quantum chemistry. In addition, the question of the metaphysical underpinnings of chemistry has received a good deal of attention. The present article concen- trates on metaphysical considerations including the question of whether ele- ments and groups of elements are natural kinds. It is also argued that an appeal to the metaphysical nature of elements can help clarify the re-emerging con- troversies among chemists regarding the placement of the elements hydrogen and helium in the periodic system and the question of whether there exists a best form of the periodic table.


We consider the problem of adaptive subspace tracking, when the rank of the subspace we seek to estimate is assumed to be known. Starting from the data projection method (DPM), which constitutes a simple and reliable means for adaptively estimating and tracking subspaces, we develop a fast and numerically robust implementation of DPM, which comes at a considerably lower computational cost. Most existing schemes track subspaces corresponding either to the largest or to the smallest singular values, while our DPM version can switch from one subspace type to the other with a simple change of sign of its single parameter. The proposed algorithm provides orthonormal vector estimates of the subspace basis that are numerically stable since they do not accumulate roundoff errors. In fact, our scheme constitutes the first numerically stable, low complexity, algorithm for tracking subspaces corresponding to the smallest singular values. Regarding convergence towards orthonormality our scheme exhibits the fastest speed among all other subspace tracking algorithms of similar complexity.


As well as dealing with general topics pertinent to the project, the first chapter gives the aims of the project and reviews the theories of network formation. Particular attention is paid to the occurrence of inhomogeneous cross-linking in nonlinear chain-growth polymerizations. The second chapter reviews an important aspect of photoinitiated polymerizations, namely the photochemistry of the photoinitiator used, in this case diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate. The preparation and characterization of the photoinitiator and the characterization of the commercial monomers are given in chapter three. The fourth chapter reports an investigation of the effect of various parameters on the decree of cross-linking as determined by a variety of techniques. The results can be interpreted in terms of inhomogeneous cross-linking and show that irradiation combined with thermal treatment produces the highest degree of cross-linking. Chapter five deals with a study of the photo-oxidative stability of two of the photocurable resin systems. Certain monomer systems were found to exhibit a transient colouration on cure and chapter six gives a possible explanation for this effect as well as the results of experiments designed to provide additional verification. Finally, chapter seven reports the outcome of attempts to obtain low surface free energy films by the addition of small amounts of polyfluorinated monoepoxides to the conventional monomers in the hope that surface segregation of the fluorinated material would occur in the interval between application and cure of films.


Flow fields near the turbine vane endwall region are very complicated due to the presence of highly three-dimensional passage vortices and endwall secondary flows. This makes it challenging for the endwall to be effectively cooled by employing traditional endwall cooling methods, such as impingement cooling combined with local film cooling inside the vane passage. One effective endwall cooling scheme: coolant injection flow through discrete holes upstream of the vane leading edge on the endwall, has been considered by many gas turbine companies. The present paper focuses on endwall film cooling effectiveness evaluation with upstream coolant injection through discrete holes.
 Detailed experimental and numerical studies on endwall heat transfer and cooling performance with coolant injection flow through upstream discrete holes is presented in this paper. High resolution heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and adiabatic film cooling effectiveness values were measured using a transient infrared thermography technique on an axisymmetric contoured endwall. The endwall tested was a scaled up inner endwall of an industrial transonic turbine vane with double-row discrete cylindrical film cooling holes located 0.39Cx upstream of the vane leading edge. The tests were performed in a transonic linear cascade blow-down wind tunnel facility. Conditions were representative of a land-based power generation turbine with exit Mach number of 0.85 corresponding to exit Reynolds number of 1.5 × 106, based on exit condition and axial chord length. A high turbulence level of 16% with an integral length scale of 3.6%P was generated using inlet turbulence grid to reproduce the typical turbulence conditions in real turbine. Low temperature air was used to simulate the typical coolant-to-mainstream condition by controlling two parameters of the upstream coolant injection flow: mass flow rate to determine the coolant-to-mainstream blowing ratio (BR = 2.5, 3.5), and gas temperature to determine the density ratio (DR = 1.2). To highlight the interactions between the upstream coolant flow and the passage secondary flow combined with the influence on the endwall heat transfer and cooling performance, a comparison of CFD predictions to experimental results was performed by solving steady-state Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) using the commercial CFD solver ANSYS Fluent v.15. A detailed numerical method validation was performed for four different Reynolds-averaged turbulence models. The Realizable κ-ϵ model was validated to be suitable to obtain reliable numerical solution. The influences of a wide range of coolant-to-mainstream blowing ratios (BR = 1.0, 1.5, 1.9, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5) were numerically studied. Complex interactions between coolant injections and secondary flows in vane passage were presented and discussed.
 Results indicate that for lower values of BR, the endwall coolant coverage from the upstream double-row discrete holes is strongly controlled by the passage secondary flow, thus the cooling effectiveness is very poor. As the BR increases, the strong secondary flow in vane passage can be suppressed by the coolant injections and begin to be almost eliminated when BR increases to a critical value (BR = 2.5 – 3.0). Beyond the critical BR, most of the injected coolant begins to lift off from the endwall and penetrate significantly into the mainstream flow, yielding inefficient endwall cooling performance.


ABSTRACT This article contributes to the debate around early modern women's work. It concerns not waged labour but rather the unpaid contributions made by women to both home and the business undertaken by their husband. It focuses on Elizabeth Jeake, the wife of Samuel Jeake, a merchant from the Sussex port of Rye. Through the letters exchanged between the family, it explores Elizabeth's skilled work in support of her husband. This included giving instructions to contractors, gathering and disseminating business and investment information, negotiations with Samuel's business partners and acquaintances, managing property and tenants, negotiating credit relationships and purchasing and selling commodities.


We focus on the challenges and issues associated with Big Data, and propose a novel architecture that uses the principles of Separation of Concerns and distributed computing to overcome many of the challenges associated with storage, analysis and integrity. We address the issue of asymmetrical distribution of power between the originators of data and the organizations and institutions that make use of that data by taking a systemic perspective to include both sides in our architectural design, shifting from a customer-provider relationship to a more symbiotic one in which control over access to customer data resides with the customer. We illustrate the affordances of the proposed architecture by describing its application in the domain of Social Networking Sites, where we furnish a mechanism to address problems of privacy and identity, and create the potential to open up online social networking to a richer set of possible


CT diagnosis of isodense chronic subdural hematoma (SDH) is difficult and often a source of false-negative results. Coronal computed angiotomographic views were very useful for the diagnosis of isodense chronic SDH, even if thin or bilateral. Seven chronic SDH cases in which the precontrast scans demonstrated the same density as the brain were studied. Patients were placed in a supine position with the head extended and the gantry was angled at approximately 60° to the canthomeatal line in order to obtain coronal computed angiotomographs. Contrast enhancement was achieved by the intravenous "minimum dose bolus" injection method. Three of the seven cases showed changes secondary to mass effect such as shift of the ventricle, compression, or obliteration of the Sylvian fissures and cortical sulci. Five cases showed a high-density line with medial convexity or in parallel with the inner table of the skull and 2 cases showed a high-density dotted line away from the inner table. The high-density line or dots represented the superficial cerebral veins or cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery which were displaced medially by the hematoma. Thus, all the cases could be correctly diagnosed. When these findings are obtained, angiography may be unnecessary. Moreover, computed angiotomography is decidedly advantageous in that it is not only useful for the diagnosis of hematoma but also provides a clear and simultaneous visualization of the pathological and anatomical changes in the neighboring structures such as the cerebral parenchyma, cisterns, and ventricles. Such information is not obtainable by angiography or digital subtraction angiography.


In recent years, organizations have been shifting focus to their core business competencies, and reducing total cost of ownership (TCO) associated with training and management of their IT infrastructure. In the same motif, organizations are establishing security and survivability frameworks as an integral part of their business strategy so as to provide an acceptable quality-of-service for their clients and employees. However, the current paradigm of outsourced managed security service providers (MSSPs) is often difficult to transition to, offers little control to the organization, does not allow ldquobest of breedrdquo composition, and risks vendor lock-in due to the complexity of migrating to a different MSSP. We present MOSES (Mediated Overlay Services), an architecture for composing network security services such as anti-spam, antivirus, automated vulnerability detection and mitigation, and filtering. MOSES is roughly modeled on the web services framework. In addition to ease-of-deployment, MOSES allows for economies of scale and a reduction to the total cost of ownership. In this paper, we discuss our motivation and high-level view of such an architecture. We highlight the advantages, illuminate potential drawbacks, and discuss a broad research agenda toward realizing this vision.


Power and connectivity features extracted from EEG signals have been previously utilized to detect mental fatigue during driving. Although each of the feature categories has the discriminative power to differentiate alert and fatigue states, they might represent different aspects of information relevant to fatigue identification. Two fusion methods, feature level and decision level fusions, were proposed in this study to combine individual channel information (i.e., power features) and between-channel information (i.e., connectivity features). According to the results of the study, the average accuracies of the fusion methods were higher than the accuracies of the individual feature categories (feature level fusion: 84.70%, decision level fusion: 87.13%, power features: 80.82%, connectivity features: 79.36%). The statistical analysis demonstrated that the two fusion methods significantly improved the classification performance of driving fatigue. The fusion methods proposed in this study can be embedded into a driving fatigue detection system for a practical use in a vehicle.


Context: Diabetes distress (DD) in India has been studied mainly in the context of depression. Little is known about DD, its determinants, distribution, and its impact. Aims: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of DD and identify its socio-demographic and clinical determinants in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. To assess the relationship of DD with self-management in nondepressed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study in noncommunicable disease clinic of a tertiary care medical center. Subjects and Methods: DD Scale was used to assess DD in 200 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire was used to evaluate self-management behavior. Patient Health Questionnaire 9 was used to exclude depression. Statistical Analysis Used: Sample size calculation was done as per prevailing prevalence estimates. SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. ANOVA and Independent t-tests were done to compare between groups means. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was done, keeping self-management as a dependent variable and socio-demographic, clinical variables, and DD as independent variables. Results: The prevalence of DD was 42% in our sample. The duration of diabetes showed that a significant association with DD. DD was significantly and negatively associated with all four domains of self-management, while statistical significance was reached in three domains: dietary control (β = −0.378, P < 0.01); glucose management (β = −0.181, P < 0.01); and healthcare use (β = −0.244, P < 0.01). Conclusions: DD is widespread in our patients and harms self-management. There is a need to address DD to improve disease-specific outcomes.


ABSTRACT This paper adopts Leiper's ([1990]. Tourist attraction systems. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(3), 367–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(90)90004-B) tourism system theory to examine the impact of COVID-19 on Kenya's tourism sector. The authors argue that tourism remains an important source of national revenue in Kenya and the severe negative effects of the pandemic as well as the resulting government measures to curb the spread of the disease threaten to undermine the gains made in recent years to revive the sector. The paper identifies that while much emphasis has been put on the impact of the disease on countries' national health systems and its epidemiology, few studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between COVID 19 and the tourism sector, especially in developing countries. The paper provides researchers and practitioners with an analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the social and economic dimensions of tourism in Kenya and concludes with a set of recommendations that can shape Kenya's post-pandemic tourism sector recovery plans.


Abstract Exposure to zinc oxide (ZnO) metal fumes is linked to adverse human health effects; however, the hazards of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs) remain unclear. To determine pulmonary exposure to occupationally relevant ZnONPs cause cardiopulmonary injury, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to ZnONPs via intratracheal (IT) instillation and inhalation. The relationship between intrapulmonary zinc levels and pulmonary oxidative-inflammatory responses 72 h after ZnONP instillation was determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Instilled ZnONPs altered zinc balance and increased the levels of total cells, neutrophils, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total protein in BALF and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in blood after 72 h. The ZnONPs accumulated predominantly in the lungs over 24 h, and trivial amounts of zinc were determined in the heart, liver, kidneys and blood. Furthermore, the inflammatory-oxidative responses induced by occupationally relevant levels of 1.1 and 4.9 mg/m3 of ZnONP inhalation for 2 weeks were determined in BALF and blood at 1, 7 and 30 days post-exposure. Histopathological examinations of the rat lungs and hearts were performed. Inhalation of ZnONP caused an inflammatory cytological profile. The total cell, neutrophil, LDH and total protein levels were acutely increased in the BALF, and there was an inflammatory pathology in the lungs. There were subchronic levels of white blood cells, granulocytes and 8-OHdG in the blood. Cardiac inflammation and the development of fibrosis were detected 7 days after exposure. Degeneration and necrosis of the myocardium were detected 30 days after exposure. The results demonstrate that ZnONPs cause cardiopulmonary impairments. These findings highlight the occupational health effects for ZnONP-exposed workers.


ZnSnO3 one-dimensional (1D) strutures were synthesized by using an evaporation technique. The morphology, crystal structure, and enhanced sensing properties of the ZnSnO3 structures functionalized with Pd to CO gas at 300 degrees C were investigated. The diameters of the 1D structures ranged from a few hundreds to a few thousands of nanometers and that the lengths were up to a few hundreds of micrometers. The gas sensors fabricated from multiple networked ZnSnO3 rods functionalized with Pd showed the enhanced electrical responses to CO gas. The responses of the rods were improved 10.7, 13.7, 13.4, and 12.5 fold at the CO concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm, respectively. In addition, the mechanism for the enhancement in the gas sensing properties of ZnSnO3 rods by Pd functionalization is discussed.


ABSTRACT Perkinus marinus causes a devastating disease, known as Dermo, in the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. Routine detection of the disease is traditionally accomplished by the use of the Ray/Makin assay, using Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (RFTM). A simple real-time quantitative PCR assay was developed as a diagnostic tool to detect and quantify P. marinus, to complement and serve as an alternate to the RFTM method. Using a dual-labeled probe approach, a sensitive assay was designed to accurately detect a range of one to several thousand P. marinus organisms present in oyster tissues. A simple extraction method was used to increase throughput of the assay. Cultured P. marinus cells were quantified prior to DNA extraction, generating a standard curve and allowing cell counts to be derived from PCR cycle threshold values. Direct comparison of the RFTM and real-time PCR methods was accomplished by using tissue samples from the same oyster for both tests. Plotting cycle threshold values against the known Mackin index value generated a standard curve with a coefficient of regression of 0.9. Our results indicate that correlations could be made between this molecular based approach and traditional methods, allowing results generated from the PCR assay to be easily translated into the understood Mackin scale.


The processes of transformation of the Russian economy and specifics of their manifestation in terms of spatially organized regional economic systems determine the economic and social disparities of development in individual areas. This article formulates the main approaches to the stability and balanced development of regional economic systems by adapting its subjects to an innovative management model. It is concluded that the existing regional policy is not consistent with the interests of national security. The targets of the regional authorities aimed at the smoothing of regional asymmetry are formulated.


The International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), in partnership with organizations in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zambia, led a study of HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination in these three countries. This project, conducted from April 2001 to September 2003, unraveled the complexities around stigma by investigating the causes, manifestations and consequences of HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination in sub-Saharan Africa. It then uses this analysis to suggest program interventions. Structured text analysis of 730 qualitative transcripts (650 interviews and 80 focus group discussions) and quantitative analysis of 400 survey respondents from rural and urban areas in these countries revealed the following main insights about the causes, context, experience and consequences of stigma: The main causes of stigma relate to incomplete knowledge, fears of death and disease, sexual norms and a lack of recognition of stigma. Insufficient and inaccurate knowledge combines with fears of death and disease to perpetuate beliefs in casual transmission and, thereby, avoidance of those with HIV. The knowledge that HIV can be transmitted sexually combines with an association of HIV with socially "improper" sex, such that people with HIV are stigmatized for their perceived immoral behavior. Finally, people often do not recognize that their words or actions are stigmatizing. Socio-economic status, age and gender all influence the experience of stigma. The poor are blamed less for their infection than the rich, yet they face greater stigma because they have fewer resources to hide an HIV-positive status. Youth are blamed in all three countries for spreading HIV through what is perceived as their highly risky sexual behavior. While both men and women are stigmatized for breaking sexual norms, gender-based power results in women being blamed more easily. At the same time, the consequences of HIV infection, disclosure, stigma and the burden of care are higher for women than for men. People living with HIV and AIDS face physical and social isolation from family, friends, and community; gossip, name-calling and voyeurism; and a loss of rights, decision-making power and access to resources and livelihoods. People with HIV internalize these experiences and consequently feel guilty, ashamed and inferior. They may, as a result, isolate themselves and lose hope. Those associated with people with HIV and AIDS, especially family members, friends and caregivers, face many of these same experiences in the form of secondary stigma. People living with HIV and AIDS and their families develop various strategies to cope with stigma. Decisions around disclosure depend on whether or not disclosing would help to cope (through care) or make the situation worse (through added stigma). Some cope by participating in networks of people with HIV and actively working in the field of HIV or by confronting stigma in their communities. Others look for alternative explanations for HIV besides sexual transmission and seek comfort, often turning to religion to do so. Stigma impedes various programmatic efforts. Testing, disclosure, prevention and care and support for people with HIV are advocated, but are impeded by stigma. Testing and disclosure are recognized as difficult because of stigma, and prevention is hampered because preventive methods such as condom use or discussing safe sex are considered indications of HIV infection or immoral behaviors and are thus stigmatized. Available care and support are accompanied by judgmental attitudes and isolating behavior, which can result in people with HIV delaying care until absolutely necessary. There are also many positive aspects of the way people deal with HIV and stigma. People express good intentions to not stigmatize those with HIV. Many recognize that their limited knowledge has a role in perpetuating stigma and are keen to learn more. Families, religious organizations and communities provide care, empathy and support for people with HIV and AIDS. Finally, people with HIV themselves overcome the stigma they face to challenge stigmatizing social norms. Our study points to five critical elements that programs aiming to tackle stigma need to address: Create greater recognition of stigma and discrimination. Foster in-depth, applied knowledge about all aspects of HIV and AIDS through a participatory and interactive process. Provide safe spaces to discuss the values and beliefs about sex, morality and death that underlie stigma. Find common language to talk about stigma. Ensure a central, contextually-appropriate and ethically-responsible role for people with HIV and AIDS While all individuals and groups have a role in reducing stigma, policymakers and programmers can start with certain key groups that our study suggests are a priority: Families caring for people living with HIV and AIDS: programs can help families both to cope with the burden of care and also to recognize and modify their own stigmatizing behavior. NGOs and other community-based organizations: NGOs can train their own staff to recognize and deal with stigma, incorporate ways to reduce stigma in all activities, and critically examine their communication methods and materials. Religious and faith-based organizations: these can be supportive of people living with HIV and AIDS in their role as religious leaders and can incorporate ways to reduce stigma in their community service activities


Normal-speaking adults (3 M, 3F) produced 4 vowels (/a/, /i/, /u/ and /o/) in a carrier phrase under free and disruptive speaking conditions (masking and/or bite block). Formant frequency structure variability was not affected by speaking conditions; however, a difference among vowels was obtained. F1 variability for the vowel /a/ was significantly different from the other 3 vowels as was the vowel /i/ for F2. The results were presented as the volumetric relationships which exist between the anterior and posterior F1 and F2 vocal tract cavities. The analysis of F1 and F2 variability suggests that once the place of vowel articulation exceeds a certain physiological boundary in reference to vocal tract cavity size, performance variability accelerates significantly.


The two techniques described span the range of problem-solving and decision-making techniques. Brainstorming is a very personal and innovative tool when a fresh viewpoint and creativity are called for. It can strengthen individual and organizational relationships by making staff a part of the solution to problems. In contrast, linear programming is a planning tool that enables a manager to organize facts about problems and alternatives, aiding the manager in planning the action required to translate the conclusions into operational reality. It is an efficient procedure that is particularly effective when results must be precise and will find growing application in health care as we enter the era of contracting for patient populations, prospective payment systems and limited resources.


Purpose
Self-deception is generally deemed an adaptive psychological mechanism that ensures well-being, a sense of identity and social advancement. However, self-deception becomes maladaptive in organised environments that undermine the critical thinking essential to development and change. The purpose of this paper is to advance a theoretical model of self-deception, specifying and contextualising its intrapersonal and relational components in organisations. Further, it provides guidelines for practitioners to identify self-deception tactics, and minimise maladaptive self-deception.

Design/methodology/approach
Drawing on affective coping, system justification and self-categorisation theories, the paper illustrates how the interplay of intrapersonal and relational factors with organisational practices explain self-deception.

Findings
Maladaptive self-deception is pervasive in organisations that deter critical reflection, and intensify motivated biases to self-enhance and self-protect.

Originality/value
This paper proposes a socially and organisationally embedded model of self-deception, specifies how self-deception develops and manifests in organisations, and suggests ways of identifying and managing self-deception towards positive organisational development and change.


Siberia is a key region for study of the climate development in north-central Eurasia in terms of global climatic change. The relief creates a major orographic barrier for atmospheric streams influencing the regional altitudinal weather zonality. Systematic 55-year (1963-2017) weather observations along the 700 km N-S latitudinal transect across the southern Siberian plains and the adjoining ranges of the Altai-Sayan Mountains document progressing seasonal temperature and humidity shifts. Standard meteorological data from twenty meteorological stations in different topographical and natural settings with specific weather conditions document a rise of a regional atmospheric humidity balance reflected by the increased bulk annual precipitation rates in the mountain areas accompanied by pronounced seasonal air-temperature fluctuations. This regionally trend provides evidence speaking in favor of the strengthening climate continentality over Siberia, which is also manifested by the pronounced seasonal temperature regime with increased thermally positive and negative air temperature anomalies. A landscape response to a climate warming is particularly evident in the high mountain zone. The present thermal conditions with raised MAT contribute to the progressing melting of mountain glaciers and degradation of permafrost in the alpine zone, as well as aridization of the parkland-steppe areas that are being partly transformed into continental semi-arid to deserted steppes. The associated environmental transformations trigger shifts in the local biotopes and ecosystems, with an altitudinal expansion of taiga-forest into the alpine tundra belt and xerothermic grassland invasions in the foothills. The modern climate changes have a major bearing to the Altai-Sayans socio-economic development.


AIM
The aim of this study was to assess the range of movement, isometric and is okinetic postoperative outcome, Morrey score and heterotropic ossifications after refixation of distal biceps tendon rupture with either suture anchor or bone tunnel fixation.

METHODS
48 patients were surgically treated between 1990 and 2005. Elbow function was investigated isometrically and isokinetically with the CYBEX-NORM. The presence and extent of heterotopic ossifications were assessed by A/P and lateral view X-rays. The Morrey score was used to evaluate the clinical outcome.

RESULTS
13 patients received distal biceps refixation with the bone tunnel method and 35 with suture anchors. The range of motion of the elbow was statistically not significantly different except for pronation, which was slightly but significantly reduced after bone tunnel refixation. Isometric and isokinetic results as well as Morrey scores were statistically not different between the two surgical techniques. Both groups showed excellent postoperative results.

CONCLUSION
Bone tunnel and suture anchor techniques are both equal and sufficient methods for the refixation of distal biceps tendon ruptures with excellent clinical and functional postoperative results. The slight but significantly reduced pronation after bone tunnel refixation was clinically not relevant.


In this article, we attempt to honor the rich legacy of Derrick Bell by detailing how exploring his specific contributions to critical race theory (CRT) provided lessons for developing and refining critical race pedagogy (CRP). We examine Bell's racial realism thesis in connection with his pedagogical work. In doing so, we find that he was as committed to developing a 'community-based' law classroom as he was to articulating a strong critique of the law (Radice 1991). As part of his teaching philosophy, Bell wrote extensively about the value and importance of a student-centered humanist pedagogy (Bell 1980, 1982, 1997; Bell and Edmonds 1993; Delgado and Stefancic 2005). We draw parallels between Bell's humanist student-centered pedagogy and the tenets of CRP as a way to expand the accessibility of this framework. Finally, as the ultimate homage to the work of Derrick Bell, we end with a futuristic mini-chronicle that takes place in a school district boardroom. The chronicle features a fictitious character who happens to be a distant relative of Bell's. As we will discuss, we believe that the use of chronicles and storytelling hold the possibility for helping us to name extant challenges and illuminate further possibilities of CRP as a tool for battling globalized oppression at the intersection of race, class, gender and sexuality in education.


The core issue in this article is the empirical tracing of the connection between a variety of value orientations and the life course choices concerning living arrangements and family formation. The existence of such a connection is a crucial element in the so-called theory of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT). The underlying model is of a recursive nature and based on two effects: firstly, values-based self-selection of individuals into alternative living arrangement or household types, and secondly, event-based adaptation of values to the newly chosen household situation. Any testing of such a recursive model requires the use of panel data. Failing these, only "footprints" of the two effects can be derived and traced in cross-sectional data. Here, use is made of the latest round of the European Values Surveys of 1999-2000, mainly because no other source has such a large selection of value items. The comparison involves two Iberian countries, three western European ones, and two Scandinavian samples. The profiles of the value orientations are based on 80 items which cover a variety of dimensions (e.g. religiosity, ethics, civil morality, family values, social cohesion, expressive values, gender role orientations, trust in institutions, protest proneness and post-materialism, tolerance for minorities etc.). These are analysed according to eight different household positions based on the transitions to independent living, cohabitation and marriage, parenthood and union dissolution. Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) is used to control for confounding effects of other relevant covariates (age, gender, education, economic activity and stratification, urbanity). Subsequently, Correspondence Analysis is used to picture the proximities between the 80 value items and the eight household positions. Very similar value profiles according to household position are found for the three sets of countries, despite the fact that the onset of the SDT in Scandinavia precedes that in the Iberian countries by roughly twenty years. Moreover, the profile similarity remains intact when the comparison is extended to an extra group of seven formerly communist countries in central and Eastern Europe. Such pattern robustness is supportive of the contention that the ideational or "cultural" factor is indeed a non-redundant and necessary (but not a sufficient) element in the explanation of the demographic changes of the SDT. Moreover, the profile similarity also points in the direction of the operation of comparable mechanisms of selection and adaptation in the contrasting European settings.


Neon cluster ions Nes + grown in pre-ionized, mass-to-charge selected helium nanodroplets (HNDs) reveal a strong enrichment of the heavy isotope 22Ne that depends on cluster size s and the experimental conditions. For small sizes, the enrichment is much larger than previously reported for bare neon clusters grown in nozzle expansions and subsequently ionized. The enrichment is traced to the massive evaporation of neon atoms in a collision cell that is used to strip helium from the HNDs. We derive a relation between the enrichment of 22Ne in the cluster ion and its corresponding depletion factor F in the vapor phase. The value thus found for F is in excellent agreement with a theoretical expression that relates isotopic fractionation in two-phase equilibria of atomic gases to the Debye temperature. Furthermore, the difference in zero-point energies between the two isotopes computed from F agrees reasonably well with theoretical studies of neon cluster ions that include nuclear quantum effects in the harmonic approximation. Another fitting parameter provides an estimate for the size si of the precursor of the observed Nes +. The value is in satisfactory agreement with the size estimated by modeling the growth of Nes + and with lower and upper limits deduced from other experimental data. On the other hand, neon clusters grown in neutral HNDs that are subsequently ionized by electron bombardment exhibit no statistically significant isotope enrichment at all. The finding suggests that the extent of ionization-induced dissociation of clusters embedded in HNDs is considerably smaller than that for bare clusters.


The systematic inclusion of culture in the tourism offer can become one of the most important drivers of economic development in the areas in which tourism is so far underdeveloped. In this regard it is necessary to network the cultural and tourism sector at local and regional levels, however, above all, should develop a quality cultural tourism product. This paper will analyze the experience of managing the tourist valorization of culture in the function of local economic development. Also, will give a brief overview and a critical review of the role of tourism and culture on economic development in the Republic of Croatia and will analyze the management of tourism and cultural resources in the function of local economic development on the example of the city of Ivanić Grad. Finally, guidelines for development will be proposed in order to improve the diversifying tourism cultural products quality and content at the local level.


UNLABELLED
Vancomycin is always the drug of choice for treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in spite of his bactericidal kinetic.

BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo the improvement of bactericidal kinetic of vancomycin associated with cefpirome against MRSA infection in critically ill patients.

METHODS
The prospective cross-over study was carried out in 20 patients with severe pneumonia or bacteremia. There were randomized to receive vancomycin 2 g per day (Group 1, n = 10) or vancomycin with cefpirome 2 g x 2 (Group 2, n = 10). Clinical recovery, bacteriologic parameters (bactericidal kinetic and bactericidal power in vivo at the peak and the valley), duration of ventilation and stay in ICU were comparatively explored in both groups.

RESULTS
Clinical outcome did not significantly differ between Group 1 and 2. Bactericidal kinetics were better in the Group 2 (40% vs 60% after 6 hours to the dilution for 1/8e) but the difference was not significant. However, bactericidal power in sera was also better in the Group 2 with more bactericidal dilution at 1/16e (68% vs 88.8%: NS) and overall at 1/32e (10.5% vs 50%: p < 0.05) and CRP, an inflammatory marker, was significantly lower in the Group 2 than in the Group 1 (119.5 +/- 24 mg/l vs 198.6 +/- 78 mg/l: p < 0.05) on the third day.


Mechanical devices such as engines, vehicles, aircrafts, etc., are typically instrumented with numerous sensors to capture the behavior and health of the machine. However, there are often external factors or variables which are not captured by sensors leading to time-series which are inherently unpredictable. For instance, manual controls and/or unmonitored environmental conditions or load may lead to inherently unpredictable time-series. Detecting anomalies in such scenarios becomes challenging using standard approaches based on mathematical models that rely on stationarity, or prediction models that utilize prediction errors to detect anomalies. We propose a Long Short Term Memory Networks based Encoder-Decoder scheme for Anomaly Detection (EncDec-AD) that learns to reconstruct 'normal' time-series behavior, and thereafter uses reconstruction error to detect anomalies. We experiment with three publicly available quasi predictable time-series datasets: power demand, space shuttle, and ECG, and two real-world engine datasets with both predictive and unpredictable behavior. We show that EncDec-AD is robust and can detect anomalies from predictable, unpredictable, periodic, aperiodic, and quasi-periodic time-series. Further, we show that EncDec-AD is able to detect anomalies from short time-series (length as small as 30) as well as long time-series (length as large as 500).


Fusarium graminearum is a causal agent of wheat scab disease and a producer of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxins. Treatment with exogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) increases its DON production. In this study, to better understand the role of the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway in F. graminearum, we functionally characterized the PKR gene encoding the regulatory subunit of PKA. Mutants deleted of PKR were viable, but showed severe defects in growth, conidiation and plant infection. The pkr mutant produced compact colonies with shorter aerial hyphae with an increased number of nuclei in hyphal compartments. Mutant conidia were morphologically abnormal and appeared to undergo rapid autophagy-related cell death. The pkr mutant showed blocked perithecium development, but increased DON production. It had a disease index of less than unity and failed to spread to neighbouring spikelets. The mutant was unstable and spontaneous suppressors with a faster growth rate were often produced on older cultures. A total of 67 suppressor strains that grew faster than the original mutant were isolated. Three showed a similar growth rate and colony morphology to the wild-type, but were still defective in conidiation. Sequencing analysis with 18 candidate PKA-related genes in three representative suppressor strains identified mutations only in the CPK1 catalytic subunit gene. Further characterization showed that 10 of the other 64 suppressor strains also had mutations in CPK1. Overall, these results showed that PKR is important for the regulation of hyphal growth, reproduction, pathogenesis and DON production, and mutations in CPK1 are partially suppressive to the deletion of PKR in F. graminearum.


Does the model of corporate governance that a nation adopts have fundamental economic and social outcomes? Does it, for example, affect notions as basic as competitive advantage or social harmony? Japan has been an incubator for observing these types of phenomena. It is a modern, Western economy; a member of the G8 and the world's second largest economy with a GDP in 2002 of nearly four trillion dollars (which was 40% as large as the US and more than twice as large as Germany, the world's third largest economy.) At the same time, it has lurched through a prolonged recession for most of the 1990s and the early years of the new Millenium. During this period it has reinvented its financial and banking systems and opened its markets to greater trade liberalization. It has, in so doing, embraced some of the key drivers of globalization, and yet, there are signs that its national system of corporate governance has proved remarkably resilient. What can the lessons from Japan teach us about national systems and their inherent hallmark and qualities? Are national systems of corporate governance more durable than globalizing effects would have us believe? Is Japan's stakeholder model of governance particularly immune from US-Anglo shareholder governance? This paper examines the above issues through the historical prism of Japanese corporate governance development and, in particular, the provision made by Japanese corporate governance for employees. How irreducible is a nation's corporate governance? This ultimately pits legal, surface changes against deeper underlying cultural forces.


This study presents a new approach for detection and mapping of ancient slag heaps using 16-band multispectral satellite imagery. Understanding the distribution of slag (a byproduct of metal production) is of great importance for understanding how metallurgy shaped long-term economic and political change across the ancient Near East. This study presents results of slag mapping in Oman using WorldView-3 (WV3) satellite imagery. A semi-automated target detection routine using a mixed tuned matched filtering (MTMF) algorithm with scene-derived spectral signatures was applied to 16-band WV3 imagery. Associated field mapping at two copper production sites indicates that WorldView-3 satellite data can differentiate slag and background materials with a relatively high (>90%) overall accuracy. Although this method shows promise for future initiatives to discover and map slag deposits, difficulties in dark object spectral differentiation and underestimation of total slag coverage substantially limit its use. Resulting lower estimations of combined user's (61%) and producer's (45%) accuracies contextualize these limitations for slag specific classification. Accordingly, we describe potential approaches to address these challenges in future studies. As sites of ancient metallurgy in Oman are often located in areas of modern exploration and mining, detection and mapping of ancient slag heaps via satellite imagery can be helpful for discovery and monitoring of vulnerable cultural heritage sites.


The purpose of this research was to analyse the content and context of tourism
stakeholder management in Negara Brunei Darussalam and to investigate
stakeholder views on tourism management, planning and development.
The author attempted to identify the web of stakeholders as perceived by the
main key groups of players in the tourism industry in the months leading up to the
sultanate's first ever 'Visit Brunei Year 2001'. In addition, she attempted to
investigate the underlying causes of ineffective tourism management in Negara
Brunei Darussalam, which operates under a strict Malay Muslim Monarchy
('Melayu Islam Beraja' or'MIB') system of governance and national philosophy.
Many hold the view that developing the tourism industry in Negara Brunei
Darussalam is a necessary stepping-stone towards diversification from its
dependence on oil and gas. However, very little effort has been made to educate
the general community on its benefits and disadvantages. In addition, only a very
select group of people are directly involved in its planning and development
leading to conflict in the community. Little has been said about real community
support of tourism development and on the impact it may have on its
stakeholders.
The present study has attempted to do this. Problems in tourism management,
planning and development are expected to arise because of Negara Brunei
Darussalam's inexperience in this field, lack of coordination and planning
between government and private sectors; and, perhaps due to conflict between
its MIB philosophy and the perceived negative nature of the tourism industry.
Research was conducted in several stages from November 1999 to February
2001. Data collection from the fieldwork was elicited through questionnaires
administered by four trained interviewers in all four districts in Negara Brunei Darussalam and through in-depth interviews with selected tourism stakeholders
by the author.
The author observed that key players of tourism were relatively unaware of the
concept of community participation in tourism development and planning, as well
as the identity of a wider range of tourism stakeholders. The community at large
does support tourism development and planning and expectations for accrual of
tourism revenue and benefits are high. Many in the private sector have voiced
the view that the government should do more to give this industry a boost.
Similarly, the governmental body believes that a pro-active private sector is
needed for sustainability of this industry. An alternative model to western
stakeholder management is proposed that is applicable to this small Muslim
sultanate.


'I live in a space between two places and the city I live in has two names....Derry sits upon the Irish border, somewhere between Londonderry and Donegal… and soundbites from British, Irish and Northern Irish politicians converge on notes of uncertainty around this. As I process them, their accents sometimes improbably merge as they circle the problem of how––and where––to draw the line…' (from the concert programme note). 'Borders of the Past' is the third in my 1916 Centenary/Decade of Centenaries series. It explores contemporary post-Brexit debates in Ireland, Northern Ireland and Great Britain through processed political soundbites from political leaders from across the various political divides. It includes soundbites from the Taoiseach, Enda Kenny (Irish PM), Theresa May (UK PM) and a number of Northern Irish politicians of various political hues including Gerry Adams (SF), Martin McGuinness (SF), Colm Eastwood (SDLP), Arlene Foster (DUP), Jim Allister (TUV) and two Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland, Theresa Villiers and James Brokenshire. Digital processes involved include granulation, buffer/glitch processes, phase vocoding, spectral blurring/inertia effects and dynamic spatialisation (first-order ambisonics for a symmetrical octophonic array). The spatialisation, juxtaposition and sound shaping processes are intended to highlight points of the disagreement, rhetorical flourishes and nationalistic assertions of these politicians as they struggle to assert their post–Brexit predictions and hopes. However, in the context of Ireland's Decade of Centenaries and post-Peace Process era, many of these formulae are all too familiar! 'Borders of the Past' was premiered at 'Spaces and Places' (Spatial Music Collective and Association of Irish Composers), Freemasons' Hall, Molesworth Street, Dublin, November 27th, 2016. It was subsequently presented at the Imbolc International Festival of Music, January 31st, The Glassworks (Culturlann Ui Chanain), Derry and Staging Sonic Spaces, 9th March, Great Hall, Ulster University, Magee.


HIV infected patients who are on Anti-retroviral Therapy, their gut micro biome is very different from those of healthy individuals. In HIV infected persons dysbiosis may lead to a breakdown in the guts immunologic activity, causing systemic bacteria diffusion and inflammation. But the use of probiotics for health improvement in HIV infection leads to long life expectancy. This mini review will focus on the importance of probiotics to prevent and attenuate several gastrointestinal manifestations and improve Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) immunity in HIV infection.


CONTEXT
Goal-directed resuscitation for severe sepsis and septic shock has been reported to reduce mortality when applied in the emergency department.

OBJECTIVE
To test the hypothesis of noninferiority between lactate clearance and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) as goals of early sepsis resuscitation.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS
Multicenter randomized, noninferiority trial involving patients with severe sepsis and evidence of hypoperfusion or septic shock who were admitted to the emergency department from January 2007 to January 2009 at 1 of 3 participating US urban hospitals.

INTERVENTIONS
We randomly assigned patients to 1 of 2 resuscitation protocols. The ScvO2 group was resuscitated to normalize central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, and ScvO2 of at least 70%; and the lactate clearance group was resuscitated to normalize central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, and lactate clearance of at least 10%. The study protocol was continued until all goals were achieved or for up to 6 hours. Clinicians who subsequently assumed the care of the patients were blinded to the treatment assignment.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
The primary outcome was absolute in-hospital mortality rate; the noninferiority threshold was set at Delta equal to -10%.

RESULTS
Of the 300 patients enrolled, 150 were assigned to each group and patients were well matched by demographic, comorbidities, and physiological features. There were no differences in treatments administered during the initial 72 hours of hospitalization. Thirty-four patients (23%) in the ScvO2 group died while in the hospital (95% confidence interval [CI], 17%-30%) compared with 25 (17%; 95% CI, 11%-24%) in the lactate clearance group. This observed difference between mortality rates did not reach the predefined -10% threshold (intent-to-treat analysis: 95% CI for the 6% difference, -3% to 15%). There were no differences in treatment-related adverse events between the groups.

CONCLUSION
Among patients with septic shock who were treated to normalize central venous and mean arterial pressure, additional management to normalize lactate clearance compared with management to normalize ScvO2 did not result in significantly different in-hospital mortality.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00372502.


ABSTRACT Recent occurrences of pharmaceutical antibiotics in surface water, drinking water, and wastewater systems have gained significant attention due to their potential threats to human health. This study determined the absolute second-order rate constants of ozone with two amine-based antibiotics, namely, lincomycin and spectinomycin, using the stopped-flow technique under controlled ionic strength, buffer, and temperature. Results indicate that ozone reacts quickly with the selected antibiotics, and the reaction rate significantly depends on solution pH. For lincomycin, ozone attacks its free amine group and sulfur group with absolute rate constants of 2.76 × 106 M−1·s−1 (for neutral form) and 3.26 × 105 M−1·s−1 (for monoprotonated form), respectively. For spectinomycin, ozone attacks two free amine groups with absolute rate constants of 1.27 × 106 M−1·s−1 (for neutral form) and 3.30 × 105 M−1·s−1 (for monoprotonated form), respectively. These rate constants have been corrected to zero ionic strength. Protonated amine is nonreactive toward ozone. Model prediction indicates that lincomycin and spectinomycin can be effectively transformed by ozonation processes around neutral pH.


Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are based on cooperative and trust characteristic of mobile nodes. Typically, nodes are both autonomous and self-organized without requiring a central administration or a fixed network infrastructure. Due to their distributed nature, MANETs are very vulnerable to various attacks. To enhance the security of MANETs, it is important to rate the trustworthiness of other nodes without central authorities to build up a trust environment. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy trust recommendation based on collaborative filtering, which stimulates collaboration among distributed computing and communicating nodes, facilitates the detection of untrustworthy nodes, and assists decision-making in various protocols for MANETs. Due to the uncertain interaction outcomes, we use fuzzy logic to model trust recommendation in a MANET environment. Our trust model combines direct trust and trust recommendation information based on collaborative filtering to allow nodes to represent and reason with uncertainty and imprecise information regarding other nodespsila trustworthiness. Simulation results show that the proposed model is flexible and valid.


In this report an overview of the ECN and NORCOWE wake LiDAR campaign at the ECN Wind turbine Test site Wieringermeer in the period 2012-2014 is given. In this campaign in parallel to meteorological masts, several ground based and nacelle based LiDARs were used to measure the wind regime and wind turbine wake behaviour. In particular the test set-up is described, the used equipment, sensors and signals and the duration of the campaigns. This document is aimed to be a public reference document for future publications describing the measurement campaign overview.


SummaryLysozyme dimers produced on oxidation of lysozyme with in aqueous solutions exhibit a fluorescence spectrum (λmax=400 nm) closely similar to that of bi-tyrosine. This suggests that the dimer is likely to have a tyrosin–tyrosine bond resulting from the combination of tyrosine phenoxy radicals of two lysozyme molecules. Kinetic studies on dimer formation were made by measuring time-dependent fluorescence after pulsed-electron irradiation over wide pH range. The results lead to the following conclusions. The second-order growth of the dimer fluorescence observed at pH 10·7–12·5 reflects the combination process of the lysozyme radicals, which is rate-determining in the pH range. On the other hand, the first-order growth observed at pH 6·8–10·2 is attributable to the enolization of the keto-form of the dimer. A tentative reaction scheme is proposed for the dimer formation.


Parasite requires an understanding of complex transmission systems where individual, population and environmental factors and their interactions can hardly been considered separately. Moreover, the importance of space and time in host population and parasite transmission processes is increasingly recognised. The present review illustrates how epidemiology and transmission ecology have evolved in a multidisciplinary framework to a systems approach that includes both spatial and temporal dimensions. Focusing on population processes, three significant challenges are discussed: (i) integration of landscape ecology concepts and modelling across time-space scales, (ii) development of molecular methods that permits easy parasite/host identification and process tracking (e.g. host and parasite movements), and (iii) integration of sociology methods to estimate zoonotic risk and exposure


The article is based on a study which was aimed at enriching the physical education curriculum with indigenous Zulu games for the promotion of cross-cultural interaction between the learners in the multicultural classroom. Therefore, it was necessary to assess these indigenous Zulu games' potential in obtaining overt educational outcomes related to the cognitive, affective, psychomotor and social development of the learners. Quantitative and qualitative data were triangulated to constitute context and gather data from isiZuluspeaking participants (N=274). A sample of 217 grade seven learners and 57 adults participated in the research. The dissemination and presentation of indigenous Zulu
games as means for reaching educational outcomes hold significant potential and value
for curriculum enrichment and social inclusion in the South African school context. Keywords : Indigenous Zulu games, physical education, cross-cultural interaction. Indilinga Vol. 6 (2) 2007 pp. 143-151


Several one-dimensional models of mixing in stratified chilled-water thermal energy storage tanks have been proposed. In the simplest models, mixing is assumed to be uniform throughout the tank. Other models permit spatial variation of mixing intensity. Published models were developed by adjusting model parameters to achieve qualitative agreement with measured profiles. The literature does not describe quantitative criteria for evaluating the performance of mixing models. This paper describes a method that can be used to determine the relative spatial distribution of mixing effects directly from experimental data. It also illustrates a method for quantitative comparison of experimental and modeled temperature profiles. The mixing calculation procedure may be applied to instantaneous spatial temperature data if temperature sensor spacing is sufficiently small. When sensors are widely spaced, time series data taken at individual sensors provide better accuracy. A criterion for maximum sensor spacing is proposed. The application of these procedures to time series charge-cycle operating data from a full-scale chilledwater thermal storage system serving a large medical center is described. Results of this analysis indicate that mixing is localized near the inlet diffuser and that one-dimensional flow with streamwise conduction predominates in most of the tank.


This volume collects a selection of contributions which has been presented at the 22nd Italian Workshop on Neural Networks, the yearly meeting of the Italian Society for Neural Networks (SIREN). The conference was held in Italy, Vietri sul Mare (Salerno), during May 17-19, 2012. The annual meeting of SIREN is sponsored by International Neural Network Society (INNS), European Neural Network Society (ENNS) and IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (CIS). The book as well as the workshop- is organized in three main components, two special sessions and a group of regular sessions featuring different aspects and point of views of artificial neural networks and natural intelligence, also including applications of present compelling interest.


This paper seeks to make sense of the new diversity in the United States, with a focus on immigrants from Latin America and the Caribbean. Some key facts and figures about contemporary immigrants are presented, looking at their patterns of settlement and comparing their distinctive social and economic characteristics to major U.S. racial-ethnic groups. The discussion is centered on information conveyed in four detailed tables, drawn from 1990 census data. The tables address: (1) states and counties of principal Hispanic settlement for the total Hispanic population and for Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans, and other subgroups; (2) population size, nativity, educational attainment, occupational level, poverty, welfare recipients, income, and percent female-headed households for Hispanic subgroups and non-Hispanic racial-ethnic groups; (3) decade of immigration, U.S. citizenship, and settlement patterns by world region and selected Latin American and Caribbean countries of birth; and (4) English proficiency, percentage of college graduates, percent in labor force, occupational level, poverty, and older adults for immigrant groups by world region and selected Latin American and Caribbean countries of birth. The fact that English language competency increases with time spent in the United States and with each successive generation is discussed in relation to misconceptions about Hispanics' alleged unwillingness to assimilate. (SV) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Immigrants from Latin America and the Caribbean: A Socioeconomic Profile by: Ruben G. Rumbaut From Immigration and Ethnic Communities: A Focus on Latinos "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


Each individual comes into nursing with personal motivations, values, beliefs, and unresolved family-of-origin issues that can impact on therapeutic relationships with families that nurses care for. Possible underlying motives that may impact a nurse's ability to sustain a therapeutic relationship appropriately are described.


Results with a commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA) reagent kit for quantification of the creatine kinase B subunit (CK-B) (Nuclear-Medical Laboratories, Irving, TX 75061) were compared with results obtained by electrophoresis for patients consecutively admitted to our coronary care unit for suspected acute myocardial infarction. Analytical sensitivity, precision, and specificity of the AlA were satisfactory. Its clinical efficacy was assessed in 97 patients suspected of having had an acute myocardial infarction. Of 30 patients who had had an acute myocardial infarction, increased CK-B was detected by RIA in 30 and by electrophoresis in 27. The temporal relationship between CK-B by AlA and CK-MB by electrophoresis was similar. Of 66 admissions where infarction was not established, CK-B was negligibly increased in samples from four patients by RIA, and from one by electrophoresis. Although not abnormally increased (>5 U/L), CKMB was detected by electrophoresis in samples from another five of these 66 patients. We conclude that estimation of CKB by this RIA is an excellent alternative to estimation of CKMB by electrophoresis in patients suspected of having had an acute myocardial infarction.


BACKGROUND
Many trials have shown that 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality. One method of decreasing the incidence of cardiovascular events could be to reduce the progression of coronary atherosclerosis, and a recent study found that atorvastatin can cause coronary plaque to regress. To generalize this finding, using conventional HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors at many Japanese centers, randomized trials of pitavastatin and atorvastatin will be conducted with patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

METHODS AND RESULTS
Patients with ACS who have undergone successful percutaneous coronary intervention under intravascular ultrasound guidance will be studied. They will be randomly allocated to pitavastatin or atorvastatin groups and followed up for 8-12 months. The primary endpoint will be the percent change in coronary plaque volume, and secondary endpoints will include absolute changes in coronary plaque volume, serum lipid levels and inflammatory markers. The safety profile will also be evaluated.

CONCLUSIONS
This study will examine the ability of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors to regress coronary plaque in Japanese patients with ACS and the findings should help to improve the prognosis of such patients and clarify the involved mechanisms.


This project introduces the idea of "flipped lecturing" to a group of second year students. The aim of flipped lecturing is to provide much of the "content delivery" of lecture in advance, so that the lecture hour can be devoted to more in-depth discussion, problem solving, etc. As well as development of the material, a formal evaluation is being conducted. Fifty-one students from year 2 Chemical Thermodynamics module took part in this study. Students were provided with online lectures in advance of their lectures. Along with each online lecture, students were given a handout to work through as they watched the video. Each week, a quiz was completed before each lecture, which allowed students to check their understanding and provided a grade for their continuous assessment mark. The evaluation is examining both the students' usage of materials and their engagement in lectures. This involves analysis of access statistics along with an in-class cognitive engagement instrument. The latter is measured by "interrupting" students as they work through a problem and asking four short questions which are drawn from another study (Rotgans and Schmidt 2011), which aimed to examine how students were engaging with the materials in that moment. Results from this study, along with access data, quiz scores, and student comments, aim to build up a profile of how the flipped lecture works for middle stage undergraduate students.


Nitrate (NO3) accumulations (up to 1880 kg NO3-N/ha for a 12-m profile) in the soils of the Johnstone River catchment (JRC) may pose a serious environmental threat to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon if the NO3 were released. The leaching of artificial rainwater through repacked soil columns was investigated to determine the effect of low NO3/low ionic strength inputs on the NO3 chemistry of the JRC profiles. Repacked soil columns were used to simulate the 11.5-m profiles, and the soil solution anion and cation concentrations were monitored at 10 points throughout the soil column. As the rainwater was applied, NO3 leached down the profile, with substantial quantities exiting the columns. Anion exchange was discounted as the major mechanism of NO3 release due to the substantial net loss of anions from the system (up to 2740 kg NO3-N/ha over the experimental period). As the soils were dominated by variable charge minerals, the effect of changing pH and ionic strength on the surface charge density was investigated in relation to the release of NO3 from the exchange. It was concluded that the equilibration of the soil solution with the low ionic strength rainwater solution resulted in a lessening of both the positive and negative surface charge. Nitrate was released into the soil solution and subsequently leached due to the lessening of the positive surface charge. Loss of NO3 from the soil profile was slow, with equivalent field release times estimated to be tens of years. Although annual release rates were high in absolute terms (up to 175 kg NO3-N/ha.year), they are only slightly greater than the current loss rates from fertilised sugarcane production (up to 50 kg NO3-N/ha.year). In addition to this, the large-scale release of NO3 from the accumulations will only occur until a new equilibrium is established with the input rainwater solution.


Solutions of a triblock copolymer, poly(oxyethylene)- block -poly(oxypropylene)- block -poly(oxyethylene) (POE-POP-POE), in deuterated water were studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) in the temperature range from 20 to 45 °C. Radius of gyration, molecular weight, second virial coefficient for both unimers and micelles, critical micelle concentration and unimer concentration were determined from the scattering data. Under assumption of the spherical core/shell micellar model structural parameters were estimated. Degree of swelling of the micellar core was evaluated from the mean-square fluctuation of scattering density.


OBJECTIVE To produce a set of three reference materials that mimic sera from patients with prostate disorders in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration range important for clinical screening for prostate cancer (approximately 0.5, approximately 4.0, and approximately 10.0 ng/mL), to analyze these reference materials in a large number of clinical laboratories using a variety of commercially available methods, and to characterize the molecular forms of PSA in them. METHODS Units of serum from healthy individuals and from patients with varying degrees of elevated PSA were pooled, lyophilized, and distributed along with conventionally prepared, semen-supplemented proficiency testing samples to laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists Basic Ligand Survey. The reference material and one of the standard Survey samples were fractionated by Sephacryl S-200-HR gel filtration chromatography. RESULTS The Abbott IMx, Hybritech Tandem-E, Hybritech Tandem-R, and Tosoh AIA-Pack all measured PSA in the reference material fairly equally (agreement within +/- 12%). In contrast, the Abbott IMx results in the semen-supplemented Survey specimens were as much as 1.8-fold higher than the other three assays. Characterization of the molecular forms showed the reference material was approximately 90% alpha 1-antichymotrypsin-bound PSA, whereas the semen-supplemented Survey specimens were approximately 40% alpha 1-antichymotrypsin-bound PSA, which largely explained the difference in assay recoveries. CONCLUSIONS Semen-free materials containing only endogenous PSA much more closely mimic real clinical specimens and should prove useful in efforts to standardize clinical PSA assays.


UltraConservative dentistry represents a great step forward for the dentist, the profession, and particularly for the patient. It involves the early detection and complete elimination of all accessible and non-accessible carious material from the tooth. Untreated caries, though they may be tiny, can be extremely and very rapidly destructive. The earliest interception of decay maintains total dental health, and increases the likelihood of the restored teeth lasting a lifetime.


Managing Security Information fills a gap in the market by offering a guide for both practitioners and students of security information management. It is useful in bringing information management practices and the literature resources together in one book, providing a holistic account of security information management and offering a model that security practitioners can use in their day-to-day activities. This book has wide appeal and usefulness to those engaged in the security industry. It includes security practitioners from the private security industry; police officers of both the South African Police Service and Metro police units; municipalities; officials of government departments with responsibility for in-house security; risk managers responsible for managing security risks in private and government organisations; and academics teaching this subject or supervising masters and doctoral students within this discipline. In this book, the fruit of his long career in practising and teaching in this context, Doraval Govender offers a hands-on approach for managing security information.


Summary.  One problem in analysing social and demographic change through time by using census data arises from differences in the size and shape of the geographical units that are used to output data between different years. Failure to correct for changing output geographies may lead to unknown and possibly large biases when comparing results through time between different censuses. The paper addresses this issue by using the example of residential segregation in Northern Ireland. It has two main objectives. Firstly, by compiling 2001 Northern Ireland census data on 1991 census output geographies it assesses the sensitivity of indices of residential segregation to these changes in geographical units. Secondly, it suggests a method by which census analysts can assess how sensitive their results are to changing output geographies when they cannot correct for these changes and must work with the data 'as they are'. A subsidiary aim is to contribute to the evidence base on residential segregation in Northern Ireland. The paper finds that indices of residential segregation are insensitive to changes in output geographies between 1991 and 2001. The reason suggested for this is that the units in each zonal geography are smaller than the spatial scale over which population counts are positively auto‐correlated. The use of spatially weighted segregation indices is advanced as a generalizable means of learning about the geographical patterning of population in different censuses. It is argued that these insights combined with knowledge of the size of geographical units used in each census can help researchers elsewhere to judge how sensitive their results might be to changing census output geographies through time.


This paper develops a numerical model to examine the performance of the vibration energy harvester with one-rod (unimorph) of Iron-Gallium (Galfenol). The device's principle of operation is based on inverse magnetostrictive effect of the Galfenol rod. In order to take into consideration the anisotropy of the Galfenol, the Armstrong model is employed that is implemented into a static 3-D finite element model (FEM) of the energy harvester. The predicted results from the numerical model are compared to the measured ones.


Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a promising technique that improves traffic safety and transportation efficiency and provides a comfortable driving experience. However, due to the rapid growth of applications that demand channel resources, efficient channel allocation schemes are required to utilize the performance of the vehicular networks. In this thesis, two Reinforcement learning (RL)-based channel allocation methods are proposed for a cognitive enabled VANET environment to maximize a long-term average system reward.

First, we present a model-based dynamic programming method, which requires the calculations of the transition probabilities and time intervals between decision epochs. After obtaining the transition probabilities and time intervals, a relative value iteration (RVI) algorithm is used to find the asymptotically optimal policy. Then, we propose a model-free reinforcement learning method, in which we employ an agent to interact with the environment iteratively and learn from the feedback to approximate the optimal policy. Simulation results show that our reinforcement learning method can acquire a similar performance to that of the dynamic programming while both outperform the greedy method.


The cupriferous sandstones composing the Kargalinsk steppe, or steppe of Kargala, to the N. of Orenburg, lie out of the ordinary track of travellers, but offer an interesting field for research. The railway now takes us as far as the town of Orenburg, whence a drive of thirty or forty miles leads into the heart of the important mining district to which I now propose to invite your attention. The doubts thrown on the Permian age of these strata in the discussion upon my former paper induce me to submit a few remarks bearing upon the question. The country is a grassy, treeless, undulating steppe, covered superficially with the well-known black earth, or tchernozem, considered by Murchison to be of marine origin. The balance of evidence, however, is in favour of it being a vegetable mould. Sluggish meandering streams intersect the steppe. The exposures of the subsoil on the banks of streams and ravines show nothing beyond red marl or sandstone devoid of fossils. The mine-borings and shafts cut down through red, yellow, and grey sandstones, and red and white marls, fossiliferous wherever the beds of copper ore exist.


A major challenge in Virtual Reality is to enable users to efficiently explore virtual environments, regardless of prior knowledge. This is particularly true for complex virtual scenes containing a huge amount of potential areas of interest. Providing the user convenient access to these areas is of prime importance, just like supporting her to orient herself in the virtual scene. There exist techniques for either aspect, but combining these techniques into one holistic system is not trivial. To address this issue, we present the Hierarchy Browser. It supports the user in creating a mental image of the scene. This is done by offering a well-arranged, hierarchical visual representation of the scene structure as well as interaction techniques to browse it. Additional interaction allows to trigger a scene manipulation, e.g. an automated travel to a desired area of interest. We evaluate the Hierarchy Browser by means of an expert walkthrough.


Titanium carbide particle reinforced titanium composites were prepared by in-situ synthesis reaction between titanium and carbon liquid alloys. The phases constitute and microstructures of titanium composite have been investigated by OM, XRD, SEM, EPMA and TEM. Although it was possible to synthesize titanium carbide particle reinforced titanium composites, the morphology of in-situ titanium carbide grows into typically dendritic shape due to the compositional supercooling theory. The observation of TEM also show that interfaces between the reinforcements and the titanium matrix alloy are very clean.


Intermolecular interactions play an important role for the understanding of catalysis, biochemistry and pharmacy. Double-hybrid density functionals (DHDFs) combine the proper treatment of short-range interactions of common density functionals with the correct description of long-range interactions of wave-function correlation methods. Up to now, there are only a few benchmark studies available examining the performance of DHDFs in condensed phase. We studied the performance of a small but diverse selection of DHDFs implemented within Gaussian and plane waves formalism on cohesive energies of four representative dispersion interaction dominated crystal structures. We found that the PWRB95 and ωB97X-2 functionals provide an excellent description of long-ranged interactions in solids. In addition, we identified numerical issues due to the extreme grid dependence of the underlying density functional for PWRB95. The basis set superposition error (BSSE) and convergence with respect to the super cell size are discussed for two different large basis sets.


The physico-chemical processes of advection, dispersion, adsorption, and degradation that control pollutant transport processes in groundwater are described. Dimensional analysis is presented, and the scaling requirements for centrifuge modeling of these processes is developed. The validity of these scaling laws is examined by conducting modeling of models tests using several types of soils in idealized models of one-dimensional flow situations. The importance of scaling gravity (by using a centrifuge) is highlighted. The centrifuge permits simulation of prototype stress levels and thus makes it possible to obtain identical soil properties such as permeability in a small-scale model as compared to a full-scale soil deposit. Simulation of capillary effects and a phreatic surface is also possible in a centrifuge model, but not in a 1-g scale model. It is concluded that the scaling laws are valid for adsorption and advection in the reported model tests, but in coarse-grained soils where the Peclet number is often greater than one, the dispersion process cannot be directly scaled from model to prototype. Even if direct scaling is not possible, the centrifuge is a useful tool for providing data to test or verify numerical models, since full-scale test data are not abundant, and the full-scale boundary and site conditions are poorly defined.


Farmer and NicolA² (2018) show that the Farmer Monetary (FM)-Model outperforms the three-equation New-Keynesian (NK)-model in post -war U.S. data. In this paper, we compare the marginal data density of the FM-model with marginal data densities for determinate and indeterminate versions of the NK-model for three separate samples using U.S., U.K. and Canadian data. We estimate versions of both models that restrict the parameters of the private sector equations to be the same for all three countries. Our preferred specification is the constrained version of the FM-model which has a marginal data density that is more than 40 log points higher than the NK alternative. Our findings also demonstrate that cross-country macroeconomic differences are well explained by the different shocks that hit each economy and by differences in the ways in which national central banks reacted to those shocks.


What is the pathway to development in a world with less international integration? This paper answers this question within a model that emphasizes the role of demand-side constraints on national development, which is identified with sustained poverty reduction. In this framework, development is linked to the adoption of an increasing returns to scale technology by imperfectly competitive firms that need to pay the fixed setup cost of switching to that technology. Sustained poverty reduction is measured as a continuous decline in the share of the population living below $1.90/day purchasing power parity in 2011 US dollars over a five year period. This outcome is affected in a statistically significant and economically meaningful way by domestic market size, which is measured as function of the income distribution, and international market size, which is measured as a function of legally-binding provisions to international trade agreements, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the World Trade Organization and 279 preferential trade agreements. Counterfactual estimates suggest that, in the absence of international integration, the average resident of a low or lower-middle income country does not live in a market large enough to experience sustained poverty reduction.